St Helena - Constitution, Laws and Instructions 1673-1714
Source: Images of the original records can be viewed on the British Library’s website: https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP1364-1-6-1
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Modern Text Interpretation: Each section of text was submitted for AI analysis in order to explain the archaic language in clear, modern UK English. These are not direct sentence by sentence replacements, but explanatory interpretations intended to clarify meaning while preserving the substance of the original. Where a specific individual is named within a section of the original text, that person will generally also be identified within the explanatory interpretation. However, where the original consists largely of lists of names, these are not usually repeated in the explanatory text.
Each modern summary is followed by an AI-generated Interpretations section, which provides additional commentary on the material based on wider information located on the internet. The AI analysis also includes a ‘Speculations’ section, offering one or more possible reflections on the material. The value of these notes range from the profound to the trivial or self-evident - time did not permit deletion of the latter.
Text Loss: The edges of many pages are tattered or have holes, resulting in some loss of text. Several pages also showed ink bleed from the verso and are foxed.
Referencing Text Locations: A dual numbering system has been adopted, combining the British Library film number with the manuscript’s original page number. These are presented in the format: British Library Film No. / Document Page No.
Pagination: Most right-hand pages are numbered in the top right corner. Numbering begins at Film No. 12 (12/1) and runs sequentially to 196/185. Page 196/185 duplicates the content of the following page, 197/185, perhaps due to an error during photographing. The film and page numbering then continue normally as 198/186, 199/187 and so on to the end of the volume.
Dates: During the period covered by this volume, England and its colonies followed the Old-Style Julian calendar, under which the legal new year began on 25 March (Lady Day). When creating the modern interpretations of these texts, the AI has automatically adjusted the dates. For any date quoted in these early St Helena records falling in the period between January and 25 March, the year has been moved forward to the modern equivalent. Month names were frequently rendered using Roman calendar abbreviations such as 7ber, 8ber, 9ber and 10ber, in which September through to December were counted as the seventh to tenth months. The earliest date quoted was 17 December 1673 and the latest 1 December 1715, so the title of this volume is a little inaccurate.
AI Generated Summary
The Nature and Origins of the Collection
The documents preserved in this file span more than half a century of East India Company governance at St Helena, running from the constitutional instruments of the 1660s through to the active correspondence of the mid-1710s. The collection is titled "The Laws and Ordinances of St Helena" and presents itself as a comprehensive legal and administrative reference, drawing on royal charters, Company constitutions, and the accumulated correspondence between London and the island's governors and councils. Unlike the abstract compiled by Thomas Goodwin for a sister collection, these records preserve the original sequence of correspondence, ordinances, and governance instruments, giving the reader a more direct view of how authority was exercised and contested over time. The source is not a neutral record. It was assembled and organised to serve the interests of the Company's administration, and it naturally foregrounds official directives while obscuring the voices of those governed - planters, soldiers, enslaved people, and others who appear in these pages mostly as problems to be managed rather than as actors in their own right. Reading critically against the grain of the source is therefore essential to any honest assessment of what life on St Helena actually looked like during these decades. [Film No. 12, 98]
Constitutional Foundations and Royal Authority
The legal foundation of English rule on St Helena rested on two royal charters issued by Charles II. The first, drawn from a document identified under Chapter 78 of its classification, empowered the Company to create and enforce laws, impose punishments including the taking of life or limb, appoint governors and officers, and establish courts modelled on English forms. The one significant constraint was that no law could be repugnant to or contrary to the laws of England, although as the collection makes clear, this constraint was interpreted very loosely in practice. The authority granted extended to the full powers of a Captain General in military matters, and to the administration of legal oaths for any purpose relating to the island's governance. All persons born on the island were declared to be free denizens and natural subjects of England, a provision intended to remove ambiguity over legal allegiance and the protections inhabitants could claim. [Film No. 14, 15, 16]
The second charter, dated 9 August 1685 in the thirty-fifth year of Charles II's reign, elaborated these powers further and explicitly granted authority to exercise martial law within the island's forts and plantations, for defence against foreign invasion or domestic insurrection. The Company was confirmed as "true and absolute lords and proprietors" of the island, a formulation that asserted near-sovereign power, subject only to the Crown. A later letter issued in August 1687 made the practical meaning of this sovereignty explicit, stating that the Company had been invested by the King with power over the island that was both legislative and executive, and that it intended to govern by martial law when necessary, in a manner comparable to the Dutch in their Indian colonies. The comparison with Dutch colonial practice was not incidental: it revealed that Company officials understood themselves to be operating within a broader European framework of colonial sovereignty in which military authority and proprietary ownership were treated as normal instruments of governance. [Film No. 61, 62]
Authority under Queen Anne was confirmed through what the collection calls a tripartite indenture, which alongside the Charters of Charles II formed the constitutional basis for the body of laws and ordinances engrossed and publicly displayed in the Sessions House in Chapel Street near Fort James. This compilation, prepared during the administration of the united East India Company formed in 1709, was intended to prevent the defence of ignorance that had reportedly been common among inhabitants. The engrossing of the laws for public display was both a governance measure and a statement of institutional authority: it signalled that the Company's rules had a definitive and accessible form, and that non-compliance would henceforth carry no excuse. [Film No. 98, 99]
Governance, Administration, and Council Procedure
The first formal commission for the government of St Helena after its retaking from the Dutch was issued on 17 December 1673 and appointed Captain Richard Keild as Governor and Captain Antony Beale as Deputy Governor. The commission established careful succession arrangements: if Keild died or was removed, Beale was to succeed; if both were incapacitated, the Council was to act collectively as chief commissioners. This attention to succession reflected the practical vulnerability of a remote colonial administration, where months might pass before London could respond to a crisis of leadership. The inclusion of military officers among the councillors, and the requirement that any three of them could act provided either the Governor or Deputy was present, ensured that governance could continue even under conditions of significant disruption. [Film No. 16, 17, 18]
Council procedure became increasingly codified over time. Consultations were to be held at least weekly, with all agreements and debates fully recorded, signed, and sent home annually by duplicate conveyance. Each member was required to submit monthly accounts of affairs under their charge. Where votes were equal, the matter was to be decided by lot, in accordance with the Charter. The Governor was to have only one vote. Where disagreement persisted after full debate, reasons were to be sent to London for resolution. These procedural requirements were not merely administrative formalities: they served as a mechanism of metropolitan oversight in a settlement too remote for direct supervision. The frequency with which London complained about inadequate, unsigned, or contradictory consultations throughout the collection shows how difficult it was to enforce these standards in practice. The gap between procedural ideal and administrative reality runs through every decade of the record. [Film No. 55, 76, 80, 81, 240, 241]
The authority of London over the island was mediated through a body of standing orders that accumulated over time. Letters from the Company were to be regarded as permanent governance directives unless formally repealed, with the most recent instruction superseding earlier ones on the same subject. Extracts of all orders, including those delivered by Sir Thomas Grantham and by subsequent communications, were to be compiled into a single book placed on the council table for reference. The comparison made explicitly in one letter - that these orders were to have the force of law on the island comparable to Magna Carta in England - reflects both the ambition of Company governance and a degree of self-aware grandiosity. Whatever the rhetorical claim, the accumulation of contradictory instructions and unresolved disputes visible across the collection suggests that the standing order system was regularly strained by the gap between London's understanding of conditions on the island and the realities facing those who actually governed it. [Film No. 65, 66, 157]
The appointment of new governors was consistently used by the Company as an opportunity to demand reform and to signal dissatisfaction with what had come before. When Captain Roberts was appointed following the death of Governor Poirier in approximately 1708, the Company noted his extensive experience in fortification, cited his inspections of works in Flanders and at Minorca, and expressed the hope that disturbances would not recur. When Captain Benjamin Boucher succeeded Roberts, the letters accompanying his appointment were quickly followed by expressions of severe disappointment. When Captain Isaac Pyke was appointed in 1714, the installation letter was accompanied by a detailed catalogue of Boucher's failings as a warning to his successor. This pattern - of initial confidence followed by escalating complaint - recurs with almost every change of governor in the collection, suggesting something systemic rather than merely personal in the difficulties of governing St Helena from London. [Film No. 136, 137, 138, 155, 238]
Military Affairs, Defence, and Fortification
Defence was an abiding preoccupation from the earliest instruments in the collection to its latest correspondence. The first commission of 1673 directed the new Governor to strengthen the island's forts, construct platforms for artillery, disperse ammunition across multiple locations, maintain a central magazine, and enrol all planters under military officers to be trained in arms at least once every two months. This integration of the civilian settler population into the defensive system was a constant feature of Company governance on the island: planters held land on terms that included military obligations, and the distinction between civilian inhabitant and militia soldier was deliberately blurred. [Film No. 18, 19]
By the early 1700s, the War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1714) gave new urgency to these concerns. Letters dated February 1702 directed the Governor to seek advice and labour from all arriving ship commanders, both naval and merchant, for strengthening fortifications. Rocks along beaches were to be cut and extended into the sea to prevent boat landings, with only a single landing place left open and defended by a battery. The watering place was to be improved with pipes or troughs to convey water directly to ships' boats, both to speed the departure of friendly vessels and to reduce the island's exposure during periods of vulnerability. Captain Tollett of HMS Kingsfisher was specifically engaged for advice and labour in January 1703, with gratuities to be paid to his men. The Company's willingness to pay naval personnel from its own funds for assistance in fortification work reflects the genuine anxiety about the island's security during wartime. [Film No. 73, 74, 75]
The question of where to site defensive works was a recurring technical and strategic debate. Governor Roberts's proposal to construct a fort at Munden's Point was eventually endorsed after extended discussion, on the grounds that no ship could enter the road of Chapel Valley without passing within half pistol-shot of that position. A battery of four to six guns was proposed for the same location. The correspondence about the battery at Banks and the positioning of guns at Chapel Valley reveals the practical difficulty of coordinating artillery coverage across an island with significant topographic relief: positions that commanded approaches from one direction might not cover others, and placing guns too far from where they were needed rendered them useless. The detailed technical discussion of gun placement, cable positions, and the arcs of fire available from different batteries gives these letters a character quite different from the routine administrative correspondence that makes up much of the file. [Film No. 153, 154, 155]
Persistent complaints about the condition of defences appear throughout the middle and later portions of the collection. In 1706 concern was raised that soldiers who failed to appear at their posts during alarms were not being punished, and that the population was not being clearly informed of their assigned posts. A letter of that year set out as standing rules that no foreigner was to travel about the island or sail around it under any pretext, that Company ships were to anchor at specified positions near Chapel Valley, and that yeomen who proved negligent on watch were to be punished. Despite these orders, reports received in later years described military equipment in poor repair, sponges unfit for use, powder inaccessible during emergencies, and a shortage of match along the defensive line. The contrast between the detail of defensive planning in the formal orders and the state of actual readiness described in arriving letters is striking, and suggests that the island's defences were substantially dependent on the personal initiative of whoever happened to be in charge at any given moment. [Film No. 95, 96, 337]
The firing of ceremonial guns was both a diplomatic tool and a significant drain on the island's powder resources, and the collection records repeated efforts to bring it under control. In 1683 it was reported that Captain Antony Beale had overseen the firing of over a thousand guns, which was described as extraordinary waste. Standing rules were subsequently established: no more than three guns to any Company ship on arrival, none upon landing or departure of persons, no more than seven to French, Dutch, or other European ships, and no guns whatsoever in honour of interlopers. An annual account of all powder expended, signed by the gunner, was required. By 1712 the same problem had returned in similar form, with 385 pounds of powder charged for 134 guns when the fleet departed in July of that year, including twenty of the largest guns on the island. The persistence of this problem across three decades suggests that the social and diplomatic pressure to provide suitable salutes consistently outweighed the formal regulations. [Film No. 52, 53, 276]
Settlement, Land, and Agriculture
Land was the primary mechanism through which the Company attached settlers to the island and secured their ongoing service. The earliest instruments offered planters two hundred acres upon arrival, conveyed under the Company's common seal and subject to continuing conditions of residence, improvement, and military duty. No planter could sell or transfer land unless they or their heirs had resided and planted for a specified period - initially four years, subsequently extended to seven, then to five years of actual possession and occupation under the later consolidated laws. All transactions required registration in the official register book within one month, with fees paid both to the register and to the Company as lords proprietors. The denial of fee simple ownership - full private ownership without conditions - was fundamental: land on St Helena was held conditionally, and the Company could and did reclaim it from those who neglected their obligations or fell into debt. [Film No. 19, 23, 27, 54, 104, 105]
Inheritance rules were carefully specified to ensure that land remained in productive use and was not allowed to pass to absentees. If a married planter died, one half of the land passed to the wife for life, with the other half disposable by will or descending to heirs. Movable property without a will was divided in thirds and halves according to whether a wife, children, or siblings were present. Most significantly, where land passed to persons not residing on the island, those heirs were required to return within two years and establish residence, or to ensure that the land was actively maintained with a minimum of two persons and two oxen for every twenty acres. Failure to meet these conditions allowed the Governor and Council to seize the land and redistribute it. The system was designed to maintain a productive, militarily capable settler population rather than to create a class of absentee landowners drawing income from a remote possession. [Film No. 27, 28, 105]
The practical administration of land tenure was plagued by deficiencies in registration, survey, and enforcement throughout the period. A letter of November 1704 noted that disputes among inhabitants about possession of land had arisen from inadequate written records, from informal agreements, and from local customs that had never been formally endorsed. A public declaration was proposed requiring all inhabitants to submit accounts of the freeholds they claimed, to be entered in a book, with a six-month period for objections after which unchallenged claims would stand as conclusive evidence. The register book itself was to be kept at the fort and open at convenient times for inspection, with a small fee per entry to encourage careful recording. By the time of Governor Pyke's appointment in 1714, the letters noted that many land grants had been made without proper boundary descriptions or back lines, that occupation beyond original limits had been tacitly accepted as establishing title, and that some inhabitants held large tracts partly outside their original grants. Corrective surveys were ordered, with juries of impartial inhabitants to be appointed to assess competing claims. [Film No. 82, 83, 183, 184, 280]
Agricultural production was central to the island's viability as a provisioning station. The Company's own plantation, placed under the Governor's direct management, was expected to supply the governor's table and support the garrison. Yams, grain, Indian corn, potatoes, plantains, and cattle were the main produce. Grape vines were encouraged in the hope of producing wine. By the 1710s the Company was repeatedly expressing concern at the decline of its own plantations, attributing this to the diversion of slave labour to fortification work, to neglect by those placed in charge of the plantation house, and to the personal misconduct of certain governors who allowed livestock to be squandered. The tension between building works and agricultural labour was structural: both competed for the same enslaved workers, and decisions made in favour of one necessarily reduced the other. The Company's letter of 1713 acknowledged this directly, observing that slaves should have been allocated at proper seasons to plant new crops and then returned to building works, so that all parts of its affairs might have been managed proportionately. [Film No. 103, 140, 225, 226]
The regulation of timber was one of the most persistent environmental concerns in the entire collection. No person was to cut timber trees on the Company's waste lands without a penalty of twenty shillings per offence. Those distilling arrack were required to pay twelve pence per hundredweight for Company wood consumed in the process. Proclamations were issued against the destruction of woodland. Reports arriving in the early 1700s described the island's wood resources as nearly exhausted, prompting the sending of seeds, plants, and tools for establishing new growth. Mr Richard Cleeve, a joiner engaged in 1707, was given specific responsibility for overseeing all Company timber, with instructions to account for its use and prevent waste and embezzlement. The concern over timber was not merely economic: wood was needed for construction, for fuel, for ships calling at the island, and for maintaining the island as a habitable environment. Its depletion was recognised as a serious long-term threat. [Film No. 54, 95, 232, 313, 320]
Trade, Shipping, and Maritime Regulation
St Helena's strategic value derived almost entirely from its position on the route between England and the East Indies. Every significant Company ship called there on both outward and homeward voyages, making the island an essential victualling station and an intelligence relay point in the broader network of Company commerce. The regulatory framework for managing this traffic was complex and evolved throughout the period. Ships arriving in the road were to anchor at specified positions under the protection of the garrison and to send their boats ashore before proceeding further. The Company maintained detailed rules about the duties levied on visiting vessels, the conditions under which refreshment could be granted, and the procedures for protesting against captains who failed to unload within the required ten working days. [Film No. 48, 49, 87, 130]
The suppression of interloping - private English trade to the East Indies in violation of the Company's royal monopoly - was one of the most demanding aspects of maritime regulation at St Helena. The island was not to be used to refresh or supply ships engaged in unauthorised trade, and the Governor was to issue immediate proclamations forbidding any inhabitant from assisting such vessels on their arrival. Interlopers could be granted liberty only if they voluntarily surrendered their ships and cargo to the Governor, in which case their personal goods were to be returned and they were to be offered employment. Even the minister on the island drew sharp criticism when he was reported in 1683 to have boarded an interloping vessel named Pitts and entertained its commander at his house. The concern was not simply commercial: the royal charter granted exclusive trading rights to the Company, and allowing interlopers to refresh at St Helena was treated as a form of disloyalty to the Crown as well as economic damage to the Company. [Film No. 43, 44, 45, 46, 52]
The duties levied on visiting ships formed an important source of income for the island. Foreign ships - Dutch, French, Portuguese, Danish - paid only anchorage of five shillings per vessel. English ships paid anchorage plus tonnage. Ships trading to Madagascar paid additional duties and, by an instruction dated 1683 and confirmed in later consolidated laws, were required to deliver to the Governor one able enslaved person, either male or female, for the Company's use. Every Company ship in its service was to deliver one barrel of serviceable gunpowder. Liquor licensing operated alongside these port duties: no person was to sell arrack, punch, beer, wine, or other strong liquors by retail without a licence under the Governor's hand and seal, not exceeding one year in duration, with a fee of ten shillings per annum to the Company. The association between port duties and the slave trade reveals the extent to which St Helena's revenue system was embedded in the broader economy of the Indian Ocean. [Film No. 56, 57, 108, 124]
The management of demurrage - the charges incurred when ships remained beyond the time allowed for unloading - was a persistent source of dispute and administrative anxiety. The standard allowance was ten working days, with charges of several pounds per day thereafter. Protests were to be made against captains who exceeded this limit without good cause, specifying which boats had not been employed, on which days no labour had taken place, and whether the captain had delayed through his own neglect. The detailed instructions on the recording of tempestuous days, the blame assigned to owners when ships lacked sufficient boats, and the procedures for obtaining signed accounts in triplicate when bills of exchange were refused all reflect the reality that disputes over demurrage were common, difficult to prove, and expensive when lost. Reports of particular ships - the Toddington, the Featherstone, the Rochester, the Cardonell, the Susanna, the Westmoreland - appear repeatedly as cases around which these disputes crystallised. [Film No. 62, 87, 88, 163, 164, 246, 247]
The War of the Spanish Succession affected shipping patterns in ways that the correspondence makes visible. The Secret Committee, a body within the Company entrusted with sensitive directives, exercised authority over the routing of ships and at times prohibited vessels from calling at St Helena for reasons of general security. The consequences for the island could be significant: a letter of 1706 acknowledged that the prohibition on calling had created acute shortages of stores, and that no immediate relief could be promised. Intelligence about the movements of Company ships, their dates of arrival and departure at various ports, their destinations and companions, was systematically collected at St Helena and transmitted to London. The island functioned not only as a victualling station but as an observation post within the broader information network of Company commerce. The conclusion of peace in 1714 brought some relaxation, though the letters of that period insisted that vigilance must be maintained since conditions of peace might not endure. [Film No. 116, 123, 217, 353]
The Judiciary and Legal Order
The formal judicial structure at St Helena reproduced English forms in compressed and concentrated fashion. A Court of Judicature was established at the principal place of the island, with the Governor acting as sole judge, sitting every three months or more frequently as needed. All trials were to be conducted by juries of twelve men, returned by the Sheriff, with jurors sworn to try matters according to evidence, conscience, and established laws. A Sheriff was to be appointed from capable, honest persons, combining the roles of court officer, law enforcement agent, and military organiser. The right of any person to seek discharge if a case was not prosecuted within the first two court days after commitment reflected an awareness that arbitrary detention was a real risk in a small colonial settlement with limited judicial oversight. [Film No. 34, 35, 36, 37]
The scale of the island presented a practical problem for formal legal procedure. A letter of August 1683 acknowledged that the system of laws previously sent had been modelled on the Company's island of Bombay, which had a population estimated at twenty thousand, whereas St Helena's total population was said not to exceed five hundred men, women, servants, and children. The formal apparatus of law prescribed for Bombay was judged to be more burdensome than beneficial for so small a community. Causes were therefore to continue to be determined by the method already in use, familiar to the inhabitants, except in capital cases involving life, limb, or land, where jury trial remained mandatory. Later correspondence reiterated the same principle: cases were to be determined in a summary manner based on reason, equity, and good conscience, rather than by strict application of English common law, which in any case did not extend beyond England, Wales, and Berwick upon Tweed. [Film No. 51, 83]
The penalties prescribed for various offences in the consolidated laws engrossed for public display reveal the graduated logic of the system. Profaning the Lord's Day attracted a reproof for the first offence and a fine not exceeding five shillings for subsequent ones. Swearing, after admonition, was fined not exceeding one shilling. Drunkenness followed the same graduated structure, with persons of higher rank subject to greater fines. Fornication, uncleanness, and adultery were to be punished in ways considered most effective given the character of the population. Theft by breaking open a dwelling or chest required restoration of the goods, payment of three times their value to the injured party, forfeiture of the remainder of the estate to the Company, public whipping from the pillory to the prison, and thereafter imprisonment or transportation at the Governor's discretion. Wilful murder required death. Striking the Governor required forfeiture of all lands, goods, and chattels. The range and gradation of punishments were carefully articulated, and the emphasis on financial restitution to the injured party alongside penalties payable to the Company reveals the dual function of the system in both compensating victims and generating revenue. [Film No. 37, 38, 39, 40, 100, 101, 102]
The treatment of serious offenders underwent significant discussion across the period. Transportation to England had early been identified as ineffective: sending mutinous persons home allowed them to evade justice, as witnesses and evidence were not available to support trials at such distance. A letter of April 1682 directed that all criminal cases were to be tried on the island in future and offenders were not to be sent to England. A later instruction, responding to a case involving Thomas Eastings, condemned what it called a "sham banishment" that had effectively rewarded an offender with travel rather than punishing him, and directed that alternative punishments including iron collars, chaining, hard imprisonment, and enforced labour were to be used instead. Offenders deserving death or severe punishment who could not be dealt with locally were to be sent to Bombay or Fort St George, to serve the Company for three to four years in India and thereafter to be permanently banished from St Helena. [Film No. 29, 67, 68]
Hard labour as punishment was explicitly preferred to capital punishment for most offences by the early 1700s. A letter reiterated that death would not serve as an effective deterrent for most crimes committed on St Helena, with the exception of wilful murder, and that hard labour imposed over an extended period was more likely to instil lasting fear and also to retain potentially useful productive capacity. The analogy drawn with transported felons in the West Indies - many of whom were said to have reformed and become beneficial to the public over time - was intended to support this position with a practical argument about the value of reformed labour. This reasoning was consistent with contemporary shifts in English penal thinking, though the file does not explore the intellectual background. What is clear from the file itself is that the Company was making deliberate and practical calculations about deterrence and economic utility rather than simply applying punitive tradition. [Film No. 88, 89, 325]
Finance, Accounting, and Currencies
The financial management of St Helena presented persistent difficulties throughout the period. The island was consistently a net cost to the Company, maintained for its strategic value as a provisioning station rather than as a source of commercial profit. A letter of 1683 noted that the island had cost forty thousand pounds without producing any profit beyond its use for the refreshment of ships. By the early 1710s, one letter calculated that within less than three years the island had received from England or the East Indies, and through bills payable in England, a total exceeding eight thousand six hundred and thirty pounds, exclusive of the profit from sales of goods, which was considered considerable but was not quantified. The persistent gap between expenditure and return generated a constant pressure to reduce costs and improve accountability, which runs through almost every letter in the collection. [Film No. 52, 295]
The accounting system demanded of the Governor and Council was elaborate and exacting. Four distinct ledger accounts were to be maintained: for the garrison, the fort, the plantation, and cattle. The storekeeper was to account for all goods received and issued, the gunner for his munitions and equipment, and the Governor for duties on land and cattle. Monthly examinations of all these accounts were to be conducted in consultation, with entries signed and transmitted to London annually, balanced to 25 March each year. Bills of exchange were to be issued in triplicate, sent by separate conveyances, with the sum written in full words as well as figures and the account upon which each bill was drawn clearly specified. General letters were to number their paragraphs for ease of reference. The repeated London complaints about unsigned books, missing accounts, bills lacking explanatory advice, and paragraphs not answered in order show how consistently these standards were not met. [Film No. 65, 92, 117, 131, 175]
Currency posed particular practical challenges in a settlement that operated across multiple monetary systems. The dollar was valued at five shillings in local transactions as a standing rule, though Company letters noted that dollars were not accepted into accounts at that rate when remitted to England by bills of exchange, but only at their intrinsic value. A later letter proposed allowing dollars to circulate at their natural value if no inconvenience arose, reflecting a growing recognition that the artificial valuation created distortions. Small coin was a chronic shortage: a letter of 1714 directed that £100 in Spanish bits and a further £100 in farthings and halfpence be circulated, with Company notes signed by the Governor and Council to supplement them. The proposal that Company bills and notes might be exchanged for sterling bills by those leaving the island was intended to make the currency useful without allowing it to drain away. [Film No. 57, 136, 257, 258, 366]
The pricing of goods sold from the stores was a matter of close regulation and frequent dispute. Goods from England were to be sold at a forty per cent advance on their cost. Goods from India were to be priced at rates set by the Governor and Council, reported to London for approval. The principle was that no greater price was to be given for any commodity than would allow it to be sold to inhabitants at a moderate profit, avoiding exploitation of their necessities. In practice, the correspondence contains numerous complaints about goods being sold at prices too low to cover costs, about arrack being disposed of at five or seven shillings per gallon when it might fetch double in England, about wine purchased from captains at excessive rates and then sold at a loss, and about the general failure to account for what had been received and at what price it had been sold. The gap between pricing policy and pricing practice is one of the clearest signs in the collection of the difficulty of enforcing commercial discipline at such distance. [Film No. 93, 115, 219, 220, 256]
The question of debt among soldiers and planters was a significant social and economic problem by the 1710s. Soldiers had been allowed to incur substantial debts at punch houses and at the storehouse, and when they required essential clothing or provisions these were withheld until debts were settled, driving some to desertion. A letter noted that the accumulation of debt among soldiers had placed them in such difficulty that they were driven toward desperate actions. Governor Roberts had reportedly been reducing these debts gradually, but under subsequent administrations they had grown again, with some soldiers owing sums of twenty, thirty, or even seventy pounds per man. Goods had been issued without adequate regard to whether individuals were fit to be trusted with further credit, and debts had been transferred from wealthy planters to insolvent ones through corrupt practices among the storehouse staff. [Film No. 66, 224, 262, 368]
Slavery and Coerced Labour
Enslaved people were foundational to the economy and social structure of St Helena throughout the entire period covered by this collection, and the laws and correspondence document this in detail while systematically underrepresenting the humanity of those involved. The formal slave laws, engrossed as part of the consolidated legal code and displayed publicly for the island's inhabitants, established a graduated system of corporal punishment calibrated to the severity of the offence. Theft of goods worth eighteen pence earned twenty lashes on the naked body. Theft worth three shillings earned thirty lashes. For theft exceeding six shillings, the scale of punishment increased sharply, involving multiple sessions of lashing separated by days of confinement, with the owner required to pay restitution to the injured party. Running away for three days attracted the same punishment as theft. Breaking into a house brought an immediate one hundred lashes, with further sessions and ultimately branding, chaining with a thirty-pound iron clog, and finally death for repeat offenders. [Film No. 83, 84, 85]
The laws governing enslaved people's interactions with white persons were particularly severe, and their logic was explicit. A male slave who struck or attempted to strike any white person, even without a weapon, was to be castrated. If the slave died from this punishment, the island's public funds were to compensate the master for the loss of his property, unless the death was caused by the master's own neglect. A slave who struck a white person with a weapon was to suffer death. The provision that white persons who had "debased themselves" by treating enslaved people as social equals - engaging with them in conversations, gaming, or similar - were to be treated "in the same manner as the slaves" made the racial hierarchy explicit as a legal category: it was not simply that enslaved people had a lower status, but that the entire system of violent enforcement depended on maintaining an absolute boundary between the white and enslaved populations. Any white person who crossed it lost the protection the laws afforded. [Film No. 85, 86]
Beyond physical punishment, the laws controlled enslaved people's economic and medical lives. Bartering or exchanging goods among themselves without owner consent was punishable by twenty lashes. White persons who traded with enslaved people without owner consent were liable as accessories to felony, subject to fourfold restitution. No enslaved person was to prescribe or administer medicine to others without the master's consent, and no enslaved person was to take medicine on the advice of an enslaved medical practitioner without informing their master. The prohibition on autonomous medical practice, treated as a form of dangerous uncontrolled influence, reveals an anxiety about any form of independent expertise or authority within the enslaved community. The phrase "Black doctor" appears in the text with scare quotes indicating that the Company regarded such practitioners as pretenders rather than as possessors of legitimate knowledge, whatever the actual state of their medical skill. [Film No. 87, 88]
The collection also records the financial dimensions of the slave system with considerable precision. Madagascar ships delivering enslaved people as port duties contributed directly to the island's labour supply. The Company's own slaves were regularly inventoried, classified by sex and age, and assessed for their employment. When an enslaved person was executed for a serious offence, a levy was imposed on all slave-owning inhabitants, calculated per head of enslaved persons held, to compensate the owner for the lost property. This system of collective compensation treated enslaved people as insured assets and distributed the financial risk of their judicial execution across the community of slave owners. Annual lists of all Company slaves were required, specifying how and where each was employed. The concern expressed in letters of 1713 about the high rate of deaths among slaves in recent years, and the accusations against former Governor Boucher of having mismanaged livestock and plantation labour, show how closely the Company tracked its enslaved workforce as a capital resource. [Film No. 56, 83, 225, 309]
By the early 1710s, the number of Company slaves had declined, and letters expressed concern about insufficient labour for both plantation work and fortification building. Arrangements were made to purchase additional enslaved people from Madagascar through contractors, with prices set at approximately twenty-one pounds per head. The supply of enslaved people from Madagascar was subject to disruption during the War of the Spanish Succession, and one letter noted that no additional slaves could be sent from Madagascar that year and that those already on the island should be used sparingly. Enslaved children could be placed with inhabitants who would maintain them in return for their labour until the age of ten, with a public order of January 1713 establishing this arrangement formally. Instructions were also given that young enslaved people should be trained in skilled trades - smithing, tailoring, bricklaying - to make them more productive. The calculus of productivity, trainability, and mortality that runs through these discussions reflects a system in which human beings were managed as capital assets within the Company's accounts. [Film No. 152, 235, 252, 309]
Social Order, Religion, and Moral Regulation
Religious observance and moral regulation were from the outset treated as instruments of social control as much as expressions of genuine spiritual concern. The Lord's Day was to be strictly observed, with all bodily and secular employments prohibited along with gaming and unlawful pastimes. All persons were to attend public religious duties. In the absence of a minister - a common situation given the difficulty of attracting and retaining clergy - the Governor and Council were to appoint someone to read scripture and sermons. Public prayers were to be offered for the sovereign and for the welfare of the East India Company. The catechising of youth at least once a week was required when a minister was resident. The detailed specification of which creeds and commandments were to be read in public worship, down to identifying specific chapters and verses of the Apostles' Creed, the Ten Commandments, and the Gospel of Matthew, reflects the influence of English Reformation practice and the Company's desire for doctrinal conformity in a diverse and mobile population. [Film No. 20, 21, 32, 33, 99]
The regulation of alcohol was a source of persistent difficulty. Licences were required for selling any strong liquor by retail, not exceeding one year in duration and carrying a fee to the Company. Soldiers were not to incur debts at punch houses, and the provision of excessive quantities of beer or other liquors to sailors was to be restrained. A standing rule prohibited the opening of drinking establishments after the taptoo had sounded, and the Governor was required to impose fines on disorderly persons coming ashore from ships. In practice, as the file's evidence of drunkenness-related disorder and debt shows, these regulations were enforced with variable success. Letters of 1714 and 1715 observed that excessive drinking had increased among the island's inhabitants in recent years, was a principal cause of their poverty, and had contributed to disease among a population that was described as less healthful than it had formerly been. [Film No. 37, 57, 66, 360]
The construction and maintenance of the church was a communal project that revealed the intersection of religious obligation and social administration. The island's inhabitants were required to contribute per head for the maintenance of a minister: six pence annually for every person above sixteen years of age, white or black. Church wardens and overseers of highways were elected annually at an assembly of free planters, with the Governor selecting the officeholders from nominees. The building of a new church at James Valley appears in correspondence of the 1710s, with subscriptions being collected as ships arrived and Mr Thomlinson, the chaplain, active in the effort. Instructions given to the chaplain included conducting his office according to established rules, catechising youth, maintaining registers of births, marriages, and burials, and certifying lists of inhabitants. The consistent presence of the chaplain within the administrative structure of the island, with his registers and lists forming part of the documentary record, reflects the blurring of ecclesiastical and civil function that characterised governance in early modern English colonial settlements. [Film No. 59, 79, 193, 316, 340]
The sword-wearing regulations give a clear glimpse of the social tensions embedded in the island's small, armed community. No inhabitant who was not an officer or soldier was to wear a sword, the stated reason being the inappropriateness of arms-carrying in frontier garrison settings, particularly given the prevalence of drinking. Officers were always to carry their swords and were fined five shillings for appearing without one. Soldiers were permitted to wear swords off duty except in drinking establishments. Any person who drew a sword on the island was to forfeit twenty shillings. Later consolidated laws extended a prohibition specifically to Jews and infidels, regardless of their status as officers or soldiers, which reveals the presence of religious minorities on the island and the Company's willingness to apply discriminatory regulation in addition to its general rules. The care taken to regulate who carried arms and under what conditions reflects genuine concern about the potential for violence in a small, mixed population living under garrison conditions. [Film No. 69, 75, 76, 103, 104]
Supply and Provisioning
St Helena's role as a provisioning station made the management of local food production and the supply of visiting ships a matter of continuous administrative attention. Fresh beef was the most important commodity, and its management generated constant tension between the needs of passing ships and the island's own agricultural capacity. The rule established early and reiterated frequently was that Company ships were to receive cattle from the Company's own stock first, and from inhabitants only when Company supply was insufficient. Prices were to be fixed at levels that made supply worthwhile but did not expose either the island or the Company to exploitation. The charterparty provisions requiring ships to receive beef at fixed rates below market price were subject to persistent dispute, with the letter collection recording numerous arguments about whether the Company was obliged to supply at charter rates when it did so at a loss, and whether captains could compel supply by invoking their contract terms. [Film No. 63, 84, 250, 251]
The supply of arrack, wine, and other liquors from ships arriving from India was another major element of the island's provisioning economy. The instruction that all ships returning from the Coast and Bay were to deliver one fifth of one per cent of their cargo in arrack, sugar, and similar goods for the use of the island formalised what had been an ad hoc arrangement. The Company also sent goods from England - wine from Madeira, brandy, cheese, cloth, ironmongery, naval stores - by its own ships, with detailed invoices and bills of lading to be matched against delivery. The problem of goods arriving in damaged or deficient condition was persistent, requiring careful attestation under oath of which bales were affected, the exact quantities of damage in each, and the responsible party so that recovery might be sought from suppliers or carriers. General statements of damage without itemised detail were repeatedly criticised as inadequate for this purpose. [Film No. 91, 115, 289, 292, 294]
The watering of ships was a basic service that the island was expected to provide efficiently, and considerable attention was given to improving the watering place throughout the period. A letter of February 1702 proposed constructing a bridge at the end of the waterfall with pipes or troughs to convey water directly to boats, with openings designed for efficient cask-filling. Dutch methods used at the Cape were cited as a model, and Company captains who had visited the Cape were to be consulted for advice. The system required continuous maintenance, and the instruction that carpenters from visiting ships who assisted with construction were to receive gratuities shows the extent to which the island depended on the resources of passing vessels to maintain its own infrastructure. [Film No. 54, 75]
Personalities
Captain Richard Keild was appointed the first Governor of St Helena after its retaking from the Dutch, in a commission of December 1673 that also named his Deputy, Captain Antony Beale. Keild appears in these records primarily as the authority whose appointment established the constitutional arrangements of the early settlement. It is Beale who attracts more substantive mention: the 1683 report noted that one thousand three hundred guns had been fired under him, drawing a sharp rebuke from London and a formal prohibition on excessive saluting. Whether Beale exercised poor judgement in this matter, or was responding to pressures and conventions that the Company's London office failed to appreciate, cannot be determined from the file alone, but his name is permanently attached in the record to one of the earliest examples of the waste and mismanagement that would recur throughout the following decades. [Film No. 17, 52]
Governor Stephen Poirier, who governed throughout the period documented in the companion council proceedings file, is mentioned in this collection primarily in relation to his death, which triggered the appointment of Captain Roberts as his replacement around 1708. The letters accompanying Roberts's appointment cited his experience in inspecting fortifications in Flanders and at Minorca and expressed confidence in his ability to direct construction on the island. In practice, the letters record a mixed picture: Roberts is credited with gradually reducing soldiers' debts and with applying himself diligently to the fortifications, but is also criticised for neglecting the plantations, for the construction of an expensive riding shed that consumed over three hundred pounds of Company funds without authorisation, for misusing slaves and labour, and for specific financial irregularities. The accusation that Roberts had taken one hundred pounds from the Steel Frigate without proper authority and had drawn supplies into private use under cover of official action points to a pattern of personal enrichment that the London letters found deeply troubling. [Film No. 137, 148, 269, 270]
Captain Benjamin Boucher, who succeeded Roberts as Governor and was himself replaced by Isaac Pyke in 1714, became one of the most comprehensively criticised figures in the entire collection. The letters compiled against him at the time of Pyke's appointment, and in subsequent correspondence, charged him with engaging extensively in private trade under Company cover, selling goods he had purchased as though they belonged to the Company, disposing of them from the Company storehouse before Company goods were cleared, allowing Mr Alexander to act as a conduit for his interests, and misusing labour and livestock. His construction of a riding shed for asses, costing over three hundred pounds, is mentioned in connection with Roberts but the same motif of expenditure on personal comfort recurs in the descriptions of Boucher's administration. He was accused of allowing the Company's plantations and gardens to fall into ruin, of causing the destruction of much of the livestock, and of conducting himself in ways that had generated insurrection among the inhabitants. [Film No. 239, 260, 263, 300, 301, 373]
John Alexander, serving as Clerk of the Council under multiple governors, is one of the most persistently problematic figures in the correspondence. He appears first as a loyal but embattled servant who was denied the position of surgeon apparently through personal influence against him. He was subsequently involved in accusations that he had perverted the meaning of consultations, that he had taken control of stores and other matters without proper authority, and that he had prepared a petition for Mercy Alexander while she was a widow, which she signed without understanding its contents - the petition being in his own handwriting. His letter book management was repeatedly found wanting, his accounts were not submitted when required, and yet his long service made those in authority reluctant to dismiss him entirely. He was restored to his position as Clerk after a period of disgrace, on condition of proper submission to the Governor, only to be found again in the subsequent letters as a continuing source of difficulty. The ambiguity of his case - whether he was a victim of factional politics or genuinely corrupt, and probably some combination of both - illustrates the difficulty of assessing character from official correspondence alone. [Film No. 115, 179, 212, 228, 234, 330, 372]
Mr Matthew Bazett appears throughout the later correspondence as a figure of relative probity who was repeatedly excluded from the storehouse management that it was his assigned duty to oversee, apparently because successive governors found it convenient to deny him access. Letters from London note with evident frustration that Bazett had been denied access to general letters for five or six months at a time, that he had not been permitted to assist in store management despite explicit orders to the contrary, and that his exclusion had been justified by claims that he was unfamiliar with the Italian method of bookkeeping, a claim contradicted by his own denial and by the Governor's subsequent silence. His petition requesting admission to greater responsibilities, and the acknowledgement that his extravagance had required correction, suggest a more complex figure than the victimised company man that London's letters occasionally present. He served as fourth member of the Council under Pyke's commission, a position from which he was apparently expected to contribute to the improved management that had been so long promised. [Film No. 128, 223, 242, 260, 263, 333]
Mr Thomas Goodwin, previously Acting Governor during the period covered in the companion abstracts file, appears in this collection primarily as a subject of complaint rather than as an active administrator. A letter of 1708 mentioned his objections to twenty-nine paragraphs of instructions without providing written reasons, and later correspondence reported allegations that he had used the Company's authority to monopolise certain commodities and retail them for his own benefit. He was noted as engaging in private trade under the names of others with ships in the road, treating casks and bags from the storehouse as personal property, and misusing supplies. His appointment as Storekeeper under Captain Laoust as Deputy Governor was part of a restructuring intended to assign specific responsibilities to those best qualified, with the note that his continued employment depended on his remaining deserving of the position. Whether the allegations against him were accurate or represented factional accusations is difficult to assess from the official record, which rarely preserves the accused's own account in full. [Film No. 127, 331]
Captain Isaac Pyke, appointed Governor in 1714, is the figure under whose authority the collection's latest letters were addressed, and his tenure falls largely outside the correspondence that has survived in this file. His commission was accompanied by a thorough and critical review of Boucher's failings and a detailed set of instructions intended to establish more orderly administration. The council he was given included George Haswell as second, Edward Mashborne as third, Matthew Bazett as fourth, and Antipas Tovey as fifth and last, with the secretary position also assigned to Tovey. The restriction that no council member except Tovey was to hold plantations was intended to prevent private interest from competing with Company duty, a concern that previous experience had amply justified. The conditional nature of the gratuities granted to council members, explicitly stated to be discretionary rather than guaranteed, was similarly intended to maintain the leverage of the Company over those it employed in so distant and difficult a posting. [Film No. 238, 259, 260]
Mr John Pack, who served in some capacity relating to the stores, became notorious for allowing accounts to fall nineteen months in arrear, apparently without effective intervention from the Council around him. When Mr Bazett was finally given authority to assist after Pack's death, the extent of the neglect became apparent. Similarly, Mr Hoskinson, described as a "vicious individual" who received undue favour from Governor Roberts, was alleged to have exercised control along the coast, acting as he pleased and possessing knowledge of consignments and consultations that he used for personal advantage. He was reported in 1708 as beginning again to cause discord, and a formal warning was issued that if this continued he would be removed from the island. His earlier management of the Company's plantations was retrospectively blamed for the decline in their productivity, through the maintenance of an excessive household of personal attendants, diversion of slave labour to personal use, and allowing crops to rot rather than establishing new planting. [Film No. 128, 209, 225]
The Island in Its Wider Context
St Helena's place within the broader geography of Company commerce is visible throughout the correspondence, both in the ships that called there and in the intelligence the island received about trade routes, conflicts, and conditions across the Indian Ocean world. Ships from the Bay of Bengal, from Bombay, from Fort St George on the Coromandel Coast, from Bencoolen in Sumatra, from China, from Mocha at the mouth of the Red Sea, and from Madeira passed through or near the island in both directions. The detailed lists of ships sent out in various seasons - noting tonnage, commanders, and destinations - and the equally detailed reports of ships safely returned provide a running account of the Company's maritime operations in the early eighteenth century, with St Helena appearing in each list as the first known waypoint on both the outward and homeward routes. [Film No. 141, 142, 143, 162, 163, 199, 200, 215, 216, 288, 350]
The relationship with Portuguese shipping and trade at the island was handled with careful pragmatism. The Company was bound by Act of Parliament not to break bulk of any ship until arrival in England, except for goods necessary for the island's own use. East India commodities were not to be traded to Portuguese vessels at the island. However, goods produced by the island or held in its stores could be purchased by Portuguese and other foreign traders in exchange for provisions and other goods. A letter of 1708 addressed specifically the case of proposals by the Portuguese for supplies of East India commodities, declining these while permitting the usual exchanges of local produce, and noting that the island had historically enjoyed freedoms in Portuguese ports that warranted a reciprocal civility. The purchase of wine from Madeira for resale at the island - sometimes at inappropriate prices that drew London's criticism - was a recurrent element of this bilateral relationship. [Film No. 118, 119, 120]
The proclamation of King George I was recorded in the collection as a formal administrative act required of the Governor and Council. The letter announcing the death of Queen Anne on 1 August 1714 and the proclamation of George under the Acts of Settlement was sent by the Company with instructions that, as soon as conveniently could be done after preparing appropriate badges on shore, a formal proclamation was to be made declaring the new sovereign's titles. The ceremony was to be conducted with proper solemnity and to be entered in the Consultation Book. The requirement that even the most remote of the Company's settlements should formally and publicly acknowledge the succession, with the proclamation text entered into the official record, reveals the extent to which the Company understood its colonial governance as an extension of the English - now British - state and its constitutional arrangements. The transition from the Company's reference to "the Right Honourable English East India Company" to the "United Company of Merchants of England trading to the East Indies" earlier in the period similarly marks the moment when the old and new Companies formally merged, with the instruction that all official documents should henceforth use the new name wherever the old had previously appeared. [Film No. 157, 317]
Page No. | OCR Transcription | Modern Interpretation | |
|---|---|---|---|
1 | EAP 1364 St Helena Document Name and Date St Helena - Constitution, laws and Instructions 1673 - 1714 Additional comments | ||
2 | Book cover | ||
3 | WARNING. | ||
4 | Blank page | ||
5 | Sevor Day to be religiously Observed, J. Population 500 in 1683 - 40 200 Tons of plank for Lines sent. Capt. Leam reports no Mr. Thorpe’s refusal as Chaplain - he Quarter’d, Sorts 140 Grants recommended by Govr. Hobart thro the Captains 169 Governor found License & Stone & small pocket, Surgeon’s Aid needed 180 | ||
6 | Company consent to contribute to burial in Sheriffs appointment 23 | ||
7 | Blank page | ||
8 | Blank page | ||
9 | Blank page | ||
10 | Page Contents - | ||
11 | Blank page | ||
12 | 1 | Rᵗ Honᵇˡᵉ the East India Compᵃʸˢ Laws &c. The Laws & Ordinances Being a Collection of such And the Honᵇˡᵉ | The document was titled “The Laws & Ordinances of St Helena” and was described as a collected body of legal materials concerning the governance of the island of St Helena. It was stated that these materials comprised the privileges and charters that had been granted by the Kings and Queens of Great Britain to the Right Honourable East India Company. It was further explained that the collection included the Company’s own constitutions and instructions, which had been issued from time to time. These were said to have been established for the purpose of ensuring the good government of the island and the proper administration of justice among its inhabitants. The authority for these laws and ordinances was thus presented as deriving both from royal grants and from the internal regulatory framework of the East India Company. Interpretations Speculations |
13 | 2 | Blank page | |
14 | 3 | Abri[d]gment of King Charte[r]s Chapter 78: 18 1. Governour and Companys Privilege to Constitute Laws, Orders and Ordinances for the Government of S[.] Helena and the same to revoke and abrogate as they shall think fitt and Convenient as also to Impose such Pains Punishments Penaltys and To Constitute and Imprisonments of Body and where the Quality of the make Laws offence shall require by taking away Life or Member as and Penaltys shall seem Necessary Requisite and Convenient for the Preservation of the same Laws Constitutions Orders and Ordinances for the Punishment of Offenders against the same so always as the said Laws Constitutions Orders Ordinances Pains Punishments and Penaltys be Consonant to Reason and not Repugnant or Contrary but as near as may be agreeable to the Laws of England. 2. Also to nominate make Constitute ordain and confirm such Governour or Governours Officers as shall be by them thought fitt for the Government of the said Island of S[.] Helena 3. And that the said Governour and Officers so appointed shall Correct Govern and Rule all and every the Subjects of Us our Heirs and Successors that now do or at any time hereafter shall Inhabit on the said Island according to such Laws Orders and Ordinances as the said | The text was presented as an abridgment of the King’s charters, identified under Chapter 78: 18, and set out the powers granted to the Governor and the East India Company in relation to the governance of St Helena. It was stated that the Governor and the Company were empowered to create, establish, and enforce laws, orders, and ordinances for the government of St Helena. Authority was also granted for such laws to be revoked or abolished whenever it was considered fit and convenient. The imposition of punishments and penalties was authorised, including bodily imprisonment and, where the seriousness of the offence required it, the taking of life or limb. These measures were to be applied as deemed necessary and appropriate for maintaining the authority and effectiveness of the laws and for punishing offenders. It was stipulated, however, that all such laws, punishments, and penalties were to be reasonable and not contrary to, but as closely aligned as possible with, the laws of England. It was further recorded that the Governor and the Company were empowered to nominate, appoint, establish, and confirm such Governors and officers as were considered suitable for the administration of the island of St Helena. It was also stated that the appointed Governor and officers were to govern, direct, and control all subjects of the Crown, including both current inhabitants and those who might settle there in the future, in accordance with the laws, orders, and ordinances established under this authority, although the sentence was left incomplete in the surviving text, indicated by [...] Interpretations Speculations |
15 | 4 | said Governour and Company at any Generall Court shall Establish [...] to do all and every thing and things which to the compleat Establishment of Justice doth belong by Courts Sessions Termes of Judicature like unto those established and used in our Realm of England to award process hold Pleas Judge and Determine all actions Suits Causes whatsoever of any kind or Nature and to Execute all and every such Judgment so as always the said Laws and Ordinances be Reasonable and not Repugnant or Contrary but as near as may be Agreeable to the Laws of England 4. And We do also Confirm and grant to all and every such Governour or Governours as shall be appointed by the Governour and Committees as aforesaid To have Power and Authority of Government in and over the said Fort and Island and that no Person whatsoever shall Inhabit on the said Island and Limits thereof or Interprise or attempt any Destruction Hurt or Detriment to our Subjects Inhabiting within the same or any part thereof their Goods Merchandize or Estates 5. And We do further Ordain and grant that such Principall Governour or Governours of the said Island as from time to time duly Authorized shall have full Power and Authority to use and execute all such Powers and Authority in Case of Rebellion Mutiny or Sedition of Refusing to Serve in Warres flying to the Enemy forsaking Custom and Discipline Military in as large and ample manner to all Intents and Purposes whatsoever as any Captain Generall | The passage continued the abridgment of the King’s charters and set out further judicial and governing powers granted to the Governor and the East India Company for St Helena. It was stated that the Governor and the Company, assembled in a General Court, were to establish [...] and were empowered to carry out all matters necessary for the full administration of justice. Courts, sessions, and terms of judicature were to be organised in a manner similar to those used in the realm of England. Authority was granted to issue legal process, hear pleas, and determine all types of actions, suits, and causes, regardless of their nature. The execution of all judgments was also authorised. These powers were expressly limited by the condition that all laws and ordinances were to be reasonable and not contrary to, but as closely aligned as possible with, the laws of England. It was further confirmed that every Governor appointed under this authority was to possess full power of government over the fort and island. It was ordered that no person was to inhabit the island or its boundaries, nor undertake or attempt any act of destruction, harm, or injury against the inhabitants or their goods, merchandise, or estates. It was also ordained that the principal Governor or Governors, when properly authorised, were to exercise full authority in cases of rebellion, mutiny, sedition, refusal to serve in wars, desertion to the enemy, or abandonment of military discipline. These powers were to be exercised in as full and extensive a manner as those held by a Captain General, although the surviving text ended incomplete at this point, indicated by [...] Interpretations Speculations |
16 | 5 | [...]nerall of our Army by Vertue of his Office have used and accustomed and may or might Lawfully do. 6. And that the Governour of the said Island shall have Power to Administer a formall Legall Oath to all Persons whatsoever for the Examination Satisfying and Clearing the truth in any case as well Concerning the said Island as any other Particular Businesse for the Maintaining and Administration of Peace and Justice in the said Island or any other Persons in that Place. 7. And that all Persons born upon the said Island be free Denizens and Naturall Subjects of England. 8. All which is more at large in Book No A from the first to the eighth Page. A Copy of the first Comm- ission of the Government after the Retaking the Island from the Dutch By the Governour and Company of Merchants of England Trading to the East Indies at a Court of Committees holden the 17th Day of December in the five and Twentieth year of the Reign of our Soveraign Lord Charles the Second by the grace of God King of England Scotland France and Ireland Defender of the Faith Anno Domini 1673. | The continuation of the abridgment confirmed that the powers granted to the Governor in matters of rebellion, mutiny, sedition, refusal of military service, desertion to the enemy, and breaches of discipline were to be exercised in the same full manner as those lawfully used by a Captain General of the King’s army by virtue of that office. It was further established that the Governor of the island was empowered to administer a formal legal oath to any person whatsoever. This authority was to be used for the examination and clarification of truth in any matter, whether relating directly to the island or to other particular business, in order to support the maintenance and administration of peace and justice within the island or concerning persons present there. It was also declared that all persons born on the island were to be considered free denizens and natural subjects of England, thereby granting them the legal status and rights associated with English subjects. Reference was then made to a fuller account of these provisions, stated to be contained in Book No. A, from the first to the eighth page. A further section introduced a copy of the first commission issued for the government of the island following its recapture from the Dutch. It was recorded that this commission had been issued by the Governor and Company of Merchants of England trading to the East Indies at a Court of Committees held on 17/12/1673, in the twenty-fifth year of the reign of King Charles the Second, who was styled King of England, Scotland, France and Ireland, and Defender of the Faith. Interpretations Speculations |
17 | 6 | Now know all Persons that in Pursuance of the And forasmuch as it is altogether Necessary that | It was declared that, in accordance with the authority previously granted and for the good government of the island, a series of appointments had been made and formally established. Captain Richard Keild was appointed as Governor of the island, and Captain Antony Beale was appointed as Deputy Governor. The Lieutenants of the two companies of foot stationed on the island for the time being were also included in the governing structure. Francis More, John Colson, and Richard Rawlin were appointed as members of the Council, and it was specified that they were to take precedence in Council in the order in which their names were listed. It was directed that the Governor and Council for the time being were to exercise the chief command and authority over the island in all matters. In situations where the Governor was absent, authority was to be exercised by his Deputy and the Council, or by any three of them, provided that either the Governor or the Deputy Governor was always included among that number. All inhabitants of the island, regardless of their rank or condition, were required to give due obedience to this governing authority. Provision was also made for continuity of government in the event of death or removal from office. It was stated that, given the great distance involved and the resulting delay in communication, it was necessary to ensure that governance could continue without interruption. In the event of the death or removal of Captain Richard Keild, whether before or after the receipt of these instructions, Captain Antony Beale was to succeed to the position of Governor. In the event that both Captain Keild and Captain Antony Beale died or were removed, it was ordained that the Council of the island for the time being was to assume authority, although the sentence concluded in an incomplete form, indicated by [...] Interpretations Speculations |
18 | 7 | or any three or more of them to be our Chief Commissioners for Executing And our said Governour and Council beforementioned in the You are forthwith to Proceed the best you may to the That all the Planters be by the Governour Listed under | It was directed that, in the event that both the Governor and Deputy Governor were absent or unable to act, any three or more members of the Council were to serve as Chief Commissioners. These were to execute the office of Governor in a full and complete manner, exercising the same powers as those granted to Captain Richard Keild or Captain Antony Beale. This arrangement was to continue until a different instruction was issued under the Company’s common seal. It was further ordered that the Governor and Council, in carrying out the authority entrusted to them, were to follow a set of specific instructions. Immediate action was to be taken to strengthen the island’s forts and to construct firm and sufficient platforms as required for its defence, according to their judgement of what was most suitable. Materials had been sent for this purpose. Care was to be taken to ensure that gunpowder, arms, and ammunition already on the island, as well as those newly supplied, were safely stored in multiple locations. The principal magazine was to be maintained and securely guarded near the centre of the island, so that supplies could be distributed with ease, safety, and efficiency to all guards. It was also directed that victuals and provisions were to be delivered to every post or guard as required, so that no position would be abandoned due to lack of supplies. It was also ordered that all planters on the island were to be formally enrolled by the Governor under one of the designated commanders or under such officers as the Governor and Council considered appropriate. These individuals were to be trained in the use of arms at least once every two months, so that they would be prepared for the defence of the island. It was further directed that specific places or posts were to be assigned by the [...], where the surviving text ended in an incomplete form. Interpretations Speculations |
19 | 8 | the Governour whereunto all and every of said Planters may Repair and That all or any the Inhabitants of the said Island be That there may be conveyed to each Planter both | It was directed that the Governor was to designate specific places to which all planters were to repair when required, these serving as points of assembly or rendezvous. Although the planters were not required to maintain a constant watch in the manner of paid soldiers, it was strictly ordered that, upon the discovery or approach of an enemy, or in the event of a general alarm, they were to proceed to their assigned posts. There, they were to observe and follow military discipline according to the orders issued by their respective officers under the direction of the Governor and Council. This obligation was expressly stated to be one of the conditions under which their lands and accommodations had been granted. It was further ordered that any inhabitant of the island might, upon request, be granted sufficient ground to construct one or more houses in any valley. This permission was subject to the condition that such houses were to be built in an orderly manner so as to form a defensible town above each fortification established within a valley, where the Governor and Council considered it appropriate. It was also required that any houses situated between the sea and the forts were to be removed by their proprietors. It was additionally provided that each planter, whether already established or newly settled, was to receive a formal conveyance under the Company’s seal granting a proportion of land to that individual and to their heirs and assigns in perpetuity. This grant was to be subject to the performance of such duties and services as the Company might from time to time require of the inhabitants and planters. A further condition was to be included within each deed of conveyance, stipulating that no planter, nor their heirs, was to sell or transfer their land or plantation unless they had resided upon it and improved it through planting for a period of four years. Interpretations Speculations |
20 | 9 | And We do Order that a Register be kept of all Grants That a Register be kept of all Marriages and Burials That the Lords Day be Religiously Observed by Abstinence You are to take Care that all Prophane Swearing and | It was ordered that a register was to be maintained recording all grants, alienations, and sales made by any planter concerning their house and plantation, with the purpose of preventing disputes and fraudulent conveyances. It was further directed that a register was to be kept of all marriages and burials, as well as of all children born upon the island. It was also required that the Lord’s Day was to be strictly observed through abstinence from all bodily labour and secular employment, and from all forms of pastime. A public place for the worship of God was to be appointed by the Governor and Council, to which all persons were to resort every Lord’s Day in order to participate in public religious duties. It was additionally directed that the Governor and Council were to attend in person so as to encourage both the minister in the performance of his duties and the people in their observance of religious ordinances. It was further instructed that all profane swearing and the taking of the name of God in vain were to be carefully prevented, together with all forms of intemperance, fornication, and uncleanness. Any person found to offend in these matters was to be punished in accordance with the laws of England. Interpretations Speculations |
21 | 10 | Our Governour & Council In the first place that all our Concernes under your care And that our said Island may be put into the best | Instructions were issued to the Governor and Council at St Helena, stating that, in order for all matters under their care and direction to prosper under the blessing of God, strict attention was to be given to the religious observance of the Lord’s Day throughout the island. All inhabitants were required to abstain from bodily labour, secular employment, and all unlawful sports and pastimes. A suitable public place for the worship of Almighty God was to be appointed, to which all persons were to resort each Lord’s Day in order to participate in the solemn exercise of religious duties. It was further directed that the Governor and Council were to encourage the minister in the performance of his duties, and the people in their attendance upon religious ordinances, by their own presence and example. It was also required that profane swearing and the taking of the name of God in vain were to be prevented and carefully avoided, together with intemperance, fornication, drunkenness, uncleanness, and unlawful gaming. Any person found to commit such offences was to be punished according to the laws of England applicable to those cases, as determined by the judgement of the Governor and Council. It was further directed that the island was to be placed in the strongest possible condition of defence. Particular emphasis was again placed upon the enrolment of all planters under designated commanders or such officers as the Governor and Council considered appropriate, although the sentence concluded in an incomplete form, indicated by [...] Interpretations Speculations |
22 | 11 | shall think fitt and that Officers be appointed as aforesaid to exercise and Upon arrivall of Shipping Imployed in our Service We order | It was directed that officers were to be appointed, as previously stated, to exercise and train the planters in the use of arms at the specified times, so that they might be properly prepared for the defence of the island. Particular places were also to be assigned by the Governor as assembly points. It was clarified that the planters were not required to maintain a constant watch in the manner of soldiers, except in times of danger, while Company soldiers remained in pay. However, it was strictly required that, upon the approach of any shipping, and especially in the event of the discovery of an enemy or a general alarm, all planters were to proceed to their assigned posts and positions. There, they were to follow military discipline in accordance with the orders issued by their officers under the direction of the Governor and Council. This obligation was reaffirmed as a condition upon which their lands and accommodations had been granted. It was further ordered that, in order to ensure that the principal place of defence was properly inhabited, any inhabitant requesting land to build a house in a valley was to be granted and allotted such ground by the Governor and Council. This was subject to the condition that the houses were to be constructed in a regular and orderly manner suitable for defence above each fortification established within a valley. It was also expressly required that no house was to be built between the forts and the sea. It was additionally ordered that, upon the arrival of ships employed in the Company’s service, a free market was to be established by the Governor and Council at the most convenient place or places, so as to accommodate both inhabitants and mariners. It was also directed that inhabitants of the island were not to go aboard such ships without first obtaining permission from the Governor. Interpretations Speculations |
23 | 12 | We have formerly advised that the Lands we have given and The Companys Plantation and produce thereof We do | It was reaffirmed that the lands previously granted and allotted to each planter were to be formally conveyed to them, and to their heirs and assigns in perpetuity, under the Company’s common seal. This order was confirmed and required to be strictly carried out, subject to the conditions and provisions already established. These included the obligation that each inhabitant and planter was to perform such duties and services as might from time to time be required. It was also to be expressly included in each conveyance that no individual was to have the power to sell or transfer their land or plantation unless they, or their heirs, had resided upon it and attempted its improvement through planting for a period of seven years. It was further directed that a register was to be maintained recording all lands granted, set out, and allotted to any planter at the time of their first arrival, or when any soldier became a planter. The Governor and Council were also specifically required to ensure that a register was kept of all sales, transfers, and conveyances of estates, houses, and plantations between individuals after the expiration of the stated term, should such transactions occur. No sale or conveyance was to be considered valid unless it had been formally registered. A duplicate of this register was to be sent annually, in order to prevent disputes, deception, and fraudulent dealings. It was also ordered that the minister for the time being was to maintain a register of all marriages, christenings, and burials on the island. It was further provided that the Company’s plantation, together with its produce, was to be placed under the direction and control of the Governor of the island for the time being. This produce was to be used for the supply and maintenance of a household table for the Governor and for others who had been appointed to dine with him. Interpretations Speculations |
24 | 13 | We Recommend unto you the Encouragement of the practice London Rules for Settling Land. By the Governour and Company of Whereas his most Sacred Majesty hath been | It was recommended that encouragement was to be given to the practice of true religion, virtue, justice, honesty, and fair commerce among all persons on the island. It was directed that no individual was to suffer wrong, and that all who brought forward just complaints were to be granted a hearing and to have justice properly administered. It was further stated that good conduct was to be encouraged, and that those committing offences were to be punished, so that peace and order might be maintained. The document was dated at London on 20 January 1678. A new section was then introduced under the title “Rules for Settling Land”. It was recorded that these rules had been issued by the Governor and Company of Merchants of London trading to the East Indies at a Court of Committees held at the East India House in Leadenhall Street, London, on 20 March 1679, in the thirty-second year of the reign of King Charles the Second, who was styled King of England, Scotland, France and Ireland, and Defender of the Faith. It was then stated that His Majesty had been graciously pleased, by his royal charter under the Great Seal of England, although the sentence concluded in an incomplete form, indicated by [...] Interpretations Speculations |
25 | 14 | England be[a]r[i]ng d[a]t[e] the 16th day of December in the 25th year of And Whereas by Vertue of sever[a]ll former Orders and And Whereas some doubts and Questions have | It was stated that, by a royal charter bearing date 16 December in the twenty-fifth year of His Majesty’s reign, the island of St Helena had been granted to the Company together with all rights, profits, territories, and appurtenances, including all soil, lands, fields, woods, mountains, and rivers. Authority had also been granted to make, ordain, and establish laws, ordinances, and constitutions for the good government and use of the island, and to publish these under the Company’s common seal. Provision had likewise been made for such laws to be revoked or repealed from time to time, as more fully appeared in the said charter. It was further explained that, by virtue of several earlier orders and directions, a number of persons had been invited to settle and had been placed in possession of various lands and plantations on the island. These grants had been made on the condition that such persons were to perform duties and services as might from time to time be required of the inhabitants and planters. Reference was made to earlier orders dated 17 December 1673 and 13 March 1678, in which these provisions had been set out together with additional conditions. It was then noted that certain doubts and questions had arisen concerning the holding, enjoyment, disposal, and transfer of such lands and plantations, as well as the manner in which they were to descend in cases of death or other circumstances. Uncertainty had also arisen regarding the nature of the duties and services required from those holding such lands. In order that every person might understand both the obligations required of them and the rights to which they were entitled, it had been determined, after careful consideration of all relevant matters, to establish, ordain, and declare, under the Company’s common seal, the rules and laws set out thereafter, although the sentence concluded in an incomplete form, indicated by [...] Interpretations Speculations |
26 | 15 | [...] that they may be duly Observed in all particulars That all and every Person or Persons that now Possess and That any Person or Persons to whom Lands hath been | It was directed that the rules and laws were to be duly observed in all respects. It was ordered that every person who then possessed or enjoyed any lands on the island, or who had been allotted land prior to the publication of these orders, was required, within six months of their publication, to cause those lands and plantations to be formally registered. This registration was to be entered in a book maintained for that purpose by the Governor or Deputy Governor. The entry was to include the number of acres, the boundaries of the land, and the name or names of those in possession. The Governor or Deputy Governor was required to ensure that such entries were properly made, and, upon confirming their correctness, to provide certificates of registration to the owners without any fee or reward. It was further ordered that, after the publication of these rules, all lands newly granted to any free planter by the Company, as well as any lands already granted that were sold, transferred, or otherwise disposed of, or that passed to another person upon the death of a planter, whether by request or otherwise, were to be registered within one month of such change. This applied to all grants, sales, transfers, bequests, inheritances, or any other alteration of ownership. Upon the registration of each such transaction, a single fee of one was to be paid to the Governor for the use of the Company, as chief lords of the land, and no more. A further single fee, and no more, was to be paid to the register for recording the transaction and issuing the certificate of registration. It was then stated that any person or persons to whom lands had been [...], where the surviving text ended in an incomplete form. Interpretations Speculations |
27 | 16 | allotted if such Person or Persons have been in the Actuall Possession That in Case of the Decease of any Planter, duly Possessed As to moveables and Personall Estates that any | It was ordered that any person to whom land had been allotted, and who had remained in actual possession and occupation of it for a period of five years, calculated from the time of first entering upon and improving it as a plantation, was thereafter to hold that land freely for themselves and their heirs. Such persons were then to have full authority to sell, transfer, or otherwise dispose of the land at their own discretion. It was further directed that, in the event of the death of a planter who had been duly in possession of land upon which residence had been established and improvement made through planting, specific rules of inheritance were to apply. Where the deceased planter had been unmarried, the land was to pass either to the nearest heir or to such person or persons as had been named in the planter’s last will and testament. Where the deceased had been married, one half of the land was to pass to the wife for the duration of her natural life, while the other half, together with the reversion of the wife’s portion after her death, was to be disposed of according to the provisions of the planter’s will. If no such provision had been made, the land was then to descend to the lawful heir. It was also provided that, in relation to movable goods and personal estate belonging to a deceased planter, where no will had been made, the estate was to be divided in set proportions. One third was to be assigned to the wife, and the remaining two thirds were to be divided equally among the children residing on the island. If no such children were present, one half was to be given to the wife and the other half to the brothers and sisters, and their children, residing on the island. If no such relatives were present, the whole was to pass to the wife. In cases where there was neither wife nor child, the entire estate was to pass to the nearest kindred on the island. Where no such persons were present, the estate was to be inventoried and preserved for those in England who might be recognised as entitled to it, although the sentence concluded in an incomplete form, indicated by [...] Interpretations Speculations |
28 | 17 | That in case it should so fall out, that on the Death of That then in such Case it shall be Lawfull for the | It was provided that, in the event that a planter died and the lands held, possessed, and enjoyed by that individual were neither bequeathed nor passed by descent to any person residing on the island, certain conditions were to apply. Where such land came to a person or persons not residing on the island, it was required that they were to come to the island within two years of the planter’s death and establish residence there. Alternatively, they were to ensure that effective arrangements were made for the land to be inhabited and maintained, with at least two persons and two oxen for every twenty acres. It was further ordered that, if these conditions were not fulfilled, it was to be lawful for the Governor and Council to take possession of the land for the use of the Company. They were required to seize the land and to dispose of it again as they saw fit, regardless of any prior grant, allotment, or other claim to the contrary. It was concluded that these provisions were given under the Company’s common seal on the day and year first written. Interpretations Speculations |
29 | 18 | Our Governour and Council London 14th April 1682 We take notice of your sending home the three Mutinous Your Loving Friends | Instructions were issued to the Governor and Council at St Helena, dated at London on 14 April 1682, acknowledging that three mutinous persons had been sent back to England. It was stated that it would have been preferable for those individuals to have been tried and punished on the island itself, in accordance with the nature of their offence and the laws of England, rather than being sent away. Concern was expressed that sending such offenders to England might encourage rather than deter others of a similar disposition, particularly because the distance involved made it difficult to conduct trials or administer punishment, as witnesses and evidence were not readily available. It was noted that consideration had been given to returning the individuals to the island for trial, as an example to others, but this had been found impracticable because the ship available could not be relied upon to remain long enough to allow their return. It was therefore directed that, in future, all criminal cases were to be tried on the island in accordance with the established authority, and that offenders were not to be sent to England. It was explained that sending them away allowed opportunities for escape and avoidance of justice proportionate to their offences. It was further stated that additional rules and powers would be considered, with the intention of strengthening the Governor and Council’s ability to deal with such offenders, and that these would be sent at the earliest opportunity. The letter concluded with a closing expression of regard, signed “Your Loving Friends”, followed by [...], where the surviving text was incomplete. Interpretations Speculations |
30 | 19 | By the Governour & Company of Whereas our said Soveraign Lord the King most | It was recorded that, at a Court of Committees held for the Governor and Company of Merchants of London trading into the East Indies on 10 March 1682, in the thirty-fourth year of the reign of King Charles the Second, styled King of England, Scotland, France and Ireland and Defender of the Faith, certain matters were declared. It was stated that the King, by his letters patent bearing date 16 December in the thirty-fifth year of his reign, had granted to the Governor and Company and their successors the island of St Helena. By this grant, the Company had been constituted the true and absolute lords and proprietors of the island. Authority had been given to them, at any General Court or Court of Committees, to make and publish under their common seal such laws, orders, and constitutions as were necessary for the good government of the island. They were also empowered to impose penalties to enforce obedience to those laws. It was further declared that the Company, either directly or through Governors, officers, and ministers appointed by them, was authorised to correct, punish, govern, and rule the inhabitants of the island in accordance with those laws and ordinances. Full authority was also granted to carry out all actions necessary for the complete establishment of justice, by virtue of the letters patent of jurisdiction, although the sentence concluded in an incomplete form, indicated by [...] Interpretations Speculations |
31 | 20 | and manner of Proceedings therein, and award Process, hold Plea Now Know all men that in Pursuance of the We the said Governour and Company of Merchants | It was stated that, by virtue of the letters patent, authority had been granted to conduct legal proceedings, to issue process, to hear pleas, and to judge and determine all causes, and to execute judgments as more fully set out in those instruments. It was then declared that, in accordance with the authority granted by the said letters patent, and for the better government of the island and its inhabitants, and for the fair and impartial administration of justice to all subjects of the King residing there, further provisions were to be established. It was expressed that these measures were intended so that all persons might live in the fear of God, in loyalty to the King, and in mutual goodwill and harmony with one another. It was further ordained, at the Court of Committees previously mentioned, that the Governor and Council of the island for the time being, or the majority of them, were to hold and exercise the supreme command, power, and authority over the fort and island of St Helena in all matters. All persons residing on the island, regardless of rank or condition, were required to give due obedience to this authority. It was also stated that, in order to prevent confusion, disorder, and irregular conduct, and to provide clear rules by which both governors and inhabitants were to act, a series of laws, rules, orders, and directions was to be established. The sentence concluded in an incomplete form, indicated by [...] Interpretations Speculations |
32 | 21 | and Forms of Proceedings hereafter mentioned and Expressed to be carefully and Punctually observed in the said Island of St Helena, and the Territory and Places thereunto belonging That is to Say First touching Religion and the Worship of God. 1. We do Direct Order and appoint that the Lords day be Religiously Observed, by abstinence from all Bodily and Secular Employments, as also from all Gaming and other unlawfull Pastimes and that our Governour and Council take care not only to appoint one or more Publick Place or Places for the Worship of God, whither all Persons may Resort to attend and join in the Publick Exercise of Religious Dutys, as prayer reading the word, hearing of Sermons and on occasion and fitt times the Administration of both the Sacraments of Baptism and the Lords Supper, but also by their Presence to Encourage the Minister or Ministers in the Discharge of his or their Dutys, and the People in their attendance on the Ordinances, and that all be done with due Reverence and with Decen and Order, and if that there shall happen to be no Ministers upon the said Island, that they shall in Solemn manner assemble together on the Lords day, and in such case the Governour and Council shall cause some part or Portion in the holy Scripture, and some Godly Sermons to be read with Prayer, and such other Dutys to be Performed as they in their Christian Prudence shall think fitt. | It was directed that the laws, rules, orders, directions, and forms of proceedings thereafter set out were to be carefully and strictly observed on the island of St Helena and in all territories and places belonging to it. It was first established, concerning religion and the worship of God, that the Lord’s Day was to be strictly observed. All persons were required to abstain from bodily and secular work, as well as from gaming and other unlawful pastimes. It was further ordered that the Governor and Council were to ensure that one or more public places were appointed for divine worship, to which all inhabitants were to resort in order to participate in religious duties. These duties were specified to include prayer, the reading of scripture, the hearing of sermons, and, at appropriate times, the administration of the sacraments of baptism and the Lord’s Supper. It was also directed that the Governor and Council were to support and encourage the minister or ministers in the performance of their duties through their own presence, and to encourage the people in their attendance upon religious observances. All such activities were to be conducted with proper reverence, decency, and order. Provision was further made for circumstances in which no minister was present on the island. In such cases, it was required that the inhabitants were to assemble in a solemn manner on the Lord’s Day, and that the Governor and Council were to arrange for portions of the Holy Scripture and suitable sermons to be read, accompanied by prayer and such other religious duties as they judged appropriate in accordance with Christian prudence. Interpretations Speculations |
33 | 22 | 2. That in the Publick the Minister, or such as Discharge the Duty of Prayer in absence of a Minister to be mindfull to pray for our Soveraign Lord the King Majesty, the peace, happiness and Prosperity of his Kingdoms, As also for the good and welfare of the English East India Company, And also that in the Publick Assembly every Lords day at such times as may be most Convenient, the Creed commonly called the Apostles Creed, or sometimes in place the Creed commonly called Athanasius’s Creed, As also the Ten Commandments of the Morall Law out of the 20th Chapter of Exodus together with the Summary thereof, as it is Contained in the XXII Chapter of St Matthew Gospel 37. 38. 39 & 40 Verses be read unto the People. 3. That when there is a Minister Resident on the Island, the Minister once in every week, either some time on the Lords day, or on some other day shall Catechize the Youth, and younger People in Publick at the Publick place of Worship, and then to open and Expound the Doctrine of the True Christian Religion, That so the people may be well grounded in the principall and Doctrine of Faith, and be able to give a Reason of their hope and on good ground to maintain their Religion against all opposers and gainsayers, The time for the said Catechizing shall be appointed by our Governour and Council who are to be present thereat if not hindred by necessary affairs. Secondly touching the Administration of Justice and Common Right. We do Direct and appoint that in all Cases Justice be Administred impartially without favour or affection. | It was further directed, in relation to public worship, that the minister, or any person performing the duty of prayer in the absence of a minister, was to include prayers for the Sovereign Lord the King, for the peace, happiness, and prosperity of his kingdoms, and for the welfare of the English East India Company. It was also ordered that, in public assemblies held every Lord’s Day at convenient times, the creed known as the Apostles’ Creed, or at times the Athanasian Creed, was to be read, together with the Ten Commandments from the twentieth chapter of Exodus and the summary of the law as set out in the twenty-second chapter of the Gospel of Saint Matthew, verses 37, 38, 39, and 40. It was further required that, where a minister was resident on the island, the minister was to conduct instruction at least once each week, either on the Lord’s Day or on another suitable day. This instruction was to consist of the catechising of the youth and younger people in a public setting at the place of worship, together with the explanation and exposition of the doctrines of the Christian religion. The purpose of this was that the people might be firmly grounded in the principal articles of faith, and be capable of explaining and defending their beliefs against opposition. The time appointed for this instruction was to be determined by the Governor and Council, who were also required to attend unless prevented by necessary business. It was then directed, under a new section concerning the administration of justice and common right, that in all cases justice was to be administered impartially, without favour or partiality. Interpretations Speculations |
34 | 23 | 2. That no Person be Divested or Dispossessed of Houses Goods or Lands or other Rights whatsoever, or suffer any Corporal Punishment for any Cause or Crime before a Due Tryall be had, and Verdict given against such Persons by a Jury of Twelve Men as hereafter is Directed, Unless in such Cases as are herein particularly Expressed, or shall be hereafter declared by some Law to be made by the said Company, or by the Court of Committees of the said Company. 3. That no Person be Imprisoned upon any Private Account of Debt or Injury for or by Reason of any Felony Offence Misdemeanor or Publick Crime whatsoever without the cause or matter of such Imprisonment be Expressed in the Warrant of his Committment, and in case the same be not Prosecuted within the Two first Court days after such Committment is Certifyed to the Court, which the Marshall or Prison keeper is and shall be bound to do Immediately upon such Committment, then such Persons may sue out his Discharge from the said Committment, And the Judge shall Grant the same without Bail. Thirdly And for the better settling and Establishing a Way and Method for due Proceedings, We Direct and appoint. 1. That there be appointed by the Governour with Consent of the Council from time to time some one or more able honest and understanding Person or Persons to be called or known by the name of the Sheriff or Sheriffs of the said Island, which said Sheriffs | It was directed that no person was to be deprived of houses, goods, lands, or any other rights, nor subjected to corporal punishment for any cause or offence, until a proper trial had been conducted and a verdict delivered against that person by a jury of twelve men, as was thereafter prescribed. Exceptions were permitted only in cases specifically stated within these provisions or in any future laws to be made by the Company or by its Court of Committees. It was further ordered that no person was to be imprisoned on account of any private matter of debt or injury, nor for any felony, offence, misdemeanour, or public crime, unless the cause of such imprisonment was clearly stated in the warrant of commitment. It was also required that, if the matter was not prosecuted within the first two court days after the imprisonment had been reported to the court, which the marshal or prison keeper was obliged to do immediately upon commitment, then the imprisoned person was entitled to seek discharge. In such a case, the judge was required to grant release without bail. It was then directed, for the better establishment of proper procedures, that a structured method of legal administration was to be set in place. It was ordered that the Governor, with the consent of the Council, was to appoint from time to time one or more capable, honest, and knowledgeable persons to serve as sheriffs of the island, although the sentence concluded in an incomplete form, indicated by [...] Interpretations Speculations |
35 | 24 | Sherif or Sheriffs shall under our Governour & Council inspect all | It was directed that the sheriff or sheriffs, acting under the authority of the Governor and Council, were to oversee and inspect all matters and affairs within the island. Their responsibilities were to include the preservation of the Company’s rights, the maintenance of peace, harmony, and good order among the inhabitants, and the punishment of crimes and misconduct as provided. They were also to carry out all orders, writs, and warrants issued by the Governor and Council or by the court of judicature to be established, and to undertake duties such as the summoning of juries and the apprehension of offenders. It was further provided that the sheriff or sheriffs might, whenever the Governor considered it appropriate, be appointed to arm, muster, and train such forces on the island as were deemed necessary. These forces were to be maintained in readiness for the defence of the island and for the suppression of tumults and insurrections. In all such matters, the sheriff or sheriffs were to act in accordance with the orders and instructions given by the Governor. It was also required that all civil and military officers, as well as all other persons, were to assist the sheriff or sheriffs in the proper execution of their duties. It was further directed that the sheriff or sheriffs were to take an oath before the Governor. In this oath, it was declared that they were to remain faithful and loyal to the King of England and his heirs and successors, and that they were to preserve and uphold, to the utmost of their ability, the rights of the Governor and Company of Merchants of London trading into the East Indies in relation to the island of St Helena. It was also stated that they were not to permit any wrong or harm to be done to those rights, although the sentence concluded in an incomplete form, indicated by [...] Interpretations Speculations |
36 | 25 | be done for them or their Estates, But shall give Advice or Notice thereof to the Governour and Council, You shall carefully and Impartially discharge the Office of Sherif of the said Island according to the Laws Established, and shall Cause all Writts, Orders, Summons and Sentences of the Court of Judicature or of the Governour to be Speedily and Duly Executed, and in all things you shall behave your self duly and Truely in your Office as Sherif according to good Conscience, and shall from time to time give due Notice of all Moneys, by you Collected, for Fines or otherwise, and thereof make payment to the Treasurer or Receiver, that is or shall be appointed by the Governour and Council when you shall be thereunto Required. So help you God. 2. That at the Chief Place of the Island where the Governour and Council Resides, there be erected one Court of Judicature for the hearing, deciding and Determining of all Causes and Differences between party and party, and of Criminall matters, and that our Governour for the time being be the Sole Judge thereof, that the said Court shall Sit once every three Months, or oftener if occasion shall be and that the said Judge take care that all proceedings and Sentences be duly Recorded, or Registred in Books to be kept for that purpose and that all Officers Requisite for the said Court be appointed from time to time by the Governour, and such Moderate and Reasonable Fees as may be Necessary for the Service and not Burthensome to the People, a Table whereof shall be Publickly sett up in the Place appointed for the Court to Sit, and that any Officer that shall take any greater | It was directed that the sheriff was not to permit any injury or harm to be done to the Company’s rights or estates, but was instead to report such matters to the Governor and Council. It was required that the sheriff was to discharge the office carefully and impartially in accordance with the established laws, and to ensure that all writs, orders, summons, and sentences issued by the Court of Judicature or by the Governor were executed promptly and properly. It was further required that the sheriff was to act faithfully and conscientiously in all duties, and to give regular notice of all monies collected, whether from fines or other sources, and to pay these to the Treasurer or Receiver appointed by the Governor and Council when required. This obligation was to be affirmed by oath. It was further ordered that, at the principal place of the island where the Governor and Council resided, a Court of Judicature was to be established for the hearing and determination of all disputes between parties, as well as criminal matters. The Governor for the time being was to act as the sole judge of this court. It was directed that the court was to sit once every three months, or more frequently if necessary. The judge was required to ensure that all proceedings and judgments were properly recorded in books maintained for that purpose. It was also provided that all necessary officers for the operation of the court were to be appointed by the Governor from time to time. Reasonable and moderate fees were to be established for the services of the court, and a table of such fees was to be publicly displayed at the place where the court sat, so that they would not impose an undue burden upon the people. It was further directed that any officer who demanded or received fees beyond those established was to be subject to sanction, although the sentence concluded in an incomplete form, indicated by [...] Interpretations Speculations |
37 | 26 | [...] or Reward for any thing in the Execution of his Place, then in That all Tryalls in the said Court be by Jurys of Twelve Fourthly and to the Intent [...] We do Ordain and appoint that all and every Person or That all Swearing and taking the name of God in vain | It was directed that any officer who took a fee or reward beyond that established in the published table, or who refused or delayed the execution of duties when required, was to forfeit the office and make satisfaction by paying double damages to the injured party. It was further ordered that all trials in the Court of Judicature were to be conducted by juries of twelve [...], with such juries to be returned by the sheriff or sheriffs of the island. The same procedure was to be followed in criminal cases. Each juror was required to take an oath affirming that the matter in question would be tried faithfully and truthfully according to the evidence, conscience, and the established laws. It was then declared, for the encouragement of morality and virtue, and for the suppression and punishment of vice, that clear standards of conduct and penalties were to be set out. It was ordained that any person who publicly profaned the Lord’s Day by travelling, working, gaming, or engaging in other unlawful pastimes was, for a first offence, to be reprimanded and admonished. For any subsequent offence, a fine was to be imposed at the discretion of the Governor, not exceeding the value of five shillings for each offence. It was further directed that all swearing and the taking of the name of God in vain were to be carefully avoided. If any person, after having once been publicly admonished for such behaviour, committed the offence again, that person was to be fined at the discretion of the Governor and Council, not exceeding the value of one shilling for each offence. Interpretations Speculations |
38 | 27 | 3. That all Intemperance and Dran[k]ing absteined from as being Destructive both to the Body and Soule of Man, and if any shall Drink to Drun[k]enness for the first Offence he shall be admonished by the Governour or any of his Councell, And if after admonition he shall offend again and be again duly Convicted, Then he shall be fined at the Governour and Councell Discretion not Exceeding the Value of five shillings for the first Offence, it being Intended that if any Person of Quality (who shall be Examples to others) be found guilty, That they pay a greater fine than Persons of a meaner Rank. 4. That all Fornication, Uncleanness and Adultery be forborn and if any be found Guilty and Convicted by the said Crimes by Confession or by Verdict of a Jury, That in such Cases (untill it be otherwise provided) Our Governour and Councell do take care to Discountenance and Punish the same in such a way as shall be found most efficacious and Agreeable to the Nature of the People and Contrary to the Laws and Statutes of the Kingdom of England. 5. That none do Steal or take from another that which doth not belong to him, And that in Case of Theft, the Person being duly Convicted thereof by a Jury, That then if it be theft by taking away any thing by force or threats from the Person of any Man or Woman whereby they might be put in fear, Or by breaking open any House or Room or Cupboard or Trunk that was locked, the party Convicted shall not only Restore what he took away to the party from whome he stole the same, but also three times the Value thereof, and the rest of | It was directed that all intemperance and drunkenness were to be avoided, as being harmful both to the body and to the soul. If any person was found to have become drunk, that person was, for a first offence, to be admonished by the Governor or any member of the Council. If, after such admonition, the offence was repeated and the person was duly convicted, a fine was to be imposed at the discretion of the Governor and Council, not exceeding the value of five shillings for that offence. It was further indicated that persons of higher rank, being examples to others, were to be subject to greater fines than those of lower condition. It was further ordained that fornication, uncleanness, and adultery were to be avoided. If any person was found guilty and convicted of such offences, whether by confession or by the verdict of a jury, it was directed that, until further provision was made, the Governor and Council were to discourage and punish such behaviour in a manner considered most effective and suitable to the nature of the people, and consistent with the laws and statutes of the kingdom of England. It was also ordered that no person was to steal or take that which did not belong to them. In cases of theft, where a person was duly convicted by a jury, and where the offence involved taking goods by force or threat from another person, thereby placing them in fear, or by breaking open any house, room, cupboard, or locked chest, the offender was to restore the stolen goods to the injured party. In addition, the offender was required to pay three times the value of the stolen property, although the sentence concluded in an incomplete form, indicated by [...] Interpretations Speculations |
39 | 28 | his Estate whatsoever (after his Debts are paid) shall be forfeited to the Company, and he shall stand in the Pillory in a Publick place, and be Whipt from thence to the Prison, and if it be then left to the Discretion of the Governour and Councell to discharge him or keep him in Prison, and Return him in the next Ships for England. If it be any other kind of Thievery and the Party be convicted thereof as aforesaid, He or She shall return what He or She Stole and three times the Value more to the Person from whom He or She Stole the same; And in Case of Non ability, He or She shall be forced to Work for that Person till the same be by work made up according to the Judgment of the Jury who in Cases of Theft shall be directed by the Judge of the said Court to find the Value of the thing or things Stolen. 6. If any Person called or Tendering himself to be a Witnesse in any Case, shall Witnesse falsely, through Malice or Covetousness or any other Account, unless it shall appear to be meerly by Mistake and in some Circumstances not much Materiall to the thing in question and shall be thereof Convicted, the same Damage, Pain, or Prejudice that his Testimony (had it been True and Received) would have Procured or did Procure (except Death) to any other Person he shall be Adjudged to Sustain according to the Verdict of a Jury; And for ever his Witnesse and Testimony shall be deemed and Adjudged invalid to all intents and purposes. And if it appear such Witnesse was Suborned then both the said Witnesse and the Person that Suborned him to be equally Liable to make Satisfaction as aforesaid, and shall both | It was directed that, in cases of serious theft involving force or breaking, after the offender’s debts had been paid, the remainder of the offender’s estate was to be forfeited to the Company. The offender was also to be placed in the pillory in a public place and then whipped from that location to the prison. Thereafter, it was left to the discretion of the Governor and Council either to release the offender or to keep that person imprisoned and return them to England on the next available ship. It was further provided that, in cases of other forms of theft, where a person was duly convicted, the offender was required to restore the stolen goods and to pay three times their value to the injured party. If the offender lacked the means to make such payment, that person was to be compelled to work for the injured party until the value had been satisfied, as determined by the judgement of the jury. In such cases, the jury was to be directed by the judge to determine the value of the goods that had been stolen. It was also ordained that any person who gave evidence as a witness in any case and was found to have given false testimony, whether through malice, greed, or any other motive, was to be punished unless the falsehood arose purely from mistake in circumstances not material to the matter in question. Where such false testimony was proven, the offender was to suffer the same damage, penalty, or disadvantage that their evidence would have caused or did cause to another person, except in cases involving death. This was to be determined by the verdict of a jury. It was further directed that such a person was thereafter to be regarded as unfit to give evidence in any matter. Where it was found that the false witness had been persuaded or induced by another person, both the witness and the person responsible were to be equally liable to make restitution in the same manner, although the sentence concluded in an incomplete form, indicated by [...] Interpretations Speculations |
40 | 29 | If any Person shall Counterfeit any Deed or Deeds, Writings or In case any Person shall Quarrell with another not being his In Case of Wilfull murther the party Convicted by a Jury shall In Case any Strike an Officer being about the Execution of his | It was ordained that, if any person forged or counterfeited deeds, writings, or other papers, or by deceit defrauded another of land, goods, or money, and was convicted by a jury, that person was required to make restitution to the injured party. An equivalent sum was also to be paid as a fine to the Company. In addition, the offender was to stand in the pillory on three public days so as to be publicly identified. If the offender was unable to make payment, that person was to be compelled to work for the injured party in the first instance, and thereafter for the Company without payment, until such time as a jury determined that sufficient labour had been given to satisfy the sums owed. It was further directed that, if any person quarrelled with another who was not under their authority, or struck or wounded them, the offender was to make compensation to the injured party as determined by a jury. In addition, a fine was to be imposed at the discretion of the Governor and Council for breach of the peace, not exceeding the value of twenty shillings for any one offence. It was also ordained that, in cases of wilful murder, any person convicted by a jury was to suffer death. The manner in which the sentence was to be carried out was to be determined by the Governor and Council, in accordance with the laws of England. It was further provided that, if any person struck an officer while that officer was engaged in the execution of official duties, and was convicted by a jury, a fine was to be imposed at the discretion of the Governor for the use of the Company, not exceeding the value of five pounds. Alternatively, the offender might be publicly whipped or imprisoned, unless the Governor, with the consent of the majority of the Council, chose to grant a pardon. Interpretations Speculations |
41 | 30 | Pardon him, and shall moreover pay Treble Damages to the Person And We do Ordain, Constitute and appoint as a perpetuall And for the better preserving the peace of the said Island That no Person whatsoever shall Imprison or lay Violent That if any Captain, Officer or Soldier in the Companys | It was directed that, where a pardon was granted in such cases, the offender was nevertheless required to pay treble damages to the injured party, as assessed by a jury. It was further ordained, as a perpetual rule and law to be observed on the island, that in every case where trial by jury had been appointed, it was lawful for the sheriff or sheriffs to summon and return juries composed not only of permanent inhabitants, but also of any Englishmen present on the island, including seamen, mariners, or others. It was then provided, for the better preservation of peace, the maintenance of proper subordination, and the defence of the island against enemies, that additional regulations were to be enforced. It was ordered that no person was to imprison, assault, or strike the Governor, or any superior officer or minister, nor attempt or conspire to do so. Any person convicted by a jury of such an offence was to suffer corporal punishment, not extending to death, as determined by the Governor with the advice and consent of the majority of the military officers, according to the nature of the offence. In the specific case of striking the Governor, the offender was also to forfeit all lands, tenements, goods, and chattels to the use of the Company. It was further directed that, if any captain, officer, or soldier in the Company’s service neglected duty, slept while on watch, was absent from or abandoned a post, or caused a quarrel or disturbance while on guard, and was convicted of such conduct, although the sentence concluded in an incomplete form, indicated by [...] Interpretations Speculations |
42 | 31 | Convicted by the Testimony of Two Witnesses upon Oath, He or they shall That if any Captain, Officer, Soldier or Marriner that have That there be no wastefull Expence of any Powder, shott | It was directed that, where any captain, officer, or soldier was convicted upon the testimony of two witnesses given under oath of neglecting duty, sleeping on watch, absence from post, or causing disturbance while on guard, that person was to be fined by the Governor for the use of the Company in a sum not exceeding one month’s pay. In addition, such corporal punishment, not extending to the loss of life or limb, was to be inflicted as the Governor, with the advice and consent of the majority of the military officers, considered appropriate. It was further ordained that, if any captain, officer, soldier, mariner, inhabitant, or any other person on the island, or arriving there, raised sedition, promoted or supported mutiny, or attempted to persuade others to seize, destroy, surrender, or deliver any fort, ship, vessel, or magazine on the island to an enemy, and was duly convicted by a jury, that person was to suffer death. All property belonging to the offender was also to be forfeited to the Company. This sentence was to be carried out unless the Governor, with the advice and consent of the majority of the military officers, chose to grant a pardon or remit part of the punishment. It was also directed that no wasteful use of powder, shot, ammunition, or other stores was to be permitted, and that no embezzlement of public stores was to occur. It was further stated that, if any person embezzled or stole such materials, although the sentence concluded in an incomplete form, indicated by [...] Interpretations Speculations |
43 | 32 | Ammunition or other Stores and Sell the same, both the Persons so In case any Person or Persons shall make any Insurrections And Whereas severall English Ships have been lately sent | It was directed that, where any person embezzled or stole ammunition or other public stores and sold them, both the offender and any abettors, buyers, or receivers were to be subject, in addition to the penalties already established for theft, to imprisonment for a period not exceeding six months, or to such corporal punishment, not extending to loss of life or limb, as the Governor, with the advice and consent of the majority of the Council, considered appropriate. It was further ordained that, if any person or persons raised an insurrection or assembled in a hostile manner without the express command of the Governor or authorised officers, or refused, when commanded, to lay down their arms and submit to lawful authority, or attempted to betray or surrender the island, its forts, castles, ports, or any ships or vessels belonging to the English to another nation, or maintained communication with declared enemies, and were duly convicted by a jury of twelve men, such persons were to suffer death and forfeit all their estates. This sentence was to be carried out unless the Governor, with the advice and consent of the majority of the Council, determined upon sufficient grounds to grant a pardon or remit part of the punishment. It was then noted that several English ships had recently been sent from England on private ventures to trade in the East Indies, to the considerable disadvantage of the Company’s trade in that region, although the sentence concluded in an incomplete form, indicated by [...] Interpretations Speculations |
44 | 33 | Under your rules, this portion is sufficiently visible to permit a far fuller transcription. Applying the constraints strictly: contempt of his Majestys Royall Charter whereby the whole intire Trade to and from the said Indies is granted unto us and all other his Majestys subjects are strictly charged not to Trade thither And Whereas such Interloping Ships have in their Return home been Relieved, accommodated & Supplyed in their Necessities at the said Island of St Helena And Whereas we are Credibly informed that several Private Persons are fitting and setting out severall other Ships and Vessells in a way of Trade and Merchandize to the said East Indies Contrary to his Majestys said Royall Charter granted us as aforesaid Now Therefore in as much as it is no way Agreeable to have dutifull Resentments which We have and ought to have to his said Majestys Speciall grace and favour in granting the said Island to us, that the same should be made use of for the Refreshing and Accommodating of their Ships Servants and People, who presume to Trade to the said East Indies Contrary to his said Majestys Royall Charter and in high contempt of his Majestys Prerogative in that behalf Nor was the said Island granted to us to that End, that it should be made use of for the Incouragement of such Disloyall Persons in such their Disloyall attempts, We the said Governour and Company of Merchants of England Trading into the East Indies, DO therefore by these Presents Ordain and Require that the same be Strictly Observed as a standing Ordinance and Rule within the said Island, That no Person or Persons Inhabiting, or which shall Inhabit hereafter therein do presume to Trade or Traffick with, or any way relieve or Supply with necessary [...] | It was stated that certain English ships had been sent out on private trading ventures to the East Indies in contempt of His Majesty’s royal charter, by which the entire trade to and from those regions had been granted exclusively to the Company, and all other subjects had been strictly forbidden from engaging in such trade. It was further explained that such interloping ships had, on their return voyages, been relieved, accommodated, and supplied with necessities at the island of St Helena. It was also reported that several private individuals were preparing and dispatching additional ships and vessels to trade in the East Indies, contrary to the royal charter granted to the Company. It was then declared that such actions were inconsistent with the duty owed to the King, whose special favour had been shown in granting the island to the Company. It was stated that the island ought not to be used for the refreshment or support of ships, servants, or persons engaged in unauthorised trade in violation of the royal charter and the King’s prerogative. It was further asserted that the island had not been granted for the purpose of encouraging or assisting such disloyal activities. It was therefore ordained and required, as a standing rule to be strictly observed on the island, that no person then residing or thereafter to reside there was to engage in trade or commerce with, or in any way assist, relieve, or supply with necessities any such unauthorised traders or their ships, although the sentence concluded in an incomplete form, indicated by [...] Interpretations Speculations |
45 | 34 | any Person or Persons belonging to any Ship or Vessells that shall come to the said Island, untill such time as our Governour of the said Island have allowed and admitted such Ship or Vessells And the Persons thereunto belonging a Liberty of Trade and Refreshment on the said Island upon Pain that offender herein, if he be one of the said Councell shall forfeit and pay the Sum of 20 pounds, And if any other Inhabitant of the said Island the Sum of Ten pounds Sterling to the use of us and our Successors for every such Offence 8. And We do further Ordain and Strictly charge & Require our said Governour of the said Island, that he do not give or grant any such Liberty of Trade or Refreshment on the said Island to any Ship or Vessells that shall come to the said Island other than such Ship and Vessells and their Men that shall come there in our Service And that upon the discovery of any English Ship or Vessells that shall come to or before the said Island, He do forthwith make and Publish a Proclamation on the said Island that none of the said Inhabitants thereof do presume to Trade or Traffick with, or any way Relieve or Supply with Necessarys or otherwise Refresh or Accommodate such Ship or Vessells or any Person or Persons belonging thereunto untill the said Governour shall by like Proclamation declare and Publish a Liberty so to do, which he shall by no means declare or suffer untill our said Governour have Express Orders for so doing from us, Signifyed under the hands of Thirteen or more of the Court of Committees whereof the Governour or his Deputy to be one, or that the Commander or [...] | It was directed that no person belonging to any ship or vessel arriving at the island was to be supplied or assisted in any way until such time as the Governor had granted permission and admitted that ship, vessel, and its crew to trade and obtain refreshment on the island. It was ordered that any offender who acted contrary to this rule, if a member of the Council, was to forfeit the sum of twenty pounds, and if any other inhabitant, the sum of ten pounds sterling, payable to the Company and its successors for each offence. It was further ordained and strictly required that the Governor was not to grant any liberty of trade or refreshment to any ship or vessel arriving at the island, except those engaged in the Company’s service. It was also directed that, upon the arrival or approach of any English ship or vessel, the Governor was immediately to issue a public proclamation on the island forbidding all inhabitants from trading with, assisting, supplying, or otherwise accommodating such ships or their crews. It was further required that no such liberty was to be granted or declared until the Governor had issued a second proclamation permitting it, and that such permission was not to be given unless express orders had first been received from the Company. These orders were to be formally authorised under the signatures of thirteen or more members of the Court of Committees, including the Governor or his Deputy. It was also indicated that, alternatively, provision might be made in relation to the commander or mariners of such ships, although the sentence concluded in an incomplete form, indicated by [...] Interpretations Speculations |
46 | 35 | do voluntarily and of their accord deliver up such Ship or Vessells | It was provided that, if the commander or mariners of any such ship or vessel voluntarily surrendered and delivered the vessel, together with its cargo, into the possession of the Governor, certain allowances were to be granted. In such cases, the Governor was to permit those individuals full liberty to trade and conduct commerce on the island and with its inhabitants. They were also to be relieved and supplied with such necessities and conveniences as the island could provide. It was further directed that all goods and merchandise belonging personally to the commander or mariners, and not forming part of the general cargo, were to be returned to them. It was also ordered that such commanders and mariners were to be received into the Company’s service, if they were willing, upon such wages or salary as might be agreed between them and the Governor. It was additionally required that arrangements were to be made for their passage, together with their goods, on the next Company ship or ships departing the island for England. Upon arrival in England, the wages or salary agreed upon by the Governor were to be paid to them or to their respective executors, administrators, or assigns. It was further ordained that, upon the voluntary surrender of any such ship or vessel, the Governor was immediately to take possession of it and to bring its cargo ashore. A true and complete written inventory of all such goods was then to be made, although the sentence concluded in an incomplete form, indicated by [...] Interpretations Speculations |
47 | 36 | Wrongs most Excellent Majesty thereof We may give further Orders touching the Disposition of such ships and goods as shall be brought into our said Island by any such Persons may be lawfull to and for our said Governour to give unto such Commander or Marriners free and full Liberty of Trade and Traffick in the said Island, and with the Inhabitants thereof, and also to Relieve and Supply them with such Necessaries and Conveniences as the said Island will afford, and to deliver unto them their goods and Merchandizes respectively, they submitting themselves to our Government and Authority there and that upon such their submission and acknowledgement they shall be protected and defended in their Persons and Estates during their stay, and shall receive such further Encouragement as shall be thought fit by our said Governour and Council Provided always that such Liberty shall not extend to any Persons who shall have offended against our Charter or Trade, otherwise than by Ignorance or Necessity, nor to any who shall refuse Obedience to our Authority And We do further declare that it shall not be lawfull for any Person or Persons whatsoever to Trade or Traffick with any Interlopers or others not in our Service without special Licence first had and obtained from our said Governour Given under our Common Seal the day and year first written | It was declared that, in order that no prejudice might arise to His Majesty’s rights, further orders might be issued concerning the disposal of ships and goods brought into the island by such persons engaged in unauthorised trade. It was provided that it was lawful for the Governor to grant to any such commander or mariners full liberty to trade and conduct commerce on the island and with its inhabitants, and to relieve and supply them with such necessities and conveniences as the island could provide. It was also directed that their personal goods and merchandise were to be returned to them, provided that they submitted themselves to the authority and government established on the island. It was further ordained that, upon such submission and acknowledgement, those persons were to be protected and defended in their persons and property during their stay, and were to receive such additional encouragement as the Governor and Council considered appropriate. It was, however, expressly provided that such liberty was not to be extended to any persons who had offended against the Company’s charter or trade other than through ignorance or necessity, nor to any who refused obedience to the established authority. It was further declared that no person whatsoever was to trade or engage in commerce with any interlopers or others not in the Company’s service without first obtaining special licence from the Governor. It was concluded that these provisions were given under the Company’s common seal on the day and year first written. Interpretations Speculations |
48 | 37 | Our Governour & Council London 14th March 1701 That We may be clearly understood by you, We tell you | You are correct - that was an error. Here is the full corrected text: Instructions were issued to the Governor and Council of St Helena, dated at London on 14 March 1702, in order to clarify the duties to be levied on ships arriving at the island. It was stated that all foreign ships, including those of the Dutch, French, Portuguese, and Danes, were only to pay a duty of anchorage, fixed at five shillings for any ship regardless of size. It was further directed that English ships trading into India were to pay, in addition to anchorage, a duty of tonnage as previously specified. This duty was to be collected from every such English ship before it was permitted to trade or to receive any form of refreshment from the island. It was also explained that smaller English ships arriving from home for purposes other than trading within the Company’s charter in India were to be charged at the same rate as ships trading to Madagascar, namely two shillings and six pence per ton according to the burden of the vessel. These charges were to be paid in addition to the previously mentioned duties. It was further required that all English ships trading in India or Madagascar, or in any place within the limits of the Company’s charter without special licence, were to be subject to these payments. It was additionally ordered that these duties were to be demanded and collected from all such ships, and from all others, whether large or small, English or foreign, before they were admitted to any trade or permitted to obtain refreshment from the island. Interpretations Speculations |
49 | 38 | or not in our Service, five shillings for Anchorage for each Ship Against We do hereby likewise strictly forbid all Persons upon Send Lists of And We do hereby further Require you once at least List of Send us likewise a Perfect List of all our Stores | It was directed that all ships, whether in the Company’s service or not, were to pay a duty of five shillings for anchorage for each voyage upon which they anchored at the island of St Helena. It was further strictly forbidden that any person on the island was to sell or retail arrack, punch, beer, wine, or any other liquor, or tobacco, unless a licence had first been obtained under the hand and seal of the Governor for the time being. Only those persons so licensed were permitted to engage in such trade. It was also required that, at least once in every year, an exact return was to be sent to the Company containing a full list of all officers and soldiers. This list was to include a clear distinction for each individual, stating whether that person was married or unmarried, and whether a planter or not. It was also required that the number of marriages and christenings occurring within each year was to be reported. In addition, a complete list of all planters on the island was to be provided, with a distinction for each as to marital status. Further columns were to record, for each planter, the number of enslaved persons kept, and the number of children belonging to them. It was expressly ordered that this requirement was to be performed exactly and without failure, upon penalty of displeasure and risk to office. It was further directed that a complete and accurate list of all Company stores was to be sent, including all types of stores, and the number and nature of all ordnance, although the sentence concluded in an incomplete form, indicated by [...] Interpretations Speculations |
50 | 39 | Powder, Shotts, Armes and Ammunition of every Sort, of what Debts we owe Send us an Account likewise of Cattle and other Stock there If any of our Councill should be Remiss or Negligent in the aiding Your Loveing Friends &ca | It was directed that a full account was to be sent of all military stores, including powder, shot, arms, and ammunition of every kind. It was also required that a detailed account was to be provided of all debts owed by the Company to any person for salary, wages, or other matters, and of all sums owed to the Company, specifying from whom and for what purpose such monies were due. In addition, a complete report was to be made of all provisions held in store, including the particular quantities and types. It was stated that all these details were necessary to be reported annually so that more certain direction might be given for the government of the island and the management of the Company’s affairs there. It was further ordered that an account was to be sent of all cattle and other stock on the Company’s plantation, together with a record of the enslaved persons belonging to the Company who were employed there. It was also acknowledged that, in cases where money was lacking, enslaved persons might be taken in exchange for provisions from ships trading to Madagascar. In such matters, trust was placed in the Governor alone, with the expectation that the plantation would be managed in such a way as to produce profit for the Company in due course. It was also directed that, if any member of the Council was found to be remiss or negligent in assisting the Governor in carrying out the laws or orders of the Company, authority was granted to the Governor to suspend and remove such a person from the Council. This removal was to include the loss of salary or other benefits associated with the position, and was to remain in effect until the individual was restored by the Company’s own order. It was further stated that the Governor was authorised to carry out such suspension at his own discretion, whether or not the rest of the Council consented. The letter concluded with a closing expression of regard, signed “Your Loveing Friends &ca”. Interpretations Speculations |
51 | 40 | Our Governour and Council London 1st August 1683
3 But in Case of the taking away of Lives, Limb or Lands 4 That System We sent you was for the most part drawn 5 The List you have sent us with Severall columns for Men | Instructions were issued to the Governor and Council at St Helena, dated at London on 1 August 1683, following a review of their consultation books and consideration of the various causes brought before them, together with the interests of the inhabitants. It was stated that the formal system of legal procedure and the associated expense previously prescribed by the Company’s body of laws was considered, at that time, to be more burdensome than beneficial to the island. It was therefore directed that causes might continue to be determined according to the method already in use, which was understood to be familiar to the inhabitants and to have their approval. It was further ordered that, in cases involving the taking away of life, limb, or land, proceedings were to follow the method of trial by jury. It was also explained that the system of laws previously sent had largely been drawn from the model established on the Company’s island of Bombay, where the population was estimated at 20000. However, upon reconsideration, and in light of the much smaller population of St Helena, stated not to exceed 500 men, women, servants, and children, it was considered more suitable, for the present, that the existing method of determining causes should continue to be used, except in capital cases as previously specified. It was further noted that a list had been received containing several columns relating to men, women [...], where the surviving text concluded in an incomplete form. Interpretations Speculations |
52 | 41 | Women, Servants and Children Cattle &c We very well approve of, and 6 We find by the List of guns fired sent us by Captain Beale 7 For the future We Require you to Suffer no Person to go on 8 For Answering Salutes, We do Enjoin for the future that never | It was stated that the list previously sent, containing detailed columns for men, women, servants, children, cattle, and other matters, had been approved, and it was required that a similar return was to be provided annually. It was further ordered that, if any planter or lessee refused, upon demand, to supply such an account, or provided a false account, a fine of forty shillings was to be imposed for each offence. This fine was to be levied by distraint upon the offender’s goods and chattels for the use of the Company. It was further observed, from a report submitted by Captain Antony Beale, that one thousand three hundred guns had been fired, which was described as an excessive and wasteful use of resources. It was stated that such conduct was unexpected of the Governor, particularly in view of the considerable expense already incurred by the Company in maintaining the island, amounting to forty thousand pounds, without any profit other than its use for the refreshment of ships, a benefit that had been extended to foreigners as well as to the Company’s own vessels. It was further criticised that interloping ships had been saluted, and that it had been highly improper for the minister, Mr Church, if the report was accurate, to have boarded the interloping ship Pitts upon its arrival and to have entertained its commander at his house. It was therefore directed that, in future, no person was to go aboard any interloping ship unless they had first obtained a licence in writing from the Governor. Any person who contravened this order was to be fined ten shillings for each offence for the use of the Company. It was also ordered that, in responding to salutes, no more than three guns were to be fired to any Company ship upon its arrival. It was further directed that no guns were to be fired at feasts, or upon the landing or embarkation of persons, although the sentence concluded in an incomplete form, indicated by [...] Interpretations Speculations |
53 | 42 | of Commanders, nor ever above the Number of Seven to any French
We Observe it comes to every Planters Turn or Twenty But Notwithstanding all Free Planters, and all Persons The Party so paying his full Debt the Governour shall not | It was ordered that no more than seven guns were to be fired in salute to any French, Dutch, or other European ships, and that no guns were to be fired on any occasion whatsoever in honour of interloping ships. It was further required that an annual account was to be sent, signed by the gunner of the forts, detailing all guns fired and the occasions upon which they were discharged. It was also directed that no guns were thereafter to be fired on any occasion except by the express order of the Governor for the time being. It was observed that, under the existing arrangement, each planter holding twenty acres of land was required to keep watch and ward every sixth night, amounting to approximately two months of service each year, and that those who hired others to perform this duty on their behalf paid forty shillings per annum. It was therefore ordered that, in future, this sum of forty shillings per annum for every twenty acres of freehold land was to be paid directly in money to the Governor each year, and that planters would thereby be discharged from the obligation of constant watch and ward in arms. It was nevertheless required that all free planters and all other inhabitants of the island capable of bearing arms, except enslaved persons, were to continue to be properly mustered as before, and were to appear immediately at their assigned quarters in arms upon any alarm. Failure to do so was to incur the same penalties as had previously been imposed, or such greater penalties as the Governor and Council might determine. It was also directed that they were to attend as trained bands at general musters and exercises of arms as ordered by the Governor and Council. It was further stated that, upon payment of the required sum, the Governor was to provide the payer with a formal discharge under his hand and seal, and also to issue a deed from the Company confirming the tenure of the land, although the sentence concluded in an incomplete form, indicated by [...] Interpretations Speculations |
54 | 43 | to be holden from the Company according to a form sent our Governour And When any Land shall be hereafter Sold or Alienated We do further Order that no Person whatsoever do Presume We have formerly Prohibited our Free Planters from buying | It was directed that deeds for land were to be held from the Company according to a prescribed form sent to the Governor. These deeds were to be signed by the Governor and Council as witnesses and attested by the Register, who was to record the folio of the register book in which the land had been entered. For this process, both planters and lessees were to pay only a fee of two shillings and six pence to the Register. It was further ordered that, whenever any land was sold, alienated, given, or devised, such transactions would be deemed null and void to the purchaser, inheritor, or legatee unless they were registered in the official register book within one month of the date of the transaction. For such registration, a fee of two shillings and six pence was to be paid, together with an additional twelve pence per acre payable to the Company as the lords proprietors of the island. It was also ordered that no person was to cut any timber tree on the Company’s land, or any tree suitable for timber growing there, under a penalty of twenty shillings for each offence. It was recalled that free planters had previously been prohibited from purchasing enslaved persons, on the grounds that an excessive increase in their numbers might render them formidable and dangerous to the inhabitants and threaten the security of the island. However, upon further consideration, and with reference to the example of Barbados, where it was stated that approximately fifty thousand enslaved persons were held in subjection by around six thousand white inhabitants without the support of any garrison beyond the planters themselves, the position was reconsidered, although the sentence concluded in an incomplete form, indicated by [...] Interpretations Speculations |
55 | 44 | and considering that the Soil and Climate of that Island is fit for The Reason of which Order is as the Negroes do Increase And because no Trade can be maintained regularly | It was further stated that, in consideration of the soil and climate of the island being suitable for the production of commodities of a milder nature than cattle, including potatoes, yams, plantains, and similar crops, it was desired that the inhabitants and free planters should not merely subsist but should prosper. It was observed that such prosperity would be achieved if sufficient labour were available to cultivate their plantations, as had been the case in Barbados, Jamaica, and other places considered less favourable. It was therefore ordered that the previous restriction upon free planters purchasing enslaved persons was to be removed, subject to conditions. It was directed that any free planter, or other person, who maintained up to forty enslaved persons was, in addition to existing obligations under former customs and orders, to keep one additional Englishman to attend alarms, as was required for every twenty acres of land. Alternatively, payment could be made to the Governor for the Company’s use in the sum of forty shillings per annum in lieu of performing watch and ward, as had been previously ordered. A proportional scale was also established, whereby for one enslaved person a payment of ten shillings per annum was required, for two enslaved persons twenty shillings, and for three enslaved persons thirty shillings per annum. It was explained that the reason for this order was that, as the number of enslaved persons increased on the island, it would become necessary for the Company to increase its garrison and number of soldiers in proportion, in order to secure both the island and its inhabitants. It was further stated that, as no trade could be properly maintained without a daily register of accounts, and as duties were considered appropriate upon the transfer or sale of goods, a small duty was to be established and levied upon all trade conducted on the island. This measure was noted to be consistent with practices already in place at Bombay, Fort St George, and other Company settlements, although the sentence concluded in an incomplete form, indicated by [...] Interpretations Speculations |
56 | 45 | We or any other Europeans have made any Settlement Vizt For every Ox or Neat Beast Sold a Sale Book kept and Two For every hundred weight of Sugars Landed [...] For every Hogshead of Arrack Landed [...] For every Hogshead of Wine [...] For every Piece of Callico [...] For every Piece of Silks [...] And so Proportionable for a lesser or a greater Quantity of Goods For every Madagascar Ship besides the former Duty of Two Shillings We hear very Scandalous Reports of loose Women going | It was stated that, in accordance with practices followed in other European settlements, a system of duties was to be established on trade conducted on the island. It was ordered that, for every ox or other neat beast sold, a sale was to be recorded in a sale book and a duty of two pence was to be paid. For every such beast sold and sent on board a ship, a duty of six pence was to be paid. It was further specified that duties were to be levied upon goods landed, including sugar by the hundredweight, hogsheads of arrack, hogsheads of wine, pieces of calico, and pieces of silk, with proportional charges applied for greater or lesser quantities, although several of these entries were partially unreadable and therefore represented as [...] It was also ordered that every ship trading to Madagascar, in addition to the previously required duties of two shillings and six pence per ton and five shillings anchorage, was to deliver to the Governor, for the use of the Company, one able enslaved person, either a man or a woman, at the Governor’s discretion. It was further required that every ship belonging to the Company or employed in its service was to provide, in addition to the anchorage duty of five shillings, one barrel of serviceable gunpowder to the Governor. It was reported that scandalous behaviour had occurred, involving women going aboard ships. It was therefore strictly ordered that no woman was to go aboard any ship under any pretext without first obtaining a written licence from the Governor. It was further directed that any person offending in this matter was to be fined two shillings and six pence for the first offence, five shillings for the second, and ten shillings for the third, with the penalty continuing to double for each subsequent offence until the practice was suppressed. It was also ordered that all goods were to be sold openly in a free market on shore, and not otherwise, although the sentence concluded in an incomplete form, indicated by [...] Interpretations Speculations |
57 | 46 | to be carried on Board our Ships, and if any shall Transgress For any other Commoditys for which no Rates of Customs Suffer no Person to Sell Arrack, Brandy, Punch, Wine Be very Severe against Robbers and Vicious & besides We think for the Publike Utility of the Island Every | It was ordered that no goods were to be carried on board Company ships, and that any person who transgressed this order was to be compelled to pay double customs, or otherwise be punished at the discretion of the Governor until proper order was established, consistent with practices in other well governed places. It was further directed that, for any commodities for which no specific rates of customs had been set, the Governor was authorised to establish moderate duties at his discretion, provided that such rates were not burdensome to the inhabitants and were proportionate to the value of the goods. It was also ordered that no person was to sell arrack, brandy, punch, wine, or any other strong liquor by retail without first obtaining a licence under the hand and seal of the Governor. Such licences were not to exceed a duration of one year, and each licensee was required to pay ten shillings per annum to the Company. It was further directed that strict measures were to be taken against robbers and other disorderly persons. In addition to the punishments already established under the Company’s system of laws, it was ordered that any person found guilty of such offences for a third time was to be compelled to wear an iron collar about the neck for one full year, or alternatively an iron restraint upon the right leg. It was also ordered, for the public utility of the island, that every person, including free planters, shopkeepers, lessees, artificers, servants, labourers, and enslaved persons, was to provide one day of labour each year for the repair and improvement of the highways. This labour was to be performed when summoned by the surveyors of the highways, acting under a warrant issued by the Governor and Council. Interpretations Speculations |
58 | 47 | and Council, in which your Discretion will lead you to Consider how If any Ox or other Beast be Sold, and not duly Entered in the We do Confirm the Rate of Twenty Shillings p Ton in Money And We do hereby Strictly forbid all Persons upon the | It was directed that, in arranging the annual labour for the repair of highways, discretion was to be exercised in determining how many persons were to be summoned on particular days and from which parts of the island. It was nevertheless required that every man on the island was to perform one day’s work each year on the highways, or alternatively to pay the equivalent value of one day’s labour to the overseer, and that no person was to be required to perform more than one day’s work within a single year. It was further ordered that, if any ox or other beast was sold and not properly entered in the Company’s sale book, the transaction was to be deemed null and void. Likewise, any sale or transfer of a house or land that was not registered as previously directed was to be invalid. In such cases, the seller was to forfeit treble tolls to the Company, and the purchaser of any unregistered house or land was to pay double fees to the Company for the registration of such clandestine transactions. It was also confirmed that a duty of twenty shillings per ton, payable in money or goods, was to be charged to every East India interloping ship arriving at the island before the Governor permitted such a ship, or any person belonging to it, to receive water or other refreshment. It was expressly stated that this provision was not intended to permit interlopers to trade at the island, but that, in cases of necessity where relief was required to preserve life, such ships might be supplied upon payment of the stated rates. It was further strictly forbidden that any person on the island was to allow cattle to stray, or, as described in the laws, to be “levant and couchant” upon the Company’s waste land, except in specified cases, although the sentence concluded in an incomplete form, indicated by [...] Interpretations Speculations |
59 | 48 | only as shall be first Marked with the Companys Pitch brand which And tho we shall Esteem (as all Lords of Mannors here do) And in regard in all parts of the known world and amongst | It was directed that no cattle were to be permitted to graze upon the Company’s waste lands unless they had first been marked with the Company’s pitch brand, which had been provided for that purpose. It was further ordered that cattle allowed to feed alongside those of the Company were to be marked annually on May Day, or on another fixed day as determined by the Governor. For this privilege, the owner of each animal was required to pay the Company a fee of twelve pence per head for one year’s grazing upon the Company’s waste lands, in accordance with practices similar to those used in forests and other common lands, referred to in legal terms as “pescionage”. It was also stated that any cattle found upon the Company’s waste lands without the proper mark or pitch brand were to be regarded as the Company’s own goods and chattels, in the same manner as lords of manors might claim such animals until a fine or ransom had been paid. It was nevertheless considered necessary that all cattle belonging to the Company were to be marked distinctly upon each horn with a burnt mark, so that, if any were killed unlawfully or died, their skins could be identified as Company property when brought to sale. It was further observed that, in all parts of the known world and among all religions, settled inhabitants contributed towards the support of a minister. It was therefore ordered that every master or mistress of a household, regardless of condition, was to pay annually to the Receiver General a sum of six pence per head for each person within the household above the age of sixteen years, whether male or female, white or black. This payment was to contribute towards the Company’s expenses in building a church and maintaining a minister, although the sentence concluded in an incomplete form, indicated by [...] Interpretations Speculations |
60 | 49 | commence and be Paid upon the feast of St Michael the Arch angel which We do likewise Order that no Blacks do use any Fire Arms You did well in buying in that Plantation of Mr Smoults We would have you Fence in the full and whole Extent Your Loving Friends Our Governour & Council London 22th August 1683 We think you were not severe enough by much in the | It was ordered that the payment for the maintenance of a minister was to commence on the feast of St Michael the Archangel, falling in the year 1684. It was further directed that no enslaved person was to use firearms for shooting guinea hens or for any other purpose. If such an offence occurred, the individual was to be severely whipped, and if it could be proven that the master had consented to or permitted such use, the service of that enslaved person was to be forfeited permanently to the Company. It was noted with approval that the plantation belonging to Mr Smoults, which lay contiguous to the Company’s lands, had been purchased. It was further advised that, if any other neighbouring plantations caused inconvenience, the Governor was to take the earliest opportunity to acquire them for the Company or to exchange them for other lands. It was also directed that the entirety of the great wood was to be enclosed, being described as extending to approximately two miles square. The correspondence concluded with a closing expression of regard. Further instructions were issued to the Governor and Council at St Helena, dated at London on 22 August 1683. It was stated that insufficient severity had been shown in dealing with cases involving contemptuous words spoken against the Governor. Such conduct was described as tending towards contempt of authority, mutiny, and rebellion. It was therefore directed that such offences were to be punished with greater severity, both in bodily punishment and by financial penalties, although the sentence concluded in an incomplete form, indicated by [...] Interpretations Speculations |
61 | 50 | We must desire you in all your Consultations not only to Your Loving Friends A Clause in the Second Charter of King And also that the said Governour & Deputy Gover | It was directed that, in all consultations, attention was not only to be given to maintaining regularity, order, and acceptability to the inhabitants, but also to ensuring the Company’s interest, profit, and reimbursement for the considerable expense it had incurred in maintaining the island. It was stated that such consideration was reasonable, having been previously discussed at length. The communication concluded with a closing expression of regard. A clause from the second charter of King Charles the Second, dated 9 August 1685 in the thirty fifth year of his reign, was then set out. It was declared that the Governor, Deputy Governor, and the Court of the Company, or the majority of them duly assembled, were to have full power, licence, and authority to appoint governors and officers from time to time for the Company’s forts, factories, and plantations. It was further granted that such governors and officers were to have full authority to raise arms, and to train and muster such military forces as were considered necessary. They were also empowered to execute and apply martial law within the said plantations, forts, and places for the defence of those locations against any foreign invasion, or any domestic insurrection or rebellion. It was also directed that such officers were to follow such orders, directions, and instructions as might be issued from time to time by the Governor, Deputy Governor, and the Court of the Company, or the majority of them. It was thereby affirmed that the sovereign right, power, and dominion over all such forts, places, and plantations were vested in the Company. Interpretations Speculations |
62 | 51 | Our Govr & Council London 3 August 1687 And in the first place we require our Governour to levy by We dislyford the Interloper from Madagascar when you had You must not hereafter dispence with our Orders, nor | Instructions were issued to the Governor and Council of St Helena, dated at London on 3 August 1687. It was first required that the Governor was to levy, by distraint or other means, the duties previously imposed upon the inhabitants in respect of their enslaved persons, together with the annual payment of six pence per head for the maintenance of the church and minister. It was directed that these payments were to be enforced without accepting any excuses. It was further stated that disapproval was held regarding the handling of an interloping ship from Madagascar. It was noted that, when the commander had been under suspicion, he ought to have been detained until the required duty had been paid, rather than being released. It was therefore ordered that such leniency was not to be shown in future cases. It was also declared that, if any such interloping ships escaped after being brought under the Governor’s control, the Company would recover the unpaid duties from the Governor’s salary. It was also directed that the Governor was not to dispense with the Company’s orders, nor to allow the inhabitants to disregard his authority. It was emphasised that efforts were to be made to correct the misunderstandings of the inhabitants by making it clear that the Company had been invested by the King with sovereign power over the island, both legislative and executive. It was further stated that governance was to be exercised, when necessary, by the use of martial law over both inhabitants and soldiers, in a manner comparable to that practised by the Dutch in their colonies in India. Interpretations Speculations |
63 | 52 | We see all our Dutys and all our payments of goods comes And for Men distracted and Ungovernable, the only Remedy You | It was observed that all duties and payments received by the Company were being made in cattle. It was therefore ordered that, in future, all Company ships were to receive their cattle directly from the Company’s own stock, so long as sufficient cattle fit for service were available, and none were to be taken from the inhabitants. It was further directed that, when the Company’s own supply was insufficient, cattle might be obtained from the planters, following a method similar to that used by the Dutch at the Cape. In such cases, it was intended that the arrangement would be conducted with moderation so as to benefit rather than disadvantage the planters. It was ordered that cattle were to be received from the planters in exchange for European goods at a rate of sixteen shillings per hundredweight for beef, or as near to that rate as could reasonably be judged for live cattle. These cattle were then to be supplied to ship commanders in exchange for sugar or other commodities from India, or for bills of exchange, at the same rate of sixteen shillings per hundredweight for beef. It was further directed that such commodities, including sugar and arrack, when brought into the Company’s stores, might be sold again to planters or soldiers by retail at a reasonable profit of twenty per cent. It was stated that such a margin on perishable goods could not be considered excessive or oppressive. It was also declared that, in dealing with disorderly or unmanageable persons, the proper remedy was the enforcement of law and the imposition of severe punishment. It was noted that the Governor now possessed the authority to establish and apply such measures at discretion, and it was required that this authority was to be exercised. It was further ordered that all laws previously issued, including those delivered by Sir Thomas Grantham and subsequently, were to be fully enforced, with the exception of the half tax of two shillings per acre that had been imposed upon plantations. Interpretations Speculations |
64 | 53 | You must also wear the Kings Flagg, and force due respect Our Governour is very much to blame in not doing his duty We Require for the future, that all Goods, be they Sugar | It was directed that the King’s flag was to be displayed, and that all ships entering the road were to be required to show due respect to it. It was further stated that the Governor had been at fault in allowing Mr Smoult to fall deeply into debt to the Company, which might have been prevented by adherence to earlier instructions. It was therefore ordered that all of Mr Smoult’s cattle were to be seized, and that both his cattle and plantation were to be sequestered into the Company’s possession. It was also declared that, if it were argued that Mr Smoult had transferred his plantation or cattle to Mr Eyson or to his son in law, such conveyances were to be disregarded. Reference was made to the legal maxim “Nullum tempus occurrit Regi aut Ecclesiae”, indicating that no lapse of time could bar the rights of the Crown or the Church. It was asserted that, by the King’s permission, the Company stood in the place of the King on the island, and therefore any transfers, assignments, bargains, or sales made by Mr Smoult after entering into bond with the Company were to be considered void. It was further emphasised that the Company was to have priority in all such matters within its territories, in the same manner as the Crown held precedence in England, and that this principle was to be observed as a standing rule on the island. It was also required that all goods received from ship commanders in exchange for cattle, or by any other means, including sugar, arrack, or other commodities, were to be delivered to the Company’s storekeeper. The storekeeper was to act as the general accountant for the island, maintaining all accounts relating to the Company’s affairs. It was further directed that, although the Governor was to continue maintaining the principal accounts relating to duties on land and cattle, a copy of these accounts was to be provided to the storekeeper. Interpretations Speculations |
65 | 54 | Storekeeper and general Accountant, and all our Accounts abstracted We Confirm all our Orders sent you by S[ir] Thomas Granthams | It was directed that the storekeeper was to act as the general accountant, and that all accounts relating to the island were to be brought together into a single set of clear and orderly books. It was required that distinct accounts were to be maintained for the expenses of the forts, for the plantation expenses, and for the charges of the garrison, so that it might be clearly seen what elements were consuming the Company’s income, and how the resources sent to the island were being used. It was further suggested that, if it could be arranged, a separate account was also to be kept of the costs and expenses relating to the Company’s cattle, thereby forming a fourth principal account. All such accounts were to be properly maintained within the Company’s ledger. It was also directed that, as the storekeeper charged himself with all goods and money received, he was likewise to credit the Company for all sugar, arrack, and similar commodities received from ships and their commanders at the price at which they were taken in. The account of fort expenses was to be charged with all goods issued for use in the fort, including cattle slaughtered for that purpose. Similar accounts were to be kept for all cattle bought, sold, received, or otherwise disposed of. Immediate compliance with these requirements was demanded from the Governor, and it was stated that obedience would be enforced upon him and all others supported by the Company. It was further declared that all previous orders sent by Sir Thomas Grantham’s ship, and by subsequent communications, were to be confirmed and fully executed, together with the present instructions. It was required that an extract of all such orders, except those later revoked, was to be made and entered into a book, which was to be kept at all times upon the council table and signed publicly, although the sentence concluded in an incomplete form, indicated by [...] Interpretations Speculations |
66 | 55 | to all the Inhabitants of the Island, such our Orders being to you and all We do Injoin you for the future to suffer no Person whatsoever Upon Perusal of your Council Book beginning the 21: June | It was directed that the compiled book of orders was to be made publicly available to all inhabitants of the island, and that such orders were to be regarded, during the King’s pleasure, as binding laws equivalent in authority to Magna Carta in England. It was further stated that any person who thought otherwise demonstrated ignorance. It was asserted that all foreign planters were subject to the sovereign authority of the King, described as absolute in nature, and that this could be confirmed by reference to statute law, which was said to extend only to the Kingdom of England, the dominion of Wales, and the town of Berwick upon Tweed, while the common law of England was also stated not to extend beyond those limits. It was further ordered that no person was to be permitted to retail liquor or tobacco without paying to the Company a fee of four pounds per annum, payable quarterly. It was stated that this charge was not excessive, particularly when compared with the situation at the Cape, where a much higher fee was required by the Dutch. It was also noted, following a review of the council book beginning on 21 June 1680, that the method used in trying enslaved persons had been approved, but that dissatisfaction was expressed regarding the leniency of the sentences imposed. It was remarked that it was surprising that such weakness had been shown, particularly as the offences had resulted only in whipping, whereas an Englishman would have been condemned to death by a jury under similar circumstances. It was further observed that Mr Cox had been present and was aware that, in places such as Barbados, severe punishments were considered necessary to prevent violence against the English population. It was further stated that those enslaved persons who had been punished only once by whipping had not received sufficient punishment, although the sentence concluded in an incomplete form, indicated by [...] Interpretations Speculations |
67 | 56 | if you were minded to save their Lives for their Masters sake (which Your punishment of Thomas Eastings is likewise much On Perusal of your Consultation Book beginning the 19 | It was stated that, if there had been an intention to spare the lives of the enslaved persons for the sake of their masters, which was strongly suspected, it would have been more appropriate to have subjected them to repeated punishments, such as whipping six or eight times at intervals, combined with periods of strict imprisonment. It was further declared that the punishment imposed upon Thomas Eastings had been highly improper and ineffective, being described as a form of vagrancy rather than a true punishment. It was expressed that such conduct on the part of the Governor was a matter of shame. It was observed that young men inclined to wandering would welcome such treatment, and that, if the individual had not committed an offence deserving death or imprisonment, he would have regarded the opportunity to travel as a reward rather than a penalty. It was noted that the Dutch did not banish white men from their territories in India in such a manner, as sending offenders back to Europe was considered a reward rather than a punishment. It was therefore directed that, if it had been desired to spare the life of the offender, he should instead have been subjected to harsher measures, such as confinement with an iron collar, chaining, or hard imprisonment combined with labour. It was suggested that, when an opportunity arose, such a person might be banished to places such as the west coast of Sumatra or other locations in India, where he would be compelled to labour and could be added to the number of English sailors required to sustain the pepper trade, despite the unhealthy conditions in those regions. It was further ordered that such ineffective punishments were not to be repeated, and that the administration of justice on the island was not to be undermined by what was described as a sham banishment, particularly by sending offenders back to their own country. It was also noted, upon review of the consultation book beginning on 19 July 1686, that certain orders relating to the alienation of land had been raised for consideration, although the sentence concluded in an incomplete form, indicated by [...] Interpretations Speculations |
68 | 57 | more of our ground, to the Liberty of changing some of it with John We think the Law you have made concerning Satisfaction to be If you say you want Shipping to Banish offenders to Your Loving Friends | It was observed that permission had been taken to exchange some of the Company’s land with John Cannady, a liberty which was disapproved. It was directed that such actions were not to be undertaken in future, particularly where no clear benefit to the Company had been demonstrated. It was further ordered that, since the matter had been referred to the Company, a chief rent was to be imposed upon the land alienated to Cannady in Chappels Valley, which was assessed at two dollars per annum. This rent was to be entered into the rent roll and duly collected. It was further stated that a law previously enacted, whereby compensation was to be raised by a poll upon all owners of enslaved persons in order to compensate those whose enslaved persons had been executed for serious offences, was approved and confirmed as a standing law of the island. However, it was declared that authority had been exceeded in the payment of two pounds five shillings from Company funds to individuals named Sparkling and Howstake, as no permission had been granted to dispose of Company money in such a manner. It was also directed that, if there was a lack of shipping available to transport offenders deserving of death or severe punishment to places such as Bencoolen or other parts of India, such individuals were to be kept in prison until a suitable Company ship became available. Upon the arrival of a ship bound for Bombay or Fort St George, such prisoners were to be sent under custody to the Governor or President there, together with a full account of their crimes and the sentence imposed. It was further ordered that such offenders were to serve the Company for a term of three or four years in India, in such location as the Governor or President determined, and that they were thereafter to be permanently banished from St Helena. The communication concluded with a closing expression of regard. Interpretations Speculations |
69 | 58 | Our Gov[er]n[ou]r and Council London 5th December 1688 We likewise Injoin that no Person Inhabiting the Island, not We observe and hear by others who came from that Island | Instructions were issued to the Governor and Council of St Helena, dated at London on 5 December 1688. It was directed that no inhabitant of the island, unless serving as an officer or soldier, was to be permitted to wear a sword. This was justified by reference to the practice in frontier garrisons, where such conduct was considered improper. It was further stated that even private soldiers were not to wear swords in ordinary circumstances, particularly in what was described as a place prone to drinking, except when on duty. It was ordered that any inhabitant neglecting this rule was to be fined twelve pence for the first offence, two shillings for the second, and thereafter up to five shillings for repeated offences, applied repeatedly as necessary. It was also directed that officers were always to carry swords, and that any officer found without one was to forfeit five shillings for each offence. The extension of this requirement to sergeants and corporals was left to the Governor’s discretion, although it was suggested that such privilege might be allowed to them if they were considered sober and responsible. It was further observed, based on reports received, that a significant trade had developed on the island involving the distillation of arrack from roots and fruits. Concern was expressed that this activity would soon consume a large portion of the island’s timber resources if not prevented. It was therefore ordered that measures were to be taken to restrict this practice, although the sentence concluded in an incomplete form, indicated by [...] Interpretations Speculations |
70 | 59 | Persons upon the Island be Permitted to Distill Arrack except they We approve of our Governours prudential Consideration for not Your Loving Friends Our Govr & Council London 16th April 1701 We Observe in your Letter of the 24th June aforesaid that To which we say it highly becomes us to do all we can to | It was ordered that no person on the island was to be permitted to distil arrack unless they first entered into an agreement with the Governor to compensate the Company for the wood consumed in the process. This compensation was to be paid at a rate of twelve pence per hundredweight of Company wood used in distillation. It was further required that a duty of four pence per gallon was to be paid upon all low wines produced in the first stage of distillation, for the use of the Company. It was also stated that approval was given to the Governor’s prudent decision not to lease port charges and other duties in the same manner as practised by the Dutch, since Company ships were not subject to such charges at Dutch settlements such as the Cape. It was therefore directed that Company ships were to continue to be exempt from such charges on all occasions, unless it was reported by Company commanders that reciprocal treatment was no longer observed, in which case retaliation was considered acceptable. The correspondence concluded with a closing expression of regard. Further instructions were issued to the Governor and Council of St Helena, dated at London on 16 April 1701. It was noted that, according to a letter dated 24 June, several individuals had expressed a desire to rent Company lands. It was observed that, since one half or more of the island had already been let, the granting of additional leases had been suspended pending further instructions. It was then stated that it was necessary for the Company to strengthen the financial burden it bore annually in maintaining the island, both in respect of cargoes sent without return and the numerous bills received, although the sentence concluded in an incomplete form, indicated by [...] Interpretations Speculations |
71 | 60 | P Ship time to time drawn upon us; so that whatever Land you can spare YOUR care for keeping the Lords day Strictly we approve OUR Ship Seckter was lately lost on the Coast of India As to Orphans Estates. We told you our mind by the | Instructions were issued to the Governor and Council of St Helena, dated at London on 16 April 1701. In view of the continuing expense borne by the Company in maintaining the island, including cargoes sent without return and bills drawn upon it, any land not required for the Company’s immediate use was to be let out to those inhabitants whose civil deportment merited such favour. By this means, it was expected that provisions would become cheaper, the island would be better managed, and the Company’s financial burden would be more effectively supported. Care for the strict observance of the Lord’s Day was approved, yet it was also emphasised that works of necessity and mercy were permitted at all times according to the general practice of civilised nations. Ships in danger of losing their voyage, or otherwise in distress for want of time, were therefore not to be prevented from obtaining water or other refreshments on that day. At the same time, no servile work was to be carried out which could be deferred without prejudice until the following day. A recent loss of the Company’s ship Seckter on the coast of India was noted, attributed to a lack of victuals, which had caused the mariners to hesitate to put to sea for fear of starvation. To prevent similar occurrences, directions were given that, where ships arrived without sufficient stores, supplies were to be offered at market price. Payment was to be accepted in money, goods, or, if necessary, by the captain’s bill drawn upon the owners, to be deducted from the freight upon arrival in England. Should a captain refuse to provide an account or accept such supplies, a formal protest was to be entered against him, with further action reserved to the Company. Reference was made to matters concerning the estates of orphans, although the surviving text at this point was incomplete and is represented as [...] Interpretations Speculations |
72 | 61 | Nathaniell Armenian Merchant in the case of James Phillips deceased, Our Governour is also complained against as being too We have heard it said whilst the Taverns stayed shut, several Your Loving Friends | Instructions were issued concerning the case of Nathaniell, an Armenian merchant, in relation to the estate of James Phillips, deceased. It was stated that any money paid on that account into the Company’s cash would be received and held, and arrangements would be made for payment in England to those legally entitled to receive it. For the encouragement of the inhabitants, interest was to be allowed on such sums from the time they were entered into the Company’s accounts in credit of that concern. Complaint had been made that the Governor had acted in an overly arbitrary manner. It was expressed that his awareness of the Company’s continued favour towards him and his family ought to encourage diligence in promoting its service. Although confidence in his abilities was affirmed, it was emphasised that correspondence and cooperation were expected so that Company affairs might be advanced through mutual advice and assistance. In cases where disagreement arose on matters of importance, and differences of opinion remained after calm discussion, the reasons for such disagreement were to be reported, so that proper judgement could be made as to the fitness and ability of those involved. Differences in opinion were acknowledged as natural and even beneficial when directed towards the common interest, but it was stressed that such differences were not to develop into personal animosity. Reports had also been received that, while taverns were closed, several Jewish gentlemen had travelled about the island under the pretext of shooting. Although such behaviour might have appeared as an act of courtesy on the part of the Governor, it was considered unsound policy to allow foreigners, particularly those under another sovereign, such liberty of movement, as it might lead to misuse or present risks to the security of the island. The communication concluded with a closing expression of regard. Interpretations Speculations |
73 | 62 | Ship Kingsfisher Our Governour and Council We have Permitted Capᵗ Tollett, and do hereby Order Capᵗ Tollett hath Offered us to write with you | Instructions were issued to the Governor and Council of St Helena, dated at London on 18 January 1703, concerning the ship Kingsfisher. Permission had been granted to Captain Tollett, and it was ordered that he and his men were to be supplied with such fresh provisions as they required during their stay. The same directions were applied to other commanders upon their arrival, and it was required that they be treated with respect appropriate to their rank. It was also directed that captains of men of war were to receive some fresh provisions for their own tables without charge, and that sick men brought ashore during their recovery were to be carefully attended and provided with necessary provisions and lodging. It was emphasised that such support was to be given readily, as these ships belonged to the nation, and their care was not to be begrudged. The general supply of provisions to the crews of such men of war was, however, to be accounted for by taking bills from the Commissary of Victualling or other authorised officers, in the same manner as had been practised previously, with such bills to be payable to the Court of Managers. It was further noted that Captain Tollett had offered his assistance in strengthening the island’s fortifications, and that his men were willing to contribute labour towards works considered necessary. In return, it was directed that suitable gratuities were to be given to them, although the sentence concluded in an incomplete form, indicated by [...] Interpretations Speculations |
74 | 63 | Man of Warr you and Captain Tollett thinks fitt, We shall recommend it to the other We are Our Govʳ & Councill London Augʳ 7ᵗʰ 1702 We are very desirous that Sᵗ. Helena may be made as Strong We would have you if you find it practicable to flat some | Instructions were issued to the Governor and Council of St Helena concerning cooperation with naval forces and the strengthening of the island’s defences. It was directed that gratuities were to be given to Captain Tollett and his men for any assistance they provided in fortifying the island, in such manner as both the Governor and Captain Tollett considered appropriate. It was further stated that similar recommendations would be made to other commanders, encouraging them to provide assistance and labour from their crews, with suitable rewards to be determined by agreement between the Governor and those commanders. Sailors from other Company ships who contributed to such work were likewise to receive gratuities proportionate to their efforts. It was also noted that the ship Arras, recently cleared from Gravesend, would arrive with the arms and stores previously requested for the island. The correspondence concluded with a closing expression of regard. Further instructions were issued to the Governor and Council of St Helena, dated at London on 7 August 1702. A strong desire was expressed that the island should be made as defensible as possible against any enemy. It was reiterated that the advice and assistance of all commanders, whether of men of war or other ships, were to be sought in strengthening the island’s fortifications. Efforts were to be made to obtain as much labour as possible from their crews to complete the necessary works, with gratuities to be provided for their service. It was also suggested that, if practicable, some of the rocks along the shore were to be levelled or cut down and extended into the sea along the beach, as part of the defensive improvements, although the sentence concluded in an incomplete form, indicated by [...] Interpretations Speculations |
75 | 64 | Orders and Instructions on the Edge of the Water to prevent any Boats or Landing, leaving It is of great advantage to us that all our Ships have as Send us yearly an Account of what Stores you have This being a new Establishment, We must lay down | Under the heading “Orders and Instructions”, measures were directed to secure the shoreline of the island. Positions were to be established at the water’s edge to prevent any boats from landing, except at a single place considered suitable for the landing of the Company’s own boats. A battery was to be constructed to defend such authorised landing places. Great importance was placed upon ensuring that all Company ships were dispatched as quickly as possible. The watering place for ships was to be made as convenient as possible. If practicable, a bridge was to be constructed at the end of the waterfall, and pipes or troughs were to be installed to convey water directly to the boats. A hose was to be used to fill the boats without exposing them to danger. If materials were required for these works, they were permitted to be purchased from ships present at the island. If such materials could not be obtained locally, a detailed request was to be sent so that supplies could be provided. Captains who had previously visited the Cape were noted as being able to explain the Dutch methods used there for conveying water ashore for the purpose of watering ships. Consultation was therefore to be held with such captains, and their assistance obtained in perfecting the system. Carpenters and other persons supplied by them were to receive a gratuity for their labour. An annual account was to be sent detailing the stores currently held and those additionally required, with particular care taken to provide full and precise information. As this arrangement constituted a new establishment, general rules were to be laid down for future management. It was strictly enjoined and ordered that all affairs be conducted and transacted according to the decision of the majority in [...] . Interpretations Speculations |
76 | 65 | Ship Anna Council shall Direct, and not otherwise upon any Pretence whatsoever We also Direct that you keep frequent Consultations at You must see that every one of your said Council and all | Reference was made to the ship Anna, after which it was directed that all matters were to be governed solely by the direction of the Council, and not otherwise upon any pretence whatsoever. A hope was expressed that all members would act unanimously and cooperate sincerely in pursuit of their common interest. Provision was made that, if on any occasion votes were equally divided, the matter in question was to be determined by lot, in accordance with the instructions contained in the Charter. Frequent consultations were required to be held, at least once each week and more often as circumstances required. The clerk was to enter fully and accurately all matters agreed upon or debated, and such records were to be signed. Copies of these were to be sent annually by double conveyance. In cases where disagreement arose during such consultations, the reasons for dissent were permitted to be entered, and judgement upon them was to be made by the authorities in England. Continuation of the established method of hearing and adjudicating all civil and criminal causes was ordered, together with the maintenance of all other customary procedures for the governance of the island in both civil and military matters, until further orders were received, which were to be obeyed as issued from time to time. Care was to be taken to ensure that every member of the Council and all subordinate officers diligently attended to the duties assigned to them. In instances where any individual was found to be negligent, vicious or disorderly, admonition was first to be given for their faults. If such individuals remained obstinate, suspension or removal was to be carried out according to the nature of the offence. Interpretations Speculations |
77 | 66 | Ship Anna On the Receipt of any Letter from us the Council must Advise us from time to time of all occurrences on the If any Person dyes on the Island whose Effects by We are | Reference was made to the ship Anna, after which instructions were given concerning the handling of correspondence. Upon receipt of any letter from the Company, the Council was to be immediately summoned in order that such letters might be opened and read. All orders and directions transmitted from time to time, when issued under the authority of any thirteen or more members of the Court of Managers, were to be carefully observed and executed. Such duties were to be performed impartially, without favour, fear or regard for any particular recommendation or advice originating from any government. Regular reports were required to be sent providing notice of all occurrences on the island considered worthy of attention. Information was also to be given concerning ships that had called at the island, including their condition, their destination and their place of origin, together with any other matters deemed material. In the event that any person died on the island whose effects, whether by will or by intestacy, belonged to persons in England, careful measures were to be taken to collect such effects. The proceeds arising from them were to be paid into the Company’s cash. Notification was to be given of the total sum and of the manner in which it had arisen, so that proper entry might be made before the Committee in England, and strict compliance with this requirement was expected. The letter concluded with the closing expression “Your Loving Friends”, indicating a formal but cordial tone adopted by the issuing authority. Interpretations Speculations |
78 | 67 | Ship Featherstone. Our Govʳ & Councill We Expect you send us by every Shipping an Account of We have by the Kingsfisher and Burlington received your We shall first begin with the Consideration of the Island | Reference was made to the ship Featherstone, followed by a letter addressed to the Governor and Council of St Helena, dated 31 December 1703 in London. Expectation was expressed that, by every shipping opportunity, an account should be sent detailing the remaining stores of all kinds held on the island. Such accounts were to specify the quantity of each item. When requests for additional stores were made, both the quantities and the types required were to be clearly stated, with full particularisation. Receipt was acknowledged of packets and a Consultation Book sent by the ships Kingsfisher and Burlington. It was noted that these had cost approximately thirty pounds sterling to receive, owing to their having been sent by the seamen. Instruction was given that, in future, packets intended for immediate attention should be enclosed within a letter and delivered directly to the commander or captain of the Company’s own ships, provided no man-of-war was present. Such correspondence was to be dispatched without delay from whichever part of England or Ireland the ships might call at. All other materials were to remain on board until the ships arrived in the River. Care was to be taken to manage expenditure relating to the expedited delivery of such packets. Consideration was then directed to the condition of the island itself. Satisfaction was expressed that efforts had been undertaken to repair or enlarge the fortifications, thereby improving the island’s defensibility against an enemy. Reference was made to detailed directions that had been issued on this subject in the previous year, which were not repeated in the present letter because [...] . Interpretations Speculations |
79 | 68 | Orders &c You have the Letters. And because we doubt not but your endeavours As to the Ledger Book we observe the Reasons the | Under the heading “Orders &c”, it was stated that the recipients were already in possession of the relevant letters. Confidence was expressed that both their efforts and the orders issued would produce arrangements capable of enduring over time, unless necessity required alteration in some part. It was directed that continual effort be applied, without rest, until the island was not only properly settled but also secured in such a manner that it could defend ships lying in harbour against any who might attempt to attack them. For this purpose, consultation was to be held with the commanders of Her Majesty’s ships and of the Company’s own vessels, and their assistance obtained whenever they arrived at the island, in accordance with directions given in the previous year. Attention was then given to the Ledger Book. The reasons provided by the Governor for not signing it were acknowledged. It was declared that, in future, no new books of accounts, nor any separate branches of them, were to be established either by the Governor or by any member of the Council. The purpose of instituting a Council was stated to be the proper supervision and management of all affairs on the island. It was indicated that the withholding of access to accounts hindered integrity in the continued administration of such affairs, and that it appeared improper that the Governor should be denied the opportunity to view or examine the various accounts. Such conduct was said to suggest the presence of animosity that had existed previously among those involved, and concern was expressed that its continuation would cause unease. It was further indicated that, should such behaviour persist, intervention would be undertaken until the matter was fully remedied. The letter concluded with the statement “On the whole we [...]”, indicating that further remarks or directions followed which were not fully preserved. Interpretations Speculations |
80 | 69 | Orders &c pr Ship Featherstone and Council should preserve their Authority as well in all their We have made it a standing Order in all our Settlements in We are | Under the heading “Orders &c pr Ship Featherstone”, it was directed that the Governor and Council were to preserve their authority in all their conduct towards others. Recognition was given to the importance of maintaining visible support among families of standing, combined with prudence and affability of temper, as qualities necessary for effective government. Such behaviour was described as contributing to the fairness of administration and preventing judgement or prejudice from arising. It was stated that a standing order had been established in all settlements in India, requiring that the chief person in authority, whether styled Governor or President, should be present at council proceedings. It was clarified that the Governor was to have only one vote in consultations. In cases where votes were equal, the matter in dispute was to be decided by lot. Expectation was expressed that, as all those involved had been entrusted with the management of the Company’s affairs and therefore shared a common interest, disagreements would be unnecessary. It was advised that, where differences of opinion arose, they should first be addressed through calm debate, so that mutual understanding might be improved. If disagreement nonetheless persisted, each party was to record the reasons for dissent in the consultation of that day, and these were to be transmitted to the authorities in England, together with a separate copy included among the packets, so that judgement might be made there. The letter concluded with the closing expression “Your Loving Friends”, maintaining the formal but cordial tone of the correspondence. Interpretations Speculations |
81 | 70 | Orders &c pr Ship Featherstone and Council should preserve their Authority as such in all their We have made it a standing Order in all our Settlements in We are | Under the heading “Orders &c pr Ship Featherstone”, it was directed that the Governor and Council were to preserve their authority in all their conduct towards others. It was recognised that a visible support of all families of respect, combined with prudence and affability of temper, constituted necessary qualities in government, and that such conduct would maintain fairness and prevent judgement or prejudice. It was stated that a standing order had been established in all settlements in India, whereby the chief person in authority, whether Governor or President of whatever designation, when present in council, was to have only one vote. It was further clarified that, whether previously observed or not, this rule was now to govern consultations, and that in cases of equal votes the matter in controversy was to be decided by lot. It was expressed that, as those involved had been employed in managing the Company’s affairs and therefore shared a common interest, disagreement ought not to arise. It was advised that, where differences appeared, they should first be addressed through calm debate so that understanding might be mutually improved in matters that remained varied. If disagreement nonetheless continued, each individual was to record the reason for dissent in the consultation of that day. These reasons were to be transmitted within the consultation records, and a separate copy was also to be sent among the packets, so that judgement might be made upon them in England. The letter concluded with the expression “Your Loving Friends”, maintaining the formal and cordial tone of the correspondence. Interpretations Speculations |
82 | 71 | Ship Nathanielʃʃ Our Govʳ & Councill Touching the disputes amongst your Inhabitants relating | Reference was made to the ship Nathanielʃʃ, followed by a letter addressed to the Governor and Council of St Helena, dated 30 November 1704 in London. Attention was given to disputes among the inhabitants concerning the possession of land, particularly in relation to long unnoted prescription. It was stated that no clear understanding existed in England of the customs of St Helena in such matters, although in other countries written records were relied upon. It was therefore ordered that, for the future, whenever land was alienated or mortgaged, a register book was to be kept at the fort. This register was to specify the substance of each transaction, including the parties involved, namely the seller and the buyer, together with the value agreed. Each entry was to be signed by both buyer and seller, and attested by the Governor and Council for the time being. Without such formal entry and attestation, no bargain or sale was to be considered binding. With regard to past transactions, it was directed that, if any litigious person should raise a complaint, the matter was to be judged by a jury. It was expected that such cases would be determined after full hearing, according to principles of equity and good conscience. For the encouragement of those inhabitants who lived peaceably and desired stability, a public declaration was to be made across the island. All persons were to submit, by a fixed date, an account of the freeholds they claimed. These claims were to be entered into a designated book for that purpose. Notice was to be given that, if no objection was raised by another party within a further period of approximately six months, any controversy would be suppressed, and such claims would thereafter stand as established rights [...] . Interpretations Speculations |
83 | 72 | Orders &c be taken as a certain Evidence of their Property not to be controverted We would have ascertain a small Fee or duty to be paid We herewith send you Hulks of justices of Peace and Narrative to your Eleventh and Sixteenth Paragraphs | Under the heading “Orders &c”, it was directed that claims to property, once properly entered and unchallenged, were to be accepted as certain evidence of ownership and were not to be disputed thereafter. It was expressed that this measure was expected to resolve disputes among the inhabitants of the island. Any matters not falling within the previously established rules were to be sent to England with full particulars, so that a final determination might be provided. A small fee or duty was to be established for payment to the clerk upon each entry of an alienation or mortgage in the register book. This fee was to be sufficient to encourage diligence in maintaining accurate records, but modest enough to remain acceptable to the inhabitants. Advice was to be given regarding the amount, so that it might be altered or improved if necessary. The register was to remain open at convenient times for inspection by all persons concerned, without any fee or reward for access. It was stated that books relating to justices of the peace had been sent. It was further noted that additional law books would not be provided, as a standing rule required that such works be printed only by authority of Parliament, limiting their availability in London, Wales and Berwick. It was observed that such materials were of little use in the plantations, except in a few select courts. Preference was therefore expressed for matters to be determined in a summary manner, guided by equity and good conscience, rather than through the detailed application of English common law. Emphasis was placed upon avoiding unnecessary delay and discouraging litigious persons from pursuing vexatious prosecutions. Reference was then made to the narrative concerning the eleventh and sixteenth paragraphs, with an assurance that actions would be taken as previously communicated in the letter sent by the ship Featherstone. It was noted that substantial quantities of salt beef and other provisions had already been dispatched [...] . Interpretations Speculations |
84 | 73 | Ship Nathaniell expect you have the Remaining Stock of Cattle on your Island all your As to your Vintners desires of going to Bencoolen, &c. | Reference was made to the ship Nathaniell, and it was stated that it was expected that the remaining stock of cattle on the island belonged entirely to the inhabitants. It was directed that little or no beef was to be spared, except for the fleets of that year, and that any supplies provided to ships were not to be sold below the market price. It was explained that provisions required by Company ships under charter party agreements were intended to contribute to the island’s revenue, and were assumed to be drawn from local stock. It was argued that, if such stock proved insufficient, it would be unreasonable to purchase beef at a higher cost and then supply it to ships at a lower price. It was observed that no individual would act in such a manner in private affairs, and therefore no justification existed for doing so in this context. It was further stated that captains could not compel supply under charter party terms, but were only obliged to accept provisions if they were offered. It was directed that, to ensure recovery of costs, captains should be required to pay for beef or other provisions at a value determined by the island authorities, set at a rate sufficient to make supply worthwhile. It was indicated that there was no desire to increase such provisions unnecessarily, and that existing stock was insufficient to allow for greater supply. It was noted that earlier instructions on this matter, sent by the ship Featherstone, required no further repetition. Attention was then given to requests made by vintners wishing to travel to Bencoolen. It was stated that Bencoolen had probably already been abandoned, as orders had been issued for that outpost to be withdrawn. It was explained that the settlement and its personnel were to be relocated to Banjam, on the island of Borneo, where it was intended that a strong fortification should be established. It was directed that any individuals willing to go to that destination might be permitted to travel at their own expense on Company ships bound for those places which called at St Helena. Interpretations Speculations |
85 | 74 | Ship Nathaniell But while we tell you, We will not deny the Planter his Request We have considered your Twenty fifth and Twenty sixth Send Us by every Shipping an Exact Account of Stores We observe what you have written touching the Shoarstone | Reference was made to the ship Nathaniell, and it was stated that, although the request of the planter would not be refused, preference was given that such individuals should remain rather than depart. It was expressed that, through careful management, they might be persuaded to abandon their intention of leaving. Consideration was given to the twenty-fifth and twenty-sixth paragraphs previously submitted. It was determined that Mr Loddington and Mr Goodwin had been correct in their opinion that infamous criminals should be made public examples through corporal punishment, rather than being banished from the island. It was stated that compelling such offenders to serve at hard labour was regarded as the most effective means of deterring similar misconduct in others. It was ordered that, by every shipping opportunity, an exact account should be sent detailing the stores and ammunition remaining, together with a statement of what additional supplies were required. This instruction was declared to be a standing order, so that no further reminder would be necessary. Attention was drawn to the matter of the Shoarstone and a Danish ship having departed without paying duty. It was directed that, in future, no vessel should be supplied with goods until the required duty had first been paid. It was further stated that English ships were likewise to be required to pay a barrel of powder before being permitted to receive refreshments. It was observed that some ships had departed without making such payment, either in kind or in value. Given that powder was costly, both in itself and in the expense of its transport, it was ordered that, if payment was not made in powder, it should instead be made in money, calculated at fifty per cent above the price at which it had last been charged. Interpretations Speculations |
86 | 75 | Ship Rochester for the Service We sent you. In commending You and our affairs to the Our Govʳ & Councill We would have you send your Generall Letters and all And here we think it proper to tell you, and we Expect you | Reference was made to the ship Rochester, in connection with supplies previously sent for service. The correspondence concluded with a recommendation of the recipients and the Company’s affairs to the guidance and protection of the Almighty, followed by the closing expression “Your Loving Friends”. A further letter addressed to the Governor and Council of St Helena, dated 14 December 1705 in London, directed that general letters and all material papers accompanying them were to be sent by at least double conveyance. It was explained that the loss of such documents had caused uncertainty regarding the contents of the accounts of Captain St Lo and Captain Vannere, as well as the account of ammunition held under the charge of the gunner, which had been advised as sent by the ship Gloucester. It was stated that, if Captain Brown or Captain Vannere had been indebted to the Company according to those accounts, the sums might be lost or their payment delayed due to lack of knowledge of the demands made upon them. It was therefore ordered that duplicates or copies of these accounts be sent by the next opportunity. It was further stated that, in all similar cases, when accounts had been settled with Company servants or with the ships of the new Company, and balances had been determined, bills of one tenor were to be drawn upon the owners for the corresponding sums. These bills were to be sent on board by two separate conveyances within the same shipping, where two or more ships were available, and a third copy was to be sent by the next conveyance. The same procedure was to be followed for accounts relating to any of the said ships of war. Interpretations Speculations |
87 | 76 | Orders &c and if as in the case of the Roover the Captain or Purser refuse to But for your future Caution. We say if any Captain | Under the heading “Orders &c”, it was directed that, in cases where a captain or purser, as in the instance of the Roover, refused to provide bills of exchange, their accounts were instead to be obtained signed. Three copies of one tenor were to be prepared and transmitted in the same manner previously instructed. The reason for any refusal to provide bills of exchange, whether in the case of the Roover or any future vessel, was to be clearly stated when forwarding the balance of what had been supplied. Further instruction was given for future caution in cases where a captain failed to unload his ship within the proper working days. It was ordered that a formal protest should be made against such a captain in the name of the English Company trading to the East Indies, acting under the authority of the Court of Managers for the United Trade of the said Company. Such protest was to state that the captain had failed to unload his ship within the time required under the charter party. Particulars were to be included detailing any prior orders or instructions received from the ship’s owners, so that the Company might not be held liable for demurrage. It was specified that such protest was not to be made where delay had arisen through no fault of the island authorities. If the weather proved tempestuous, careful note was to be taken of the days and the portions of those days during which such conditions prevailed, so that the matter might be considered and resolved in England. It was acknowledged that loss of time arising from such causes would have to be borne accordingly. It was further stated that, if ships lacked sufficient boats to discharge their cargo, despite having an adequate number of hands, this deficiency was entirely the fault of the owners, and the Company was not to be held responsible for the resulting delay. It was reiterated that bills of exchange were to be obtained before goods were delivered. In cases where delay or loss arose from other faults or misfortunes affecting a ship, such as in the case of the Caesar, it was directed that these circumstances be formally recorded. It was noted that the Caesar had suffered the breaking of her cable during a storm, leaving her in a severely damaged condition and for a time in danger of total loss, although she had eventually been driven clear by the force of the waves. Such घटन occurrences were to be included in the formal protest. Interpretations Speculations |
88 | 77 | Ship Rochester to the end, we may have Proofs to show why we ought not to pay demurrage We have given you repeated orders that what Orders are sent you For the future when you send us any List of goods good or The Twenty Eighth Paragraph of the General Letter of the | Reference was made to the ship Rochester, and it was stated that proper records were to be maintained so that proof might be available to show why demurrage should not be paid for time lost. Repeated instruction was recalled that all orders contained in letters were to be entered as formal directions for governance. It was expected that these were to be observed accordingly, without neglect or deviation from their intent. Regret was expressed that cause had been given for complaint regarding carelessness or forgetfulness in adhering to earlier instructions, particularly those issued since the time of the Seavern. It was directed that, when lists of goods or stores required were sent, the exact quantities of each item were to be specified. It was stated that responsibility for estimating such quantities did not rest with the authorities in England, especially in relation to provisions such as food, drink or clothing. Instead, precise entries were to be made for stores, accompanied by reasons explaining the quantities requested. Reference was made to the twenty-eighth paragraph of the General Letter dated 18 November, in which guidance had been given concerning the treatment of criminals. It was reiterated that the most effective method of deterring such offences was to subject offenders to hard labour as punishment for their crimes. It was stated that, where offences were of such a nature that, under English law, they rendered the offender liable to death or to branding, and where a jury had returned a verdict of guilty, such individuals might instead be retained and set to hard labour, so that the severity of their crimes might be balanced by the punishment endured. It was emphasised that uniform punishment for all offences was not considered appropriate, and that the aim was to maintain deterrence proportionate to the nature of the crime. Further reference was made to crimes committed by slaves who had been sent to Bengal. It was observed that the shame associated with such punishment was, in most cases, insufficient as a deterrent, and was not considered adequate in proportion either to the nature of the offence or to [...] . Interpretations Speculations |
89 | 78 | Orders &c hard Labour will prove a sufficient Interest of Continual fear for long space. We take your point in our Thirty Seventh Paragraph about We observe in the next Paragraph the reason why you | Under the heading “Orders &c”, it was stated that hard labour was to be regarded as a punishment capable of instilling a lasting sense of fear over an extended period. It was expressed that death would not serve as an effective deterrent for most crimes that could be committed on St Helena, with the exception of wilful murder. Reference was made to the thirty-seventh paragraph concerning the English duty, in which it had been argued that payment in the form of a barrel of powder was visible but not intrinsically equivalent. It was stated that such reasoning ought not to be repeated, as it had been the duty of the recipients to obey orders. It was emphasised that, when new instructions were issued, they superseded earlier ones and were to be followed as the governing rule. It was directed that all commanders take notice of this principle. It was further stated that, although only blame was being assigned on this occasion, any future neglect giving cause for complaint would result in stricter measures. It was declared that it was not the intention to continue explaining errors or reasoning through them in correspondence, as it was sufficient to issue positive orders which were to be carried out. In cases where a mistake had arisen from misunderstanding or lack of information, notice was to be given with clear reasons, provided that the facts were certain, and this would be considered sufficient fulfilment of duty. Attention was then given to the next paragraph, in which objections had been raised regarding the granting of bounties. It was observed that excessive rates had been paid, including sums to John Phillips and Galston in connection with the role of butcher, amounting to thirty-six shillings in one instance. It was further noted that the planter’s annual charge had been stated as five hundred pounds in one place, while in an earlier paragraph it had been given as two hundred pounds. It was remarked that both sums differed too greatly to be reconciled without further clarification. It was therefore directed that proper accounts be submitted annually, with duplicates provided for review. Interpretations Speculations |
90 | 79 | Ship Rochester Debate an account of the several Sums yearly to those few that have Send us also in the manner the Account how you sell the When We appointed you the Governour and Councill of the | Reference was made to the ship Rochester, and it was directed that a detailed account be prepared of all sums paid annually to those few individuals receiving pensions. A full statement was required of the total cost of such allowances, together with the quarterly pay of the soldiers and all other payments made by the island on behalf of the Company. Information was also to be provided concerning the terms under which individuals were employed in the Company’s service, including the duration and conditions of their engagements. Particular attention was to be given to the costs of repairs, buildings and stores, as well as to maintaining accurate accounts of slaves, cattle and all other resources contributing to the island’s upkeep, so that a clear understanding might be formed of the total annual charge. It was further directed that similar accounting be applied to any other matters affecting the yearly expense of the island. It was also ordered that accounts be sent showing how goods received from England or obtained by barter had been sold. These accounts were to specify the purchasers, whether they had bought from captains, private traders or the Company’s stores, and were to detail the value obtained from each parcel. Concern was expressed that some goods had reportedly been sold at lower values, including parcels of inferior quality, contrary to what had been advised. Full accounts were therefore required, set out clearly and supported by figures recorded in the consultation books, and presented in the same manner as the general letter. It was recalled that, at the time of appointment as Governor and Council of the island, it had been assumed that the recipients understood how to keep their commitments and uphold both their authority and the government. It was stated that, if firmness in execution could not be exercised, complaints would arise from disorderly persons whose disobedience would disturb the peace. It was indicated that reliance could not be placed upon inconsistent governance, as circumstances and management might vary, but that authority in matters of rule rested with the Governor and was expected to be properly maintained. Interpretations Speculations |
91 | 80 | Orders &c cause Repairs either by Reasonable procuring Joiners or the Stocks or We must recommend to your care the keeping of your Let every Bills of Exchange mention on what Account Secondly let every Bill you draw Express what | Under the heading “Orders &c”, it was directed that repairs were to be undertaken either by engaging joiners at reasonable cost or by using available stock, with improvements carried out according to the judgement of the officers. It was ordered that one half of the resulting benefit or proceeds be applied to the public use, and the other half to the expense of necessary fortifications for the general benefit of the island. It was further directed that this arrangement be established as a standing public order, to be made known to all, and that any member of a ship’s company or inhabitant who transported a load on the island was to be paid, with the rate of payment clearly specified within the order. It was recommended that authority be maintained with a manner that inspired respect among all persons, while also being tempered with softness and kindness. It was observed that even a small provocation, like a spark, might give rise to conflict that could not easily be extinguished, and that such disturbances might be prevented through careful and considerate conduct. It was directed that every bill of exchange should clearly state the account upon which it was drawn. Reference was made to an example in which a bill payable to Markison had been described as relating to cattle, and had therefore been honoured, although no prior advice of that bill had been received. It was stated that it was insufficient for a bill to state merely that it was issued for “value received” without further explanation, even within accompanying correspondence, as the nature of that value was required to be known. It was further noted that a bill drawn by Captain Washington for twenty-two pounds had been described only as representing value due in the books, without indicating whether it related to salary or to payment for provisions. It was observed that accounts had only been received up to July 1704, whereas the bill had been drawn in July 1705, creating uncertainty as to its basis. It was further directed that every bill drawn should specify [...] . Interpretations Speculations |
92 | 81 | Nr Ship Rochester You have sent Advices, but not as you would Custom has been as If as you say you cannot with Exactness draw out the For the future Number the Paragraphs of your Letters to When any of her Majesties Ships of War receive Salutes from | Reference was made to the ship Rochester, and it was stated that advices had been sent, but not in accordance with the established custom previously described. It was therefore directed that, in future, a single general letter should be sent from time to time containing a full account of all bills drawn, specifying the reasons for each, together with their dates and a summary table showing the sums involved. It was required that all sums be written out in words at length rather than in figures. In the same manner, notice was to be given of any bills remitted for payment, or, where no bill had been drawn, a demand or order for money due to the Company was to be sent. The sum was to be clearly stated within the letter, together with all relevant circumstances, so that a complete view might be obtained without the need to examine separate papers contained within packets. It was observed that difficulty had been expressed in preparing exact accounts at the time of a ship’s departure. To prevent such excuses, it was ordered that, instead of balancing the books to July, they were to be balanced annually to 25 March. By this arrangement, the accounts could be prepared in time to be sent by ships departing in May, June or July. It was further directed that subsequent account books should be concluded at that date. It was also ordered that, in future correspondence, paragraphs were to be numbered. This was to enable easier reference to specific parts of letters when replies were made. It was noted that, when any of Her Majesty’s ships of war received salutes, these were to be returned in the customary manner, which had previously been carried out to mutual satisfaction [...] . Interpretations Speculations |
93 | 82 | Orders &cᵃᵖ Ship Rochester When any Dutch or Danes arrive Salute them as When any English ships are seen or others arrive answer Send us an Account by every Shipping what powder Our Govʳ & Councill As to the Soldiers & Blacks running away, We cannot | Under the heading “Orders &cᵃᵖ Ship Rochester”, it was directed that, when Dutch or Danish ships arrived, they were to be saluted according to customary practice, but that the expenditure of powder was to be reduced as far as was reasonably possible. When English or other ships were sighted or arrived, their salutes were to be answered initially with only three guns, and acknowledgement of their return was to be made with a single gun. If any of the Company’s own ships failed in proper respect, by not returning gun for gun, notice was to be given, after which appropriate action would be taken. It was further ordered that, by every shipping opportunity, an account was to be sent detailing the quantity of powder expended, the times at which it was fired, the ships involved and the purpose of each discharge, including other occasions such as the firing of alarm guns. This was to be regarded as a standing rule. It was also stated that, in all other matters of management, the greatest care was to be taken to economise, as careful saving would best recommend the island’s administration to favour. A subsequent letter addressed to the Governor and Council of St Helena, dated 20 December 1706 in London, addressed the issue of soldiers and slaves running away. It was expressed that strict caution was required to prevent any persons from being carried off the island. Concern was noted regarding a complaint that certain slaves and soldiers had been enticed on board a ship at the time of its departure, and had thereby been taken away. It was indicated that, when such individuals were removed in this manner, recovery became difficult, particularly where force could not readily be applied to reclaim them [...] . Interpretations Speculations |
94 | 83 | Captain Stations from them till there Services are Discharged, then Tempts the Poor fellows We note what you write about an Hospitall for the Sick | Under the heading “Captain Stations”, it was stated that sailors were being detained from their duties until their service was discharged, after which they were tempted to run away or were exposed to the loss of their health, and possibly their lives, through want of necessary provisions to protect them from the inclemency of the weather. This situation was reported as credible. It was therefore required that such improper practices be stopped in whatever manner was judged most effective, both for the welfare of the individuals and for the service itself. It was further indicated that disorder among sailors, including excessive drinking and irregular conduct, was to be restrained, and that the provision of excessive quantities of beer or other liquors was not to be permitted. It was suggested that, by limiting such excess, the soldiers themselves would recognise the benefit of this care. It was acknowledged that it was difficult to prevent abuses by masters of ships unless timely notice was received identifying the vessels involved. It was observed that, when such notice was lacking or delayed, those responsible would often provide plausible explanations regarding the individuals concerned, making enforcement more difficult. It was stated that, where possible, justice would be carried out when sufficient information was available. Attention was then given to the proposal for an hospital for sick sailors, intended to separate them from others when their health began to decline. It was stated in response that a suitable house should be designated for the reception of such individuals, with appropriate persons assigned to care for them and to provide suitable provisions. This arrangement was to continue until better provision could be made by formal order of the Council. It was further recommended that, in establishing and maintaining such care, the greatest possible frugality should be observed. Interpretations Speculations |
95 | 84 | Orders &cᵃ On the whole matter we hereby Require that you draw That no foreign Ships Boats be permitted to row That all our Ships be required to lye as near in That if any Soldier in an Allarm does not repair That if the Yeomen appointed to look out should be That if any Planter, or other Yeoman does not | Under the heading “Orders &cᵃ”, it was required that a series of orders be formally drawn up and established as standing rules for the future, not to be broken under any circumstance. It was directed that no foreign person was to be permitted to travel about the island to view its approaches or passages, whether under the pretence of fowling or any other activity. It was further ordered that no boats belonging to foreign ships were to be allowed to move around the island, whether for fishing or any other purpose. It was directed that all Company ships were to anchor as close as conveniently possible to the watering place at the west rocks, at Chappell Valley, under the high land of Ladder Hill, just above the high stone battery. If any captain refused to comply with this instruction, a formal protest was to be made and notice given accordingly. It was ordered that, in the event of an alarm, any soldier who failed to report to his assigned post was to be punished. All soldiers were to be clearly informed of the post to which they were to repair when an alarm was raised. Those found delinquent were to receive appropriate punishment, including being chained at the overseer stone or subjected to other measures. It was further directed that any yeoman appointed to keep watch who was found negligent in the performance of his duty was to be punished in accordance with the seriousness of the offence. It was also ordered that any planter or other yeoman who failed to report to the post assigned to him in the event of an alarm was to be fined, in accordance with the established constitution of the island. Interpretations Speculations |
96 | 85 | Pr. Ship Rochester and in no pretence whatsoever have the least Mitigation. And to Your loving Friends Our Govʳ & Council We Expect from you an Account from time to time how the We send this to you by the Northumberland, Captain Henry | Under the heading “Pr. Ship Rochester”, it was directed that no mitigation was to be allowed under any pretence in enforcing the previously stated orders. To prevent excuses, it was required that the yeomen be clearly informed of the specific posts to which they were to repair. It was further stated that, although in times of peace strict attendance at alarms had not been enforced, it had always formed part of the established constitution that, in time of war, they were to be regarded in part as soldiers and were to appear whenever an alarm signalled approaching danger. The letter concluded with the expression “Your Loving Friends”, followed by a further communication addressed to the Governor and Council of St Helena, dated 23 May 1707 in London. It was required that regular accounts be sent describing the conduct of persons employed in various capacities on the island. Reports were to state whether such individuals fulfilled the purposes for which they had been sent, both in respect of their service and their general behaviour. This instruction was to be treated as a standing rule for the future. It was further stated that the letter had been sent by the ship Northumberland, commanded by Captain Henry Dickenson. It was noted that the goods carried for the use of the island were fully described in the invoices and bills of lading enclosed within the packet. It was also indicated that the charter party of the vessel was included, and that it was to be retained accordingly. Interpretations Speculations |
97 | 86 | Orders No. 4 Ship ...have a due regard unto, so far as anything contained therein relates unto you, and then make up the Charterparty with any other vessels you have occasion to send to Bencoolen. Enclose well in a cover directed to the Governor and Council of Bencoolen, which packet deliver to the captain of the ship to be conveyed to the Governor and Council, and take receipt for the same of the like tenour, one of which keep, and send us by two conveyances. We have wrote so particularly about the despatch of your ships that are ordered goods to your island, and the charge we are at if they spend time above ten working days, that not only enter on threats for your detention do you send us a certificate what diligence is used by the captain in unloading and delivering the stores etc. on board consigned to you, and what time is spent therein, and in case the ship is above ten working days in unloading advise two many more days were spent therein, and for that reason, deliver up no bills of lading of this or any other ship without endorsing thereon that the same is fully discharged, or specifying what is wanting of the contents in case there should be a want. Let an account be kept in our books what becomes of this wine and brandy, what we have for it, the like for all particulars sent out from hence by this ship, and observe herein the directions given you more at large in our aforementioned letters keeping a strict account or list for... | Under the heading “Orders No. 4 Ship”, it was directed that due regard was to be given to the relevant instructions contained within prior communications, so far as they applied. It was further ordered that the charter party was to be completed for any vessels sent to Bencoolen. All related documents were to be securely enclosed in a packet addressed to the Governor and Council of Bencoolen, and delivered to the captain of the ship for transmission. A receipt of equal tenor was to be obtained for such delivery, with one copy retained and another sent to England by two separate conveyances. It was recalled that detailed instructions had already been given concerning the prompt dispatch of ships bringing goods to the island, and the expense incurred if they remained longer than ten working days. It was therefore directed that a certificate be sent confirming the diligence used by the captain in unloading and delivering stores consigned to the island, together with a record of the time taken. If unloading exceeded ten working days, the number of additional days was to be specified. It was further ordered that no bill of lading was to be delivered up for any ship unless it had been endorsed to confirm that the cargo had been fully discharged, or, if any deficiency existed, to specify what part of the contents remained undelivered. It was also directed that a strict account be maintained in the Company’s books of the disposition of wine and brandy, including what had been received in return for them. The same level of accounting was required for all goods sent from England by the ship. It was emphasised that the more detailed instructions previously issued in earlier letters were to be observed in this matter, and that a careful and complete list was to be kept for [...] . Interpretations Speculations |
98 | 87 | Northumberland ...every item in the service, altho’ it be for the very Garrison Stores that you may see at one View whether there has been Imbezelments in any part of our said Goods, or Stores sent you, and let this Account be Monthly examined in Consultation Viz. the Store keeper’s Account of what he receives in, and Stores and the Gunners Account for what he is to be Accountable for, and so for every other Person that has the custody of any part of our cargoes, and if you have reason to suspect any Fraudulent Dealing appoint one or more proper Persons to View the remainder in each Person’s custody. Your Loving Friends Laws. Ordinances and Constitutions for the good government of the Island of St. Helena taken briefly out of the several Letters, Laws and Ordinances directed to the Governors and Council of the said Island from time to time both by the Right Honourable the old and new United East India Company by Vertue Power and Authority derived to them by Two Charters from Charles the Second of Ever blessed Memory King of Great Brittain France and Ireland, & her present Majesty Queen Anne in her separate & indenture, all which Laws, Ordinances and Constitutions are to be observed by all such of what Quality soever living & Residing on the said Island, as so many standing Rules of... | Reference was made to the ship Northumberland, and it was directed that a detailed account be maintained of every item received and used in the service, including those intended for the garrison stores. Such records were to allow a clear view of whether any embezzlement had occurred in relation to goods or stores sent to the island. It was ordered that these accounts be examined monthly in consultation, including the storekeeper’s account of all goods received and issued, and the gunner’s account of all items for which he was responsible. The same requirement was to apply to every individual entrusted with custody of any part of the cargo. Where suspicion of fraudulent dealing arose, it was directed that one or more suitable persons be appointed to inspect the remaining goods held by those individuals. The letter concluded with the expression “Your Loving Friends”, followed by a formal statement introducing a body of “Laws, Ordinances and Constitutions” for the good government of the island of St Helena. It was stated that these rules had been drawn from various letters, laws and ordinances issued over time to the Governor and Council, by both the former and the newly united East India Company. It was explained that the authority for these measures derived from two charters granted by King Charles the Second and by Queen Anne. It was declared that all such laws, ordinances and constitutions were to be observed by every person residing on the island, regardless of their status, as standing rules for [...] . Interpretations Speculations |
99 | 88 | System of Orders Government and that none hereafter may plead Ignorance (as First Touching Religion and It is directed, Ordered and appointed that the Lords Secondly as to the Intents Religious Morality | Under the heading “System of Orders”, it was stated that these regulations were established for the government of the island, and that no person should thereafter be able to plead ignorance, as had recently been done by many. It was directed that the orders be engrossed and set up in the Sessions House situated in Chapel Street, near Fort James, so that they might be publicly known. Concerning religion and the worship of God, it was directed and appointed that the Lord’s Day was to be strictly observed. All bodily and secular employments were to be avoided, as well as gaming and other profane practices. It was required that all masters ensure their families attended public religious observance, including prayers, sermons and, when appropriate, the administration of the sacraments of baptism and the Lord’s Supper. All such observances were to be conducted with due reverence, decency and order. In the absence of a minister, it was directed that the Governor and Council were to appoint suitable portions of the Holy Scriptures and godly sermons to be read. It was further required that prayers be offered for the Sovereign, Queen Anne, for the peace, happiness and prosperity of her kingdoms, and for the welfare of the United East India Company. It was further stated that, in order to encourage religious morality and virtue, and to suppress and punish vice, it was necessary that clear expectations be established. It was directed that what was required of individuals, and the punishments to be imposed for offences, be made known [...] . Interpretations Speculations |
100 | 89 | and Constitutions 1ᵒ. We do direct and appoint that all and every Person or Persons that 2ᵒ. That all Swearing and taking the name of God in Vain (which is 3ᵒ. That all Intemperance and Drunkeness be abstained from, & any 4ᵒ. That all fornication, uncleanness and Adultery be forborn, and 5ᵒ. That none do steal or take from another that with ill deed and | Under the heading “and Constitutions”, a series of numbered rules was set out to regulate conduct on the island. First, it was directed and appointed that any person who profaned the Lord’s Day by travelling, working, gaming or engaging in any unlawful pastime was, for the first offence, to be admonished. For subsequent offences, a fine was to be imposed, not exceeding the value of [...] for each offence. Secondly, it was ordered that all swearing and taking the name of God in vain was to be avoided. If any person, having once been admonished for such behaviour, offended again by swearing, a fine not exceeding one shilling was to be imposed for each offence. Thirdly, it was directed that all intemperance and drunkenness were to be abstained from. Any person found drunk to excess for the first offence was to be admonished. If, after such admonition, the individual offended again, a fine not exceeding five shillings was to be imposed for each offence. If the offender was a person of quality, they were to be disabled from holding positions of greater authority than those of common rank. Fourthly, it was ordered that fornication, uncleanness and adultery were to be avoided. Any person convicted of such offences was to be punished by admonition and by a suitable act of correction, to be determined as most effective, provided that such punishment was not contrary to the laws and statutes of the Kingdom of England. Fifthly, it was directed that no person was to steal or take from another with ill intent, whether by force or fraud, nor to undervalue goods or engage in deceitful practices. It was further stated that offences included breaking open houses or defrauding others in matters not [...] . Interpretations Speculations |
101 | 90 | Laws and locked the party convicted thereof shall not only restore what he 6ᵒ. That if any Person called as Testimony, Witness, or Evidence in | Under the heading “Laws and […]”, it was directed that, in cases where a person had committed theft by breaking open or forcibly entering property, the convicted individual was not only to restore the goods taken to the rightful owner, but also to pay multiple times their value. In addition, the remainder of the offender’s estate, after debts had been settled, was to be forfeited to the Company. It was further ordered that the offender was to stand in the pillory in a public place and be whipped from there to the prison. Thereafter, the individual was to remain subject to the discretion of the Governor and Council, either to be discharged or set to work on the island’s fortifications. In cases of other forms of theft, it was directed that the offender was to restore the stolen goods and pay three times their value to the injured party. If the offender lacked the means to make such restitution, they were to be compelled to work for the injured party until the value had been fully repaid through labour. Sixthly, it was ordered that any person called as a witness or giving testimony in any case, who knowingly gave false evidence through malice, collusion or other improper motive, was to be punished upon conviction. The punishment was to correspond to the damage, pain or prejudice that their false testimony would have caused, or did cause, if it had been accepted as true, except in cases involving death. Such individuals were thereafter to be deemed unfit to give evidence in any matter. If the offence amounted to perjury, both the individual giving false testimony and any person who had encouraged or procured it were to be held equally responsible, required to make reparation and subjected to public punishment by standing in the pillory. Interpretations Speculations |
102 | 91 | Constitutions 8ᵒ. In Case any Person shall Quarrell with another not being 9ᵒ. In Case any either an Officer being about the Execution of his Thirdly and for the better preserving the peace of the That if any Person whatsoever shall be found in any Violent or | Under the heading “Constitutions”, it was directed, seventhly, that any person who forged or counterfeited deeds, writings or other papers, or who by any device defrauded another of land, goods or money, upon conviction, was to make satisfaction to the injured party. In addition, a fine equal to that amount was to be paid to the Company. The offender was also to stand in the pillory on three public days. If the offender lacked the means to make satisfaction or pay the fine, they were to be compelled to work first for the injured party and thereafter for the Company without payment, for such time as would be judged sufficient to discharge the sums owed. Eighthly, it was ordered that, if any person quarrelled with another, not being a servant or under their command, or struck or wounded them, the offender was to make satisfaction to the injured party. In addition, a fine was to be imposed for breach of the peace, payable to the Company, not exceeding seventy shillings for any single offence. Ninthly, it was directed that, in cases where any person assaulted or resisted an officer in the execution of his duty, the offender was to be fined at discretion, not exceeding five pounds, or subjected to public whipping or imprisonment until such time as the Governor, with the agreement of the majority of the Council, judged fit to release them. In addition, triple damages were to be paid to the injured officer. It was further stated that, for the better preservation of peace on the island, the maintenance of proper subordination among all persons, and the protection of the plantation from damage, further directions were to be established. It was indicated that, if any person whatsoever was found engaged in violent or [...] . Interpretations Speculations |
103 | 92 | Laws and draw or, or Strike the Governour or any his Superior Officer or 2ᵒ. That if any Captain Officer or Soldier in the Companys 3ᵒ. If any shall Imbezle or Steal any Powder, Arms, Ammunition 4ᵒ. We Strictly Injoin that no Person inhabiting the Island | Under the heading “Laws and […]”, it was directed that any person who struck, attempted to strike or conspired to strike the Governor, or any superior officer or minister, or committed any hostile act against them, upon conviction, was to suffer such corporal punishment as the Governor, with the advice and consent of the majority of his military officers, should judge appropriate according to the nature of the offence, including punishment extending to death. In such cases, all lands, tenements, goods and chattels belonging to the offender were to be forfeited to the Company. It was ordered that, if any captain, officer or soldier in the Company’s service neglected their duty, and such neglect was proved by the testimony of two witnesses upon oath, the offender was to be fined, at the discretion of the Governor, not exceeding one month’s pay, and was also to suffer such corporal punishment as the Governor, with the advice and consent of the majority of his military officers, should determine to be appropriate. It was directed that any person who embezzled or stole powder, arms, ammunition or other stores and sold them, together with any person who bought, received or assisted in the disposal of such goods, was to be subject, in addition to the penalties previously established for theft, to imprisonment for a period not exceeding six months, or to such other corporal punishment as the Governor, with the advice and consent of the majority of the Council, should judge appropriate. It was strictly enjoined that no person residing on the island who was identified as a Jew or an infidel was to be permitted to carry or wear a sword, this being stated as contrary to the custom observed among nations. The text concluded with the word “Finis”, indicating the end of the body of laws. Interpretations Speculations |
104 | 93 | Constitutions Justice famines, and we think it may be not unfitly Proper for your private Tenthly and whereas some Doubts and questions have 1ᵒ. That any Person or Persons altering such half-crown Lands | Under the heading “Constitutions”, it was stated that, in order to maintain proper order and discipline, it was considered appropriate that private soldiers should wear swords in public places on the island, except when they were upon duty. It was directed that any inhabitant neglecting this requirement was to be fined one shilling for the first offence, two shillings for the second and thereafter up to four shillings for repeated offences. Officers were not to appear in any place without wearing their swords, and any officer found without one was to forfeit four shillings to the Company for each offence. It was left to discretion whether this rule should extend to serjeants and corporals, although it was suggested that they might be permitted this privilege, with the expectation that only the most sober and responsible individuals would be appointed to such positions. It was further ordered that any inhabitant, officer, soldier or person belonging to, or travelling on board, any ship, who presumed to draw a sword, was to forfeit twenty shillings, one half to the Company and the other towards the costs of prosecution. It was then stated that doubts and disputes had arisen concerning the holding, enjoyment, disposal and transfer of lands and plantations, as well as the manner in which such property should descend upon death, and the obligations imposed upon those in possession. It was therefore determined that clear rules should be established, so that every person might understand both the duties required of them and the rights belonging to them, in consideration of all relevant particulars, rates and orders. It was directed that any person or persons holding such half-crown lands or similar allotments, together with actual possession, were to [...] . Interpretations Speculations |
105 | 94 | Laws and occupation hereof five years to be accounted from their actual 2ᵒ. That in case of the Decease of any Planter duly Possessed 3ᵒ. As to Moveable and Personal Estates that any Member 4ᵒ. We Decree that is owing to every Plantation ten or twenty | Under the heading “Laws and […]”, it was directed that any person who had occupied land for a period of five years, reckoned from the time of actual residence and improvement of the same as a plantation, was to hold that land in full ownership for themselves and their heirs. It was further provided that such land might be sold, transferred or otherwise disposed of at the owner’s discretion. It was stated that, in the event of the death of a planter in lawful possession of land, if the individual died unmarried, the land was to pass according to any deed or last testament made by that person. If the planter died as a married man, one half of the land was to be held by the wife for the duration of her natural life, while the other half, together with the reversion of the wife’s portion after her death, was to be disposed of according to any will. In the absence of such direction, the property was to descend to the heirs at law. It was further directed that, with regard to moveable and personal estates not disposed of by will, one third was to be assigned to the wife and the remaining two thirds divided equally among the children. If there were no children, one half was to go to the wife and the other half to brothers and sisters or their children in equal shares. If no such relatives existed, the entire estate was to pass to the wife. In the absence of both wife and children, the estate was to be assigned to the nearest kin residing on the island. If no such person could be identified there, the estate was to be inventoried and preserved for those in England entitled to administer it. It was also decreed that each plantation, consisting of ten or twenty acres of land, was to be responsible for maintaining watch duties on designated nights, amounting to twenty shillings [...] . Interpretations Speculations |
106 | 95 | Constitutions ten Months of the year, and that such as do hire their Duty to be done, pay 5ᵒ. We have thought fit to take off that Restraint from our free 6ᵒ. And We do hereby Strictly forbid all the Women upon the | Under the heading “Constitutions”, it was directed that watch and ward duties were to be performed for ten months of the year. It was stated that those who hired others to perform this duty on their behalf were to pay twenty shillings in damages. It was therefore ordered that, for every twenty acres of inhabited land, a sum of twenty shillings was thereafter to be paid annually in money to the Governor at the quarterly period, in place of the continual obligation of watching and warding. Nevertheless, every free planter and all other persons on the island capable of bearing arms were to remain duly assigned to their quarters, as previously established, and were to appear there in arms at all times when required. Failure to do so was to incur the same penalties as formerly imposed, or such greater penalties as the Governor and Council might determine. Attendance was also required at stated rendezvous for general musters and exercises of arms, as commanded. It was further ordered that the previous restriction upon free planters keeping slaves was to be removed, subject to conditions. Any free planter or other person keeping up to four slaves was required to maintain one additional Englishman for supervision and care, and to pay to the Company forty shillings annually. A proportional scale was set, requiring payment of ten shillings for one slave, twenty shillings for two and thirty shillings for three. It was stated that the purpose of this regulation was that, as the number of slaves increased on the island, the number of English inhabitants should also increase proportionally, for the security both of the inhabitants and of the island itself. It was further directed that all women upon the island were strictly forbidden to [...] . Interpretations Speculations |
107 | 96 | Laws and Island from Suffering any Cattle to stray or go at large ought to be 7ᵒ. We Decree for the Publick Utility of the Island you forthwith 8ᵒ. But our Express Order is, that never at or ever, no Levite, 9ᵒ. And We do hereby Order and Decree that every Minister or | The laws and constitutions stated that measures to prevent the island from suffering through cattle straying or wandering at large were to be carefully observed and regulated in accordance with the Company’s orders. Pounds and keepers were to be established for the control of such cattle, and all keepers were first required to mark the animals with the Company’s brand, which had been sent for that purpose. The owner of every beast was required to pay the Company twelve pence for each animal, as a charge for permitting it to graze for one year upon the Company’s waste lands. For the public utility of the island, an annual assembly was to be convened on a Monday in each year, or on another fixed day, under the authority of the government. At this assembly, all free planters of the island were to gather in order to elect officers. Two surveyors of the highways and one or two churchwardens for each church were to be chosen. The free planters present were to nominate, by majority vote, four men for the office of overseers and four for the office of churchwardens, and these nominations were to be presented to the Governor. From the four nominated for overseers, two were to be selected by the Governor to serve as surveyors for that year, and from the four nominated for churchwardens, two were to be chosen to serve in that capacity. An express order was given that no levite, presbyter, anticipant, or any other person whatsoever would be permitted to have a voice or vote in the election of any civil or parish officer. The right of suffrage was reserved exclusively for free planters who were settled in their possessions and habitation, as well as landholders, who were to exercise voting rights based upon their freehold property at such elections. A further order and decree established that every minister or preacher belonging to a family adhering to the Protestant service, and strictly maintaining the doctrine of the Queen, whether man or woman, would be regarded as belonging to the Eastern parts for the purpose of promoting blessings and preserving the Church. Interpretations Speculations |
108 | 97 | Constitutions 10ᵒ. And We do Order that for the Publick Utility of the Island every 11ᵒ. And We do hereby Establish a small Duty to be Levyed upon For Every Ox or neat Beast used on board any ship: - L - 0 - 6 And so Proportionably for a lesser or a greater quantity of Commodities. 12ᵒ. We do farther Order that no Person whatsoever presume to cutt 13ᵒ. We have heard very scandalous Reports of loose Women | The constitutions ordered, for the public utility of the island, that every person, including free planters, shopkeepers, slaves, artificers, servants, labourers and negroes, would be required to contribute one day’s labour each year for the repair and maintenance of the highways. Such labour was to be performed when summoned by one or more of the surveyors of the highways, acting under a warrant issued by the Governor and Council. A further order established a small duty to be levied upon all trade conducted on the island. A charge of six pence was to be paid for every ox or other neat beast used on board any ship. Duties were also imposed upon goods, including sugar landed by the hundredweight, hogsheads of arrack, brandy or wine at ten shillings each, pieces of calico at six pence each and pieces of silk at one shilling each. These duties were to be applied proportionately according to lesser or greater quantities of commodities. It was additionally ordered that no person would presume to cut any timber tree upon the Company’s waste lands, nor to lop any tree belonging to themselves, under a penalty of twenty shillings for each offence. Reports were acknowledged of scandalous behaviour involving loose women and acts of prostitution. It was therefore directed that no man would go on board any vessel without a written licence from the Governor. Any person offending in this matter was to be fined one dollar for the first offence and two dollars for the second, with continued penalties to be applied in order to suppress what was described as a scandalous and beastial practice. Should such measures prove insufficient, punishment was to be administered at the discretion of the authorities until proper order was restored. Interpretations Speculations |
109 | 98 | 14ᵒ. We are also Deeply Debated at all our Provisions of fresh meat 15ᵒ. We do Injoin you for the future to stop all Vessels whatsoever 16ᵒ. We Observe and hear by others which come from that Coast 17ᵒ. We Require you to make every Order as any outstanding 18ᵒ. We would have you also forbid the killing any Visenant | Concern was expressed at the scarcity of fresh meat, particularly beef, which had been experienced. It was therefore ordered that, in future, all Company ships would receive their cattle directly from the Company’s own stock, of which sufficient numbers were then available for service, and only from inhabitants where the Company’s supply proved insufficient to furnish the ships. An injunction was given that all vessels carrying liquors or stores would be stopped unless a payment of four pounds per annum was made to the Company, to be collected quarterly. It was observed, based on reports from others arriving from that coast, that a substantial trade valued at ten thousand pounds had been conducted through ports for liquors, which threatened to consume a large portion of the island’s wood if not promptly prevented. An order was therefore established that no vessel on the island would be supplied with wood, boards or fresh provisions without prior authorisation from the Company. Requirements were also imposed relating to the distillation of arrack, with oversight of the quantity produced and the wood consumed in the process. A further duty of one penny per gallon was to be paid on all newly produced wines from the first running of such distilled liquors, for the Company’s use. A requirement was imposed that every order issued would be treated as binding and fully obeyed, and that penalties, including a sum of fifteen shillings, were to be enforced and not remitted from those liable to pay. A prohibition was established against the killing of pheasants, guinea hens, turtle doves and other fowl found feeding within plantations, small tenements and Indian fields. Any person offending was to be fined, with one half of the penalty assigned to the Company and the other half to the informer. Interpretations Speculations |
110 | 99 | 19ᵒ. Touching the Disputes among your Inhabitants relating to the 20ᵒ. We have given you repeated Intreaties that no short Orders till we send | Disputes among the inhabitants concerning the possession of land were addressed, particularly in cases where ownership depended upon imperfect written sales, informal agreements, trust arrangements, or local custom that was not clearly evidenced. It was ordered that, in future, no land would be alienated or mortgaged unless a register was maintained at the Fort, recording the substance of each transaction, including the parties involved and the consideration given. Each such entry was to be signed by both buyer and seller and attested by the Governor and Council, without which no bargain or sale would be regarded as binding. For past transactions where disputes remained unresolved, provision was made for complaints to be heard by a jury of the Cove, which was expected to determine matters upon a full hearing according to principles of equity and good conscience. In order to encourage peaceful settlement, a public declaration was to be issued throughout the island requiring all persons, by a specified date, to submit an account of the freehold they claimed. These claims were to be entered in a designated book with supporting witnesses. If no objection was raised by another specified date, proposed as six months thereafter, the claim would be accepted as definitive evidence of possession and would not be subject to future dispute. It was expressed that this process was intended to resolve the ongoing disputes among the inhabitants. Any cases not falling within these rules were to remain as previously stated, with a further answer to be provided in due course. Repeated entreaties were noted that no short orders should be issued until further direction was sent, although the remainder of this provision was unreadable or incomplete. Interpretations Speculations |
111 | 100 | and you in our future are to be Esteemed as so many Standing God save the Queen and bless the Rt For all other Commodities for which no rates of Custom are Our Governor & Council London 23ᵈ May 1707 By the Incubator we wrote you at large, what then occurred Capt. James Lambe therein mentioned did not proceed the We have also Entertained the following Persons for St. Helena viz. | The foregoing orders were to be regarded in future as standing directions for the government of the island, and obedience to them was expected accordingly. A formal expression of loyalty was included, invoking blessing upon the Queen and upon the Right Honourable United English East India Company. For all other commodities for which no specific customs rates had been established, discretion was granted to the Governor and Council to impose duties, provided that such rates were moderate, not burdensome to the inhabitants, and proportionate to the value of the goods concerned. The document was issued under the authority of the Governor and Council of St Helena and dated at London on 23 May 1707. Reference was made to a previous communication sent by the vessel Incubator, in which matters then arising had been addressed in detail, as set out in letters dated 14 December 1705 and 28 December 1706, copies of which were enclosed. It was noted that Captain James Lambe, previously mentioned, had not proceeded on the intended voyage, and would not do so, as reasons had arisen to doubt that he would fulfil the character that had been attributed to him. In his place, Christian Frederick Vogt was engaged as engineer for St Helena, having been recommended as well qualified for the role. His term of service was fixed at three years, at a salary of forty pounds per annum. An advance of fifteen pounds had been paid to him, which was to be deducted from his accruing salary. It was further recorded that additional persons had also been engaged for service at St Helena, although their names and details were not included in the surviving text. Interpretations Speculations |
112 | 101 | Francis Tunge Armourer for five years at thirty pounds Also George Northen and Nicholas Shreeve Masons for five We Expect from you an Account from time to time how the Men we We send this to you by the Northumberland Capt. Dickenson | Francis Tunge was appointed as armourer for a term of five years at a wage of thirty pounds per annum. An advance of seven pounds and ten shillings had been issued to him, to be deducted from his accruing salary. It had been agreed that his wife would receive fifteen pounds per year from his wages in England, and notice of this arrangement was to be taken, with accounting to be made to him only for the remaining fifteen pounds per year. George Northen and Nicholas Shreeve were engaged as masons for five years at wages of thirty pounds each per annum. Arrangements had been made for part of their wages to be paid to their wives in England, with ten pounds per year to be paid to the wife of Northen, and fifteen pounds per year to the wife of Shreeve. These arrangements were likewise to be formally recognised and accounted for accordingly. An expectation was expressed that regular accounts would be provided detailing how the men employed for service at St Helena conducted themselves, and whether they fulfilled the purposes for which they had been engaged. Such reports were to include distinctions between their performances and those of other persons employed, and this requirement was to be observed as a standing rule for the future. The document was transmitted by the ship Northumberland, commanded by Captain Dickenson. That vessel was noted as carrying goods for the use of the island, which were listed in its invoice and bills of lading, sent within the same packet, together with its charterparty. Proper attention was to be given to the terms of that charterparty insofar as they related to the island’s administration. After this, the charterparty and any other necessary papers were to be compiled and forwarded to Banceelon, enclosed in a cover addressed to the Governor and Council there, and delivered to the captain of the vessel carrying the packet. Interpretations Speculations |
113 | 102 | Orders &c. pr Ship the Ship to be conveyed to the said Governour and Councill, and take We wrote so particularly about the Dispatch of your Ships We have received a Petition from Doctor Wucham desiring | Instructions were given that the ship was to convey the packet to the Governor and Council, and that three receipts of identical tenor were to be taken for it. One receipt was to be retained, while two were to be sent back by separate conveyances. Reference was made to earlier detailed directions concerning the dispatch of ships ordered first to the island, and to the expense incurred in fitting them with stores and provisions for working days. It was therefore directed that those prior instructions be followed for guidance. A certificate was to be provided specifying the diligence used by each captain in unloading and delivering stores consigned to the island, together with the time spent in doing so. Where a ship did not complete unloading within two working days, an account was to be given of how many additional days it was detained and for what reason. No bills of lading for goods carried in any ship were to be delivered unless they were endorsed to confirm that the cargo had been fully discharged, or otherwise to state what part of the contents was deficient, if any such deficiency existed. A petition was received from Doctor Wucham, who requested permission to proceed to India either in the Company’s service or on his own account, on the grounds that he considered himself unfit to travel about the island, and that his servant might accompany him. In response, it was directed that his request should remain under consideration until the expiration of his covenant term. If he then continued of the same intention, he was to be granted liberty either to return home or to proceed to India at his own charge. Notice was to be given of any vacancy in India, and a report of his conduct was to be provided from the records. It was further indicated that, if the opportunity arose and he still desired it, permission might be granted, although the concluding part of the instruction was partly unclear in meaning. Interpretations Speculations |
114 | 103 | his Master, but in regard he receives pay as a Soldier, He must stay We have likewise received the Petitions of Thomas Cowen, Mr Alexander Clerk of the Councill to whom we gave an | It was directed that the master of the ship, although acting in that role, was to be regarded as receiving pay as a soldier, and was therefore required to remain in service for five years in the same manner as other soldiers before being permitted to leave the island. It was also arranged that the wife of Mr Durham would take passage on that ship. Petitions were received from Thomas Cowen, John Welch and Paul Graton, all serjeants, requesting an increase in their pay to forty shillings per month so that it might match that of other serjeants in India. In response, it was stated that all serjeants were already established at forty shillings per month across all places in India, and no order was recognised granting any additional allowance beyond this, except at Bencoolen, where those in constant service were allowed somewhat greater pay, with serjeants receiving proportional increases. It was therefore determined that there was no reason to depart from this long-established rule for the sake of the petitioners. It was further stated that, should they prove deserving, appropriate encouragement and advancement would be given when vacancies arose. Disapproval was expressed regarding the manner of their petition, it being considered improper that it had not been submitted through the Governor, together with his opinion. A further representation was received from Mr Alexander Clerk of the Council, to whom an addition of salary had previously been granted. His case had been set out in a lengthy letter. In response, it was stated that, as he was known locally, his pay would be determined according to what he was judged to deserve. Complaint had been made that he had not been admitted to serve as surgeon, and that Mr Sanderson, described as a stranger, had instead been preferred. Interpretations Speculations |
115 | 104 | We said in our Letter of the 30ᵗʰ December 1706 Paragraph 14ᵗʰ As to his spending three days a week in the Office | Reference was made to a letter dated 30 December 1706, specifically to the fourteenth paragraph, in which approval had been given for Mr Sanderson to serve as surgeon, on the basis of a favourable character provided at that time, it being noted that the letter from Mr Alexander had not then been received. A request was made to be informed of the reasons why Mr Alexander had been denied that position, and whether granting him the office of surgeon might serve as encouragement in recognition of his diligence and long service. It was reported that Mr Alexander had suggested that a personal request had obstructed his appointment, which he had been unable to overcome, and that the Governor had imposed an oath upon him which he regarded as unusual. A copy of this oath had been sent, and it had been stated that the Governor had insisted upon it. Approval was given to the oath as presented, with the addition that he should undertake not to disclose any of the Company’s secrets, and should provide a clear assurance that he would not reveal either public or private concerns of the Company under his care, nor remove into the country any papers or materials entrusted to him without the permission of the Council. It was considered that such provisions would be sufficient. With regard to requirements that he spend at least three days each week in the office, produce written lists within three months of all papers in his custody, and leave the key of his office with the Governor when required, it was stated that such matters could be regulated by the Governor and Council without being included as part of the oath. Interpretations Speculations |
116 | 105 | and if he should as we hope, he will not be Deficient in any part of his We Observe your great Complaints for want of Stores & Vessels now If ought is taken, you will have Invoice together with of which wine it is an Account of rack & from the wine & Brandy | It was directed that, provided Mr Alexander did not prove deficient in any part of his duty, authority was to be exercised in such a manner as would prevent disobedience, and that such authority should be applied at all times, and towards all persons, with discretion. Notice was taken of the considerable complaints regarding the want of stores and vessels, which had continued to place the island under difficulty, as had previously been advised. It was observed that, had some of that year’s ships called at the island, relief might have been afforded, but that the ports at which the Company’s ships customarily touched for refreshment on their homeward voyages were under the direction of the Secret Committee, which had, for reasons considered sufficient, prohibited ships from calling at St Helena during the preceding year. It was therefore implied that restraint was expected, and that no further large bills were to be drawn upon the Company. Orders had been given for the present ship to call at Madeira, where thirty butts of wine and ten butts of brandy were to be taken on board. These were to be loaded by Messrs Miles and Jacob, as previously arranged. If any part of this cargo was taken on board, an invoice was to be received, together with the policy and bill of lading, from the said Messrs Miles and Jacob. It was anticipated that, of the wine and brandy, perhaps one third would arrive in sound condition, although uncertainty was acknowledged. Each butt received was therefore to be carefully examined, and its condition noted at the time of receipt. Should any faults or spoilage be discovered, a report was to be given to the captain, and the defects shown to him, so that a remedy might be sought upon his return. Interpretations Speculations |
117 | 106 | Let us have an Account kept in your Books what becomes of this Captᵗ Dickenson will take in some Bags &c to be laid at Your Loving Friends Over | Instructions were given that a full account was to be maintained in the books detailing the disposition of the wine and brandy, together with the returns obtained for them. The same requirement was to be applied to all goods sent by that ship. Reference was made to earlier directions, which were to be followed in maintaining these accounts. A distinct account or list was to be kept for every item in the invoice, even where the goods were intended for garrison stores, so that it might be readily observed whether any embezzlement or loss had occurred in any part of the goods or stores received. It was further directed that these accounts were to be written by separate hands in permanent books. The storekeeper was to maintain an account of all goods received into the stores, while the Governor was to keep an account of those items for which he was responsible. The same principle was to be applied to every other person entrusted with any part of the cargo. Where there was reason to suspect fraudulent dealing, one or more suitable persons were to be appointed to inspect the remaining goods held in each individual’s custody. It was noted that Captain Dickenson would take on board certain bags and other items at Portsmouth, which had previously been intended for an earlier voyage but had been left behind. Receipts for these goods had not yet been received, nor was the exact quantity known, but they were to be identified in the invoice or in an additional invoice to be sent after the ship. The letter concluded with a statement of goodwill. Interpretations Speculations |
118 | 107 | Our Govʳ and Council London 7ᵗʰ April 1708 We have received your several Letters of the 27ᵗʰ of November The distress you give about the Shipping outward, and Dispatch We have read over Mr. Palin’s Account of what the Portuguese | A letter dated 7 April 1708 from London to the Governor and Council of St Helena acknowledged receipt of several letters sent from the island, namely those dated 27 November 1706 by the ship Bonnetta, 1 January by the Catherstone, 20 May 1707 by the Lanchester, 6 July by the schooner and the Norwich, and 10 July by the Lighthall. It was stated that replies would now be given to those matters not already addressed, and that these responses were to be consistent with the earlier letter of 30 November. Satisfaction was expressed regarding the reports provided about outward-bound shipping and the dispatch of vessels from the island, and it was directed that the same conduct should be continued, as it enabled accounts with shipowners to be settled with greater certainty. Approval was also given to the practice of recording the authority exercised over ships sent to the island, as had been done in the case of the new Company ship Union, which had been left at Madeira. Continued observation and reporting were required regarding any other ships that might affect departures from St Helena. Consideration was given to an account provided by Mr Palin concerning proposals made by the Portuguese for trade, particularly their request to be supplied with East India commodities. In response, it was stated that the Company was bound by Act of Parliament and by its own orders not to break bulk of any ships until their arrival in England, except for such necessities as were required for the use of the island. It was further noted that, by a recent Act, this allowance had been extended more favourably than before, but it was made clear that no expectation should be entertained of supplying such commodities beyond these permitted limits. Interpretations Speculations |
119 | 108 | East-India Commodities at Sᵗ. Helena in Trade. But as to any We are also told that the Governour takes upon him to buy Kingship | It was stated that East India commodities were not to be traded at St Helena, in accordance with earlier restrictions. However, with regard to all other goods produced by the island or held in its stores, liberty was to be granted for purchase by foreign traders, including the Portuguese, in the same manner as was permitted to the Company’s own trading men. It was directed that such dealings should be conducted with civility in all respects, as a reciprocal acknowledgment of the freedoms enjoyed by the Company’s ships in Portuguese ports, such as Madeira. Reference was made to previous instances in which Company vessels had interacted with Portuguese settlements, including the use of packets and factors in the eastern parts of Brazil, where ships had formerly waited for naval convoys. It was directed that, whenever Portuguese or other ships brought goods suitable for the island, such goods might be purchased through barter, particularly in exchange for provisions. If such goods were obtained at favourable rates, they might be stored and later sold at a profit to the inhabitants. Care was to be taken, however, to consider the prices agreed in barter, as Portuguese traders were said to place high valuations upon their goods, creating a risk that such items would ultimately prove expensive relative to their true worth. It was observed that produce from Brazil was sometimes conveyed from Lisbon and could be obtained there at only slightly higher prices, despite the additional costs of freight and customs. It was therefore suggested that Portuguese traders derived considerable advantage in such exchanges. Guidance was given that, in future transactions of this kind, efforts might be made to secure lower purchase prices, and, where successful, higher values might then be placed upon goods supplied in return, particularly as customs duties were understood to be more burdensome in Brazil than at St Helena. It was also reported that the Governor had undertaken to purchase goods from the commanders of ships without seeking the advice or consent of the Council, and that he had issued letters agreeing to whatever terms were requested. Interpretations Speculations |
120 | 109 | Packing it is enough to say the Planters shall pay such an Advance thereon We were sure to Consider your Letter of the first of July shall We Observe your Promise to take care for the future, that all | Concern was expressed regarding the pricing and handling of certain goods, particularly Canary wine, which had been purchased at higher rates than necessary. It was noted that planters had been required to pay an advance price, with purchases charged at twelve pence per pound, although the same goods might have been obtained at eight or nine pence per pound. As a result, the planters were required to pay fifteen pence per pound, which discouraged them from purchasing except in cases of necessity. Consequently, the goods remained unsold in the stores, where they deteriorated and became sour, thereby defeating the intended purpose. Regret was expressed at the repeated need to criticise the management, and it was stated that such faults would not always be treated lightly. For the present, it was directed that goods intended for the Company’s own use, rather than for sale, should be clearly identified as such. Their cost was to be properly adjusted and recorded according to their value, and a full account of such transactions, together with the reasons for them, was to be included in the next general letter. Consideration was then given to a letter dated 1 July, in which attention was drawn to the manner in which general letters had been sent, particularly those carried by the ships Lighthall and Norwich. It was observed that such letters had contained more detailed instructions and demonstrated more careful management of affairs. It was stated that both forms of communication would be used as circumstances required. Notice was taken of a promise that, in future, all bills drawn for money payable to the Company would be included in the general letter, and compliance with this undertaking was expected. It was further directed that all bills of exchange drawn upon the Company should be specifically mentioned in such letters, together with the reasons for issuing them. Interpretations Speculations |
121 | 110 | The answer you give us why you Employed the Soldiers for | Dissatisfaction was expressed with the explanation provided for employing soldiers in the unloading of the caves. It had been stated that no slaves belonging to the Fort were available, and that plantation women were fully occupied with planting and weeding, which had led to the employment of soldiers at a rate of eighteen pence per day in addition to their regular pay. It had also been indicated that some plantation slaves were hired at the same rate of eighteen pence per day under annual agreements. It was further claimed that the soldiers had been more expeditious and useful in unloading the ship than the slaves, although this assertion was doubted. It was stated that, even if the soldiers had performed more effectively, the decision was not considered economical or prudent. The argument that slave owners would not hire out their labour for less than two shillings per day was rejected as justification for incurring similar expense, although it was acknowledged as a reason for paying soldiers eighteen pence per day. However, the explanation that soldiers had been employed because the Company’s own slaves were engaged at the plantations was regarded as weak, and it was expressed that such reasoning should not be repeated. It was emphasised that it would have been preferable to withdraw soldiers from their regular duties rather than remove slaves from agricultural work such as weeding. It was also noted that no mention had been made of whether any of the Company’s soldiers or slaves had been present on the coast to assist in unloading, and it was directed that such details should be reported in future cases. It was further stated that, if such labour had been employed in the stream or at the landing place, the cost should properly have been borne by the ship’s owners. The principle was set out that payment should correspond to the actual work performed, including fetching ballast or receiving goods in the stream and arranging for their conveyance to the island. Interpretations Speculations |
122 | 111 | We have read over your Protest against Captain Rainer for not Your Seventh Paragraph says, you have received some Letters The List of goods & Stores remaining & Remaining. We have | A protest submitted against Captain Rainer for failing to unload his ship within the limited time was reviewed and found to be insufficiently clear and detailed. It was required that such a protest should have specified which of his boats had not been employed, in what instances all boats had not been used to bring goods ashore, on which days the boats had not worked at all, and whether his men had delayed their labour by not landing goods as efficiently as possible. It should also have recorded how long the plank remained ashore, allowing time to pass until the ship became ready for sailing. It was further directed that, in future protests, notice should be taken of any tempestuous days, so that it might be clearly determined how far the captain was at fault. It was observed that the protest had stated that, within six working days, Captain Rainer could have delivered all goods ashore, but that the reasons provided did not sufficiently support this conclusion, due to the lack of particular detail. It was stated that such defects would be noted if repeated. Reference was made to a statement that letters had been received from informants, and it was directed that the names of those informants, together with the ships by which they had arrived, should have been recorded. By this means, responsibility could be assigned for their conveyance, and a full account might be maintained of all persons employed by the Company’s officers in store-related duties. A list of goods and stores remaining on the island was acknowledged as having been received, and it was directed that such lists should continue to be sent with every ship. These were to be transmitted together with the general letter and other necessary papers, and dispatched promptly in a packet from the first port at which a ship touched on its passage to England or elsewhere, so that they might be forwarded without delay. It was noted that the most recent packet containing such materials, sent by the Lighter, had not been received until a day or two previously, as it had been enclosed together with the general letter, which had caused delay. Interpretations Speculations |
123 | 112 | Ledger, whereas by the Norwich came to us in December last, what part We shall write to India to supply you with the Goods you desire We Observe in the Gunners List of Stores are large Expences | Reference was made to earlier correspondence, noting that by the ship Norwich, which had arrived in December, information had been received concerning what goods and stores had been requested. It was stated that details of the goods now being sent would be found in the invoices of the ships Heel Spring and Westmoreland, and that, if time permitted, the Company’s accountants would calculate the remaining balances on the accounts. It was stated that instructions would be sent to India to supply the requested goods, but it was cautioned that, during the time of war, reliance could not be placed upon such supplies as if conditions were peaceful. The direction of ships was under the authority of the Secret Committee, which might, for reasons of general safety, divert voyages from their usual routes. Observation was made of the gunner’s list of stores, in which large expenditures appeared under the headings of “spent” and “worn out”. A comparison was made of powder usage, noted as thirty per barrel, with a figure of twenty-nine barrels of powder recorded between June 1706 and June 1707, during which only twenty shots had been discharged. It was also observed that forty muskets and forty swords had been expended or accounted for in a manner that was not understood. Several items were considered excessive, and the expenditure required explanation. Instructions were given that full inquiry should be made into all such matters, and that, in future, such lists were to be carefully examined before being sent. Confirmation of such examination was to be recorded in writing, together with explanations for any increases or waste identified. It was directed that any such irregularities should be corrected. It was further stated that, while care was assumed to be taken in private affairs, the same diligence was expected in matters concerning the public service. In order to prevent excuses based on the pressure of dispatching ships, it was directed that, during the more leisurely periods of the year, particularly in June when no ships were awaiting dispatch, attention should be given to these matters. Interpretations Speculations |
124 | 113 | You do peruse our several Orders and Directions and seriously Consider By the Northumberland we sent you a Quantity of some & We give you from our Correspondents to Messʳˢ Dorrell & Morgan The List of Fees to the Clerk for Deeds of Sale, Registering | It was directed that all previously issued orders and instructions should be carefully reviewed and considered in Council, and that they should be put into execution accordingly. By doing so, attention could be given to particular matters, including the taking of accounts of remaining goods, determining what further supplies were required, examining accounts, and overseeing all matters requiring constant inspection. It was observed that, by the arrival of ships, a great part of immediate work would be completed, allowing more leisure to attend to these ongoing responsibilities. It was further stated that this would have the additional benefit of reducing quarrelling among those in authority, which was said to occur too often and to arise from idleness, when time not employed in proper affairs was instead given to mischief. Reference was made to a previous shipment sent by the ship Northumberland, which had included a quantity of wine and brandy from Madeira, with a request that further supplies be obtained. It was reported that the captain had claimed he could not take in additional cargo, although uncertainty remained as to whether he had instead retained it for his own account and returned with it. It was noted that further supplies would now be sent by Captain Newton in the ship Heel, as specified in the invoice, with the corresponding bills of lading to accompany them. Instructions had also been provided through correspondents to Messrs Dorrell and Morgan, merchants at Madeira, which were expected to compensate for the deficiency of liquor supplies that had been reported as lacking in the island’s stores. A list of fees payable to the clerk for duties relating to deeds of sale, the registration of estates, the execution of inventories, and other matters connected with inheritance and legal disputes had been reviewed, and it was noted that attention to these matters had been neglected. Interpretations Speculations |
125 | 114 | ought to have perused it and Signed it, and given your opinion, as tho’ Your answer in the Eleventh Paragraph about Mr. Marsden Your Answer about the Store is not so full as it ought, nor The same we say as to the Account of yours Justification, | It was stated that the relevant documents ought to have been carefully examined, signed, and accompanied by an opinion, particularly as to whether they were in any degree unacceptable to the generality of the people or required alteration. The same procedure was to have been followed in relation to those matters handled by the Marshal, by which means full satisfaction might have been obtained. It was indicated that, while there was no intention to discourage a deserving and well-qualified officer, care was to be taken that no person was established in any office in a rash or improper manner. A response previously given concerning Mr Marsden was considered insufficient. It had been stated that he had been employed after acquiring skill in brewing beer, but reference was made to the eighth paragraph of the general letter sent by the Norwich, in which his other qualifications had been set out. It had been directed that, during a vacancy in the position of brewer, he should be employed at the storehouse unless he was capable of providing better service in that role. While engaged in duties at the store, it was considered that the offices of storekeeper or assistant were more appropriate, particularly in view of his earlier failure in that capacity. It was therefore directed that Mr Marsden should be considered by the Council and employed in accordance with the instructions given in the said eighth paragraph, or otherwise remain in his existing position. It was further stated that the response provided concerning the store was not sufficiently full, and that superficial replies to letters would not be accepted. Greater care was required in future consideration of such matters. A similar observation was made regarding the account provided in justification, noting that two receipts sent by the packet from the Norwich differed from the general letter and the letter of reference. It was directed that clarification should be provided as to which document was to be regarded as the official register, whether the general register or the book. Interpretations Speculations |
126 | 115 | Where are the two Valleys, or Runaway of your enclosures, and in what places We Ordered you in the 43ᵈ Paragraph of our Letter by the | Inquiry was made as to the location of the two valleys or runaways associated with the enclosures, and the places in which they had been constructed, it being stated that the information provided on this matter was inadequate. Greater dissatisfaction was expressed regarding the account of works still remaining incomplete, despite many years of repeated instructions to apply the utmost diligence. It was observed that numerous ships had called at the island, and that some among them, including Mr Marsden, had been capable of offering assistance. It was considered that such persons would not only have been willing to advise, but also to supply materials such as paint, had requests been made in a proper manner. A requirement was set out for a precise draught of all fortifications on the island. This draught was to show their locations, as well as the strength of each, including the height, thickness and length of the walls, the number and size of the guns mounted upon them, and the construction of the walls in relation to the valleys, together with their extent. Any other details relevant for proper understanding were also to be included. If sufficient skilled persons were not available on the island, it was directed that a draughtsman might be sought from among the ships arriving, and encouraged to undertake the work. Care was to be taken that no copy of the draught was retained by such a person, to prevent it being used to the Company’s disadvantage. Once completed, the draught was to be sent with written explanations of the defences, and additional copies were to be transmitted by two or three separate conveyances, while one copy was to be retained locally. Any later additions or alterations to the fortifications were to be recorded with reference to this draught, so that explanations might be clearly understood. Reference was made to an earlier instruction, given in the forty-third paragraph of a letter sent by the Dorchester, that replies should be made paragraph by paragraph. It was stated that, although it had been claimed in the twenty-eighth paragraph of a letter dated 1 July that this had been done, several matters had in fact been omitted. Among these was the requirement, set out in the thirty-second paragraph, to provide a list of names and salaries. Interpretations Speculations |
127 | 116 | List of the Soldiers names, and their Monthly pay, Account of Charges We find Mr. Goodwin excepting in the Manner to part of We hope since he says, he does not Trade Clandestinately in | A requirement was set out that a full list be prepared of the soldiers’ names and their monthly pay, together with an account of the charges of the garrison, including the cost of repairing buildings, expenses relating to cattle and slaves, and all other stores contributing to the total annual charge. This account was to be prepared and sent with every opportunity of shipping, even if such opportunities occurred within less than a year, and was to cover the preceding six, eight or nine months as applicable. It was stated that failure to comply again would not be met with continued patience, particularly by those whose responsibility it was to prepare such accounts. Notice was taken that Mr Goodwin had expressed objections to part of the twenty-nine paragraphs previously issued, indicating his dissatisfaction. It was stated that he ought to have provided his reasons for doing so, as his conduct suggested some degree of fault, although he had declined to put his objections in writing. It was further stated that information had been received from reliable sources confirming this. It was acknowledged that Mr Goodwin had stated that he did not engage in clandestine trade under the names of others, and it was expressed that he would be expected to uphold this assurance. However, it was also reported that contrary information had been received, alleging that he had used the Company’s authority to monopolise several commodities and to retail them for his own benefit, to the detriment of the inhabitants. It was declared that such conduct would not be tolerated. It was further directed that the long-standing order concerning the issuing of receipts should be observed by all. Any person who refused to comply with this requirement would be liable to dismissal from the Company’s service. In light of the reports concerning Mr Goodwin’s trading activities, it was ordered that the Governor should, in future, retain control of the Company’s cash. Mr Goodwin was required to render monthly accounts of all money received and to pay the same over to the Governor. Interpretations Speculations |
128 | 117 | and that the Governour Account also Monthly in Council for his disbursemts When we hear from you, that Mr. Bazett’s Extravagancy is Having wrote you in a foregoing Paragraph about the not such as the sellers don’t part with to you, they can never be fixed to your | It was directed that the Governor should also render a monthly account in Council of all disbursements, and that accounts showing the state of the Company’s cash should be sent by every available conveyance. Concern was expressed regarding one Hoskinson, described as a vicious individual, who was reported to receive undue favour from the Governor beyond what he deserved. It was expected that such favour would cease, as it was stated that no person on the island should be permitted to oppose authority and remain unpunished, reference being made to earlier directions concerning da Costa. It was reported that both Hoskinson and da Costa were said to exercise control along the coast, acting as they pleased and possessing knowledge of matters such as consignments and consultations. An inquiry was ordered into how this situation had arisen, with instructions that it should be corrected. The Governor was to be informed that no tolerance would be given to misconduct, and that if Hoskinson again became a source of discord, as was reported to be beginning, he would be removed from the island, this serving as a formal warning. Reference was made to Mr Bazett, with an expectation that his extravagance had been corrected. It was directed that fair and impartial accounts should be given of his conduct, as well as that of others, without favour or prejudice. It was stated that, once satisfactory conduct was confirmed, further consideration would be given to his request for advancement. Reiteration was made of earlier instructions to purchase goods at the lowest possible cost. It was further directed that, in fixing the resale price of commodities, particularly liquors obtained from captains, no higher price should be set than could be sold to the inhabitants at a moderate profit. Care was to be taken not to impose excessive burdens upon the inhabitants, especially where goods had not been acquired at favourable rates, since in such cases the full cost could not reasonably be recovered through resale. Interpretations Speculations |
129 | 118 | …of the sellers don’t part with to you, they can never expect so good What the Governor says about hastening the Fortifications When those are finished, then sett about the Garden and We have issued Instructions to our several Commanders… | It was stated that, where goods had not been obtained from sellers at favourable rates, it could not reasonably be expected that they would yield a high price when all charges were considered in Europe. Dissatisfaction was expressed with the explanation given by the Governor regarding the delay in completing the fortifications. It was clarified that no fault had been found in the inability to obtain labour from ships when captains refused assistance, but rather in the decision to employ a large number of men on the garden and terrace before the fortifications had been completed. In light of repeated orders to prioritise the completion of those defences, it was considered that this work must have been neglected unless there had been insufficient labour for both tasks. It was further stated that, if captains of men of war or merchant ships had refused to lend assistance, this should have been clearly reported, including their names, so that proper notice might be taken of their conduct. The explanation that the Governor had ceased work on the garrison when danger was perceived was rejected as inadequate. It was stated that the possibility of danger or invasion ought to have been anticipated, and that timely provision should have been made in advance. It was indicated that past shortcomings were, for the moment, overlooked, but that no further cause for complaint should arise concerning negligence or delay in completing the fortifications or in postponing essential services. It was directed that, once the fortifications were completed, attention should then be turned to the garden, and such work carried out as would be useful, particularly as it had been stated that this would yield advantage. It was further noted that instructions had been issued to the Company’s commanders, although the remainder of this passage was incomplete. Interpretations Speculations |
130 | 119 | and out last year to all parts of India; and also in those now J Sone | It was stated that, in the previous year, and again in the present dispatches to all parts of India, instructions had been issued to the Company’s commanders that, on their return voyages to England, if they were directed to call at Falkland, they were to bring their ships to anchor before coming abreast of Castle Hill, identified as the southern point. It was ordered that they should not proceed beyond that point until their boats had been sent ashore to inform the Governor of the identity and ownership of their ships. This requirement was explained as arising from earlier orders given to the Governor not to permit any ship to pass that point and enter the road without first being identified. Reference was made to a previous occurrence involving the ships Queen and Dover, which had prompted these stricter measures. It had been further ordered that, if any ship attempted to disregard these instructions, the Governor was authorised to fire upon them. Commanders had also been instructed to communicate these orders to any returning Company ships or independent trading vessels accompanying them, so that no offence or misunderstanding might arise. It was noted that similar directions had been sent to several settlements in India, and it was expected that these measures would become generally known before the present instructions were received. It was therefore directed that no ship should in future be permitted to enter the road except in the prescribed manner. Should it be considered more suitable for ships to anchor at an earlier point, reasons were to be provided for such a decision. Once ships had entered the road, they were to be positioned within the protection of the island’s guns, in accordance with earlier instructions. Interpretations Speculations |
131 | 120 | Since Mr. Temple Needham proves so Useless, We don’t We read your Complaint that the Garden is in much destroy’d, We have read over Paul Graton’s Petition and not fond The like we say as to Gunner French’s request, we agree as As to the Officers bringing Liquors ashore in small parcels | It was acknowledged that Mr Temple Needham had proved so ineffective that no fault was found in his dismissal from the Company’s service, this being regarded as an example to others. It was observed that no information had been received concerning Mr Nicholls, surgeon to the ships, nor had any report been made of his conduct. It was directed that, when appointing any person to such an office, care should be taken to ensure that he was a competent practitioner, so that the island would not be left without a capable surgeon. Complaint was noted that the garden had been greatly damaged, and blame was assigned for allowing this to occur. It was expected that greater care would be taken in future, and that appropriate orders would be established and enforced to prevent further deterioration. A petition from Paul Graton was considered, but insufficient information was available to form a judgement. It was therefore directed that the matter should be determined locally, according to principles of equity and good conscience, and in a manner consistent with the interests of the Company’s service. A similar approach was directed in relation to a request made by Gunner French, with the decision to be made according to his merit, and reasons to be provided so that further consideration might be given if necessary. Attention was drawn to the practice of officers bringing small quantities of liquor ashore under the pretence of personal use, while in reality selling them. It was ordered that this abuse should be corrected without delay, and that new regulations should be established and enforced with stricter discipline. It was noted that, where long-standing custom made such practices difficult to eliminate, caution would be required. Nevertheless, concern was expressed that even such minor abuses should not be permitted to continue, and that clear enforcement would help prevent further imposition upon the Company. Interpretations Speculations |
132 | 121 | As to Captain Spanns Disrespectfull Carriage & Language, We know We understand the Hogs Increase to a great degree in the Valley In looking over the Account of Liquors sent in the Packetts - 354 | Concern was expressed regarding Captain Spann’s disrespectful conduct and language, although it was suggested that some provocation may have contributed to his behaviour, as it was considered that he would otherwise have acted more appropriately. It was stated that no concern need be felt regarding any threat to remove the flag, as such an action would not warrant complaint to the Lord High Admiral. It was indicated that the matter would be discussed with him upon his return, together with the issue of his disclosure of the Committee’s secret orders, which had been intended to remain unopened until after his departure from St Helena, so as to prevent their becoming known to any person on the island. It was noted that the harmful consequences of such disclosure were self-evident. It was reported that hogs had increased greatly in number within the valley, to the extent that they had become a nuisance through their filth, contributing to sickness among the inhabitants and causing damage to pathways by undermining them. It was directed that, if this report were confirmed, the matter should be remedied without delay by removing the animals to the countryside, even if this caused inconvenience to particular individuals, as the general good was to be given priority. Inquiry was to be made into the situation and appropriate measures taken. Review was made of the accounts of liquors sent in the packets, in which a very large expenditure was observed. Charges were noted for Fort St George, including four hundred and ninety-five gallons of Madeira brandy from October 1705 to June 1706, one thousand two hundred and fifty-three gallons of Madeira wine for nearly the whole of the year 1706, two hundred and thirty-four gallons of French brandy during that period up to May 1707, and three hundred and fifty-four gallons of Bengal arrack in the years 1705 and 1706. Interpretations Speculations |
133 | 122 | 354 gallons, We don’t understand the reason of it, nor how so much We had used to receive Yearly Accounts of your Cattle, but St. Helena is a dead Charge to us, and as you know We having gone through the Materialls particulars | A total of three hundred and fifty-four gallons was noted, and it was stated that no explanation had been provided for such consumption, nor how such a quantity could have been used with any tolerable degree of moderation. It was further stated that there was no justification for the Company bearing the cost. An account was therefore required explaining the matter, including a list of all persons in the Company’s service on the island who regularly or occasionally dined at the Company’s table, with their names, numbers and employments. A similar list was required of those maintained at the Company’s expense at the plantation, so that a judgement might be made as to whether their maintenance should continue and what constituted a reasonable level of expense. It was also directed that, whenever ships were present in the road, an account should be given of how much additional expense was thereby incurred. It was stated that reasonable expenditure would not be denied, but that excessive and wasteful spending, as appeared in the present case, could not be accepted. It was observed that annual accounts of cattle had previously been received but had recently been omitted, and it was directed that this omission should not continue. If any cattle had been killed by dogs, as had been reported in the case of some sheep, satisfaction was to be made. Quarterly accounts were also required of sheep, goats and hogs, together with a list of the Company’s slaves, both male and female, including their ages and employments. It was stated that St Helena represented a net expense to the Company, as no commerce was conducted there to offset its costs. It was therefore considered necessary that the greatest economy should be exercised, not only in preventing all forms of waste, but also in managing necessary expenses with prudence. It was noted that the principal matters contained in the letters and papers received in the packets had been addressed, and that further observations would now be added. Interpretations Speculations |
134 | 123 | The Friends of Mr. Daniel Griffith late Clerk of your Council Both these Ships Charter-party have as you will see a Clause We refer you to their Invoices and Bills of Lading for what | An application was received from the friends of Mr Daniel Griffith, formerly clerk of the Council, requesting his re-admission into the Company’s service. A note from the Governor was referred to, in which it was stated that Mr Griffith had behaved well and was considered to have reformed. It was further indicated that his name had appeared in certain writings submitted by his friends in support of his case. Reference was made to Mr Attenborough, clerk of the Council, with the expectation that he would conduct himself satisfactorily. It was determined that Mr Griffith should not be excluded, and that he should be appointed again to the Council at the usual salary. He was also to be employed from time to time in such duties as might be considered suitable, provided he remained capable. This reinstatement was made conditional upon his continued good conduct, and it was directed that, should he relapse into former habits or neglect his duties, he should be dismissed from the service. It was further stated that, in the event of his death, another person might be admitted in his place, although it was considered that a Council of four members was sufficient for managing the Company’s affairs. It was noted that the charterparties of the two ships contained clauses requiring the carriage of chalk, one vessel being bound for Bencoolen and the other for Bombay. It was directed that as much chalk as could be spared without prejudice to the island’s needs should be loaded onto them, and that this should be done promptly. The charterparties were to be returned within the packet sent with the ships. Reference was made to the invoices and bills of lading for the goods taken on board, which were to be used in accordance with prior instructions and the lists received from the island, insofar as the Committee deemed appropriate. Other ships and vessels were to remain under bond as required. It was emphasised that, since chalk was available for the production of lime, no excuse should remain for failing to complete the fortifications. Complaints had been made by captains regarding a supposed lack of stone on the island, but this was not accepted, as it was believed that sufficient stone was available, and that lime had already been prepared in several instances for construction purposes. Interpretations Speculations |
135 | 124 | ...must have sett about that work sooner, and not have neglected it We hope you look often the Directions in our Letters as in Whatsoever Questions the Governour, or any or all of you In Case any of the Goods sent you by these Ships appear | It was stated that the work ought to have been undertaken sooner and not neglected after the arrival of Mr Marsden, who was understood to possess the necessary knowledge. It was expressed that the directions contained in previous letters should be frequently consulted and treated as standing orders to be observed whenever similar occasions arose, so that repetition of reasons would not be necessary. Reference was made to earlier instructions concerning the speedy dispatch of the ships Westmoreland and Streete of York in continuing their outward voyage, as had been explained in relation to the East Indies. It was directed that any instructions received from Thomas Cooke, Edmund Harrison, Jonathan Andrew and Mr Joseph, or from any three of them acting together, concerning the proceedings of outward-bound ships, were to be observed as if signed by the full authority of the Company, as they had been appointed to act as a local committee for that purpose. It was further directed that, if any goods sent by these ships appeared to have suffered damage at sea, as indicated by their outward packaging, the captain was to be required to attend at their opening. The damage was to be assessed either by the Governor or by a person appointed for that purpose, and, where the goods were found to be in worse condition than when shipped, the captain was to make good the loss or provide an account of it. If the suppliers were to inform the Company of such damage, this process was to ensure proper remedy. This instruction was to be treated as a standing rule for all similar cases involving goods consigned in good order and condition. If the captain refused to compensate for the damage, he was to be required to agree upon the extent of it and to provide a written acknowledgement, a copy of which was to be sent to the Company. Interpretations Speculations |
136 | 125 | ...give three Notes of one Tenour; then send us two of them by two conveyances As to the Value of the Dollars, We think it best that Money Your Loving Freinds To Captain John Roberts Governour of By our General Letter to the then Governour and Council We have lately received Letters from the ComMarsdenof the However | It was directed that, where acknowledgements or notes were required, three copies of identical tenor were to be prepared, with two of them to be sent by separate conveyances, provided that the vessels had given notice and that all necessary actions had been completed. Consideration was given to the value of dollars, and it was stated that money should be kept as close as possible to its intrinsic value. It was therefore directed that, if no inconvenience arose, dollars should in future circulate freely at their natural value within the island. The letter concluded with an expression of goodwill, addressed to Captain John Roberts, Governor of St Helena, and to the Council there for the time being. Reference was made to a general letter dated 7 April, previously sent by the ships Westmoreland and Steel Freight, in which detailed responses had been provided to earlier correspondence, together with additional instructions, to which reference was made. It was further noted that letters had recently been received from the commanders of the ships Largoe, Arabia, Panther, Colchester, Otley Freight and Jane, then at Galle and other ports in India. In these communications, several commanders had strongly advised that further precautions should be taken concerning St Helena, which was received with concern. It was also observed that, from some packets sent either from India or from St Helena, no replies had yet been received regarding the matters previously raised. Interpretations Speculations |
137 | 126 | However We have upon Consideration of our Affairs in We have Allowed him one Hundred pounds which We hereby Confirm all the rest of You in the Stations of It has been often told us that one great reason of the | It was stated that, upon consideration of the Company’s affairs in general, a decision had been made to appoint a new Governor for the island of St Helena, following the death of Captain Poirier. Mr Roberts was appointed to that office at a salary of one hundred pounds per year, and with the rank of Major. He was described as a gentleman of considerable experience in fortification, having served in inspections of major defensive works in Flanders and along the sea coasts, as well as at the island of Minorca, where the scale of men, buildings and dangers had been significantly greater. On this basis, it was considered that his appointment would be of particular advantage, as he would be capable of directing the construction of additional works to strengthen the island’s defences and render it more secure against attack. A gratuity of one hundred and fifty pounds was granted to him in addition to his salary, to be provided upon his arrival at the island. A further sum of one hundred pounds had been advanced to him, which was to be deducted from his future salary and paid into the Company’s cash, and notice of this arrangement was given for proper accounting. It was directed that all other members of the Council were to remain in their existing positions, as they had held them during the lifetime of Governor Poirier. It was observed that reports had frequently been received indicating that one principal cause of the disturbances and insurrection at St Helena had been the fact that the late Governor had been a Frenchman, which had led the inhabitants to believe that they were governed by a foreigner rather than by one of their own nation. It was suggested that, by appointing an English governor in his place, such quarrels might be resolved and stability restored. Interpretations Speculations |
138 | 127 | Governour Roberts ...will never again be revived. We earnestly recommend to you to peruse the several Orders and What We have most urgent for, is the Speedy Compleating | It was expressed that the disturbances previously experienced would not arise again. A strong recommendation was made that all orders and directions previously issued for St Helena should be carefully reviewed and strictly observed. These were described as standing constitutions, forming the fundamental framework of governance for the island, and were to be regarded and enforced accordingly. It was acknowledged that the newly appointed Governor, Captain Roberts, might at first be unfamiliar with certain matters or possibly unfit in some respects, but it was expected that he would quickly inform himself. If any earlier orders had been issued with which he was not acquainted, it was directed that the Council should assemble and identify those that were most necessary for immediate application, particularly those essential to the circumstances of the island and the Company’s service. It was stated that this guidance was given not as a criticism of past conduct but on the assumption that all matters would be considered with due care for the Company’s interests. It was further directed that all actions should be carried out impartially and justly, according to the best judgement of those concerned. Emphasis was placed upon the urgent necessity of completing the fortifications at St Helena without further delay. It was expressed that no further complaints should arise in this regard, and that the shortcomings attributed to the late Governor’s conduct should not be repeated. It was stated that the newly appointed Governor would be furnished with the necessary support and was expected to give proper attention to the inspection and execution of these works. Interpretations Speculations |
139 | 128 | Orders &cᵃ to yeᵉ P Endeavours till they are finished, not only what is already begun, but The good Government of the Island is next to be Considered, & Whatsoever you find is for the Generall Benefit of the | It was directed that continued efforts should be applied until the fortifications were completed, not only in respect of those works already begun but also any additional works found necessary to render the island fully defensible. It was acknowledged that natural advantages had already contributed much to its defence, and it was stated that no objection would be made to the expense required to complete it, provided that such expenditure was carried out with proper economy and not wasted through negligence or lack of skill. Reliance was placed upon the judgement of Captain Roberts, and it was directed that, upon his arrival, he and the Council should immediately survey what further works were required and proceed without delay to undertake them, while also ensuring that ships were dispatched promptly to avoid demurrage. Attention was then directed to the governance of the island, which was considered of equal importance, as strong defences were essential to its survival, while good government ensured its proper functioning. It was ordered that justice should be administered impartially to all, that frequent disputes should be restrained and settled, and that those inclined to unnecessary or vexatious litigation should be discouraged. It was further directed that the inhabitants should be protected in their property, that religious observance should be properly maintained, and that virtue and morality should be promoted both by example and instruction. All forms of disorderly conduct, including debauchery, blasphemy and profaneness, were to be actively opposed. It was also directed that, where measures were identified as beneficial to the general welfare of the island, new regulations or orders might be established. For this purpose, the principal and most substantial inhabitants were to be summoned in the manner of a common council, as had previously been advised. It was indicated that a decision might be taken to establish this form of governance more permanently, and that no delay should occur in reporting upon it. Proper notice was to be given to all persons regarding the sitting of the council, which was to be held in a public place, with such notice published on two separate days, and members were to be required to attend. Interpretations Speculations |
140 | 129 | Governour Roberts, That our plantation Goods & Stock be carefully observ’d & That due care be taken for Cultivating and Improving your Yamms That all Storekeepers Accounts be Monthly & Annually in These Orders that precede which we have thought fitt to transcribe Your Loving Friends P.S. We desire Captain Poole &cᵃ would sound the harbour and find | It was directed that the plantation goods and stock should be carefully managed and improved. A yearly account was to be sent detailing the number of slaves and the manner of their employment, together with the quantities of cattle of all kinds, including bulls, cows, steers, yearlings, calves and ewes, as well as poultry and their increase. It was further ordered that proper care should be taken in cultivating and improving yams and falls, for the benefit of the tables on the island and for supplying ships. It was also required that all storekeepers’ accounts should be reviewed both monthly and annually in consultation, and recorded in books. In addition, all entries relating to water and other resources were to be honestly and diligently inspected and managed with the same care as if they were private property. It was stated that the preceding orders had been set out in full for the observation of the Governor and Council, and that compliance with them, as with earlier instructions, would demonstrate diligence and contribute to their own advantage. It was noted that ships outward bound, when dispatched early, would ordinarily benefit from favourable winds and proceed without hindrance. The letter concluded with an expression of goodwill, dated 5 May 1708. A postscript directed that Captain Poole should survey the harbour to determine the most suitable place for ships to anchor. It was further ordered that appropriate positions for batteries should be identified, so that they might provide full protection, and that the great guns should be placed in locations best suited to meet all requirements. Additions to these defences were to be made from time to time as necessary. Interpretations Speculations |
141 | 130 | Our Governour & Council We the Court of Directors of the United Company of First concerning Shipping sent out and | A review was undertaken by the Court of Directors of the United Company of Merchants of England trading in the East Indies of the condition of the factory at St Helena, together with the various packets and letters previously received. Particular reference was made to earlier letters dated 7 April and 5 May 1708, as well as to additional correspondence, including that of 5 July 1708 from the Governor and Council and others, 26 July by the Clements, 16 March by the Dispatch, and 25 June 1707 by the Return Starr of Warwick. Consideration was also given to two separate letters from Governor Roberts dated 31 December 1707 and 14 April following. It was stated that responses were now being provided to matters not previously fully answered, together with further directions. These instructions were to be regarded as standing orders, remaining in force unless altered by necessity, by changes in peace conditions, or by considerations of the Company’s interest. In any such case of alteration, the change was to be formally recorded in a book so that a permanent record might be maintained both locally and for the Company. It was further directed that a careful system of record-keeping should be maintained, organised under distinct headings. These were to include shipping, goods, stores, Company revenues, accounts, fortifications, buildings, the garrison, stores and affairs, and the government of the island. Any additional matters of importance not fitting within these categories were to be recorded separately under appropriate headings. It was then indicated that the first subject to be addressed would concern shipping sent out and returned. Interpretations Speculations |
142 | 131 | It has pleased God that the following Ships have arrived since December The Ships designed to all parts of India this Year are as The Blenheim about 550 Tuns Captᶜᵗ Abraham Creswick to return to The Rochester 330 Tuns Captᶜᵗ Jonathan Trott for Cormandel & Bencoolen | It was reported that several ships had arrived since December last. The Rochester had reached the River Ganges in January, the Blenheim had later arrived at Batavia, and the Jennings Galley had returned from Bencoolen to England, reaching the Downs in May. The Kent had also arrived from the Bay in January, as noted in a postscript, while in March the Heathcote Frigate had reached Bombay, and the Queen had arrived in August. No recent intelligence had been received concerning the Lascelles and the Queenborough from the Bay, nor had the Armstrong, the Lowe, or the Bombay yet arrived. Information had been received from Nicholas White and Captain Jago that the Lascelles had been in company with the Vulture sloop and the South Key, and had arrived at Batavia in November. From that point, it was feared that misfortune had occurred. No certain news had been obtained regarding the Lascelles, although mention had been made of a shipwreck involving an English vessel in the Straits of Sunda. It was reported that the vessel had struck or been driven ashore during its passage between Holland and Batavia, and that all the crew, except the doctor, had died. Some wreckage had been found at sea, although details of the exact time and place remained unclear. In the absence of confirmed information, it was hoped that the worst outcome was that the Lascelles had merely lost its voyage. It was further stated that the ships intended for dispatch to various parts of India during that year included the Blenheim, of about five hundred and fifty tons, under Captain Abraham Creswick, bound for Surat and then to return, which had been at Spithead and was expected to have sailed with convoy. The Rochester, of three hundred and thirty tons under Captain Jonathan Trott, was bound for the Coromandel Coast and Bencoolen. The Arminger Galley, of two hundred and fifty tons under Captain Saunder Hyde, was intended for the Coromandel Coast and Ceylon, together with other destinations. Interpretations Speculations |
143 | 132 | The King William galley 400 Captᶜᵗ Richard Webster for the Bay All the above Ships are arrived at the Ware ready to proceed for We hear Governours and friends hastening the Return of the Continue to desire us as all occasions when our Ships | It was reported that additional ships had been prepared for service to India, including the King William Galley of four hundred tons under Captain Richard Webster for the Bay, the Nymog of four hundred and fifty tons under Captain Samuel Goodman, the Good Bonaventure of four hundred and fifty tons under Captain Hugh Sayman, the Royston of five hundred tons under Captain Joseph Taylor, and the Beaumont of five hundred and fifty tons under Captain Richard Newill, intended for the Coast and the Bay, but first for the Coast. Further vessels included the Streatham of five hundred and fifty tons under Captain George Cornhill for the Coromandel Coast, the Prince Eugène of five hundred and fifty tons under Captain Daniel Wetherall for Surat and Bencoolen, the Sherborne of three hundred tons under Captain Edward Pestley, and the Doddington of five hundred and fifty tons under Captain James Power, intended for Europe and then onward to Bombay. It was stated that all these ships had arrived at the place of loading and were ready to proceed to the Downs, except for the Prince and Catherine, which were expected to arrive there shortly. Concern was expressed regarding efforts to hasten the return of the Royston, and it was directed that proper care should be taken to ensure her safe dispatch and that sufficient reasons should be provided when fixing the time in the charterparty. Reference was made to earlier correspondence concerning the handling and discharge of cargo, including the case of the Steel Freight, where proper unloading procedures were considered fundamental. It was suggested that silence or lack of reporting might indicate disapproval or uncertainty in such matters, and it was directed that established practices and standing instructions for ships sent to St Helena should be followed to ensure timely dispatch. It was further directed that regular communication should be maintained, with reports to be sent on all occasions when Company ships arrived. Interpretations Speculations |
144 | 133 | ...arrived and Depart from St. Helena, and any other matters relating hereto Your Cautions towards Capt. Fenner for the reasons mentioned in You did ill to long to await answering of Capt. Dennis in the We approve of your Survey on the Aurengzeble, & of any Secondly Concerning Goods and Stores from England What Honour done by Ships Arrived beyond the Service and Extent of | It was directed that regular accounts should be provided of ships arriving at and departing from St Helena, together with any other related matters, including all intelligence received concerning Company ships from other regions. Approval was given to the caution exercised towards Captain Fenner, it being considered prudent for the reasons previously stated in the orders. However, it was stated that there had been fault in delaying a response concerning Captain Dennis of the ship Union, who had been responsible for the loss of two soldiers in the year 1704. It was observed that, owing to the length of time that had passed, the continuation of the voyage and the death of the captain, any inquiry into the matter had effectively lapsed. It was therefore directed that, in future, no Company ship should be permitted to carry away soldiers or slaves without proper authority. A report was required at the first opportunity identifying which ships had been present at the island at that time, together with any suspicions and the reasons for them. Where substantial evidence existed, it was to be presented before the Council so that responsibility might be determined, and any resulting losses would be charged accordingly. Approval was expressed of the survey conducted on the Aurengzeble, and of the commission that had been granted, recorded in the packet and entered into the books. It was stated that no harm had resulted either to the vessels or to the Company, and that, on the contrary, some benefit might arise. It was further noted that arrangements had been made for several vessels to supply returning ships as required. Attention was then directed to the subject of goods and stores received from England or from India. It was stated that the extent to which ships arriving had fulfilled the needs of the service would be made clear by the information provided, and that this was to be considered in relation to the requirements of the island. Interpretations Speculations |
145 | 134 | Orders &cᵃ to yeᵉ Ship Desire as far as the Ships could take them in, but was not satisfyed to We are also much concerned that you should take Sixty four Jars The Note that you wrote about Madeira Wine & Brandy | It was observed that the quantities of goods requested could only be supplied so far as ships were capable of taking them, and dissatisfaction was expressed with the most recent demand, which had included one hundred and fifty tons of arrack and two hundred tons of sugar, together with other items considered unreasonable. It was suggested that the Governor, Captain Roberts, may have been encouraged in making such demands by the belief that freights could be fulfilled by returning ships, particularly by loading vessels entirely with arrack. It was clarified that freight arrangements were not bound by any such specific covenant in the charterparty, nor were ships to be loaded solely with particular goods, except where directed, such as placing cargo safely in the bread room or other available spaces. Concern was expressed that sixty-four jars of arrack had been taken from returning ships, and it was stated that, had more been available, it appeared that all would have been removed. No sufficient reason or necessity for this action could be identified, and it was not accepted as a reasonable justification. The explanation that the ship had been shifting sailors at the time was considered inadequate, as it would not have affected the availability of the arrack for its intended purpose. It was noted that additional quantities had been received from Batavia, including seven barrels and more than seventy jars obtained through Matthew, a significant portion of which had been loaded onto a return freight, despite the existence of chartered China ships. It was questioned whether all such goods were intended to be returned in this manner. It was stated, however, that the Company’s general orders to all parts of India remained unchanged. It was further noted that information provided regarding the supply of Madeira wine and brandy had been useful. It was approved that notice should be given whenever stores of any kind were insufficient in quantity or quality, or when they could be obtained at favourable rates. It was directed that this practice should be continued, with detailed accounts provided in such cases. Interpretations Speculations |
146 | 135 | In the 4ᵗʰ Paragraph of the Letter of the 30ᵗʰ December, You say We shall Advise to Bombay of the Freights of the Arracks | It was reported that, in the fourth paragraph of the letter dated 30 December, it had been stated that there were twenty-seven servants maintained at the upper table and eighteen at the lower, in addition to slaves and black convicts employed for public works and other improvements. It was further stated that the daily expense could not be less than four jars, equivalent to four gallons of arrack per day when no ship was in the road. This level of consumption was considered, as noted by Nicholls, to be extravagant and unnecessary, and it was declared that such expenditure was not approved. It was indicated that this had not previously been allowed, and that the explanation given was insufficient, particularly in relation to the number of persons said to form the constant daily household, which was given as forty-five. Doubt was expressed as to how such a number could be justified, and it was stated that a clearer judgement could be made once their names were provided. It was stated that no objection would be made to the Governor providing occasional allowances of arrack to those employed, particularly when engaged in work or as a form of encouragement, but that this required careful supervision. It was expected that proper management and experience would ensure that such provisions were controlled and accounted for in accordance with established orders. It was further stated that advice would be sent to Bombay regarding the freight of arrack carried by returning ships, and that orders would be repeated at Mocha to prevent goods presently in the road from being diverted improperly to the Bay. It was suggested that there may have been excessive quantities handled, and that arrack and rum should be examined to determine whether the casks were full or whether adulteration had occurred through the addition of water. It was directed that, if cause were found, further action should be taken accordingly, although the remainder of the instruction was incomplete. Interpretations Speculations |
147 | 136 | ...cause of Complaint on other Account. Prove it to the Captain, and When we have opportunity, We shall consider your desires We have considered your desires for a liberty to take Merchants And if you are in necessity of Arrack, take not of your own | It was directed that, if any cause for complaint arose in relation to goods or accounts, the matter should be proved to the captain, and a report sent explaining both his response and the circumstances of the case, so that proper judgement might be made upon inquiry. It was stated that, when opportunity allowed, consideration would be given to the requests made concerning trade, both by private traders and by the Company itself. Notice was taken that one hundred and forty gallons of wine had been purchased, and it was observed that care had been taken to manage or conserve it. A request for permission to obtain supplies from outward-bound ships for the service of the island was considered, and approval was granted with limitations. It was permitted that cloth of suitable kinds might be taken from Company ships where necessary for household use or for clothing, including coarse materials for outer garments, provided that such use was for the service of the island. This was restricted to no more than five or six bales in a year. It was also permitted that cables and similar materials required for work or station use might be taken, with identification to be made by the marks recorded in the bills of lading, and with the captains instructed to provide guidance in this regard. Further allowance was made for the taking of necessary stores intended for Company use, including sugar or sugar candy for the Governor’s use. However, it was directed that, in cases of need for arrack, it should not be taken without consultation with the captains of the ships, except in the case of returning vessels which had been specifically ordered to carry such freight in greater quantity. The remainder of this instruction was incomplete. Interpretations Speculations |
148 | 137 | ...or any other Goods, that you shall have occasion for which the Ships have, We observe Governour Roberts took out of the Steel Frigatt one As to your supplying the Ships with Beef, We have given our Strictly | It was permitted that, where ships carried goods required for the island, small quantities might be taken for the use of the inhabitants, provided that such goods were accounted for and their value returned in due course. Care was to be taken that these goods were disposed of to the Company’s advantage, at a suitable profit, and properly entered into the accounts. It was observed that Governor Roberts had taken one hundred pounds from the Steel Frigate, and this action was not approved, as it had been done without proper consideration or authorisation. It was stated that such withdrawal of cash by private means could not be accepted, and it was directed that no money should in future be taken from outward-bound ships under any pretext without proper authority. Reference was made to earlier directions concerning the supply of beef to ships, as set out in the thirty-second paragraph of the general letter dated 7 April 1708. It was directed that, in accordance with charterparty agreements, captains should be supplied at a price below the market rate where appropriate. Consideration was to be given to the fact that the island’s own stock of cattle was increasing, and that exports should be managed so as to preserve that stock. Discretion was to be exercised in determining whether to supply at charterparty rates or otherwise, depending on what could reasonably be borne, with the aim of maintaining fair dealing, avoiding disputes, and preserving good relations with those involved, to the honour and benefit of the Company. Interpretations Speculations |
149 | 138 | Thirdly touching our Servants and Under this head we shall consider our Slaves, Land, We observe in yours of the 31ˢᵗ October 1707 that Governour You must continue to send us quarterly an Account of your We find great Sums of money paid for the Subsistance of You did well to Punish William Martin’s Black Boy | Attention was directed to the condition of the Company’s servants and soldiers, together with the general accounts of St Helena. Under this consideration, matters relating to slaves, land, cattle and provisions were included, and responses were provided to the relevant parts of the most recent letters. Reference was made to a letter dated 31 October 1707, in which Governor Roberts had referred back to an earlier date of 8 September, stating that the returns sent were consistent with later submissions and with the particular entries recorded. It was indicated that this correspondence could be accepted, provided that future consistency was maintained. It was directed that quarterly accounts should continue to be sent detailing cattle and all provisions held in store, together with information on shipments, so that these might be examined against supporting vouchers. It was expected that proper management of herds would be exercised, as uncertainty had been expressed regarding how they were being used and whether they were disposed of to the Company’s best advantage. Concern was expressed at the large sums expended on the subsistence of English personnel, slaves and Company servants. It was expected that those discharged from service should be more usefully employed, and that care should be taken to ensure that no persons remained idle or engaged in work of little importance beyond what was necessary for the cultivation of the island. Approval was given to the punishment inflicted upon William Martin’s slave boy for breaking open the storehouse, it having been ordered that he should labour for two years in order to make restitution. It was noted that he was physically capable of performing such labour, whether in agricultural work or in tasks connected with the forts and other works. It was stated that such punishment constituted a just response to a general offence and was consistent with proper discipline. Interpretations Speculations |
150 | 139 | Abroad Frigatts ...Employ as at the best of yours; but it seems to us absolutely Necessary that The Account given in the 15ᵗʰ Paragraph of your aforenamed That all Letters sent by us be fairly Enter’d in a Book | It was directed that discipline should be maintained among those employed, and that, where offences occurred, severe and lasting corporal punishment should be inflicted in order to deter others. It was suggested that such punishment should be applied in a manner that would serve as a clear example, particularly in relation to offences committed in storehouses or magazines. It was stated that the account provided in the fifteenth paragraph of the earlier letter was confusing, and that no satisfaction had been obtained regarding the management of the transactions referred to in connection with the Commission of the Honourable Court of Letters. It was directed that all contributions and records relating to vessels should be properly maintained in distinct public registers, formally recorded and authenticated, and that no deficiencies should be permitted in their use or upkeep. It was noted that the paragraph in question appeared to relate particularly to the conduct of Governor Poirier, although the concern extended more broadly to the handling of records and inquiries. Information was required as to who held custody of these books and papers, together with an opinion on their management and an explanation of how officers maintained the registers. It was ordered that a consultation book should be established and securely kept in a fixed location, accessible to all members of the Council, each of whom was to hold a key. It was further directed that all letters received from the Company should be carefully entered into a dedicated book, thoroughly examined, and preserved to guard against the loss of originals. The original documents were also to be securely retained, and made available for inspection by any member of the Council as required. Each item was to be properly recorded, returned to the clerk after review, and stored in the appropriate repository. Interpretations Speculations |
151 | 140 | That all Leases, Wills, Surveys or Alienation of Land That you enter in a Book apart where your orders took The Advice of all Bills of Exchange drawn payable to us We Observe the Hospitalls is finished, and crave every We have paid Mr. Watchorne’s Attorney to Mr. Turnbull on The... | It was directed that all leases, wills, surveys, alienations and grants of land, together with consultations and all other public writings or instruments, should be properly entered into parchment-bound registers prepared for that purpose. Three such books were to be maintained with care, including one containing the original documents, which were to be securely lodged and preserved so that the Honourable Company might have recourse to them on all proper occasions. It was further directed that a separate book should be kept recording the dispatch of orders and their transmission, including entries relating to charterparties made with merchants. It was also required that financial matters be clearly recorded, including the settlement of a debt amounting to fourteen pounds, eight shillings and eight pence. It was reiterated that advice of all bills of exchange, whether drawn by or payable to the Company, must continue to be provided in accordance with earlier instructions. It was noted that the hospital had been completed, and that all commissioners on the island had an interest in it. Difficulty had been experienced in maintaining staff due to mortality and the need to provide for their replacement, including the provision of additional equipment such as a table. The matter had been left for consideration, and it was stated that no final determination could be made until further advice was received, together with the reasons for any proposed course of action. It was reported that a payment of fifty pounds had been made to Mr Turnbull, acting as attorney for Mr Watchorne, in accordance with his request. It was further directed that, so long as Mr Watchorne continued to perform his duties satisfactorily, he should be allowed one-eighth part in accordance with his agreement, this being intended both as encouragement and as established practice. Interpretations Speculations |
152 | 141 | The Allowance you have sent being lost, there is no entry for out to The Indian Stores bespake in the Treasury which Governour Roberts We have revised the Account of Garrison and Fortification During this Year We cannot supply you with Blacks from Governour Roberts warranty to Mr. Wingate when he We send you a Return We have given Directions at large Fownthly | It was stated that an allowance previously sent had been lost, and that, as a consequence, no entry had been made to clear earlier dues, including those recorded as twenty-nine in relation to Jackson and Mr Draper. It was further indicated that, in the absence of proper records, such accounts could not be settled through contracts relating to freight on returning ships. Reference was made to Indian stores that had been entered in the treasury and taken by Governor Roberts, together with their contents as stated by him. It was directed that a full inquiry should be made to determine whether any written order or proper authority had been given for this action, or whether any formal process had been followed. It was noted that the accounts of garrison and fortification charges had been reviewed. It was further stated that, during the present year, no additional slaves could be supplied from Madagascar, and it was therefore expected that those already on the island should be used sparingly in the work of the fortifications. Objection was raised to a warrant issued by Governor Roberts in favour of Mr Wingate, it being considered unjustified in the absence of proper authority or explanation in his correspondence. It was stated that such conduct might be regarded as a form of mismanagement by the Council and as indicative of repeated breaches of proper procedure. It was further stated that instructions had been issued concerning the reassignment of Company servants to other stations, and that these were to be carefully observed. It was noted that earlier directions had not always been properly recorded or followed, and it was therefore emphasised that all such orders, whether previously issued or newly given, were to be regarded as standing instructions and entered accordingly in the records. Interpretations Speculations |
153 | 142 | Fourthly touching our Fortifications We observe that our Governour Captain Roberts has allowed us He says the sum of Guns at Chaplain appears to him too long He adds that the Sum of Guns at the Lot or Chaplain Galley | Attention was directed to the condition of the fortifications, buildings and garrison stores. It was observed that Governor Captain Roberts had provided plans that were considered clear and detailed, and that more than forty gun carriages had been prepared, exceeding what had been expected for that year. It was also noted that additional works had been undertaken, although these had not been fully explained or clearly demonstrated in relation to the total number and strength of the defences. It was indicated that further clarification would be required, particularly through correspondence from captains visiting the island, in order to assess the effectiveness of these works. Reference was made to the battery at Banks, which was described as being situated at a considerable height, such that it was not capable of causing harm to ships directly, whether in combat or at anchor in that position. It was also stated that the number of guns placed at Chapel appeared excessive for the purpose of defence and supply, and that some of them had been positioned too far from where they were needed. It was further observed that the number of guns at the Lot or Chapel Gully was sufficient to secure as many Company ships as could conveniently anchor there, provided that they were properly positioned and secured. It was recommended that the guns should be carefully arranged and coordinated, ensuring that ships could be anchored effectively in all directions and brought into proper alignment with the defences. It was suggested that, by adjusting anchors and securing ships appropriately to the shore, they could be brought quickly into position to provide effective coverage of the designated area. The remainder of this passage was incomplete. Interpretations Speculations |
154 | 143 | ...part of the Fort Guns, the Guns of the Line, and also be able to do service We saw Governour Roberts Proposal to make a Fort cast down | The disposition and employment of the fort guns were considered, including those belonging to ships of the line, which were expected to be able to serve in conjunction with the island’s defences by using their own artillery. It was directed that, where guns were to be fixed into the rocks, this should be done before the laying of cables, so that they might command the lower rocks effectively. It was observed that some of these positions were too remote to be fully convenient for such purposes, particularly if they were intended to secure a considerable number of ships, and that their placement did not appear sufficient for the intended defence. Reference was made to Governor Roberts’s proposal to construct a fort at Munden’s Point, which he considered absolutely necessary. It was explained that such a fort would command and defend the boats hauling ashore, as well as cover and protect outward-bound goods. It was further stated that no ship could enter the road of Chapel Valley without passing within half pistol-shot of Munden’s Point, making the position highly advantageous for defence if fortified. It was repeatedly emphasised that, with a fort established there, ships would be compelled to come within this close range. It was also proposed that, in addition to the fort, a battery of four or six guns should be erected at that point. These guns were to be of sufficient calibre and length to be effective at that range. It was repeatedly indicated that such a battery would ensure that any ship approaching would be brought within effective shot, and that the position would thereby be strengthened. The repeated references in the original text to this same point have been preserved in substance, reflecting the emphasis placed upon it in the manuscript. Interpretations Speculations |
155 | 144 | under the Fort, and care ſhould be taken to prevent any Miſchief We Conclude that he delivers by this time the Fort on Munden We hint to you theſe things in yeᵉ fear, they may be of guidance to We leave it therefore to our Roberts Prudence to direct Your Loving Friends London the 11ᵗʰ January 1709. Orders and Inſtructions given by To Capt. Benjamin Boucher Governor of our Island | It was observed that positions beneath the fort required attention, and that care should be taken to prevent any danger or damage arising from that quarter. It was concluded that the fort at Munden’s Point would by this time have been taken or secured, if it could be done without bloodshed. These observations were offered as guidance, to be applied in the course of broader inquiries into all matters affecting the safety and interests of the English nation on the island. Particular emphasis was placed upon strengthening the fort and the settlement, so that all Company ships calling there might be protected from enemy attack, and that the island itself might be secured against any hostile attempts. Responsibility was left to the prudence of Governor Roberts to examine the condition of the great guns, especially in view of the expectation that further supplies would be received by the ship Bowden. It was stated that no further remarks would be made at that time, and the letter concluded with an expression of goodwill, dated 11 January 1709. It was further recorded that formal orders and instructions had been issued by the Court of Directors of the United Company of Merchants trading to the East Indies, addressed to Captain Benjamin Boucher as Governor of St Helena, together with Mr George Hutchinson as second of Council, Mr John Rocke as third, Mr Daniel Griffith as fourth, and Mr Matthew Bazett as fifth and last member of the Council. Interpretations Speculations |
156 | 145 | We the said Court of Directors having thought fitt to appoint On your arrival at St. Helena and taking upon you the If such Compilation appear defective, if any others of them have been These Orders you must from time to time Observe & take | The Court of Directors of the United Company of Merchants trading to the East Indies declared that they had appointed and established the Governor and Council of St Helena as previously named, and that a commission under their seal had been granted to the Governor, to be publicly proclaimed upon his arrival in the customary manner. Trust and confidence were placed in their fidelity, zeal, conduct and judgement in performing the duties entrusted to them, both in general service of the Company and in their respective offices. Upon arrival at St Helena and assumption of their several responsibilities, careful examination was required of all letters and instructions issued by former Governors, as well as those sent by the Court of Managers or the Court of Directors. Extracts were to be prepared in abstract form, with the number and contents of each distinct letter and of each separate paragraph recorded. These extracts were to be entered into the appropriate books according to their subject, following the established arrangement, beginning with the most material and recent dates. By this method, a clear view would be obtained of the succession of orders and any alterations made over time, thereby guiding the proper conduct of the Company’s affairs. Where any such compilation appeared incomplete, or where letters had been neglected or mislaid, immediate correction was required. All defects and alterations were to be carefully observed and properly recorded so that no part of the instructions remained unaccounted for. Continual observance of these orders was required, and they were to be treated as the governing rule of the island, serving as its effective law so long as they remained in force. Interpretations Speculations |
157 | 146 | events there must daily beform unto it being a proper badge used If at any time hereafter the Court of Directors of the The aforesaid Laws generally was in the late of the If any of the Orders seem only of a temporary Nature | It was stated that the established orders and laws were to be observed continually in daily practice, serving as the governing rule of the settlement, in the same manner as was customary in other foreign plantations, where such authority provided the framework for regulating those residing within the colony. Each person named under the Company’s commission was to regard their office as a duty formally entrusted to them, carrying responsibility for governance in accordance with these laws. Provision was made that, if the Court of Directors should at any time establish new laws or rules, these were likewise to be entered, recorded and observed in the same manner as those already issued, so that they might form part of the continuing body of governance. Reference was made to the earlier authority under which the island had been governed, namely the Governor and Company of Merchants of London trading to the East Indies, who had been the former proprietors. It was stated that their rights had since been transferred to the present United Company of Merchants of England trading to the East Indies. In consequence, it was directed that, in all official matters, the name or designation of the present Company should be used in place of that of the former Company, wherever it had previously appeared in laws or records. Allowance was made for cases in which certain orders might be considered temporary in nature, or rendered unnecessary by changes in circumstances. In such instances, permission was granted to suspend their execution, but only until further instruction was received. A full account was to be provided explaining the reasons for such suspension, including the considerations that led to the judgement that the order was no longer useful, and any potential harm that might arise from its continued enforcement. Interpretations Speculations |
158 | 147 | That all people who are to be under the Obligation of & own Before we come to Answer the Letters received from St. As to our shipping sent upon our business, that you give them | It was directed that all persons subject to the laws should be made fully aware of them, so that they might better understand their obligations and be more effectively governed. For this purpose, the laws were to be properly collected and publicly proclaimed at fixed intervals. Notice was to be given regularly, either once every fortnight or at least quarterly, and these proclamations were to take place in the church after divine service. The Governor and Council were to ensure that, after each quarter day, a list of sentences was publicly read in the same setting, following the conclusion of the service and before the sermon. In like manner, all matters of importance and public concern were to be proclaimed on appointed days, including at quarter sessions, with due and timely notice given beforehand. Before addressing the letters received from St Helena, and those contained in the general correspondence sent by the Nassau, it was stated that a summary account would be provided outlining what was expected in the regular exercise of the authority entrusted to the Governor and Council. In relation to ships sent on the Company’s business, it was required that they should be given the utmost expedition in their dispatch, both from St Helena and onward to India. It was emphasised that the Company incurred expense through the tonnage charged for any delay while ships remained at the island. It was therefore directed that, upon the arrival of inward-bound ships, their dispatch should be completed without delay, and that no unnecessary detention should occur. It was noted that captains might otherwise attribute delays to the actions of the Governor and Council, and that complaints had been made in such cases. It was therefore required that clear procedures be followed, ensuring that each ship’s business was completed promptly and efficiently, so that no cause for grievance or dispute might arise. Interpretations Speculations |
159 | 148 | professing wherein their Dilatoriness or unwillingness consisted in Such of our Ships as shall touch at St. Helena homeward As to goods sent from England towards St. Helena - you As to the Gunners Stores be must Account to you | Care was required to be taken in identifying any delay or unwillingness in the dispatch of ships, with a clear account to be given of the causes affecting each vessel, so that responsibility might be properly assigned and not attributed generally to the ships themselves, thereby avoiding unnecessary charges of demurrage. It was directed that all dispatches should be prepared in readiness for the exact time of sailing, and that ships should not be detained for loading or unloading beyond the time ordinarily required for vessels of similar size and cargo. A constant record of such matters was to be maintained. Ships touching at St Helena on their homeward voyage were to be treated with particular expedition, so that their departure for England might be hastened in accordance with established practice. Traders aboard such ships were to remain under strict regulation unless specific orders were received to the contrary. It was also noted that all ships operated under particular contractual directions, issued by the Committee of Secrecy, which governed their conduct. With regard to goods sent from England to St Helena, responsibility was placed upon the whole Council to ensure that the storekeeper followed their directions in disposing of them. Detailed lists were to be made of every parcel, including the quantity, identifying marks, condition, prices and contents. Vigilance was required to prevent any embezzlement, damage or spoilage while the goods remained in store, and sufficient time was to be taken to inspect them properly. In respect of the gunner’s stores, it was required that regular accounts be rendered to the Council, at least monthly or more frequently if necessary, detailing all goods held under his charge and their condition. Interpretations Speculations |
160 | 149 | appointed and what remains to follow your Orders as to the disposal of As to our Servants and Labour and Slaves, You must take the Our General Accounts must be sent Yearly and require the The finishing and preserving the Fortification & necessary We the Orders last year by the Nassau signed that you | It was directed that all appointed persons should act in accordance with orders concerning the disposal of goods, and that care should be taken to prevent any unnecessary excess or waste in their handling. Responsibility was placed upon the Governor and Council to ensure that all servants, labourers and slaves were assigned to proper employments, and that each performed their duties with fidelity and diligence under their supervision. It was required that all such persons be usefully employed in tasks suited to the proper execution of their respective roles, and that none should remain idle. Discretion was allowed in matters where no specific appointment or assignment had been prescribed, so that the Governor and Council might determine the most appropriate allocation of duties according to circumstances. It was required that general accounts be prepared and transmitted annually, timed to coincide with the return of the summer ships from India to St Helena, which usually occurred about the month of May. These accounts were to be balanced to 25 March each year, in accordance with a recently established by-law, and failure to comply with this requirement was stated to incur a significant penalty upon those responsible. Attention was again directed to the completion and maintenance of the fortifications and necessary buildings, which were to remain under the oversight of the island’s government. It was expected that proper care would be taken to ensure that these works were carried out and preserved effectively, as circumstances and necessity required. Reference was made to earlier orders sent by the Nassau, by which it had been directed that all letters and instructions relating to the government and Council of St Helena should be arranged under distinct headings and recorded accordingly, forming a systematic and organised body of records. Interpretations Speculations |
161 | 150 | being proper for your Understanding, but wherein the papers stand, do have And first Concerning Shipping sent Since our said Letter by the Nassau’s Freight it has | Direction was given that the arrangement of records should be clearly understood, and that where papers were organised under distinct headings, the corresponding books should be marked in larger lettering than the rest of the writing, so that they might be easily identified and grouped together. A summary was to be entered alongside each letter, stating the subject and the manner in which it had been complied with, and the same method was to be followed in preparing responses. Particular reference was made to a letter dated 16 January, concerning orders for the island sent in a packet following the return of the Windsor on 1 December 1708. These matters were to be carefully examined, especially those relating to the inspection and handling of goods and commodities. It was required that answers be provided paragraph by paragraph to that letter and to all future correspondence, with clear notice taken of all instructions received. Any promises, resolutions or intended actions contained in such letters were to be recorded, so that none might be overlooked or forgotten. Attention was then directed to the subject of shipping sent out and returned. Since the earlier letter conveyed by the Nassau’s Freight, it was reported that several ships had arrived safely. The Deptford, Monmouth, Shaftesbury, Doddington and Windsor were stated to have reached the River Thames at the beginning of March. The Heathcote and Kent had arrived from the Coast, while the Herron and Barkham had come from the Bay, and the Northumberland from Bencoolen. These vessels were described as belonging to the most recent dispatches, having arrived within the expected season, with some reference made to timing at the Cape and departures earlier in the year, including movements noted in August and September. These arrivals were regarded as favourable, contributing to recovery from previous losses and improving the condition of the Company’s shipping affairs. Interpretations Speculations |
162 | 151 | Wentworth from Bombay having met with the Men of War appointed to look The Ships taken up for all parts of India this Season (some The Windsor - 200 Tōns, ordinary Tonnᵞ for Mocha who sail’d The Snowdan - 100 Tōns, George Cooke for Cordon and the Coast The Pelter - 300 Tōns, Charles Keene for Cordon and home The Dartmouth - 400 Tōns, Thomas Beekford The London - 150 Tōns, Joseph Upton for Mocha & India (his 2ᵈ time) | An account was given of further ships, noting that the Wentworth, sailing from Bombay, had encountered the men-of-war appointed to protect her and had safely arrived at Spithead in September. It was reported that the Cantho and Leyden had parted company with her on the Coast shortly afterwards, and that the commodore had since removed certain commanders from their ships. It was further stated that the Shaftesbury, from Bombay, and the Nathaniel, from Bencoolen and China, were reported on 26 and 27 January to be still abroad. No news had been received of the Richmond, giving rise to concern for her safety. A list was then provided of ships employed for voyages to various parts of India during that season, some of which had been taken up or supplied for those services, including voyages to the Bay. These ships had sailed from England beginning on 27 August of the previous year. The Windsor, of 200 tons burden, intended for Mocha, had sailed from Spithead on 20 December. The Snowdan, of 100 tons, commanded by George Cooke for Cordon and the Coast, had sailed on 1 January. The Pelter, of 300 tons, under Charles Keene for Cordon and homeward service, had also sailed on 1 January. The Dartmouth, of 400 tons, commanded by Thomas Beekford, was listed among them. The Avengeable, of 450 tons, under Edward Stacey for the Coast and Bay, and the Avondale, of 500 tons, under Robert Hurst, had both sailed on 27 January. The London, of 150 tons, commanded by Joseph Upton for Mocha and India, on his second voyage, was included. The Derby, of 150 tons, under Thomas Walton for the Bay, the Jane, of 180 tons, under John Austin for the Fort and Bencoolen, the Sedlington, of 250 tons, under James Dine, and the Richmond, of 250 tons, under Francis Simes for the Fort and Bencoolen, were likewise recorded. Interpretations Speculations |
163 | 152 | The Shepherd - 400 Tōns, James Peet The Derby was drove back by a Storm, which did so Damage Which Number & Quantity of Tonnage upon our own two Ships We Cannot parting Assure you, that we are to pay for each | A further list of ships was provided, including the Shepherd of 400 tons commanded by James Peet, the Mandequeen of 350 tons under James Slade for Bombay, and the Heathcote of 400 tons under Joseph Watson. It was reported that the Derby had been driven back by a storm, suffering damage to her sails while outward-bound with other ships, and was then lying at Spithead awaiting a convoy together with the Jane. All other ships were stated to be in the Downs, except the Heathcote, which was still loading in the River. The total number and tonnage of these vessels, together with two Company ships and others fitted out for outward voyages, were stated to amount to 8200 tons. Their bills of lading and charterparties were said to be included within their respective packets. It was noted that additional goods would have been sent had the ships been able to receive them. Attention was again drawn to the expense incurred by the Company through demurrage arising from the detention of ships, as well as the continuing cost of maintaining them while delayed. It was therefore required that all orders previously issued should be strictly observed, and that every effort be made to dispatch ships within the allotted time, avoiding unnecessary delay or damage that might lead to further demurrage charges. Reference was made to earlier detailed instructions on this matter, including those contained in the letter sent by the Dartmouth dated 29 January and conveyed back by the Heathcote. It was further stated that the demurrage of a particular ship had been calculated and settled in July 1710, based on the minutes of consultation dated 10 May 1710. Upon examination of the protest relating to that case, it was found that the demurrage had been justly assessed for a period of eighteen days required for unloading, the delay having been caused by adverse conditions of surf and wind before the Heathcote had taken on board the goods from the Company’s factory. Interpretations Speculations |
164 | 153 | to get them a Same; they shoud have Considered the Charterpartys Covenant And because it may happen there may be some Accedents that Revise and leave the Directions in form as stated for | Consideration was directed to the terms of the charterparty, by which it was stipulated that a ship should be allowed demurrage only for the time she was detained in unloading beyond ten working days. Such detention was to be charged to the Company only where it properly arose on their account. It was specified that, if the captain failed to provide sufficient boats, neglected to employ all available means, did not proceed with the utmost dispatch including work at night, or allowed any day or part of a day to pass without proper labour, then no demurrage ought to be paid, as the delay would be attributable to his own conduct. It was further observed that victualling, fitting out or employing the ship for the owners’ purposes, or for any purpose not directly required by the Company, should not be charged to the Company’s account. Where labour was necessary, it was advised that suitable workers should be employed, as this would incur less expense than demurrage. Provision was made for unavoidable interruptions, such as bad weather or other accidents affecting the loading or unloading of ships. In such cases, it was required that a precise account be kept of each day during the period of detention, noting the nature of the delay, its cause, and its duration. Where any fault lay with the captain, this was to be clearly recorded and reported in full detail in correspondence. If the captain failed to provide adequate explanation for delays, it was directed that this omission should be expressly noted. Care was to be taken not to allow more than ten working days for unloading unless it could be clearly shown that the delay resulted directly from the captain’s fault. Final judgement on any claim for additional demurrage was reserved until the facts had been fully and accurately reported. It was directed that these instructions should be reviewed and maintained in proper form for future reference, particularly in relation to Captain Simes. Interpretations Speculations |
165 | 154 | Addressing the all Masters of Ships, not our own and others, and have your have, We every year appoint a Committee, as we take upon them the You must put in practice the Orders We have given in We have received in the Northumberland Packet an | Direction was given that all masters of ships, whether belonging to the Company or otherwise, were to be properly addressed and managed, and that a full account should be kept of their conduct, particularly where ships were not dispatched promptly upon arrival. All such matters relating to delay or irregularity were to be reported for consideration. It was stated that a committee was appointed annually to oversee the issuing of orders to all captains employed by the Company, as well as to regulate communications with overseas settlements. These orders were to remain in force for several years as standing instructions, so that governance might be conducted with consistency, rather than being subject to frequent alteration by new directions issued by the full Court. It was required that the established orders relating to ports of trade be strictly followed, particularly in matters concerning freight, both outward and homeward, so that errors and disputes might be avoided. Reference was made to information received in the Northumberland packet concerning supposed interlopers, described as new ships attempting to enter the island’s ports under a mistaken understanding of earlier orders. It was directed that such matters be clarified and regulated, so that no ambiguity should remain. It was further noted that certain goods delivered from the Northumberland had not been part of the ship’s cargo in the usual sense, but related instead to provisions, including the support of sick men, amounting to approximately four pounds and fifteen shillings. It was indicated that such expenses should properly be accounted as part of the captain’s table or provisions, for which only a limited allowance had been authorised, stated as not exceeding ten pounds and one shilling per week unless necessity required otherwise. It was acknowledged that additional expenses might arise, and that allowances could be made where justified, including provision for the maintenance of ships over a period of time, but such matters were to be carefully regulated. Interpretations Speculations |
166 | 155 | Give an entire perusal, for your future Government, if any of our Capt. Ap. Rice’s stay at St. Helena fell out what we very The Account of five very ill management contained in the packet The complaint of the Captains not passing to and fro the Ganges Secondly concerning Goods or Stores sent from We have sent on these two ships as much as we thought | Direction was given that all instructions were to be thoroughly reviewed and observed for future governance, particularly in cases where Company ships might call at St Helena. Displeasure was expressed at the conduct of Captain Ap. Rice during his stay at the island. In his account contained in the packet, he had attributed the delay to the actions of the Governor and Council, stating that he was required to proceed to Bombay and send further correspondence there. This explanation was not accepted, and blame was instead placed upon him for remaining so long without sufficient cause, especially as the Company’s goods had already been put ashore and no reasonable prospect of further business remained. It was observed that no proper protest had been made against him at the time of his delay. Notice was taken of several instances of poor management reported in the same packet concerning both Captain Rice and the Court at Bombay, and it was stated that appropriate orders would be issued to Bombay in response. Complaint was also made regarding captains failing to pass regularly to and from the Ganges, as mentioned in the packets sent by the Snow and the Northumberland. This was described as a grievance arising from irregular practice and particular exemptions, and it was suggested that it would have been better had this been remedied earlier. It was indicated that captains should ensure that their boats and cranes were made ready ashore to receive packets, so that correspondence might be promptly delivered wherever required. Attention was then directed to goods and stores sent from England or received from India. It was stated that, by the two ships then under consideration, as much of the necessary Indian stores had been sent as could be accommodated, including several casks, and that more would have been sent had the ships been able to receive them. The concluding portion of the passage was incomplete. Interpretations Speculations |
167 | 156 | The nature of stores sent outward by the Ward from England In the latter by the interlock it appears the their Council We have wrote to the Court, Bay and Bombay Council to Before you take care in recovery as that it is Debt | It was observed that the nature of stores sent outward from England differed from those returned from India, the two being contrasted in both quantity and necessity. In the latter case, it was reported that the Council in India had proposed the sending of large quantities of goods, including one hundred and fifty tons of match and one hundred tons of sugar, together with various other commodities. These demands were described as excessive, especially as the letters from India stated that such goods were already in sufficient supply, and it was noted that the packets did not comply with these requests. It was further stated that, although increased orders had recently been given for supplies to be returned from India, and additional provisions were being sent from England, such extensive demands had not previously been made. Particular attention was drawn to the requirement for gunner’s stores and ordnance, which were considered necessary for the security of the island, but which occupied a significant portion of available tonnage in any given season. It was emphasised that such provisioning could not be maintained at that scale over successive years. Efforts had been made to extend the provisioning of ships and to maintain supplies from England for a longer period, in the hope of meeting the island’s needs more effectively. Correspondence had been sent to the Courts at the Bay and at Bombay, directing them to provide additional supplies and information relating to the island, including matters concerning its coasts and lands. It was expected that a fuller and more reliable account of the island’s coastline, extending to approximately twenty leagues, would be obtained, although it was noted that such information could not be gathered all at once. Care was required to be taken in the management and recovery of stores, whether held on the island or sent on account, ensuring that they were properly accounted for and used to their best advantage. It was indicated that, where goods were well managed and properly expended, justification could be made for associated charges, in accordance with established practices in other ports, and that attention should be given to their proper disposition so that responsibility for their handling was clearly understood. Interpretations Speculations |
168 | 157 | or at least will not Intertain a Descent at from an Enemy of which none We have Consider’d the Complaints of Captains making We have Consider’d the specimen made by the Captains as We have wrote to Summon an account of all those | It was observed that the island ought to be maintained in such a condition as would prevent or discourage any attempt by an enemy to make a descent upon it, this being understood as a necessary consequence of the measures previously described. Consideration was given to complaints made by captains concerning grievances and demands relating to their wives, and reference was made to recent orders already issued on that subject. It was directed that seamen’s wives should be advised that, if they remarried, they might place themselves in a difficult situation, particularly if they lost the security previously afforded to them. It was further indicated that, where regulation or correction was required in such matters, it should be exercised with care and judgement, so as to prevent disorder or improper conduct. Reference was made to a proposal submitted by captains regarding outward supplies, and it was stated that existing orders, including those issued by the Ward Joseph, were not to be disobeyed. It was acknowledged that some reasoning had been offered in support of their request, and a clause had accordingly been inserted into the charterparties of their ships, as recorded in their books, in order to regulate such matters and prevent future disputes. It was further directed that an account should be taken of all persons who had not been properly sent with passes or who had failed to provide sufficient excuse, and that such cases should be reported. It was emphasised that no person should be accepted into service or granted authority without proper confirmation, and that all such matters should be subject to careful examination and record. It was stated that these orders would be transmitted in writing, and that, in the event of neglect, authority existed to discharge ships at the port if necessary. It was noted that this need not be repeated, as existing instructions were considered sufficient to justify such action, including the power to intercept and act upon bills of lading where required. Interpretations Speculations |
169 | 158 | sign, and your Covenants in Charterparty. So far as this Concerns you, do you observe it in the Damages Till the return of the Ships who carry this Order, make The direction in our Consideration that to help you | Reference was made to the obligations contained in charterparties, and it was directed that these should be observed in accordance with earlier instructions, particularly those conveyed by the Ward Joseph, including those relating to damages. Limits had been set on the quantity of goods that might be taken outward in a year across several ships, and it was required that these limits be followed. It was acknowledged that, where ships did not touch at all ports within a single voyage, some difficulty might arise, and pressure might be created to take in additional goods. However, it was emphasised that, if every ship were to take outward or extra goods beyond what was necessary, this would lead to excessive burden and disorder. Allowance was made that certain goods, such as clothing, ordnance or similar articles, might be taken on board in particular cases, including where people were in distress or where there was an absolute necessity for the preservation of the ship or the inhabitants of the island. In such circumstances, drafts might also be carried where required. These exceptions were to be applied cautiously and only where genuine need existed. Until the return of ships carrying these updated orders, reliance was to be placed upon the existing directions already given by the Ward or by other captains. Proper and accurate accounts were to be kept of all stores and supplies taken for repairs or freighted for use, and it was noted that such arrangements did not apply uniformly to every ship. Attention was drawn to the risk that, if goods were taken or handled improperly at various ports, additional charges such as demurrage might arise. It was therefore directed that only moderate and necessary supplies should be taken in ordinary circumstances. It was further stated that an absolute order had been issued that goods taken from England were to be strictly regulated, while those obtained from India were to be reduced in quantity and more carefully selected, so that existing stores might be preserved and made to last as long as possible. The concluding portion of the passage was incomplete. Interpretations Speculations |
170 | 159 | which you cain’t know of the other, to be taken out of our Concern, & If the Planters or other Inhabitants to whom you be lent or Since it will not Impose upon the Necessity of the People Perhaps | Allowance was made that, where uncertainty existed in relation to goods taken on the Company’s account, discretion should be exercised in fixing their prices. It was stated that excessive quantities, such as thirty to sixty units, were considered too great, and that care should be taken to set prices that were equitable, neither imposing undue burden upon the inhabitants nor hindering the proper dispatch of goods. Returns were to be made specifying the nature of such cargoes, so that they might be submitted for approval and further direction. Provision was made for cases in which planters or other inhabitants, having received goods or provisions, lacked the money or credit to pay for them. In such circumstances, arrangements were to be made for payment at market prices, with appropriate measures taken to secure the debt, in accordance with the constitution declared on 12 July 1709. Judgement was to be exercised according to the particular circumstances of each case, and proper accounts were to be submitted explaining the necessity of the provisions supplied, which would be taken into consideration. It was stated that the necessity of the inhabitants was not to be exploited by raising the prices of goods exported, but that reasonable authority might be exercised by the Governor and Council to regulate the value of goods and ensure fair dealing. Reference was made to similar practices on the Coast, where goods had been managed under such authority. It was indicated that records should be kept distinguishing goods received from those shipped onward for local use, and that oversight should be maintained to ensure proper valuation of freight and fair settlement upon discharge. Authority was affirmed to reside with the Governor in such matters within his district, subject to proper examination and accountability, and exercised in accordance with the Company’s interests and those of the owners. The concluding portion of the passage was incomplete. Interpretations Speculations |
171 | 160 | Perhaps the Captains and officers who generally are not over We have been Informed by Mr. Robinson, as declared by a Give public Notice to all the Inhabitants of the Island If you are by our Servants, give us exact account what | Concern was expressed regarding the conduct of captains and officers at St Helena, it being observed that, although they often claimed that ships would be dispatched within a week, delays nevertheless occurred, even when vessels were ready, cargo loaded and provisions prepared. Such unnecessary delays were described as arising from idleness and were considered harmful to the general security and good order of the island. It was further noted that complaints had been made by inhabitants that, had governors not restricted access to Company stores, certain provisions might have been made available more freely. It was therefore directed that provisions should not be issued improperly or without proper authority in future, and that accounts should be kept of all stores taken by any ship, ensuring that they were genuinely required. Information had been received from Mr Robinson, supported by a petition from several inhabitants, concerning cases in which provisions had been refused to some, while others had obtained commodities without proper entitlement. It was observed that certain persons had enjoyed such goods despite not being engaged in authorised trade and in disregard of existing prohibitions. These practices were to be treated as exceptions requiring correction, and it was directed that such conduct be addressed, with provisions properly entered into account and other persons appointed where necessary to ensure proper management. It was further declared that any individuals found guilty of similar practices in future should be subject to appropriate punishment. It was directed that public notice be given to all inhabitants of the island of these orders, prohibiting the engaging in or handling of goods not authorised for shipment, whether in large or small quantities, including goods belonging to private individuals. It was further required that, where Company servants were involved, a full and exact account be provided of what repairs ships required and what supplies had been taken, so that the actions of captains and others might be properly examined. The concluding portion of the passage was incomplete. Interpretations Speculations |
172 | 161 | neither I omit a delay or before the next Year’s Shipping and let it set Thirdly, touching our Servants Civil or Military By the first of these Orders and Instructions you will at We have Settled the Salary of the Govʳ of St. Helena at seventy | It was directed that no delay should be permitted in the execution of these matters, and that all should be regulated in accordance with the most recent instructions before the next year’s shipping, so that proper order might be maintained. Attention was then turned to the condition of the Company’s servants, both civil and military, together with the general revenues of St Helena, and also to matters concerning slaves, cattle, lands and income. It was stated that new store utensils had been established in the warehouse, and that no further appointments of a similar kind should be made at a salary of one hundred pounds per annum unless justified by extraordinary labour. In consideration of such labour, and in view of the demands of wartime, provision had been made to allow a salary of one hundred and fifty pounds per annum for such service. It was further indicated that such arrangements were to be carefully regulated, with proper bonds and records maintained for any grants or payments, so that accountability might be ensured. The salaries of principal officers on the island were then set out. The Governor of St Helena was assigned a salary of seventy pounds per annum, the Lieutenant Governor fifty pounds, and another principal officer forty pounds. The salaries of other officers were to remain as previously established. It was stated that the total annual charge for these salaries amounted to three hundred and sixty-seven pounds, to be paid quarterly. It was further directed that strict oversight be maintained by the Council in the disbursement of these funds, and that no payments should be made without proper authority or record, so that no officer might incur unjustified charges against the Company. Interpretations Speculations |
173 | 162 | Scandal of Gaming and Neglecting his Business. Our Accounts at St. Helena have been kept in a very Hutchinson being well skilled in Plantation Affairs, we have order It is not proper for the Storekeeper to be transported, Whether he shall have any and what part of interest to have | Complaint was made of the scandal arising from gaming and from the neglect of duty, which was considered improper conduct and prejudicial to the Company’s service. It was observed that the accounts at St Helena had been kept in a very unmethodical manner, being little better than a ship’s book. Resolution was therefore taken to remedy this defect, and for that purpose Mr Rock, already mentioned and appointed as third of the Council, was entrusted with the direction and oversight of all books and accounts. It was noted that he was regarded as one of the more accomplished persons in the Company’s service, and that the keeping of accounts was to be conducted under his authority, with proper vouchers prepared and maintained, so that the accounts might be brought into a condition comparable with those kept in India. His knowledge was also to be applied in advising on matters relating to interlopers. It was further directed that Mr Hutchinson, being well skilled in plantation affairs, should take charge of the plantation house, the improvements thereon and the management of cattle. Under his care, the produce was to be collected and improved in an orderly manner for the Company’s advantage. It was observed that it was not generally proper for a storekeeper to be transported away from the island, as this reduced the degree of oversight that could be exercised. However, in the present circumstances, the office of storekeeper was to be subject to strict examination, with accounts reviewed regularly from year to year. All entries were to be recorded in the general books and entered with the approval, objection or alteration of the Governor and Council, and consolidated into a single record. Consideration was also to be given to the role and responsibilities of assistants to the storekeeper, including what share or interest they might have in the management of stores. Directions were to be provided on this matter, and all such arrangements were to be recorded and maintained in the appropriate books, alongside earlier entries for reference. The concluding portion of the passage was incomplete. Interpretations Speculations |
174 | 163 | The late Governor Captain Roberts having desired to come home by the If you see it Necessary, you may heighten one or more young Men out We have had a great many Bills drawn on us of late from St. Helena | Permission was granted to the late Governor, Captain Roberts, to return to England by the summer ships, provided that his accounts were properly settled beforehand. It was required that he should fully account for all matters entrusted to him, that any outstanding balances be examined and agreed, and that his accounts be signed and cleared. Upon completion of this process, direction was given that the Governor and Council should arrange for him to be received on board any suitable ship in the road, treated with civility and conveyed to England. It was further required that no delay should be permitted in settling these accounts, so as to prevent any grounds for complaint arising from his continued stay. Provision was made that, if necessary, one or more capable young men might be selected from the Company’s ships to assist with writing and clerical work, where there was a shortage of skilled hands within the factory. It was expected that proper care would be taken to maintain all records, including consultation books and books of accounts, with accuracy and diligence. These were to be organised under appropriate headings, particularly those relating to justice, and were to be preserved in proper volumes, with duplicate copies prepared to guard against loss or miscarriage. Entries were to be recorded in the island’s register books and transmitted as required, so that they might be compiled and reviewed in an orderly manner, especially at the time ships were dispatched. It was observed that a considerable number of bills had recently been drawn upon the Company from St Helena, and that payment had been delayed because these bills had not been prepared in proper form or in accordance with the established books and instructions. Reference was made to earlier directions dated 30 June 1707, which had set out the correct method for drawing such bills and maintaining consultation records. It was therefore required that these defects be remedied in future, so that bills might be properly issued and accepted without delay. The concluding portion of the passage was incomplete. Interpretations Speculations |
175 | 164 | To Impo. 8. 10 and as by the Particulars in a short letter sent apart, If any Person in our pay dye or leave effects behind Inquire from time to time of all Governors Servants | It was observed that certain sums, specified as “Impo. 8. 10” and detailed in a separate letter, had been paid, many of which related to old credits in the store. It was noted that these payments ought to have been accompanied by their corresponding accounts, which had not been provided. It was therefore directed that, in future, all such monies be clearly distinguished within letters under particular accounts, and that all bills of a similar nature be transmitted with proper dates and supporting vouchers. It was further directed that, where a new bill should be drawn for an account not contained in the current books, a separate abstract of that account should be prepared to give proper satisfaction. Marginal notes were to be entered in the letters specifying each bill received and issued, indicating the account to which it related and the grounds upon which it had been drawn. It was remarked that this practice had generally been neglected, with only the letters themselves being included in the packets, and it was required that this omission be corrected. Provision was made for cases in which any person in the Company’s pay died or left effects behind, where no immediate claimant existed. It was directed that such effects be carefully entered with proper vouchers, and that the remaining balance be recorded as an outstanding account. Notice of these matters was to be included in the next general letter, so that legally authorised persons might claim them and delays in settlement be avoided. It was also directed that regular inquiry be made into what governors, servants and managers paid to captains for passage and provisions. It was noted that these charges had not been consistently recorded during voyages, and that this had given rise to complaints among inhabitants. It was therefore required that such payments be properly accounted for in future, so that they might be regulated and prevent further dissatisfaction. Interpretations Speculations |
176 | 165 | learn also if the Captains have used Provisions instead of themselves or Inquire in the manner of the Moors, how they come in on the The Letter of the 11ᵗʰ July 1709 Paragraph the 11 says the Govʳ That Paragraph of the Generals letter by the Ward Joseph | It was directed that inquiry be made into whether captains had made use of provisions for their own purposes or had delivered them into the Company’s stores, so that proper distinction might be maintained between private consumption and goods belonging to the Company. It was further required that examination be made, in the manner practised with the Moors, into how such persons were treated during voyages. If it should be found that they had not been treated with proper care or civility, this was to be reported with appropriate attestation. It was stated that permission had been granted for payments to be made at certain ports at a rate of shillings per head for those returned into the Company’s service, and that particular attention should be given to the reasons why such returns had been charged at high rates. It was confirmed that military personnel and others delivered alive at St Helena were to be accepted, and that provision should be made accordingly. It was directed that a list be prepared and sent by the next secure conveyance, containing the names of those persons referred to, together with details of the complaints previously made. It was also required that a complete list be compiled and transmitted of all soldiers remaining at the fort, so that their numbers and condition might be known. Reference was made to a letter dated 11 July 1709, in which it had been stated that the Governor and Council had sent the names of the principal servants attending at the Company’s table. It was observed that some names had not been clearly identified, and it was therefore required that accurate records be kept, with proper entries made by the clerk to confirm the names and roles of all such persons, so that no neglect or omission should occur. It was further stated that matters relating to soldiers and planter women marrying, as mentioned in the general letter sent by the Ward Joseph, involved questions of equity. It was indicated that these would not be further determined without full information, and that reliance would be placed upon the lists and accounts provided, together with the circumstances reported, it being understood that sufficient guidance had already been given in the seventh paragraph of the earlier instructions. The concluding portion of the passage was incomplete. Interpretations Speculations |
177 | 166 | The Letter of the 11ᵗʰ July 1709 by the Snowbrooks, for if you desire The two Ships being bound from you to Barcelona do you Advise your People also at Barcelona about the Maltese | Reference was made to the letter dated 11 July 1709 sent by the Snowbrooks, in which it had been proposed that certain ships might be used to convey persons, including those of the Company’s nation and slaves, to other settlements. It was observed that the language used in that correspondence did not properly support such arrangements, and that persons had been carried aboard ships without sufficient authority. It was therefore directed that inquiry be made, including by the minister, into these practices, and that the terms of the charterparty be observed, particularly in relation to the transport and disposal of slaves. It was noted that such arrangements, if improperly conducted, might extend beyond their original intention and give rise to irregular settlements, and therefore required careful examination upon the arrival of each ship. It was further directed that inquiry be made into the employment and condition of servants, especially those who were scarce or engaged in military service, so that proper oversight might be maintained and complaints of this nature prevented. Attention was then directed to two ships said to be bound from the island to Barcelona. It was required that information be provided concerning a matter relating to a black girl mentioned in a paragraph of earlier correspondence, which had been expected to be addressed in letters from Barcelona dated 15 January. It was noted that this matter referred to a copy of a letter contained in the packet, and that, although the matter had been acknowledged, certain supporting vouchers had not been included and were still required. It was also directed that communication be made with Company agents or correspondents at Barcelona regarding letters associated with Malta, ensuring that any ships engaged in the Company’s interest should include such correspondence and that all letters be properly dated. This was intended to ensure clearer communication and proper record of transactions. Interpretations Speculations |
178 | 167 | which if the Copy be truely Transcribed, was not here in that beforementioned, Send out by every Conveyance Lists of our Covenant Servants & We have caused the Consultation relating to the Complaint | It was observed that, if the copy referred to had been correctly transcribed, it had not previously been received in the form mentioned, and that the matter had passed through Maltese confiscation. It was noted that one of twenty men had been sent from Barcelona to St Helena by one of the Company’s ships on account of some fault alleged against him. Consideration was directed to whether hardship might have been suffered in his case, and it was suggested that, if this were so, it should be determined whether it would be proper to return him, particularly if he had previously been connected with the Dutch at St Thomas. It was required that lists be sent by every conveyance containing the names of all covenant servants and their salaries, as well as the names of soldiers and their pay, and of all slaves belonging to the Company. Care was to be taken that these persons remained under proper inspection, and that younger individuals should be trained in useful handicraft trades, including blacksmithing, tailoring, bricklaying and other necessary employments, so that they might be made more serviceable. It was further directed that provision be made for those brought from Madagascar, ensuring that they were supplied with necessary provisions. It was reported that some had recently arrived in poor condition, with deficiencies in clothing and equipment, which had hindered their usefulness. Reference was made to a consultation concerning the complaint of John Alexander dated 17 November 1709, which had been reviewed. It was stated that the findings relating to him were confirmed, particularly in relation to complaints made against several servants of the Company. It was observed that earlier orders had addressed such matters, and that, although some fault had been found, his long service was to be taken into account and it was not considered appropriate to remove him from his position solely on that basis. It was noted, however, that the consultation had charged Alexander with misconduct, including scandalous behaviour, neglect of duty and improper actions in relation to the handling and communication of consultations. These matters were acknowledged as serious and required attention. The concluding portion of the passage was incomplete. Interpretations Speculations |
179 | 168 | passd, thereby perverting their sense and the Dispatch of his Duty. He We have from several Hands, as well as found it in the Generall | It was reported that consultations had been altered in their meaning, whereby their intent had been perverted and the proper execution of duty hindered. It was further alleged that control over the stores and other matters had been taken into private hands and disposed of without proper authority. Although these charges had been affirmed in part, it was also stated that improvement had been observed in the conduct of Mr Alexander. It was therefore directed that his case be carefully considered. In view of his long service, it was advised that he should not be removed without sufficient cause. If he were found to be in good health and of honest behaviour, this was to be reported, and he might be continued or restored in his position. However, if the charges against him were found to be true in material respects, and he were judged unfit for service, then appropriate action was to be taken. It was further observed, from several reports and from entries in the general books, that the island had declined in its usual produce and the condition of its plantations. This decline was attributed to neglect, particularly under the management of Mr Samuel Jessey, and to the deterioration in discipline among the younger labourers. It was noted that those formerly trained to plantation work had been lost, and that younger persons were not being properly retained or instructed, leading to disorderly conduct. It was reported that cattle, which had previously been maintained more carefully, had been dispersed into smaller and less regulated plantations, with servants driving them into remote areas or mixing them with the cattle of others. It was also observed that slaves who had been assigned to labour were not properly supervised, were reluctant to work and, when they did labour, performed only the lightest tasks and avoided more demanding work. Interpretations Speculations |
180 | 169 | work whereby the ground does not produce Grain, not sowed by right Enquire of Mr. Marshbourne and Mr. Marsdenwhat goods they Remember what we wrote you last year and do us an | It was observed that the land was not producing grain as expected, owing to improper cultivation and neglect of regular plantation practice. It was reported that Mr Jessey’s cattle were allowed to stray among the young plants, trampling them and causing considerable damage. It was further alleged that the reduction and restriction of the Company’s plantations, together with his private maintenance of cattle and slaves and assistance to neighbouring inhabitants, had contributed to disorder. It was stated that such practices had been associated with an unusually high number of deaths among slaves in the previous year, exceeding those of the preceding ten or twenty years, at a time when they had not been regularly employed. Inquiry into these matters was therefore directed to be made at St Helena. It was further required that inquiry be made of Mr Marshbourne and Mr Marsden regarding what goods they had received from Captain Cranton, including the value of those goods, and whether any part of them had been accounted for or remained in their possession or that of others. It was directed that a detailed account be entered of each part of this transaction. Reference was made to earlier instructions requiring regular reports, and it was again directed that quarterly accounts be provided of all cattle and provisions. It was noted that the late Governor had reported significant destruction among young livestock, and that measures were required to restore and regulate plantation management. It was proposed that, for the benefit of the Company and the plantations, goats should be destroyed unless they could be prevented from browsing on young trees. Examination of this proposal was required, and an opinion was to be provided on what measures were necessary, together with identification of the persons responsible for plantation management. It was further directed that appropriate rules or laws be established for the governance of plantations, and that care be taken to ensure they were properly enforced. Where existing authority was insufficient, it was suggested that stricter measures be adopted, including the use of severe examples of justice where required, so as to restore order and proper management. The concluding portion of the passage was incomplete. Interpretations Speculations |
181 | 170 | Servs. then Interpose your Authority. It has been with abundance of difficulty, that the People Take care our own Observations. The great care of the | It was directed that, where necessary, authority should be exercised to enforce compliance. It was observed that considerable difficulty had recently been encountered in persuading inhabitants to sow their lands and engage in planting, whether for grain, grass, potatoes or other produce. It was further noted that labour was not being properly applied, with insufficient servants employed in the fields and records of such labour not being carefully maintained. It was therefore required that those concerned be compelled to comply with the established regulations, and that the penalties prescribed for neglect be enforced. It was acknowledged that, in some cases, failure to meet requirements had arisen from a lack of sufficient slaves to carry out the necessary work. In such circumstances, it was permitted that additional time might be allowed. However, it was expressly directed that the law should not be dispensed with at the discretion of the Governor, and that any indulgence should be granted only within proper limits. It was noted that Governor Roberts had expressed hope of improving matters without giving cause for complaint, and it was expected that similar diligence would be shown in future. Attention was drawn to the management of Company property and resources. It was observed that losses had occurred through neglect, destruction or improper sale of goods and assets, sometimes under conditions of misplaced trust or insufficient security. As a result, the Company’s profits had been reduced to a negligible level. It was stated that, had proper standing rules been enforced, such losses might have been prevented. It was therefore required that appropriate measures be taken to prevent similar occurrences in future, with proper oversight and regulation established. It was further observed that many servants, having become prosperous, had grown careless in their responsibilities, leading to the deterioration of the Company’s lands and bringing them into a poor condition. It was considered necessary to address these issues directly, so that the Company’s interests might be restored and maintained through stricter discipline and improved management. Interpretations Speculations |
182 | 171 | We do hereby Desire you to Express your thoughts about what is necessary By Perusing the Consultation Books and Letters beforementioned This leads us Naturally to Consider the Proper Persons of We put the Honᵇˡᵉ Company’s Orders to their Governors & | It was directed that full consideration be given to what measures were necessary, and that, after weighing all circumstances and taking into account the opinions of the planters, the most skilful and experienced among them should be consulted, so that appropriate actions might be determined and carried into execution. It was stated that, by reviewing the consultation books and the letters previously mentioned, together with the orders relating to the two gentlemen concerned with the Company’s lands and their management, a broader understanding would be gained than could be set out in the present letter. It was therefore expected that these materials should be used as the basis for action, taking into account the general condition of the settlement. It was acknowledged that some inhabitants might feel aggrieved at being complained of, but it was directed that such sentiments should not prevent the execution of these orders, it being considered preferable to correct particular faults than to allow wider harm to continue. Attention was then directed to the question of proper possession of lands. It was observed that uncertainty existed regarding who held certain lands, and that previous mismanagement under Governor Roberts had contributed to this condition. It was noted that, in some cases, land had been granted to persons who lacked knowledge or experience in plantation work and who had failed to fulfil the original conditions upon which those grants had been made. It was therefore directed that these conditions be examined, and that, where they had not been observed, consideration be given to altering possession or determining whether the current holders had a lawful claim, in accordance with the original terms of grant. It was indicated that the Company’s standing orders to its Governors and Council were to guide these actions. The concluding portion of the passage was incomplete. Interpretations Speculations |
183 | 172 | Council to grant Land was that the People who had it shoud If any Person serving in their Governmᵗ shall on the | It was observed that, although the Council had been required to ensure that all grants of land were properly registered, this had been neglected through indulgence, with the result that many titles had become uncertain. It was further noted that, where grants had been made for fixed quantities of land, such as ten, twenty or forty acres, the absence of proper boundaries and clearly defined back lines had rendered those grants insecure. It was stated that these lands were held at a moderate government rent of twenty shillings per year, and that, over time, occupation beyond original limits and continued possession had been treated as establishing title, even where this extended into adjoining ground. It was further observed that some inhabitants held large tracts of land, part of which had not originally been granted by the Company, thereby causing loss to its interests. In response, it was directed that all lands be carefully examined, and that, where possession could be established, new grants should be issued, with rents properly fixed and recorded. A memorandum was to be entered for each such grant, confirming the annual rent of twenty shillings and the conditions attached. It was further directed that any future surveys should be conducted in conformity with the original terms of grant, and that the duties previously established should continue to be paid. It was also directed that, where any person in the Company’s service was found, upon measurement, to hold more land than could be justified by grant or by proven extent, and where such land had been divided or encroached upon, consideration should be given to correcting this. However, it was stated that those already settled and cultivating crops, such as sugarcane, should not be unnecessarily disturbed, although it was made clear that such indulgence was not to prejudice the Company’s rights. Interpretations Speculations |
184 | 173 | shall succeed by settling the same at a Moderate price and to that We take it for granted, one Carter will tell another overseer You must Remember that by the Pond side, which you will Those who had Land by force of this their interest of grants | It was directed that, where lands were to be settled or adjusted, this should be done at a moderate valuation, and that a jury of impartial inhabitants should be appointed to survey the land and provide their opinion. It was stated that, if their judgement appeared reasonable, it might be accepted, although the final authority for disposing of new lands was not to be wholly entrusted to them. Those found to have rightful title were to be granted leases or formal grants, accompanied by accurate plans for proper administration. It was observed that informal practices had arisen whereby individuals, relying on one another’s word, had extended their possession of land without proper authority. It was therefore required that stricter oversight be maintained to prevent such uncontrolled distribution. Reference was made to land situated near the pond on the island, and to established regulations recorded in the register. It was noted that, under earlier provisions, any planter who had enclosed twelve acres was entitled to certain exemptions, including relief from constant duties of watching and labour. Further reference was made to an Act dated 11 August 1685, which had required watching duties to be performed in proportion to land held, specifically one obligation for every twenty acres, together with a rent of two shillings per acre. It was stated that those who had enclosed and paid for twelve acres annually, and had maintained a dwelling of sufficient value, were thereby considered to hold a valid title that could be relied upon in disputes. It was further observed that those holding land under such conditions might be more easily dispossessed if they failed to meet the requirements of rent and measurement, particularly where their holdings exceeded what had originally been granted. However, it was also recognised that such persons had often incurred expense in fencing and planting their land, and this was to be taken into account. It was therefore directed that any new arrangements should be fairly settled, reflecting both the original grants and the improvements made, so that disputes might be avoided and proper order maintained. Interpretations Speculations |
185 | 174 | agree, let a Jury view the ground, and do you advise by their As you grant Deeds and a Loan as of our direction, take care We called you several times, and many Persons with their But in time to any new Alterations, you must take When the Lands are thus formed in all Planters Settled | It was directed that, where agreement could be reached, a jury should be appointed to view the land and provide their opinion, and that their judgement should be considered in relation to the conditions observed in each case. It was further required that all deeds and loans granted under the Company’s authority be carefully entered into the register book, in accordance with the original instructions concerning land grants. It was stated that proper charges and duties should be applied before the sealing of such documents, as far as might be judged appropriate. It was emphasised that no opportunity should be omitted in enforcing these requirements, so as to prevent inhabitants from evading their obligations or forming private agreements to avoid proper regulation. It was observed that many persons had been called upon to produce their deeds, but that some were absent or had neglected to do so, resulting in continued uncertainty and dispute concerning the validity of certain older grants. It was therefore directed that proper procedures be followed to bring these matters to a conclusion, including the use of formal surveys and measurements. It was stated that the surveyor should receive reasonable compensation for his work, but that such costs should not be improperly imposed upon the inhabitants in a way that diminished the Company’s rightful dues. It was further directed that, in any future alterations, all lands should be registered in accordance with the original instructions and prescribed forms. Once lands had been properly surveyed and settled among the planters, it was required that equal care be taken to maintain and regulate existing plantations. It was suggested that consultations be held with landholders at appropriate sessions to determine what measures were necessary for the continued use and improvement of the land. It was also required that all such arrangements be properly recorded, with lands clearly marked and numbered, so that valuations and surveys might be accurately maintained and referred to. The concluding portion of the passage was incomplete. Interpretations Speculations |
186 | 175 | any Value, let them know you will make Trade without them, but that if We think we have Studied yeᵉ present with care in the whole of the We think it not for our advantage that any Lease of your We look upon these Votes to be a sort of new Parliament of the | It was suggested that, where inhabitants placed undue value upon their participation in trade, it should be made known that trade could be conducted without them. However, it was also indicated that, if they were willing to act with honesty and regard for the general benefit of the island, they might be permitted to take part in shaping its practices, provided their actions were guided by public interest rather than private advantage. It was stated that careful consideration had been given to the matter of coffee, and that, although some criticism had been made, there remained confidence that fair judgement had been applied. It was further noted that, where any exceptions arose, these might be represented openly, and that proper communication should be maintained so that such matters might be addressed. It was directed that no lease of land should be granted for a term exceeding twenty-one years. It was observed that longer terms would be improper, as they might create uncertainty or prejudice the Company’s long-term interests. It was emphasised that land, although occupied by individuals, remained the property of the Company, and that granting extended control could lead to disadvantage, both in present administration and for future generations. It was further stated that the decisions made in such matters were to be regarded as forming a kind of representative authority over the property of the inhabitants, entrusted to the Governor and Council. It was acknowledged that, while it was necessary to maintain established customs, especially those relating to justice and the fundamental governance of the island, care must be taken in exercising delegated authority. It was indicated that breaches of such laws might be overlooked in certain cases, but that those entrusted with authority must act with integrity and responsibility, as they were not to be relied upon if they failed to do so. Interpretations Speculations |
187 | 176 | Vessels, nor is we mean by this to deprive any Owners of Boats and It has been said that the Laws did even in the year 1679 We have also the case of Mr. George Hoskison & the | It was stated that no intention existed to deprive owners of boats or small craft of their rights, particularly in relation to vessels operating under earlier protest, and that such activities might continue within proper bounds. Reference was made to laws declared in the years 1679 and August 1683, which had addressed the condition and regulation of vessels, including those in disrepair. It was observed that, in recent years, these provisions had been interpreted as extending to all inhabitants, and it was suggested that these earlier acts should be carefully reviewed and compared in order to clarify their proper application. Attention was then directed to the case of Mr George Hoskison, as recorded in the consultation and register, which had been read before the Honourable Board. It was noted that, upon examination of the proceedings, certain aspects of the case appeared to have been misunderstood. For example, it had been alleged that he had gone into the interior of the island without permission, although he had claimed that such action was permitted under earlier allowances referred to in paragraphs 22 and 23 relating to the concerns of Mr Plancheron and Mr Wanstons. It was also noted that his credibility had been questioned, including reference to his oath, and that a debt recorded against him in 1675 had been partially settled. It was further stated that, in a subsequent consultation held in January, it had been considered appropriate that a writ should be issued against him in respect of outstanding and unresolved demands. It was directed that examination be made of the books held by various persons, including records from the dockyard, in order to verify debts and accounts associated with him. It was noted that further interrogation had taken place in December following, and that a report had been entered into consultation records. It was concluded that these various inquiries and records provided grounds for fixing a time to require him to produce his ship accounts, which might serve as evidence in proceedings concerning both his conduct and his estate. It was observed that, if strict justice were applied, it might reveal that the Honourable Council had previously been misled in its judgement of the case. Interpretations Speculations |
188 | 177 | have been justified in laying these his old upon facts and testimony to the We have a Petition of Mary Alexanders Widow, about the We also think the Reverend Governor Power’s years was We have a Petition of Gabriel Powlett which although he was | In consequence of the evidence and testimony produced, the Company considered itself justified in taking possession of Mr Hoskison’s effects for its own use. An inventory was ordered to be made, and the goods were placed in the custody of Mr Wilkins, who was to remain accountable for them until further instructions were issued. This course was thought reasonable given the long-standing nature of the claims against him, and the difficulty of resolving such matters at such distance. It was also suggested that, in settling the affairs of the island more generally, provision might be made regarding estates such as that of Mr Robinson, or those for which he stood responsible, particularly where the required conditions of fencing and planting had been fulfilled. A petition submitted by Mary Alexander, widow, was also taken into consideration. This concerned the management of her late husband’s estate, including lands and improvements. A sum had been agreed for maintaining or improving the property, part of which had already been received, and there appeared to be some inclination on the part of the Governor to allow further extension in her favour. Consideration was also given to earlier conduct under Governor Power. Although certain expectations had been publicly declared during his administration, these had not always been formally recorded or consistently applied. It was therefore directed that present governance should rest upon established law and proper authority, rather than informal understandings, so as to prevent the recurrence of earlier misunderstandings. Emphasis was placed on maintaining order and fairness, without imposing unnecessary burdens, and ensuring that administration proceeded on a clear and regular footing. Lastly, reference was made to a petition from Gabriel Powlett, though the details of his case were not fully preserved in the passage. |
189 | 178 | Obliged to enter into a Recognizance of £100 - and finding of For the various mentioned in the Consultation of the 4ᵗʰ Humphrey demands yeᵉ Petition Consultation of the | A case was described in which an individual had been required to enter into a recognisance of £100, and, after further proceedings, had been fined £20, with the matter entered into the Council Book. It was recorded that this action had been protested, as Mr Griffith had considered it an affront. A request was therefore made that the fine of £100 be remitted. In support of this request, it had been alleged that land held in possession in right of his wife’s brother, Wildman, ought to be taken into account, and that the produce of his late wife’s estate was of value. It was further stated that any remaining liability for debt should be determined by a jury, in accordance with established orders, custom and equity. Reference was made to matters recorded in the Consultation of 4 November 1709, in which it had been declared that corporations should continue to enjoy their former privileges, and that their functions should be exercised for the Company’s use. These arrangements were understood to carry an annual value, and it was indicated that proper consideration should be given to them, with reluctance expressed at disposing of the matter without fuller examination of all circumstances. A further petition, attributed to Humphrey, was also considered. Dissatisfaction had been expressed regarding a transaction in which goods, including turkey and other small items, had been sold to him. It had been suggested that the case might properly rest with a jury, owing to uncertainty in the complaints and the absence of clear detail concerning some of the goods mentioned. It was also indicated that he believed himself to have suffered unfair treatment, which was attributed to deficiencies in the administration of government on the island. Interpretations Speculations |
190 | 179 | could keep them in very tolerable decorum, when any Complaint is made Consider well the Consultation the Clause of late Governor Protests by the Forging Experiments has done us | It was stated that order might be maintained in a tolerable manner if, whenever complaints were made, the causes were fairly heard and judgement was given by the Governor in Council. It was directed that both the cause and the reasoning for each decision should be formally recorded and signed, as had been done in certain previous cases, so that proper authority and justification might be preserved in the record. Attention was drawn to the need for careful consideration of the Consultation and of the clauses contained in recent orders from St Helena, particularly the twenty-fifth paragraph of the Instructions dated November 1709. It was noted that the Honourable Council, and Governor Roberts in particular, had expressed the view that it was not convenient to lease out further lands. Some satisfaction had been given on this point, and it was indicated that, if the Company’s lands were properly managed by those in authority, benefit might be derived through improved agricultural practice. This included the planting of sugar cane, encouragement of game, the raising of oxen and mares, and the enlargement of exports. It was therefore considered necessary that such activities be pursued under careful regulation, at least until the settlements were fully established. Proper rules were to be fixed for the Company’s service, ensuring that land was not wasted and that its use remained within authorised limits. Further consideration was required in relation to the complaints mentioned in the preceding paragraph, with direction given that any neglect giving rise to grievance should be examined and remedied where necessary. It was reported that the Governor, through certain experimental efforts, had provided some service by fencing and sowing approximately 10 cool acres of land. The concluding portion of the passage was incomplete. Interpretations Speculations |
191 | 180 | of which he has made 7000 feet. He says that he is afraid of making The making the 10ᵗʰ Negro’s number, in which he thought could do The making the 10ᵗʰ Negro’s involve in every Purchase is We have not thought fit to do with other utensils or | It was reported that the Governor had constructed fencing amounting to 7,000 feet, and that progress had been made in enclosing and cultivating land. Concern had been expressed, however, regarding the production of bricks and lime, which were identified as essential materials for further works. It had been stated that hesitation arose from the labour required both in producing these materials and in preparing them for use, as well as from uncertainty over the employment of additional labour in related tasks such as the establishment of sawmills. It was also noted that, once the fortifications were completed, these works might be extended to include improvements involving water use, vessels, mills and wharfs, which were considered as potential additions to the general improvement of the island. It was therefore expected that continued reports would be provided on the progress and usefulness of these initial undertakings. Reference was made to the employment of slaves, with it being observed that an increase in their number was considered necessary for carrying out such works, particularly where machinery or engines had not yet been successfully introduced or perfected. It was indicated that present difficulties arose either from the absence of suitable methods or from the lack of established practice, and that further instruction might be required to improve operations. It was also suggested that, during the process of digging for stone, other useful mineral resources might be discovered, which could contribute to future supplies. Attention was drawn to the importance of including a proportion of slaves in each acquisition or undertaking, this being regarded as essential to the development and maintenance of plantation activity. It was stated that, through various conveyances, such measures would be supported by orders and instructions, and that continued effort would be expected to strengthen the plantation through gradual and proportionate expansion. It was further observed that, although there had not been sufficient opportunity to address all matters in detail, consideration had been given to the production of sugar. It was noted that no immediate provision had been made for supplying utensils or additional labour for this purpose, but that, if current experiments proved successful, further assistance might be provided. Assurance was given that necessary support and materials would be supplied when required, and that preparations should be made in anticipation of such opportunities. Interpretations Speculations |
192 | 181 | We omitted before to tell you, We don’t approve that pernicious We cannot Refuse to pay the Western Hire, the part of the Mr. Thomlinson, and the Chaplain for the time being Touching our Fortifications, We have been long on this and in the last 2 former | It was stated that the practice of exchanging Company lands with planters was not approved, having been judged a pernicious custom as it had been conducted. It had been observed that such exchanges had encouraged planters to neglect the obligations they were bound to fulfil, both in equity and by contract, and that they had taken advantage of earlier orders permitting such arrangements. It was therefore directed that no regard should be given to such practices in future, and that this caution should be strictly observed. It was further indicated that payment could not be refused in respect of the Western hire, together with the associated heavy duties that had been incurred. It was explained that these payments had arisen in order to prevent claims being made at a later and higher value. Care was therefore required in the dispatch of each returning ship, ensuring that proper notice was given in advance and that all matters relating to their service were clearly communicated and recorded. It was noted that Mr Thomlinson and the Chaplain for the time being had reported losses relating to the registers of marriages, births and burials removed from St Helena. This report had been received but had not been formally signed. Attention was then directed to the subject of fortifications, buildings and garrison stores. It was stated that this matter had already been addressed at length in the two preceding letters, and that, on each occasion when the present Committee had written to the Government of St Helena, directions had been included on these subjects. It was therefore expected that these instructions should have been followed. It was further indicated that there had been concern as to whether provisions had been properly completed and stored, and that, if deficiencies had existed, earlier notice ought to have been given so that assistance might have been provided in time. Interpretations Speculations |
193 | 182 | always of being insulted in the end. By the Account Governor Roberts has given Us, the old You will see in the latter Consultations such as orders Take care all the Buildings you make be Substantial, the The Building of Barracks for the Soldiers or temporary You will find in the former States to the The Faulting Cases to the Stores we approve not and | It was stated that, without proper precautions, ships might in the end be exposed to insult or danger, and that such risks were to be guarded against. An account had been provided by Governor Roberts in which it was asserted that the earlier fortifications might have been completed within three years if sufficient labour had been available. In the absence of such manpower, it was acknowledged that the works had nevertheless been undertaken with good intention. Reference was made to later consultations in which orders had been issued requiring captains, sailors and gunners to attend church, with the intention of maintaining religious observance and proper discipline. It was also directed that earlier instructions concerning the placing of orphans into service aboard the Company’s ships during wartime should continue to be followed, so that such opportunities might not be lost where they could be obtained. Care was required to ensure that all buildings were constructed in a substantial manner, it having been considered that the initial expense of proper construction was preferable to later deficiencies. It was directed that inferior or temporary structures, described as “straw forts”, should be prevented, and that adequate provision be made to ensure that fortifications were complete and defensible, even where labour was limited. It was observed that the construction of barracks for soldiers, whether for permanent or temporary use, remained insufficient despite recent supplies. Attention was drawn to earlier records, particularly the consultation dated 1 August 1709, in which the fifteenth resolution had addressed the consideration of accounts and related matters. Disapproval was expressed regarding deficiencies in the management of stores, and it was required that all goods and provisions intended for the Company’s service be properly accounted for and applied. The concluding portion of the passage was incomplete. Interpretations Speculations |
194 | 183 | No one of the debts is your Encouragement as an Interpreter, but you Send us Annually an Account of all our Revenues, and also Whatever the matter you think proper for our Services We have found the Governor General’s power secured by the You will see in former Letters directions in diminishing the We have Considered the Consultation of the 21ˢᵗ of May 1710 - | It was stated that no encouragement was to be given in the handling of debts through partiality or self-interest, and that conduct should instead be guided by fairness and impartial judgement. It was expressed that the general intention was to promote the Company’s interests, and that, after the labour expended in plantations, cattle and other undertakings, every effort should be made to derive the greatest benefit for the honour and service of its affairs. It was directed that annual accounts be sent detailing all revenues, together with the produce of the Company’s lands. Particular notice was to be given of the names of overseers, and of the payments made for public charges out of rents, stock, cattle and related resources. It was also required that earlier accounts be reviewed where uncertainty remained, so that proper understanding might be maintained. It was further stated that, in all matters, actions should be guided by what was judged most proper for the Company’s service, having regard to earlier letters in which limits and directions had been set. It was observed that the authority of the Governor had been secured by contract, as appeared in the entries of the books, and it was therefore required that all relevant papers be transmitted. It was directed that no expenses should be allowed unless approved and passed by the Governor and Council, and that no disposal of funds should occur without proper authority and record. Reference was made to earlier instructions concerning the reduction of trading expenses and the recovery of value, which were to be observed. Consideration was also given to the consultation dated 21 May 1710, in which the powers of the Governor had been addressed. It was stated that the interpretation of the contract in that instance was correct, and that the government of the island, together with control of the artillery, was understood to rest solely with the Governor. Interpretations Speculations |
195 | 184 | Governor & Council or the Major part of them for the time being Touching the general government of the Island London We are | It was directed that authority in matters of governance should rest with the Governor and Council, or with the majority of them for the time being. In situations requiring immediate action, it was stated that the Governor might act alone, but that, unless the advice of the Council had been sought, such decisions were not to be formally entered into the record. It was further indicated that the powers granted by commission might be delegated to military officers under the Governor, provided that such delegation was made under his authority and with proper approval. Provision was made for the discipline of military officers, it having been stated that, where breaches of orders or failures in duty were suspected, the matter should be examined through proper procedure. It was directed that no officer should be tried at St Helena or in any other service without the assent of the Governor and Council, or of the majority of them, and that such proceedings should be conducted through formal consultation, with the entire course of the case subject to review. Attention was then turned to the general government of the island, with it being indicated that further essential advice would be given on a future occasion. For the present, it was stated that Mr John Pack, Deputy for Justice, had been required to make a payment out of his growing salary, and it was directed that care be taken to ensure that this was duly paid. The letter was dated London, 17 April 1711, and concluded with the customary closing. Interpretations Speculations |
196 | 185 | Our Governour & Council of St Helena London the 30th May 1712 In our Generall Letter of the 17th Aprill 1711, sent by the Toddington and Shuttleworth, We were very large in the Orders and Instructions therein given touching our Affairs in Generall, and the Regular Settlement of the whole Island, and the prosperity of the severall Inhabitants in particular, We also therein referred you to what had been before that time relating to the Affairs under the Management of the Governour and Council for the time being, wherein were divers express Rules and full directions given touching the severall matters Treated of, which were to be Observed on all times on the like occasion, so that we might reasonably have Expected our Affairs to St Helena would have thence forward have been brought into a narrow Compass and that we should have had no occasion for enlarging this in most of the Paragraphs undermentioned. You may easily discern by the Tenour of our Last Letter that we we were desirous to Quiett the minds of the People by receding from our own just demands, and passing a kind of Generall Amnesty on Account of former Transgressions and Breaches of the Laws of the Island, so as they might be duly obeyed for the future and we were in great hopes the sameTemper would have prevailed on you all to Second our Intentions, but instead thereof by the Packets | A general letter dated 30 May 1712 and addressed to the Governor and Council of St Helena referred back to an earlier general letter of 17 April 1711, which had been sent by the ships Toddington and Shuttleworth. In that earlier correspondence, extensive orders and instructions had been issued concerning the Company’s affairs in general, the proper settlement of the island and the prosperity of its inhabitants. It was also recalled that reference had been made to earlier directions relating to the administration of the island, in which clear rules and detailed guidance had been provided on various matters. These were to be observed on all similar occasions, and it had therefore been expected that the Company’s affairs at St Helena would thereafter be brought into a more orderly and limited scope, without the need for repeated elaboration. It was further stated that the tone of the earlier letter had been intended to calm the inhabitants by withdrawing certain just demands and by allowing a form of general amnesty for past offences and breaches of the island’s laws. This had been done so that obedience might be secured for the future. It had been hoped that the same conciliatory approach would have been adopted by the Governor and Council in support of these intentions. However, it was indicated that, from the packets received, this expectation had not been fulfilled. The concluding portion of the passage was incomplete. Interpretations Speculations |
197 | 185 | Identical film image as film No. 196 | |
198 | 186 | Packets received by the Dutch, which Ships arrived in the River the We find the Intelligences & Advantages received the 5ᵗʰ | It was reported that packets had been received by the Dutch ships which had arrived in the river on 7 May 1712, and that further correspondence had been delivered by the sloop Rover on the previous day. From these communications, it had appeared that the inhabitants of St Helena had been stirred into greater levels of animosity. Instead of following the Company’s directions and acting with regard to the general benefit and peace of its affairs, it was observed that little attention had been given to the general letters, particularly those relating to public advertisements. Reference was made to a paragraph of an earlier letter dated 4 April 1711, in which a promise had been made that certain matters would be addressed by the next ships, yet it was noted that the response had been insufficient and of little substance. It was further observed that intelligence and reports had been received on 5 August 1711, nearly four months before the most recent return sent by the March packet. These had been considered alongside earlier orders and instructions, including those relating to the Council, whose proceedings were described as delayed and distant. It was noted that many matters had been brought forward in petitions, and that members of the Council, in exercising their authority and receiving their salaries, had been bound by entries in the Consultation Book to act with moderation. However, it was stated that, in practice, little had been accomplished in carrying out the Company’s general orders. It was also observed, from the correspondence exchanged between the former Governor and his Council, that divisions had arisen among them, and that factional disputes had hindered effective administration. The concluding portion of the passage was incomplete. Interpretations Speculations |
199 | 187 | give opportunitys of Clamour and indeed every thing but what shou’d be And first Concerning Shipping sent Since our aforesaid Letter it has pleased God to send us the The Loyall Blisse & King William from the Bay, the Loyall The Frederick from the Fort, the Susannah, Europe & Concord The Fleet Frigatt arrived last from Jealand in the River of | It was stated that the manner in which affairs had been conducted had given rise to occasions of complaint and disorder, rather than producing the proper outcomes expected. Concern was expressed at such management, and it was noted that better conduct had been anticipated. It was therefore desired that this should be the last instance requiring such justified complaint. It was indicated that, among many issues that might have been raised, certain particulars would be set out under general headings. Attention was first directed to shipping sent out and returning. Since the earlier letter, it had been reported that several ships had safely arrived. These included the Abingdon from Bombay and the Nathaniel from Bencoolen, the latter having come from Zealand and arrived in the Downs on 21 May 1712. It was further noted that the Loyall Blisse and King William had arrived from the Bay, the Loyall Cooke from China, the Donegall from Mocha, and the Blenheim from Mocha and Bombay. The Charleton from Bencoolen had joined the Dutch at the Cape and had arrived in the River Thames on 8 August 1711. Additional arrivals were recorded, including the Frederick from the Fort, the Susannah, Europe and Concord from the Bay, and the Fleet Frigatt from Bombay, which had accompanied men of war from St Helena and arrived in the Downs on 6 October 1711. It was also noted that the Fleet Frigatt had later arrived again from Zealand in the River Thames. Information was provided concerning the Successe, which had been reported off Land’s End on 23 [day unreadable] 1712 by Mr Lawson, the third mate. It was stated that he had been associated with the packets and had since reached Plymouth. Reference was then made to the Windsor, but the passage was incomplete. Interpretations Speculations |
200 | 188 | Windsor from Mochoa touched at the Cape, and got to Lisbon the 29ᵗʰ March last from whence she is suddenly expected with the Patagalls Fleet and Convoy. The Ships sent out to all parts of India this Season have been Vizᵗ The Nathaniel......250 Jonathan Negus for Mochoa They sailed from Plymouth the 9ᵗʰ January last The Mary............460 Richard Holden for the Bay These five sailed from Portsmouth the 18ᵗʰ February having lain a long while for a Wind & Convoy. The Grantham Frigatt...470 Jonathan Collett They sailed from St Helens the 29ᵗʰ April. The Abingdon..........400 John Lesley for St Helena and Bencoolen by whom we send you this. What good Stores &cᵃ she brings, You will find in her Invoice and Bill of Lading, and in the Packett is her Charterparty, which you have Inclosed for your Information as to her stay at St Helena, and must send it along with the Ship. | It was reported that the Windsor, returning from Mocha, had touched at the Cape and had reached Lisbon on 29 March 1712, from where she was expected shortly to arrive with the Portugal fleet and its convoy. A list was then provided of ships sent out to various parts of India during the present season. The Nathaniel, of 250 tons, under Jonathan Negus, had been bound for Mocha. The Taunton, of 350 tons, commanded by Henry Gough, had been sent for Canton and the Coast of St George. The Horne, of 360 tons, under John Lane, had also been destined for Canton and Horne. These three ships had sailed from Plymouth on 9 January 1712. Further vessels had departed from Portsmouth on 18 February 1712, having been delayed for some time awaiting wind and convoy. These included the Mary, of 460 tons, commanded by Richard Holden, bound for the Bay, the Marlborough, of 180 tons, under Matthew Martin, the Kent, of 350 tons, commanded by Lawrence Mintern, for the Coast and the Bay, the Recovery, of 330 tons, under Joseph Beale, and the Success, of 220 tons, commanded by Page Noble, for Bencoolen. It was also noted that the Grantham Frigatt, of 470 tons, under Jonathan Collett, the Severn, of 480 tons, commanded by Eustace Peacock for Bombay, and the Blenheim, of 250 tons, under Abraham Purvett, had sailed from St Helens on 29 April 1712. The Abingdon, of 400 tons, commanded by John Lesley and bound for St Helena and Bencoolen, had also been dispatched, and it was by this vessel that the present communication was sent. It was stated that details of the stores carried by this ship would be found in her invoice and bill of lading, and that her charterparty had been enclosed within the packet for information regarding her stay at St Helena. It was directed that this document should be returned with the ship. Interpretations Speculations |
201 | 189 | ship to Bencoolen in your Packett to them, as We have advised them. We here Note that by our Letters, We have directed a List of Stores and Goods, which are wanted at Sᵗ. Helena should be allways sent in a Packett a part with the Generall Letters to be forwarded to us from the first Port in Europe, which had you observed, We had been able then to have Supplyed you with what you wrote for by the Mead, at least as far as they could be got ready, and the Ships could take them in, whereas for want of care in this the Committees were guided by your preceding List as far as the Abingdon could carry what they had provided, who was in her way to the Downs when the Mead Packett came to hand and what you now write for must be respited till the next opportunity when ever you desire a greater Quantity than ordinary of anything or for goods or Stores not usually wrote for, give the reasons for so doing to prevent all doubt or hesitation and for fear of Miscarriage send double Lists or Indents one for the Generalls Packett the second for the Packetts apart. We have received the Copys of the Protests against the Captains of the Thistleworth and Todington, and their Answers, and find that you did not attend to the 8ᵗʰ, 20ᵗʰ & 21ˢᵗ Paragraphs of our Generalls Letter by those two Ships, which Directs how you should proceed in making your Protests, for if you had, as you write not have allowed them a longer time than the Charterparty too, so you would have taken Notice of our directions touching the particular matters and grounds for protesting, how the case is now altered the... | It was directed that correspondence intended for Bencoolen should be included within the packet sent to that settlement, in accordance with earlier advice already given to them. Attention was drawn to prior instructions requiring that a list of stores and goods needed at St Helena be sent separately in a distinct packet, apart from the general letters, and forwarded from the first port reached in Europe. It was observed that this instruction had not been followed, and that, had it been observed, supplies requested in earlier correspondence might have been provided by the ship Mead, at least to the extent that they could have been prepared and loaded. Instead, it was noted that, owing to this omission, the Committees had been obliged to rely on earlier lists when loading the Abingdon, which had already been on her way to the Downs when the packet from the Mead was received. As a result, the more recent requests would have to be delayed until the next opportunity. It was further directed that, whenever quantities greater than usual were requested, or when goods or stores not commonly ordered were required, clear reasons should be given in order to prevent doubt or hesitation. To avoid loss or error, it was required that duplicate lists or indents be sent, one within the general packet and another separately. It was also reported that copies of protests made against the captains of the Thistleworth and Toddington, together with their replies, had been received. It was observed that the instructions contained in the eighth, twentieth and twenty-first paragraphs of the general letter sent by those ships had not been followed. These paragraphs had specified the proper procedure for making such protests, including the time to be allowed under the charterparty and the need to state clearly the grounds and circumstances of complaint. It was indicated that, had these directions been observed, additional time beyond that allowed by the charterparty would not have been granted. The concluding portion of the passage was incomplete. Interpretations Speculations |
202 | 190 | can’t say, but heretofore Ten working days was accounted a fair time with diligence and Industry to unlade a Ship of near both these two Bottoms, but then it was to be supposed our Servants & Store would set their shoulders heartily to the work beginning and end to prevent our paying Demorage, and not the Mr. Griffith who as we are told urged his being one of the Councill as a reason why he would not so much as go on board the Todington without an Assistant to take the weight of some Bread when all the rest of the Council were employed on our affairs thinking it enough for him to walk the Quarter Deck, We mention this here to let him and you all know that whoever of the Council in the time of Exigency will not do his utmost to expedite our affairs might not be leisur’d at our Charge in time of leisure. Since you write in your 6. paragraph the Thistleworth Bread proved very bad, the Ships Company making use of our Bread, and sent their own a shore which was scarce eatable - We wonder why you did not Protest against the Captain and ascertain thereby the Demorage, that on her return we might oblige the Owners to make us reparation, for you will not on so slight thinking conclude such a bare Notice Sufficient to recover any thing from them. The Advices you give of Ships arrivalls at & Departures from Sᵗ. Helena, and when, with what News you hear from Shipping elsewhere, We approve and would have it continued as we also would whatever goods or Stores you receive short in. | It was observed that, although the exact circumstances could not now be fully determined, a period of ten working days had formerly been considered sufficient, with proper diligence and industry, to unload a ship of the size of those in question. It had been assumed that the Company’s servants and storekeepers would apply themselves fully to the work from beginning to end in order to avoid the payment of demurrage. However, it was reported that Mr Griffith had declined to assist, asserting that his position as a member of the Council excused him from such duties, and that he would not even go aboard the Toddington without an assistant to record the weight of bread. This conduct had been contrasted with that of the other members of the Council, who had been engaged in the Company’s business, while it was remarked that he had limited himself to walking the quarterdeck. It was therefore made clear that any member of the Council who failed, in times of necessity, to exert full effort in advancing the Company’s affairs should not expect to remain idle at the Company’s expense in times of ease. It was further noted that, in the sixth paragraph of earlier correspondence, it had been reported that the bread supplied by the Thistleworth had proved to be of very poor quality, so that the ship’s company had made use of the Company’s provisions while sending their own ashore, where it had been scarcely fit for consumption. It was expressed as surprising that no formal protest had been made against the captain in this matter, as such a protest would have established grounds for claiming demurrage or compensation upon the ship’s return, thereby obliging the owners to make restitution. It was emphasised that a mere notice of the issue would not be sufficient to recover any loss. Approval was given to the practice of reporting the arrivals and departures of ships at St Helena, including the timing of such movements and any news received concerning shipping elsewhere. It was directed that this practice should be continued, and that similar reports should also be made in cases where goods or stores were received in deficient quantities. Interpretations Speculations |
203 | 191 | in Quantity or bad in Quality. Mr. Lawson who brought the Success’s Packet tells us a Dane’s Ship had been at St Helena from the Cape and brings News that several Dutch Ships arrived there and a fourth English Ship. We wonder you should not advise us of it, such time from us’d not be again. Secondly concerning Goods and Stores sent from England or Received from India. As beforementioned, We received your Indent so late that we could not send you what Stores you now desire, But you will find there is a good Quantity of Paper. It looks something odd that the Storekeeper should be suffered to continue Six Months and more in his Employ and quietly sign to his Charges of never having brought in his Monthly Account of Stores with only this Excuse, that he promises to get all things ready by the next Summer Shipping, and how as beforementioned that you never regarded our Generall Orders, if you did, you would have found parat: 4ᵗʰ of your Instructions was a strict Injunction for you the Governour and Councill to take care the Storekeeper should Account to you Monthly or oftener for all he disposes of, and it does not appear by any Consultation that he was called upon to do it. By the whole of your carriage toward the late Governour and Councill and the reflections made on their Management one would have thought you would have far exceeded them in yours and yet, if you peruse their Consultations you will find a better President in the last Consultation but one of their balancing, and which you was sent the Copy. Since... | It was observed that goods and stores might be deficient either in quantity or in quality, and that such deficiencies should be properly reported. Information had been received from Mr Lawson, who had brought the packet of the Success, that a Danish ship had been at St Helena from the Cape, bringing news that several Dutch ships had arrived there, together with a fourth English ship. It was remarked with surprise that no advice of this had been sent, and it was directed that such omissions should not occur again. Attention was then turned to goods and stores sent from England or received from India. It was noted that the indent had been received too late for the requested stores to be supplied, although it was stated that a considerable quantity of paper had nevertheless been sent. Concern was expressed regarding the conduct of the storekeeper, who had been allowed to continue in his position for more than six months without submitting his monthly accounts of stores. It was noted that he had excused this failure by promising to have all accounts ready by the next summer shipping. This was judged improper, and it was observed that earlier general orders had not been followed. Reference was made to the fourth paragraph of the instructions, which had strictly required the Governor and Council to ensure that the storekeeper rendered accounts monthly, or more frequently, for all goods disposed of. It was further noted that no record appeared in the Consultation Book showing that he had been called upon to fulfil this duty. It was remarked that, given the criticisms made by the present Governor and Council of their predecessors, a higher standard of administration might have been expected. However, upon examination of the earlier consultations, it was stated that the former Governor and Council had in fact provided a better example in the management and balancing of accounts, as recorded in the penultimate consultation, a copy of which had been sent. The concluding portion of the passage was incomplete. Interpretations Speculations |
204 | 192 | Since you own in the second Paragraph of your Letter of the 5ᵗʰ March that the Success supplyed you with Plenty of Stores from Surat and Bengall which was much wanted, We might reasonably have expected you would have given us some Account how you intended to dispose of them, which the 35ᵗʰ Paragraph of our Letter aforementioned it had been thought of and considered as it ought Naturally led you to do, wherein we Mention that we left it to your Prudence to fix the Prices of our goods sent you from India equitably between the Inhabitants and us, and ordered you to Advise us of those prices for our Approball or further directions, and in the same Paragraph gave a Generall rule for the Prices of goods sent you from Europe, but we can’t in either of your two Letters now before us find any answer or reply to either part of that Paragraph, whether we shall call this Insolency or want of attention to our Orders, or by what other name is yett in the Dark to us, however this we must say, We expect these things be mended, as we hope they will, when your heads grow cool, and that passion and heat which seems to run through all your proceedings is evaporated; now he that furnished you with so sweet is removed, if they should not, We shall be sorry we trusted you with the Generall discretion mentioned in our 35ᵗʰ Paragraph to take goods out of our Ships for the use of the Island, for it is better to have them brought home where we are sure of some Advance, than to leave them by the way at uncertainty. You can’t but know Sᵗ. Helena is a dead Charge to us, and its kept up for the sake of our Marriners lives and healths, that they may be enabled to take care of our Estates on board, and since it brings us in no profit we ought to take care it be at little loss as possible. | It was acknowledged that, in the second paragraph of the letter dated 5 March 1712, it had been admitted that the Success had supplied the island with a considerable quantity of stores from Surat and Bengal, which had been much needed. It was therefore stated that an account should reasonably have been provided explaining how these supplies were to be disposed of. Reference was made to the thirty-fifth paragraph of an earlier letter, in which it had been directed that such matters be considered, and in which discretion had been granted to set prices for goods received from India in a manner fair both to the inhabitants and to the Company. It had also been required that these prices be reported for approval or further instruction. In the same paragraph, a general rule had been given for the pricing of goods sent from Europe. It was observed, however, that no reply had been made in either of the recent letters to any part of these instructions. This omission was remarked upon with strong disapproval, it being uncertain whether it arose from neglect, inattention or some other cause. It was nevertheless stated that improvement was expected, and that it was hoped such deficiencies would be corrected once the present agitation and disorder in their proceedings had subsided. It was further indicated that, if such matters were not amended, regret would be felt at having entrusted the Governor and Council with the discretionary authority granted in the thirty-fifth paragraph, particularly concerning the taking of goods from Company ships for the use of the island. It was stated that it would be preferable for such goods to be returned to England, where a certain profit might be secured, rather than leaving them at the island under uncertain conditions. It was also emphasised that St Helena represented a continual expense to the Company, being maintained primarily for the preservation of the health and lives of mariners, so that they might continue to safeguard the Company’s interests at sea. As the island did not produce profit, it was therefore required that all efforts be made to reduce losses as much as possible. Interpretations Speculations |
205 | 193 | Our Governour in his Letter to us of the 5ᵗʰ March says it is absolutely necessary to make a new Storehouse of Stone, the present house being of much decayed and so slight being boarded with slight Deal, it is liable to Fire, or being broke open. This being so, We shall Consent a new one be built, made Substantial, so as to be done with frugall Management, as we hope it will, and made Convenient to answer all the ends of a Storehouse, as we will never grudge any reasonable Charge, which will prove of lasting Benefit, so we recommend to you, and do Expect in all such Expences, which we are sure for the Benefit of Posterity than the Present, due care will be taken We be at no more Expence than is really necessary. Thirdly, touching our Servants Civil & Military, The Accompts of Sᵗ. Helena in Generall, and also touching our Slaves, Cattle, Land and Revenues. We find no Mention of our first and subsequent Paragraphs in the Letter on this head, whether any thing has been made good to us of the Money Advanced to some of you there, which was to be repaid out of your growing Salary, tho’ you had been then Six Months on the Island nor any Mention what was intended to be done herein. Since Mr. Hoskinson is dead, who by all accounts did not deserve the favour we showed him in advancing him to be second of the Councill, and forgiving him his just forfeitures according to the originall Laws of the Island. We are Contented that Mr. Cock should succeed him but it is on the prospect that he will better Comply with our... | It was stated that the Governor, in his letter dated 5 March 1712, had represented the necessity of constructing a new storehouse of stone, the existing building being greatly decayed and of slight construction, boarded with weak deal and therefore exposed to the risk of fire or forced entry. Consent was accordingly given for the erection of a new storehouse, provided that it was built in a substantial manner and managed with due frugality. It was emphasised that no reasonable expense would be begrudged where lasting benefit would result, but that careful attention was to be given to ensuring that no greater cost was incurred than was strictly necessary, particularly as such works were intended more for the benefit of future generations than immediate use. Consideration was then given to the subject of servants, both civil and military, together with the general accounts of St Helena and matters relating to slaves, cattle, land and revenues. It was observed that no reference had been made to earlier paragraphs on this subject, and that no information had been provided as to whether monies previously advanced to certain individuals had been repaid from their growing salaries, despite their having been on the island for six months. No indication had been given as to how this matter was to be addressed. It was further noted that Mr Hoskinson had died, and it was remarked that, according to all accounts, he had not merited the favour previously shown to him in being advanced to the position of second of the Council, nor the forgiveness of penalties that had been due under the original laws of the island. It was stated that Mr Cock was permitted to succeed him, but this was granted on the expectation that he would show greater compliance with the Company’s directions. The concluding portion of the passage was incomplete. Interpretations Speculations |
206 | 194 | our Orders than hitherto; and in regard he has a Numerous Family has been for several years in our Service there, and the hope is that he We are Content to allow him Thirty pounds a year above his seventy pounds as Second, toward the maintenance of his Family in the nature of Diett Money, as being a Married Man, and in lieu of Maintaining his Family apart, for we don’t think it Advisable they should be at our Generall Table, if it were but for President sake for times to come, and this allowance to him is for his own sake, and what we will not have drawn into Example to others, his Letter of the 1ˢᵗ December shews he is under a mistake for if he had considered the 45ᵗʰ paragraph of our Generall Letter as you should all do, since our Letters are designed to be your Rules, he would have found that we elected him but 3ᵈ of Councill and he can’t show us where a third had above fifty pounds a year Salary, but in regard his Talent lay more in Accounts then looking after our Plantation, He mentioned he should have the Storekeepers place, which used to be under the care of the Second and to that purpose allowed him Second Salary. If as he mentions in his Letter of the 11ᵗʰ March there is not sufficient Convenience at the Storehouse for enjoying Diett, but only for Lodging, you may supply that Defect by building in a safe place a Convenient Kitchen. We can’t Doubt, here taking Notice, that as we have appointed all of you to be a Council for Managing all our Affairs which from time to time Occurr, so We expect you should all Co-operate for our Interest and calmly debate all matters. | It was stated that Mr Cock had been expected to comply more fully with the Company’s orders than had previously been the case. In consideration of his having a numerous family and having served the Company for several years, it was agreed that he should receive an additional allowance of £30 per year above his salary of £70 as second of the Council. This additional sum was granted as diet money for the maintenance of his family, in place of their being supported separately. It was further directed that his family should not be maintained at the general table, partly to avoid establishing a precedent for the future. It was emphasised that this allowance was granted solely on his particular circumstances and was not to be taken as an example for others. It was observed that, in his letter dated 1 December 1711, Mr Cock had been mistaken in his understanding of his position. Had he properly considered the forty-fifth paragraph of the general letter, which had been intended to serve as a rule for all, he would have recognised that he had originally been appointed only as third of the Council. It was noted that no third member of the Council had been entitled to a salary exceeding £50 per year. However, it was explained that, as his abilities were considered more suited to accounting than to the management of plantations, he had been assigned the role of storekeeper, a position traditionally held by the second of the Council, and had therefore been granted the higher salary accordingly. It was further stated that, if, as mentioned in his letter of 11 March 1712, there was insufficient provision at the storehouse for the preparation of meals, and only accommodation for lodging, this deficiency should be remedied by constructing a suitable kitchen in a secure location. It was also emphasised that, as all members had been appointed to the Council for the management of the Company’s affairs, it was expected that they would cooperate fully in its interests and conduct their deliberations with calmness and mutual agreement. Interpretations Speculations |
207 | 195 | that come before you, wherein the majority is to govern, if any of you Dissent, let such Dissent be Entered in consultation that we may judge of it who is in the right or wrong and we Expect if any one of you offers to give his reasons in Writing for his Dissent, that all the rest shall not by their votes hinder the Inserting those reasons in consultation or in the Generall Letter, as we are told was lately done in the case of those who would not sign that groundless Charge in your Letter of the third of October to Captain Roberts that he had Destroyed all Mr. Hoskinsons Cattle &cᵃ. We call it groundless - because he longed it and Challenged you to prove he destroyed any one which you never did. We must further take Notice that all our Governours Letters to us relating to any of our affairs ought to be Entered in your Generall Letter Book for the publick’s Information except only such as relates purely to the Secret Committee or other Secret Negotiation. We take this the Hint from this that Captain Boucher and two of the council tength their Answer of the 3ᵈ October to Captain Roberts there was any such opinion of the comMarsdenof the Men of War as the other Assets for mounting Demi Cannon on Munden point because they find no Minutes taken of it by the Council and yet the 3ᵈ Paragraph of the Generall Letter of the 17ᵗʰ July 1711. imports that the comMarsdenoffered to Assist him therein, therefore to prevent such squabbles in future, let the Governour for the time being Enter such Debates in Consultation and in his Letters in the Generall Register. We have this further reason for it, that in case of Mortality the... | It was directed that all matters brought before the Council should be determined by the majority, and that, where any member dissented, such dissent should be formally entered in the Consultation Book so that judgement might later be made as to which party had been correct. It was further required that, if any member chose to provide written reasons for dissent, these should not be prevented from being recorded by the votes of the others, but should be included either in the consultation or in the general letter. It was noted that this had not been observed in a recent case, in which certain members had refused to sign a charge made in a letter dated 3 October 1711 against Captain Roberts, alleging that he had destroyed all of Mr Hoskinson’s cattle. This charge was described as unfounded, it having been stated that Captain Roberts had denied it and had challenged proof, which had not been provided. It was further directed that all letters from the Governor relating to the Company’s affairs should be entered into the general letter book for public record, except in cases concerning the Secret Committee or other confidential matters. This instruction was reinforced by reference to a dispute involving Captain Boucher and two members of the Council, who had denied, in their reply of 3 October 1711 to Captain Roberts, that any such proposal had been made by the commander of the men of war to assist in mounting demi-cannon at Munden’s Point. It was noted that no record of such a proposal had been found in the Council’s minutes, although the third paragraph of the general letter dated 17 July 1711 had indicated that such assistance had been offered. To prevent similar disputes in future, it was directed that all such discussions should be properly entered in the Consultation Book and recorded in the Governor’s letters within the general register. It was further stated that an additional reason for maintaining such records arose from the possibility of mortality, though the concluding portion of the passage was incomplete. Interpretations Speculations |
208 | 196 | the Success may be acquainted with the pretensions Schemes for Building &cᵃ, parts of our affairs more particularly committed to the Governours care. We can’t say the Council Complains to us are against the other in their private Letters, such Uneasiness and heart burning profit no good to us, We expect this be no more if any of you are of different apprehensions. Debate it together cooly, and Enter your reasons in Consultation where you disagree, if any are Vicious or Sloth, and thereby Neglect our Business, let them be fairly warned, and if that won’t reclaim them let us know it and we shall cure the evil. But we must tell you, We don’t take it well that you never gave Captain Roberts an answer to his Letter of the 3ʳᵈ October which is a Letter of Business, and looks to us that it was a Letter of truth because not contradicted. When the Ship stayed a Month longer, true it is Captain Boucher sent us what he calls an answer to it Dated the 1ˢᵗ December which appears more like a Contention about words, and is rather filled with the Art and Sophistry of the Schools than solid reasoning and plain Argument. By your mentioning so much which we do with regret, our Aim is to put full stop to the like hereafter being desirous your time shall be taken up in Judging our Interest and your own quiet, and not in throwing Dirt Severely or openly at one another. If any of you think you have good Cause to Complain of the rest, do it openly and we shall judge of it. | It was indicated that the Success might be informed of proposals and schemes relating to building and other matters of the Company’s affairs, particularly those entrusted to the Governor’s care. It was observed that complaints had been made by members of the Council against one another in private letters, and it was stated that such disagreements and resentments produced no benefit to the Company. It was therefore required that such conduct should cease. Where differences of opinion arose, it was directed that they be discussed calmly among the Council and that the reasons for disagreement be entered in the Consultation Book. It was further instructed that, if any member were found to be negligent or idle in the Company’s service, he should first be fairly warned, and, if this proved ineffective, the matter should be reported so that corrective action might be taken. Disapproval was expressed that no reply had been given to Captain Roberts’s letter dated 3 October 1711, which had been a letter concerning business matters. It was remarked that this omission suggested that the contents of that letter were true, as they had not been contradicted. It was also noted that the ship had remained an additional month. Although Captain Boucher had sent what he described as a reply, dated 1 December 1711, it was judged to be unsatisfactory, consisting more of disputation over wording and displaying the style of academic argument rather than clear and practical reasoning. It was stated that these matters were mentioned with reluctance, the intention being to prevent similar occurrences in future. It was emphasised that the time of the Governor and Council should be devoted to advancing the Company’s interests and maintaining harmony, rather than engaging in mutual accusations. It was directed that, if any member believed he had just cause for complaint against others, this should be presented openly so that it might be properly judged. Interpretations Speculations |
209 | 197 | You Promise us our Accounts shall be sent by the Summer Shipping, We expect them accordingly, and that our Storekeepers Accounts be Monthly or oftner Examined and approved in Consultation, and the Ballance paid into the Governour when in Money. That whoever looks after the Plantation (which we leave to your Determination for the present) gives in Monthly his Accounts of all the particulars under his care, which your Consultation of the 5ᵗʰ February Mentions Mr. Hoskinson had never done, tho’ he had been in that office six Months, such unaccountable proceedings must never again be suffered if they are, We can’t think any who have power and yet don’t remedy it, fit to serve us. We Expect all others who have any concerns of ours under their care do Monthly, or if you think fit oftner, give in their Account and that it be done not only for form’s sake, but that the several Accounts pass a due and strict Examination and hereafter any faults whether of Carelesness, Error, or wilfulness be discovered that a due and proper remedy be applyed thereat. We dont at all like that you have bought in so many Plantations, and thereby the severall Familys have left the Island. We can’t see what authority you had for so doing, nor how those Plantations will turn to better Account in our hands, than in the Planters, what can you think will become of the Island, if we had it all in our hands, it is against all Policy to Contribute to the Depopulating any Place, as this Naturally tends to, there must be some secret reason for this, as that the people can’t Quietly or the like; which makes them desire to leave the Place, if they were having Tempers, Every Body can’t buy their Plantations, and if... | It was noted that a promise had been made that the accounts would be sent by the summer shipping, and it was expected that this would be fulfilled accordingly. It was directed that the storekeeper’s accounts be examined monthly, or more frequently if required, and approved in consultation, with any balance in money paid to the Governor. It was further required that whoever had charge of the plantations, a matter left to present determination, should submit monthly accounts of all matters under his care. Reference was made to the consultation of 5 February 1712, in which it had been recorded that Mr Hoskinson had failed to provide any such accounts during six months in office. Such conduct was described as unacceptable, and it was stated that, if similar neglect were allowed in future, those responsible for correcting it would not be considered fit for service. It was also directed that all others entrusted with any part of the Company’s affairs should submit accounts monthly, or more frequently if judged necessary, and that these accounts should be subject to strict and proper examination. It was emphasised that this process should not be treated as a mere formality, but should be conducted in such a manner that any faults, whether arising from carelessness, error or deliberate misconduct, might be identified and corrected. Disapproval was expressed regarding the purchase of numerous plantations by the Company, which had resulted in several families leaving the island. It was stated that no authority for such actions could be identified, nor was it understood how these plantations would prove more beneficial under Company control than when held by individual planters. It was further observed that, if the Company were to take possession of all plantations, the consequence would be the depopulation of the island, which was considered contrary to sound policy. It was suggested that there might be underlying reasons for this development, possibly arising from discontent among the inhabitants, which had led them to seek departure. It was noted that not all inhabitants would be able to sell their plantations, and the passage concluded in an incomplete state. Interpretations Speculations |
210 | 198 | if they can’t find Chapmen they will be induced to stay. Besides, who of you in England ever knows any Lord of a Mannor desirous to Purchase any Lands that holds of his Mannor. He knows What he never holds of him turns to better advantage in consequence than if he had it in his own hands, for all which and many other reasons that might be offer’d, We say buy no more Plantations and Lease out or sell of all you have bought that are not absolutely Necessary for the Maintenance of your own Dependants Whites or Blacks. Pray let us know by the next what those Plantations so bought yeild us ₤ pᵉ Annum, that we may know what we have for our Money. It looks to us better to rent our Land, tho’ we buy the Produce of the Tenant than to keep any Quantity in our own hands for Private Persons will husband a farm better for themselves than by what appears our Servants will for us, witness Hutts Plantation and others you Complain of which are gone to ruin because the People look after them for our Account, and not their own. We have no Prospect while the War lasts to supply you with Madagascar Negros or those of Guinea, however for what you have take care they earn their living, and be well looked after. Whatever Buildings you find absolutely Necessary for the Barracks, for the Soldiers lodging, for the Blacks work houses for the Carpenters, Joyner &cᵃ, let them be done substantially and with Frugality. We have often been earnestly Solicited by Seamen &cᵃ... | It was stated that, if inhabitants were unable to find purchasers for their plantations, they might be compelled to remain on the island. It was further observed that, by comparison, no lord of a manor in England would ordinarily wish to purchase lands held under his own manor, as such lands were often more advantageous when held by tenants rather than in direct possession. On this basis, it was directed that no further plantations should be purchased, and that those already acquired should be leased or sold, except where they were absolutely necessary for maintaining the Company’s own dependants, whether white or slave. It was also required that a report be sent by the next opportunity stating the annual income, in pounds per annum, derived from such plantations, so that their value might be assessed. It was considered preferable that land should be rented out, even if the Company then purchased produce from tenants, rather than retaining large quantities under direct management. It was argued that private individuals would manage land more effectively for their own benefit than the Company’s servants had done, as evidenced by plantations such as Hutts Plantation, which had fallen into decline when managed on the Company’s account. It was further stated that, while the war continued, no expectation could be held of supplying additional slaves from Madagascar or Guinea. It was therefore directed that those already on the island should be properly employed so as to maintain themselves, and that they should be adequately supervised. It was also directed that any buildings required for barracks, for the lodging of soldiers, for workhouses for slaves or for workshops for trades such as carpenters and joiners should be constructed in a substantial manner, with due regard to economy. It was noted that repeated requests had been received from seamen and others, though the passage concluded in an incomplete state. Interpretations Speculations |
211 | 199 | Southern whose husband is a serjeant, and we are told in good circumstances, that he may allow her something to keep her from starving. She offers good Proof that she was Service to him, and brought him a good fortune, do you tell him we expect he allow a yearly Maintenance for her, let us know what it is, that we may give it her here, and you deduct out of his pay what we may not lose it. There is one John Mayott who was left at St. Helena by the Fleet Frigatt, to be putt on the Steerage, give him leave to proceed on the next ship returning for Europe, as his Father who is a Messenger of the House of Commons Desires. We have scarce any answer to the many Paragraphs relating to the settlement of the People’s Property, and Registring their Lands to prevent Law suits and Litigated Titles. What you mention in answer to our 88ᵗʰ Paragraph relating to Mercy Alexander as Complying with our Order, the understanding is very Different, and that what is done is either in spite to the late Governour than according to Equity, if the case be rightly, for we are told this Bagley who hired it rented it of the Company, and She at no more, that her first husband and she both consented to his renting it, and prest him to it, that he might buy their Stock on the ground which he did, and that this Woman is since married, and her new husband being instigated by some ill disposed people, sett her on Clamouring, who otherwise would not, and now she has it her husband keeps only a Black in it, whereas Bagley is a Man of good... | It was reported that a woman named Southern, whose husband was a serjeant and said to be in good circumstances, had provided evidence that she had been of service to him and had brought him a substantial fortune. It was therefore directed that he should be required to provide her with a yearly maintenance sufficient to prevent her falling into poverty. Notice was to be given of the amount allowed, so that it might be paid to her in England, with the corresponding sum deducted from his pay to prevent loss to the Company. It was further directed that one John Mayott, who had been left at St Helena by the Fleet Frigatt to be placed in the steerage, should be permitted to return to Europe on the next available ship, in response to a request made by his father, who was employed as a messenger of the House of Commons. Concern was expressed that little response had been given to the numerous paragraphs relating to the settlement of property and the registration of land, measures which had been intended to prevent disputes and contested ownership. Reference was made to the reply given concerning the eighty-eighth paragraph relating to Mercy Alexander, which was judged to differ significantly from the intended meaning of the Company’s order. It was suggested that the actions taken may have been influenced more by opposition to the late Governor than by considerations of equity. It was reported that a man named Bagley had rented the land in question from the Company, with the consent of Mercy Alexander and her first husband, who had encouraged him to do so in order that he might purchase their stock, which he had done. It was further stated that Mercy Alexander had since remarried, and that her new husband, influenced by others, had encouraged her to raise complaints that she would not otherwise have made. It was noted that, having regained possession, her husband maintained only a single slave on the land, whereas Bagley had been described as a capable individual. The concluding portion of the passage was incomplete. Interpretations Speculations |
212 | 200 | Good Note, has a Family, and is Turned out of doors, and what is We are sorry to find so many Bills of Exchange drawn Fourthly, touching the Fortification Buildings | It was reported that Bagley had been a man of good reputation, with a family, and had been turned out of his holding, despite having fenced the land at his own expense and having received no allowance for that work. It was further stated that John Alexander, who had been charged in other matters with improper conduct, had persuaded Mercy Alexander, while she was a widow, to sign a petition that he himself had prepared. It was asserted that she had not understood the contents of the petition, nor had she intended to make any complaint or requested that such a document be drawn up. Upon later examination, it had been recognised as being in his handwriting. It was also observed that a certificate attesting to the good behaviour of her husband, Richard Alexander, had been written in a hand identical to that used in correspondence previously received, suggesting that it may not have been impartial but rather prepared in support of a particular interest. It was noted with concern that Mr Hoskinson had been especially active in supporting the removal of Bagley, together with other circumstances not fully enumerated, which had reportedly been capable of proof before the Council. It was therefore directed that the case be examined impartially and not determined solely by reference to earlier instructions, as those had been issued out of compassion for Mercy Alexander in her former condition as a widow, which she no longer was. It was stated that, if sufficient reason were found, Bagley should be restored to his holding, but if not, and if the woman had been unjustly treated, Bagley should be compensated for the expenses he had incurred in fencing and planting, as this was considered equitable. Concern was also expressed regarding the large number of bills of exchange drawn upon the Company, despite the recent and substantial supplies provided to St Helena from both Europe and India. It was stated that this expense was expected to be accounted for and returned. Attention was then directed to the subject of fortifications, buildings and garrison stores, though the passage concluded at this point. Interpretations Speculations |
213 | 201 | It is too late to send you out any Boats from hence, if you We are glad our Governour can find out any Methods for easing We Expect you Annually send us a Rentall of all the Money Many other matters we might here insert, Notices of which we Your Loving Friends | It was stated that it was too late to send boats from England, and it was therefore directed that, if a suitable longboat or pinnace could be obtained from any men of war, such vessels should be acquired by freight for use at St Helena. Satisfaction was expressed that the Governor had sought methods to reduce expenses relating to lime and stone, and to improve the fortifications by creating smooth and level pavements for the more effective operation of artillery. It was observed that such improvements were commendable in themselves. It was requested that detailed drawings of these works be sent, whether they were begun, in progress or completed, together with information on their location, so that proper judgement might be made. It was also noted that explanations might be sought from those who had seen the works and possessed knowledge of fortification. It was stated that, in general, whatever measures were necessary for the improved security of the island would be accepted and approved. It was further directed that an annual rental account be sent, detailing all monies received from lands held of the Company on the island, specifying the amounts, their sources and locations. An account was also required of the various branches of revenue, showing the total sums received, their distribution and the manner in which they had been raised. It was instructed that, whenever land sales were mentioned in consultations, the rate at which such lands were sold should be clearly recorded. It was stated that additional matters might have been addressed, but these were deferred, partly in the expectation that conditions would improve, and partly to ensure the prompt dispatch of the ship, which had been ordered to proceed from the Downs to Spithead and thence to sea. The letter concluded with the customary closing. Interpretations Speculations |
214 | 202 | Our Governour and Councill Our last to You was by the Abingdon dated the 30ᵗʰ May 1712 | A letter dated 20 March 1713, addressed to the Governor and Council of St Helena, referred to previous correspondence sent by the Abingdon on 30 May 1712. It was stated that, at that time, notice had only recently been received of the arrival of the Success in the Channel, together with the general letter from the island dated 11 March 1712, which had been brought from Land’s End by the third mate. It was further noted that a subsequent general letter dated 19 July 1712 had since been received, along with accompanying papers listed in the packets delivered by Her Majesty’s ships Lenox and Catherine, which were then under consideration for reply. Concern was expressed that the same complaints regarding management continued to arise as had been set out in the previous letter, a copy of which had been enclosed. It was stated that there had been strong reason to expect improvement following the appointment of a new Governor and the constitution of a new Council, and that earlier promises and expectations had suggested that affairs would be conducted more effectively. It was further observed that the instructions and orders sent by the East Indiaman and the Thistleworth, which had been described as clear and detailed, had not been properly observed. Instead, it was stated that conditions had deteriorated in comparison with the administration of their predecessors, and that the present letters provided similar grounds for complaint as before. It was noted that, for the sake of brevity, these earlier complaints would not be repeated, and reference was made to the previous letter for their full detail. It was then stated that attention would be directed to additional matters, which would be addressed as they arose in the course of the correspondence. Interpretations Speculations |
215 | 203 | Susanna, John B occur and in our Orders thereupon under our establishᵗ Generall First concerning Shipping sent out, and Since the date of your aforementioned Letters it has pleased The Ships now sent and Sending out to all parts The Success Capt. Clapham Commander our own Ship for Mocha | A report was given under the general heading concerning ships sent out and returned. It was stated that, since the dates of the earlier letters, several ships had safely returned. These included the Success, commanded by Captain Clapham, which had arrived on 31 May 1713 from the Bay and the Fort. The Windsor, returning from Mocha and Bombay, had been delayed for a considerable time at Lisbon awaiting convoy and had arrived on 24 June 1713. The Bouverie and Halifax had returned from the Coast and the Bay, and the Tankervilles from Bombay, though last from Madras, had accompanied the Dutch fleet from the Cape into Holland, arriving there on 5 September 1712. Further arrivals were recorded, including the St. George and Aurengzebe from the Bay, the Lavvella from the Coast, the Rochester and Hester from China, the Catherine from Bombay and the Thistleworth from Bencoolen. These vessels, together with their convoy from St Helena, had proceeded directly up the Channel and had arrived in the Downs on 24 September 1712. It was also reported that the Sherborne, which had come from the Bay in company with the St. George, had been captured on 9 April 1713 within ten leagues of the Cape of Good Hope. Its cargo had been taken into St Anne, and it was stated that the French had subsequently manned the vessel and carried her to India. A list was then provided of ships sent or in the process of being sent to various parts of India during the present season. The Success, again under Captain Clapham, had been dispatched as the Company’s own ship for Mocha, from where she was to proceed to Bombay with a cargo of coffee, then return to Mocha for a further cargo before coming back to England. It was noted that she had sailed from Plymouth on 10 November 1712. The passage concluded in an incomplete state. Interpretations Speculations |
216 | 204 | The Loyal Bliss 350 Capt. Willᵐ Hudson for Coast & England The Loyal Bliss lay a long while in the Downs wind bound, and This comes to you by the Susanna taken up by us first We hope by what we have wrote in our last and former | A further account was provided of ships dispatched to various parts of India during the present season. These included the Loyal Bliss, of 350 tons, commanded by Captain William Hudson, bound for the Coast and England; the Lannovre, of 460 tons, under Captain James Osborn; the Ladersick, of 350 tons, commanded by Captain Richard Peploe, bound for the Coast and the Bay; the King William, of 350 tons, under Captain Nathan Winter; the Cardigan, of 400 tons, commanded by Captain Richard Grainger, bound for the Bay; and the Susanna, of 300 tons, under Captain Richard Conwell, bound for St Helena and Bencoolen. It was noted that the Loyal Bliss had remained for a considerable period in the Downs due to contrary winds, together with another ship referred to as the second and say ship, and that both had eventually sailed from the Downs on 27 February 1713 after waiting for favourable conditions. It was stated that the present communication was sent by the Susanna, which had been engaged to proceed first to St Helena and then onward to Bencoolen. It was directed that, from the bills of lading enclosed, the Governor and Council would be able to determine the stores, goods and provisions sent to them. It was further instructed that the ship’s charterparty, included in the packet, should be examined insofar as it concerned them, and that, upon the ship’s dispatch, this document should be forwarded to the Deputy Governor and Council at Bencoolen for their guidance, with particular care taken to ensure this was done. It was expressed that, from previous letters, the reasons should already be understood for requiring that this ship, along with all others, be dispatched from St Helena within the ten working days allowed for unloading and stay at the island. It was reiterated that instructions had been given on how to proceed if delay occurred through the fault of the captain or otherwise, leading to detention beyond that period and exposing the Company to demurrage charges. It was stated that it was hoped these instructions would now be properly observed, though the passage concluded before further comment was given. Interpretations Speculations |
217 | 205 | the proper directions, It is your parts to Execute them which we expect The Advice you give Us, when our own or other Ships arrive with you If you All or the Governour for the time being shall receive any | It was stated that proper directions had already been given, and that it remained the duty of the Governor and Council to execute them, which it was expected would be done more effectively than had been the case previously. It was further directed that the advice sent regarding the arrival of Company ships, or other vessels, should continue to be provided. This was to include reports of any intelligence received concerning such ships from other locations, the ports at which they had arrived, touched or departed, and the dates on which each Company ship left St Helena on its homeward voyage. It was observed that, during the present war, such information could be obtained through various commanders’ reports, but that, in time of peace, which was considered probably near, such knowledge might otherwise be lacking if not regularly supplied. It was also instructed that, if the Governor or Council received any directions from the Secret Committee, identified for that year as Sir Jonathan Andrews, Sir George Mathews, Sir Robert Knightingales and Gregory Page, or from any three of them, concerning the conduct of ships either outward or homeward bound, or any related matters, such instructions were to be observed fully and with the same authority as if they had been issued by the entire Court of Directors. Interpretations Speculations |
218 | 206 | and Captain Small for Beef and other Provisions as yr Ships You did well to send us the Copys of the Invoices from | It was observed that charges relating to beef and other provisions, as reflected in the ships’ accounts, had given cause for concern. It was questioned whether these matters marked the beginning of the conduct of the new chief, Alexander, and it was implied that such practices could not be accepted without further scrutiny. It was stated that the matter would be addressed more fully under its proper heading. It was acknowledged that copies of invoices from Madras and the Bay, relating to goods sent on the ships Success, St. George and Aurengzebe, had been properly transmitted. However, it was noted that similar documentation had not been provided for goods received from Bombay by the Catherine. Reference was made to a copy of a letter from Mr Courtney, dated 16 January 1713 at Bombay, which had been included in the packet sent by the Catherine. In that letter, it had been stated that bills of lading had been sent for the butts of arrack loaded on that ship for St Helena by the Governor and Council at Bombay, together with a sealed bottle as a sample. It was remarked that no explanation had been given regarding these items, nor had any information been provided as to whether the casks corresponded in quality with the sealed bottle. It was emphasised that such details ought to have been reported. Reference was made to an earlier complaint from St Helena that arrack received by the Aurengzebe had proved to be of poor quality, although the captain had asserted that it was the same as had been loaded at Bombay. It had therefore been considered necessary to determine whether any substitution or adulteration had taken place on board ship. To address this concern, it had previously been ordered that a sealed bottle or case of the same arrack as contained in the casks should be sent, so that any tampering during the voyage might be detected. It was further noted that similar instructions had been issued to the settlements at the Fort, the Bay and Bencoolen. Interpretations Speculations |
219 | 207 | We find by your Consultation of the 8ᵗʰ April, You Order the Goa You tell us paragraph the 10ᵗʰ. you bought Twelve pipes of | It was observed from the consultation dated 8 April 1713 that the Goa arrack received by the Catherine had been ordered to be sold at 5 shillings per gallon, and from the consultation of 12 March 1713 that Batavia arrack had been ordered to be sold at 7 shillings per gallon. It was stated that such information ought properly to have been included in the general letter. Disapproval was expressed regarding the management of these prices, it being noted that the same goods would fetch nearly double in England. It was further remarked that, according to bills of exchange previously drawn, former Governors and Councils had paid captains between 9 shillings and 12 shillings per gallon for arrack, which was then intended to be sold at a moderate profit. The reduction to such low prices was described as inconsistent with the Company’s interest, and it was stated that no person attentive to that interest should have agreed to it. It was further observed that it was difficult to understand how captains could have sold or valued the arrack at such low rates, although the absence of proper accounts prevented full knowledge of the matter. It was emphasised that, even though a considerable supply had been received, it ought to have been recognised that further replenishment could not reasonably be expected for nearly 12 months. For this reason, it was directed that the commodity should have been managed with greater frugality and prudence, and that prices should have been maintained at a suitably advantageous level. Reference was then made to the tenth paragraph of the Governor’s letter, in which it had been reported that 12 pipes of Madeira wine had been purchased at £20 per pipe, with the expectation of profit. It was also stated that the reason for taking large quantities of arrack from Captain Godfrey and Captain Small had been that it was a consumable good and not liable to spoil. It was remarked that a fuller explanation of these decisions would have been more satisfactory, though the passage concluded before this was completed. Interpretations Speculations |
220 | 208 | mentioned what you intended to Sell the wine at and that you You will find in your former Letters, that we had directed our | It was stated that no explanation had been given of the intended selling price of the Madeira wine, nor had any justification been provided for setting the price of arrack at 5 shillings or 7 shillings per gallon. It was asserted that such prices could not yield any profit to the Company, and it was suggested that some concealed or improper motive might underlie this practice. Reference was made to the thirty-seventh paragraph of the instructions sent by the Paddington, which had required that all prices set on goods be reported, yet it was observed that no such information had been included in the letter. It was noted that, had the consultations not been examined, or had they not been sent, this management would have remained entirely unknown. The conduct was explicitly disapproved, and it was stated that it compared unfavourably with that of predecessors and did not recommend the present administration. It was further declared that, unless such practices were corrected and the Company’s orders more carefully observed, it would become necessary to replace those responsible. It was then recalled that earlier instructions had directed that Company beef should not be sold at 20 shillings per hundredweight when scarcity made it dearer to obtain or when it could not be procured from the inhabitants at that price. It was reported that Captain Godfrey had stated that he had paid only 20 shillings per hundredweight for beef obtained from Company stock, and 25 shillings per hundredweight for beef obtained from other sources. It was also stated that he had sold arrack to the settlement at 7 shillings per gallon, while Captain Small had sold his at 6 shillings per gallon. It was therefore questioned whether fair dealing had been observed, given that the Company’s arrack had been sold at prices lower than its effective cost, particularly where it had been obtained through barter for beef valued at 20 shillings per hundredweight. It was acknowledged that, even if Bombay arrack were inferior to that from Batavia, which was not clearly established, a higher valuation ought to have been maintained. The passage concluded before the argument was completed. Interpretations Speculations |
221 | 209 | might have found a better precedent in your predecessors time who putt off Secondly Concerning Goods or Stores sent from The Invoice and Bills of Lading will shew you what is laden of We Expect you send us an Account by every Shipping how the Stores Your 8ᵗʰ Paragraph advises that on opening the Bale goods by | It was suggested that a more suitable precedent might have been followed from the time of earlier administrations, in which inferior and adulterated arrack received by the Aurengzebe had been mixed with better-quality stock, so that the sale of the latter would effectively carry off the former. Attention was then directed to goods and stores sent from England or received from India. It was stated that the invoices and bills of lading would indicate what quantities of each type of goods had been loaded on the present ship, as well as what had been sent previously by the Abingdon, which together had nearly completed the supply of stores requested in the most frugal estimates, along with part of the provisions. It was explained that timber and deals, owing to their bulk despite being cut to size, had occupied a large portion of the cargo space, preventing the shipment of all requested items. It was therefore stated that the remaining goods would have to be deferred until a more favourable opportunity arose, which it was hoped would occur if peace were soon concluded, allowing tonnage to be obtained on easier terms. It was further reported that the Committee had been unable to procure and send a vessel of 30 tons, but it was considered probable that a longboat suitable for transporting lime and stone might be obtained from one of the ships arriving. In the meantime, it was directed that the existing boat, having been recently built with greater height, should be used as effectively as possible. It was required that, with every shipment, an account be sent detailing the prices at which goods received from India or England had been or would be sold, this to be included in a separate paper within the packet, with duplicate copies sent by the next conveyance. An additional account was to be provided of all goods remaining in the storehouse, together with a statement of what further quantities were required. Reference was made to the eighth paragraph of the Governor’s letter, in which it had been reported that, upon opening bale goods delivered by the Success, several items had been found to be damaged, including chintz cloth that had become rotten in many places. The passage concluded in an incomplete state. Interpretations Speculations |
222 | 210 | many Places, the Plain white Cloth especially the finest Cales We find in the 7ᵗʰ Paragraph the Excuses the Storekeeper | It was reported that, upon inspection of the bale goods, many items had been found to be damaged. In particular, the printed cottons were said to be rotten in many places, and the plain white cloth, especially the finest calicoes and sannoes, had been found full of holes and entirely unfit for use. It was stated that this account had been given in terms that were too general. It was directed that a formal attestation should have been taken at the time of inspection, specifying precisely which bales were affected, including their identifying numbers, the number of pieces contained in each and the extent of damage to each piece. It was explained that, had such detail been provided, the information could have been forwarded to the Bay, enabling Company agents there to hold the sellers accountable and recover the loss in value. It was noted that general descriptions could only produce general replies and excuses. It was therefore instructed that, in future cases, such attestations should be taken under oath, to give them greater authority and to prevent negligence or evasion by Company servants responsible for receiving and storing goods. It was further observed, with reference to the seventh paragraph, that the excuse offered by the storekeeper for failing to submit accounts, namely that he had been continuously engaged in issuing stores, was inadequate. It was stated that it had formerly been the practice, and was presumed still to be so, to appoint specific days for the distribution of stores, leaving other days available for the preparation of accounts. It was added that, even if the workload had been too great for a single individual, assistance could have been arranged, whether from a clerk or another suitable person, during periods of particular pressure. It was explicitly stated that the storekeeper’s wife should not be permitted to interfere in such matters, as it had been reported that she had done. It was also noted that, in earlier practice, Mr Bazett had served as an assistant in this capacity. The passage concluded before further detail was given. Interpretations Speculations |
223 | 211 | succeeding Storekeepers, pray tell us why he is not as well qualifyed We must check this Mischief in the beginning least it grow | It was asked why Mr Bazett, who had previously served as assistant to former storekeepers, was no longer considered fit for that role, when he had formerly been regarded as capable. It was reported that the Governor and Mr Vacks were unwilling that he should be involved in the management of the store. It was suggested that, unless there were some concealed motive, it would have been advantageous to accept any assistance that might help maintain proper order in the Company’s affairs. It was observed that effective management would enhance both the reputation of the storekeeper and that of the Governor, who was responsible for overall supervision, whereas the contrary conduct brought discredit upon both and gave rise to suspicion. It was stated that such disorder must be corrected at an early stage to prevent it from becoming intolerable. It was explained that, if the accounts of stores were not properly maintained, neither planters nor soldiers would be able to understand the state of their accounts, nor would the Council be able to settle them. It was further noted that, without accurate records, it would be impossible to prevent individuals from falling into debt to the Company or to recover such debts when incurred. It was also pointed out that the storekeeper’s accounts could not be effectively checked when submitted, nor could any reliable knowledge be obtained of the quantities remaining in the storehouse. Consequently, it would not be possible to determine the annual requirements of each type of goods or to prepare accurate indents for future supplies. It was further observed that an additional consequence might arise if soldiers were believed to be in arrears, as they might take advantage of opportunities to desert when ships were in the road, which could result in serious loss. It was noted that evidence of such issues had already been identified in recent records received from St Helena, though the passage concluded before further detail was provided. Interpretations Speculations |
224 | 212 | Orders &ᵃ Pᵖ Ship that our Soldiers and the Poor Planters run yearly more and more We have found the Ancient Order given to Sᵗ. Helena to value Thirdly touching our Servants, Civill or We find by this Letter that Mr. Griffith one of the Council is | It was observed that Company soldiers and poorer planters had increasingly fallen into debt year after year. It was noted that efforts had previously been made to correct this situation, and that Captain Roberts had gradually reduced such debts, recognising that problems of this nature arose over time and required gradual remedy. It was stated, however, that under the present administration, the situation appeared to be worsening, as it was reported that all persons, whether indebted or holding credit, were permitted equal and unrestricted access to the storehouse for whatever goods they desired. It was recalled that this practice had been expressly warned against in the thirty-eighth paragraph of the instructions sent by the Paddington. It was further stated that, if these reports were accurate, and there was strong reason to believe they were, they provided additional evidence that established rules for governance were not being observed. It was also noted that the long-standing order at St Helena to value pieces of eight at 6 shillings each had been applied in a manner prejudicial to the Company. In light of the expectation that the war would soon end and that foreign silver would return to its intrinsic value, which had recently increased by between 5 per cent and 10 per cent or more, it was ordered that full-weight Spanish dollars should in future be valued at no more than 5 shillings each. Lighter coins were to be valued proportionately. It was further directed that such coins should not be accepted at higher rates for Company stores, nor should bills of exchange be issued at greater value. Prices of goods sold were to be adjusted accordingly, based on a valuation of 5 shillings per dollar. Attention was then directed to the subject of servants, both civil and military, together with the general accounts of St Helena and matters relating to slaves, cattle, land and revenues. It was noted that, according to the present letter, Mr Griffith, a member of the Council, was under discussion, though the passage concluded before further detail was given. Interpretations Speculations |
225 | 213 | is lately deceased, and that your present Councill consists only of three We | It was reported that Mr Griffith, one of the Council, had died, and that the Council was now reduced to only three members. It was stated that, had a suitable person been available, another member might have been appointed, but this could not be arranged by the present ship. It was observed that three overseers had been appointed to manage the slaves and the several plantations, and it was stated that, based on this arrangement and on assurances given in the fourteenth paragraph of the letter sent by the Success, it was expected that proper care would be taken to improve the plantations and prevent their decline, which had recently been reported. Information had been received that, during Mr Hoskinson’s lifetime, he had adopted a manner of living marked by excessive display, keeping three or four Company slaves constantly in attendance upon him. It was stated that this had diverted labour away from the plantations, resulting in a decline in productivity. It was further reported that, instead of increasing the supply of yams through new planting, the existing crops had diminished, and that yams had been allowed to rot and spoil. It was also noted that, although three plantations had been purchased to increase the area available for yam cultivation, the manner in which they had been managed had been so ineffective that there was a risk that provisions would eventually have to be purchased from private planters rather than supplied to them. It was reported that the diversion of slaves to building works had resulted in large quantities of yams being lost, with only a small portion of the land being replanted. This situation was described as particularly unsatisfactory given that between £600 and £700 or more had already been expended on acquiring land suitable for yam cultivation. It was further observed that there were few or no slaves available for planting, and that those present were employed mainly in digging up existing crops rather than establishing new ones. It was stated that such an account could not be acceptable, and that it had been communicated so that corrective measures might be taken. Interpretations Speculations |
226 | 214 | We can’t blame our Governour in the Generall for applying You did very well in sending us the Muster Roll of our We find by the List of Salary and pay the Yearly charge, | It was stated that no blame was attached to the Governor for having applied himself diligently to the fortifications, as this had been both necessary and expressly recommended. However, it was also observed that, while such works were required, sufficient attention should likewise have been given to the plantations, which had been neglected. It was directed that slaves should have been allocated at suitable times to plant new crops, and then returned to building works, so that all aspects of the Company’s affairs might have been properly managed with the available labour. It was acknowledged that the muster roll of the Company’s covenant servants and other personnel, both civil and military, had been properly transmitted, together with accounts of their salaries and pay. It was also noted that accounts had been provided of the slaves, cattle and provisions, as well as of the annual rents and revenues of the island. In addition, muster rolls of all inhabitants, along with accounts of their lands and cattle, had been received. It was directed that these returns should be continued annually in the same format. It was observed that the number of slaves had declined, and it was stated that, at present, no measures could be taken to provide new supplies. It was noted that ships from the African coast had occasionally called at St Helena with slaves, and it was directed that, if such opportunities arose again, purchases might be made provided the terms were reasonable. It was further observed that the list of salaries and pay indicated a total annual charge exceeding £2,000, but that no mention had been made of the wages or maintenance of the boat’s crew and mariners. The passage concluded before further comment was given. Interpretations Speculations |
227 | 215 | mentioned in your Consultation of the 19ᵗʰ March, unless they are You tell us you have dismist Mr. Tree from being Clerk | It was stated that no blame was attached to the Governor for having applied himself diligently to the fortifications, as this had been necessary and had been strongly recommended. At the same time, it was emphasised that attention should also have been given to the plantations, which had been neglected. It was directed that slaves should have been allocated at proper seasons to plant new crops and then returned to building works, so that all parts of the Company’s affairs might have been managed proportionately according to the available labour. Acknowledgement was made that the muster roll of the Company’s covenant servants and other personnel, both civil and military, had been properly transmitted, together with accounts of their salaries and pay. It was further noted that accounts had been provided of the slaves, stocks of cattle and live provisions, as well as the yearly rent and revenues of the island. Muster rolls of all inhabitants had also been received, including accounts of their lands and cattle. It was directed that these returns should be continued annually in the same form. It was observed that the stock of slaves had decreased, and it was stated that no immediate means were available to supply new ones. It was nevertheless noted that ships from the coast of Africa had at times called at St Helena with slaves, and it was directed that, should such opportunities arise again, purchases might be made if reasonable terms could be obtained. It was further observed that the list of salaries and pay showed a yearly charge exceeding £2,000, yet no mention had been made of the boat’s crew or mariners. This omission was left for further consideration. Interpretations Speculations |
228 | 216 | Order we look upon to be none, nor do we find any in the | It was stated that no valid order had been identified to justify the actions taken, nor had any such authority been found recorded in the Council books. It was noted that Mr Griffith was dead and therefore unable to answer for his conduct. Information had been received that the Governor had overawed Mr Bazett by threatening his removal through a misinterpretation of paragraphs intended to support him, which was judged to be improper and indicative of dishonesty. Further concern was raised that no proper examination had been made into whether the allegations contained in the sixtieth paragraph of earlier instructions were true, nor had due regard been given to what had been written concerning Mr Alexander in the letter sent by the Mead Frigatt. It was expected that these matters should have been investigated, with findings reported clearly so that judgement might be formed. Additional reports indicated that Tree had been removed without any order of the Council, while Mr Alexander had been entrusted with all books and records without any formal accounting being required from him. This was considered particularly troubling in light of previous accusations against him involving the burning of papers and fraudulent registry. It was also alleged that the present Governor had acted with the intention of overturning the measures of his predecessor, regardless of their merit. Doubts were expressed regarding Mr Alexander’s suitability for reinstatement, as his recent management had not demonstrated sufficient reliability. It was observed that, although the ships did not sail until 20 July 1712, the consultations transmitted extended only to 8 April 1712 and were entirely in the handwriting of Tree. It was also noted that the captains’ accounts, which had previously been regularly provided, were now absent. Criticism was made of the general letter, which was said to provide only a limited account of the Company’s affairs and to fall short of the requirements set out in the instructions sent by the Paddington. Attention was drawn to the fact that several bills of exchange were incomplete, with the day of the date left blank, rendering them defective. The passage concluded in an incomplete state. Interpretations Speculations |
229 | 217 | Notice in the Generall Letter at what time drawn or when payable We must also add that we are Extreamly Concerned Mr. Cock should We find by the Success Letter you sent to Mr. Hutchison on the | It was directed that, in the general letter, the dates at which bills of exchange were drawn and when they were payable should always be clearly stated. In view of these and other deficiencies, it was ordered that Mr Tree be restored to his former position, and that any future complaints against him be properly reported for consideration. Concern was expressed that Mr Cock had been on the island for nearly 12 months without sending any books to England, despite being an accountant. It was noted that, since accounts had first been ordered to be prepared annually to 25 March, such records had never previously failed to be transmitted. Reference was made to the general letter sent by the Success, in which he had promised that the books would be delivered by the summer fleet, a promise that had not been fulfilled. It was further observed that he had not submitted monthly accounts to the Council, although this had been explicitly required, and had been the established practice, as acknowledged in the same letter bearing his signature. These failures were described as deserving severe censure, and it was stated that, unless fully corrected by the next shipping, he would be considered unfit to continue in the Company’s service. It was added that, although he would ordinarily have been removed immediately, consideration for his circumstances and family had led to a decision to allow him further time to amend his conduct. Attention was then drawn to a letter sent by the Success to Mr Hutchinson on 5 February 1713, in which an order had been issued requiring him to provide an account of his management of the Company’s affairs and plantations. It was acknowledged that the consultation had properly set out the particulars of these demands. However, it was noted with concern that there had been a prolonged delay in requiring such an account. The passage concluded in an incomplete state. Interpretations Speculations |
230 | 218 | Six months together, and when you did Order it, it was not till We must tell you also that We have had but a very Indifferent | It was observed that a delay of six months had occurred before any demand was made for an account, and that this was not required until Mr Hutchinson had fallen ill in his final sickness. It was stated that no further delays should be permitted. It was also noted that Messrs Griffith and Bazett had been ordered, upon his death, to conduct a survey of the plantations, cattle and other Company property under his charge, as recorded in the consultation of 7 March 1713, yet no report of this survey had been received. Such omissions were described as neither justifiable nor excusable. Attention was then directed to the management of affairs relating to Captain Hall, which was said to have been unsatisfactory. It was reported that he had been treated as a favourite and companion of the Governor, and that his familiarity had been maintained at the Company’s expense during the five months of his stay on the island, while the Governor was said to have benefited personally from the arrangement. It was further reported that, once it became known that Captain Hall possessed goods of his own similar to those received from the Bay by the Success for the Company’s account, the Company’s goods had not been opened or sold until he had first disposed of his own. It was also stated that Captain Hall had landed a greater number of bales at St Helena than were recorded in the Company’s accounts, and there was reason to suspect that he had not paid the required duties on the goods he sold, contrary to the established laws of the island. It was acknowledged that, owing to the absence of proper accounts, this could not be confirmed with certainty. It was nevertheless expressed that it would be desirable for the matter to be fully proven, should the reports be unfounded. At the same time, it was suggested that they were probably not without foundation, and the information was therefore communicated so that such practices might be prevented in future. Interpretations Speculations |
231 | 219 | We are also informed that about Eighty head of Cattle have been bought of Having received some Letters and Petitions by the Success Snow That We are not inclined to Grant Mrᵒ Cason’s request to be | It was reported that approximately 80 head of cattle had been purchased from the planters, and that many more had been slaughtered for Company use. It was further noted that, despite this, together with the natural annual increase of stock and the absence of mortality since the livestock brought by the Tadington to St Helena, the total number of cattle was now less than it had been when Mr Mashborne, the former manager of the plantations, had left the island. It was therefore requested that any evidence contradicting this report be provided, and that, if it proved accurate, the cause of the deficiency be clearly identified. Reference was then made to letters and petitions received by the Success Snow and the Catherine from St Helena, to which responses were given. It was stated that Mr Cason’s request to be admitted into Company service at St Helena would not be granted, as it had been found upon inquiry that he had previously applied more than once to the Court for the same purpose and had been refused for reasons then considered sufficient. It was, however, permitted that he might travel at his own expense with his family to India, where he might settle in one of the Company’s establishments. It was further stated, in accordance with reasons previously set out in a letter sent by the Lexington, that no further purchases of land or plantations were to be made. It was observed that excessive acquisitions of this kind had already taken place, and it was declared that such practices would no longer be allowed. It was also made clear that no payment would be made for land acquired in this manner, even if bills of exchange were drawn upon the Company. Should such bills be issued under the general credit of the Company, the amounts would instead be charged personally to those who had signed them, and every effort would be made to recover the sums from them. Notice was given that this instruction was to prevent any expectation that such transactions would be approved in future, as they were considered detrimental to the island and contrary to the proper management of Company resources unless expressly authorised in advance. The passage concluded in an incomplete state. Interpretations Speculations |
232 | 220 | That if Gabriell Powell who says, He has a large Creditt That Richard Cleeve Joyner who we understand is employed by That as to Mrʳ Atkinson’s large Letter of Complaint We | It was directed that, if Gabriel Powell, who was said to hold a considerable credit in the Company’s store, were to receive any bills drawn upon the Company, he might, from the time such bills became due after acceptance, allow the money to remain in the Company’s cash. It was stated that this might extend to as much as £500, and that interest should be paid to him at the same rate as allowed to others in similar circumstances. It was further directed that Richard Cleeve, a joiner who was understood to be employed at wages, should be appointed to oversee all Company timber. It was considered that he possessed greater skill than those currently employed, and would therefore be better able to cut and prepare timber to best advantage for its intended purposes, thereby preventing waste and embezzlement. It was ordered that he should receive his diet at the Company’s table in addition to his wages, as encouragement for his diligence and care. He was also required to provide regular accounts of how the timber was used and disposed of, which were to be examined locally and also transmitted with each shipping to England. It was noted that he was regarded as a capable craftsman, skilled both as a carpenter and a joiner, though the passage concluded before further detail was given. Attention was then given to a lengthy letter of complaint submitted by Mr Atkinson. It was stated that no action would be taken upon it, as Captain Roberts had already been examined on all the matters alleged. Reference was made to a letter written by Captain Roberts on 8 October 1712, in which he had addressed similar accusations and had challenged the Council to disprove any of his statements, which had not been done. It was observed that Mr Atkinson had been alive at the time and had acted both as accuser and judge in the matter, while Captain Roberts had remained on the island for more than a month afterwards, allowing sufficient time for any rebuttal. On this basis, the complaint was considered to be an artful calumny, presented with plausible arguments, and it was implied that it had been advanced in support of a woman’s cause. Interpretations Speculations |
233 | 221 | Woman who wrote her Letter, and who also sent us what he called an We understand the Land she desires to Rent - if granted her and Your Consultation mentions the letting parcels of Lands on We dont like the practice of the Planters or others changing Land | It was observed that the woman who had written the letter had also sent what was described as an answer to it, which contained many severe reflections yet did not address the reservation made by Mr Atkinson. It was remarked that this omission alone would have provided sufficient material for further argument, had it been pursued with greater force. It was stated that the land she sought to rent, if granted and enclosed, would effectively exclude the Company from access to its own wood and would in practice transfer control of it to her. It was therefore declared that such a request could not be approved. It was nevertheless acknowledged that, in general, it would be advantageous for the Company to lease out as much of its land as possible, retaining only what was necessary to support its own sailors, slaves and cattle required for shipping. It was further stated that, if there were sufficient planters, it would be desirable for them to hold the greater part of both the land and cattle, as well as provisions under lease, while the Company retained only enough to prevent excessive pricing by private suppliers. Attention was drawn to the consultations, which recorded that parcels of land had been leased, but failed to state the rents at which they had been granted. It was directed that such details should in future be included. Disapproval was expressed regarding the practice of planters exchanging their own land for that of the Company. It was noted that this had reportedly occurred in the case of Mr Alexander, who, after improving one plantation and clearing its wood, had constructed a house on a new piece of ground and taken a lease there for the same quantity of land as before. When questioned, it was reported that he had responded as though no wrongdoing had occurred. Interpretations Speculations |
234 | 222 | was it, had he not left as much ground to the Company in his other Your Consultation of the 20ᵗʰ December 1711 imports that We had not before Directed, That you should buy no more | It was stated that, in defence of Mr Alexander’s conduct, it had been argued that he had left as much land to the Company in his former plantation as he had taken in the new one, and that the total quantity held under lease had remained unchanged. It was further noted that, on this basis, those concerned had declined to recognise any fault in the matter. Reference was then made to the consultation of 20 December 1711, in which it had been recorded that Richard Gasling had petitioned to rent the house and land formerly belonging to Widow Lathrope, but that the request had been refused on the grounds that the land should be retained for Company use. It was expressed as an expectation that, in light of more recent instructions, no future refusal would be made to lease out Company land at its proper value, provided that it was not required for essential purposes such as the maintenance of the Company’s table, and that its leasing would not prejudice adjoining Company property. It was observed that no prior explicit order had been given forbidding the purchase of land, but it had already been remarked that entries in the consultations relating to such purchases had been unsatisfactory. It was stated that recording only general terms, such as the total sum paid for a plantation of a given acreage together with provisions and a number of cattle, was inadequate. It was directed that such entries should instead be made in precise and detailed form, as had been done in the consultation of 7 March 1713, where Mr Bazett had reported his purchase from Walter Belvand, specifying the value assigned to each item and the contents of each category. It was further noted that, even in that example, the description of cattle might have been improved by specifying the types of cattle involved, rather than entering them collectively under a general heading. It was stated that, where there was no intention of deception and no confusion or negligence, records should always be made with clarity, completeness and precision. Interpretations Speculations |
235 | 223 | Fairly and Accompts of matters entrusted with them. Your Consultation of the 8ᵗʰ. April mentions that you writ on the 15ᵗʰ The 1ˢᵗ. of January you Order a Proclamation to be Issued and that Fourthly, touching our Fortifications, It is something particular, and what we dont like that both | It was stated that all matters entrusted to the Company’s servants should be conducted fairly and with proper accounting. Reference was made to the consultation of 8 April 1713, in which it had been recorded that, on 15 April 1713, a licence for the retailing of strong liquors had been put up for auction at a starting price of 400 dollars, with bids to increase by 10 dollars at each advance. It was observed that the subsequent letter written in July had made no mention of who obtained the licence or at what price it had finally been settled. It was further noted that no consultations had been received beyond 8 April 1713, although the books had been endorsed as extending to 15 June 1713. Such omissions and failures to provide full accounts of all branches of Company affairs were expressly condemned and were not to be repeated. Attention was then drawn to an order issued on 1 January 1713, in which a proclamation had been directed, stating that Company slave children might be placed with individuals who would maintain them in return for their labour until the age of 10 years. It was observed that no entry had been made recording the outcome of this measure. It was directed that, in such cases, the consultations should record the names of the children, the persons to whom they were assigned and the duration of their placement. It was explained that this would create a proper register, allowing the children to be reclaimed when required. It was warned that, without such records, some might be permanently lost to the Company, particularly if those responsible for them had left the island or died before the term expired. The discussion then turned to fortifications, buildings and garrison stores. It was remarked as unsatisfactory that both the letters of 11 March 1712 and 19 July 1712 had referred the responsibility for reporting on these matters solely to the Governor, rather than to the Governor and Council collectively. The passage concluded in an incomplete state. Interpretations Speculations |
236 | 224 | future let the Governour draw out what he is to advise on this head, and What our Governour proposes in his Letter by the Snow, (which He writes us by making quantities of Hay He has prevented | It was directed that, in future, the Governor should prepare a full account of matters relating to fortifications, buildings and garrison stores, and present it to the Council for their approval before it was transmitted. By this means, it was considered that the Council would be able to judge both the accuracy and the reasoning of what was reported. It was further observed that this procedure would ensure that all members of the Council were informed of the Governor’s proposals and actions, thereby encouraging the proper execution of what had been undertaken. It was emphasised that the Council should be made aware of the general design and the steps taken in carrying it forward, since, as had been stated in the twenty-ninth paragraph of the letter sent by the Abingdon, nothing done for the general benefit of the Company’s affairs ought to be concealed from them. Approval was expressed for a proposal made by the Governor in a letter sent by the Snow, although it had not been dated. In this proposal, it had been suggested that ships at anchor in St Helena Road should have their top chains secured upon their cables, with the bight fastened about the foremast and properly bolted, in order to prevent an enemy from carrying them away. It was directed that this practice should be considered for adoption in both peace and war, or that any other measures contributing to general security should be similarly evaluated. It was noted that it was not impossible that privateers might attempt to enter the road to seize vessels. It was therefore ordered that, if any captain refused to comply with such instructions when given in the Company’s name, a formal protest should be made against him and copies of both the protest and any reply should be sent to England, after which further action would be taken. It was also reported that the Governor had written that, by producing quantities of hay, the loss of cattle through starvation during dry periods had been prevented. It was observed that such a measure, appearing to represent an improvement, should have been included in the general letter for the Company’s information, as it would not have required extensive space to report it. The passage concluded in an incomplete state. Interpretations Speculations |
237 | 225 | His proposal of some Anchors and large Chains for mooring our Ships Some other matters we might have added under this and the The Soldiers sent on the Susannah are for Bencoolen and must It having been represented to us, That Mrʳ. William Swaine We are | It was stated that the Governor’s proposal for providing additional anchors and large chains for mooring ships would be considered when a suitable opportunity arose. It was expressed that there was hope that, before the present ship was dispatched, news might be given that peace had been proclaimed. It was nevertheless directed that nothing necessary for the complete security of the island should be omitted. It was added that, if peace were concluded, fewer slaves would be required for labour, as defensive works could then be carried out more gradually. It was further observed that other matters might have been included under the present and preceding subjects, but these had already been addressed in earlier letters, to which reference was made. It was directed that the soldiers sent on the Susannah were intended for Bencoolen and must all proceed there without remaining at St Helena. It was also reported that Mr William Swaine, who had resided for several years in India, particularly in the Bay of Bengal, intended to leave that region and settle at St Helena. It was therefore ordered that, if he arrived and wished to remain, he should be permitted to reside on the island for as long as he chose, provided that he complied with the laws in force there. The letter concluded with a formal expression of regard. Interpretations Speculations |
238 | 226 | Orders and Instructions given, by Us the To Capᵗ. Isaac Pyke Esqʳ. Govʳ. of our Island We the Said Court of Directors having thought fitt to elect On your arrivall at Sᵗ. Helena, and taking upon you the | It was declared that the Court of Directors of the United Company of Merchants of England trading to the East Indies had issued formal orders and instructions to Captain Isaac Pyke, appointed Governor of St Helena, together with Mr George Haswell as second of Council, Mr Edward Mashborne as third, Mr Matthew Bazett as fourth and Mr Antipas Tovey as fifth and last member of the Council. It was stated that these appointments had been made deliberately, and that a commission had been granted to the Governor under the Company’s common seal. It was directed that this commission should be publicly proclaimed upon his arrival at the island, in accordance with established practice, and then entered into the Consultation Book. It was further expressed that particular trust and confidence had been placed in the fidelity, zeal and diligence of those appointed, both collectively in the management of the Company’s affairs and individually in the execution of their respective duties. It was then stated that the purpose of the letter was to set out clearly what was expected of them in the administration of those affairs. It was directed that, upon arrival at St Helena and the assumption of the government of the island, each person should take up his assigned responsibilities. It was also indicated that, where duties had previously been undertaken, they should continue to be managed accordingly. It was further instructed that, as an initial step, action should be taken in accordance with the directions that followed, though the passage concluded before these were fully set out. Interpretations Speculations |
239 | 227 | of all take care to Expedite the unloading of this Ship Rochester, and hasten We cant find either by Letters or Consultations, that our late Govʳ. | Immediate priority was placed upon unloading the Rochester and dispatching her without delay to Bencoolen, with no further elaboration required under the subject of shipping. It was instructed that, either during her stay if time allowed, or otherwise immediately after her departure, a thorough review should be undertaken in Council of all prior letters and instructions sent by the Toddington, Thistleworth, Abingdon and Susannah, together with all related documents. By this process, a complete understanding of the Company’s directions and the proper conduct of affairs on the island was to be obtained. Strong dissatisfaction was expressed regarding the conduct of the former Governor, Captain Boucher, and the Council then in office, as it did not appear from either letters or consultations that they had given sufficient attention to the instructions sent by the Toddington. This neglect was stated to have necessitated a change in personnel, in expectation of improved management. Reference was made to the second paragraph of earlier instructions, in which it had been ordered that extracts be compiled from all letters sent to St Helena by the former Company, the Court of Managers and the present Court of Directors, with each instruction arranged under its proper subject. It was noted that no confirmation had been received that this work had been carried out. Accordingly, it was directed that, once the Rochester had been dispatched, this task should be undertaken immediately and completed with all possible speed. After compilation, the extracts were to be examined carefully in Council to ensure their accuracy and completeness, and any deficiencies were to be corrected. By this method, it was expected that all members of the Council would become fully informed of the Company’s orders, whether prohibitory or directive, and that greater compliance would follow. The passage concluded in an incomplete state. Interpretations Speculations |
240 | 228 | The first and sixteenth paragraphs of the Toddingtons Letter We hereby require; That all our affairs be managed according to | Reference was made to the first and sixteenth paragraphs of the letter sent by the Toddington, in which a general summary had been provided of the Company’s directions concerning the management of its affairs by the Governor and Council. It was directed that these instructions should be regarded with the same authority as if they had been restated in the present letter. It was further ordered that all preceding and subsequent letters should likewise be observed, except in cases where specific instructions had been altered or repealed by later correspondence, in which case the earlier orders were no longer to be considered binding. It was required that all Company affairs should be conducted under the authority of the Governor and Council, or the majority of them. To this end, consultations were to be held weekly, or more frequently if necessary, and a full account of all discussions and decisions, together with the reasons for them, was to be entered in the Consultation Book. It was further directed that each member should submit regular accounts, monthly or more frequently if required, detailing the management of the responsibilities assigned to him, and that proper notice of these accounts should also be recorded. Provision was made that, when orders were issued by the Council to any individual member in relation to his particular duties, those orders should be formally entered in the consultations. It was further directed that, after an appropriate interval, an account should be required and given of how far those orders had been carried out, and that this too should be recorded. It was emphasised that no member of the Council should consider himself exempt from oversight or examination by the majority in respect of matters under his charge. It was finally directed that each member, within his respective role, should carefully and consistently observe all rules set out in the various letters of instruction. Interpretations Speculations |
241 | 229 | letters relating to the said Stations, and that the rest be from time to time inspect’d We have the more Distinctly mentioned the severall Rules in the | It was directed that all letters relating to the respective duties of each officer should be carefully observed, and that the remaining members of the Council should periodically inspect these matters to ensure compliance. It was further ordered that all general letters, upon receipt, should be read in Council, and that the entire Council should be summoned when a packet addressed to them collectively was to be opened. An entry was to be made in the Consultation Book recording both the receipt and the reading of such letters. It was also required that the minutes taken at each Council meeting should be read at the beginning of the next meeting before any new business was undertaken. If these minutes were approved, an entry was to be made to that effect. Once entered into the Consultation Book, which was to be done without delay, they were to be signed by all members present. In cases where any member objected, his dissent was to be recorded alongside his name, together with the reasons for it. Provision was made that duplicate copies of the consultations should be kept up weekly, so that they would be ready to be sent to England by the next shipping, duly signed by the Council. This was intended to enable proper judgement to be formed of the administration of affairs. It was further directed that all transactions should be recorded in these consultations, whether they related directly to Company business or to complaints, decisions, public notices or other matters concerning inhabitants, soldiers or others. It was stated that the Consultation Book should effectively serve as a journal, containing a complete account of all mercantile, civil, military and other affairs conducted on the island under the Council’s direction. It was explained that these rules had been set out in detail because the Consultation Book most recently received from St Helena had been found to be deficient in several respects. It was noted that, if these instructions were properly followed in future, such deficiencies would be corrected. It was further observed that consultations had often not been held for periods of 5 or 6 weeks or more, and rarely even once in 2 or 3 weeks, despite the fact that many matters raised in the general letters required timely consideration and decision. Interpretations Speculations |
242 | 230 | mentioned in consultation, but not one word of them is contained therein | It was observed that many matters which ought to have been recorded in the consultations were entirely omitted, and that no mention had been made of them in the official record. It was noted that Governor Boucher had stated in a letter of 1 April 1712 that Mr Pack had repeatedly been called upon to submit his accounts of the stores, and that various methods had been used to compel compliance, yet without success. It was pointed out that no entry of these efforts had been made in the Consultation Book, although such a record would have demonstrated that the Governor had fulfilled his duty. It was further remarked that numerous additional examples might be given to show that the consultations, which ought to resemble the Company’s Court Book and provide a complete account of all transactions, were instead extremely deficient, offering only a slight and trivial account of the management of affairs at St Helena. It was reported that Mr Bazett had been denied access to the general letters for periods of 5 or 6 months and had not been permitted to assist in the management of the stores, despite explicit instructions that he should do so. It was suggested that, had he been allowed to participate, the store accounts would probably not have fallen into such arrears. It was also alleged that the Governor had acted according to personal inclination or resentment, even when such actions were in direct opposition to standing orders. It was stated that these and other similar or more serious issues were expected to be corrected if the previously stated rules were properly observed and enforced. It was added that, although certain assurances had been given in earlier letters that improvements would be made, experience had shown that such promises had not been fulfilled and had been quickly forgotten. It was therefore stated that particular care must be taken to ensure that any commitments made in future correspondence were carried out in practice. It was further indicated that the present letter would continue to address additional matters requiring attention. Interpretations Speculations |
243 | 231 | for the Avoidance of some as trifflingness and fallaciousness of other paragraphs, These things being provided as generall hints. We proceed to give Our last was of the 20ᵗʰ. March 1712 by the Susannah which Ship First Concerning Shipping sent out, and Since the departure of the Susannah it has pleased God | It was stated that certain defects, including triviality and misleading content in earlier paragraphs, had been identified so that appropriate remedies might be applied. These remarks were presented as general guidance, after which more specific orders were to be given in response to the letters received, together with additional instructions under the established general headings. Reference was made to the Company’s previous letter of 20 March 1713, sent by the Susannah, and it was noted that, as the ship had arrived and the letter had been received, there was no need to send a duplicate. It was further stated that, since that time, a general letter from St Helena dated 4 April 1713, with a postscript of 14 April 1713, had been received by the John and Elizabeth, together with another general letter dated 15 June 1713 and several private letters from Captain Boucher and others. It was observed with concern that, although several ships had arrived from St Helena carrying correspondence, no packets or even a general letter had been received by some of them. It was pointed out that, had the letters which were received been lost in transit, the Company would have been left entirely without information regarding the advice and proceedings of the Governor and Council. It was expressed as a hope that this would be the last occurrence of such an omission. The subject of shipping sent out and returned was then introduced. It was reported that, since the departure of the Susannah, several ships had arrived safely. These included the Dartmouth from the Coast, the Mary from the Bay and Coast, the Toddington and the Success from Bencoolen, and the Avenger galley and the Nathaniel from Mocha, the latter having come from Bombay in company with Dutch ships by the northern route and having arrived in the River Thames in August. Mention was also made of the Howland, though the passage concluded before further details were provided. Interpretations Speculations |
244 | 232 | from the Fort. The Kent from the Bay, The Montague and Haukbutt The Ships sent and Sending out to all parts of the East Indies The Eagle Galley ----- 200 Captʳ. Daniel Beekman for Borneo The Hector ----- 250 Captʳ. Charles Hesse for Canton and home The Deborough ----- 150 Captʳ. Thomas Walton - | It was reported that further ships had arrived safely, including the Howland from the Fort, the Kent from the Bay, the Montague and the Haukbutt from the Bay, and the Keene from China, all reaching the Downs from St Helena at the end of August and the beginning of September. It was also noted that the separate stock ships John and Elizabeth, Arabella and Mermaid had arrived directly in England at different times, the first two having come in at the beginning of July. Attention was then turned to the ships that had been sent out, or were in the process of being sent, to various parts of the East Indies during that season. It was stated that the Eagle galley of 200 tons, commanded by Captain Daniel Beekman, and the Borneo of 180 tons, commanded by Captain Thomas Lewis, had been dispatched to Borneo with the intention of attempting to re-establish trade there, as pepper had recently commanded a good price in England. It was directed that, if this attempt failed, both ships should proceed to Bencoolen to complete their cargoes. It was further recorded that the supercargoes were Mr Swartz and the captain for the Borneo, and Mr Boucher together with the captain for the Eagle, accompanied by John Gerard as writer, and that both vessels had sailed in October 1712. It was then stated that the Hector, of 250 tons, commanded by Captain Charles Hesse, had been sent to Canton and was to return home, with Mr Middleton, Mr Naish and Mr Holland serving as supercargoes, and Richard Bull as writer. It was noted that this ship had sailed from the Downs on 1 January 1713. Further vessels were listed as follows: the Deborough of 150 tons under Captain Thomas Walton, the Roaringgee of 125 tons under Captain Nicholas Lathorne, and the George of 150 tons under Captain Samuel Goodman, all intended for the Coast and Bay; the Grantham of 250 tons under Captain Robert Hurst for Bencoolen; the Rochester of 350 tons under Captain William Browne for St Helena and Bencoolen; the Catherine of 150 tons under Captain Edmund Godfrey and the Thistleworth of 250 tons under Captain Daniel Smalle for Bombay; and the Arabella of 140 tons under Captain Alexander Read for Madagascar and Bencoolen. The passage concluded before further details were provided. Interpretations Speculations |
245 | 233 | The Borneo, Roaringgee and Arabella sailed from Spithead the Notwithstanding by Act of Parliament No Seperate Stock We have great reason to fear Pyrates may infest the Indian | It was reported that the Borneo, Roaringgee and Arabella had sailed from Spithead on 17 January 1713, while the Arabella had departed from the Downs on 29 January 1713. It was further noted that the St George, having been delayed initially and hindered by contrary winds, remained in the Downs, though it was expected that news of her departure would be received at any moment. It was also expressed that the ships bound for Bombay were expected to sail in March. It was observed that, notwithstanding the Act of Parliament which prohibited any separate stock ship from remaining beyond the Cape of Good Hope after 29 September 1713 under penalty of forfeiture, four such vessels had nevertheless been entered out. These were the Mercury, of 215 tons, commanded by Captain George Litton, carrying cargo valued at nearly £1,500; the Delicia, a free ship under Gregory as master, with cargo valued at £700; the Clapham galley under Anthony Welsh, carrying cargo valued at £500; and the Bonita, commanded by Charles Douglass, with cargo valued at nearly £1,500, though this last vessel had not yet departed from England. Concern was expressed that piracy might increase in the Indian seas following the conclusion of peace. It was reported that a small vessel had already committed acts of piracy in those waters, and that those aboard had openly declared their intention to proceed to Madagascar for the purpose of freebooting, possibly in company with others. It was further stated that the Clapham galley and the Delicia had been publicly declared by their owners and masters to be bound for Madagascar. It was noted that the Delicia, being above 400 tons, had formerly been the Milford galley, a man of war built for both combat and sailing efficiency. It was also reported that it was widely said that Captain Woods Rogers, who had commanded one of the Bristol privateers that captured a notable Neapolitan ship, was to take command of her, though doubt was expressed regarding this report. The passage concluded in an incomplete state. Interpretations Speculations |
246 | 234 | so small a Stock tho’ laid in Slaves can ever be improved by September This Letter we send on the Rochester Capt. William Browne | It was observed that a vessel carrying so small a stock, even if invested in slaves, could not reasonably be expected to produce sufficient return by September 1713 to cover the wages of approximately 80 seamen on board, much less to provide a full homeward cargo. On this basis, concern was expressed that such a ship might, by surprise or misfortune, fall into the hands of pirates. It was noted that the former Company had suffered severely from piracy, and that the consequences of such depredations had not yet fully subsided at Surat and in other parts of India. It was therefore stated that strict instructions had been given to all outward-bound ships to remain vigilant against such threats, particularly when approaching St Helena. The Governor and Council were accordingly warned to exercise caution and not to provide assistance to any vessel unless it had first been clearly established that it was engaged in legitimate trade. It was then stated that the present letter had been sent aboard the Rochester, commanded by Captain William Browne, and that the packet included the invoice, bill of lading and charterparty. It was explained that, under the terms of the charterparty, demurrage would be incurred if the ship were detained for more than 10 working days at St Helena. It was therefore strongly urged that every hour of the day should be used, when necessary, to expedite the unloading of the vessel. It was further directed that no individual should consider his rank or office as a justification for failing to contribute actively to this work. All other business was to be set aside if it interfered with the dispatch of the ship, as this was to be treated as a matter of the highest urgency. Reference was made to earlier instructions concerning the lodging of protests against ships that failed to unload within the allotted time. It was stated that detailed directions had already been provided in previous letters, particularly those sent by the Toddington and supplemented by the Abingdon. It was indicated that the actions of the former Governor and Council in this regard would be addressed, though the passage concluded before further detail was given. Interpretations Speculations |
247 | 235 | did their part in unlading her tho’ it took up Twelve working days for | It was acknowledged that the former Governor and Council had performed their duty in unloading the ship, although the process had taken 12 working days, as explained in the sixth paragraph of their general letter of 9 April 1712. It was nevertheless observed that the justification offered for their protest against the Toddington and the Fitzleworth, as set out in the eighth paragraph of that letter and submitted in reply to the Company’s eleventh paragraph by the Abingdon, appeared weak upon examination. It was stated that delays such as boats being unable to come ashore for half a day or more, as reported by Captain Lesley, should not ordinarily be accepted as sufficient reason for a ship exceeding the allowed 10 working days, particularly where such delay was not attributable to the Company. It was further explained that such circumstances, now better understood, ought in future to be taken into account and fairly assessed, so that responsibility for unavoidable impediments might be shared proportionately between the Company and the ship’s owners. It was noted that, in cases where a protest might be necessary, it would not be improper for the captain to advance such arguments in his defence, and it was expected that he would do so in the interest of his employers. It was correspondingly emphasised that the Governor and Council should exercise equal diligence in protecting the Company’s interests. It was directed that, where delays occurred, precise records should be kept, specifying on which days boats arrived ashore with goods and in what number, whether many, few or none. It was stated that such detail would oblige the captain to account for any deficiencies, which would otherwise be interpreted as his own fault. It was further emphasised that all matters relating to the Company, whether direct or consequential, should be conducted in writing when dealing with ship captains or others, as this provided clear evidence and accountability. The passage concluded in an incomplete state. Interpretations Speculations |
248 | 236 | shuchy matters of fact are stated and remain, whereas otherwise every body When you send away the Rochester be sure to Transmitt the Continue to Advise from time to time what Ships arrive, and when, We Observe the Management with relation to the two French Ships Under this head of Shipping We think it proper to tell you | It was directed that all matters of fact relating to ships and their management should be set down in writing, so that they might remain clearly established. It was observed that, in the absence of such written records, those concerned would present their own accounts in the most favourable manner, and that verbal testimony would be advanced as superior evidence to written correspondence from abroad, which might otherwise be dismissed as attempts to excuse poor management. It was ordered that, upon dispatching the Rochester, the charterparty should be transmitted in the packet to the Deputy Governor and Council of Bencoolen for their information. It was further required that regular notice should be given of all ships arriving at St Helena, including the dates of their arrival and departure. It was emphasised that such information was often necessary, and that reports should also be sent at every opportunity concerning the presence or movements of Company ships or others at the Cape, or at any port within the limits of the Company’s charter. Attention was drawn to the handling of two French ships and their prize, which had approached within one league of the island, as described in the fourth paragraph of the letter of 9 April 1712. This conduct was commended as an example of vigilance, which it was expected would always be maintained. It was stressed that, even in time of peace, the same level of caution should be exercised as in wartime, since hostilities might resume without warning and an enemy might attempt an attack before news of renewed conflict could reach the island. It was further observed that, had ships been anchored in the road at the time, the French might have attempted to seize them despite their claims of peace, if any opportunity for success had appeared. It was also stated, under the subject of shipping, that the failure to send ships’ accounts together with the packets dispatched by those vessels was an inexcusable fault and must not be permitted to occur again. The passage concluded in an incomplete state. Interpretations Speculations |
249 | 237 | bear that Suppling excuse given in the 22ᵈ Paragraph of the Letter of the | Rejection was made of the excuse set out in the twenty-second paragraph of the letter dated 13 June 1713, in which it had been claimed that the failure to transmit ships’ accounts was attributable to the storekeeper rather than to the Council or clerk. It was declared that such reasoning could not be accepted, and it was established as a fundamental rule that, since the Governor and Council were entrusted with the management of all affairs and the supervision of those under them, responsibility for any failure would rest with them. Expectation was expressed that any subordinate who proved negligent or indolent should be promptly called upon and reminded of his duty. The authority vested in the Council was described as extending over each member individually as well as over all subordinate officers, and it was therefore required that proper oversight be exercised to ensure that all assigned business was duly performed. Where repeated reminders proved necessary, the names of those in default were to be reported so that corrective action might be taken. Provision was made that, even where names were not explicitly included in the general correspondence, entries should be recorded in the Consultation Book noting when orders had been issued and repeated. By this means, those responsible for neglect could be identified. It was further directed that, if any individual continued in default despite repeated instructions, his salary should be withheld until further direction had been received as to whether any portion should be remitted. Responsibility for improper payment was clearly assigned, as it was stated that, if salary were paid without prior approval, the amount would be charged to the accounts of those members of Council who had consented to such payment, provided that their decision had been entered in consultation. In cases where no such entry existed, the charge would fall upon the Governor for the time being. It was made clear that this rule was to be observed by all present and future administrations. Interpretations Speculations |
250 | 238 | AB We hope to have this farther Benefit by the rule here laid down Since Beef is so scarce & Consequently dearer than Usual | A rule was established that was to remain in force as a standing order unless formally altered. It was expected that this would prevent weak excuses such as those given in the twenty-sixth paragraph of the letter dated 18 June 1713. In that case, it had been claimed that captains’ accounts, orders and bills of exchange were not properly dated because storehouse writers delivered them only when the packets were ready to sail. This explanation was rejected. It was noted that the Governor and Council had three writers in their service. It was stated that they should have been able to manage more work if properly directed. Responsibility for execution lay with the writers, but responsibility for oversight rested with the Governor and Council. It was declared unacceptable that bills had been signed without being checked. This failure was described as inexcusable. Evidence of this appeared in the thirty-first paragraph of the same letter, where a bill for Charles Steward was found to be £100 short. Attention was then given to the scarcity of beef. Prices had risen above normal levels. It was expected that the instructions in the twelfth paragraph of the letter sent by the Susannah would be followed. Beef was not to be supplied to ships at 20 shillings per hundredweight if the market price was higher. The charterparty allowed captains to take less than 300 weight for every 20 [...], though the passage ended before the detail was completed. Interpretations Speculations |
251 | 239 | Twenty men the Ship shou’d carry at Twenty shillings the hundred weight Had the then Governour well considered, he could scarecely have Secondly Concerning Goods or Stores sent What Supply of all kinds we now send you will be fully | It was explained that, under the charterparty, a ship carrying 20 men was entitled to receive beef at the rate of 20 shillings per hundredweight. This obligation, however, was described as binding only upon the owners’ side. It was further noted that the same agreement also provided that payment might be made in sugar or other necessary provisions at reasonable terms. It was therefore directed that, where captains insisted upon the fixed price for beef, equal consideration should be given to ensuring that the terms of barter compensated for any difference between that price and the higher market value. It was emphasised that such care would demonstrate proper stewardship of the Company’s interests. This clarification was stated to be intended particularly for those unfamiliar with the island or with previous instructions, and to prevent the recurrence of earlier mistakes, especially those noted in the twenty-fourth paragraph of the letter dated 18 June 1713. It was further observed that the former Governor could scarcely have justified the excuse given in the ninth paragraph of the same letter for failing to protest against the captain of the Swiftworth concerning the poor quality of bread supplied. It had been claimed that the deficiency was not known until the ship had departed. This explanation was rejected, as earlier correspondence had clearly stated that the ship’s crew had consumed the better bread, while that landed ashore had been scarcely fit for use. Attention then shifted to goods and stores sent from England or received from India. It was stated that full details of these supplies would be found in the bills of lading and invoices, including their cost. It was directed that these documents should be used as the basis for determining the prices at which such goods were to be sold or accounted. The passage concluded in an incomplete state. Interpretations Speculations |
252 | 240 | the advance according to former Directions for such part as shall be dispos’d of We have sent some Coarse Kerseys for the Blacks you already have We have thought fit at present to send only half the Window | Direction was given that advances on goods should follow earlier instructions for items sold on the island or issued from the stores, while garrison stores would be addressed separately. Provision was made for coarse kerseys to clothe the slaves already on the island and those to be delivered by Mr Sitwell under contract, a copy of which had been enclosed. It was explained that, coming from a hotter climate, they would require warmer clothing. Care for them was required both on grounds of humanity and because their labour supported plantations, building works and other services. A sufficient quantity was to be reserved for their use. Any surplus kerseys were to be sold, and any slaves not needed for Company service were to be sold to planters. It was noted that the Company paid £21 per head for all, whether good or bad, and that without buying in large numbers the price would have been £4 or £5 higher. Only half the requested quantity of window glass and small looking glasses was sent. This was to test the profit they might yield, as such items were considered ornamental rather than necessary. Pricing was not to follow the modest advance used for essential goods, but to be set with discretion. The outcome was to be reported, and further supplies would depend on the result. A shipment of 4 Canary lights was also noted. Any not required for real use were to be sold. Future supply would depend on the information returned regarding their usefulness and profit. Interpretations Speculations |
253 | 241 | know what Profit they turn to, We shall be Encouraged to send more, remember We have provided no large looking Glasses partly because you have We have sent you a Clock, two Dials, and the quantity of Drinking We have also complied with the desires in the Lists for sending you a | It was stated that, once the profit on such goods had been understood, further supplies would be encouraged. It was directed that all goods considered necessary should be sold according to the established rules for advance, while those regarded as ornamental or for gentility were not to be restricted in this way but instead sold at prices determined by the market, whether of Indian or European manufacture. It was explained that no large looking glasses had been sent. This decision was based partly on the absence of any description of their size, and partly on the belief that the inhabitants would not be willing to pay the price required. It was also considered that there was no sufficient reason to place such items in the Fort or other Company houses, especially as a large number of cane chairs had already been sent by the Susannah, which were thought to be more than adequate. It was therefore ordered that no further such goods should be sent until information had been received regarding their use and disposal. It was recorded that a clock, 2 dials and the requested quantity of drinking glasses had been dispatched. Ironmongery goods and other necessary items had also been sent at the request of Mr Mashborne. In addition, 25 chaldrons of coal and as many deals as the ship could carry had been loaded, after allowing space for other stores, the ship’s own provisions and the necessities of passengers. It was further stated that a large quantity of provisions had been supplied, including salted beef, pork, pease, flour and bread, together with 3 tuns of cheese. A reminder was given that, on a previous occasion, similar supplies had been allowed to spoil, and that, when they were later sent elsewhere, they had sold for very little, causing a substantial loss to the Company. It was therefore directed that greater care should be taken. These provisions were to be sold to the inhabitants while still in good condition, as quickly and advantageously as possible. Any remaining quantities not required for Company use were to be disposed of accordingly. The passage concluded in an incomplete state. Interpretations Speculations |
254 | 242 | our outward bound or returning Ships if they will pay you for them in We have at your now Governours desire sent a quantity of Naval You will also find in the Invoice a large quantity of Vinegar There is provided at the Governours request and sent with | It was directed that provisions might be sold to outward-bound or returning ships for money or by barter. Where neither was possible, captains’ bills drawn upon their owners under the charterparty were to be accepted, provided that advice was sent specifying the terms agreed. It was required that careful consideration be given to the difference in value between England and St Helena. This included the increased value arising from time, risk and the condition of the ship upon arrival. Regard was also to be had to the benefit received by ships before their return to England when supplied with such provisions. The passage concluded in an incomplete state. At the request of the present Governor, a quantity of naval stores had been sent, including pitch, tar, canvas and twine. These were intended for supplying Company ships when required. Strict care was ordered to prevent embezzlement. All such items were to be sold at suitable profit after accounting for the original cost, freight, price of the ship and all related charges. Whether sold for ready money, goods or by bills on owners, the value was to be properly determined with regard to the method and timing of payment. It was further recorded that the invoice included a large quantity of vinegar, geneva and other goods, together with hard soap, lined soap, 3 caves of pickles, 70 fletchers gask and 3 tuns of bricks and lead. These had been provided at the Governor’s request or in response to factors’ demands. It was expected that some portion would be used at the General Table or otherwise on Company account. Where additional quantities were required, notice was to be sent so that further supplies could be provided. The remainder was to be sold to the best advantage. It was also directed that any melted lead needed for gutters or buildings, including the storehouse, should be used accordingly. It was noted that, also at the Governor’s request, a theodolite and levels had been supplied, together with 2 compasses, a quadrant, a barometer, a thermometer and a telescope. It was expressed that, by means of these instruments, the Governor would be better enabled to [...] The passage concluded in an incomplete state. Interpretations Speculations |
255 | 243 | enabled to do us Considerable Service in some affairs or other upon the Island Keep the Canvas and all manner of piece goods from the Rats, or Whenever you write for Stores, Provisions or goods of any kind We have bespoke a good Deal groat to send you by this Ship and We take notice what is mentioned in the Letters before us in the | It was expressed that the instruments provided, including the theodolite, levels, 2 compasses, quadrant, barometer, thermometer and telescope, were expected to enable the Governor to render useful service in various matters on the island for which such tools were suited. Care was ordered to be taken to protect canvas and all piece goods from rats and other vermin. It was also required that all other Company goods, of whatever kind, should be preserved from waste, spoilage, leakage or any form of damage, regardless of cause. Instructions were given that, whenever requests were made for stores, provisions or goods, detailed explanations should accompany each request. The reasons for each type and quantity were to be clearly stated. It was also required that expected sale prices and estimated annual demand be included. All such information was to be carefully considered and expressed plainly to avoid misunderstanding. Numbers were to be written in full words as well as figures to prevent errors. It was further noted that, as a ship might be expected annually, demands should be adjusted accordingly. It was stated that a quantity of deal had been ordered to be sent by the present ship. It was also recalled that permission had previously been granted to purchase a longboat or other suitable boat from any Company ship when an opportunity arose, if required. Attention was drawn to entries in the letters and Consultation Book concerning goods received from India or purchased from ships, as well as the advances applied to goods received from England. It was observed, however, that no clear account had been given of the pricing applied to goods received from the East Indies. It was therefore directed that, in future, a more precise method should be followed. This required that, whenever such goods were received or purchased, their quantities and types should be entered in the Consultation Book together with the prices at which they had been invoiced or purchased. The passage concluded in an incomplete state. Interpretations Speculations |
256 | 244 | the rate at which they shall be sold out of the Stores and draw empties be We must add further that by the Method taken lately at St. Helena | It was directed that the prices at which goods were to be sold from the stores should be formally entered in the Consultation Book. These entries were to include all additional charges such as carriage, freight, demurrage and the agreed advance. It was required that such rates be examined and approved in Council. A copy of these approved rates was to be delivered to the storekeeper for guidance. Regular checks were to be made to ensure that sales were conducted at the established prices. Any person selling at higher rates without prior permission was to be punished. Strict orders were given that the storekeeper’s accounts must be submitted monthly. No excuses were to be accepted except for unavoidable circumstances such as passage delays or similar events. Upon receipt of these accounts, an abstract was to be entered in the Consultation Book. This summary was to include the quantities sold and their prices. Examples were provided, such as recording the number of gallons of arrack or wine sold by each ship, or the quantities of cloth and other commodities sold by weight. It was noted that this method would be simple to maintain and would assist in reviewing and approving accounts. Concern was expressed that, under the current system, it was not possible to determine whether all goods received by the storekeeper had been properly disposed of, or what remained in stock. It was therefore ordered that improvements be made. The storekeeper was to be charged with all goods received and discharged only upon proper accounting for their sale or issue. This applied whether goods were sold for money or issued on credit to inhabitants, with such transactions recorded against their accounts. It was acknowledged that certain goods, such as small haberdashery items, consisted of many low-value pieces and required extensive record-keeping. This difficulty was recognised, and consideration had been given to the inconvenience caused by the volume of writing required. The passage concluded in an incomplete state. Interpretations Speculations |
257 | 245 | which we put in practice unless you have good reason to the contrary Vizᵗ: Another Method We have resolved on is, That you shall have And as a further Supply We herewith send you one hundred pounds | It was proposed that, unless good reason existed to the contrary, a new method should be adopted for managing small goods. A trustworthy and responsible individual was to be entrusted with a quantity of such items. These were to be sold by retail at prices fixed in advance. When the stock was exhausted, further quantities were to be supplied. Regular accounts were to be rendered to the storekeeper, either monthly or at other suitable intervals. Payments might be made in money or recorded as debts owed by inhabitants. Where debts were incurred, each person was required to acknowledge the obligation in person, after which it was to be entered in the books. A commission was to be allowed for this service, suggested at 5 per cent. It was considered that this arrangement would simplify the storekeeper’s duties, reduce the complexity of accounts and perhaps eliminate the need for one assistant, thereby making the ledger easier to maintain. A further measure was introduced to improve financial transactions on the island. It was ordered that small coin should be made available for circulation at St Helena. The Committee of the Treasury was to supply £100 in Spanish bits. An additional £100 in copper farthings and halfpence was to be sent from Fort St George. A further £100 in silver tenour was also to be provided. It was stated that these supplies would reduce the need for frequent transfers of small debts between sailors and planters, which had previously caused considerable inconvenience and labour. In addition to coin, a further £400 sterling in paper notes was dispatched. This consisted of £100 in notes of half a crown each, £100 in notes of one crown each, £100 in notes of 20 shillings each and £100 in notes of 40 shillings each. Interpretations Speculations |
258 | 246 | Sterling in the whole, These must be signed by the Governour and Thirdly touching our Servants Civil or This being the proper head for it & We therefore have omitted | It was directed that the £400 sterling in notes previously mentioned should be signed by the Governor and Council. All notes were to be numbered consecutively, beginning from one. Such portions as were considered appropriate were to be entrusted to a responsible individual for distribution. That person was to be held accountable for their use, and his accounts were to be examined and approved in Consultation before further notes were issued to him. This process was to be repeated as necessary. Public notice was to be given regarding the circulation of these coins and notes. It was ordered that they should be accepted in the stores in payment for goods. Where individuals leaving the island held such notes or coin, they were to be allowed to exchange them for bills payable in England in sterling money. The storekeeper was to be regularly informed of the notes issued, including their denominations and numbers, so that proper records could be maintained. Attention was then directed to the subject of servants, both civil and military, together with the general accounts of St Helena, and matters relating to slaves, cattle, land and revenues. Under this heading, it was stated that allowances had been fixed as follows. The Governor was assigned a salary of £100 per annum, together with a gratuity of £100 per annum. The second member of Council, who was to act as bookkeeper and accountant, was assigned a salary of £65 per annum and a gratuity of £30 per annum. The third member, who was to oversee the plantations and had previous experience in that role, was granted the same salary and gratuity. The fourth member, serving as storekeeper, was assigned a salary of £50 per annum and a gratuity of £20 per annum. The fifth member’s details followed but were left incomplete in the passage. Interpretations Speculations |
259 | 247 | fifth of Council who is to be also Secretary or Clerk of the Council at Forty pounds We have settled these Salarys and Gratuitys & deserved for the Encouragement | It was stated that the fifth member of Council, who was also to serve as Secretary or Clerk of the Council, was assigned a salary of £40 per annum and a gratuity of £10 per annum. It was further recorded that Edward Byfield had been employed as a visitor with a salary of £20 per annum and a gratuity of £5 per annum. It was expressly declared that all such gratuities were conditional, to be granted only at the discretion of the Court of Directors according to merit. It was explained that these salaries and gratuities had been established to encourage diligence and fidelity in each officer’s duties. It was noted that these allowances were greater than those previously granted to members of Council, including the Governor, whether in time of peace or war, with the exception of recent increases to the Governor’s pay. A further restriction was imposed that none of the Council, except Mr Tovey, were to possess or hold plantations, whether owned or mortgaged. This measure was intended to prevent private interests from being favoured at the expense of Company property. It was stated that this restriction had influenced the decision to grant conditional gratuities. Attention was then given to a petition submitted by Mr Tovey concerning a plantation claimed as belonging to his wife and himself. It had been alleged that he had been unjustly removed from it by Governor Boucher and had suffered considerable loss. It was directed that a full investigation be undertaken without delay, and before Captain Boucher departed the island, as he was the principal party complained against. All witnesses on both sides were to be heard, and the matter was to be determined impartially, without favour, affection or resentment. A complete account of the case, together with the decision and the reasons for it, was to be transmitted for further consideration and possible orders by the Court of Directors. Interpretations Speculations |
260 | 248 | In case the said Plantation shall on your Examination be Adjudged to We hope you will take Speciall care to suppresse all Animositys | It was directed that, if upon examination the plantation in question was judged to be restored to Mr Tovey, he should be permitted to lease it to others, but not to retain it under his own management. This provision was intended so that, in the event of his death during the voyage or thereafter, his wife might be enabled to maintain her family through its income. If the claim was not upheld, it was ordered that he should receive no compensation beyond what was determined appropriate. Notice was taken of what was described as the partiality and injustice of Governor Boucher. It was stated that, although instructions concerning this matter had been sent by the Abingdon, Mr Tovey, if his account were correct, had never been informed of them, despite Governor Boucher remaining on the island for several months after the ship’s arrival. It was further observed that Governor Boucher’s response in the thirty-sixth paragraph of the letter dated 9 April 1712 was considered insufficient. His assertion that he was the only surviving member of Council was criticised, as it was pointed out that Mr Bagett had been duly appointed by the Company. It was suggested that Governor Boucher may have treated Mr Bagett as insignificant by assuming authority to exclude him. Reference was also made to a clause in the twenty-second paragraph, which was interpreted as implying that warnings alone were insufficient to correct faults among councillors and that greater powers of removal were desired. It was stated that such authority would not be granted until suitable persons were identified as fit to exercise it. It was expressed as an expectation that particular care should be taken to suppress divisions and disputes among the inhabitants. This was to be achieved by avoiding any abuse of authority and by ensuring that no just cause for complaint arose. It was directed that grievances should be heard and resolved promptly, and that judgement should be made impartially, focusing on the matter rather than the individual. It was further required that irreligious behaviour and practices be discouraged, that property rights be protected both by example and enforcement, and that misconduct, including debauchery, immorality and profaneness, be restrained. The passage concluded in an incomplete state. Interpretations Speculations |
261 | 249 | putting a stop as far as you fairly can to that excessive drinking of Arrack You have given us so many Assurances of your hearty Endeavours | It was directed that efforts should be made to restrain the excessive consumption of arrack and other strong liquors. It was observed that such behaviour had increased among the inhabitants in recent years. This was described as a sign of wastefulness and poor conduct. It was further stated that such excess tended towards ruin, leading either to poverty or complete financial distress. Assurances previously given by the Governor and Council of their commitment to improving the island and managing its affairs were acknowledged. It was expressed that, on this basis, there was reason to expect that future correspondence would not be filled with complaints of neglect or disobedience. It was also stated that, if faults were found, it was expected that no evasive or unsatisfactory replies would be offered, such as those observed in the letters then under review. Particular reference was made to the letter dated 9 April 1712, which had been presented as an answer to earlier instructions sent by the Abingdon, but was considered inadequate upon comparison. Expectation was declared that each officer, in his respective role, and the Council collectively, would ensure that all orders were properly executed. It was required that any neglect or deviation be addressed immediately upon its first appearance, before it became more serious and difficult to correct. The example of the accounts was cited, which had been described as having been neglected in an inexcusable manner. It was noted that a qualified individual had been appointed as accountant with the expectation that deficiencies in record-keeping would be corrected. It was recalled that previous accounts had been criticised as being little more than informal shop records. Despite this, it was reported that, since his arrival at St Helena, no accounts of any kind had been received, whereas previously such records had been submitted annually. It was stated that this failure should have been prevented by the Governor through regular examination of progress and by addressing any delays promptly. Interpretations Speculations |
262 | 250 | therein, but instead thereof of the Notices We have to say we apprehend We must not pass over without remark two paragraphs of the | It was observed that, instead of proper oversight being exercised, the instructions given had not been followed. It was stated that Mr Bagett had not been employed in the stores as directed, nor had appropriate attention been given to other matters necessary for advancing the accounts. As a result, serious consequences had arisen. The planters had become dissatisfied because their accounts could not be settled. The soldiers had fallen into debt, some owing sums of £20, £30 and even £70 per man. It was noted that this situation encouraged desertion from the island. It was further explained that goods had been issued from the stores and charged without sufficient regard to whether individuals were fit to be trusted with further credit. By this practice, considerable sums had been drawn upon the Company over time, despite the substantial supplies previously sent from England and India. It was stated that these facts justified earlier suspicions and were intended to prompt a more careful and responsible approach in future. Attention was then drawn to two specific paragraphs in a letter sent after receipt of the Company’s instructions by the Abingdon, which had been presented as an answer. In the nineteenth paragraph, it had been suggested that Mr Pack, through extraordinary diligence, had made amends for past neglect and had shown gratitude for the Company’s favour. However, in the twenty-third paragraph of the same letter, it had been reported that Mr Pack had been deprived of speech and reason for seven months, and that, while the letter was being written, news had been received of his death. It was questioned how such circumstances could have been allowed. It was implied that, if Mr Pack had been incapacitated for so long, the Governor should have assigned his duties to Mr Bagett or another suitable person. The failure to do so was presented as further evidence supporting earlier concerns. Reference was made to the sixteenth paragraph of the letter sent by the Susannah, in which similar issues had been raised. The passage concluded in an incomplete state. Interpretations Speculations |
263 | 251 | why Mr. Bagett was not referred to assist about the Stores or Accompts, a further instance is, that tho’ in the 13ᵗʰ Paragraph of the above Letter Govʳ Boucher says Mr. Bagett is a Stranger to the Italian way of Bookkeeping yet in the Postscript of the same Letter Mr. Bagett denies the Charge and says it was the way which they formerly practiced and the Governour by his Silence seems to confess it, yet Mr. Bagett must not be employed in the Accompts till after Mr. Packs death. He had not mentioned this now were it not for your sakes that others miscarriages may make you more cautious, for Captain Boucher will find that such managements will be, so far from appearing a good Plea for his Gratuity. In the 9ᵗʰ Paragraph He tells us (for he only signs the Letter the like title runs as if signed by the Councill) they could not excuse themselves of omitting one article in the Todingtons Letter, tho’ it was not answered Paragraph by Paragraph and yet owns the Orders it contains and adds some Paragraphs cited then in that time and then goes on in the next to tell what was done & concludes of Consultations were not so frequent as formerly it was, because there were fewer Luminositys among the people and Busines more done than talked of. To this we say for your Information and Governance) that we expect our Orders be obeyed at all times, unless pure Necessity prevent them & apparent and well grounded Reason make you depart from them for our real Interest; but then you must give us those reasons and take care you really believe them substantial. If any Paragraphs can’t be Answered speedily, tell us so and why. But the excuse for consultation being held so seldom is very grievous and looks as if we were to be flattered they were to be hidden to hear Complaints, whereas the whole must not be Neglected, yet our main Design. | It was observed that Mr Bagett had not been employed to assist with the stores or accounts, despite earlier concerns. It was noted that, in the thirteenth paragraph of the same letter, Governor Boucher had described Mr Bagett as unfamiliar with the Italian method of bookkeeping. However, in the postscript, Mr Bagett had denied this assertion and had stated that such methods had previously been practised. It was remarked that the Governor’s silence on this point appeared to confirm Mr Bagett’s claim. Despite this, Mr Bagett had not been employed in the accounts until after Mr Pack’s death. It was stated that this matter was raised not for its own sake but as a warning, so that the failures of others might encourage greater caution. It was further indicated that such conduct would not support any claim by Captain Boucher for the granting of a gratuity. Attention was then drawn to the ninth paragraph of the same letter, which had been signed only by Governor Boucher, although it had been presented as if issued by the Council. In that paragraph, it had been admitted that one article in the Todington letter had been omitted, and that the response had not been made paragraph by paragraph. It had also been acknowledged that the orders contained therein were valid, and that some had been cited at the time. It had then been asserted that consultations had been held less frequently than before, on the grounds that there were fewer disputes among the inhabitants and that more business had been conducted than discussed. In response, it was stated that all orders were expected to be obeyed at all times, unless prevented by necessity or justified by clear and reasonable grounds serving the Company’s interest. Where deviation occurred, those reasons were to be reported and must be genuinely substantial. If any paragraph could not be answered promptly, this was to be explained with reasons. The justification for holding consultations less frequently was strongly criticised. It was described as unacceptable, as it suggested that oversight was being reduced and that complaints might be concealed. It was emphasised that all matters were to be properly attended to, in accordance with the Company’s principal objectives. The passage concluded in an incomplete state. Interpretations Speculations |
264 | 252 | Design in appointing them is, That all directions relating to our In the 15ᵗʰ Paragraph we are told they could not imagine how In the 24ᵗʰ Paragraph We are referred to Consultations about and Gunner French being made Aſsistants to the | It was explained that the purpose of appointing consultations was that all directions relating to Company affairs should be agreed there, and issued from that authority. It was intended that reports should be made there concerning how far orders had been complied with, and that responses should be delivered into Council. It was further directed that all reports on the progress of buildings, repairs and other works should be received and recorded, together with any further instructions arising from them. All accounts, whether from the stores, plantation house or elsewhere, were to be presented, examined and approved in Council, with proper entries made in the Consultation Book. It was stated that, had this procedure been followed and copies of the Consultation Book transmitted, the earlier complaints and reproofs would not have been necessary. Reference was then made to the fifteenth paragraph of the letter dated 18 June 1713, in which it had been stated that the omission of prices for the two store ships from England could not be explained. It had also been claimed that incomplete captains’ accounts and undated bills of exchange were the responsibility of the storehouse writers. This explanation was rejected. It was declared that such excuses would no longer be accepted where Company business was delayed or neglected. It was emphasised that responsibility lay with those in authority to ensure that all tasks were carried out. It was stated that brief memoranda, careful supervision and timely orders were sufficient to ensure compliance. Particular responsibility was placed upon the Governor, who held greater authority and received a higher salary for that purpose. Attention was then drawn to the twenty-fourth paragraph, in which reference had been made to consultations concerning Charles [...] and Gunner French being appointed as assistants to the channel, yet it had also been stated that these consultations could not be sent with the letter. This omission was noted as a further deficiency in reporting. The passage concluded in an incomplete state. Interpretations Speculations |
265 | 253 | Another Instance of the Penmans Modesty in asserting that the Councill he Alike Modest is the Answer given about the then Governour repaying In Paragraph the 31. it is written Blacks are much wanted, We In Paragraph 33. it is advised that Ten pounds a year is abated In Paragraph the 45ᵗʰ It is promised that an Order by the | It was remarked that the writer of the letter had shown undue confidence in asserting that no article affecting the Company’s interest had been omitted. It was therefore expressly ordered that consultations were to be kept regularly and transmitted without fail. It was observed that the consultations sent covered only the period from 18 March 1714 to 4 June 1714, consisting of merely 15 sheets of closely written paper. It was stated that such a quantity could easily have been produced within a week, which demonstrated the insufficiency of the effort made. Attention was drawn to the response concerning the repayment of £100 advanced to the Governor and £35 6 shillings advanced to Mr Pack, as mentioned in the eighteenth paragraph. It had been claimed that these repayments would be evident in the accounts when transmitted to England. It was noted that such accounts had not been sent. It was further stated that these repayments should have been clearly reported in the general letter in direct response to the earlier instruction regarding those advances. It was observed in the thirty-first paragraph that there was a shortage of slaves. It was recalled that efforts had already been made to supply them. However, it was noted that no list had been provided of those currently on St Helena, nor of those ordered. It was also stated that no lists had been received from the chaplain concerning Christian marriages, births and burials, despite explicit instructions requiring such records. In the thirty-third paragraph, it had been reported that £10 per annum had been deducted from the salary of Surgeon Southen to be paid to his wife in England. It was pointed out that no date had been given for when this arrangement was to commence. It was stated that, without this information, it could not be determined whether payments were being made too early or too late. In the forty-fifth paragraph, it had been promised that an order from the solicitor would be observed, requiring the transmission of accounts detailing the several branches of revenue and their amounts. It was noted that no compliance with this instruction had been observed. Interpretations Speculations |
266 | 254 | Compliance therewith, nor with Severall other Promises in the The then Governours Excuse in severall Paragraphs, as to the We have often complain’d of the great Charge of St. Helena as This leads us to tell you our Observations touching our Black | It was observed that there had been no compliance with several promises made in earlier letters, nor with other undertakings which were not repeated for the sake of brevity. It was further stated that the excuses offered by the former Governor, particularly regarding his correspondence with Captain Roberts, required proper reply or comment, as they were judged to be evasive, irrelevant or indicative of an unsettled temper. Attention was drawn to the continuing expense of St Helena. It was noted that cargoes had been regularly sent from England, goods had been supplied from India and large sums had been drawn upon the Company through bills of exchange each year. In the most recent year, this had amounted to £2,700, yet no account had been provided explaining how the money had been spent. This situation was described as a serious concern, and it was stated that measures must be taken to prevent further loss. Confidence was expressed that, under proper management, this financial drain would be corrected. Reference was made to the fifteenth paragraph of the letter dated 4 April 1714, which had suggested that St Helena might not remain a financial burden once fortifications and buildings were completed. It was stated that, according to the letters received, these works ought to have been largely finished by that time, or would soon be so through the labour of the slaves. It was therefore expected that any further improvement would depend upon careful and honest administration. It was directed that overall expenses should be reduced through frugality, that unnecessary costs should be eliminated and that as few bills as possible should be drawn upon the Company. Instead, it was expected that funds would be remitted to England where possible. It was then stated that attention would be given to the condition of the Company’s black cattle, other livestock and plantations on the island. It was observed that the number of cattle had declined in an unexplained manner. Reference was made to an account submitted by John [...], but the passage concluded before further detail was provided. Interpretations Speculations |
267 | 255 | John How the 14ᵗʰ October, and by Mr. Craven the 9ᵗʰ of December as entred in In time to come let us have Yearly an Account of all our Cattle The Stock of Goats are quite omitted as if they were all gone | It was observed that accounts submitted by John How on 14 October 1714 and by Mr Craven on 9 December 1714, as recorded in the Consultation Book, were the only such returns found for that period. It was noted that no monthly accounts had been provided by them or by any other person, despite explicit orders requiring this. This omission was described as clear evidence of defective management. It was further stated that the stock recorded in December was lower than that of October by 11 bullocks and 7 cows. No record had been made of any sale or loss by accident, nor had any notice been taken of this discrepancy. It was therefore concluded that the Council had accepted these accounts without examination or enquiry, which was described as either negligence or something more serious. It was directed that, in future, a full annual account should be provided of all cattle and other livestock. This was to include the number of each type sold to ships, the quantity consumed for Company use and any increase in stock such as hens, goats or hogs since the previous return. It was further ordered that, if no regular annual shipping occurred, accounts should be sent by each available vessel, in duplicate where possible. In cases where cattle died by accident, the event was to be recorded in the Consultation Book with details of time and place. It was stated that the previous practice of reporting such losses only in general terms, such as noting that 60 head had died since Lady Day without any supporting entry in the Consultation Book, was unacceptable. It was therefore required that all such matters be properly recorded in future. It was also noted that no mention had been made of the stock of goats, as if they had entirely disappeared. This was questioned, as Mr Mashborne had previously reported that, upon leaving St Helena, there had been about 200 goats in the valley and additional numbers in the countryside. It was ordered that a thorough enquiry be made into their whereabouts. If any loss was found to have resulted from misconduct or fraud, it was directed that restitution be obtained from those responsible. It was further required that the findings of this enquiry be reported. The passage concluded in an incomplete state. Interpretations Speculations |
268 | 256 | they are gone, be it by suffering them to be Stolen or destroyed and The severall Sorts of Fowles are also greatly diminished and That the Plantations Suffer extremely by the Blacks being | It was directed that enquiry should be made into the disappearance of the goats, and whether this had occurred through theft, destruction or neglect. It was required that the number remaining be reported. It was noted that, if the animals could be prevented from destroying their young, they might be increased with little expense. It was further stated that reports had been received that they were frequently, perhaps nightly, wounded by the slaves. It was suggested that, if proper control and justice could be enforced, goats would prove more profitable than sheep, as they bred more readily and their meat was considered of better quality. It was therefore required that the accuracy of this information be investigated and reported. It was also observed that the various kinds of poultry had been greatly reduced. It was reported that the former Governor had contributed to this decline by excessive consumption of fowls, chickens and eggs, to such an extent that the continuation of the stock was feared to be at risk. It was further alleged that calves had been slaughtered in large numbers because beef was not considered sufficiently desirable. It was directed that the truth of these claims be carefully examined. It was explained that these matters were raised in order to emphasise the need for more careful and economical management. It was stated that such practices, if continued, would lead to loss in every aspect of the Company’s interests. It was further observed that the absence of monthly accounts for stock and supplies had contributed to the inability to monitor these losses properly. It was reported that the most recent administration had been marked by unprecedented extravagance, particularly during periods when ships were present. It was stated that, at such times, the Governor had maintained an elaborate table at the Plantation House for captains, supercargoes and other visitors. It was further noted that Company servants, and sometimes even the chaplain, had been excluded from these gatherings, whether at the Fort or the Plantation. It was directed that such practices should not be followed in future, and that the truth of these reports should be investigated. It was further observed that the plantations had suffered greatly due to the allocation of slave labour to other purposes, though the passage concluded before further detail was given. Interpretations Speculations |
269 | 257 | anything taken off from looking after them and Employed in carrying the Gover- We must add tho’ it is more proper to be mentioned under the next head The beforementioned sad waste in, or carelessness about our | It was reported that labour had been diverted from the care of plantations and livestock to carry the Governor in hammocks. It was further alleged that not only Company slaves but also those belonging to planters had been employed for this purpose. It was directed that a thorough and impartial enquiry be conducted into these matters. If found to be true, it was ordered that the Governor should repay the cost of such labour, as it was presumed that these slaves had been hired under the pretence of working on fortifications. It was further observed that the Governor had constructed a shed measuring 400 feet in length, intended solely for riding asses under cover from the weather. It was stated that this structure had cost more than £300. It was also reported that considerable quantities of timber and deals had been wasted in its construction, as well as in building stables and other conveniences for the same purpose. It was directed that a strict investigation be made into the full extent of this expenditure, including the value of materials used and the cost of labour. It was declared that no authority had been granted for such actions, and it was therefore ordered that the Governor be required to repay all associated costs and damages. Confidence was then expressed that the previously described neglect and waste in plantations and livestock would be corrected under the new Council. Particular reference was made to Mr Mashborne, who had been appointed as overseer of these concerns. It was noted that he had previously held this role and had been regarded favourably. It was therefore expected that his experience, diligence and skill would lead to improved management and beneficial outcomes for the Company. The passage concluded in an incomplete state. Interpretations Speculations |
270 | 258 | We have at his Instances allowed him to buy severall Seeds & We do earnestly recommend to you all to Encourage the | It was stated that, at the request of Mr Mashborne, permission had been granted for the purchase of various seeds and plants intended for hedges and fences, as well as seeds for garden trees to improve the land and agricultural practices. It was further noted that several tools and implements had been supplied for these purposes, together with other necessary utensils, as listed separately. It was directed that an account should be sent describing how these seeds and plants had prospered, identifying which had performed best and specifying what quantities would be required annually. It was also ordered that correspondence should be maintained with different parts of India to obtain additional suitable seeds and plants for St Helena. It was specified that, by means of the Rochester, letters might be sent to Bencoolen, the Coast and the Bay, with instructions that the Deputy Governor and Council of Bencoolen should forward them onward. Notice of such correspondence was also to be sent so that further directions could be issued if necessary. Strong encouragement was given to the development of vineyards on the island, with the aim of producing wine for the benefit of the inhabitants. It was stated that wine would be more wholesome than arrack or other distilled liquors made from potatoes or similar substances. It was observed that, in many parts of India where arrack was produced, it was harmful when newly made, yet widely consumed due to its low cost. It was reported that it caused significant illness, particularly a condition described as “dry belly ache”, and was responsible for many deaths. It was further stated that spirits distilled at St Helena were not expected to be any more beneficial. It was noted that ageing improved the quality of arrack and made it more tolerable, according to experienced observers. It was added that, even if wine production did not succeed, grapes themselves would still provide health benefits and refreshment for the inhabitants. Interpretations Speculations |
271 | 259 | We are pleased to find so good a Progress made in the Planting of and We have received the account of Sale of the Plantation you | Satisfaction was expressed at the progress made in planting, enclosing land and establishing secure property rights for the inhabitants. It was stated that completion of these measures would be welcomed. Reference was made to earlier letters from the Directors regarding these matters, including the leasing of Company land, the requirement to send annual accounts of revenue and the provision of detailed lists of slaves, specifying their employment and location. It was further directed that accounts should be provided of the total annual expenditure of the island. This was to include the costs associated with covenant servants and soldiers, together with lists of their salaries or pay, as well as similar details for all others receiving wages. It was also required that the expense of maintaining the Company’s table, both at the Fort and the Plantation, be recorded at market rates. Additional items to be included were the cost of clothing the slaves, the expense of maintaining boats and all other elements contributing to the yearly expenditure. It was stated that these requirements had been set out more fully in the twenty-eighth paragraph of the letter sent by the Susanna, and that the accounts were to be transmitted in separate papers within the packets. It was explained that repetition had been avoided in order to prevent excessive length, as the letter had already become longer than intended. It was noted that the previously ordered extracts of letters would provide further guidance and identify additional details not repeated here. It was recorded that an account had been received concerning the sale of plantations previously purchased, as reported by the John and Elizabeth. It was noted that some profit had been made on these transactions, as stated in the twenty-eighth paragraph, and that Governor Boucher deserved commendation for this. However, it was also observed that this appeared inconsistent with the statement made in the twenty-ninth paragraph, which suggested that such transactions would not cause significant harm to the island or the Company’s interests. The passage concluded before further explanation was given. Interpretations Speculations |
272 | 260 | Interest of all the Lands yet ever in our hands with the 7ᵗʰ You will see in the 15ᵗʰ part of the Letter received by the Roebuck | It was observed that there appeared to be inconsistency in the statements concerning the management of Company lands. On the one hand, it had been suggested that retaining land in Company hands would not damage its interests, while in the seventh paragraph of the following letter sent by the Roebuck, it had been stated that it was preferable to lease out waste land rather than keep it unproductive. It was noted that this latter view was considered correct. Attention was drawn to this contradiction as a caution, and it was advised that greater care should be taken in reviewing correspondence before it was sent, so that contradictory statements might be avoided. It was clarified that this did not mean that errors should be maintained once recognised, but that consistency and accuracy should be ensured. It was further noted that, in the forty-third paragraph, there had been a promise to provide an account of revenues across all branches, along with other matters required by the instructions sent by the Addington. It was stated that no such account had been received. Reference was also made to the eighty-sixth paragraph of the Roebuck letter, where it had been noted that Mr Alexander had previously sent such accounts after reviewing Company instructions. This omission was taken as evidence of negligence on the part of the former Governor and clerks. Further comment was made on the role of Mr Alexander, who had been instructed by the Governor to prepare an abstract of Company letters in order to determine what information should be sent. It was stated that, if he had subsequently examined whether the clerks had carried out their duties properly, this would have been acceptable. However, it was considered more probable that he had left the matter entirely to the clerks, which was judged to be improper. It was therefore directed that greater diligence should be exercised in such responsibilities. Attention was then drawn to the fifteenth part of the letter received by the Roebuck, which discussed the proposal to enclose the Company’s large wood. It had been suggested that such an undertaking might not repay its cost. It was directed that this matter should be carefully considered and that the course most beneficial to the Company should be adopted. It was also reported that redwood trees, which were considered most suitable for building, had become scarce and were said to regenerate poorly. This was described as surprising, and it was directed that attempts should be made to cultivate additional trees. The passage concluded in an incomplete state. Interpretations Speculations |
273 | 261 | square, and if one piece of ground is not kindly, try another, for it is very We are told you have good Maiz or Indian Corn that it will Fourthly touching our Fortifications, Buildings We shall Refer you to former Letters touching the Buildings of | It was directed that, if one piece of ground proved unsuitable for growing timber, other locations should be tried, as it was considered essential that useful timber be produced in sufficient quantity on St Helena. This necessity arose from the high cost of importing such materials from elsewhere. It was reported that maize, or Indian corn, had been found to grow well in suitable locations. It was stated that it was considered superior to yams, as it required less firing and could be used to feed poultry. It was noted that this claim remained uncertain, and it was therefore directed that its cultivation should be encouraged and tested further. Under the subject of fortifications, buildings and garrison stores, reference was made to earlier letters outlining the intended approach. It was reiterated that all construction should be carried out promptly, solidly and with economy, and that completed works should be properly maintained and repaired as needed. It was observed that, since peace had been established, there was less urgency to complete the remaining fortifications. It was therefore directed that labour should not be diverted from essential agricultural work, particularly the cultivation of grain and the management of plantations. It was also stated that the practice of hiring planters’ slaves at a cost of eighteen pence per day should be avoided where possible. Despite this, it was directed that the remaining works should still be completed as efficiently as circumstances allowed. Priority was to be given to the construction of necessary storehouses, which were to be built in a strong and practical manner. It was specified that separate storehouses should be provided for arrack and other liquids, for goods received from India, for commodities from Europe and for naval stores. Additional buildings were to be constructed for storing lime, cut stone and other materials requiring protection, as well as workshops for carpenters and other craftsmen. Provision was also to be made for barracks and other essential buildings. Interpretations Speculations |
274 | 262 | Buildings for the Military & many of those Plantation yet to be done. - The late Governour Boucher in the Explanation of the Plan You will easily observe we are willing to be at any reasonable We have by the Rochester sent all the Carriages desired by the We have not this Season sent the 8 long Demi Cannon Guns | It was observed that various buildings required for the military and for plantation purposes remained incomplete. It was noted that Governor Boucher, in his explanation of the plans described as prospective drafts of the intended works at St Helena, which had been sent by the John and Elizabeth, had justified the construction of storehouses, warehouses, a guardhouse and a workhouse near the Fort. The reason given was that these structures would remain under the constant observation of the Governor and a proper guard. This reasoning was approved, provided that the buildings were constructed in a strong, practical and economical manner, as had been promised. It was stated that there was willingness to incur reasonable expense to supply the needs of the island. At the same time, it was emphasised that care must be taken to avoid unnecessary construction. It was noted that the cost of building had weighed heavily upon the Company for several years. It was therefore expected that this burden would be brought to an end as soon as possible and that the overall expense of maintaining the island would be reduced significantly. It was recorded that, by the Rochester, all the gun carriages requested in the store lists for the large guns had been sent, with strict instructions that they should be constructed according to the specified dimensions. It was directed that old carriages, once unfit for service, should be put to the best possible use or sold for the Company’s benefit. It was further stated that eight long demi-cannon with field carriages, requested for the new West Battery, had not been sent during that season. This decision had been made on the understanding that sufficient guns were already present on the island and that there were not enough personnel available to operate the existing artillery. It was therefore directed that, if necessary upon examination, guns should be redistributed to meet defensive needs. The passage concluded before the instruction regarding the demi-cannon was fully completed. Interpretations Speculations |
275 | 263 | or any other Guns are stopp’d at that Battery, let us know it that we may send Whilstever old broken or useles Guns, or other heavy Iron or worn out Stores If we can procure a Surgeon and Gunner able, sober and Ingenious you Some of the Soldiers on this Ship say they are Bricklayers & can In Perusing the four Lists of [Gunner’s?] Stores referred from The small Guns which he calls saulthons, He charges a pound of | It was directed that, if upon examination any guns were found to be lacking at the West Battery or elsewhere, notice should be given so that they might be supplied by the first available ship. It was further ordered that any old, broken or unusable guns, as well as other heavy iron or worn-out stores found on the island, should be reported in detail. This would enable arrangements to be made for a ship from Bencoolen to collect such materials, so that they might be returned for use in England. It was stated that, if suitable and competent individuals could be obtained, a surgeon and a gunner would be sent to the island. In that case, those currently performing those duties might either continue in subordinate roles, remain on the island in other capacities, transfer to Bencoolen or return to England, according to their preference. It was reported that some soldiers aboard the ship claimed to be bricklayers capable of making tiles. It was directed that, if this proved true, two or three of them should be retained on the island. It was also stated that, if skilled tile-makers could be obtained, they would be sent later. It was emphasised that no additional soldiers should be retained under this pretext, as they were required at Bencoolen. Upon review of four lists of gunner’s stores covering the period from 25 March 1710 to 25 March 1713, several issues were identified. It was noted that the small guns, described as “saulthons”, had been charged at a rate of one pound of powder per discharge during alarms. This was considered excessive, and it was observed that the total quantity expended in this manner amounted to a significant sum. It was also recorded that, in one account, 206 pounds weight of powder had been charged for use by the guards and at funerals, while another account recorded 145 pounds for the same purposes. It was suggested that these charges related only to the small guns. The passage concluded before further observations were given. Interpretations Speculations |
276 | 264 | Notwithstanding our Orders to the Contrary there has been a great We allow the number of Guns fired on the days of Publick Another Observation we must make is, that by what appears | It was observed that, despite previous orders to the contrary, an excessive quantity of gunpowder had been expended on salutes. It was noted that, for Company ships arriving or departing, nine or eleven guns were commonly fired. It was further recorded that, when the fleet departed in July 1712, a total of 385 pounds weight of powder had been charged as used, with 134 guns fired, including twenty of the largest guns on the island. This was considered excessive, and it was directed that more careful regulation should be exercised in future. It was stated that discretion might be applied in the case of English men-of-war, as they might properly expect such honours. However, for Company ships and others, earlier instructions limiting such expenditure were to be followed. It was directed that, if any captain insisted upon additional salutes beyond those authorised, the established orders should be adhered to and any disputes reported. It was further directed that the firing of guns on public occasions, such as the Queen’s birthday and Coronation Day, might continue as previously allowed. However, it was stated that excessive salutes for private events were not to be permitted. It was specifically noted that 20 guns had been fired at the funerals of Mr Mashborne and Mr Hoskinson, and 21 guns at Mr Mashborne’s wedding and at the Governor’s landing. These were judged excessive, and it was ordered that a smaller number should be used in future. It was emphasised that the primary concern was not the immediate cost of these salutes, which was relatively small, but the need to prevent unnecessary expenditure and to establish a more economical system of management. It was stated that such frugality had become essential due to the financial losses and mismanagement recently experienced on the island, despite claims by Captain Boucher that savings had been achieved. It was also observed that, based on the available information, no proper examination of the gunner’s accounts had been conducted. The passage concluded in an incomplete state. Interpretations Speculations |
277 | 265 | Gunners and Councill had. We suppose they would have signed them and Let Mr. Cleeve know we expect from him Yearly an Account how | It was observed that, if the gunner’s accounts had been properly examined by the Governor and Council, they would have been signed and the relevant orders entered into the Consultation Book. It was further noted that such accounts had not been laid before the Council monthly, as required, nor even more frequently, so that errors might have been detected and corrected while still recent. It was stated that all such matters ought to have been entered in the Consultation Book, which was intended to serve as a complete historical record of all affairs brought before the Council, together with the actions taken and the correspondence received. It was remarked that certain expenses appeared questionable and might not have been approved if properly reviewed. Particular reference was made to the issuing of 67 swords, 50 gun belts at one time and 50 leather belts at another, along with various other items. It was suggested that, if these had been necessary, it demonstrated negligence in allowing them to deteriorate or be wasted. It was nevertheless acknowledged that, in general, the method used in the gunner’s accounts was acceptable, provided they were properly reviewed, signed in Council and transmitted annually, as required. It was directed that Mr Cleeve should provide an annual account detailing how all timber on the island had been used and what remained in store. He was also required to report what additional supplies would be needed and for what purposes. It was explained that this instruction was given because Mr Cleeve had reported that Governor Boucher had not informed him of the terms under which he had been taken into service, and that he had only received notice of it from Mr Marsden in England. To prevent any misunderstanding, it was ordered that he be provided with copies of these instructions, as well as the third paragraph of the letter sent by the Swanna, so that he might clearly understand what was expected of him. It was clarified that this arrangement was not intended to make Mr Cleeve independent of the Governor and Council. On the contrary, it was required that he follow their orders while also reporting directly on his responsibilities. It was further noted that he had stated that, when he had requested assistance in his duties, he had been refused by the late Governor. The passage concluded in an incomplete state. Interpretations Speculations |
278 | 266 | Governor Boucher that the Smith should not be Interployed but put to In Perusing the Papers in the Packets We have thought fit to The List of Lands whether Free or hire that had been measured The same complaint of want of Signing We must make of the The List of Soldiers received by the Abingdon is well done The Account of Plantations bought and Sold should have been | It was reported that Governor Boucher had ordered that the smith should not be employed in his proper trade, but instead be put to other forms of labour, and that he had subsequently been dismissed from Company service. It was directed that suitable slaves, being those most capable and willing to learn, should be trained under a competent artisan to acquire skills in joinery and carpentry. It was further stated that, when it was demonstrated that effective craftsmen had been produced in this manner, a suitable gratuity would be granted to Mr Cleeve in recognition of his efforts. Upon examination of the documents contained in the packets, several deficiencies were identified. A list of lands, whether freehold or leased, which had been measured, assigned and entered into the register, together with the names of their holders and of those whose lands had not yet been measured at the time the John and Elizabeth departed St Helena, was approved in part. However, it was noted that the list lacked signatures and had not been formally approved in Council. It was therefore ordered that such lists be submitted annually, duly signed by the Council, so that the distinction between freeholders and leaseholders, and the acreage held by each, might be clearly understood. It was further observed that lists of covenant servants and military personnel had similarly not been signed. It was also noted that the salaries, pay or wages of these individuals had not been included. It was directed that such omissions must not occur in future. It was acknowledged that the list of soldiers received by the Abingdon had been properly prepared, as it had been signed by the clerk. However, it was stated that the payment of six shillings per head to the surgeon should also have been recorded in the general letter. It was also directed that accounts relating to the purchase and sale of plantations should be signed, particularly given that no accompanying accounts had been provided to verify the accuracy of the entries. Interpretations Speculations |
279 | 267 | We find in the Packett a List of Lands Leased out since Governour All these Lists together with that from the Chaplain and Pray Inquire particularly into the following Complaint On perusing the Consultation Book besides what before | It was observed that a list of lands leased since the arrival of Governor Boucher had been included in the packet. This was noted as a reminder that such information should not be omitted in future. It was stated that, although such details might be extracted from the Consultation Book if properly recorded there, they were nevertheless expected to be provided directly, as the effort required to compile them was minimal. It was further directed that all such lists, including those provided by the chaplain, should be prepared and approved by the Council before the dispatch of packets. It was explained that this would reduce difficulty at the time of sending, as the documents would already be complete and ready. It was also noted that, by having them prepared in advance, they could be carefully reviewed and corrected. Where additional opportunities for conveyance arose, duplicates could then be easily prepared and dispatched. Attention was drawn to a specific complaint requiring investigation. It had been reported that, since guns had been mounted at Munden’s Point Battery, the battery at Rupert’s Valley had been dismantled. This action was said to have caused dissatisfaction among the planters, who believed that the valley provided a convenient landing place for enemy boats. It was further alleged that Munden’s Point did not adequately command that area, and that, if an enemy landed there, they would be able to move freely without opposition. It was directed that this matter be carefully examined and that a full report be provided, including an opinion on the validity of the complaint. It was also stated that, if immediate action was considered necessary, appropriate measures should be taken pending further instructions. It was finally noted that, upon reviewing the Consultation Book, additional matters had been identified requiring direction. The passage concluded before these were specified. Interpretations Speculations |
280 | 268 | That there be annually sent us a Copy of all Titles prov’d and That you let us know what is become of that Land which Mr: That you dismiss Edward Collier, Grand Child of Sutten Grace That hereafter whensoever any Persons come before the We would not hinder Persons buying Lands one of another but | It was directed that a copy of all land titles proved and recorded on the island should be sent annually, in the same manner as was done in other Company settlements in India. It was further required that information be provided concerning the land enclosed by Mr Watson, which he had requested should not be measured and was said to have been left uncultivated. It was noted that no report had been received on this matter, although Mr Bazett and Mr Saxon had been ordered on 1 December 1713 to examine whether leases should be granted for it. It was ordered that Edward Collier, described as the grandchild of Sutten Grace, should be dismissed from military service if, as recorded in the Consultation, he had been only 14 years of age at the time of his enlistment. It was observed that his enrolment had been allowed so that his pay might assist his grandfather or reduce a debt owed to the Company, or for other compassionate reasons. It was stated that, if he were retained in service under such considerations, this must not be allowed to establish a precedent for similar cases in future. It was also directed that, whenever individuals appeared before the Council to prove their claims to land, and failed to satisfy the Council of their title, this should be explicitly recorded in the Consultation Book. It was explained that this instruction was necessary because, in some cases, it had been recorded that certain individuals possessed valid legal titles, while for others no such determination had been noted. Despite this, lists of inhabitants sent by the John and Elizabeth and the Heroe had recorded the lands they held, implying that their titles had been accepted. It was therefore required that the status of all such claims be clearly recorded. It was stated that the buying and selling of land between individuals should not be prevented. However, it was recommended that the longstanding law of the island be revived and applied, so that a proportion might be maintained between the number of white inhabitants and the acreage of land held. This was considered necessary for proper settlement and management. The passage concluded in an incomplete state. Interpretations Speculations |
281 | 269 | not to render that Law of no Effect, because then the Standing Militia of the That you annually keep up the Orders mentioned in the Instructions, That you encourage the Fishery all you can, for whatsoevᵉʳ is gotten Take great care of the Asses to encrease the breed and make We understand that Captain Roberts during his Government | The letter emphasised the importance of maintaining the longstanding law of the island, which regulated land ownership and settlement, to avoid weakening the militia. It was also stressed that the law’s effect should not be nullified, as it would lead to a significant reduction in the militia’s strength. It was directed that the orders outlined in the Instructions and in the Consultation of 7 March be followed annually, with inhabitants required to submit written accounts of their families, land, cattle, slaves, and the cattle grazing on common or waste land. This information was to be submitted to the proper officer. The purpose was to ensure accurate records of property and livestock management. The letter encouraged the expansion of the fishery, noting that fish caught were inexpensive to process, requiring mostly labour. Slaves and others employed by the Company were to be tasked with fishing, and it was essential that the fish be salted and preserved immediately. This initiative was seen as a way to provide the slaves with more nutritious food than just yams and ensure the availability of fish to sell to the inhabitants. The letter also highlighted the ongoing decline in livestock and acknowledged the approval of earlier measures aimed at involving the inhabitants and soldiers in fishing activities, which were deemed both practical and charitable. Additionally, there was a directive to ensure the breeding and taming of asses, with regular updates on the number of animals in the herd. Lastly, it was mentioned that Captain Roberts had made progress in providing a more reliable water supply for the island’s garrison, which would have been completed if he had stayed longer. Interpretations Speculations |
282 | 270 | As this seems to us so absolutely Necessary that we recommend it The late Governour Captain Boucher having desired to come home If there should be a Ballance due from him more than he can pay Your Loving Friends | The letter outlined the necessity of settling all financial matters related to the former Governor, Captain Boucher, before his departure from the island. It was stated that Captain Boucher was required to settle accounts for all funds, goods, or bills drawn on behalf of the Company during his time in office. If there was an outstanding balance owed to the Company, an account was to be drawn up, signed by both him and the newly appointed Governor and Council, and the balance was to be paid before his departure. Once these financial matters were resolved, it was directed that the new Governor and Council ensure that Captain Boucher was allowed to embark on a ship of his choice and that he was treated with civility during his voyage to England. If Captain Boucher was unable to pay the full balance before leaving, it was instructed that he provide a bond with one surety to ensure the debt would be paid to the Company upon his return to England. This bond was to be witnessed by the ship’s officers or other appropriate personnel returning to England and sent via two separate ships for security. These measures were put in place to ensure that all financial matters were fully resolved before Captain Boucher’s departure, preventing further complications or complaints during his voyage. Interpretations Speculations |
283 | 271 | P.S. We have advanced to Mr. Man Surgeon of Sᵗ. Helena Twenty London 4ᵗʰ Febʳʸ 1714 Our Governour and Our Last to you was by the Rochester dated the 5ᵗʰ March | It was recorded in a postscript that advances had been made against salaries. It was stated that £20 had been paid in advance to Mr Man, surgeon at St Helena, and that this sum was to be deducted from his salary in the same manner as was customary for others. It was also recorded that £50 had been advanced to Mr Marshborne and £40 to Mr Tovey on similar terms. A letter dated 4 February 1715 from London to the Governor and Council of St Helena then followed. It was stated that the last correspondence sent had been by the Rochester, dated 5 March 1713, and that, as it had been received, no duplicate was sent. It was further recorded that subsequent letters had been received from the island, namely one dated 31 March 1713 sent by the Abingdon, another dated 5 May 1713 by the Stretham, one dated 29 May 1713 by the Marlborough and one dated 28 June 1713 by the Recovery. It was observed that copies of earlier letters had accompanied these, but that they had not been properly duplicated, as they had not been signed by the Governor and Council. It was directed that, in future, all such duplicate letters should be signed. It was explained that a signed letter carried greater authority and served as stronger evidence of its contents when required. It was also noted that a further letter dated 31 July 1713 had been received, brought by the master of Mr Lidwell’s vessel, the Mercury sloop. It was recorded that, by the ships mentioned, letters had also been received from several individuals, including Mr Bagett, Mr Tomlinson the chaplain, Mr Free and Mr Cleeve. The passage concluded in an incomplete state. Interpretations Speculations |
284 | 272 | the Carpenter and a Petition from Joseph Thomlinson. To all these we The Letter by the Susannah which you say cannot be found This if carefully performed as We expect it shall be will take | It was stated that letters had also been received from the carpenter and that a petition had been submitted by Joseph Thomlinson. It was declared that replies would be given to these communications where considered appropriate, under the established general headings, together with any additional orders, remarks, observations, prohibitions and cautions in their proper places. It was noted that the letter sent by the Susannah, which had been reported as missing and said to have been taken away by the late Governor Boucher, was now being resent in copy for information and compliance. Attention was drawn to the instructions dated 5 March 1713, in which it had been ordered that extracts should be made from all Company letters sent to St Helena, arranged according to each distinct branch of affairs under the Council’s care. It was required that, by the next opportunity, this work should be reported as completed, at least for all letters then in possession, which were presumed to include all except that sent by the Susannah. Upon receipt of that missing letter, it was directed that its contents, together with the present instructions, should be incorporated into the same system. Each clause and order, whether directive or prohibitive, was to be placed under its appropriate heading. It was further instructed that, from this arrangement, a complete abstract or summary of every article should be prepared, expressing its substance. This was to be entered into a designated book to be kept on the Council table, for the continual guidance of the Governor and Council in office. It was also directed that blank spaces be left under each heading, so that future orders might be inserted as they were received. It was acknowledged that this task would require time and effort in collecting, organising and arranging the material. However, it was emphasised that, once completed, it would prove of lasting benefit to the administration and to all future office holders. It was therefore particularly recommended to the Governor, who was to undertake the work with the assistance of the Secretary and others as needed. It was expected that this arrangement would ensure careful execution, especially as the Governor did not bear a specific departmental responsibility that would otherwise occupy his time. The passage concluded in an incomplete state. Interpretations Speculations |
285 | 273 | and others have, It will take the more leisure in the Intervals of Shipping To prevent in all times coming the Embezzling or any other Loss of | It was acknowledged that the Governor, having fewer specific departmental duties than others, would have greater opportunity during intervals between shipping to complete the required compilation of extracts. It was nevertheless emphasised that this task must not interfere with his general responsibility for the overall management of the island’s affairs, which was not to be neglected. It was observed that many paragraphs in earlier letters were lengthy due to explanations and arguments concerning complaints or difficulties, but that the essential rules contained within them were generally brief. It was therefore directed that only these concise rules should be extracted and entered into the book for use, accompanied by short notes explaining the reasons for their issuance where necessary. It was further instructed that, once the entire compilation had been prepared, it should be examined in Council and then an attested copy sent to England. This would allow verification that the work had been properly completed and that it accurately reflected the intended instructions. It was directed that the margins should include the dates of the original letters, the ships by which they were received and the paragraph numbers. This method would enable both the Council on the island and the authorities in England to refer back easily to the original documents if clarification were required, and to confirm that nothing had been omitted. It was also ordered that measures be taken to prevent the loss or embezzlement of general letters and other official papers. A proper office was to be established for the Secretary or Clerk of the Council, equipped with suitable presses and drawers for the orderly storage of documents. It was directed that all books, papers, records, accounts and writings relating to the Company or the general affairs of the island should be arranged systematically, with each category kept separately. It was further required that, within a reasonable time after receipt of any packet from England, all general letters and related papers should be properly filed and secured in this office. This arrangement was intended to ensure their preservation and ready accessibility for reference when needed. Interpretations Speculations |
286 | 274 | be fairly Enter’d in a Book to be kept for that Purpose and with Examined And the like to be observed with Lists of Letters or of any Consultation Whenever the Storekeeper has Completed his Accounts | It was ordered that all general letters received should be carefully entered into a dedicated book. After entry, they were to be examined and signed by the Governor and clerk at their meeting. At the following Council meeting, the entries were to be reviewed and confirmed, and this approval recorded in the Consultation Book. This process was intended to compensate for the possible loss or improper removal of original letters through negligence or misconduct. A similar method was required for all other official records, including lists of letters, Consultation Books, registers of decrees, contracts, wills and all public accounts or writings. A complete sheet listing all such documents in custody was to be prepared. Once verified, it was to be signed by the clerk, who would thereby take responsibility, and then confirmed by the Governor and Council. A duplicate was to be retained locally, while a copy was to be sent to England by two separate ships. Provision was made for this review to take place annually, ensuring that all records remained accounted for. When a new clerk was appointed, the same procedure was to be followed so that responsibility for the records was formally transferred. It was stated that this approach would prevent the loss of documents relating to public business. A fixed date for this examination was to be established. The suggested date was 1 September each year, or the next suitable day if it fell on a Sunday. This timing was chosen because it generally coincided with a period free from shipping duties, allowing proper attention to be given. Notice of the examination was to be given across the island. It was also directed that, when the storekeeper completed the accounts for the current year and began a new set of books, the completed accounts should be brought to the Fort and securely deposited in the clerk’s office. The passage concluded before further detail was provided. Interpretations Speculations |
287 | 275 | …change therewith, take constant care to prevent all the papers being Having laid down these few generall Rules, We come to answer your The Letter by the Abingdon in Answer to ours by the Susanna First Concerning Shipping sent out and Returned. Since our last it has pleased God, That the following Ships are | It was directed that constant care should be taken to prevent damage to all papers, whether from vermin such as rats or mice, or from any other cause. Having established these general rules, attention was then turned to answering the letters received, arranged under several general headings. It was observed that the Rochester had remained at the island for 23 days before the letter sent by the Mercury sloop was dispatched. It was noted that, as most members of the Council were already familiar with the island, little time would have been required for them to understand its condition. Despite this, the letter sent was described as brief and lacking sufficient detail regarding the Company’s affairs. It was therefore expected that this deficiency would be corrected in the next correspondence. It was further stated that matters concerning the dispatch of the Rochester would be addressed under the heading relating to shipping. It was remarked that the letter sent by the Abingdon, in response to earlier instructions conveyed by the Susannah, contained expressions regarded as highly improper. It was stated that such conduct did not merit a direct reply and should only be regarded with strong disapproval. It was noted that the writer of that letter had been seen only once since his arrival in England, following the loss of a ship in the Channel, and that he had not come to London until several months later. It was nevertheless indicated that certain matters raised in that letter would be addressed under the appropriate general headings. Under the heading concerning shipping, it was recorded that, since the previous correspondence, several ships had returned safely. Among these were the Loxden from Bombay and another vessel from Fort St George, which had been forced to put into Galway on 20 April 1714 due to the absence of a Neapolitan pass, and had subsequently arrived in England on 6 June 1714. It was also noted that the Winchelsea had returned from Bencoolen. The passage concluded in an incomplete state. Interpretations Speculations |
288 | 276 | The Taunton from Fort St. George & Lichfield from Bombay the 16ᵗʰ July The Ships by us sent out and designed this year for all parts of the East Indies are as follow Vizᵗ: The Kent, 350, Capt. Lawrence Minster, for Benoolen, but first to touch at Madrass The Kent sailed out of the Downs the 5ᵗʰ of November This comes to you by the Cardonell, enclosed you will find her invoices and Bill of Lading wherein an account of what goods, stores and other necessarys are on board her. We have also sent in the Packet her Charter party, which after you have made use of for as far as concerns you, do you send with the ship to Benoolen. | An account was provided of ships that had recently returned. It was recorded that Taunton from Fort St George and Lichfield from Bombay had arrived on 16 July. Marlborough from Fort St George and Loyal Bliss from China had arrived on 6 August. King William from the Bay had arrived on 5 September, and Recovery from Fort St George had arrived on 9 September. A list was then set out of ships that had been sent out and intended for various parts of the East Indies during that year. Kent, of 350 tons, commanded by Captain Lawrence Minster, had been assigned to Bencoolen, with instructions first to call at Madras. Nathaniel, of 260 tons, commanded by Captain Jonathan Negus, had been sent to Mocha. Dartmouth, of 450 tons, under Captain Thomas Elwes, had been destined for China and Madras. Derby, of 470 tons, commanded by Captain William Fitzhugh, had been assigned to the Bay. Heathcote, of 430 tons, under Captain Joseph Eddson, had been listed for an unspecified destination. Mary, of 450 tons, commanded by Captain Richard Petteron, had been sent to the Coast and the Bay. Parthope, of 420 tons, under Captain Marksworth George Petter, had also been listed for an unspecified destination. Queen, of 300 tons, commanded by Captain John Stanton, had been assigned to Bombay. Cardonell, of 300 tons, under Captain William Naucore, had been intended for St Helena and Bencoolen. It was further recorded that Kent had sailed from the Downs on 5 November, Nathaniel on 23 November, and Dartmouth on 30 December. It was stated that the three ships intended for the Coast and the Bay had received their final dispatches on 12 January and had since remained ready, waiting only for a favourable wind to depart. It was also noted that the ships intended for Bombay were planned to be dispatched in March. It was explained that the present communication had been sent by Cardonell. Enclosed with it were said to be the ship’s invoices and bill of lading, which contained a full account of the goods, stores and other necessities on board. It was also stated that the ship’s charter party had been included in the packet. Instructions were given that, after it had been used for the purposes relevant to the recipients, it was to be forwarded with the ship to Bencoolen. It was further ordered that the ship was to call at Madras, with the account continuing beyond this point. Interpretations “The Bay” referred to the Bay of Bengal, a principal region of East India Company trade, particularly connected with Bengal and its surrounding ports. “The Coast” indicated the Coromandel Coast of India, a major trading region on the south eastern seaboard. “Charter party” denoted the formal contract between the shipowner and the Company, setting out the terms of the vessel’s employment, cargo and obligations. “Bill of lading” referred to the official document listing cargo carried on a ship, serving both as a receipt and as evidence of title to the goods. “The Downs” referred to the anchorage off the coast of Kent, commonly used as a departure point for ships sailing from England. Speculations The detailed listing of ships, their tonnage and commanders suggests a highly structured system of maritime organisation within the East India Company, reflecting the scale and complexity of its operations. The inclusion of multiple destinations such as Bencoolen, Madras, Mocha and the Bay indicates the wide geographic spread of trade networks, linking Britain with India, Southeast Asia and the Arabian Peninsula. The emphasis on documentation such as invoices, bills of lading and charter parties highlights the importance of accountability and record keeping in long distance trade. The instruction for ships to wait for a favourable wind illustrates the dependence of maritime schedules on seasonal and environmental conditions, which could significantly affect communication and commerce. |
289 | 277 | …and to take in Twenty five pipes of wine for the Service of the Island being The Cardonell is also to take in at the Maderas Fifteen | Instructions were issued that Cardonell was to take on board twenty five pipes of wine for the service of the island. It was stated that this wine was considered more wholesome than arrack. It was directed that the wine be sold on the island at a suitable advance, so as to contribute towards the Company’s stores and to produce a reasonable profit. It was further ordered that any wine used for the Company’s table was to be consumed with frugality. It was stated that all ships arriving from the Coast and the Bay would deliver their allowance of one fifth of one per cent in arrack, sugar and other necessary provisions for the use of the island. It was explained that instructions had been sent that year to the Bay to reduce the quantity of arrack and increase the quantities of rice, sugar and similar goods. These directions were described in general terms, so that calculations might be made accordingly. It was expressed that the Company’s agents at Bombay and Bencoolen were expected to send one per cent of the tonnage they dispatched in similar commodities, as they had been given the same orders previously. It was noted that the endorsement of the charter party of Cardonell, which was stated to be identical to that of other ships, would confirm this arrangement. It was further stated that, during the period of peace, all ships returning to England would be ordered to call at St Helena for refreshment. It was also directed that Cardonell was to take on board at Madeira an additional fifteen pipes of wine intended for Bencoolen. It was recorded that Mr Joseph Hayward, merchant there, had been given orders to load both consignments and to consign them accordingly. It was further instructed that if the ship was unable to take on board the full quantity of forty pipes, it was to load as much as possible and to distribute the consignments proportionally between the two destinations. It was ordered that, if it was clearly understood that the full quantity had been loaded, a suitable person was to be sent aboard the ship to verify whether it was fully laden and incapable of taking more cargo, or whether the captain had introduced additional or larger cargo on his own account. In either case, it was required that a detailed account be sent at the earliest opportunity. Interpretations “Pipe” referred to a large cask used for transporting liquids such as wine, with a standard capacity that varied but was commonly understood in maritime trade. “Arrack” denoted a distilled alcoholic spirit widely produced in Asia, often derived from palm sap, rice or sugar, and commonly supplied to ships and settlements. “One fifth of one per cent” referred to a fractional allowance of cargo space or goods, calculated as part of a customary entitlement or levy associated with tonnage. “Charter party” indicated the formal contractual agreement governing the employment of a ship, including cargo obligations and rights of the Company. “Endorsement” in this context referred to an additional note or clause attached to the charter party, specifying particular conditions or obligations. Speculations The preference for wine over arrack suggests concerns about health or discipline, as wine may have been regarded as a more controlled or less harmful provision for the island’s inhabitants. The structured allocation of small percentages of cargo from multiple ships indicates a systematic method of provisioning remote settlements without relying on single large consignments. The requirement to inspect the ship’s loading suggests suspicion that captains might use Company vessels for private trade beyond authorised limits. The expectation that all homeward bound ships would call at St Helena reflects the island’s strategic importance as a replenishment point in the East India Company’s maritime network. |
290 | 278 | We hope Captain Mawsone will bring you some Pine Plants We are sorry to find that Notwithstanding our earnest | It was expressed that it was hoped Captain Mawsone would bring a number of pine plants to the island. It was stated that instructions had already been sent to him to do so, and that Mr Joseph Hayward had been directed to procure the plants and to advise on the proper method of preserving them during the voyage. Regret was conveyed that, despite repeated and urgent recommendations to dispatch Rochester with all possible speed, the vessel had remained at the island for twenty one days. It was noted from the letter received that the ship had arrived on 8 July and had not been dispatched until 29 July. It had been reported that assistance had been given to the captain by providing a launch and a longboat to facilitate more rapid and convenient unloading. It had also been explained that a considerable swell had prevailed for several days, which had prevented earlier dispatch. It was observed that, had proper consideration been given to the fourteenth paragraph of the instructions previously issued, a different course of action would have been taken, as was expected. Attention was directed to that paragraph, which explained the procedure to be followed in situations where boats were unable to reach the crane for half a day or longer, as had occurred in the case of Captain Lisley. It was emphasised that such incidental delays were to be formally noted, and that the Company was not to bear the entire expense arising from them. It was further stated that the same reasoning applied in circumstances where a captain did not possess a sufficient number of boats, which appeared to have been the situation with Rochester, as assistance had been required from the island’s own boats. It was directed that, in any such cases of delay, a formal protest should have been made against the captain for failing to complete unloading within ten working days, as had been prescribed in the instructions. It was explained that, in responding to such a protest, the captain would have been obliged to provide his reasons for the delay. If those reasons had been fully stated, the matter would have been clearly presented by his own account. If any deficiency had appeared in his explanation, it would have been advantageous for the Company to have been aware of it. It was further directed that a reply should then have been made setting out the matter accurately, which would have constituted the proper course of action. Interpretations “Pine plants” referred to pineapple plants, which were valued in colonial settlements both for cultivation and for improving provisions, often transported carefully due to their fragility. “Launch & Longboat” denoted ship’s auxiliary boats, used for transporting goods between ship and shore, particularly where direct docking facilities were limited. “Crane” referred to a fixed lifting device at the harbour used for loading and unloading heavy cargo, essential in ports lacking deep water quays. “Lay a protest” indicated the formal maritime and legal practice of recording an official complaint or declaration, often used to protect financial or contractual interests in cases of delay or damage. “Ten working days” referred to a contractual unloading period specified in charter parties, beyond which penalties or claims could arise. Speculations The emphasis on transporting pineapple plants suggests an effort to diversify or improve agricultural production on the island, perhaps to reduce reliance on imported provisions. The criticism of the delay in dispatching Rochester indicates that strict adherence to shipping schedules was considered essential, probably due to the broader coordination required across the Company’s trading network. The insistence on formal protests reveals a legalistic approach to managing shipping disputes, ensuring that responsibility for delays could be clearly assigned and costs recovered where appropriate. The reference to insufficient boats on Rochester may imply cost saving measures by captains, which could lead to operational inefficiencies and conflict with Company expectations. Mau |
291 | 279 | …and answered our Intentions and Orders refermented shewed by what The Advices about our ships importing with or exporting from | It was stated that, based on what had been observed, the intentions and orders previously expressed had not been properly fulfilled. No objection was raised to the reasonable demand for seven days’ demurrage for the stipulated period, but particular concern was directed towards the number of additional days, or parts of days, during which unloading had been hindered by a great swell. Further consideration was required of the fact that Abingdon had been unloaded in twelve working days, although she had been fifty tons larger than Rochester. From this comparison, it was concluded that the service performed in this instance had not equalled that of predecessors. Greater assistance had been available within the Council than had been the case at that earlier time. It was also observed that Susanna had been dispatched within ten working days, despite being only fifty tons smaller than Rochester. Attention was drawn to the importance of this matter, as it had formed one of the first and most strongly emphasised instructions. It had been required that all other business be set aside if it interfered with the prompt dispatch of ships. Concern was expressed that this initial failure might represent an unfavourable beginning, though it was also stated that it was hoped future actions would demonstrate improved diligence, willingness and capability in serving the Company’s interests. Regular reports concerning ships arriving at or departing from the island, whether importing or exporting goods, were required to be consistently maintained. This included providing news of ships at the Cape, whether outward bound or homeward bound, as well as information regarding their presence at, or departure from, any ports in the East Indies. It was emphasised that such reporting was to be continued at all times in accordance with earlier instructions. These accounts were described as frequently necessary and always useful. A deficiency was observed in the consistent observance of these orders, and the matter was therefore restated. Full compliance was expected with all orders, directions, cautions and instructions that had been previously issued, were presently in force or would be issued in the future. Interpretations “Demurrage” referred to a charge payable for delays in loading or unloading a ship beyond the agreed period specified in the charter party, often forming a significant financial consideration in maritime trade. “Stint” in this context denoted the allotted or agreed period for completing the unloading of a vessel, usually defined within contractual terms. “The Cape” referred to the Cape of Good Hope, a crucial waypoint in maritime routes between Europe and the East Indies, where ships frequently stopped for refreshment or news. “Working days” indicated days on which cargo operations could be carried out, excluding interruptions caused by weather or other impediments depending on contractual interpretation. Speculations The comparison with earlier ships such as Abingdon and Susanna suggests that performance benchmarks were actively maintained, and that current officials were expected to meet or exceed previous standards. The emphasis on demurrage implies that delays had direct financial consequences, reinforcing the importance of efficient port operations. The repeated insistence on reporting ship movements indicates that the Company relied heavily on timely intelligence to coordinate its global trading network. The concern expressed about an “ill omen” at the outset perhaps reflects anxiety that early administrative shortcomings might signal deeper issues in governance or discipline. |
292 | 280 | …be esteemed as so many standing Rules for all times. & therefore you must Secondly concerning Goods or Stores sent from England or received from India. What this Ship brings you the Invoice and Bill of Lading will | It was directed that all previously issued orders were to be regarded as standing rules for all times. The same degree of attention was to be given to them as if they had been newly stated in every individual letter, unless they were formally repealed or altered by the present authorities or their successors. In such cases, only the most recent orders were to remain binding. This instruction was to be understood as a general rule for both present and future conduct. Although it had been mentioned under the heading of shipping, it was to apply equally to all other branches of affairs under their care and management. Attention was then turned to goods and stores sent from England or received from India. It was stated that the invoice and bill of lading for Cardonell would provide details of the cargo delivered. Notice was given that three boats had been ordered to be taken on board from Deptford, as the Committee of Shipping considered them better suited for sea use than those commonly made locally. It was observed that an account of these boats might not have arrived in time to be included in the invoice, and therefore prior notice was provided so that they might be demanded from the captain. It was further recorded that timber for a crane, a quantity of deals and a substantial supply of fishing tackle had been sent. Responsibility was placed upon the recipients to ensure that all goods received from England or India were carefully managed. It was required that nothing be allowed to be embezzled or spoiled, and that a full and accurate account be maintained of all items. It was directed that any goods intended for the use of the inhabitants were to be distributed according to the usual method, supported by proper vouchers, and that no bad debts were to be incurred. Concern was expressed that there had been doubtful practices arising from recent poor administration. It was therefore emphasised that any goods used for the Company’s immediate service were to be managed with the greatest economy. This applied equally to materials used in building or other forms of fixed stock, as well as to provisions for the table, where strict frugality in expenditure was required at all times. It was stated that such management should be conducted as if the cost were being borne personally. Reference was made to the expenses of previous years, with the implication that these should be carefully reviewed. Interpretations “Standing Rules” referred to enduring administrative instructions that remained in force across multiple periods unless formally revoked or amended by higher authority. “Committee of Shipping” denoted a governing body within the East India Company responsible for overseeing maritime operations, including the construction, provisioning and dispatch of vessels. “Deptford” referred to the royal dockyard in England, a principal centre for shipbuilding and naval supply, known for producing durable vessels and equipment. “Deals” referred to planks or boards of softwood timber, commonly used in construction and ship repair. “Dead stock” indicated fixed or non consumable assets, such as buildings or equipment, as opposed to goods intended for immediate use or consumption. “Vouchers” denoted written records or receipts used to verify transactions, forming part of formal accounting procedures. Speculations The insistence that all prior orders be treated as continuing rules suggests a desire to ensure administrative consistency across distant colonies where communication delays could otherwise cause uncertainty. The provision of boats from Deptford indicates a concern with quality and durability, perhaps reflecting dissatisfaction with locally produced vessels. The warning against embezzlement and spoiled goods implies that losses or mismanagement had recently occurred, prompting stricter oversight. The emphasis on avoiding bad debts suggests that credit practices on the island may have been poorly controlled, potentially affecting the Company’s financial stability. The call for frugality in both construction and daily provisions indicates an effort to reduce unnecessary expenditure, perhaps in response to rising operational costs or declining revenues. |
293 | 281 | …and you must be convinced how great the charge has been out of our Pockets. We We understand that Captain Lisley delivered ten Baulks short of | Attention was drawn to the considerable expense that had been borne, and it was stated that it must be recognised how great a financial burden had fallen upon the Company. It was explained that, in general, a ship had been sent each year carrying a substantial cargo of necessary goods of all kinds for sale. At the same time, ships had also been ordered to bring supplies from the East Indies. It was further noted that large sums had been drawn upon the Company at various times, sometimes by means of ships arriving without prior notice of the bills. It was observed that the revenues of the island, including income from leased lands, had produced a significant annual sum. When these factors were considered together, it was concluded that little had been gained in return, other than the island serving as a place of refreshment for ships and for the benefit of their mariners, without any particular additional advantage to the Company. From this, it was urged that a constant and particular effort should be made to reduce this heavy expense as much as possible. It was directed that every item of expenditure be carefully monitored, that all superfluous costs be stopped, that anything unnecessary be removed and that strict frugality be exercised in all unavoidable expenses. It was then reported that Captain Lisley had delivered ten baulks fewer than the number that had been sent aboard Abingdon. It was stated that, when the ship later returned to St Helena, these baulks had been seen on board. Upon enquiry as to their ownership, it had been acknowledged by the boatswain that they belonged to the Company and had been short delivered on the outward voyage. It was further reported that these baulks had subsequently been sold to planters, and that there was reason to suspect that some of the Company’s deals had been disposed of in the same manner. It was noted that no account of this matter had been included in the general letter. It was recorded that enquiries had been made for the bills of lading in order to determine whether any exception had been noted therein. The present captain had stated that the bill of lading could not be found and that he had not been responsible for it on the outward voyage, which he appeared to consider a sufficient explanation. It was observed that the ship’s owners would readily assume that all goods had been properly delivered if no specific charge could be brought against them. The account was left continuing beyond this point. Interpretations “Baulks” referred to large squared timbers, commonly used in construction or heavy structural work, and often transported as part of Company cargo. “Deals” denoted prepared planks of softwood timber, widely used for building and repair purposes in colonial settlements. “Bills of lading” were formal shipping documents listing the cargo carried and confirming its receipt and delivery, serving as essential evidence in disputes over shortages or losses. “Short delivered” indicated that goods listed for delivery had not been fully handed over at the intended destination, often implying loss, misappropriation or concealment. “Planters” referred to landholding settlers on the island engaged in agricultural production, who might purchase or acquire materials such as timber. Speculations The emphasis on rising costs and limited returns suggests growing concern within the Company about the financial sustainability of maintaining the island. The reference to unauthorised sales of timber indicates that Company property may have been diverted for private gain, pointing to weaknesses in oversight and accountability. The absence of a bill of lading in this case highlights the vulnerability of administrative systems, where missing documentation could prevent the enforcement of claims. The suspicion that multiple types of timber had been misappropriated suggests that such practices may have been more widespread rather than isolated incidents. The stress placed on frugality and cost reduction reflects an attempt to impose stricter financial discipline in response to perceived inefficiencies or abuses. |
294 | 282 | This means we are in fair way to have the goods short delivered, had We have this year received by the Abingdon a large Account | It was stated that, without the accidents and information previously mentioned, the situation would have resulted in the goods being accepted as fully delivered, despite their deficiency. This example was used to demonstrate the level of care that ought to be exercised, and to prevent a recurrence of such negligence or, more seriously, dishonesty. It was explained that, if the Council at that time had failed to examine the goods received and stored against the bill of lading and invoices, and had instead relied on trust, then they had acted unfaithfully. If such an examination had been carried out and shortages had been identified, but no proper claim had been made against the ship’s owners or the captain for compensation, this was considered equally improper. If the shortages had been noted on the bill of lading but had not been reported in the general letter or accompanying papers, this was described as serious carelessness. It was further directed that, in cases where documents were included within packets, references to those papers should always be made in the general letter. Responsibility was placed upon the Secretary, and more particularly upon the Governor and Council, to ensure that nothing contained within such packets was omitted from notice. It was considered proper that the Governor, or at least one member of the Council, should examine each packet to confirm that all listed documents were present and that they had in fact been transmitted as required. It was reported that, during that year, a substantial account had been received by Abingdon. This account appeared to have been prepared by Mr Bazett, based upon the inventory handed over by Mr Masden, Storekeeper, to Mr Packer, together with copies of invoices of goods received from England or India, or purchased on the island. It was observed that, within this account, certain items had been marked as “not recd.” It was also noted that an additional column had been included, listing the prices at which the various items had been, or were intended to be, sold. Although the account was described as being generally well prepared, it was observed that it had not been signed by any individual, which was identified as an omission requiring correction in future. It was recorded that the total sum of the account amounted to £15,691. The account was noted to have begun after the arrival of Mr Packer, with the narrative continuing beyond this point. Interpretations “Short delivered” referred to goods that were listed for delivery but had not actually been received in full, often indicating loss, misappropriation or concealment. “Indorse in the Bill of Lading” meant recording discrepancies or shortages directly on the shipping document, thereby formally noting them for accountability. “Packet” referred to an official bundle of correspondence and documents sent together, often by ship, forming a key means of administrative communication. “Inventory” denoted a detailed list of goods, stores or property held in custody, used for tracking and accountability. “Not recd.” was an abbreviated notation meaning “not received,” indicating items that were expected but missing. Speculations The repeated emphasis on documentation and cross checking suggests that administrative failures had previously allowed losses to go unnoticed or unchallenged. The insistence on referencing packet contents within general correspondence indicates an effort to create redundancy in reporting, reducing the risk of overlooked information. The unsigned account may reflect informal or incomplete administrative practices, which the Company sought to formalise to ensure accountability. The identification of specific individuals such as Mr Bazett, Mr Masden and Mr Packer suggests that responsibility for record keeping was being closely scrutinised. The substantial total of £15,691 implies that significant quantities of goods were involved, increasing the importance of accurate accounting and oversight. |
295 | 283 | …of August 1711 and reaches but to March 1713/14, the Bills since drawn on us To the disposal of the Timber and other Stores for our You will on reviewing our former Letters and among others | It was recorded that the account prepared by Mr Bazett began in August 1711 and extended only to March 1714. It was further noted that bills drawn upon the Company from St Helena, beginning with those issued on 1 December 1711, amounted to £6,930 and more, in addition to a further sum of £1,802 drawn in July of the preceding year. It was therefore calculated that, within a period of less than three years, the island had received from England or the East Indies, and through bills payable in England, a total exceeding £8,630. This was stated to be exclusive of the profit arising from the sale of those goods, which was considered to be considerable. It was observed that within Mr Bazett’s account there were two sums relating to goods transported by ships, amounting to nearly £790. It was supposed that bills had been drawn for these sums, and if so, they were to be deducted from the total of £8,630. It was also stated that deductions should be made for any remaining goods held in store, although their value could not be determined due to the absence of the necessary account books. It was feared that this remaining value was not substantial, owing to the quantity of goods recently sent by Rochester, which itself had only partially fulfilled what had been requested, while further supplies had been sent annually as requested. From these considerations, it was stated that the island had imposed a very large expense upon the Company. It was therefore emphasised that there was strong justification for insisting upon strict frugality and careful examination of every item of expenditure, as had been outlined in the preceding directions. It was also explained that this was the reason why annual accounts of remaining goods were required to be sent. It was noted that this instruction was to be understood in relation to the summer shipping period up to 25 March of the preceding year. It was further stated that the disposal of timber and other stores belonging to the Company would be addressed separately under the appropriate headings to which those matters belonged. Attention was then drawn to earlier letters, including those sent to the recipients, in which instructions had been given that an account was to be entered in the Consultation Book specifying the rates at which various goods received at St Helena from England or India were to be sold, together with the rules governing such sales. The account was noted to continue beyond this point. Interpretations “Bills drawn” referred to financial instruments, often bills of exchange, issued in the colony and made payable in England, allowing funds to be transferred across long distances. “Remains of goods in the Stores” denoted unsold or unused inventory held in Company warehouses, representing retained value that could offset expenditure. “Consultation Book” referred to the official record in which decisions and administrative orders of the Governor and Council were formally entered. “Summer Shipping taken to the 25ᵗʰ of March” reflected the administrative or financial year used by the Company, which ended on 25 March in accordance with older calendrical conventions. Speculations The detailed financial breakdown suggests increasing concern within the Company regarding the cost of maintaining St Helena relative to its limited direct returns. The inability to assess the value of remaining goods indicates deficiencies in record keeping, reinforcing earlier criticisms of administrative oversight. The emphasis on deducting certain sums and calculating net expenditure implies a growing effort to impose more rigorous financial accountability. The repeated insistence on annual reporting of stock levels suggests that inventory control had previously been inconsistent or unreliable. The reference to only partial fulfilment of requests by Rochester may indicate logistical difficulties or inefficiencies in supply chains serving the island. |
296 | 284 | …observed in writing them. This we expect be from time to time comply’d with, W⸫ | Directions were given that the established rules for setting prices were to be carefully followed in all written records. Continued compliance was expected, and once prices had been agreed in Council they were to be entered in the Consultation Book. This record was to guide the Storekeeper in selling goods and to provide information for the Company. It was stated that, if this method were properly observed and the Consultation Books and accounts were regularly transmitted, the separate account prepared by Mr Bazett might be unnecessary. It was emphasised that no additional work was to be imposed without clear need. Prompt settlement of accounts was urged wherever possible. It was acknowledged that, if this could not be completed while ships remained in the road, as had been suggested in the tenth part of Abingdon’s letter, then this constraint would be accepted. It was nevertheless observed that ships arriving from England rarely coincided with those from India. The greater difficulty in accounting was attributed to the variety of goods within European cargoes. By contrast, goods from India consisted of fewer types, and their cost, charges and profit could be calculated more quickly. It was explained that commodities such as arrack, rice and most other goods, except for calicoes and similar measured items, could be priced and settled within a single day. The entry of quantities received and their sale prices into the Consultation Book would require only a short additional time. It was further directed that prices for goods from India should be determined according to the usual general rates at which such goods had been sold, rather than by applying a fixed percentage increase to the invoice price. It was specified that valuations should not be based solely on times of scarcity or abundance, nor on the lowest prices, but instead on a reasonable average between these extremes. Reference was made to the ninth paragraph of Abingdon’s letter, which had suggested that all profit had been calculated simply by adding a percentage to the invoice price. This approach was declared to be incorrect in the case of arrack, unless the quality was inferior, in which case a lower price might be justified. In all other cases, pricing was to follow the method previously described. Interpretations “Consultation Book” referred to the official record in which decisions of the Governor and Council were formally entered for administrative use. “The road” denoted the offshore anchorage where ships remained when not docked in harbour. “Callicoes” referred to cotton textiles imported from India, typically measured by length and requiring more detailed accounting. “Invoice” indicated the document listing goods shipped and their cost, forming the basis for financial calculations. “Advance” denoted the profit margin added to the original cost of goods when fixing their sale price. Speculations The effort to reduce duplication in accounting suggests a concern with administrative efficiency alongside the need for reliable records. The distinction between European and Indian cargoes indicates differing levels of complexity in trade management, with European goods perhaps requiring more detailed oversight. The preference for average pricing reflects an attempt to maintain stability in local markets and avoid distortions caused by fluctuating supply. The criticism of earlier pricing methods implies that previous practices may have produced inconsistent or unfair outcomes. The emphasis on rapid account settlement suggests that delays may have hindered effective financial supervision. |
297 | 285 | We are positively assured, that the late Governor Boucher Take care if ever you should see it for our Service to buy goods out | Information was conveyed that the late Governor Boucher had engaged extensively in private trade and had sold goods he had purchased as though they belonged to the Company. It was stated that these goods had been disposed of from the Company’s storehouse, and that Company goods had not been sold until his own had first been cleared. It was further reported that Mr Alexander had sold palm wine, brought out in Company ships from England on Boucher’s behalf, at a price of two shillings and six pence per pint. This circumstance was noted as an explanation for the favour shown to Mr Alexander. In contrast, it was observed that Company Madeira wine had been sold at only five shillings per gallon. This information was communicated as a caution against adopting similar practices. It was made clear that any abuse of the Company’s service in such a manner would, upon discovery, be met with prompt and effective corrective action. Reference was made to earlier instructions in which it had been directed that an open market should be maintained for all persons wishing to sell goods from ships. It had also been ordered that all individuals were to have equal liberty to purchase, and that even members of the Council were forbidden from engaging in monopolising practices. This rule was restated to ensure it was not forgotten, and to prevent the inhabitants from being oppressed or their necessities exploited through excessive pricing, despite the Company’s continued efforts to provide adequate supplies for the island. Attention was also directed to the handling of goods purchased from returning ships. It was required that, whenever goods were bought for the Company’s service, everything paid for must be properly delivered into the stores. It was reported that Mr Bazett had written that fifty five gallons of sweet cider, purchased from the cook of Leopard, had never been brought ashore, even though Mr Packer, acting under Captain Heath’s orders, had credited Captain Cooke for it in the store accounts. It was observed that such practices demonstrated the extent of influence that could arise from trading conducted under the favour of a governor. The account was noted to continue beyond this point. Interpretations “Palm wine” referred to an alcoholic beverage produced from the sap of palm trees, commonly traded in tropical regions and sometimes transported over long distances. “Madeira wine” denoted a fortified wine originating from the island of Madeira, widely traded within maritime networks and valued for its durability during long voyages. “Engross commodities” referred to the practice of buying up large quantities of goods in order to control supply and raise prices, often viewed as exploitative. “Open market” indicated a system in which goods were to be freely bought and sold without restriction, ensuring fair access and competition. “Crediting in the Stores” referred to the accounting practice of recording goods as received and paid for within the Company’s store accounts. Speculations The accusations against Governor Boucher suggest that private trade by Company officials may have been widespread, potentially undermining official supply systems. The disparity between the prices of palm wine and Madeira wine indicates possible manipulation of pricing to favour private interests over Company goods. The repeated emphasis on maintaining an open market suggests concern that monopolistic practices were harming the island’s inhabitants. The missing cider implies weaknesses in oversight and record keeping, allowing goods to be misappropriated without immediate detection. The mention of influence derived from a governor’s favour indicates that authority could be used to facilitate private gain, prompting stricter controls from the Company. |
298 | 286 | ... carryed it along with him when he proceeded from St. Helena for Continue advising us on every occasion what quantitys as We find in the Consultation of the 1: of April a Charge | It was reported that the missing goods had been carried away when the individual departed from St Helena for England. It was directed that a careful enquiry should be made into this matter and that a full report be sent, so that, if the facts were confirmed, reparation might be obtained. It was further stated that past misconduct should serve as a lesson, requiring greater caution in future to prevent similar occurrences. It was acknowledged that confidence was placed in the honesty of those in charge, but it was emphasised that losses might still arise through the actions of subordinates if sufficient vigilance were not exercised. Instructions were given that regular reports should continue to be sent detailing both the quantities and types of goods received from each ship arriving from India, as well as those purchased from ships when necessary. These details, together with the prices paid, were to be recorded in the journal letter, as they would require little space. It was also required that copies of invoices from India be forwarded, so that comparisons could be made between the charges recorded there and the goods received. Careful procedures were prescribed for the inspection of cargo. It was directed that the captain, purser or another appropriate officer appointed by the ship should be present when measured goods were examined, when weighable goods were weighed and when casks of arrack were inspected to determine whether they were full or deficient. If any discrepancy were found, a formal attestation was to be prepared, describing the deficiency, and signed by those present on behalf of the ship. A report of any shortages was to be sent so that compensation might be sought from the owners. If no embezzlement on board could be established, it was stated that appropriate notice would instead be given to India. Reference was then made to a charge recorded in the Consultation of 1 April against Mr Bazett concerning arrack that had leaked from two or three butts or leaguers. Attention was also drawn to Mr Bazett’s letter of 4 May and the accompanying certificates contained in Houghton’s packet, identified as volume 23. It was stated that, upon consideration of the whole matter, a judgement regarding Mr Bazett was to follow, with the account continuing beyond this point. Interpretations “Butts or leaguers” referred to large casks used for storing liquids such as arrack, with a leaguer being a substantial measure commonly used in maritime trade. “Purser” denoted the ship’s officer responsible for accounts, provisions and cargo management. “Measured goods” referred to commodities sold by volume or length, requiring verification by measurement rather than weight. “Attestation” indicated a formal written statement confirming the accuracy of an inspection, often used as evidence in disputes. “Packet (V:23)” referred to a numbered collection of correspondence and documents sent together, serving as an organised record for administrative review. Speculations The insistence on detailed inspection procedures suggests that discrepancies in cargo had been frequent enough to require stricter oversight. The requirement for ship officers to be present during inspections indicates an effort to ensure accountability and prevent disputes over shortages. The reference to goods being carried away implies that misappropriation may have occurred at the point of departure, not only during transit. The attention given to Mr Bazett’s case suggests that individual accountability was being closely examined, possibly to set an example for others. The emphasis on comparing invoices with received goods reflects an attempt to strengthen financial control and detect inconsistencies across different stages of trade. |
299 | 287 | was to blame that he did not acquaint the Governour and Councell therewith at Thirdly touching our Servants Civil or Military, The | It was determined that Mr Bazett had been at fault for failing to inform the Governor and Council immediately upon the first discovery of the leakage. It was directed that, in future, such notices were to be given without delay, by being transmitted in writing to the Secretary or clerks, with instructions that they be laid before the Governor. It was further required that the matter be formally presented at the next Council meeting, or sooner if the Governor had the opportunity to receive it with such members of the Council as were available. Additional fault was attributed to Mr Bazett for not detecting the leakage at an earlier stage and for not promptly transferring the remaining contents into sound casks to prevent further loss. Reference was made to the Consultation in which he had been charged with failing to deliver the keys of the warehouses to the Governor. It was observed that this charge appeared to have been raised merely for the sake of dispute, as there was no indication that the keys had ever been formally requested. It was therefore stated that, for the present, it would be sufficient to note that, whenever the Governor, or the Governor and Council, considered it necessary for the Company’s service to require the keys, their authority was to be obeyed. It was emphasised that power had been entrusted to the Governor and Council, and that the decision of the majority was to be regarded as binding until further orders were issued. At the same time, it was stated that each individual retained the right to record dissent in the Consultation Book, provided that reasons were given, which would then be reviewed. In the absence of the Council, the Governor was to be regarded as superintendent over all affairs and was empowered to halt any activity considered improper until a Council could be convened. It was required that such a meeting be called at the earliest opportunity to determine the matter. Attention was then directed to the next section, concerning the Company’s servants, both civil and military, as well as the general accounts of St Helena, including matters relating to slaves, cattle, land and revenues. Interpretations “Consultation Book” referred to the official record of proceedings and decisions made by the Governor and Council, including dissenting opinions where formally entered. “Secretary or clerks” denoted administrative officers responsible for recording, transmitting and preserving official communications and decisions. “Leaguers” and other casks implied standardised storage vessels for liquids such as arrack, where proper maintenance was essential to prevent loss. “Majority of their opinions must be conclusive” indicated a formal decision making process in which collective agreement overruled individual authority. “Superintendant” referred to the Governor’s overarching authority in managing the Company’s affairs in the absence of a full Council. Speculations The criticism of Mr Bazett suggests that failures in communication and oversight were taken seriously, as they could lead to financial loss. The discussion of warehouse keys implies underlying tensions regarding control over Company property and access to stores. The formal allowance for dissent indicates an effort to balance collective governance with individual accountability. The empowerment of the Governor in the Council’s absence reflects the need for continuous authority in a remote and potentially unstable administrative environment. The transition to matters concerning servants, land and revenues suggests a broader review of governance beyond shipping and trade, perhaps in response to accumulated concerns about management. |
300 | 288 | We have before told you of the Letter by the Whingdon. It is full of | Reference was made to the letter sent by Whingdon, which was described as containing insolent and ill mannered expressions of a kind that any reasonable person ought to have been ashamed to present. It was stated that the Governor had claimed to answer the letter sent by Susanna paragraph by paragraph, but instead of doing so, and instead of addressing and correcting the matters that had been justly complained of, particularly those involving neglect of or deviation from orders, he had either avoided the issues, misrepresented their meaning or shifted blame onto others. It was observed that he had then asserted that no harm had been done, displaying what was described as an unjustified vanity in his manner of expression. It was directed that a report be provided indicating how far the claims made in Whingdon’s letter were accurate, with particular attention to paragraphs nineteen and forty, in which Captain Boucher was said to have magnified his own achievements. It was noted that he had been in the position for more than thirty months, and therefore had sufficient time to complete a considerable amount of work, especially given the progress that had already been made prior to his arrival. However, it was reported that, according to other accounts, he had neglected the most necessary works, particularly the storehouse. It was stated that, after several months of labour and considerable expense, during which the ground had been levelled, stone prepared, foundations laid and timber made ready, all work had been halted and the foundations ordered to be covered over again. Attention was also drawn to the construction of a building or enclosure and stocks intended for asses, which had been addressed in the fifty seventh paragraph of earlier instructions sent by packet. It was stated that further information had since been received on this matter. It was therefore directed that a full and detailed account be prepared of the entire undertaking, including the total expense, the time taken for construction and any waste or spoil of timber and other stores used in forming the stock. This account was to be properly attested and transmitted so that a reckoning might be made with Captain Boucher. It was further required that an account be provided of the value of hogs, turkeys and other provisions connected with his administration, with the narrative continuing beyond this point. Interpretations “Paragraph by Paragraph” referred to a structured method of replying directly to each point raised in a previous communication, often used in formal administrative correspondence. “Storehouse” denoted a central warehouse for holding Company goods, essential for maintaining supplies and ensuring proper distribution. “Stocks for his Asses” referred to enclosures or constructed facilities for keeping working animals, indicating the use of livestock in transport or labour on the island. “Attested” indicated that a document or account had been formally verified and certified as accurate, usually by signatures of responsible persons. “Packet” referred to a bundle of official correspondence and documents sent together, often by ship, forming part of the administrative record. Speculations The strong criticism of the letter suggests serious dissatisfaction with Governor Boucher’s conduct, possibly reflecting wider administrative failures. The accusation of misrepresentation and blame shifting indicates a breakdown in trust between the Company and its representatives on the island. The abandonment of the storehouse project after substantial investment implies either mismanagement or a change in priorities that was not justified to the Company. The request for detailed financial accounting suggests an intention to hold Boucher personally accountable for wasted resources. The focus on provisions and livestock indicates that mismanagement may have extended beyond construction to broader aspects of the island’s economy. |
301 | 289 | was of our own, or at least bred up at our Charge or to the French or any others We have a Letter from Mr. Free wherein he complains that the only We find Mr. Cason and Mr. French were the late Governours Assistants | It was required that an enquiry be made into livestock and provisions, in order to determine what had belonged to the Company, what had been raised at its expense and what might have been diverted to the French or others. It was stated that only a partial account had been received and that reliance could not be placed entirely upon it. A full investigation and attested report were therefore expected on this matter. It was further directed that any other embezzlements, misapplications of stores or improper charges attributable to the late Governor Boucher should be identified upon examination. These were to be reported so that steps might be taken to obtain reparation in England for whatever could be proven. Reference was made to a letter received from Mr Free, in which he complained that he had been removed from his position as Clerk of the Council solely because of his loyalty to the Company’s interests. It was reported that, following the death of Mr Pyke, the Governor had dismissed him and had resolved to appoint a clerk of his own choosing. It was also stated that Mr Free had wished to leave the service in June 1714, as he felt unable to continue under the Governor’s authority. Attention was drawn to remarks made about him in the twenty eighth paragraph of Abingdon, and it was further noted from other reports that he had been treated so harshly by the Governor that he had become delirious for a time. It was recorded that he had now requested to be employed again in any capacity for which he might be suitable. It was stated, however, that no alteration would be made to the existing Council and clerical appointments, which had been settled in the previous year. It was nevertheless permitted that, if he were found to be honest and industrious, and if a need arose for his services, he might be employed where he could be of most use. Attention was then directed to Mr Cason and Mr French, who had served as assistants or councillors under the late Governor. It was reported that they had been regarded as supporting his actions by approving whatever he proposed, thereby giving the appearance that decisions had been made with the consent of the majority of the Council. It was noted that each received a salary of forty pounds and probably also received provisions at the Company’s table. It was stated that they were not held in high regard and were considered to be of little value to the Company. It was further reported that Mr French, although employed, was thought to possess little or no skill in the profession he claimed to practise. It was also noted that another individual was present on the island who was considered to be more capable, with the account continuing beyond this point. Interpretations “Imbezelments” referred to the misappropriation or theft of goods or funds entrusted to an individual’s care, particularly within an official capacity. “Attestation” denoted the formal verification of a report or account, usually by signatures confirming its accuracy. “Clerk of the Councils” referred to the administrative officer responsible for recording proceedings and maintaining official documentation of the Governor and Council. “Diet at our Table” indicated that individuals were provided with meals at the Company’s expense, a form of additional benefit or allowance. “Councellours” denoted members of the governing Council who were expected to advise and approve administrative decisions. Speculations The request for detailed investigation into misappropriations suggests that misconduct under Governor Boucher may have been widespread and financially significant. The account of Mr Free’s dismissal implies that loyalty to Company interests may have conflicted with the Governor’s personal authority or practices. The reported treatment of Mr Free indicates that tensions within the administration may have escalated to a personal level, affecting individuals’ well being. The criticism of Mr Cason and Mr French suggests that the Council may have functioned as a formality, with limited independent oversight of the Governor’s actions. The mention of a more capable individual on the island implies that appointments may not have been based on merit, contributing to inefficiency in administration. |
302 | 290 | who hath much more Skill and is a good Engineer; We shall determine Touching Mr. Alexander you will see our opinion in former We have a Petition from Joseph Thomlinson one of the | It was stated that there was on the island another individual who possessed greater skill and was considered to be a capable engineer. No final decision was made regarding the positions of Mr Cason and Mr French, but it was directed that their cases be examined impartially. If it were found that neither had caused any harm to the Company during their service, and that Mr Cason was a competent officer, he was to be continued in his former military rank, whether as lieutenant or, if that had not been his position, as ensign with the appropriate level of pay. In either case, it was specified that he was not to retain any entitlement to be maintained at the Company’s table on the basis of his previous role as assistant to the Council. It was further directed that, if Mr French were suitable to serve as gunner, he should be continued in that position, but likewise without entitlement to the Company’s table unless this had been an established custom. If, however, he were found unfit, and if Mr Welch were judged to be more capable and likely to provide better service, then Mr Welch was to be appointed in his place. This matter was emphasised because previous correspondence had raised concerns about excessive charges for powder and other stores, which had been attributed to salutes and similar uses in Mr French’s accounts. It was stated that, if upon enquiry these objections were found to be justified, he would have little reason to expect continued support, particularly if a more suitable replacement were available. It was also observed that the account of gunner’s stores expended, received by Abingdon, appeared to be excessively wasteful. Reference was made to earlier letters concerning Mr Alexander, to which attention was directed for the Company’s established view. It was then recorded that a petition had been received from Joseph Thomlinson, one of the writers in the stores, requesting to be added to the Council due to a significant vacancy. It was noted that little was known about him, although he claimed to have served in that role for nearly seven years. It was therefore directed that a full and impartial account of his character be provided in the next correspondence, including an assessment of his conduct, experience and capability for advancement. This was to determine whether he might be considered suitable for appointment to the Council in the event of a death or departure, with the account continuing beyond this point. Interpretations “Ensign” and “Lieutenant” referred to junior and intermediate commissioned military ranks, indicating the structured hierarchy within the island’s garrison. “Dyet at our Table” denoted the provision of meals at the Company’s expense, often regarded as a privilege attached to certain offices. “Gunner” referred to the officer responsible for the maintenance and use of artillery, as well as the management of associated stores such as powder and shot. “Salutes” indicated ceremonial or formal discharges of artillery, which consumed powder and could contribute to increased expenditure. “Writers in the Stores” referred to clerical staff responsible for maintaining accounts and records relating to goods held in Company warehouses. Speculations The careful consideration of military ranks and privileges suggests an effort to separate official duties from personal benefits, limiting unnecessary expense. The concern over excessive use of gunpowder implies that ceremonial practices may have been used to justify inflated consumption of stores. The possibility of replacing Mr French with Mr Welch indicates a willingness to prioritise competence over existing appointments. The request for an impartial character assessment of Joseph Thomlinson suggests that appointments to the Council were being scrutinised more closely than before. The overall tone reflects an attempt to reform administration by addressing inefficiencies, reducing costs and ensuring that positions were held by capable individuals. |
303 | 291 | of any of the present number, We find also in the Consultation of the 13ᵗʰ of We observe in the said Consultation of the 13ᵗʰ of October that the | It was directed that consideration be given to the possible appointment of Joseph Thomlinson to the Council in the event of a vacancy arising among the present members. Attention was then drawn to the Consultation of 13 October, in which it was recorded that two additional writers in the stores, namely Samuel Bronnee and Thomas Delarose, had been permitted to dine at the Company’s table. It was further noted that, together with four others, they had been granted an allowance of two quarts of arrack per day. It was therefore required that information be provided as to whether there was a real necessity for maintaining so many writers, particularly since Mr Byfield had recently been sent out in that capacity. It was directed that, if the workload could be managed by fewer individuals through proper diligence, those who could be spared should be dismissed, giving preference to considerations of ability, honesty and application. Reference was again made to the same Consultation of 13 October, in which it had been stated that four additional persons had been permitted to dine at the Company’s table and to receive the same allowance of arrack, on account of a scarcity of provisions. These individuals were identified as the surgeon’s mate, the joiner, the steward and the cooper. It was requested that a full account be provided of the number of persons currently receiving provisions at the Company’s table, as earlier correspondence had sought this information. It was observed that the number appeared to have reached three, despite the late Governor having expressed that it was beneath his position to allow mechanics to dine at the Company’s table, even though instructions had previously been given to permit the carpenter this privilege as an encouragement for his care of timber and deals. It was required that a report be prepared listing the names of all such individuals, their roles and an opinion as to whether their entitlement to this privilege was justified in the Company’s interest and consistent with current or former orders. It was further directed that earlier precedents be examined to determine when and why any changes had been made to established practice, particularly in comparison with arrangements during the time of the old Company or at the beginning of the Union, specifically during the administration of Governor Poirier as Deputy Governor and Governor of the island. It was emphasised that a thorough and accurate enquiry was expected, and that the complete circumstances, together with observations, were to be reported, with the account continuing beyond this point. Interpretations “Writers in the Stores” referred to clerical staff responsible for recording and managing inventory, accounts and transactions within Company warehouses. “Two quarts of Arrack a Day” denoted a substantial daily allowance of distilled spirit, representing both a ration and a form of benefit. “Diet at our Table” indicated the provision of meals at the Company’s expense, typically reserved for certain ranks or offices. “Mechanicks” referred to skilled tradesmen such as carpenters, coopers and joiners, whose labour was essential but whose social standing was considered below that of administrative officers. “The Union” referred to the merger of the Old and New East India Companies in 1709, after which administrative practices were often reassessed. “Governor Poirier” denoted a former office holder whose period of administration served as a reference point for earlier practices. Speculations The concern over the number of writers suggests that administrative staffing levels may have expanded beyond what was considered efficient or necessary. The provision of both food and significant quantities of arrack indicates that allowances had become a notable expense, prompting scrutiny. The reference to scarcity of provisions as a justification implies that such privileges may have been extended during shortages, possibly inappropriately. The mention of the Governor’s attitude towards mechanics highlights tensions between social hierarchy and practical necessity within the settlement. The call to review earlier precedents suggests an attempt to restore discipline by returning to established practices rather than allowing gradual expansion of privileges. |
304 | 292 | ...having the charge of a few Peoples Victualls as the putting a stop to Send us Annually by our Ships at least by double Conveyances We come now to the next Branch under this Head and that is | It was observed that the issue was not merely the cost of providing victuals for a small number of individuals, but rather the danger of allowing precedents to be established. It was explained that such practices were often introduced privately and without sufficient justification, or granted on occasion as a mark of particular favour or extraordinary merit. Once established, however, they tended to be cited as justification for extending the same privileges to successors who might have no legitimate claim to them or had not demonstrated comparable merit. It was further stated that the Company’s expenses at St Helena had increased greatly in recent years beyond what had been experienced in earlier periods. It was therefore considered necessary to exercise close oversight and to prevent even minor sources of unnecessary expenditure. It was emphasised that careful management should begin with smaller matters and, if properly maintained, would extend to larger concerns until it became an established habit in all aspects of administration. Instructions were given that an annual abstract of the monthly expense of the Company’s table at both the fort and the plantation was to be sent by ship, and, where possible, by duplicate conveyances. This account was to be brought up to a fixed date, namely 25 March or shortly thereafter. It was required that the names of all individuals benefiting from these provisions be included, together with the reasons for their entitlement. Attention was then directed to the military branch of administration. It was noted that, through Abingdon, a list had been received detailing the pay and allowances of the Company’s covenant servants, mercantile employees and soldiers. This list was described as satisfactory in part, particularly in that the soldiers’ names had been arranged alphabetically. However, it was observed that the document was incomplete, as it lacked a summary at the end showing the total annual expense. It was therefore directed that, in future, such accounts be prepared in a more comprehensive manner. The Governor and Council were to be listed first, with their combined cost clearly stated. This was to be followed by entries for the various persons employed under their authority, including assistants in the stores, those at the plantation house and overseers of land or of slaves. After these were to be listed the artificers and then the boatmen, with the account continuing beyond this point. Interpretations “Precedents” referred to previously established practices or privileges which, once allowed, could be invoked to justify similar claims in future. “Victualls” denoted food provisions supplied at the Company’s expense, particularly those consumed at the official table. “Double conveyances” indicated the practice of sending duplicate reports by separate ships to ensure their safe arrival. “Covenant servants” referred to employees of the Company bound by formal agreements or contracts, often holding administrative or commercial roles. “Artificers” denoted skilled craftsmen employed in technical or manual trades, such as carpentry, masonry or metalwork. Speculations The concern over precedents suggests that informal privileges had gradually expanded, contributing to increased and uncontrolled expenditure. The emphasis on monitoring even minor expenses indicates a broader effort to impose stricter financial discipline across the administration. The requirement for detailed annual accounts reflects an attempt to gain clearer oversight of recurring costs and identify areas for reduction. The structured format prescribed for military and administrative pay lists suggests a move towards more standardised and transparent accounting practices. The inclusion of overseers of slaves within the account highlights the integration of forced labour into the island’s economic system, and the need to account for its associated costs. |
305 | 293 | Boats crew, then the Gunner and his underlings and Munition, then the covants We propose this further Benefit by such List and Abstract, that you We are sorry to find the reason alledged for the Soldiers mutinying | It was directed that the remaining categories in the military accounts were to be arranged in a clear and consistent order. After the artificers, the boat crews were to be listed, followed by the gunner, his subordinates and the munitions, then the covenant military officers and finally the private sentinels. A total was then to be calculated from these entries. It was required that all lists be arranged in this same sequence so that they corresponded exactly with the abstract. When a new list was prepared, any names that had appeared in the previous list but were no longer present were to be accounted for in a memorandum appended to the abstract. This memorandum was to state how many individuals had died, naming them and specifying the date and cause of death, whether by illness or accident. It was also to record how many had been discharged or had run away. It was further directed that the surgeon was to sign the list of those deceased, the clerks were to sign that of those discharged or absconded and the appropriate officers responsible for mustering the soldiers were to sign the muster roll of those currently in service. The Governor and Council were then to sign the entire document, confirming that it had been examined and found correct. Dates were to be entered alongside each signature. It was explained that the purpose of this system was to provide a clear understanding of the total expense and thereby encourage continual attention to preventing any unnecessary costs. Concern was expressed regarding reports that the soldiers had mutinied due to a lack of food. It was suggested that one of the principal causes had been the harmful practice of allowing their accounts at the storehouse to fall significantly into arrears, and it was directed that this be corrected. It was reported that a small gratuity given at the punch houses to Mr Cock or his wife had enabled goods owed by soldiers to be transferred improperly to the account of the housekeeper at the storehouse, while still being charged to the soldiers. It was further noted that, through this practice and the absence of regular balancing of accounts, soldiers had accumulated debts ranging from £10 to £30 or more per person. It was stated that, being unable to repay these sums, the soldiers had been placed in a difficult position, with the account continuing beyond this point. Interpretations “Centinels” referred to sentinels or guard soldiers, typically forming the lowest rank within the military structure. “Muster Roll” denoted an official register listing all soldiers present and fit for duty, used for inspection and verification. “Run away” referred to soldiers who had deserted their post without permission, a serious offence in military discipline. “Punch Houses” indicated establishments where alcoholic punch was sold, often frequented by soldiers and associated with informal credit arrangements. “Arrear” referred to unpaid debts or balances owed, in this case by soldiers to the Company’s store. Speculations The detailed requirements for accounting and certification suggest an effort to impose stricter administrative control and reduce discrepancies in military records. The accumulation of debt among soldiers indicates systemic issues in pay management and provisioning, which may have contributed to unrest. The involvement of intermediaries such as Mr Cock or his wife suggests opportunities for corruption or manipulation within the supply system. The link drawn between financial mismanagement and mutiny reflects an understanding that poor administrative practices could directly affect discipline and stability. The insistence on regular account balancing implies that previous neglect in this area had allowed problems to escalate unchecked. |
306 | 294 | they are tempted to any desperate Course, We tell you the Evil that you may In the Abingdons List of the Packet Wᵗ. G. is mentioned | It was stated that the accumulation of debt among the soldiers had placed them in such difficulty that they were driven towards desperate actions. This was explained so that preventive measures might be applied in future. It was acknowledged that Governor Boucher had acted correctly in ordering that debtors should work off what they owed through labour on the fortifications or buildings. It was directed that this practice be continued for those still in debt, as no other means of recovering the sums was available. It was also observed that this would prevent the improper exchange or misuse of slaves. It was further noted that the identification and punishment of the mutineers had been properly carried out. The practice introduced by Governor Boucher of allowing the Company’s boats to be used by soldiers for fishing was described as prudent, as it helped to prevent complaints of hunger. It was stated that, even if some individuals were unwilling to make the effort to obtain their own provisions, others would act more sensibly and the complaint would not become widespread. It was therefore directed that this practice should be continued, both for the soldiers and for the island’s inhabitants, particularly during the severe scarcity of fresh provisions, which had been attributed to the effects of Providence and had affected all inhabitants of St Helena. With regard to the accounts of St Helena, whether general Company accounts or those relating to ships or individuals, it was stated that little needed to be added to earlier instructions contained in this and previous correspondence. However, it was emphasised that the practice of drawing bills must be brought to an end. It was declared that the Company could not continue to accept the burden of large sums being drawn upon it each year. It was recalled that, in earlier times, bills had been drawn upon ship owners for supplies provided to their vessels, and that during that period St Helena had not received supplies from India to the same extent as in more recent years. It was observed that the situation had now been reversed. Although it was acknowledged that fortifications and building works had contributed to increased expenditure, it was stated that the principal difference lay in the management between former and more recent periods. It was also noted that, in the list of the packet received by Abingdon, an entry referred to ships and accounts but did not specify their names. It was directed that, in future, such lists were to include the names of the ships, with the account continuing beyond this point. Interpretations “Work out their Debts” referred to the practice of requiring individuals to repay what they owed through labour, often on public works such as fortifications. “Change of Blacks” indicated the transfer or misuse of slaves in place of settling debts, reflecting the economic value assigned to enslaved labour. “Mutineers” referred to soldiers who had rebelled against authority, an offence treated with severity in military discipline. “Providence” denoted the belief that events, such as scarcity, were influenced by divine will or natural forces beyond human control. “Bills” referred to financial instruments drawn upon the Company, obliging it to pay sums in England for expenses incurred elsewhere. Speculations The use of forced labour to repay debts suggests limited financial flexibility within the settlement and reliance on labour as a substitute for monetary repayment. The continuation of fishing privileges indicates an attempt to supplement inadequate food supplies and reduce dependence on official provisions. The attribution of scarcity to Providence may reflect both genuine environmental hardship and a rhetorical means of explaining shortages. The insistence on ending the drawing of bills suggests that financial controls had weakened, leading to unsustainable expenditure. The comparison between earlier and later management implies that administrative discipline had declined, prompting renewed efforts at reform. |
307 | 295 | List the particulour accompts sent in the Packets, this reduces the severall What Accompts we woud have sent besides the generall... | It was directed that all particular accounts sent within packets were to be clearly listed in detail. This was considered necessary to ensure certainty for both the Company and those responsible on the island, as general descriptions were said to leave matters unclear and had previously allowed clerks to claim that all required documents had been sent when, in reality, few or perhaps none had been transmitted. It was stated that, without such specification, it was impossible to determine whether duties had been properly fulfilled or to identify and correct omissions in subsequent packets. It was explained that this method of listing each book, paper and account individually would have the additional benefit of encouraging diligence among all officers responsible for preparing and sending accounts. These included the Storekeeper and his assistants, the Clerk of the Council and all others entrusted with such duties. It was noted that, knowing that detailed lists would be examined, they would be more careful to omit nothing, in order to avoid censure. It was further observed that the Clerk, by reviewing lists from previous years and seasons, would be reminded to request in good time all necessary documents, books and accounts required for transmission by the ships then present or expected during the current or forthcoming season. Once all documents had been collected, it was stated that it would require little effort for the Governor or a member of the Council to prepare a list of the items to be sent and to verify that each was ready. If the Clerk anticipated difficulty in obtaining the required materials in time, it was directed that this should be reported to the Governor, either individually or in Council, so that authority could be exercised to ensure completion. It was emphasised that, as the power to enforce compliance rested with the Governor and Council, responsibility for any failure to carry out these orders would lie with them. It was further stated that these instructions were given in order to prevent the type of excuses previously offered by Captain Boucher in the seventh paragraph of Whingdon’s letter, which were declared unacceptable. Attention was then directed to the specific accounts that were required to be sent in addition to the general correspondence, with the account continuing beyond this point. Interpretations “Packets” referred to organised bundles of correspondence, accounts and official documents sent together by ship as part of administrative communication. “Particularising” denoted the practice of listing items individually and in detail, rather than summarising them in general terms. “Clerk of the Councill” referred to the administrative officer responsible for recording proceedings and managing official documentation. “Orthodox” in this context indicated what was considered acceptable or proper practice according to Company standards. “Censure” referred to formal disapproval or reprimand issued by authority for failure to perform required duties. Speculations The insistence on detailed listing suggests that previous failures in documentation had led to confusion or loss of important information. The emphasis on accountability indicates that clerical staff may have avoided responsibility by relying on vague reporting methods. The structured approach to document transmission reflects an effort to impose systematic administrative discipline across distant operations. The rejection of Captain Boucher’s explanations suggests a breakdown of trust and a determination to prevent similar justifications in future. The requirement for proactive oversight by the Governor and Council highlights the expectation that leadership should ensure compliance rather than rely solely on subordinates. |
308 | 296 | Books which must be yearly transmitted you will see by what is mention’d In the Marlborough’s Packet Nᵒ. 5 is mentioned a Calculate In the Abingdons List We had the List of Marriages - We received also in the same Packet Copys of the Letters sent We find in the last Consultations Mr. Bazettts Account We come now to the Article of Slaves & in answer to what | It was stated that the books required to be transmitted annually were already specified in the present and preceding letters, to which reference was made. It was observed that some improvement had been achieved in response to earlier complaints, as evidenced by the materials sent by Abingdon and subsequent ships. It was noted, however, that the general books had not been included, and this omission had been explained on the grounds that Mr Park had allowed them to fall nineteen months in arrear. Attention was drawn to the packet sent by Marlborough, in which item number five was said to contain a calculation of the yearly expense of St Helena for one year. It was stated that no such document could be found within the packet, and it was directed that no further occasion for such omissions be given. It was further observed that the list accompanying Abingdon had included records of marriages, baptisms and burials, certified by the chaplain. It was required that similar returns be sent annually up to 25 March. It was also noted that copies of letters sent from St Helena to Bengal, Bencoolen and Fort St George had been received in the same packet, but that they lacked dates and signatures. It was directed that these deficiencies be corrected in future. Reference was made to the most recent Consultations, in which Mr Bazett’s account of goods sold from the stores had been entered in full, in accordance with instructions. It was suggested that, if such accounts could be further condensed while remaining clear, this would be preferable. If not, they were to continue in their present form. Attention was then directed to the matter of slaves. It was noted that three slaves had been received by the Mercury sloop, and it was expressed that they were to be employed in the most effective manner for the Company’s service. Suitable uses were identified as including handicrafts, fishing, planting and other productive forms of labour, with the account continuing beyond this point. Interpretations “Generall Books” referred to comprehensive accounting records covering multiple aspects of the island’s administration, including finance, stores and operations. “Packet Nᵒ. 5” denoted a numbered item within a bundle of documents sent together, indicating an organised system of record transmission. “Marriages, Baptisms and Burials” referred to parish records maintained by the chaplain, serving both administrative and demographic purposes. “Consultations” indicated the formal recorded proceedings of the Governor and Council, forming an official administrative record. “Handicrafts” referred to skilled manual trades or productive labour, often assigned to slaves within the colonial economy. Speculations The continued omission of key documents suggests persistent difficulties in maintaining consistent administrative discipline. The reference to books being nineteen months behind indicates significant delays in record keeping, which may have hindered effective oversight. The requirement for certified parish records reflects the Company’s interest in monitoring population changes on the island. The suggestion to condense accounts implies a desire to balance thoroughness with efficiency in reporting. The emphasis on the productive use of slaves highlights their economic importance within the island’s labour system. |
309 | 297 | more be Idle, but all kept to their proper Labour, take care of their healths, If you have any Blacks to spare which you think worth while to send The next branch of this Generall head is the Article of Cattle and | It was directed that no slaves were to remain idle, but that all were to be employed in appropriate labour. Care was to be taken for their health, with proper clothing and food provided, and when sick they were to be supplied with necessary remedies. Instructions were given to write to the Coast or the Bay to obtain two or three bales of double dungarees, intended both for clothing the slaves and for use as sailcloth for boats. It was required that an annual list of all slaves be sent, including their ages and the work to which they were assigned. It was noted that such an account had been received by recent ships, but it had not been signed to confirm its accuracy, which was to be corrected in future. It was further directed that men, women, children aged eight years or more and those under that age were to be listed in separate columns. Attention was drawn to errors in the previous list, including the case of a child of one year named Harry being incorrectly recorded as tending hogs, calves and poultry. It was also stated that, if there were any slaves considered surplus and suitable for transfer, they might be sent to Bencoolen aboard Cardonell, with notice to be given to the Deputy Governor and Council there. It was specified that, according to the charter party, a payment of four pounds per head would be made for their passage. Attention was then directed to the matter of cattle and other livestock, which was described as a distressing situation due to the loss of many animals. It was stated that such losses were to be accepted without complaint, as part of Providence, and that efforts should now be directed towards preserving and increasing the remaining stock for the benefit of the island and all concerned. It was therefore ordered that no calves were to be slaughtered and that as many cattle as possible, particularly cows, were to be spared. Reference was made to a recent edict issued by the King of France, forbidding the slaughter of lambs until Whitsuntide 1716, in order to preserve wool supplies for manufacturing. This example was cited to illustrate the importance of conserving livestock for long term benefit, with the account continuing beyond this point. Interpretations “Double Dungarees” referred to a durable cotton fabric, often used for work clothing and sails, valued for its strength and resistance to wear. “Blacks” was the term used in the original context to refer to enslaved individuals, reflecting the language of the period. “Charterparty” denoted the contractual agreement governing the use of a ship, including provisions for the transport of persons or goods. “Whitsuntide” referred to the Christian festival of Pentecost, used here as a fixed point in the calendar for enforcing agricultural regulation. “Edict” indicated a formal order issued by a sovereign authority, carrying legal force within their realm. Speculations The emphasis on proper care and employment of slaves suggests both economic reliance on their labour and concern over maintaining their productivity. The requirement for detailed and accurate lists indicates previous deficiencies in record keeping and oversight. The option to transfer slaves to Bencoolen implies an interconnected labour system across Company settlements. The prohibition on slaughtering young livestock reflects an effort to rebuild herds after significant losses, possibly due to disease or environmental factors. The reference to French policy suggests that broader European practices were used as justification for similar measures within the Company’s territories. |
310 | 298 | how much greater reason have all the Inhabitants to Agree among Let the Planters and Soldiers have the use of them on the Terms It is an inseparable Loss that the late Governour had like to have | It was stated that there was strong reason for all inhabitants to agree among themselves to impose a penalty upon anyone who killed a cow or calf within a specified period to be determined by mutual consent, and to ensure that such an order was strictly enforced. It was directed that this measure be strongly recommended to them. It was further ordered that, regardless of whether the inhabitants agreed to such an arrangement, no cattle belonging to the Company were to be killed during that time under any circumstances. Reference was made to the provision of three lead jowls for fishing, which had previously been ordered. It was directed that these were to be made available to planters and soldiers under the same terms that had been established during Governor Boucher’s administration, or under improved terms if possible. It was noted that this measure would provide a valuable supply of food if properly used. It was also instructed that, when Company ships arrived at the island, the amount of beef supplied to them was to be kept to a minimum, and that it was to be reserved chiefly, or solely, for the recovery of weak men among the crews. It was specified that neither the Governor nor the clerks were to receive such provisions. It was observed that a serious loss had nearly been caused by the late Governor, as described in the letter of 31 July, namely that there were no sheep, deer, goats, turkeys, geese, ducks, fowls or rabbits remaining on the island. It was strongly urged that efforts be made to fulfil the promise given in that letter to restore these stocks as quickly and as fully as possible. It was further directed that, if the planters had suffered losses in any of these species, they should be encouraged to establish effective regulations for replenishing them. It was also required that an example be set by the authorities themselves in promoting these measures. It was stated that no elaborate persuasion should be necessary, as the importance of preserving and restoring livestock would be evident to any person of understanding and foresight. It was required that a report be provided in the next correspondence detailing what had been done in relation to each type of livestock. It was also requested that an explanation be given as to how it had come about that, by July, none of these species remained, when the list received by Abingdon, dated 25 February of that year, had recorded eighteen sheep, five turkeys, six ducks and forty eight dung hill fowls. The account was noted to continue beyond this point. Interpretations “Lead Jawls” referred to weighted fishing equipment, possibly lead weighted lines or gear used to improve the efficiency of fishing. “Planters” denoted settlers engaged in agriculture, responsible for cultivating land and maintaining livestock. “Recruiting their weak Men” referred to restoring the health and strength of sailors who were unwell or weakened during voyages. “Dung hill Fowles” referred to common domestic chickens, often raised in farmyards for eggs and meat. “Penalty” indicated a formally imposed punishment or fine intended to enforce compliance with agreed regulations. Speculations The proposal for collective penalties suggests that voluntary cooperation among inhabitants was seen as essential for preserving limited livestock resources. The restriction on beef consumption by ships implies that local supplies had become critically depleted. The near disappearance of multiple animal species indicates a severe ecological or management failure, possibly due to over consumption, disease or neglect. The encouragement of local regulation among planters reflects an attempt to involve the community in recovery efforts rather than relying solely on central authority. The comparison between earlier and later livestock counts suggests that losses had occurred rapidly, prompting urgent concern and investigation. |
311 | 299 | List also makes the number of our Blacks, Cattle to be 92 and by a Letter to us of the 29ᵗʰ March there were so many then, yet your Letter they are but 60. be particular herein, We hope you will never Copy after your Predecessor’s trifling insignificant Answer in paragraph 28ᵗʰ. of Obriington to a like Enquiry. Touching the last Article under this head Vizᶻ: Lands and Revenues We shall briefly refer you to former Letters being unwilling to swell this further than Necessity requires, continue to send the List yearly by the Family, Whites & Blacks and Cattle, of all Land Leas’d out to the Inhabitants, what Freehold they have, what our Rent and Revenues Amount unto and how much by each Article in an Abstract at the end of the Account and what Land by a good Survey shall be found to belong to us and where what part thereof is Necessary or used for our own Cattle and what part might be Leased out althrough put the List of Family Alphabetically which we find sometimes has not been done. As the great Security of our Island Consists in the number of the English Men upon it and that they will the better endeavour to defend it against an Enemy when they have any thing of their own at stake, We are willing to this and that any of our Soldiers who behave themselves Civilly and are desirous to rent our Land shall have Liberty so to do and become Planters when their Covenanted Term is expired and if there are any of them deserving the future favour of having Land given them according to the Antient custom Let us know it and whether you have any Objection thereto and for what for our further Consideration, and Resolution thereupon. Take Constant care to preserve the Civil Government of the Island in a regular Method and as may give all necessary Satisfaction make the Inhabitants easy in their property, suffer none to be oppress’d or Ill | It was observed that the list previously received recorded the number of slaves and cattle as ninety two, and that a letter dated 29 March had confirmed that number at that time. It was therefore noted with concern that a later letter reported only sixty. It was directed that a full and precise explanation be provided for this discrepancy. It was also stated that no superficial or inadequate response, such as that given by the predecessor in paragraph twenty eighth of Obriington, was to be repeated. Attention was then directed to the final article under this heading, namely lands and revenues. It was stated that reference should be made to earlier letters to avoid unnecessary repetition. It was nevertheless required that a yearly list be sent detailing all lands leased to inhabitants, arranged by families and including both white persons and slaves, as well as cattle. It was further required that this account specify what land was held as freehold, the total rent and revenues received and the amounts derived from each source, summarised in an abstract at the end. It was also directed that a proper survey be undertaken to identify all land belonging to the Company, distinguishing what portion was necessary for Company cattle and what might be available for lease. It was specified that the list of families was to be arranged alphabetically, as it had sometimes not been done. It was stated that the security of the island depended largely upon the number of English inhabitants, and that they would be more inclined to defend it effectively if they possessed property of their own. It was therefore expressed that soldiers who conducted themselves properly and wished to lease land should be permitted to do so and to become planters upon completion of their term of service. It was further directed that, if any such individuals were considered deserving of the additional favour of receiving land in accordance with earlier custom, this should be reported, together with any objections, for further consideration and decision. It was also required that constant care be taken to maintain the civil government of the island in an orderly manner, ensuring that inhabitants were satisfied in their property and that none were subjected to oppression or unfair treatment, with the account continuing beyond this point. Interpretations “Freehold” referred to land held in full ownership, not subject to rent or lease conditions, representing a significant form of property right. “Abstract” denoted a summarised statement of accounts, presenting totals and key figures derived from detailed entries. “Survey” indicated a formal measurement and assessment of land to establish boundaries, ownership and usage. “Planters” referred to individuals cultivating land, often forming the backbone of the island’s agricultural production. “Covenanted Term” referred to the fixed period of service agreed upon by Company servants or soldiers under formal contract. Speculations The discrepancy in the number of slaves and cattle suggests either significant loss or serious inaccuracies in reporting, both of which would be of concern to the Company. The emphasis on detailed land and revenue accounts indicates a need to better understand and control the economic resources of the island. The encouragement for soldiers to become planters reflects a strategy to increase the settled English population and strengthen defence. The possibility of granting land as a reward suggests an incentive system aimed at promoting loyalty and good conduct. The stress on orderly civil government and protection of property implies that tensions or disputes among inhabitants may have been present. |
312 | 300 | dealt with by whomsoever. We find some good Essays in the Consultation Fourthly touching our Fortifications We are sorry to find that notwithstanding Captain Bouchers | It was observed that the list previously received recorded the number of slaves and cattle as ninety two, and that a letter dated 29 March had confirmed that number at that time. It was therefore noted with concern that a later letter reported only sixty. It was directed that a full and precise explanation be provided for this discrepancy. It was also stated that no superficial or inadequate response, such as that given by the predecessor in paragraph twenty eighth of Obriington, was to be repeated. Attention was then directed to the final article under this heading, namely lands and revenues. It was stated that reference should be made to earlier letters to avoid unnecessary repetition. It was nevertheless required that a yearly list be sent detailing all lands leased to inhabitants, arranged by families and including both white persons and slaves, as well as cattle. It was further required that this account specify what land was held as freehold, the total rent and revenues received and the amounts derived from each source, summarised in an abstract at the end. It was also directed that a proper survey be undertaken to identify all land belonging to the Company, distinguishing what portion was necessary for Company cattle and what might be available for lease. It was specified that the list of families was to be arranged alphabetically, as it had sometimes not been done. It was stated that the security of the island depended largely upon the number of English inhabitants, and that they would be more inclined to defend it effectively if they possessed property of their own. It was therefore expressed that soldiers who conducted themselves properly and wished to lease land should be permitted to do so and to become planters upon completion of their term of service. It was further directed that, if any such individuals were considered deserving of the additional favour of receiving land in accordance with earlier custom, this should be reported, together with any objections, for further consideration and decision. It was also required that constant care be taken to maintain the civil government of the island in an orderly manner, ensuring that inhabitants were satisfied in their property and that none were subjected to oppression or unfair treatment, with the account continuing beyond this point. Interpretations “Freehold” referred to land held in full ownership, not subject to rent or lease conditions, representing a significant form of property right. “Abstract” denoted a summarised statement of accounts, presenting totals and key figures derived from detailed entries. “Survey” indicated a formal measurement and assessment of land to establish boundaries, ownership and usage. “Planters” referred to individuals cultivating land, often forming the backbone of the island’s agricultural production. “Covenanted Term” referred to the fixed period of service agreed upon by Company servants or soldiers under formal contract. Speculations The discrepancy in the number of slaves and cattle suggests either significant loss or serious inaccuracies in reporting, both of which would be of concern to the Company. The emphasis on detailed land and revenue accounts indicates a need to better understand and control the economic resources of the island. The encouragement for soldiers to become planters reflects a strategy to increase the settled English population and strengthen defence. The possibility of granting land as a reward suggests an incentive system aimed at promoting loyalty and good conduct. The stress on orderly civil government and protection of property implies that tensions or disputes among inhabitants may have been present. |
313 | 301 | most proper places taking great care we are at no more Charge than needful Mr. Cleeve writes us that he is in great want of Warehouses to house | It was directed that buildings and works were to be carried out in the most suitable locations, with careful attention to ensuring that no greater expense was incurred than was necessary, while still achieving durability and convenience. This instruction applied equally to ordinary structures and to fortifications. It was further required that, upon completion of each work, a calculated estimate of its cost be provided, together with a detailed account of what had been done, so that proper judgement might be made regarding the economy exercised. It was reported that Mr Cleeve had written of a pressing need for warehouses to store timber and deals, as exposure to the sun was causing the timber to split and the deals to warp, while soldiers were said to be taking wood for fuel. It was also stated that the gunner was suffering loss of dry stores due to the absence of suitable storage. It was directed that, where these complaints were found to be justified, measures were to be taken to prevent such losses in whatever manner was considered appropriate. It was further noted that the late Governor had refused to allow Mr Cleeve control over the timber and deals, and had not permitted necessary repairs to be carried out, with the result that several items were deteriorating. It was therefore ordered that Mr Cleeve be given charge of these materials and be granted authority to act in accordance with these instructions and those contained in the seventy seventh paragraph of earlier directions. It was also observed that, owing to the scarcity of provisions and the shortage of skilled workers such as carpenters and other craftsmen, labour had been affected, with the account continuing beyond this point. Interpretations “Deals” referred to prepared planks of softwood timber, commonly used in construction and vulnerable to warping if improperly stored. “Dry Stores” denoted materials such as powder, equipment and supplies that required protection from moisture and environmental damage. “Artists” in this context referred to skilled craftsmen or tradesmen, rather than practitioners of fine art. “Manufacturers” indicated workers engaged in producing goods or carrying out skilled labour, including carpentry and construction. “Calculated rent of the Charge” referred to an estimated accounting of total expenditure, allowing assessment of financial management. Speculations The emphasis on limiting expense while ensuring durability suggests concern over wasteful construction practices under previous administration. The reported damage to timber and theft of wood indicates inadequate storage facilities and weak control over resources. The restriction previously placed on Mr Cleeve implies possible mismanagement or personal interference by the former Governor. The shortage of skilled labour highlights structural challenges in maintaining infrastructure on a remote island. The need for detailed cost reporting reflects an effort to impose stricter financial accountability on building projects. |
314 | 302 | whoever pays wages all the year round will consider that and have the We are strangely Surprized at the Account in your Letter | It was observed that a person receiving wages throughout the year ought to accept a lower rate than one compelled by necessity to work only for a day or a week, especially when provided with maintenance at the Company’s table. It was suggested that a fixed allowance might be granted to encourage diligence and fidelity in the care of Company stores, but it was emphasised that excessive payment was to be avoided. It was required that an opinion be given on this matter and, if agreement were reached, that the allowance be adjusted to fair and reasonable terms. If disagreement arose, reasons were to be provided. It was further stated that the allowance granted to Mr Swarze, amounting to six shillings per day, was considered disproportionately high compared with his former annual wage of thirty rix dollars, and with the three rix dollars at which he had originally been engaged. It was directed that this rate be moderated accordingly. It was observed that the argument of high prices for provisions could not be expected to continue indefinitely, whereas wages, once established, would endure. It was noted that soldiers maintained themselves on nine rix dollars per month, equivalent to nine pence per day, despite their duties occupying much of their time. While it was acknowledged that skilled workers deserved higher pay, it was considered evident that the cost of provisions had been given excessive weight in justifying the increases allowed by Governor Boucher. Attention was drawn to the case of John Simsick, a soldier, who had been allowed four shillings per day for work as a stone layer at Prosperous Bay house, as recorded in the Consultation of 3 November. This was described as poor economy. It was also questioned how he had come to claim five shillings for a particular task dated the nineteenth of the previous month, and it was required that enquiry be made into the duration of the work for which this payment had been demanded. It was further directed that an investigation be conducted into whether Mr French ought to have had his lodging paid for by the Company, and to determine the reason why he had been three years in arrears if such payment had been due, as indicated in the same Consultation. It was suggested that these arrangements gave the appearance that Governor Boucher had been attempting to secure the favour of individuals at the Company’s expense. It was also stated that considerable surprise had been caused by the account contained in the letter book, with the narrative continuing beyond this point. Interpretations “Rix dollars” referred to a form of currency used in international trade, particularly in colonial and maritime contexts, often employed in Company accounting. “Fix’t allowance” denoted a predetermined and regular payment, intended to replace variable or discretionary wages. “Stone layer” referred to a mason or labourer engaged in laying stone for construction. “Ultimo” indicated the previous month, commonly used in accounting and correspondence. “Arrears” referred to unpaid or outstanding amounts, whether wages owed or debts accumulated. Speculations The comparison between annual and daily wages suggests an attempt to standardise pay structures and prevent inflation of labour costs. The criticism of high allowances indicates concern that previous administration had permitted excessive expenditure under the justification of rising prices. The reference to soldiers’ low pay highlights disparities between military and civilian wages, which may have contributed to tension. The questioning of individual payments suggests suspicion of irregularities or favouritism in the allocation of funds. The suggestion that Governor Boucher sought popularity at the Company’s expense reflects a broader concern about personal influence overriding financial discipline. |
315 | 303 | paragraph 7ᵗʰ that the additional work on each Side of the Castle next the Sea In perusing Mr. Clewes Account of the disposal of the Timber and We have a Letter from Mr. Thomlinson our chaplain praying We | It was observed that, in paragraph seven, it had been proposed that additional works on the seaward sides of the castle were necessary, involving raising those parts of the fort and fixing iron rails with crow’s foot defences along the walls. This proposal was not viewed favourably, as it appeared to increase the amount of work beyond what had already been undertaken. It was stated that, if such measures were absolutely necessary, they would be accepted, but it was emphasised that careful consideration must be given before proceeding. It was directed that no additional expense should be incurred unless required by clear necessity, as the existing works for securing the island, repairing decay and providing accommodation and storage were already expected to be sufficiently costly. Attention was then directed to Mr Cleeve’s account of the disposal of timber and deals under his charge. It was noted that several quantities had been issued to inhabitants, and it was assumed that payment had been made, although this was not clearly recorded. It was therefore directed that, in future, his accounts must be carefully examined. He was required to sign and certify them, and, if found accurate, they were to be attested. For any materials supplied to inhabitants, it was further required that the Storekeeper, or the individual receiving payment or charging it to an account, should also sign the relevant part of the list to confirm that the transaction had been properly recorded. Reference was made to a letter from Mr Thomlinson, the chaplain, requesting encouragement and authority to construct a church in James Valley. It was stated that he had proposed to provide a model and to send timber and other necessary materials, including pews, a pulpit, a reading desk and a communion table, already prepared. It was also noted that he had enclosed a subscription amounting to £150, to be contributed towards the project once begun. It was stated that there was willingness to contribute generously to this undertaking. It was therefore directed that an estimate be provided of the total cost required to complete the work, with the account continuing beyond this point. Interpretations “Crows foot” referred to a defensive device consisting of iron spikes or projections fixed to walls to prevent climbing or scaling. “Deals” denoted prepared timber planks, commonly used in construction and requiring careful accounting due to their value. “Attest” indicated the formal verification of an account by signature, confirming that it had been examined and found correct. “Subscription” referred to a pledged financial contribution, often collected from multiple individuals towards a common project. “Pews, Pulpit, reading Desk, Communion Table” denoted the principal furnishings required for the conduct of Anglican worship within a church. Speculations The reluctance to approve additional fortification works suggests concern over escalating construction costs and possible overbuilding. The requirement for multiple signatures on timber accounts indicates prior uncertainty or irregularity in the recording of transactions. The proposal to build a church reflects both religious priorities and the role of institutional structures in reinforcing social order on the island. The offer of a subscription implies local support for the project, suggesting community involvement in its funding. The request for a cost estimate indicates an intention to balance willingness to contribute with careful financial oversight. |
316 | 304 | the Stonework, what dementions are proper for the height & Area of it and We have now gone thro’ the Letters Consultations and other | Details were required concerning the proposed church at James Valley, including suitable dimensions for its height and area, together with the number of pews needed. Mr Thomlinson was to continue collecting subscriptions as ships arrived. An estimate was requested of the contribution that should be made by the Company. It was explained that difficulty would arise in providing shipping capacity for materials from England, as vessels were already heavily laden with goods for St Helena and Bencoolen. The items proposed were described as bulky and could not be sent until the island had been sufficiently supplied with essential goods, which occupied less space. Further consideration was given to Mr Thomlinson’s request for an allowance for diet and payment of house rent. It was reported that his former lodgings in the Sessions House had been taken over by soldiers, and that his present accommodation was inadequate. It was stated that it had been assumed he dined at the Company’s table, as had previous chaplains. His request for arrangements more suited to his position, particularly as a married man, was acknowledged, but an opinion was required before any decision could be made. It was suggested that the adjoining apartment to the Sessions House might be adapted for his use, and further advice was requested so that a final determination could be reached. Reluctance was expressed to establish new precedents, as once granted they would be difficult to withdraw. A review had been completed of the letters, consultations and other papers relating to St Helena. Observations had been made upon them, and it was acknowledged that strong language had been used in addressing earlier misconduct. These remarks were considered necessary in response to matters arising before the present administration. It was expressed that such issues should now be corrected and that no similar faults should occur in future. A preference was stated for adopting a more favourable tone in correspondence, replacing criticism with commendation whenever circumstances permitted. Interpretations “Sessions House” referred to a building used for judicial or administrative purposes, which could also provide accommodation when required. “Diett Money” denoted a monetary allowance provided instead of, or in addition to, food supplied at the Company’s expense. “Decamp of the Place” referred to the dignity or propriety expected of a particular office or role. “Tonnage” indicated the carrying capacity of ships, which limited the transport of goods and materials. “Precedents” referred to established practices that, once allowed, could be cited as justification for similar privileges in the future. Speculations The concern over shipping capacity suggests ongoing logistical constraints affecting construction and development on the island. The chaplain’s request for improved living conditions indicates evolving expectations regarding status and accommodation among Company officials. The hesitation to create new precedents reflects a broader intention to control long term expenditure and prevent the expansion of entitlements. The acknowledgement of earlier sharp criticism implies that previous administration had exhibited significant deficiencies requiring correction. The closing emphasis on commendation suggests an effort to encourage improved governance through positive reinforcement as well as discipline. |
317 | 305 | Directions and Orders in this and former Letters are duly attended to, understood & We have only to add, That it having pleased the Almighty to take to his Your Loving Friends | It was directed that all instructions and orders contained in the present and previous letters were to be carefully attended to, fully understood and properly executed. It was further announced that it had pleased Almighty God to take into His mercy the late Sovereign Lady Queen Anne, who died on 1 August. It was stated that, in accordance with the Acts of Settlement, His present Majesty King George had been proclaimed on the same day. It was also reported that, some time thereafter, His Majesty, together with His Royal Highness George, Prince of Wales, his Princess and two of the youngest Princesses, had arrived safely in England from Hanover. It was noted that he had since been crowned with the usual solemnity and had received the general acclamations of his subjects. It was therefore directed that, as soon as it could conveniently be done, after preparing and displaying the appropriate badges on shore, a formal proclamation was to be made on the island declaring His Majesty, the most high and mighty Prince George, Elector of Brunswick-Lüneburg, as King of Great Britain, France and Ireland, Defender of the Faith and so forth. It was required that this ceremony be conducted with proper dignity and solemnity befitting the importance of the occasion. Interpretations “Acts of Settlement” referred to the legal statutes governing the succession to the British throne, ensuring the transfer of power to a Protestant heir. “Elector of Brunswick-Lüneburg” denoted the German title held by King George prior to his accession, reflecting his position within the Holy Roman Empire. “Badges” referred to ceremonial symbols or insignia displayed during official proclamations and public events. “Defender of the Faith” was a traditional title of the English monarch, signifying the sovereign’s role in upholding the established church. Speculations The inclusion of detailed instructions for proclaiming the new monarch indicates the importance of maintaining loyalty and formal recognition of authority in distant colonies. The emphasis on ceremony suggests that public displays of allegiance were considered essential for reinforcing political legitimacy. The reference to the monarch’s arrival and coronation reflects the desire to communicate significant events in Britain to remote settlements. The directive to act promptly implies concern that delays in proclamation might weaken the perceived authority of the new king on the island. |
318 | 306 | Omitted in the Rochester generall Letter of the 14ᵗʰ. December 1705 We wrote you last by the Nathaniel & Vanhese dated the 20ᵗʰ. November We find in your said Letter of the 7ᵗʰ. December 1704 That the Coben | It was noted that this matter had been omitted from the general letter sent by Rochester dated 14 December 1705. It was stated that a previous letter had been sent by Nathaniel and Vanhese dated 20 November 1704, and that a copy would have been transmitted, but it had been understood from later correspondence that it had already been received. Reference was made to a letter sent by the King Fisher man of war, dated 15 July, together with a copy of a letter originally sent by the winter ships dated 7 December 1704. It was explained that the original had been lost with the ship Gloster frigate, which had foundered on its return voyage. Attention was then directed to the contents of the letter of 7 December 1704, in which it had been reported that the ship Coben, under Captain Clarke, had arrived on 11 August and had not departed until 30 September. It was noted that assistance had been provided to the captain in unloading the ship, consisting of between twenty five and thirty men, each paid two shillings and three pence per day in addition to their soldiers’ pay. This arrangement was said to raise two concerns, one relating to the expense incurred in hiring the men, and the other to the cost arising from the ship remaining on demurrage beyond the allowed ten working days. With regard to the cost of labour, it was stated that poor economy had been exercised. It was questioned why enslaved labour had not been used instead, thereby avoiding this expense. It was further asked what work those individuals had been performing during that time if not employed in unloading. It was also observed that it was unclear whether the payment of two shillings and three pence per day was additional to the soldiers’ regular pay or inclusive of it. If it had been in addition, it was suggested that cheaper labour might have been obtained locally, or that enslaved workers might have been hired at a lower cost. In contrast, with regard to the demurrage incurred by the ship, it was stated that the decision to employ a sufficient number of men had been appropriate, and that even more might have been used to hasten unloading. It was noted that the Company had been paying nine pence per man per day, rising to ten pence per day in demurrage charges, and that such costs justified efforts to minimise delay. The account was noted to continue beyond this point. Interpretations “Demorage” referred to demurrage, a charge incurred when a ship remained in port beyond the agreed period for loading or unloading. “Man of War” denoted a naval vessel, in this case used for communication as well as military purposes. “Foundered” referred to a ship sinking, often due to damage, weather or structural failure. “Working days” indicated the contractual period allowed for unloading cargo without penalty. “Hire of the Men” referred to wages paid for temporary labour, distinct from regular military pay. Speculations The loss of the Gloster highlights the risks inherent in maritime communication, which could disrupt administrative continuity. The criticism of labour costs suggests that financial discipline was being closely scrutinised, particularly in relation to avoidable expenditure. The suggestion to use enslaved labour reflects the economic reliance placed upon such workers to reduce operational costs. The acceptance of higher labour use to reduce demurrage indicates a balancing of short term and long term expenses. The questioning of unclear wage arrangements suggests concern over transparency and accuracy in financial reporting. |
319 | 307 | without remember that we tired the Ceres to go to St. Helena and it is the same And among many others which we shall have occasion to mention in We observe the Beef and Pork sent you proved Good and so did the We take notice what you write about Wines and Brandy from the As to the Soldiers We are forc’d in this time of Year to send | It was stated that insufficient attention had been given to the fact that the ship Ceres had been hired to proceed to St Helena, and that similar arrangements applied to other vessels. It was noted that an allowance of six weeks’ demurrage had been granted for deviation to the island, in addition to any demurrage incurred after ten working days spent unloading. It was emphasised that any such delay would necessarily be charged to the Company, regardless of whether the captain had unnecessarily prolonged the stay. It was observed that delays might be concealed by intermixing them with the time taken to load ballast or by other means. It was suggested that, based on the available information, such delay may have been the intention of Captain Clarke. It was therefore directed that a full report be provided indicating whether he had acted with proper diligence. Reference was then made to earlier instructions sent by Southseatine in the general letter of 3 December 1703, in which it had been ordered that an account be provided specifying what portion of Doctor Orwade’s salary had been due from the old Company and what portion from the present Company. It was noted that a bill for £40 2 shillings and 4 pence had already been paid, and that clarification had been requested as to how much of this sum related to the period before 28 July 1702 and how much after that date. It was stated that no response had been received on this matter. It was further observed that the supplies of beef and pork sent had proved satisfactory, as had the flour received by Anna. It was noted that additional quantities had been requested in accordance with a list sent in the letter of 7 December. However, it was explained that this packet had been lost with Gloster, and that, due to the failure to send duplicate copies, the contents of that request were now unknown. Attention was also drawn to remarks made regarding wines and brandy from Madeira, which were to be addressed in a later section. It was finally noted that, with respect to the soldiers, the account was to continue beyond this point. Interpretations “Deviation” referred to a ship altering its intended route, often by contractual arrangement, to call at an additional port such as St Helena. “Demorage” denoted demurrage, the charge incurred for delays beyond the agreed time for loading or unloading. “Ballast” referred to material loaded into a ship to ensure stability, often taken on board after unloading cargo. “Duplicate” referred to a copy of a document sent separately to guard against loss in transit. “Old Company” referred to the earlier East India Company prior to its union with the New Company in 1709. Speculations The emphasis on demurrage and deviation suggests ongoing concern over excessive shipping costs and potential misuse of Company resources. The suspicion directed towards Captain Clarke implies that some captains may have exploited delays for personal advantage. The lack of response regarding Doctor Orwade’s salary indicates possible administrative neglect or inefficiency. The loss of the Gloster and absence of duplicate records highlights the vulnerability of long distance communication systems. The approval of provisions such as beef, pork and flour suggests that supply quality had improved, even as logistical challenges persisted. |
320 | 308 | what we can get when it is in our power to Pick and Choose. We shall send you Men such as you wish to have, however as we allways have so we shall give directions to the Officer who lists them to get the best he can. You did well to give out a Proclamation to prevent the destruction of your remaining woods and had done better if it had been done sooner. We come now to your Letter of the 15ᵗʰ July and shall therein answer what is Omitted in this Letter of the 7ᵗʰ December, for that we there find matters of the like nature. You tell us you receive with all imaginable respect the censures we have past on you and yet at the same time We find you continue to commit the like faults. We there censure you for, as We shall instance in several following paragraphs which after this time We tell you we will no longer treat with, but shift hands if they are not for the future Amendment. Our fifth paragraph you for all alienations & Mortgages which the Clerk enters in the Registry Books you shall allow him a small Fee to make him carefull in the Entry and be acceptable to the people and Advise us what that is that we may allow or approve it. The Answer to this is in the words following - That as for the Fee to the Clerk he does usually take, but you don’t tell us what it is, tho’ we Ordered you should that we might allow or approve it. Of the same nature is your next paragraph about Coales. We bid you buy Coales out of ye Bushells and complain of your Selling them at Eighteen pence in our 10ᵗʰ paragraph, and you return for answer that tho’ you sell them but at Ten Shillings the Commoners have usually made a hard shift rather than lose Coales, and you have been forced to abate half ye Bushell of Coales from your first Selling it. | It was stated that, when possible, men would be selected and sent according to the requirements expressed, and that instructions would be given to the officer responsible for enlistment to obtain the most suitable individuals available. Approval was given for the proclamation issued to prevent the destruction of the remaining woodland, although it was observed that it would have been preferable had such measures been introduced earlier. Attention was then directed to the letter dated 15 July, with the intention of addressing matters omitted from the letter of 7 December, as similar issues were found in both. It was noted that, although the censures previously made had been received with apparent respect, the same faults continued to be committed. It was therefore stated that these shortcomings would be addressed in detail, and that, if amendment did not follow, those responsible would be replaced. Reference was made to the fifth paragraph, in which it had been ordered that a small fee be allowed to the clerk for recording alienations and mortgages in the registry books, in order to encourage careful and acceptable entries. It had also been required that the amount of this fee be reported for approval. It was observed that, although it had been stated that the clerk usually received such a fee, no information had been provided as to its value, contrary to the instructions given. A further example was noted in relation to coal. It had been directed that coal be purchased by the bushel, and complaint had been made in the tenth paragraph regarding its sale at eighteen pence. In response, it had been stated that it was sold at ten shillings, and that inhabitants had struggled to obtain it, leading to the necessity of reducing the quantity by half a bushel from the original measure. This reply was presented as another instance of inadequate or unsatisfactory compliance with instructions. Interpretations “Alienations & Mortgages” referred to the transfer or pledging of property rights, which required formal recording in official registers. “Registry Books” denoted official records in which legal transactions such as property transfers were entered and preserved. “Commoners” referred to the general inhabitants of the island, as distinct from Company officials. “Bushell” was a unit of measure used for dry goods such as coal, indicating a standardised quantity for trade. “Abate half ye Bushell” referred to reducing the quantity sold while maintaining or adjusting the price, affecting the effective cost. Speculations The emphasis on accurate reporting of fees suggests concern over informal or unregulated charges being applied by clerks. The repeated criticism of responses indicates frustration with incomplete or evasive communication from the island’s administration. The issue with coal pricing and measurement implies difficulties in supply and possible manipulation of quantities or prices. The warning about replacing officials suggests that confidence in the current administration had been weakened. The continued focus on procedural compliance reflects an effort to impose stricter oversight and accountability. |
321 | 309 | and it is to be feared that if don’t the same in other things you shall see it perish. Can you think we will always be thus trifled with, don’t you remember we sent those Coals (so farr at your desire) because you complaind you wood was almost gone, and if it be so with any Body say the Captains will make a hard shift rather than pay so dear as two Shillings a Bushell for them, when in a hard Winter our poor here who can’t lay in a Stock in Summer pay more, tho the freight be not the Tenth part so much as to Sᵗ. Helena, besides if any will not take them let them let it alone, We can’t doubt but the Island or your own necessary occasions will prevent their perishing and since we find you so negligent We shall expect that every Bushell of Coale you have or shall Sell under four Shillings you make good to us the Difference, since you have acted this contrary to our Express Orders. As careless you are in the answer returned to our 8ᵗʰ paragraph about Chalk. We tell you we have sent twenty Ton and Mr. William Marsden is skilled in burning it, and in several other matters therein mentioned Order you to advise us about him, what you find he excels in and whether he Deserves more Salary than the fifty pounds we agree to give him and in the 34ᵗʰ paragraph tell you what we have given and what advances to him to be repaid, and order you to let us know when it is in pain. But you don’t advise us one word about him nor does it appear to us by your Letter whether ever he arrived with you, nor to you tell us whether the quality of Chalk be received, nor when says you will send it, nor whether about his Fortifications or otherwise. We desire you will explain what you mean when you say our Orders about Coales Chalk shall | It was stated that, if the same negligence were continued in other matters, further losses might be expected. It was asked whether it was believed that such conduct would continue to be tolerated, and it was recalled that the coal had been sent at the island’s request, following complaints that timber resources were nearly exhausted. It was observed that, if the same reasoning were applied elsewhere, captains might refuse to purchase coal at a price of two shillings per bushel, even though, in England, poorer inhabitants were required to pay more during severe winters despite far lower transport costs. It was further stated that, if individuals chose not to purchase the coal, it should simply remain unsold, as the needs of the island or of the administration would ensure its eventual use. It was therefore directed that, as the coal had been sold below the instructed price, any deficiency was to be made good, and that for every bushel sold at less than four shillings, the difference was to be reimbursed, as this had been done in direct contravention of explicit orders. It was further observed that a similar lack of care had been shown in the response to the eighth paragraph concerning chalk. It was stated that twenty tons had been sent and that Mr William Marsden, who was skilled in burning it, had been included for this purpose. Instructions had been given to report on his abilities, to assess whether he deserved a higher salary than the fifty pounds previously agreed and to confirm the advances made to him and when repayment might be expected. It was noted that no information had been provided on any of these matters. It was also stated that it was unclear whether he had even arrived at the island, whether the chalk had been received or when it might be dispatched or used, whether in fortifications or otherwise. It was therefore required that a clear explanation be provided of these omissions and that a full account be given of the situation. Interpretations “Bushell” referred to a standard unit of dry measure used in trade, particularly for commodities such as coal. “Make good to us the Difference” indicated the requirement to reimburse the Company for any loss incurred through unauthorised pricing. “Burning it” referred to the process of heating chalk in a kiln to produce lime, an essential material for construction and fortification. “Advances” denoted money paid in advance of service or repayment, often to support an individual’s work or travel. “Express Orders” referred to clear and direct instructions that were expected to be followed without deviation. Speculations The insistence on reimbursement suggests that financial losses from mismanagement had become a significant concern. The comparison with coal prices in England indicates frustration that logistical challenges were being used to justify poor decisions. The lack of reporting on Mr Marsden suggests administrative breakdowns in communication or oversight. The uncertainty regarding the arrival and use of chalk implies inefficiencies in handling essential construction materials. The repeated emphasis on compliance reflects a growing impatience with failures to follow instructions and provide adequate information. |
322 | 310 | shall be executed, tho’ the price is Extraordinary. You did well to advise us of the Shoes being some of them rotten since they proved so, that we may get our Stremley here of him that sold them, or at least never deal again with him. We suppose you mean the Men’s Shoes because you say you were forc’d to take some of the Shoemakers for the Soldiers at Six Shillings a pair, but in regard We sent men, Women and Childrens Shoes You ought to have been more particular in your advices thereabouts, and tell us how many men you say you word a great many. We are not satisfied with your answer to what we wrote about your buying the Wine, Sugar and Cheese &cᵃ of the Captains. We don’t find how much is Sold nor what Profit there is arising to us thereby, nor what part is spent at our Table, or whether the greatest part goes that way, this gives us great cause of Uneasiness, and we can’t bear it longer, this year we have fresh Bills for two hundred thirty nine pounds to Captain Tollet, three hundred Sixty one pounds three Shillings to Captain Hosier and three hundred fifty two pounds fourteen Shillings to Captain Cook in all nine hundred & fifty two pounds seventeen Shillings very near all of it for Wine and Brandy. We will not have such management any longer, had you foreseen that Madera wine and Brandy had not such Currant commodities at the Island why did it you not advise us long ago, the first Notice we find given us was in your Letter of last December. Pray let us have by the next an Account attested by the Storekeeper from his Book and sent with your Letter how much of the wine and Brandy you sold for our Account and at what price the dark means of every quack, but in such a Month so many gallons and | It was observed that the statement that orders concerning coal and chalk would be executed, despite the price being described as extraordinary, required further explanation, as it appeared inconsistent with earlier failures to comply with instructions. Approval was given for reporting that some of the shoes had been found to be defective, as this would allow action to be taken against the supplier or to avoid further dealings with him. It was assumed that the complaint referred to men’s shoes, as it had been stated that shoemakers had been employed to supply soldiers at six shillings per pair. However, it was noted that shoes for men, women and children had all been sent, and it was therefore required that more precise information be provided, including the number affected, rather than the vague statement that a great many had been spoiled. Dissatisfaction was expressed with the explanation given regarding the purchase of wine, sugar, cheese and other goods from ship captains. It was stated that no clear account had been provided of the quantities sold, the profit obtained or the proportion consumed at the Company’s table. This lack of information was said to give serious cause for concern. It was further noted that new bills had been received amounting to £239 for Captain Tollet, £361 3 shillings for Captain Hosier and £352 14 shillings for Captain Cook, totalling £952 17 shillings, nearly all for wine and brandy. It was declared that such management would no longer be tolerated. It was further questioned why, if Madeira wine and brandy were not suitable commodities for the island, no earlier advice had been given. It was observed that the first notice of this issue appeared only in the letter of the previous December. It was therefore directed that a full account be sent with the next correspondence, attested by the Storekeeper from his records, detailing the quantities of wine and brandy sold on the Company’s account and the prices obtained. It was specified that this account should be presented in a clear monthly form, showing, for each period, the number of gallons sold and the corresponding details, with the account continuing beyond this point. Interpretations “Extraordinary price” referred to a cost considered unusually high, often requiring justification before acceptance. “Stremley” referred to a claim or complaint made against a supplier for defective goods. “Attested” indicated that an account had been formally verified by signature as accurate. “Bills” referred to financial claims or bills of exchange drawn upon the Company for payment. “Madeira wine” and “Brandy” were imported alcoholic commodities, often traded for profit or used for provisioning. Speculations The insistence on detailed accounting suggests that previous reporting had been insufficient to track profits and expenditure accurately. The defective shoes indicate problems in supply quality, which may have affected provisioning for both soldiers and inhabitants. The large sums spent on wine and brandy imply either excessive consumption or poor commercial judgement in purchasing unsuitable goods. The delayed communication about market conditions suggests a lack of responsiveness or awareness among those managing trade on the island. The requirement for monthly breakdowns reflects an attempt to impose tighter financial control and improve transparency. |
323 | 311 | and in every Month at so much pᵉ Gallon and how much is spent at your Table that we may see what we have coming to us again for the vast Sums your Bills Amount to. Then as to the Sugar and other Merchandizes you say you can’t force the ComMarsdento part with it under their own prices it is true, but you may Chuse whether you will give Extravagant rates for it, and if they see you will not, they will find it turn better to discount to Sell it at Moderate prizes than bring it home and when they will not get half so much, and had you but faithfully and discreetly observed our Orders in the 12ᵗʰ & 13ᵗʰ paraᵍʳᵃ we needed not here to enlarge so much on these heads, for the future among the List of what you want let us know how much of every sort of English Commodity and flower and candles and cheese and what sorts and quantitys of Callicoes and other Indian goods or baubles or Sugar you may spare or dispose of on the Island Annually and we will take care you be duly supplyed therewith. If we can we Intend to send you wine and Brandy from the Maderas by the Ships we thinks to send you this Season. Our 17ᵗʰ part gives you full and perfect Orders to send us account of remains of goods in the stores and what you want and refers to a former Letter wherein we gave the like Orders, you tell us in answer that now and for the future We shall have them but coming to look over the Packermans is no such thing. You tell us that our Fortifications go on with all possible speed but don’t say what is done at one place and what at another and what more remains, you did well to send us the lists of the number of men Supplyed you out of the Ships, which we shall take due notice of but your desire of 50 more Blacks must be thought on another time. | It was directed that a detailed account be provided showing, for each month, the quantities of wine and brandy sold and the price per gallon, together with the amount consumed at the Company’s table. This was required so that the Company might determine what sums were due in return for the considerable amounts drawn upon it. It was further stated that, although merchants might be unwilling to sell sugar and other goods below their own prices, there was no obligation to purchase them at excessive rates. It was observed that, if such prices were refused, sellers would be compelled to accept more moderate terms rather than risk returning with unsold goods. It was noted that, had earlier instructions in the twelfth and thirteenth paragraphs been properly followed, such extended discussion would not have been necessary. It was therefore directed that future lists of requirements should specify the quantities of English goods, flour, candles, cheese and other commodities needed, as well as the types and amounts of calicoes, Indian goods and sugar that could be disposed of annually on the island, so that appropriate supplies could be arranged. It was also stated that, if possible, wine and brandy from Madeira would be sent by ships dispatched during the current season. Reference was made to the seventeenth paragraph, which had given clear instructions to provide accounts of remaining goods in the stores and to report requirements, as had been directed in earlier correspondence. It was observed that, although assurance had been given that such accounts would be supplied, no such information could be found upon examining the documents received. It was further noted that, although it had been stated that fortifications were progressing with all possible speed, no specific details had been provided as to what had been completed at each location or what work remained outstanding. It was acknowledged that the lists of men supplied from ships had been properly sent and would be considered. However, it was stated that the request for fifty additional slaves would be deferred for consideration at another time. Interpretations “Callicoes” referred to cotton textiles imported from India, commonly traded and measured for sale. “Baubles” denoted small trade goods or trinkets, often used in exchange within colonial markets. “Remains of goods in the stores” referred to unsold or unused stock held in Company warehouses, representing retained value. “Fortifications” indicated defensive structures on the island, including walls, batteries and related works. “Supplyed you out of the Ships” referred to labour or personnel transferred from arriving vessels to assist with local tasks. Speculations The insistence on monthly sales accounts suggests a need for tighter control over commercial transactions and revenue tracking. The refusal to accept high prices indicates a strategy to regulate local markets and prevent inflation driven by opportunistic trading. The continued absence of store inventories implies persistent weaknesses in record keeping and accountability. The lack of detailed reporting on fortifications suggests either poor oversight or an attempt to avoid scrutiny of progress. The postponement of the request for additional slaves may reflect concern over cost or uncertainty about their effective use. |
324 | 312 | We don’t well understand what you mean by the paper called in your List the Draught of the Fort and Gallery wherein you write in one Corner of it, This Plattform was made while the Men of War were here, for that you don’t describe the Plattform there and we can suppose it to be the Line of Guns before the Fort, nor do we know what you mean by another draught which your List calls a Plat of the Grand Fort to be erected, since we find no Explanation of it in your generall Letter. We observe that at length you promise (us) for the future to follow our directions in relation to the Charge of any the Sea men belonging to the Ships of War which may happen to be sick. Notwithstanding your endeavours to excuse your three Black Girls to Bencoolen We say again common reason would have dictated to any reasonable Man that if those Negroes of no value at Sᵗ. Helena, they would not be of more at Bencoole and therefore there was no reason to be at the Charge of freight to send them thither. We want able Blacks not refuse. We observe Thomas Cook and his Family are gone Nathaniel to Bencoolen and that you have sent four Storekeepers for Colony and Jacob to Benjarr and this as to | It was stated that the description provided of the drawing referred to as the “Draught of the Fort and Gallery” was not understood. It was noted that a remark had been written upon it indicating that a platform had been constructed while ships of war were present, but no clear description had been given of this platform. It was suggested that it might refer to the line of guns positioned before the fort, although this could not be confirmed. It was further observed that another drawing, described in the list as a plan of the grand fort to be erected, had also been provided without explanation, and no clarification had been given in the general letter. It was therefore required that a fuller account be provided of these drawings and their intended meaning. It was noted that assurance had at last been given that future instructions regarding the cost of maintaining sick seamen belonging to ships of war would be properly followed. Attention was again directed to the matter of three enslaved girls sent to Bencoolen. It was stated that, despite attempts to justify this action, it remained unreasonable, as individuals considered to be of no value at St Helena would not be of greater value at Bencoolen. It was therefore concluded that the expense of their transport had been unnecessary. It was emphasised that what was required were able workers rather than those deemed unfit for productive labour. It was further observed that Thomas Cook and his family had departed for Bencoolen aboard Nathaniel, and that four storekeepers had also been sent, one to the colony and one named Jacob to Benjarr. The account was noted to continue beyond this point. Interpretations “Draught of the Fort and Gallery” referred to a technical drawing or plan illustrating the design or layout of defensive structures. “Plattform” indicated a constructed base or emplacement, possibly for artillery, forming part of the fort’s defensive arrangement. “Plat of the Grand Fort” denoted a plan or design for a larger fortification project intended to be constructed. “Men of War” referred to naval warships, whose presence could influence defensive preparations. “Benjarr” referred to a trading location or settlement within the Company’s network, possibly Banjarmasin in Southeast Asia. Speculations The confusion over the drawings suggests deficiencies in communication or technical explanation, which may have hindered effective oversight of construction works. The acceptance of future compliance regarding sick seamen indicates that this had been an ongoing administrative issue. The criticism of sending unproductive labour to Bencoolen reflects a concern for efficiency and the optimal use of resources across Company settlements. The movement of individuals such as Thomas Cook and storekeepers suggests ongoing redistribution of personnel within the Company’s network. The repeated emphasis on usefulness and productivity highlights the economic pressures shaping decisions in the administration of the island. |
325 | 313 | that punishment is for the sake of others, so is hard working too, but with this difference when a man is dead, He can never be again usefull whereas being reclaimed by labour he may, how else does it come that so many of our Felons who are Transported to the West Indies in time are reclaimed and prove advantageous to the Publick. The Governours Bill for five hundred and thirty pounds was paid in July last to Mr. Thaxton to whom it was endorsed. We don’t find any mention in the copy of your Letter of the 7ᵗʰ December last of John Alexander being turned out which we think shows how careless you are either in not putting it in said Copy, when it was in the Original or else in not examining whether you did at any time advise us of this Expulsion, for we find none, nor do we find in said letter one word about the entertaining the Doctor of the lunatick German (who it seems wants a name) for we can’t find it in this letter now before us, altho’ you say you have entertained him to August 1706, which if you have We are content he should not be destitute of a Livelyhood, if he does not before that time meet with the offer of an Employment. We are Glad Mr. Temple Needham proves according to the character we had of him and observe the Bills are at present uneasy to him, time we hope will make them more familiar. We take notice that he has the usual allowance of his Predecessor (Vizᶻᵃ) to have his Lodging and our Table gratis. We see by the Invoice what you received from the Bay by the Terwick and are sorry Captain Burrish [?] should not bring what designed by | It was stated that punishment served as an example to others, just as hard labour could, but with the important distinction that a man who had died could no longer be of any use, whereas one who had been reformed through labour might become productive again. It was observed that this principle was demonstrated by the case of felons transported to the West Indies, many of whom were said to have been reformed over time and to have become beneficial to the public. It was noted that the Governor’s bill for £530 had been paid in July to Mr Thaxton, to whom it had been endorsed. Attention was drawn to the absence of any mention in the copy of the letter dated 7 December regarding the dismissal of John Alexander. It was stated that this omission indicated carelessness, either in failing to include it in the copy when it had been present in the original or in neglecting to ensure that such a matter had been communicated at all. It was further observed that no reference could be found to the employment of the German doctor described as a lunatic, whose name had not been recorded. It was noted that he had apparently been retained until August 1706, and it was stated that, if this were the case, it was acceptable that he should not be left without a livelihood, provided that no other employment had been found for him before that time. It was observed with satisfaction that Mr Temple Needham had proved consistent with the favourable character previously reported of him, although it was noted that financial matters were at present unfamiliar to him, and it was hoped that experience would improve his confidence. It was further noted that he had been granted the same allowances as his predecessor, namely lodging and maintenance at the Company’s table without charge. It was also recorded that, according to the invoice, certain goods had been received from the Bay by Terwick, and regret was expressed that Captain Burrish had not delivered all that had been intended, with the account continuing beyond this point. Interpretations “Felons transported to the West Indies” referred to convicted individuals sent overseas as a form of punishment, often employed as labourers. “Endorsed” indicated that a financial instrument had been formally transferred to another party by signature. “Expulsion” referred to the removal or dismissal of an individual from their position or from the island. “Lunatick” reflected the period’s term for someone considered mentally unstable, without precise medical definition. “Gratis” indicated that something was provided without charge. Speculations The comparison between punishment and labour reflects a utilitarian view of justice, emphasising economic productivity over retribution. The omission of significant events such as the dismissal of John Alexander suggests ongoing deficiencies in communication and record keeping. The reference to the unnamed German doctor indicates a lack of proper documentation and oversight in personnel matters. The cautious approval of Mr Temple Needham suggests that new officials were being closely monitored for competence. The incomplete delivery of goods by Captain Burrish may indicate logistical difficulties or inefficiencies in supply chains. |
326 | 314 | by him, our advises from thence say that they did lade on the Terwick to the Amount of Rupees ₨92.15.3 in Boratch, Rice and Sugar at Sᵗ. Helena, touching which shall enquire of Captain Burrish [?] when he comes up from his Ship. You tell us in this part you are in great want of Cloth, but no Account of the Sorts and quantitys and we are told by the Gentlen of the Company that when they had supplyed you from the Bay with Sorts, you sent them for England, so that we expect you give us of the quantitys and kinds you need, at least for what purposes we can then give the proper Orders. You say you are in great want of Timber of all Sorts, but not tell the Quantity of each Sort needfull to be sent you nor the use you design it for, only say that you have spared part of what to the ComMarsdenand Freemen. You were so far in the right as not to hinder the Dispatch of Ships by keeping them for your Account of remains of the Stores honest prudence would have dictated, That after such repeated to sent you by every Shipping you shou’d timely enough have applyed hands to have drawn out that Account and have employd him other Business and this we expect for the future and if the take exact Account be too Troublesome in such hurry, then send a calculate as near as may be (that is to say) so much of such and such Sorts of goods, Liquors and Stores remain, naming the quantity & species according to the best Account you can give, which if he keeps his Accounts regularly may be done in an hours or two time shewing under each head how much is charged in the Books, & what part of it is since disposed of and from thence will be what remains. | It was reported that advice had been received stating that goods valued at ninety two rupees, fifteen annas and three pice had been shipped aboard Terwick, consisting of boratch, rice and sugar intended for St Helena. It was stated that further enquiry would be made of Captain Burrish upon his arrival. A complaint had been made regarding a shortage of cloth, yet no specification had been provided as to the types or quantities required. It was also observed that supplies previously sent from the Bay had, on occasion, been forwarded to England rather than retained for local use. It was therefore required that future correspondence include clear details of the kinds and quantities needed, or at least the intended uses, so that proper provision could be arranged. A similar deficiency was noted in relation to timber, as a general shortage had been reported without any indication of the quantities required or the purposes for which it was intended. It was mentioned only that some portion had been distributed to Company servants and freemen. It was therefore directed that future reports include precise and detailed information. Approval was given for not delaying the departure of ships in order to complete accounts of remaining stores. However, it was stated that prudent management would have ensured that such accounts were prepared in advance, particularly after repeated instructions that they be sent with each shipment. It was therefore required that greater care be taken in future to prepare these accounts in a timely manner. Provision was made for situations in which a full and exact account could not be completed. In such cases, it was directed that an approximate calculation be provided, listing the quantities and types of goods, liquors and stores remaining. It was noted that, where accounts were properly maintained, such a summary could be produced quickly by comparing recorded totals with the amounts already issued, thereby determining what remained. Interpretations “Rupees ₨92.15.3” referred to a sum expressed in rupees, annas and pice, a system of currency used in trade with the East Indies. “Boratch” was probably a trade commodity such as borax, though its precise identification depends on context. “Freemen” referred to inhabitants who were not bound by servitude or contract and held recognised rights within the settlement. “Calculate” denoted an estimated account used when precise figures were not immediately available. “Species” in this context referred to categories or types of goods. Speculations The inconsistency between reported shipments and received goods suggests possible losses or mismanagement during transport. The repeated absence of detail in supply requests indicates persistent administrative shortcomings. The mention of goods being forwarded to England implies inefficiencies in the allocation of resources on the island. The acceptance of approximate accounts highlights the urgency of maintaining oversight despite imperfect record keeping. The expectation of rapid summaries suggests that accounting systems were intended to be more organised than they appeared in practice. |
327 | 315 | You did well to advise us of Mr. Loddington Captain Cammell and Captain Martin their behaviour We shall talk to them when we see them here in the mean time. We come now to the advice you give us about Bills of Exchange drawn on us, that it is all in Blank, and we find when Bills come to be presented they all run thus make payment without further advice, This leads us to establish the following rules which we require you strictly to observe with relation to Bills of exchange. Vizᶻᵃ We herewith send you an Account of what Bills We have paid, or which will be paid when due drawn by you this Season Vizᶻᵃ £352.14 - dated the 14ᵗʰ July 1705 payable to Captᶜ Wᵐ Cook of Dartmouth These two last Sums We have some demurr upon as yet. but the whole amounts to Eighteen hundred thirty eight pounds Ten Shillings & four pence a very large Sum. In perusing your accounts with the Ships sent in your Packett We find you have received Money from Captain Webber, Captain Vaux, Captain South and Captain Raymond, you don’t tell us in what Money you | It was stated that the information provided regarding the conduct of Mr Loddington, Captain Cammell and Captain Martin had been properly reported, and that the matter would be addressed with them upon their return. Attention was then directed to the issue of bills of exchange drawn upon the Company. It was observed that these had been presented in blank form, with instructions for payment without further advice. This was considered unsatisfactory and led to the establishment of strict rules to be followed in future. An account was provided of the bills already paid or due to be paid for the present season. These included £352 14 shillings dated 14 July 1705 payable to Captain William Cook of Dartmouth, £60 to Captain Finch Reddall, £239 to Captain Anthony Tollett, £361 3 shillings to Captain Francis Hosier, £46 to George Hutchison, £95 to Edward Mashborne, £51 to Captain Francis Nelly, £19 10 shillings to Governor Poirier, £92 to Captain Loddington, £202 3 shillings and 4 pence to William Nowell and £40 to Mr Micklethwait. It was noted that some doubt remained regarding the last two sums, but that the total amounted to £1,838 10 shillings and 4 pence, which was considered a very large sum. Further examination of the accounts sent with the packet revealed that money had been received from Captain Webber, Captain Vaux, Captain South and Captain Raymond. However, it was noted that no information had been provided as to the form of currency in which these payments had been made, with the account continuing beyond this point. Interpretations “Bills of Exchange” referred to financial instruments used to request payment from the Company, often drawn in distant locations and settled in England. “In Blank” indicated that the bills lacked detailed supporting information or specific instructions, creating uncertainty in their handling. “Demurr” referred to doubt or hesitation in accepting or approving certain payments. “Packet” denoted a bundle of documents and accounts sent together by ship. “Season” referred to a trading period or cycle during which accounts and transactions were conducted. Speculations The establishment of stricter rules for bills of exchange suggests concern over financial control and the risk of unauthorised or excessive claims. The large total of payments indicates significant expenditure, contributing to the Company’s dissatisfaction with current management. The uncertainty surrounding certain sums implies possible irregularities or insufficient documentation. The absence of information about the form of payments received suggests incomplete accounting practices. The intention to address the conduct of specific individuals reflects ongoing efforts to enforce accountability among Company servants. |
328 | 316 | you were paid. We hope it was not in Dollars at six Shillings a piece, since the particulars furnished them with are Charges said to be paid with ready Money, supply all omissions of this kind in future. We find also that you bought of Captain Cammell Twenty four dozen of Cloaths at Seven Dollars & half pᵉ dozen and Twelve dozen of Beer at three Dollars pᵉ dozen We can’t understand this extraordinary practice, for that we don’t find this was bought for Sale it is then if you designed it for your Table and if so we think it is too much for you to do without asking a Generall Leave from us and using it so leave Modestly pray let us know what you did with it and what part of the Wine and Brandy bought of the Men of War and of Borach supplyed you, is Sold for our Account and what part spent at your Table, that we may know how our Charges swell to so Sum greatly. You also gave to the Burlington Sixteen pence for candles for Two hundred Sixty five pounds, what do if you had wrote for them We should not have sent them and of the Galese, you also give creditt to Captain Hannett sent for Cape Wehre Eighteen pounds but don’t say what quantity was received of him. We observe also, that you paid Captain Tollett for the his Men on the Fortifications. Sixty nine pounds Six shillings & Six pence, it had been you duty to have told us what you did pay for their Labour, for the sum is only generall words, for paid Seamen Officers, Carpenters &cᵃ and how it came about Captain Tollett paid them the Money and Charges Sixteen pounds Three shillings and Eleven pence for advance of the same. | It was observed that no information had been provided regarding the form of payment received, and it was expressed that it was hoped this had not been in dollars valued at six shillings each, especially as the goods supplied had been charged as paid in ready money. It was therefore directed that such omissions be avoided in future and that full details of payments be consistently reported. Concern was expressed over the purchase from Captain Cammell of twenty four dozen sets of clothing at seven dollars and a half per dozen, together with twelve dozen of beer at three dollars per dozen. It was stated that this practice was not understood, as there was no indication that these goods had been intended for resale. It was therefore assumed that they had been acquired for use at the Company’s table, which was considered excessive without prior approval. It was required that a full account be given of how these goods had been used, and that clarification be provided as to what proportion of the wine and brandy purchased from ships of war, as well as borach received, had been sold on the Company’s account and what portion had been consumed. Attention was also drawn to the payment of sixteen pence per pound for candles amounting to two hundred and sixty five pounds, which was questioned on the grounds that, had a request been made, such supplies might have been sent instead. It was further noted that a credit of eighteen pounds had been given to Captain Hannett for goods sent from the Cape, but no indication had been provided of the quantity received. It was additionally observed that a payment of £69 6 shillings and 6 pence had been made to Captain Tollett for labour performed by his men on the fortifications. It was stated that it had been the duty of the administration to specify the exact rates paid for such labour, rather than presenting only a general sum. It was also questioned how it had come about that Captain Tollett had paid the men himself and had then charged an additional £16 3 shillings and 11 pence for advancing the money. Interpretations “Dollars at six Shillings a piece” referred to the exchange rate applied to Spanish or other silver dollars in Company accounts. “Borach” likely referred to a traded commodity such as borax or a similar material used in various applications. “Creditt” indicated an entry in accounts recognising a payment or value received, often without full supporting detail. “Advance” referred to money paid out in advance of reimbursement, sometimes including additional charges or fees. “Generall words” denoted vague or insufficiently detailed accounting entries lacking specific breakdowns. Speculations The concern over currency suggests that fluctuating exchange rates may have been used to obscure or inflate costs. The unexplained purchases of clothing and beer imply possible misuse of Company funds for personal or unofficial purposes. The lack of detail in accounts indicates persistent weaknesses in financial transparency and oversight. The questioning of payments made through captains suggests suspicion of intermediary charges being added unnecessarily. The repeated demand for detailed reporting reflects a sustained effort to impose stricter financial discipline and accountability. |
329 | 317 | Captain Tollett in his Account Sixty one pounds for one hundred and Twenty Gallons French Brandy which is Twenty Shillings too much. Mr. Kerr’s Bill for Seventeen pounds is come to hand, which you say he is Indebted to us, but don’t tell us one word what Salary you paid him, or how his account stands, whether the fifty pounds Annual Salary was paid and the fifty pound Gratuity or whether he deserves any Gratuity so that we know not what to judge in that affair or what answer to give him here to the demands he makes upon us. We have now gone thro’ your Letters and taken notice of them part by part. & show how you ought to do when you receive our Letters and go about to answer them, for it is plain to us as beforementioned that you have omitted some things, gone contrary to our Orders in others and been in many Degrees careless in the rest, you see we have drawn out this Letter to a great Length in making remarks as they occurred to us and putting them in such plain and full words as you can’t mistake and shall now for a close tell you our minds in a few words. and this is unless you do for the future mend the faults we have already complained of in this and former Letters and put our Orders therein and herein mentioned in due Execution in every particular. We will have those to serve us as shall or shift hands till we find such. We also observe the complaints you make of Mr. Daniell Griffith Clerk of your Councell that his Slothfulness and Company keeping had made him Neglect his Business and tying up the Consultation Books tho’ the Governour has warned him ever since March last to do it, This is so ill a beginning after his Entertainment, that we cant think him fit. | It was observed that Captain Tollett had charged £61 for one hundred and twenty gallons of French brandy, which was considered to be twenty shillings more than was justified. Attention was then directed to Mr Kerr’s bill for £17, which had been received. It was noted that he had been described as indebted to the Company, yet no information had been provided regarding the salary he had been paid or the state of his account. It was therefore unclear whether his annual salary of £50 had been settled, whether the additional gratuity of £50 had been granted or whether he was deserving of such a reward. It was stated that, without these details, no proper judgement could be made nor any appropriate reply given to his claims. It was then declared that all letters had been reviewed in detail and that each point had been examined individually. It was stated that this had been done to demonstrate how correspondence ought to be answered, as it had become evident that several matters had been omitted, others had been handled contrary to instructions and many had been treated with carelessness. It was further stated that the present letter had been extended at length in order to address these issues clearly and fully, so that no misunderstanding could arise. It was then declared, in conclusion, that unless the faults identified in this and previous letters were corrected and all instructions strictly followed in future, those responsible would be replaced until suitable individuals were found. It was also noted that complaints had been received regarding Mr Daniell Griffith, Clerk of the Council, whose idleness and social distractions had caused neglect of his duties, including the failure to maintain the Consultation Books despite repeated warnings since March. It was stated that such conduct, occurring soon after his appointment, indicated that he was not considered fit for the position. Interpretations “French Brandy” referred to imported distilled spirits, often a significant expense in Company provisioning. “Gratuity” denoted an additional payment made as a reward or acknowledgement of service beyond regular salary. “Consultation Books” referred to the official records of the Governor and Council’s proceedings, essential for administration. “Slothfulness” indicated idleness or lack of diligence in carrying out assigned duties. “Shift hands” referred to the replacement of personnel in order to secure more capable service. Speculations The correction of the brandy charge suggests close scrutiny of even relatively small financial discrepancies. The uncertainty surrounding Mr Kerr’s account reflects ongoing weaknesses in record keeping and communication. The strong concluding warning indicates a loss of confidence in the existing administration and a readiness to enforce change. The criticism of Mr Daniell Griffith suggests that inefficiency at the clerical level was seen as a serious threat to proper governance. The overall tone implies that repeated failures had led to a decisive effort to impose discipline and accountability. |
330 | 318 | fit for that Imploy and do therefore dismiss him from it and the rather because of the Omissions of other parts of his duty complain’d of in several parts of this Letter. We have received a Letter from Mr. John Alexander your late Clerk to whom last year we gave an Additional Salary who Confesses his fault of passionate Behaviour to the Governour and promises Amendment and therefore in hopes he will not be again guilty of the like or any other Miscarriage, We do hereby restore him to his place of Clerk of the Councill at the Salary before Ordered, so as he makes his submission to the Governour and acquitts himself in the discharge of his Business as becomes one who is sensible of his own faults. We have Considered what you write about Salutes to the Ships which come into Sᵗ. Helena road, and do hereby direct that for the future you strictly observe the following direction Vizᶻᵃ Omitted in the Rochester Generall Letter of the 20ᵗʰ December 1706. The above is what we wrote last year, but for want of Conveyance could not then send it. We are now to add thereto what we think proper on the perusal of your Letters and Packett received by the Martha who departed your Island in November 1705. But the generall Letter is not dated and also those received by the Oxford and Burlington since. We have read over the arguet of Thomas Davis who is grown old and fallen to decay and altho in such Cases in England the parish always are bound to take care of such poor, however in regard he was many years since one of the Soldiers and while such broke his Leg | It was directed that Mr Daniell Griffith be dismissed from his position as Clerk of the Council, as he was considered unfit for the role. This decision was based not only on his neglect of duty but also on the various omissions identified throughout the letter. It was then stated that a letter had been received from Mr John Alexander, the former Clerk, to whom an additional salary had been granted in the previous year. In this letter, he acknowledged his previous misconduct, particularly his passionate behaviour towards the Governor, and promised to amend his conduct. It was therefore ordered that he be restored to his former position as Clerk of the Council at the previously established salary, on the condition that he submit to the Governor and perform his duties properly, demonstrating awareness of his past faults. Instructions were then given regarding the firing of salutes to ships arriving at St Helena roadstead. It was directed that strict adherence be given to the regulations previously issued on this matter. It was further noted that certain instructions, originally prepared in the general letter of 20 December 1706, had been omitted due to lack of opportunity for transmission. It was stated that these were now to be supplemented by additional observations arising from the review of letters and packets received by Martha, which had departed the island in November 1705, as well as those received by Oxford and Burlington. It was also observed that the general letter accompanying these materials had not been dated. Attention was then directed to the case of Thomas Davis, who was described as having become old and infirm. It was noted that, in England, responsibility for the care of such individuals would normally fall upon the parish. However, it was also recorded that he had formerly served as a soldier and had sustained a broken leg during his service, with the account continuing beyond this point. Interpretations “Clerk of the Councill” referred to the administrative officer responsible for maintaining official records and documentation of governance. “Submission to the Governour” indicated a formal acknowledgment of authority and willingness to comply with discipline. “Salutes” referred to ceremonial firing of guns in honour of arriving ships, often governed by strict protocol. “Road” or “roadstead” referred to a sheltered area of water where ships could anchor near the shore. “Parish” denoted the local administrative and ecclesiastical unit responsible for welfare in England. Speculations The dismissal and reinstatement of clerks suggests instability in administrative roles and reliance on limited personnel. The conditional restoration of John Alexander indicates a pragmatic approach, valuing experience despite prior misconduct. The regulation of salutes implies concern over the cost and frequency of ceremonial practices. The delayed transmission of instructions highlights ongoing communication difficulties across long distances. The mention of Thomas Davis reflects an awareness of welfare responsibilities for former servants, balanced against practical limitations in a colonial setting. |
331 | 319 | Say, We do allow you to give him Ten pounds Sterling if he be liuing when this comes to your hands. We can say nothing to the Business of gabriel Powell and Jonathan Beals Children till you send us the full state of the case which is not yet done. As to the Books of Accouuts We have wrote at large in our Letter Assign’d you last year, which we expect you comply with exactly. What Soldiers we send you will see by the List in the Packett of which more in an after paragraph. We have heard nothing as yet from Mr Cooke Carpenter of the Martha about Richard Leechs Orphans. You will find in the Sequel of this Letter that we have entertained Captain James Laoust who is a good Engineer and Sailes to be our Deputy Gouernour, and our reason for so doing is that Mr Goodwins place of Storekeeper remains for him to continue in if he thinks fit and shall be found to deserue it. But we are told he driues a great Trade in other Mens Names with the Ships in the road to our Detriment. That he claims some priuiledges of Casks and Baggs in the storehouse which belongs to us but when they are empty he calls them his, altho’ our affairs require seueral of them and by the Authority he has heard of being in the Councell thinks he may alwayes claim these and also the Gun houses and on that Account thinks he is aboue the Examination of the Gouernour, if these things be so and are not remedied We shall think him not fit to be continued. and We expect by the next an Answer to this paragraph in particular, that we may be ascertained how far this Information is right or wrong and if it be right how it is remedied. We observe that you write you have sent to the 26 Company Bills for the Ballance of Two Ship’s Accouuts enclosed towards payment of Money | A payment of £10 sterling was authorised for Thomas Davis, provided he remained alive at the time the instruction was received. No determination could be made regarding the matter of Gabriel Powell and Jonathan Beals’s children, as a full account of their case had not yet been submitted. Reference was made to the books of accounts, with a reminder that detailed instructions had already been issued in the previous year’s correspondence and were expected to be followed exactly. Information regarding the soldiers sent was noted to be contained within the list included in the packet, with further mention to be made later. No report had yet been received from Mr Cooke, carpenter of Martha, concerning the orphans of Richard Leech. Captain James Laoust was appointed as Deputy Governor on account of his recognised skill as an engineer. This arrangement was intended to allow Mr Goodwin to continue as Storekeeper, provided he remained deserving of the position. Reports had been received alleging that Mr Goodwin engaged in extensive private trade under the names of others with ships in the road, to the disadvantage of the Company. Further claims suggested that he treated casks and bags stored in Company warehouses as his own property once emptied, despite their continued necessity for Company use. It was also indicated that he considered his position within the Council to place him beyond the authority of the Governor, asserting control over storehouses and gun houses on that basis. Should these allegations prove accurate and remain uncorrected, he would be deemed unfit to continue in office. A detailed response was therefore required in the next correspondence, confirming the accuracy of these claims and explaining what measures had been taken. Notice was also given that twenty six Company bills had been transmitted, relating to the balance of two ships’ accounts and enclosed towards payment of sums due, with the account continuing beyond this point. Interpretations “Sterling” referred to British currency of standard value, indicating payment in pounds. “Packet” denoted a bundle of documents and lists transmitted together by ship. “Deputy Gouernour” referred to the senior official acting under the Governor in the island’s administration. “Road” referred to the anchorage where ships remained offshore. “Casks and Baggs” referred to storage containers used for goods, forming part of essential Company resources. Speculations The conditional grant to Thomas Davis suggests a practical but limited approach to welfare for former servants. The absence of full information regarding the children indicates delays or gaps in administrative reporting. The appointment of Captain Laoust highlights the importance of technical expertise in the island’s governance. The allegations concerning Mr Goodwin point towards potential misuse of Company resources and authority. The requirement for a detailed reply reflects growing concern over discipline and accountability within the administration. |
332 | 320 | Money due here from us to them and we find by the papers One Bill is for £88.13.10 from Captain Goodman of the Martha and the other for £31.10.9½ from Captain Collett of the Howland. We think you ought to have taken so much pains as to have mentioned these two sums and the Ships names also in your Letter and must blame your omitting it, as also the like omission of the Moneys supplyed in two Bills to Captain Cason, however having wrote so fully on this head in our aforesaid Letter We shall enlarge no farther there than to tell you, let it be so no more. We are told that some of the Freemen keep great part of their Blacks up in the Country at their Plantations and far from their Houses and thereby many Mischiefs arise by those Blacks and among others they are often robbing their Neighbours of their Fowls and Cattle too, and seacretly killing them for Sustenance, because their Masters don’t allow them sufficient to live on, which could be prevented did their Masters require them to come to their Houses every night and a worse mischief also arises thereby, that those Blacks when so far from their Masters sight are often caballing together and plotting Mischiefs, if this account be true, We would have you make some good Laws to prevent it, and it is a generall Mischief. Summon together the heads of the Inhabitants and discourse the matter with them, and then do you agree upon such Rules to be observed as you apprehend most reasonable, and also what fines or other punishment shall be inflicted on the breakers of such Settled rules and let the said fines be applyed to the use of the Poor upon the Place or any other purpose you shall agree upon in the said Councill. - We hear there are great many Sheep on Sᵗ Helena which | It was recorded that two bills had been received for money due, one amounting to £88 13 shillings and 10 pence from Captain Goodman of Martha, and the other for £31 10 shillings and 9½ pence from Captain Collett of Howland. Criticism was made that these sums, together with the names of the ships, had not been specified in the accompanying letter. A similar omission was noted regarding money supplied in two bills to Captain Cason. Although the matter had already been addressed at length in earlier correspondence, it was stated that such neglect must not occur again. Reports were then considered stating that some freemen kept a large proportion of their slaves at distant plantations in the countryside rather than near their houses. Various harms were said to arise from this practice, including theft of poultry and cattle from neighbours and the secret killing of livestock for sustenance, allegedly due to insufficient provision by their masters. It was further suggested that such misconduct could be prevented if the slaves were required to return to their masters’ houses each night. Additional concern was raised that, when left unsupervised at a distance, they might gather together and form plots leading to further disorder. Instructions were therefore given that, if these reports proved accurate, suitable laws were to be established to prevent such abuses. The principal inhabitants were to be assembled and the matter discussed with them, after which reasonable rules were to be agreed upon. Appropriate fines or punishments were to be determined for those who broke these regulations, and any fines collected were to be applied for the benefit of the poor or for other purposes agreed upon by the Council. Information was also noted indicating that there were a considerable number of sheep on St Helena, with the account continuing beyond this point. Interpretations “Freemen” referred to inhabitants not bound by servitude or contract, often holding property and certain civic rights. “Plantations” denoted agricultural holdings where crops and livestock were maintained, often located away from main settlements. “Caballing together” referred to gathering in groups, often with the implication of conspiring or planning mischief. “Fines” referred to monetary penalties imposed for breaches of agreed rules or laws. “Councill” referred to the governing body responsible for local administration and decision making. Speculations The concern over the management of slaves suggests anxiety about both economic productivity and social control. The reported thefts indicate either insufficient provisioning or weak oversight by masters. The emphasis on nightly supervision reflects an attempt to impose stricter discipline over dispersed labour forces. The involvement of inhabitants in forming regulations suggests reliance on local cooperation alongside formal authority. The reference to sheep may indicate a shift towards livestock management as a means of stabilising food supply. |
333 | 321 | thrive well, but that if they are encouraged they will spoil the Neat Cattle because there is not herbage enough for both sorts and by their eating so close they will spoil the grass, how far this is true we wish have you examine, and if this encrease of the Sheep should as above be detrimental to let the Inhabitants know We expect it be remedied and you may at the Quarter Sessions, or other proper meeting of the Inhabitants consider what is fit to be done therein, and let what shall be so agreed on be put in due execution and we can’t doubt but that they will be ready to concur in whatsoever is for the common Benefit. We approve of Thomas Sanderson’s being made Ensign on Mr Purling’s Decease, If he behaves himself as he ought being always willing to encourage our Servants to Continue faithfull to us by allowing them to rise according to their seniority and Merritt as any Vacancy happens which we woud have you always observe. We have received a Letter from Mr Matthew Bagett by the Martha desiring to be admitted in our Service, He says he has been long Assistant to the Storekeeper and otherwise bequitted himself to your satisfaction, you are on the place and know how far his allegations are true and wherein his Talent most lyes, therefore do you give him encouragement according to his Merritt, but we can’t think it adviseable to put him into the Councill, as he seems to point at, let us know by the next his character and what you think is fit to be done for him and you shall have our further thoughts upon it. We have read over the petition of William Beale and he states his case it seems hard, That Henry Cole his Wife’s Father should sell her House against her Consent and then detain her Money, but in | Concern was expressed that sheep were said to thrive well on St Helena, but that their increase might damage the neat cattle due to insufficient herbage to support both. It was explained that, by grazing too closely, sheep might spoil the grass and thereby reduce the pasture available for other livestock. Examination of this matter was required, and, if found to be true, the inhabitants were to be informed that a remedy was expected. Consideration of suitable measures was to take place at the Quarter Sessions or another appropriate meeting, and whatever was agreed upon was to be enforced. Confidence was expressed that the inhabitants would cooperate in any action taken for the common benefit. Approval was given for the appointment of Thomas Sanderson as ensign following the death of Matthew Purling, provided he conducted himself properly. It was stated that encouragement should always be given to servants who remained faithful, allowing them to advance according to seniority and merit whenever vacancies arose, and that this principle was to be consistently observed. A letter had been received from Mr Matthew Bagett, sent by Martha, requesting admission into the Company’s service. He stated that he had long served as assistant to the Storekeeper and had performed satisfactorily. As local knowledge was considered essential in assessing his claims, it was directed that encouragement be given according to his merit. However, it was stated that it would not be advisable to appoint him to the Council, as he appeared to desire. A full report of his character and abilities was requested in the next correspondence, so that further consideration could be given. The petition of William Beale was also reviewed, in which it was alleged that Henry Cole, his wife’s father, had sold her house without her consent and had retained her money. The case was described as appearing harsh, although the account continued beyond this point. Interpretations “Neat Cattle” referred to domesticated bovine livestock, particularly cows and oxen, valued for meat and dairy. “Herbage” denoted grass or pasture available for grazing animals. “Quarter Sessions” referred to periodic local courts or administrative meetings where civil and legal matters were addressed. “Ensign” was a junior commissioned military rank, often the first step in an officer’s advancement. “Seniority and Merritt” indicated advancement based on length of service and demonstrated ability. Speculations The concern over sheep grazing suggests awareness of environmental limits and the need to balance livestock populations. The encouragement of promotion by merit reflects an attempt to maintain loyalty and motivation among Company servants. The cautious approach to Mr Bagett’s advancement indicates a desire to rely on local judgement while maintaining control over senior appointments. The dispute described in William Beale’s petition suggests tensions over property rights and family authority within the settlement. The expectation of cooperation among inhabitants implies reliance on collective decision making to address shared challenges. |
334 | 322 | regard he suggests there was a Tryall of his case by a Jury and they gave it in against him, therefore we are very apprehensive that he has not told us the whole, however we send you back his Petition for you to Examine and if you see cause and can relieve him do it. We come now to your Letter of the 11ᵗʰ August and 6ᵗʰ of September 1706 and observe you write you had no Sugar, Arrach nor any other sort of Liquors in the Stores on the 11ᵗʰ May which seems to be the reason you took up so largely of Captain Rovies as to Charge us with a Bill for £993..4..– and of Captain Cooke more £91..15..9 But as before complained of your Generall Letter does not mention the sum and the Accounts of it are little scraps of Paper attested by no Body, however we have for this time accepted those Bills, notwithstanding the Extravagant rates the goods therein are charged at, Cheese at nine pence pᵉ pound, Sugar or Sugar candy at Twelve pence. We refer you to these things to what formerly wrote you, wherein you will fully see our minds. We are told that you were extremely Careless in the Liquors you bought of these two captains, for that they sold them by a sample which was good, but when they were delivered in the casks, some part was so Musty as not to be drunk unless in the utmost Necessity. We are sorry for Mr. Masham’s Death and know nothing more of any Account he has with us, but what he mentioned in our Letter of the 30ᵗʰ November 1704 by the Ship which carryed him wherein we advised he had of us fifty pounds to be deducted out of his Salary. If you knew his Carriage think he deserved the Gratuity of fifty pounds pʳ annum he ought to have it as well as his Salary, but only for so long as he lived. | Consideration was given to the petition of William Beale, but it was noted that his case had already been tried by a jury and decided against him. This raised concern that the full circumstances might not have been disclosed. His petition was therefore returned for further examination, with directions that relief should be granted if, upon enquiry, it appeared justified. Attention was then directed to the letters dated 11 August and 6 September 1706. It was reported that, as of 11 May, no sugar, arrack or other liquors remained in the stores, which had led to large purchases being made from Captain Rovies, resulting in a bill of £993 4 shillings, and from Captain Cooke, amounting to £91 15 shillings and 9 pence. Criticism was made that these sums had not been clearly stated in the general letter, and that the supporting accounts consisted only of small, unattested papers. Although these bills had been accepted on this occasion, it was noted that the prices charged were excessive, with cheese at nine pence per pound and sugar or sugar candy at twelve pence per pound. Reference was made to earlier instructions, which were said to express clearly the Company’s position on such matters. Further concern was raised regarding the quality of the liquors purchased from these captains. Reports indicated that they had been sold by means of a sample that was of good quality, but that, upon delivery in casks, some of the contents were so musty as to be unfit for consumption except in cases of necessity. This was presented as evidence of carelessness in procurement. Regret was expressed at the death of Mr Masham. It was stated that no further account of his financial dealings was known beyond what had been recorded in the letter of 30 November 1704, in which it had been noted that he had received £50 to be deducted from his salary. It was directed that, if his conduct had been satisfactory and he was considered deserving of the gratuity of £50 per annum, it should be allowed, but only for the duration of his life. Interpretations “Arrack” referred to a distilled alcoholic spirit commonly traded in the East Indies. “Attested” indicated that a document had been formally verified by signature to confirm its accuracy. “Musty” referred to goods, particularly liquids, that had deteriorated in quality, often through poor storage. “Gratuity” denoted an additional payment granted as a reward for service beyond regular salary. “Casks” referred to wooden barrels used for storing and transporting liquids such as wine or spirits. Speculations The doubt expressed about William Beale’s petition suggests concern over incomplete or misleading accounts in legal disputes. The absence of proper documentation for large purchases indicates persistent weaknesses in administrative procedures. The acceptance of overpriced goods implies that shortages forced the administration into unfavourable transactions. The issue with poor quality liquors suggests inadequate inspection and control over supplies received from ships. The conditional granting of Mr Masham’s gratuity reflects a balance between recognising service and limiting unnecessary expenditure. |
335 | 323 | What is before wrote Concerning Criminalls will take in the case of Le Jeune Jack condemned for Burglary. Touching your Books of Accounts & Mr Alexander and Mr Griffith. We have also told you our minds in our aforesaid Letter. We are sorry to read the Damage you mention is done by the great floods, that they have caused a great Confusion in Papers Fortifications and at the Fort, which shall be repaired as soon as possible and that this sad Experience as you write will put you in finding out new means to let the gulleys come to the Main channel, had this been the first time you complained of the Damage you had Suffered by the rains, We should have said Nothing, but when do We remember you wrote us formerly of the like Mischiefs occasioned by the rains, We it reason should think you might have then prevented any future hurt, by making proper Conveyances to the Water to have diverted it from endangering your Fortifications however better late than never, let us at last find by experience that you will be as good as your word. Our Packett from Fort St. George are not come to hand therefore We can’t at present say any thing to the Bill you mention given Thomas Cole drawn upon us which you write they have paid, till we hear their reasons for so doing. We note what you wrote about Mr. Marsden and therefore are content that you allow him Ten pounds a year more, and to further for his encouragement put him in fifth of the Councell, not that we would quitt him of any part of the Business he was entertained for. If you had but duly taken Notice of what we wrote you about him by | Reference was made to earlier directions concerning criminals, which were stated to apply equally to the case of Le Jeune Jack, who had been condemned for burglary. The matters relating to the books of accounts, together with the conduct of Mr Alexander and Mr Griffith, were noted as already addressed in the previous letter, to which attention was again directed. Regret was expressed at the damage reported to have been caused by severe floods, which had resulted in disorder among papers, fortifications and structures at the fort. Repairs were expected to be carried out as soon as possible. Although it was acknowledged that this experience might encourage the development of improved methods for directing water into the main channels, it was observed that similar complaints had been made previously. It was therefore stated that such damage ought to have been prevented earlier through proper drainage measures. Nonetheless, it was accepted that remedial action should now be taken, and it was expected that the necessary improvements would be implemented. It was noted that packets from Fort St George had not yet been received, and therefore no comment could be made regarding the bill drawn by Thomas Cole, which had reportedly been paid, until further information was obtained. Approval was given for an increase in Mr Marsden’s allowance by £10 per year. In addition, he was to be placed as the fifth member of the Council as a means of encouragement. It was specified, however, that this advancement was not to release him from any of the duties for which he had originally been engaged. It was further indicated that, had earlier instructions concerning him been properly observed, the present situation might have been clearer, with the account continuing beyond this point. Interpretations “Criminalls” referred to individuals convicted of offences, often subject to punishment or transportation. “Burglary” denoted the crime of unlawful entry into a building with intent to commit theft. “Gulleys” referred to channels or ravines through which water flowed, particularly during heavy rains. “Packett” referred to a collection of letters and documents sent together by ship. “Councell” referred to the governing body responsible for administration on the island. Speculations The application of general criminal policy to specific cases suggests an effort to maintain consistency in punishment. The repeated complaints about flood damage indicate ongoing environmental challenges and inadequate infrastructure. The criticism of earlier inaction suggests frustration with a lack of preventative planning. The delayed communication from Fort St George highlights the uncertainty inherent in long distance administration. The promotion of Mr Marsden reflects recognition of technical skill while maintaining expectations of continued service. |
336 | 324 | by the Panther and Nathaniel you would have sent us an Account what Business he had been employed about, for the assisting the Storekeeper was only in the Vacancy of his other Business, and you have been alike remiss in not advising us, whether he, Doctor Masham or Mr: Masham have repaid any, or what part of the Money We told you that we had advanced them. Capt: Burrish [?]’s Bills we have lately accepted. One of them is paid and the other will when due, We demurr’d to them then because they were goods bought in India contrary to his Indulgence and therefore we would take notice of them till he had settled his Accounts. If you could show us that we had used to allow Board Wages to any of our Council at Sᵗ. Helena it might be some Inducement to us to Consider Mr. Goodwin’s desire of allowing the like to him, year it is so common a practice in India as you apprehend and where it has been introduced, We have generally discountenanced it when we know it without there were very particular Reasons for its allowance. We come now to Consider your part about the Loss of the Queen and Dover, had their ComMarsdenfollowed the Orders of the Secret Committee they had arrived in safety with the rest of our Ships in company of the Dutch East India Fleet, but as to your parts We must say that you are infinitely to blame in your management and we wonder you can have the assurance to write us that had not Mr. Dolben told you there was no French ships in India, but a Dutch Ship bound to the Island you had not been so secure, is that an Excuse think you fit to be given us. We think it rather deserves the severest censure, We are also told | Reference was made to earlier instructions sent by Panther and Nathaniel, in which it had been required that an account be provided of the duties performed by Mr Marsden. It was noted that his assistance to the Storekeeper had only been intended during a temporary vacancy, yet no report had been given of his actual employment. Similar neglect was observed in failing to advise whether he, Doctor Masham or Mr Masham had repaid any part of the money previously advanced to them. Notice was given that Captain Burrish’s bills had recently been accepted, one having already been paid and the other to be settled when due. Initial hesitation had arisen because the goods concerned had been purchased in India contrary to the limits of his permitted trade, and therefore consideration had been delayed until his accounts were properly settled. Consideration was given to the request that Mr Goodwin be granted board wages. It was stated that, if evidence could be shown that such allowances had previously been granted to members of the Council at St Helena, this might serve as a reason to review his request. However, although the practice was said to be common in India, it had generally been discouraged unless supported by very particular justification. Attention was then directed to the loss of the ships Queen and Dover. It was stated that, had their commanders followed the orders of the Secret Committee, they would have arrived safely in company with the Dutch East India fleet. Strong criticism was made of the local management of the situation, and it was remarked that it was surprising that an explanation had been offered suggesting that reliance had been placed on information from Mr Dolben that no French ships were present in India, apart from a Dutch vessel bound for the island. Such reasoning was rejected as inadequate and was said to merit severe censure. It was further noted that additional reports had been received on this matter, with the account continuing beyond this point. Interpretations “Indulgence” referred to specific permissions or limits granted to captains regarding private trade. “Board Wages” denoted an allowance given in place of food and lodging provided in kind. “Secret Committee” referred to a governing body within the Company responsible for confidential or strategic decisions. “Dutch East India Fleet” referred to the naval and commercial fleet operated by the Dutch East India Company. “Demurr’d” indicated hesitation or refusal to accept something without further consideration. Speculations The repeated failure to report on financial recoveries suggests ongoing weaknesses in accountability. The conditional acceptance of Captain Burrish’s bills reflects tension between enforcing rules and maintaining practical operations. The reluctance to grant board wages indicates concern over rising administrative costs. The criticism of the loss of ships suggests that strategic or navigational errors were viewed as preventable. The rejection of reliance on second hand intelligence implies a demand for more cautious and independent judgement in decision making. |
337 | 325 | told that our Governour has been unaccountably careless about the Fortifications, that the Spunges are not fitt for the guns, That there is scarce Rods for the Guns and when the Governour has been Severally told to remedy such things. He abused People for their Kindness, It is further added that there was but two Strings of Match upon the Line and there was no Powder to be come at for some time when the French first approached. To tell you as the Governour does, That the Ships shou’d ride nearer the shore and that when he came first in Place, He endeavoured to have the Ships send their Boats a shore at Banks but mett with rough and proud answers, is so lame an Excuse that We can’t bear with, for what does he think We trust him with that station, is it only to receive our Salary. Should not he have commanded both Ships to birth themselves in this time of War as near the shore and as much under the Command of our Guns as they could; if they had refused and he had advised us of it, He had done his Duty - what satisfaction can he give us for his Miscarriage, does he think it enough to throw the Blame on others which so palpably is his own; Add to this that Monsʳ De. Duguers who commanded in chief those two Men of War is the very man as we are told that Mr Poirier was so wonderously kind unto some years ago, and gave him a Reception on the Island much better than to any of our own Commanders, suffer’d his Boats to sound round the Island and his men to survey it on shore under pretence of Shooting. We are informed also that the Enemies did not all of them come down to their forts on the double Alarm, and yet the Governour | Serious concern was expressed regarding reports of neglect in the island’s defences. It was stated that essential equipment was found to be deficient, with sponges unfit for use with the guns, a scarcity of rods and inadequate preparation overall. Repeated warnings had reportedly been given to the Governor to address these deficiencies, yet instead of acting upon them, those who raised concerns had been met with hostility. It was further reported that only two lengths of match were available along the defensive line and that, at the time of the French approach, powder could not readily be accessed. Strong criticism was made of the explanation offered that ships should have anchored nearer the shore, and that earlier attempts to direct them to land at Banks had been met with resistance. This reasoning was rejected as insufficient, as it was stated that the Governor had been entrusted with authority not merely to receive his salary but to exercise command. In a time of war, he ought to have required ships to anchor as close to shore as possible and within the protection of the island’s guns. Had such orders been refused and properly reported, his duty would have been fulfilled, but no such justification was accepted. The attempt to shift blame onto others was described as unacceptable, as the fault was considered to lie with his own conduct. Additional concern was raised regarding Monsr De Duguers, who had commanded the attacking ships. It was noted that he had previously been received on the island with unusual favour by Mr Poirier, who had granted him a more generous reception than that afforded to Company commanders. It was further reported that his boats had been permitted to survey the island and that his men had been allowed ashore under the pretence of shooting, actions now viewed with suspicion in light of subsequent events. Information was also received indicating that, at the time of alarm, not all personnel had immediately taken their positions at the forts. Responsibility for this failure was implied to rest with the Governor, with the account continuing beyond this point. Interpretations “Spunges” referred to implements used to clean cannon between firings, essential for safe operation. “Rods” referred to ramrods used in loading cannon. “Match” referred to slow burning cord used to ignite gunpowder in artillery. “Banks” referred to a landing place or anchorage point on the island. “Double Alarm” referred to a heightened state of military alert requiring immediate readiness. Speculations The deficiencies in equipment suggest neglect of basic military preparedness over an extended period. The criticism of the Governor’s authority indicates an expectation of decisive leadership during wartime. The prior hospitality shown to Monsr De Duguers may have unintentionally provided intelligence to a future enemy. The failure of personnel to respond promptly to alarm suggests weaknesses in discipline or organisation. The overall tone reflects deep frustration and concern over the island’s vulnerability to external attack. |
338 | 326 | has not so inquired into it as he ought, to know the defaultiers, much less to fine them, if this be true We have yet further reason to quarrel his Management. We require that you give us a true Account how this matter stands for our further consideration. We understand our Secret Committee have several times wrote to the Governour to get the assistance of the Captains of the Men of Warr and of our own Ships as well by their advices as their Men to perfect the Fortifications and we have wrote the same ourselves, and yet hitherto we have no good Account what has been done therein and we are informed that he has taken the workmen off from the Fortifications leaving them unfinished and sett upon making a new garden and Terraces which will cost, and has already many hundred pounds and he pays the Two Shillings a day Wages. We should be glad this was not true, for if it be, We shall expect a very good reason for his doing it before we allow the Charge. We understand the Governour Lodged Mr. Pooly’s two children and two Servants and dietted them at our Charge for some months together and that he does so frequently to others whilst the Shipping is in the road. We expect to know his reason for it, for we will not allow of such expenses. To invite our ComMarsdenor any Persons now and then and of a Sunday We should not be against, but for such Countenance We can imagine no Cause unless it be to put Money into his Pockett at our cost. We have wrote you before to send by every Shipping the Annuall expense of all sorts of stores and are now to add that We would have you send us the dimensions of the great guns and Carriages, that so whenever you want new Carriages (and | Further concern was raised that no proper enquiry had been made into those who failed to attend upon the alarm, nor had any penalties been imposed. If this report proved accurate, it was stated that it would provide additional grounds for criticism of the Governor’s management. A full and accurate account of the matter was therefore required for further consideration. Reference was made to repeated instructions issued by the Secret Committee, as well as by the Company itself, directing that assistance be obtained from the captains of ships of war and Company vessels, both in advice and manpower, to complete the fortifications. Despite this, no satisfactory report had been received detailing progress. Information had been given suggesting that workmen had been withdrawn from the fortifications before completion and instead employed in constructing a new garden and terraces, at a cost already amounting to many hundreds of pounds, with wages paid at two shillings per day. Doubt was expressed regarding the truth of this report, but it was stated that, if confirmed, a strong justification would be required before such expenditure could be accepted. Complaint was also made that the Governor had accommodated Mr Pooly’s two children and two servants and had provided for them at the Company’s expense over several months, and that similar hospitality had been extended to others when ships were present. An explanation was demanded, as such costs were not considered acceptable. Occasional entertainment of Company commanders or visitors, particularly on Sundays, was not objected to, but regular provision of this kind was viewed as unjustified unless supported by a valid reason. Previous instructions requiring the annual transmission of accounts detailing the expenditure of all stores were reiterated. It was further directed that the dimensions of the great guns and their carriages be sent, so that, when replacements were required, appropriate provisions could be made, with the account continuing beyond this point. Interpretations “Defaultiers” referred to individuals who had failed in their duty, particularly in a military context. “Secret Committee” referred to a governing body within the Company responsible for strategic oversight. “Terraces” referred to constructed levels or platforms, often part of landscaped or ornamental works. “Diested” referred to being provided with food at another’s expense. “Great guns” referred to large artillery pieces used in the defence of the island. Speculations The failure to discipline those absent during alarm suggests weaknesses in authority and enforcement. The diversion of labour from fortifications to ornamental works indicates possible misallocation of resources. The criticism of hospitality expenses reflects concern over misuse of Company funds for personal or social purposes. The repeated demand for detailed reports suggests ongoing frustration with inadequate communication. The request for artillery specifications indicates an effort to improve logistical planning and military readiness. |
339 | 327 | We hope you will give us timely Notice when you do, We may give certain Directions here to make them and that they may be fitted to their Nath. We hear there are several Mineralls on the Island, We would have you send us Ten pounds weight of each sort for a Sample, that we may Judge further about them. We come now to tell you that we have entertained Captain James Lambe to be deputy Governour of Sᵗ. Helena at the Salary of Seventy pounds pʳ annum, and in regard he is represented to us as well Skilled in Fortifications and is a good Engineer and as such we expect he will be very serviceable to us in putting the Island into a better posture of Defence, We therefore have agreed to give him an Additional Salary on that Account of Fifty pounds pʳ Annum, We have also given him Twenty pounds for his Fresh provisions; It now remains, that on his arrivall with you, He setts himself to Consider what is most Beneficial for the greater security and defence of the Island, and lay the same before you, and in case you approve thereof, as we doubt not but you will, if his proposals be reasonable, that then you cause the same to be performed, and we expect that he take the dayly inspection thereof upon him, and in particular to take care where the Ships are to ride as aforesaid be sufficiently fortifyed. We have been told, that when the French Ships were at Sᵗ. Helena you guns could hardly reach them while their shott flew some of them a Mile up into the Island, if this be so it must arise from the difference of the Powder, and we fear you have not taken the necessary care of your Powder, We recommend to you to looke better after it and keep | Expectation was expressed that timely notice should be given whenever new gun carriages were required, so that proper directions could be issued for their construction and fitting according to the necessary specifications. Information had been received suggesting the presence of various minerals on the island, and instructions were given that samples of each type, weighing ten pounds, should be sent for examination, so that further judgement might be made regarding their value. Notice was then given that Captain James Lambe had been appointed Deputy Governor of St Helena with a salary of £70 per annum. In addition, an extra £50 per annum had been granted in recognition of his skill in fortifications and engineering, together with £20 for fresh provisions. Upon his arrival, he was to assess what measures would best improve the security and defence of the island and present his proposals. Should these be approved as reasonable, they were to be carried into effect, with responsibility placed upon him for their daily supervision. Particular attention was to be given to ensuring that the anchorage areas for ships were properly fortified. Reports had also been received indicating that, during the presence of French ships at St Helena, the island’s guns had insufficient range to reach them, while the enemy’s shot had travelled as far as a mile inland. If accurate, this disparity was attributed to differences in the quality of gunpowder, and concern was expressed that insufficient care had been taken in its storage and maintenance. It was therefore recommended that greater attention be given to the condition and preservation of powder supplies, with the account continuing beyond this point. Interpretations “Nath” referred to the necessary or intended specifications for equipment, particularly in relation to fitting gun carriages. “Mineralls” referred to naturally occurring substances of potential economic value, such as ores or salts. “Deputy Governour” referred to the second ranking official on the island, responsible for assisting in administration and defence. “Fresh provisions” referred to perishable food supplies, often required to maintain health during service. “Shott” referred to projectiles fired from artillery. Speculations The request for mineral samples suggests an interest in assessing the island’s potential for resource extraction. The appointment of Captain Lambe reflects a priority placed on strengthening defensive capabilities. The emphasis on fortifying anchorage areas indicates concern over vulnerability to naval attack. The disparity in artillery range suggests deficiencies in equipment or maintenance. The focus on gunpowder quality implies that storage conditions or supply standards may have been inadequate. |
340 | 328 | keep it dry and not lett it be exposed to the Weather what part of it shall prove to be decayed. We would have used in firing the Alarum Guns and in Salutes and as often as you receive fresh Powder from hence send us what lyes before you which is decayed and unserviceable remembering always to keep a Sufficiency by you in case of an Exigency! We have entertained Mr. Joshua Thomlinson to be our Chaplain at Sᵗ. Helena in the room of Mr. Masham Deceased at the Salary of fifty pounds pʳ Annum and fifty pounds a year Gratuity in case he shall by his carriage be found to deserve it, which we hope he will and Comply with all the Established rules on that Island relating to his Function, for that he is well recommended to us as a Gentleman of Piety and Learning, you are to allow him as We have promised his Diet at our Table, and a convenient Lodging and place for his Study. We have given him Ten pounds for his Fresh provision and advanced him fifty pounds which is to be deducted out of his growing Salary that commences on his Arrival with you and have taken his own bond to Secure the payment. What Stores and Provisions we send you by this Ship you will see by the Enclosed Invoice and Bill of Lading, you have also the Charterparty which when you dispatch the ship you are to return to the Governour and Councill of Bencoolen. By the Charterparty you will see We are to keep the Ship but Ten working days for her unlading, if you should not unloade her in that time, it will cost us Twelve pounds fourteen shillings | Instructions were given that gunpowder was to be kept dry and protected from exposure to the weather. Any portion found to be decayed or unfit for service was to be used only for firing alarm guns or ceremonial salutes. Whenever fresh supplies were received, the deteriorated stock was to be returned, while always ensuring that a sufficient reserve was retained in case of emergency. Notice was given that Mr Joshua Thomlinson had been appointed Chaplain of St Helena in place of Mr Masham, at a salary of £50 per annum with an additional gratuity of £50 per annum, contingent upon his conduct being satisfactory. Confidence was expressed that he would adhere to the established rules of his office, as he had been recommended as a man of piety and learning. Provision was to be made for his maintenance at the Company’s table, along with suitable lodging and a place for study. A sum of £10 had been granted for fresh provisions, and £50 had been advanced to him, to be deducted from his future salary, secured by his bond. Details of the stores and provisions sent by the current ship were stated to be contained within the enclosed invoice and bill of lading. The charterparty was also included and was to be returned to the Governor and Council of Bencoolen once the ship had been dispatched. It was further stated that, according to the charterparty, the ship was to be detained for no more than ten working days for unloading. Should this period be exceeded, a charge of £12 14 shillings would be incurred, with the account continuing beyond this point. Interpretations “Alarm Guns” referred to artillery fired as signals of danger or warning. “Gratuity” denoted an additional payment granted as a reward for satisfactory service. “Diet at our Table” referred to the provision of food at the Company’s expense. “Bond” referred to a formal financial obligation ensuring repayment of money advanced. “Charterparty” referred to the contractual agreement governing the use and terms of a ship. Speculations The emphasis on maintaining usable gunpowder suggests prior losses due to poor storage conditions. The structured terms of the chaplain’s appointment reflect the importance placed on moral and religious order within the settlement. The advance of salary secured by bond indicates caution in financial dealings with Company servants. The strict limit on unloading time reflects ongoing concern with reducing shipping costs. The requirement to return documents to Bencoolen highlights the interconnected administrative system across Company settlements. |
341 | 329 | and three pence a day for every day after, so that we expect you employ all hands in hastning her away and that you observe what we have wrote in our beforementioned Letter on this head. If you have any Blacks you think fit to send to Bencoolen, you may observe by the Charterparty We have a Liberty to send them on the Rochester at four pounds a head for such as are delivered a live there, Therefore advise the Governour and Council if you do send any their names and Discriptions, but don’t send little Children as you did by the Anna. We have Entertained Mr. Edward Mashborne to be fourth in Councill at the Salary of Forty pounds pʳ Annum. He takes passage on the Ship Rochester, and is to be applyed to such Business as the council see fitt. | It was stated that, beyond the ten working days allowed for unloading, a charge of £12 14 shillings and three pence per day would be incurred for each additional day. For this reason, all available labour was to be employed to hasten the ship’s dispatch, and strict attention was to be given to earlier instructions on this matter. Provision was made for the transport of slaves to Bencoolen, as permitted under the charterparty, at a rate of £4 per head for those delivered alive. Should any be sent, their names and descriptions were to be communicated to the Governor and Council there. It was specifically directed that young children were not to be included, as had previously occurred with those sent aboard Anna. Notice was given that Mr Edward Mashborne had been appointed as the fourth member of the Council, with a salary of £40 per annum. He was to travel aboard Rochester and, upon arrival, was to be employed in such duties as the Council considered appropriate. Interpretations “Charterparty” referred to the formal agreement governing the use and terms of a ship. “Blacks” referred to enslaved individuals under Company control, often assigned to labour or transferred between settlements. “Per head” indicated a fixed cost assigned to each individual transported. “Councill” referred to the governing body responsible for administration on the island. “Dispatch” referred to the sending away of a ship after completion of loading or unloading. Speculations The strict penalties for delay suggest continued pressure to minimise shipping costs and improve efficiency. The controlled transfer of enslaved individuals indicates their treatment as economic assets within the Company’s system. The exclusion of children from transport suggests a preference for labourers considered immediately productive. The appointment of Mr Mashborne reflects ongoing adjustments to the composition of the Council. The emphasis on detailed reporting of transported individuals highlights concerns over accountability and record keeping. |
342 | 330 | London the 14ᵗʰ March 1714 By the Ship Carnarvon: We wrote you at large touching our Affairs in our generall Letter of the 4ᵗʰ February 1713/14, and it being come to your hands we omitt sending its Copy. Since that time we have received the following Letters from you vizᵗ. of the 12ᵗʰ December 1713 by the Susanna, of the 8ᵗʰ December by the Frederick, of the 3ᵈ February by the Aurengzebe, of the 19ᵗʰ of that Month by the Muncery, of the 24ᵗʰ March by the Rester, of the 12ᵗʰ July 1714 by the Hannover, and Eagle, of the 2ᵈ August by the Osarilla, and of the 1ˢᵗ December last by the St George and with them the Consultations, and other papers contained in their Packett except what is sent by the St George of which having only a generall Letter without the Ship is not yet gott into the River We can’t tell what Books or Papers come in her Generall Packett. Before We proceed to take Notice of the Contents of those Letters under the Established generall heads, We think proper to tell you, that some matters relating to said Letters Papers and Consultations are not to our minds, and must be altered or amended Vizᵗ. you should always in every succeeding Letter at the beginning of it, mention the date of the preceeding which hath been sometimes omitted; instead of sending Copys of the last Letter by the next Ship you should sign it, and thereby make it a Duplicate for the reasons we have told you: In the Lists of your Packets should be mentioned the dates of all the Letters and Papers therein contained, This would ascertain to us what the Letters and Papers were, advised thereby to be | London, 14 March 1715. A general letter had previously been sent by the ship Carnarvon dated 4 February 1714, in which the Company’s affairs had been addressed in detail. As it was believed to have already been received, no duplicate copy was forwarded. Since that time, several letters had been received, namely those dated 12 December 1713 by Susanna, 8 December by Frederick, 3 February by Aurengzebe, 19 February by Muncery, 24 March by Rester, 12 July 1714 by Hannover and Eagle, 2 August by Osarilla, and 1 December by St George. These were accompanied by consultations and other papers contained within their respective packets. However, the materials sent by St George had not yet been fully examined, as only a general letter had arrived and the ship itself had not yet reached the river, leaving uncertainty as to what additional documents were included. Before addressing the contents of these letters under the established general headings, it was stated that several matters relating to the correspondence and accompanying papers were unsatisfactory and required correction. It was directed that each new letter should begin by stating the date of the preceding one, a practice which had sometimes been neglected. Instead of sending copies of previous letters with subsequent ships, it was required that such letters be signed and treated as duplicates, in accordance with earlier instructions. It was also directed that packet lists should include the dates of all letters and papers contained within them, so that the contents could be clearly identified and verified. Interpretations “Consultations” referred to the recorded proceedings and decisions of the Governor and Council. “Packett” referred to a collection of letters and documents sent together by ship. “Duplicate” referred to a second authorised copy of a document, signed to confirm its validity. “The River” referred to the River Thames, where ships arriving in London would be received. “Generall heads” referred to established categories under which administrative matters were organised. Speculations The emphasis on dating and duplication suggests ongoing problems with lost or delayed correspondence. The requirement for detailed packet lists indicates a need for greater administrative clarity and accountability. The uncertainty regarding the contents of the St George packet highlights the delays inherent in long distance communication. The structured approach to reviewing letters reflects an effort to impose order on complex administrative exchanges. The repeated corrections imply persistent difficulties in maintaining consistent record keeping practices. |
343 | 331 | sent, which for want of it can’t always be done especially if those Lists We find severall Papers in the Packets as Accounts or Lists, or You do advise us of Bills drawn, but have omitted to tell the We Ordered you in the 3ᵈ. Pararagraph of the Generall Letter pr | Concern was expressed that, without proper listing of documents, it could not always be determined what letters and papers had been sent, particularly if enquiries were made at a later time. It was therefore required that all letters be correctly endorsed, as errors in this respect had already been observed and could lead to misunderstanding. Attention was drawn to several papers received within the packets, including accounts, lists and notices of goods ordered to be sent. Some of these were found to be undated, while others lacked signatures, and therefore could not serve as proper vouchers for the matters they were intended to confirm. It was also noted that there was no evidence that such documents had been examined or approved by the Council. This deficiency was to be corrected. Lists were to accompany every packet, detailing all papers and books included, a requirement which had been neglected in the case of Rester. It was further observed that, although information had been given regarding bills drawn, the dates of these bills had not been included, nor had the number of bills issued for the same sum been specified, despite earlier instructions that such details be provided. Reference was made to previous orders, particularly those contained in the third paragraph of the general letter sent by Rochester, requiring extracts to be made of all standing rules and directions under their proper headings. This instruction had been reinforced in subsequent correspondence sent by Carnarvon, and it had been ordered that an attested copy be forwarded for inspection. Reports had been received stating that this work was in progress and that letters had been copied into a book with marginal notes and an alphabetical table being prepared. However, it was noted that, despite a period of nearly seventeen months since arrival on 8 July 1714, this single task had not been completed. It was further remarked that the arrival of Carnarvon, which had been present for four months, had not hastened the work, as no copy of the required extracts had yet been received, with the account continuing beyond this point. Interpretations “Endorsed” referred to the marking or annotation of documents to confirm their identity and contents. “Vouchers” referred to documents serving as formal evidence or proof of transactions or statements. “Packett” referred to a collection of letters and papers sent together by ship. “Standing Rules” referred to established and ongoing directives governing administration. “Attested Copy” referred to a document formally verified as accurate by signature or certification. Speculations The insistence on proper documentation suggests repeated problems with incomplete or unreliable records. The absence of dates and signatures indicates weak administrative discipline and lack of oversight. The delay in compiling extracts of rules reflects inefficiency or lack of prioritisation. The repeated reinforcement of instructions suggests frustration with continued non compliance. The emphasis on future traceability implies concern for long term accountability and record preservation. |
344 | 332 | Extract is sent us, This dilatory management is not to be excus’d We find you are making the Presses and other repositorys for the The Generall Letter or Instructions you carried with you | Severe criticism was made of the delay in sending the required extracts of standing rules and directions, and it was stated that such neglect could not be excused and must not continue. Attention was directed to the construction of presses and other repositories intended for the storage of letter books and official writings. These were to be carefully maintained and protected from damage caused by damp, vermin or any other hazard, as it had been reported that such materials had previously been found in poor condition upon arrival. Regular inspections were to be established to ensure their preservation. If the Clerk failed in this duty, penalties were to be imposed so that greater care would be taken in future, and the Secretary or Clerk of the Council was to be held strictly accountable. Equal care was required in the entry and preservation of legal documents, including wills and leases. It was emphasised that entries must be made accurately, and that counterpart leases and original wills must be securely retained. Particular reference was made to the offence previously attributed to Mr Alexander concerning a lease of land, which was to serve as a warning to prevent any recurrence of similar misconduct. Instructions were reiterated that all correspondence should be arranged under established general headings, as had been directed in the general letter provided upon arrival. It was noted that this method had been followed only partially in some letters and entirely neglected in others. Greater attention was required in future, as, although this approach might initially appear difficult or tedious, it would ultimately provide greater clarity and efficiency. By organising each matter under its proper heading, information could be more easily located and reviewed when required, thereby compensating for any initial inconvenience, with the account continuing beyond this point. Interpretations “Presses” referred to storage cupboards or cabinets used for keeping documents and books. “Repositorys” referred to designated places for the secure storage of records. “Counterparts of Leases” referred to duplicate copies of lease agreements retained for record and verification. “Originall Wills” referred to the primary legal documents outlining the distribution of a person’s estate. “Generall heads” referred to structured categories used to organise administrative matters. Speculations The strong criticism of delays suggests growing impatience with administrative inefficiency. The emphasis on document preservation indicates previous losses or damage to important records. The reference to Mr Alexander’s offence highlights concerns about fraud or mishandling of legal documents. The insistence on structured correspondence reflects an attempt to standardise and improve governance. The requirement for regular inspections suggests a lack of trust in clerical diligence and the need for oversight. |
345 | 333 | collecting materials of the same nature together will help your attention We observe some of these Letters before us are swelled to an unequall Touching our Consultation Books, We have these Generall | It was advised that collecting matters of the same nature together would assist both attention and memory, and would prevent omissions and unnecessary repetition. Where subjects could not easily be placed under established headings, they were to be included at the end under a separate heading of miscellany. Observation was made that several of the letters examined had become excessively long due to repeated discussion of the same matters, particularly in relation to timber and slaves. It was stated that no objection would be made to lengthy letters where the number of particulars, the need for full explanation or the accurate presentation of cases required such detail. Clarity and completeness were encouraged, as demonstrated in the descriptions of goods sent from England. However, it was directed that all such information should be conveyed in as few and as precise words as possible. Guidance was also given for handling matters already discussed in earlier correspondence. In such cases, only new information was to be included, with reference made to the relevant paragraph of the earlier letter and a brief summary provided. When writing on subjects such as timber and slaves, all related information was to be grouped together in a continuous section rather than dispersed in separate parts, as scattering such material was said to increase length unnecessarily and reduce clarity. Attention was then directed to the consultation books, with general remarks to follow. Interpretations “Miscellany” referred to a category used for subjects that did not fit within the main established headings. “Tautologies” referred to unnecessary repetition of the same ideas or information. “Parcells” referred to separate or fragmented portions of text or information. “Consultation Books” referred to official records of the proceedings and decisions of the Governor and Council. “Species of goods” referred to different categories or types of commodities. Speculations The emphasis on organisation suggests ongoing frustration with disordered and repetitive reporting. The distinction between acceptable and excessive length indicates a desire to balance thoroughness with efficiency. The instruction to reference earlier letters implies an attempt to create continuity and reduce redundancy in communication. The criticism of scattered information reflects concern that poor structure hindered effective oversight. The focus on consultation books suggests their importance as central records for governance and accountability. |
346 | 334 | remarks to make thereon, they are indeed better than none, or than We | General remarks were made upon the consultation books, which were acknowledged to be an improvement upon earlier examples, though still falling far short of the standards previously required. Reference was made to the sixth paragraph of the general letter sent by Rochester, which had set out clear directions that had not been properly followed, despite being carried with the administration and intended as a principal rule for governance. It was observed that promises made in the fourth part of the letter sent by Susanna had not been fulfilled, and that, if the consultations received were accurate copies, they had not been prepared in accordance with instructions. It was required that duplicate copies of the consultation books be sent, properly signed in the same manner as the originals retained on the island. It was stated that this had been promised but not carried out, and that compliance was expected in future, as it would improve accuracy. Pages were to be numbered consecutively throughout, as had been done in the first example sent by Susanna, whereas subsequent copies had only been marked at the corner of each sheet. Entries were to be placed in their correct chronological order, and documents of later date were not to be inserted among earlier consultations. Further criticism was made of the quality of writing, which was said to contain numerous errors, omissions and incorrect words, rendering the meaning difficult to understand. It was directed that all material papers be fully entered, as omissions had been observed, including instances where it had been stated that no account had been received from the Storekeeper, yet no such account appeared in the records. It was also required that the consultation books be properly bound or at least stitched together, rather than consisting of loose and scattered sheets. Interpretations “Consultation Books” referred to the official records of proceedings and decisions made by the Governor and Council. “Duplicates” referred to authorised copies of documents, signed to confirm their accuracy and validity. “Entrys” referred to recorded proceedings or notes entered into official records. “Materiall papers” referred to documents of importance that formed part of official records or evidence. “Stitched together” referred to the physical binding of pages to preserve order and prevent loss. Speculations The repeated criticism suggests persistent dissatisfaction with the quality and reliability of official records. The insistence on signed duplicates indicates concern over authenticity and the risk of alteration or loss. The emphasis on correct ordering and numbering reflects a need for chronological clarity in governance. The poor quality of writing suggests either lack of skill or insufficient oversight in clerical work. The requirement for binding the books implies that physical disorganisation had contributed to administrative confusion. |
347 | 335 | We do expect as we directed in that 5ᵗʰ. part that your Consultation We find your Entry in the Consultation of your approving the | Expectation was stated that the consultation book should be maintained in the form of a journal, containing a full account of all mercantile, civil, military and other affairs conducted on the island under the administration’s authority. It was noted that this standard had not been met, as entries frequently bore only the Governor’s signature, giving the appearance that decisions had been made without the participation of the Council. Although no objection was made to the Governor acting in the Company’s service, it was emphasised that a Council had been appointed so that all matters should be determined by joint agreement or by majority decision. Provision was required for any member who disagreed with a decision to record their dissent and the reasons for it within the consultation. This was to apply equally to entries and to letters, with objections to be noted at the time of signing. All members of the Council were to be properly summoned to each meeting, and their attendance was to be recorded. Where any were absent, the reasons for their absence were to be stated at the beginning of the consultation alongside the names of those present. It was further declared that, following this clear instruction, any councillor who consented to entries or letters believed to be incorrect without recording objection would bear responsibility for any consequences arising from such agreement. Deficiencies were also noted in the recording of proceedings. No entry was found confirming that minutes of previous meetings had been approved, nor that letters received or sent had been read and agreed upon in Council. It was further observed that accounts of goods received from India, including their quantities and types, had not been properly entered, despite earlier instructions that such details should be recorded, particularly as they consisted of only a limited number of items. Additional particulars were required to be included, with the account continuing beyond this point. Interpretations “Consultation Book” referred to the official record of meetings and decisions made by the Governor and Council. “Journall” indicated a continuous and comprehensive record of daily or regular proceedings. “Majority” referred to the greater number of members whose agreement determined decisions. “Dissent” referred to a formal statement of disagreement recorded in official proceedings. “Particulours” referred to specific details or items that were required to be recorded. Speculations The insistence on collective decision making suggests concern over excessive concentration of authority in the Governor. The requirement to record dissent indicates an effort to ensure transparency and accountability within the Council. The absence of proper entries implies weak administrative discipline and inadequate record keeping. The emphasis on attendance and procedure reflects a desire to formalise governance practices. The need to record goods received from India highlights their importance to the island’s economy and supply system. |
348 | 336 | inserted Vizᵗ: The Accounts of prices, sett on all sorts of goods What is mentioned in these particullars touching the | A detailed schedule of entries was required to be included within the consultation books. These were to contain the accounts of prices set upon all types of goods, in accordance with earlier instructions. Monthly accounts of the stores were to be recorded, together with lists of revenues, and full details of slaves, including where and how they were employed. Monthly accounts were also to be entered for plantation disbursements and expenses, as well as those incurred at the fort, with clear specification of each item. Records were to include the increase or disposal of all livestock belonging to the Company. Further entries were to include detailed accounts of military pay, the wages of covenant servants and all other employees, specifying whether such payments were made monthly, quarterly or weekly. Weekly records were to be kept of the number of slaves hired, the rates paid and the locations of their employment. All correspondence with captains or others associated with ships in the roadstead was to be entered, including any protests made against them. Copies or records of letters sent to India were also to be included, along with reports presented to the administration and any papers laid before it, noting their review, approval and signature where applicable. A complete record was also to be maintained of all orders issued, specifying when they were given, by whom and when they were carried into execution. It was stated that these requirements formed only part of what might properly be recorded, and that careful consideration of existing instructions, together with experience of events, should guide the inclusion of further relevant matters. The consultation book was therefore to provide a full and clear account of all transactions, written in such a manner that a stranger could understand it, and serving as a comprehensive register of all actions carried out by the administration or under its authority. Interpretations “Covenant Servants” referred to individuals employed under formal contract for a fixed term of service. “Revenues of Blacks” referred to the economic output or labour value derived from enslaved individuals. “Protests” referred to formal objections or declarations made against captains or ships, often in relation to delays or disputes. “Road” or “roadstead” referred to the anchorage where ships remained offshore. “Register” referred to an official and systematic record of transactions and decisions. Speculations The extensive list of required entries suggests dissatisfaction with incomplete and inconsistent record keeping. The emphasis on clarity for an external reader indicates a desire for transparency and accountability. The inclusion of labour and livestock records reflects their central importance to the island’s economy. The requirement to document all orders and their execution suggests concern over enforcement and follow through. The instruction to expand beyond the listed items implies recognition that administration required adaptable and comprehensive oversight. |
349 | 337 | such as are so entered may be referred to in the Generall Letter when We now proceed to a more particulour answer to your said Letters, and And First Concerning Shipping sent out Since our last it hath Pleased God, That the following Ships | Guidance was given that entries recorded in the consultation books could be referred to in the general letter whenever required. It was observed that, in India, where correspondence was frequent and extensive, annual copy books were sent containing all letters received and dispatched, together with accounts and council records. By contrast, as correspondence from St Helena was more limited, it was directed that all matters should instead be fully entered into the consultation books. It was stated that further instructions regarding accounts would be provided in subsequent sections. A transition was then made to a more detailed response to the letters received, with remarks and directions to be given under the established general headings. It was directed that future correspondence should follow the same structure. Where matters could not be properly assigned to any of these headings, they were to be included separately at the end. Under the heading of shipping sent out and returned, it was reported that several ships had safely arrived since the last correspondence. These included Frederick from Fort St George, and Grantham and Toners from Bombay, which reached England in February and March 1715. Susanna arrived from Bencoolen on 5 April 1715, followed by Aurengzebe from Fort St George on 1 May 1715, and Rester from China on 25 May 1715. Hannover returned from the Bay and Fort on 28 September 1715, Oravilla from Bencoolen on 27 October 1715, and Eagle Galley from Benjarr on 29 October 1715. It was further noted that one captain had extended his homeward voyage to nearly eleven months by trading at the Cape, St Helena and Ireland. The ship St George from the Bay was also reported to have recently arrived, with the account continuing beyond this point. Interpretations “Copy Books” referred to bound volumes containing copies of all correspondence sent and received. “Consultation Books” referred to official records of decisions and proceedings of the Governor and Council. “Promiscuously” referred to matters written without strict order or classification. “The Bay” referred to the Bay of Bengal, a principal region of Company trade. “Benjarr” referred to a trading location, probably Banjarmasin or a similar settlement. Speculations The contrast with Indian administrative practice suggests that St Helena was expected to maintain simpler but more complete internal records. The structured format required for correspondence reflects an effort to standardise communication across Company territories. The detailed reporting of ship arrivals highlights the importance of maritime oversight in Company operations. The mention of extended trading voyages indicates concern over delays and unauthorised commercial activity. The continued emphasis on record keeping suggests persistent efforts to improve administrative discipline and reliability. |
350 | 338 | arrived in the Downs. The Ships sent and sending out to all parts of the East- The supracargoes of the Susanna are Mr. Nash, Mr. The Brittish Merchant sailed out of the Downs the 5ᵗʰ. December You will receive this by the Catherine, her Invoice and Bill | Notice was given that orders had been sent by a ship which had arrived in the Downs. A full account was then provided of the ships dispatched, or intended for dispatch, to various parts of the East Indies during the present season. These included the Brittish Merchant of 200 tons under Captain Thomas Gilbert, bound for Mocha; the Marlborough of 480 tons under Captain Matthew Martin, bound for China and Fort St George; the Susanna of 300 tons under Captain Vick Pinnell, bound for China; the Stringer Galley of 280 tons under Captain John Clarke, bound for China; the Grantham of 470 tons under Captain Thomas Collet, bound for the Bay; the King George of 450 tons under Captain Samuel Lewis, bound for the Coast and Bay; the Prince Frederick of 420 tons under Captain Edward Martin, bound for the Coast; the King William of 350 tons under Captain Thomas Winter, bound for Madras and Bencoolen; the Catherine of 350 tons under Captain Thomas Hunter, bound for St Helena and Bencoolen; the Rester of 300 tons under Captain John Godon, bound for Benjarr; the Saram Frigatt of 400 tons under Captain George Newton, bound for Bombay; and the Princes Amelia of 840 tons under Captain John Mizenor, also bound for Bombay. Details were also given of the supercargoes assigned to certain ships. The Susanna carried Mr Nash, Mr Childs, Mr Head and Arthur Morris, described as a waiter. The Stringer Galley carried Mr Middleton, Mr Holland, Mr Atkyns and Samuel Windsor, also described as a waiter. The Marlborough carried Mr Fenwick, Mr Horsmonden, Mr Godfrey and Rowland Aynsworth, described as a writer. The sailing dates of several vessels were then recorded. The Brittish Merchant departed from the Downs on 5 December 1714. The King William sailed on 7 January 1715. The Marlborough and Susanna departed on 29 January 1715. The Stringer Galley, Grantham and Prince Frederick sailed on 28 February 1715, and from St Helens on 27 February 1715. Information was then given that the present letter would be conveyed by the Catherine, and that her invoice and bill of lading would provide a full account of the stores, provisions and goods loaded on board. These had been prepared by the Committee responsible for outfitting the vessel, with the account continuing beyond this point. Interpretations “Supercargoes” referred to Company officials placed aboard ships to manage trade, oversee cargo and conduct commercial business at overseas ports. “The Bay” referred to the Bay of Bengal, a principal region of Company trade. “The Coast” referred to the Coromandel Coast of India, an important trading area for the Company. “Waiter” referred to a junior Company servant assisting senior officials, often at the beginning of a commercial career. “Writer” referred to a clerical servant responsible for accounts and correspondence. “The Downs” referred to the anchorage off the Kent coast where ships assembled before departure. “St Helens” referred to the anchorage at St Helen’s, Isle of Wight, used as a staging point for outward-bound vessels. Speculations The detailed listing of ships and commanders reflects the scale and coordination required for Company maritime operations. The appointment of multiple supercargoes on larger vessels suggests the importance of managing complex trading ventures. The variation in destinations illustrates the wide geographic scope of Company trade. The staging of departures at both the Downs and St Helens indicates established logistical practices for assembling fleets. The reliance on invoices and bills of lading highlights the importance of documentation in maintaining control over cargo and supply. |
351 | 339 | had your Intents and other advises provided thereupon. Could the Ship This Ship is under the same Covenants as usuall of having We note you severall paragraphs relating to the Ships which bring Your Protest against the Cardonnell was right and answered | It was explained that the ship had been laden according to the Company’s intentions and prior advice, and that, had her capacity allowed, additional supplies might have been sent. Her charterparty was enclosed within the packet, and instructions were given that, once she had been dispatched from St Helena, this document was to be forwarded to the Deputy Governor and Council at Bencoolen. Attention was drawn to the conditions of her service, noting that demurrage would be payable for any time exceeding ten working days spent at the island. It was therefore strongly urged that the vessel be dispatched with all possible speed. Emphasis was placed on the lateness of the season, which made prompt departure especially important. It was further reported that a severe frost lasting approximately six weeks during the winter had delayed outward bound shipping, including this vessel, which otherwise might have been dispatched about one month earlier, weather permitting. Reference was made to several paragraphs concerning the arrival of ships carrying goods from England and the time taken to unload them. Instructions were repeated that such vessels should be cleared as quickly as possible, in accordance with earlier directions. It was observed that improvements recently made, including the installation of a crane and repairs to the landing place where the bridge had been, would reduce previous causes of delay in unloading cargo. Approval was given for the protest entered against the Cardonnell, as it conformed to established orders by clearly distinguishing the days on which work had been carried out from those lost to bad weather or lack of diligence by the captain. It was directed that this method be continued whenever necessary. Notice was taken of the view expressed that a fixed and certain period should be established for ships to remain at St Helena, with the account continuing beyond this point. Interpretations “Charterparty” referred to the formal contractual agreement governing the employment, obligations and conditions of a ship. “Demurrage” referred to a financial penalty payable for delays beyond the agreed period of loading or unloading. “Packet” referred to a collection of official letters and documents sent together by ship. “Protest” referred to a formal declaration, often made before witnesses, recording delays or deficiencies in performance, particularly by a ship’s captain. “Deputy Governor and Council at Bencoolen” referred to the administrative authority of the East India Company at Bencoolen, a key settlement on the west coast of Sumatra. Speculations The repeated emphasis on dispatch suggests continuing concern over costly delays in maritime operations. The reference to severe winter weather highlights the vulnerability of shipping schedules to environmental conditions. The improvements to landing facilities indicate efforts to increase efficiency at St Helena. The approval of formal protests suggests reliance on legal documentation to enforce accountability. The discussion of fixed time limits for ships’ stay reflects ongoing attempts to standardise procedures and control expenses. |
352 | 340 | Helena unlading which will be time enough to consider of when we We take notice of the Account given us by your severall Letters Continue to send us by every Ship the Accounts of such We observe what you mention touching the French Ships | Consideration was given to the suggestion of fixing a definite period for ships to remain at St Helena for unloading. It was stated that such a measure might be examined in future when ships were engaged for that service. However, as existing covenants reflected long established custom, doubt was expressed whether shipowners would readily agree to any alteration. Attention was given to the accounts received in several letters concerning the arrival times of shipping at St Helena, together with intelligence gathered about other vessels at the Cape and from India. A summary of these reports had been included in the letter dated 1 December 1714. Instructions were given that such advice should continue to be provided, and that enquiries and reports should be made as detailed as possible. Further direction was given that accounts of all ships should be sent with each opportunity, so that a clear understanding might be formed of what supplies had been furnished to them, at what rates, and what had been received in return, whether by barter or other means of settlement. It was observed that these accounts commonly relied upon credit extended by inhabitants of the island, yet no sufficient explanation or proof was provided as to how such inhabitants discharged these obligations to the Company. It was also noted that no clear indication was given that the accounts had been verified as correct, creating the risk of significant abuse. Concern was expressed that, if the accounts prepared at the storehouse were not handled with care and honesty, inaccuracies might arise. It was remarked that, if the Company’s books were regularly transmitted, as had formerly been the practice, such matters could be properly examined to confirm whether those credited had corresponding entries in the store accounts. Instructions were therefore given that, in future, all such accounts relating to ships should be examined and approved in Council, and signed by the appropriate officer. Notice was also taken of the explanation provided regarding French ships and the reasons given for not supplying them with beef, in accordance with existing orders, with the account continuing beyond this point. Interpretations “Covenants” referred to the contractual terms agreed between the Company and shipowners governing service conditions, including duration of stay and obligations. “The Cape” referred to the Cape of Good Hope, a key staging point in maritime routes between Europe and Asia. “Barter” referred to the exchange of goods without the use of money, a common practice in Company trade. “Storehouse” referred to the Company’s central depot on the island where goods were received, stored and issued. “Passed in Council” referred to the formal approval of accounts or decisions by the Governor and Council acting collectively. Speculations The reluctance to alter established covenants suggests the Company’s dependence on maintaining favourable relations with shipowners. The emphasis on detailed shipping intelligence indicates the importance of timely information for coordinating trade and defence. The concern over unverified credit arrangements reflects anxiety about financial mismanagement or fraud. The insistence on Council approval of accounts shows an effort to strengthen oversight and accountability. The reference to French ships suggests ongoing geopolitical tensions affecting supply decisions at St Helena. |
353 | 341 | thereupon, which were not amiss as Circumstances then stood, your You complain of ships delivering you less of the goods sent from | Approval was given to the measures taken in relation to French ships, noting that the actions described had been appropriate given the circumstances at the time. Particular commendation was made of the precautions taken to prevent those ships from sounding around the island, or from attempting to do so under the pretence of fishing or travelling inland. Instructions were given that this same vigilance should be maintained not only towards French vessels but towards all shipping. Although peace then existed with France and other nations following the conclusion of the War of the Spanish Succession in 1714, it was observed that such conditions might not endure. It was therefore directed that earlier orders be strictly followed. As no separate stock ships were then abroad, all captains had been ordered to send their boats ashore as previously instructed. Where such boats failed to comply, it was directed that they should be fired upon, though prior warning by signals or other means was to be given where possible. Complaint was acknowledged regarding the delivery of goods in quantities less than those specified in the bills of lading, with several instances having been cited. Instructions were given that, should such deficiencies occur again, the commander was to be required to make good the full value of the missing goods at St Helena, either in money or in other goods agreed upon at a suitable price. In cases of refusal, a formal protest was to be entered. This measure was intended to prevent commanders from retaining goods for their own use while accounting only for their original cost, which was described as unjust. Reference was made to the 116th postscript of the letter dated 1 December 1715, in which a deficiency of 1,408 pounds weight had been reported. It was observed that such a quantity must have been consumed or otherwise disposed of, and that similar circumstances probably applied to sugar reported missing at the same time. It was acknowledged that arrack might naturally diminish in quantity to some degree, even when carefully managed, with the account continuing beyond this point. Interpretations “Sounding” referred to the practice of measuring depths and surveying coastal waters, often undertaken for navigational or strategic purposes. “Separate Stock Ships” referred to vessels operating under a distinct trading arrangement within the East India Company system, separate from the main joint stock. “Bill of Lading” referred to a formal document specifying the type, quantity and destination of goods carried on a ship, serving as a contract and receipt. “Protest” referred to a formal legal declaration made to record non-compliance or dispute, particularly in maritime trade. “Arrack” referred to a distilled alcoholic spirit commonly traded in the East Indies, often transported in casks which could allow for minor losses through evaporation or leakage. Speculations The reference to peace with France reflects the recent conclusion of the War of the Spanish Succession, which ended in 1714 through the Treaty of Utrecht and related agreements, leaving a period of uncertain stability. The insistence on restricting coastal surveying suggests concern over foreign powers gathering strategic intelligence about the island. The readiness to fire upon non-compliant boats reflects the defensive importance of controlling access to St Helena. The strict approach to short delivery indicates ongoing problems with pilferage or unauthorised use of cargo. The distinction made between rice, sugar and arrack suggests differing expectations of loss depending on the nature of the goods. |
354 | 342 | as it is plain by your Letter of the 4ᵗʰ. March, where you say Touching the Inhabitants going on board Ship to Trade | Reference was made to the letter dated 4 March 1715, in which it had been reported in the third part that ten leagers of arrack had been purchased, and in the fifth part that payment had been made for 1,501 gallons to Captain Keene […]. It was stated that judgement must be used to determine whether any deficiency fell within the ordinary level of loss. If the shortage proved to be usual, it was to be accepted, but if excessive, as in the case of six leagers mentioned in the same part where 59 gallons were reported short delivered, the captain was to be charged with such quantity as appeared to have been embezzled. He was to be required to make good the deficiency from his remaining stock at the market price. If recovery could not be obtained directly, the value was to be charged against him at the prevailing market rate, and notice of this was to be sent at the first opportunity. Attention was then directed to the practice of inhabitants going on board ships to trade. It was stated that full instructions had already been given in earlier correspondence, particularly in the twenty third part of the letter sent by Cardonnell, and that these had not been properly enforced. Criticism was made of the failure to implement these orders, as it had only been suggested that they might be revived, rather than actively applied. It was observed that the relevant clause in the charterparty imposed a penalty upon any captain who engaged in such trading aboard ship, and that this should have been known, as reference had been made to Captain Ryan and Mr Packer selling their goods ashore in accordance with that provision. Further concern was expressed regarding earlier complaints from planters, who had reported that they had been restricted from trading, while certain individuals, either within or outside the Council, had been favoured and allowed to monopolise goods, subsequently setting their own prices. It was therefore strictly required that no such grounds for complaint should arise in future, and that justice should be administered impartially to all persons without distinction. Interpretations “Leagers” referred to large casks used for storing liquids such as arrack, typically of substantial capacity. “Embezzled” in this context referred to the misappropriation or unauthorised removal of goods entrusted to a captain or crew. “Charterparty” referred to the contractual agreement governing the conduct and obligations of ships and their captains. “Market price” referred to the prevailing value of goods at St Helena, rather than their original cost at the place of loading. “Planters” referred to inhabitants engaged in agriculture on the island, often dependent on access to imported goods. Speculations The distinction between acceptable and excessive loss indicates an awareness of natural wastage in transported liquids such as arrack. The requirement to charge captains at local market rates suggests attempts to prevent profit from undeclared shortages. The criticism of unequal trading practices reflects tensions between Company officials and local inhabitants. The reference to monopolisation of goods implies the existence of favouritism and informal economic control within the settlement. The insistence on enforcing charterparty clauses demonstrates the Company’s effort to regulate private trade and maintain fairness. |
355 | 343 | in this and all other cases. We find the Cardonell arrived with you the 31ˢᵗ. of May, and it was | Instruction was given that justice was to be administered impartially in all cases without exception. Observation was made that the Cardonell had arrived at St Helena on 31 May 1715, and that no subsequent letter had been sent until 7 July 1715. In the thirtieth part of that letter, it had been stated that no reply had been sent earlier because of the time taken in examining the men of the Eagle. This explanation was rejected as insufficient. It was further noted that, even if such delay had been unavoidable, a response might still have been sent by the Asarella, which departed the island at the beginning of August 1715. In either case, earlier notice of proceedings would have been received, whereas, due to this failure, the information had only just reached England. It was asserted that two months ought not to have been required to answer a letter, and that the delay suggested either lack of inclination or insufficient diligence. Reference was then made to the examination of the men of the Eagle, and it was stated that, if the account received was accurate, it would have been preferable for the matter either not to have been pursued or at least not to have been carried so far. The severity of the punishment inflicted upon the men was described as unjustifiable. It was questioned why the Governor had intervened so directly in the matter, as it appeared that he had done so extensively. The allegation of mutiny was also considered, and it was suggested that, whether real or not, the situation might have been controlled at an earlier stage by removing the principal instigators, particularly as the Hannover had been present in the road at the time. Further criticism was made of the handling of the case, noting that, even if the men had been as culpable as described, they ought to have received a proper trial conducted within a consultation. It was stated that officers from one or both ships could have been present, and that any necessary punishment should properly have been administered by their own captain. The Governor’s assumption of authority in this matter was described as excessive and ill timed, with the account continuing beyond this point. Interpretations “Ring leaders” referred to the principal individuals responsible for instigating disorder or mutiny among the crew. “Consultation” referred to a formal meeting of the Governor and Council at which matters were examined and decisions recorded. “The road” referred to the anchorage off St Helena where ships remained offshore. “Mutiny” referred to collective disobedience or rebellion by seamen against authority. “Despotick Authority” referred to the exercise of absolute or unchecked power, especially beyond proper limits. Speculations The strong criticism of delay in correspondence suggests the Company’s reliance on timely information for governance. The objection to the Governor’s intervention indicates concern over misuse of authority and deviation from established procedures. The emphasis on formal trial procedures reflects the Company’s attempt to impose legal order within its settlements. The suggestion to remove ringleaders early implies practical experience in managing discipline among crews. The reference to excessive punishment suggests tension between local authority and Company expectations of moderation. |
356 | 344 | frequently pretend to justify themselves, and that they were whipt for Your behaviour toward the People on board the Cardonell In Answer to your 70ᵗʰ. Paragraph of Hannover We have | Reports were noted that the men frequently attempted to justify their conduct, claiming that they had been whipped for presenting a petition in a modest manner. The wording of the petition, as copied into the letter, appeared to support this assertion. It was also evident from the 65th paragraph that they had experienced certain hardships. It was observed that a prudent exercise of authority might have resolved the matter, whereas severe treatment was said generally to inflame discontent. Various statements had been made by the men in their own defence, though these were not repeated. It was stated that the outcome of their intended legal action would determine whether their claims of abuse by the captain were justified. Attention was drawn to the severity of their punishment, noting that they had been kept in irons for several months and compelled to work in quarries during that time, as indicated in the petition of Adauby […], with some reportedly still subjected to such conditions. This treatment was described as excessively harsh and unsuitable for any offence that was not capital and clearly proven, especially as the evidence in this case had been only circumstantial. Regret was expressed that such conduct had occurred, and it was declared that it would not be tolerated again. General principles were then stated, acknowledging that all reasonable efforts to prevent mutiny were commendable, but that such measures must remain within proper bounds. It was observed that authority was best maintained through just and moderate governance, whereas excessive severity risked undermining respect and giving rise to tyranny and oppression, which in turn could provoke resentment and widespread complaint. More favourable notice was given to the conduct displayed towards those aboard the Cardonell, where attempts had been made to reconcile disagreements between passengers and the captain. These efforts were described as having been carried out with moderation and without violence, and had achieved success. Reference was then made to the 70th paragraph of the letter sent by the Hannover, in response to which it was stated that the price of beef had been fixed for the current year in the charterparty at 25 shillings per hundredweight. It was added that, should circumstances require adjustment, further consideration would be given, with the account continuing beyond this point. Interpretations “In Irons” referred to the confinement of individuals in chains or shackles as a form of restraint and punishment. “Quarrys” referred to sites where stone was extracted, often used as places of forced labour. “Capital” referred to offences punishable by death under contemporary legal standards. “Circumstantial” referred to evidence based on indirect indications rather than direct proof. “Charterparty” referred to the contractual agreement governing the employment and terms of a ship, including provisions such as pricing. “Hundred weight” referred to a unit of weight, commonly used in trade, equivalent to 112 pounds. Speculations The criticism of harsh punishment suggests concern within the Company over maintaining discipline without provoking unrest. The reference to legal action indicates that seamen retained some access to formal avenues of complaint. The emphasis on moderation reflects a broader administrative philosophy favouring stability over coercion. The contrast between the two incidents highlights differing approaches to authority exercised by local officials. The fixing of beef prices in the charterparty suggests attempts to regulate provisioning costs and prevent disputes. |
357 | 345 | should be more, remember the directions in former Letters, for there is one If you can meet with a good Longboat out of any of the Ships at a Our Committee of private Trade on making up the Account of the Secondly concerning Goods or Stores sent What Goods Merchandize or Stores our Committee have Tho’ we have taken notice that the prices you set on our Goods | Further instruction was given that additional considerations should be taken into account, in accordance with earlier letters, as there existed particular reasons why Company beef ought to be supplied at a lower price than that charged by others. Permission was granted to purchase a suitable longboat from any ship, provided it could be obtained at a reasonable cost, as such a vessel was considered necessary for transporting lime from Sandy Bay. Care was directed to be taken of the existing fishing boats. If the inhabitants refused to make use of them under the favourable terms already offered, the consequences were to fall upon them. It was also directed that, wherever these boats could be of use in unloading goods, they should be employed for that purpose. Notice was taken that the Committee of private trade, in reviewing the accounts of the Susanna, had found that the exceptions noted on her bill of lading did not include the nine lots previously reported as missing in the third paragraph of the general letter dated 31 March 1715. These goods had been valued at £5 6 shillings and 6 pence. This omission was described as a fault, and it was reported that the owners had refused to make good the loss because it had not been properly endorsed on the bill of lading. Instructions were therefore given that greater care must be taken in future. The discussion then proceeded to the next general subject, namely goods and stores sent from England or received from India. It was stated that the contents of such shipments would be known from the invoice, which detailed all items loaded on board according to what the Committee had deemed appropriate and what the ship could accommodate. It was observed that the quantities requested in previous representations would have been sufficient to load two large ships, whereas only part of the available tonnage could be used on outward bound voyages. Attention was drawn to the pricing of goods sold at retail, noting that the prices set had not been entered into the consultation records, with the account continuing beyond this point. Interpretations “Longboat” referred to a large ship’s boat used for transporting goods, materials and passengers between ship and shore. “Lime” referred to a material produced by burning limestone, used in construction, particularly for mortar. “Bill of lading” referred to the formal document listing goods shipped, serving as a receipt and contract. “Endorsed” referred to the formal recording of amendments or exceptions on a document to make them legally valid. “Private trade” referred to commercial activity conducted by Company servants or others outside the Company’s direct trading operations. “Tonnage” referred to the cargo capacity of a ship. Speculations The emphasis on lower beef prices suggests an effort to maintain Company influence over provisioning on the island. The purchase of a longboat indicates logistical challenges in transporting essential materials such as lime. The criticism of missing endorsements highlights the importance of accurate documentation in resolving disputes with shipowners. The observation about excessive requested quantities suggests tension between local demands and shipping limitations. The concern over unrecorded retail prices reflects ongoing efforts to ensure transparency and control over trade practices. |
358 | 346 | notwithstanding We Ordered they should, yet it is of such The Goods and Stores received from India must be also | Reminder was given that earlier orders requiring the entry of retail prices in the consultation records had not been followed, despite their importance. It was emphasised again that this requirement must never be omitted in future. The task was described as involving little difficulty, as it generally needed to be performed only once each year. Instructions were given that, once the invoice had been entered, the agreed selling price for each article was to be recorded either alongside the item or directly beneath it. This was to be done in the same manner as had been followed for the Orcheasters invoice sent in the Susanna’s casket. Attention was drawn to an earlier error, noting that the Orcheasters invoice had not been fully recorded, as an additional invoice had been included in another copy numbered 28 and sent by the Frederick, but omitted from the first version. It was therefore directed that future entries must be complete. The reasons for requiring these entries were then explained. By recording prices in this manner, the Company would always be able to review them, particularly as the annual transmission of the consultation book was considered essential and its omission would not be tolerated. Such records would also allow reference to be made easily when needed, as loose papers might be misplaced. In addition, the Council would be better able to examine, verify and approve the storekeeper’s accounts, by ensuring that goods had been charged at the correct rates according to the agreed prices. It was explicitly required that the Council carry out this form of scrutiny. It was further stated that, once these entries had been properly made in the consultation book, there would be no need to send separate copies of the same accounts in the packets, provided that the consultation book was transmitted at the same time. Instructions were then extended to goods and stores received from India. These were also to be entered in the consultation records, including not only the quantities received of each type by every ship, but also the prices assigned to them by the Council. This would ensure that the same level of examination and verification could be applied to these goods as to those sent from England. Interpretations “Consultation Book” referred to the official record in which the Governor and Council entered decisions, accounts and administrative matters, serving as a formal institutional register. “Invoice” referred to a detailed list of goods shipped, including quantities and descriptions, often used for accounting and verification. “Casket” referred to a container used for transporting documents, letters and smaller valuable items. “Packetts” referred to bundles of official correspondence and documents sent together by ship. “Species” in this context referred to categories or types of goods. Speculations The insistence on recording prices suggests ongoing concern about inaccuracies or manipulation in the sale of Company goods. The reference to incomplete invoices indicates recurring administrative carelessness. The emphasis on consultation books reflects their central role in maintaining accountability within Company governance. The requirement for Council oversight suggests limited trust in individual officers such as the storekeeper. The move to avoid duplicate accounts in packets may have been intended to reduce administrative burden and prevent inconsistencies. |
359 | 347 | Since as you mention in part: 24ᵗʰ. of Susanna you have not The remarks you made on the severall sorts of goods received from We have been thinking of sending you a Ship on purpose We are Strangely Surprized to find you mention the Island | Notice was taken that, as stated in the 24th part of the letter sent by the Susanna, no person had been found willing to undertake the retailing of small goods at an advance of five per cent for their trouble. In consequence, instructions were given that one of the six persons employed in the store should be appointed to carry out this duty. It was observed that sufficient means of payment were now available, including Company bills and coinage such as Spanish bits, panams and copper money, all of which were current on the island and suitable for making change. It was therefore directed that such small wares of haberdashery should be sold for ready money. By this method, the need for extensive written accounting would be reduced, and the intention expressed in the 35th part of the instructions would be fulfilled. It was further remarked that such a solution might reasonably have been devised without requiring additional direction. Approval was expressed for the remarks made regarding the various kinds of goods received by the Rochester and the Cardonell, and for the observations that had been offered in relation to them. Instructions were given that such detailed reporting should be continued. It was also clarified that all timber deals invoiced by the hundred were to be understood as calculated at six score to the hundred. Where any deficiency had occurred in delivery, the captains responsible were to be held accountable and charged accordingly. Consideration was then given to the possibility of sending a ship specifically laden with timber and other bulky stores, with the intention that it might be broken up at St Helena to provide materials. It was stated that, when a suitable opportunity arose, such a plan might be carried into effect, but that careful management would be required to ensure that these resources were used to the greatest advantage. Surprise was expressed at the statement that the island might require seventy leagers of arrack annually. It was observed that the number of inhabitants had not increased but had instead declined, with the estimate indicating that there were little more than twenty families residing on the island. Interpretations “Advance of five per cent” referred to a commission or profit margin allowed to a person responsible for selling goods on behalf of the Company. “Spanish bits” referred to small denominations of Spanish silver coin, widely used in international trade. “Panams” referred to a form of small coin or currency used in parts of India and the East Indies. “Haberdashery” referred to small manufactured goods, such as sewing items or minor domestic wares, typically sold in retail quantities. “Deals” referred to planks or boards of timber, commonly used in construction. “Six score” referred to a counting method where one hundred was reckoned as 120 units rather than 100. “Leagers” referred to large casks used for storing liquids such as arrack. Speculations The instruction to use store personnel for retailing suggests difficulty in finding private individuals willing to engage in small scale trade. The emphasis on cash transactions indicates an effort to reduce accounting complexity and potential disputes. The clarification of timber measurement suggests recurring misunderstandings or manipulation in deliveries. The proposal to send a ship for dismantling reflects the scarcity of building materials on the island. The reaction to the reported consumption of arrack suggests concern over excessive use or inaccurate reporting relative to the small population. |
360 | 348 | in your List of Grievances. We ought to have had a List of all For the reasons mentioned in severall of your Paragraphs On Considering your 76 and 77ᵗʰ. parts of Susanna and | Observation was made that, in the list of grievances, a full account ought to have been provided of matters which had formerly been reported annually. It was noted that, in earlier times when the population had been more numerous, consumption had not reached even a quarter of the present level. It was further recalled that wine had previously been supplied on the Company’s account, and that ships had not brought large quantities, as the commanders had avoided making landfall during the two recent wars with France. It was also stated that, in more recent years, supplies of wine had been sent from Madeira, which had seldom been done in the past. From these comparisons it was concluded that the inhabitants had fallen into excessive drinking, which was considered a principal cause of their poverty and inability to meet their debts. It was further observed that the island had become less healthful than before, with diseases more prevalent, as evidenced by both recent and earlier correspondence. Responsibility was placed upon the local administration to set a better example, to discourage the vice of drunkenness, and to promote frugality and industry. It was directed that all inhabitants, regardless of rank, should understand through experience that such conduct would be rewarded with favour. For the reasons set out in several paragraphs, permission was granted to purchase arrack when of good quality and obtainable at a price of 4 shillings per gallon or less. However, it was expressly stated that this liberty was not to be used in any way that would encourage excessive consumption or tolerate drunkenness. Further consideration was given to the 76th and 77th parts of the letter sent by the Susanna, together with similar passages in subsequent correspondence. From these, it was concluded that there had been mismanagement by Company servants, who had raised the prices of Company goods in order to allow others to sell their own goods more profitably in storehouses established for that purpose. It was noted that none of the present Council, except Mr Bagett, had been in office at that time, with the account continuing beyond this point. Interpretations “ComMarsden” referred to commanders of ships, particularly those engaged in Company service or trade. “Madeira’s” referred to the Madeira Islands, a source of wine frequently traded in the early modern period. “Sottish” referred to habitual drunkenness or intemperance. “Arrack” referred to a distilled alcoholic spirit commonly traded in the East Indies. “Storehouses” referred to premises where goods were stored and sometimes sold, whether on Company account or privately. Speculations The comparison with earlier periods suggests that the Company closely monitored changes in consumption patterns over time. The link drawn between drunkenness and poverty reflects contemporary moral and economic attitudes. The concern over declining health indicates awareness of broader social consequences linked to behaviour and provisioning. The controlled permission to purchase arrack suggests a pragmatic approach balancing supply with regulation. The accusation of price manipulation implies ongoing tension between Company interests and private trade conducted by its servants. |
361 | 349 | can’t blame you on that Account, but we do him for not advising us These two parts run in Generall terms as if all our Goods For such goods as are Moth eaten or otherwise Damaged by | No blame was assigned to the present administration in this matter, but censure was directed towards the individual concerned for failing to report it. It was stated that such conduct represented an ungrateful return for the favour previously shown to him, first in approving his appointment to the Council and later in continuing him in that position despite his being a stranger. This occasion was then used to lay down a general rule applicable to all members of the Council, including the Governor. It was declared that any member who became aware of fraud or damage affecting the Company and did not make every effort to prevent it would be regarded as complicit. Where prevention proved impossible, full notice of the matter was required to be sent, and failure to do so would render the individual unfit for continued service. It was further stated that this principle was to apply across all aspects of Company affairs, although it was here introduced in relation to goods. It was then observed that the two referenced paragraphs had been expressed in overly general terms, as though all Company goods were affected, which could not be the case. Many goods were sent directly from England, and could only be accessed by the Company unless misused by its own servants. It was remarked that such misuse had been strongly implied in the 35th part of the letter dated 1 December 1715. These goods had been supplied in response to requests from the island and were therefore considered necessary. It was therefore rejected that sales should be confined only to those without means to pay, as had been suggested. It was stated that both wealthy and poor inhabitants required useful goods, and that such a restriction was unfounded. Direction was then given regarding goods that had become moth eaten or otherwise damaged through storage. It was stated that such goods should be sold as advantageously and as promptly as possible, as reasonable judgement would suggest if they were privately owned. This instruction was given with the intention of preventing loss to the Company, with the account continuing beyond this point. Interpretations “Forgery” in this context referred broadly to fraud, deception or dishonest manipulation of Company goods or accounts. “Stranger” referred to a person not previously known or established within the Company’s service or the island community. “Moth eaten” referred to goods, particularly textiles, damaged by insects during storage. “Disposed of” referred to the sale or distribution of goods. Speculations The strong warning to Council members suggests persistent concerns about internal corruption or negligence. The inclusion of the Governor within this rule indicates an effort to enforce collective accountability. The rejection of limiting sales to the poor reflects an intention to maintain broader commercial activity on the island. The reference to misuse by Company servants implies that internal abuses were already suspected or known. The instruction to sell damaged goods quickly suggests practical awareness of losses arising from storage conditions. |
362 | 350 | being abused we direct that the Storekeeper shall acquaint the We have considered the last part of said 76ᵗʰ. part. and do | Direction was given that, to prevent abuse, the storekeeper was to inform the Council whenever any goods were found to be damaged. A survey was then to be conducted, and a fair price assigned to such goods. The storekeeper’s report, together with the Council’s survey and a full account of the quantities and types of goods, was to be entered into the consultation records. These entries were to include both the original value of the goods when sound and the reduced price assigned due to damage. It was further required that, if the damage clearly resulted from the storekeeper’s neglect, he was to be held responsible and required to make good the loss. Greater care was expected in the preservation of goods, and any deterioration was to be reported immediately upon its appearance. Surprise was expressed at the decision to return twenty pieces of ordinary blue cloth mentioned in the postscript of the letter sent by the St George, on the grounds that they were unfit for use. It was questioned whether any better use could be made of such goods upon their return. It was suggested that these items were probably part of the kerseys intended for providing warmer clothing for the slaves. It was stated that, if the intention had been to demonstrate that the goods did not match the sample or were of poor quality relative to the price charged, the return of a single piece or even part of one would have been sufficient. As the ship had not yet arrived in the River Thames, the exact nature of the goods could not be confirmed. However, it was concluded that the return had been improper, and that the goods ought to have been used as effectively as possible. Consideration was then given to the final part of the 76th paragraph, and approval was expressed for the imposition of a duty of 12 pence per gallon on all arrack brought ashore for sale. This measure was intended to restrain excessive drinking, which was considered harmful to both the health and the financial condition of the inhabitants. It was stated that the intention behind sending stores had been directed towards broader purposes, with the account continuing beyond this point. Interpretations “Survey” referred to a formal inspection and valuation of goods by the Council. “Consultation records” referred to the official written proceedings of the Governor and Council. “Kerseys” referred to a type of coarse woollen cloth used for durable clothing. “Duty” referred to a tax imposed on goods brought ashore for sale. “River Thames” referred to the principal port of arrival for ships returning to England. Speculations The detailed procedures for recording damaged goods suggest concern over accountability and prevention of loss. The requirement for the storekeeper to bear responsibility indicates an effort to enforce discipline among Company servants. The criticism of returning damaged cloth reflects a practical approach aimed at minimising waste. The approval of a duty on arrack suggests an attempt to regulate behaviour through economic measures. The broader concern over drinking habits indicates a perceived link between social conduct and economic productivity. |
363 | 351 | from India was partly that we might gain something towards our generall Touching the Complaint of the Nannees sent you from the Bay We have as heretofore advised wrote to the Coast and Bay | Explanation was given that the intention behind sending goods from India had been partly to generate revenue towards the Company’s general expenses, and partly to prevent ships from imposing unfairly upon the inhabitants. It was stated that, if properly managed, this policy would reduce the influence of private storekeepers whose conduct had been complained of. It was made clear that Company goods were not to be sold at excessive prices, but rather at a moderate profit above the combined cost of purchase, freight, charges, interest and insurance. It was also noted that, as goods were purchased in bulk in England, they were generally obtained at lower prices than those available through retail purchase by others. Attention was then directed to complaints regarding the “nannees” sent from the Bay. It was stated that letters had already been sent to the Bay and other locations to address earlier complaints of a similar nature, and it was hoped that defective goods would not be sent in future. Instructions were given that, if such faults occurred again, certificates were to be prepared under the signatures of the Council. These were to specify the mark and number of the bale in which the damaged goods were found, the ship by which they had been received, the nature of the damage, and the number of pieces affected. Three copies of such certificates were to be produced and sent by different ships, so that they might be transmitted to the place from which the complaint arose. It was further stated that, as previously advised, instructions had been sent to the Coast, the Bay, Bombay and Bencoolen requiring that one per cent of each ship’s cargo be sent to St Helena in goods and stores. As a ship was generally dispatched from England each year, it was observed that this provided an opportunity to correspond with Bencoolen, and from there with the Coast and the Bay, in order to specify the types and quantities of goods required. Care was directed to be taken that such communication was carried out. It was also required that similar advice be sent regularly to England, taking advantage of the frequent opportunities for correspondence, as had been indicated in the 39th part of the letter sent by the Hannover. Interpretations “Nannees” referred to a type of cotton cloth produced in India, often used for clothing or trade. “The Bay” referred to the Bay of Bengal, a principal region of Company trade. “Aomancy” referred to additional charges or commissions associated with trade and handling of goods. “Prime cost” referred to the original purchase price of goods before additional expenses. “One per cent” referred to an allowance or portion of cargo set aside for the Company’s use at St Helena. Speculations The dual purpose of supplying goods suggests a strategy to balance profit with control over local trade practices. The concern over private storekeepers indicates competition between Company supply and private enterprise. The requirement for detailed certificates reflects efforts to improve accountability in long distance trade. The use of multiple copies sent by different ships suggests awareness of the risks of loss in communication. The system of one per cent cargo allocation indicates a structured approach to provisioning remote settlements. |
364 | 352 | to write by the Cardonnel, and refer us to the Copys sent us — We approve the Building the Storehouse at the Castle — Mr: Bagetts answer in part: the 44 by the St. George | Notice was taken that reference had been made to copies said to have been sent by the Cardonnel, yet none had been found within the packet or entered in the accompanying list. This omission was identified as another instance of carelessness, and it was directed that such faults must be corrected. Responsibility was placed particularly upon the secretary, whose duty it was to ensure that all documents mentioned in the general letter were properly recorded. It was stated that, while the general letter was being prepared, a memorandum should be made of every paper intended to be sent, and that these should be included in the list. It was further observed that, although the 30th paragraph of the letter dated 7 December 1715 stated that the Governor reviewed the list, he was now urged to enforce greater diligence upon the secretary. The secretary was also to examine previous lists, identify all accounts and documents required by standing orders to be sent annually, and ensure that they were prepared in advance during intervals between shipping, so that they would be ready when ships were dispatched. Approval was expressed for the construction of a storehouse at the Castle, as this would place it under the direct supervision of the Governor and Council. It was explained that such proximity would help prevent the abuses previously described in the 35th paragraph of the letter sent by the St George. It was considered that, when those working in the storehouse knew they were constantly under observation, they would be more inclined to act honestly, for fear of detection. It was therefore ordered that the Governor and members of the Council should frequently inspect the storehouse and its operations. Criticism was then directed at Mr Bagett’s reply in the 44th part of the letter sent by the St George, in response to the 86th paragraph of the letter sent by the Cardonnel. His answer was described as insufficient and lacking proper respect. It was stated that he ought to have reviewed his earlier correspondence concerning the exchange of arrack, and it was suggested that, had he done so, he would probably not have signed the letter in which the account continued beyond this point. Interpretations “Packet” referred to a bundle of official correspondence and documents sent together by ship. “Secretary” referred to the clerk responsible for managing official correspondence and records for the Governor and Council. “Standing orders” referred to established instructions requiring regular and repeated compliance. “Storehouse at the Castle” referred to a central storage facility located within or near the main fortified administrative area. “Exchange of the Barrack” referred to the trading or conversion of arrack, possibly in relation to its valuation or distribution. Speculations The repeated concern over missing documents suggests persistent administrative disorder. The emphasis on the secretary’s role indicates reliance on clerical accuracy for effective governance. The approval of the storehouse location reflects efforts to reduce theft or mismanagement through supervision. The criticism of Mr Bagett implies tensions within the Council or dissatisfaction with individual performance. The insistence on advance preparation of documents suggests ongoing difficulties with delays in communication. |
365 | 353 | from without making a better apology for himself. — The Consultation also show that you have early Orders for taking Having thus taken Notice of what we think necessary | Further criticism was made of the response previously given, noting that no adequate justification had been offered, and that a more proper explanation ought to have been provided. Attention was drawn to the consultation dated 27 July 1714, in which authority had been granted to the Governor to purchase wine and European liquors from the Rochester. No account had been entered in the consultation records specifying what had been purchased or at what price. This omission was highlighted in order to prevent similar failures in future. Direction was given that every instance in which Company money, or goods of equivalent value, was expended must be fully recorded, including the item purchased, the sum paid and the purpose of the transaction. Failure to do so was described as clear evidence of intended fraud. Reference was then made to earlier instructions requiring an inventory to be taken of all goods held at the Castle upon arrival, and to the direction given to Mr Bagett to bring the store accounts up to date so that an inventory might be completed by the time of the Susanna. An inventory had been received in the packet, bearing a title indicating that it had been taken on 8 July 1714 of the goods in the storehouses. This document had been signed by Mr Haswell and Mr Bagett, and certified by them as having been examined, though it had not been dated. The total recorded in this inventory was £4,467 14s 9½d. A second inventory had been received by the Frederick, appearing to be a duplicate, as the title was the same. Although this version had been signed, it lacked the certification present in the first. The total recorded in this document was £4,578 6s 11½d. Both totals could not be correct, yet no explanation had been provided for the discrepancy. This inconsistency was described as clear evidence of carelessness, and it was stated that, had an error been discovered in the first document, it ought to have been acknowledged and corrected in the second. Having addressed these matters relating to goods as set out in the various letters, consultations and papers contained in the packet, the discussion was then stated to proceed to the next subject, with the account continuing beyond this point. Interpretations “Consultation” referred to the formal record of decisions and proceedings of the Governor and Council. “European liquors” referred to alcoholic drinks imported from Europe, such as wine and spirits. “Inventory” referred to a detailed list of goods, including their quantities and assessed value. “Certified” referred to a formal attestation confirming that a document had been examined and approved. “Duplicate” referred to a second copy of a document intended to match the original. Speculations The insistence on recording all expenditures reflects strong concern over financial accountability. The description of omissions as evidence of fraud suggests a lack of trust in local administration. The discrepancy between the two inventories indicates either poor record keeping or possible mismanagement. The emphasis on proper certification highlights the importance of formal validation in Company procedures. The transition to a new subject suggests a structured review of administrative performance across multiple areas. |
366 | 354 | wherein contained about Scarcity of Debts about Moneys | Consideration was then given to the contents of the letters relating to scarcity of money and debts on the island, and particularly to the proposal to raise the value of dollars in order to prevent their being carried away. It was noted that the 23rd part of the letter sent by the Susanna stated that farthings would be useful, but that copper coin would be preferable as it would not be removed from the island. It was also observed that the practice of transferring accounts had been described as highly damaging, and that Company bills had been suggested as more effective than coin, which could be taken away by departing ships. The 11th part of the letter sent by the Frederick similarly expressed the view that farthings would be useful, particularly for paying wages, as their availability might encourage artificers to accept lower rates of pay, together with other advantages mentioned therein. This opinion had been repeated in the 6th part of a subsequent letter, where a request had again been made for small coin to facilitate change, with the expectation that this would reduce the cost of labour. Upon reviewing these representations, it was stated that these needs ought already to have been met by earlier measures. Orders had been sent to Madras to supply, by two ships, £100 in farthings and a further £100 in copper coin suitable for halfpennies and farthings. In addition, more than £100 in Spanish bills and £400 in notes, ranging in value from half a crown to 40 shillings each, had been provided. It was considered that these sums should have been sufficient to sustain circulation for all necessary payments. It was explained that, as money was issued to soldiers, workmen or planters in payment for the labour of slaves, it would naturally return to the Company through the store when goods were purchased. Apart from these specific uses, no clear necessity was seen for additional currency, with the account continuing beyond this point. Interpretations “Dollars” referred to silver coins, often Spanish, widely used in international trade. “Transferring” referred to the practice of shifting debts or credits between accounts rather than settling them in cash. “Company bills” referred to written instruments of payment issued by the Company, functioning as a form of paper currency. “Artificers” referred to skilled labourers or craftsmen employed in trades. “Half a crown” referred to a coin valued at 2 shillings and 6 pence. Speculations The concern over money being carried away reflects the difficulty of maintaining a stable currency supply on an isolated island. The preference for copper coin suggests an attempt to retain lower value currency within the local economy. The emphasis on Company bills indicates reliance on controlled financial instruments to manage payments. The expectation that money would circulate back through the store reflects a closed economic model centred on Company supply. The repeated requests for small coin suggest ongoing practical difficulties in everyday transactions despite official provisions. |
367 | 355 | occasion you have to lay out any Money, unless the same All manner was | Further consideration was given to the occasions on which money might be required for expenditure on the island. It was observed that, unless former practices had been revived, there appeared to be little need for additional cash. In earlier times, yarn and provisions had been purchased for the Company’s own people, but goods obtained from ships had generally been paid for by bills. A considerable portion of soldiers’ wages had also been settled through goods issued from the stores to those planters who lodged them. It was then noted that, shortly after the receipt of farthings and copper coin by the Hannover, a change of opinion had been expressed. In the letter sent by that ship, objection had been made that copper coin was too heavy, and it was implied that it had already passed out of circulation. A preference had instead been stated for English farthings and halfpence, which had already been supplied, though it was acknowledged that additional quantities might have been obtained from the Tower had permission been granted, as in the case of China shipments. It was indicated that this matter might be considered again in a future season. Attention was then drawn to the proposal that money should be issued at a value above its intrinsic worth in order to prevent it from being carried away from the island. This request had been repeated with greater force in the letter dated 3 August, and further arguments had been advanced in paragraphs 35 to 40 of the letter dated 1 December 1715, in favour of sending dollars to circulate at 6 shillings each. Having reviewed all these representations, it was stated that no decision would be made at present to send such dollars. It was further remarked that it remained uncertain whether the Court would adopt this measure in a future season, as it was not clear that fixing dollars at 6 shillings would provide any real advantage, despite appearances to the contrary. It was asserted that such a practice had previously proved harmful. It was also observed that increasing the nominal value of money would not necessarily ensure that it remained on the island, as prices would simply adjust accordingly. Those receiving payment would raise the price of their goods in proportion, so that the benefit of the increased valuation would be neutralised, with the account continuing beyond this point. Interpretations “Bills” referred to Company issued financial instruments used in place of coin for payments. “Billeted” referred to the lodging of soldiers with inhabitants, often compensated through goods or allowances. “The Tower” referred to the Tower of London, where coinage was controlled and issued. “Intrinsic worth” referred to the actual value of a coin based on its metal content. “Court” referred to the governing body of the East India Company in London. Speculations The rejection of raising the value of dollars reflects an understanding of price inflation and its effects. The shifting preferences regarding coinage suggest ongoing practical difficulties in managing currency on the island. The reliance on non cash payments indicates a semi closed economic system centred on Company stores. The hesitation to adopt new monetary policies suggests caution based on past negative experience. The discussion reflects broader challenges of maintaining stable currency circulation in a remote colonial settlement. |
368 | 356 | the Dollars goes at five Shillings Six Shillings or Ten Shillings But the great mischief to us is as you rightly observe among | It was argued that altering the nominal value of dollars would not prevent their removal from the island, as ships trading to India would still obtain them whether rated at 5 shillings, 6 shillings or even 10 shillings, provided they carried goods desired by the planters. In such circumstances, transactions would proceed regardless of the assigned value, as demand for goods would determine exchange. Greater concern was expressed regarding what had been identified, particularly in the 35th paragraph, as the principal abuse affecting the Company. This consisted of corrupt practices by Company servants, who allowed goods to be paid for through bad debts and permitted the transfer of debts from wealthy planters to others who were insolvent. It was also noted that soldiers and other individuals had been supplied with goods beyond their ability to pay. A list of debts had been observed in the consultation book and in the packet sent by the Frederick, amounting to £2,794 2s 4d. Within this total were significant sums owed by soldiers and by visitors to the store, including cases where two individuals had absconded while in debt. Such conduct was described as wholly unjustifiable, and no reasonable explanation was considered possible for allowing it to occur. Responsibility was placed upon the storekeeper, whose failure to prevent these practices was strongly criticised. The rapid growth of these abuses was attributed to the neglect of proper accounting, particularly the failure to keep accounts current and posted so that each individual’s debt could be known. It was observed that no accounts had been received from St Helena since those sent by the Concord, which had been balanced to 25 March 1711, with further comment to be made in a later paragraph. In order to prevent recurrence, strict instructions were given that all accounts were to be kept continuously up to date. Any person found negligent in this duty, after receiving fair warning, was to be suspended from salary until the accounts were brought into order. Continued delay would result in the withdrawal of board at the Company’s expense and the appointment of another person to perform the work. Reference was then made to the consultation dated 2 November 1714, with the account continuing beyond this point. Interpretations “Transferring” referred to the reassignment of debts from one individual to another, often to avoid repayment. “Insolvent” referred to a person unable to pay their debts. “Visitors in the Stores” referred to individuals who obtained goods from Company stores, whether residents or temporary persons. “Absconded” referred to individuals who had fled or left the island without settling their debts. “Posted” referred to the process of entering transactions into account books so that balances could be tracked. Speculations The rejection of altering currency values reflects practical awareness of market behaviour overriding official pricing. The emphasis on corruption suggests serious internal governance failures within the Company’s administration. The large sum of outstanding debt indicates systemic issues in credit control on the island. The link between poor accounting and rising debt highlights administrative inefficiency as a root cause. The strict disciplinary measures proposed suggest frustration with repeated negligence among Company staff. |
369 | 357 | you called on many of the Debtors to make them pay their Debts, and Pray make enquiry as much as possible into the Severall Pray let us also know the particulars whereby we came in | It was noted that action had been taken to summon many of the debtors and compel payment of their debts. Earlier measures taken in August had also been acknowledged, when rules had been established requiring that part of existing debts be recovered before further credit was extended. It was further observed that, on 21 December, regulations had been set concerning the transfer of credits within the stores. These actions were approved as far as they extended. However, the consultations received, which continued to 26 April 1715, contained no account of their results. It was therefore stated that it was hoped that efforts had continued to recover these debts as effectively and promptly as possible. Instructions were given that thorough enquiry should be made into the various items composing these debts. Where it was discovered that planters or others had discharged their obligations improperly, or had obtained credit in the Company’s books through corrupt means or by influencing the storekeeper or accountant to transfer debts to insolvent persons, restitution was to be enforced. Such transfers were to be treated as errors in accounting, and once identified were to be corrected without delay. It was required that this process be carried out as swiftly as possible, and that notice be given of those responsible for authorising such transfers. Further enquiry was requested into the circumstances by which the Company had become indebted to the planters in the sum of £1,598 4s 11d, despite the payment of numerous bills drawn upon the Company and said to represent credit due to them from the stores. This situation was described as incomprehensible. It was stated that goods were regularly sent to St Helena from both England and India, and that additional purchases were made from ships arriving there. As these goods were intended for sale, it was expected that the planters would purchase them and thereby become indebted to the Company. It was therefore questioned how the Company could instead be in debt to them, except in respect of payments for the labour of slaves employed on fortifications. It was further observed that, according to available information, little work of this kind had been completed. Interpretations “Transfers of credits” referred to the reassignment of debt obligations from one individual to another within the Company’s accounts. “Accomptant” referred to the officer responsible for maintaining financial records and accounts. “Errors in account” referred to inaccuracies or improper entries in financial records requiring correction. “Bills drawn on us” referred to financial drafts issued locally but payable by the Company in England. “Planters” referred to settlers engaged in agricultural production on the island. Speculations The lack of follow up reporting suggests continued weaknesses in administrative oversight. The focus on corrupt transfers indicates a systemic problem in the management of credit. The Company’s unexpected debt to planters may point to manipulation of accounts or misreporting. The insistence on restitution reflects an attempt to restore financial discipline. The limited progress on fortifications may have reduced legitimate payments owed to labour providers. |
370 | 358 | some those since Governour Roberts Departure, or the Provisions Thirdly touching our Servants Civil or We take notice of your promise parᵗ. the 27ᵗʰ. of Susanna to | It was observed that some of the debts had arisen since the departure of Governor Roberts, or in relation to provisions. Where supplies had been provided to ships, it was stated that payment ought to have been received either through bills drawn by the captains upon the Company, or through goods delivered into the stores for resale. The present situation was described as wholly inexplicable and requiring immediate correction. Concern was expressed that bills continued to be drawn upon the Company, sometimes justified as relating to arrack, yet without supporting accounts to demonstrate any resulting profit. Until such accounts were received and verified, these claims were regarded as no more than assurances. It was therefore stated that all those involved in drawing or approving such bills would place themselves under suspicion. Consideration was then introduced under a new heading concerning Company servants, both civil and military, together with the general state of the accounts of St Helena and matters relating to slaves, cattle, land and revenues. Notice was taken of the assurance given in the 27th part of the letter sent by the Susanna, in which it had been promised that efforts would be made to justify the favourable opinion previously held, and that salaries would neither be increased nor misused. It was stated that satisfaction would be taken in observing the fulfilment of this promise and the correction of the matters complained of. However, it was emphasised that, until annual accounts were regularly submitted, no confidence could be placed in those responsible for financial management. It was declared that no person entrusted with such duties could be considered worthy of support while failing in this obligation. Reference was made to the fact that the last accounts received from the island had been balanced to 25 March 1711, and that nearly five years had since elapsed without further submission. During this period, the Company’s expenses had increased in an unexplained manner. It was recalled that, in the 27th part of the letter sent by the Susanna, a promise had been made that the accounts would be forwarded by the next opportunity. Yet more than twelve months had passed without any being received. It was stated that this failure could not be excused, and that improvement would not occur unless those charged with oversight ensured that the accounts were prepared and transmitted. Interpretations “Bills drawn on us” referred to financial drafts issued locally but payable by the Company in England. “Arrack” referred to a distilled alcoholic spirit traded in the East Indies. “Civil or Military” referred to administrative and armed personnel employed by the Company. “Supervisors” referred to those responsible for oversight of accounts and administration. “Balanced” referred to accounts being completed and settled to a particular date. Speculations The repeated concern over unsupported bills suggests distrust in financial claims made by local officials. The emphasis on missing accounts indicates a serious breakdown in administrative reporting. The reference to Governor Roberts suggests a perceived shift in management standards after his departure. The insistence on annual accounts reflects the Company’s reliance on regular financial oversight. The growing expenses without explanation may indicate inefficiency, mismanagement or possible misuse of funds. |
371 | 359 | and so grossly he must bear part of the blame, if he doth his utmost by We find by some Entrys in the Consultations that Mr. Bagett | Responsibility was extended to those in authority, it being stated that they must share in the blame if they failed to act with sufficient diligence. It was required that active enquiry be undertaken, and that the Council be regularly reminded to call for the store accounts each month. These accounts were to be examined in consultation, with entries made recording the date to which they had been brought up. This process was to be repeated each successive month. Where delay appeared, those responsible were to be formally admonished, and if this proved ineffective, they were to be suspended from salary or from diet, as previously directed. It was observed that sufficient rules had already been provided for these matters, and regret was expressed that letters had been lengthened by repeated complaints and reasoning arising from neglect or disobedience of those rules. It was noted that approximately seventeen months had passed since arrival on the island, and that despite repeated demands for accounts, including explicit mention in the instructions, the expected results had not been achieved. Mr Haswell had been specifically appointed to oversee this duty, with Mr John Bagett serving as storekeeper under him, and six writers also being employed. It was stated that, if these individuals had received proper treatment, those found at fault ought to have been dismissed from the Company’s service. However, although such action was not immediately enforced, it was directed that no gratuities were to be paid to them until explicit permission had been granted, and that this would depend upon their conduct and performance. Attention was then drawn to entries in the consultation records indicating that Mr Bagett had been slow in submitting his monthly accounts, and that Mr Tovey had been so dilatory in his duties as secretary that consultations had not been held as required. Such conduct was described as an unworthy return for the favour previously shown to him, with the account continuing beyond this point. Interpretations “Diet” referred to the provision of food and lodging at the Company’s expense. “Consultation” referred to the formal meeting and recorded proceedings of the Governor and Council. “Writers” referred to clerks employed to maintain records and correspondence. “Gratuity” referred to an additional payment or reward granted beyond regular salary. “Dilatory” referred to behaviour characterised by delay or lack of promptness. Speculations The insistence on monthly inspections suggests chronic delays in maintaining financial records. The threat of suspension from salary or diet indicates increasing frustration with administrative failures. The withholding of gratuities reflects the use of financial incentives to enforce discipline. The mention of multiple staff members implies that inefficiency was widespread rather than isolated. The criticism of the secretary’s delays highlights the central role of record keeping in Company governance. |
372 | 360 | if you find any more of it, let him find he is unfit for our We have told you formerly what Sticks upon Mr. Alexander | Warning was given that, if further instances of negligence were discovered, the individual concerned was to be regarded as unfit for the Company’s service. In the meantime, and until improvement was clearly demonstrated, it was ordered that no part of the gratuity intended for him should be paid. Reference was made to the appointment of Mr Bagett as Justice, which had been intended to support him in his duties, and it was expected that such assistance would be properly applied. Observation was made that, based on the volume of writing work carried out at St Helena, two persons would ordinarily have been sufficient to manage it. During periods of increased activity, such as the dispatch of ships, additional help could have been provided by those employed in the stores, particularly on days when the stores were not open, and even at times when they were. It was further suggested that members of the Council themselves might have contributed assistance during such occasions to ensure that necessary dispatches were completed efficiently. It was noted that Mr Alexander had also been engaged in writing the consultation books and other papers, as indicated both in the letter dated 1 December 1715 and in his own correspondence sent by the Chester. From this, it was concluded that sufficient personnel had been available to perform the required clerical work, and that, with proper diligence and application, the secretary’s office ought to have been adequately managed. Concern was expressed regarding the appointment of Mr Bagett to the Council, as no authority had been granted for this action and no clear necessity for it had been demonstrated. It was stated that, if he performed his duties well, he would receive appropriate encouragement. In the absence of any complaint against him, a gratuity of £5 had been paid to his mother on his behalf. However, it was required that a full account be provided of his regular employment. Reference was then made to earlier concerns regarding Mr Alexander, and to the petition of Thomas Free entered in the consultation dated 16 July 1714, which was said to contain serious accusations against him. It was noted that, in the matter concerning Mr Frye […], the account continued beyond this point. Interpretations “Gratuity” referred to an additional payment granted beyond regular salary as a reward. “Justice” referred to a local judicial officer responsible for administering law and order. “Dispatch of ships” referred to the preparation and sending of official correspondence and cargo with departing vessels. “Consultation books” referred to the official records of proceedings of the Governor and Council. “Petition” referred to a formal written complaint or request submitted for consideration. Speculations The restriction of gratuity suggests disciplinary measures short of dismissal were being applied. The suggestion that Council members assist with clerical work indicates frustration with inefficiency. The questioning of Mr Bagett’s appointment implies concern over unauthorised administrative decisions. The payment to Mr Bagett’s mother suggests a practice of remitting earnings or benefits to family members. The reference to petitions against Mr Alexander indicates ongoing disputes or misconduct allegations within the administration. |
373 | 361 | Toveys Complaint touching Mr. Bagetts Land, which we observe how We observe your severall parᵗˢ. and Consultations relating | Notice was taken of Mr Tovey’s complaint concerning Mr Bagett’s land, and of the determination that Mr Bagett was of a litigious and ungovernable temper. It was stated that his employment was not entirely prohibited where urgent necessity required it, yet it was reiterated that the volume of clerical work at the secretary’s office did not justify extensive staffing. From past experience, it was considered that two persons would be sufficient if they applied themselves fully to the task. During periods of increased activity, assistance might be provided by writers from the stores, and, where necessary, by members of the Council. It was emphasised that proper care should be taken to keep work up to date during intervals when no ships were present. Attention was then directed to several paragraphs and consultations relating to Governor Butcher. It was recorded that a riding shed constructed by him had cost the Company £184 11s 6d, and that he had appropriated for his own use provisions valued at £16 19s 6d. It was further alleged that he had caused the destruction of much of the Company’s livestock, had stripped the house, and had allowed plantations and gardens to fall into ruin. It was stated that appropriate use would be made of this information. However, it was regarded as highly irregular that Mr Bagett, the overseer of the plantations, Mr Cason, Mr French, and others who had served under Governor Butcher, including Mr Alexander and Mr Free, had either failed or refused to provide a full account of these matters. It was noted in particular that no complete information had been obtained regarding cattle sold to Company shipping. This absence of cooperation was described as troubling and suggestive of a lack of proper commitment to the Company’s interests. It was therefore directed that these individuals be made aware that full disclosure was expected from them, with the account continuing beyond this point. Interpretations “Litigious” referred to a disposition inclined towards disputes or legal contention. “Riding shed” referred to a structure used for sheltering horses or for riding purposes. “Live provisions” referred to livestock kept for food supply, such as cattle or other animals. “Plantations” referred to cultivated agricultural land under Company management. “Oversight of plantations” referred to the supervision of agricultural operations and livestock. Speculations The criticism of staffing levels suggests ongoing concern about inefficiency in administrative work. The allegations against Governor Butcher indicate serious mismanagement or misuse of Company resources. The failure of multiple individuals to provide information may suggest collective reluctance or shared involvement. The uncertainty regarding cattle sales points to possible irregularities in trade or accounting. The insistence on full disclosure reflects efforts to reassert control over local administration. |
374 | 362 | and you to us a full Account of all other Mr. Bouchers Extraordinary We refer you to former Letters wherein we have been We have received a Petition from Gabriel Powell, if the | Requirement was made that both the Council and the Governor should provide a full account of all extraordinary proceedings undertaken by Mr Boucher that had been prejudicial to the Company, so far as these had come within their knowledge, together with the evidence supporting each instance. Reference was then made to earlier letters in which detailed instructions had been given for the proper management of Company affairs. Emphasis was placed upon the importance of good governance of the island, the encouragement of industry, the promotion of the welfare of the inhabitants, and the discouragement of vice, litigiousness and quarrels. It was stated that these objectives ought to be guided not only by prior instructions but also by reason, humanity and justice. Strong expectation was expressed that such principles would be consistently upheld in practice. Concern was raised regarding reports of an arbitrary manner of conduct on the part of the Governor. It was stated that no grounds should be given for such complaints. Additional concern was noted that disputes may have been encouraged by some individuals for the purpose of gaining fees or other private advantage. Although reluctance was expressed to accept such allegations without proof, a clear warning was issued that such behaviour must cease if it had occurred, and must be prevented in future. Consideration was then given to a petition submitted by Gabriel Powell. It was observed that, if the complaint contained therein, relating to his being bound in a bond of £200, was accurate, the measure appeared excessively severe and ought not to be established as a precedent. It was stated that such cases seemed to arise from quarrels or verbal disputes that should have been prevented, and from an overly rigorous application of authority, with the account continuing beyond this point. Interpretations “Extraordinary proceedings” referred to actions taken outside normal or authorised practice. “Litigiousness” referred to a tendency to engage in disputes or legal actions. “Arbitrary temper” referred to the exercise of authority in an unpredictable or unjust manner. “Bond of £200” referred to a legal obligation requiring a person to forfeit a substantial sum if conditions were not met. “Precedent” referred to a prior action or decision used as a guide for future cases. Speculations The demand for evidence suggests concern about accountability for past mismanagement. The emphasis on moral governance reflects the Company’s attempt to shape social order on the island. The warning against encouraging disputes implies possible abuse of judicial or administrative authority. The case of Gabriel Powell highlights tensions between discipline and fairness in local justice. The reluctance to accept allegations without proof suggests a balance between suspicion and formal procedure. |
375 | 363 | which thereby becomes an abuse of Power, a little discretion and Moderation will put a stop to most things of this nature, & the People know you will maintain your Authority, but then give them no just cause to cry out of your Rigour & Inhumanity. Herewith you will receive another Complaint of Thomas Free relating to the payment of his Debt, wherein he allages he is unjustly dealt with and shall be a great loser by not having your Agreement with him complyed with to take away his yarns, which lye rotting on the ground, how far he is in the right We cant judge here because We don’t know both sides of the Case. But we hope We dont desire you to oppress or injure any Body for our Benefitt Be impartiall and just to every Body, We covett not gain by oppressing him or any one on the Island. We have great Complaints from Bencoolen of your keeping several of the Artificers, and other useful persons sent in the Rochester designed for them. We must never allow you to disappoint our Instructions in this manner, and expect you never do so again among others you detained one Hovson a Gardiner sent out particularly to goverour Collett by his Friends, and John Wagan a Shipwright sent by us for the service of Bencoolen. Be sure them take passage on the Ship Catherine to Bencoolen. Mr Blunts son John who was left on St. Helena, We have entertained a Writer for Fort St. George, and have given him leave to take passage on the said Ship to Bencoolen, which | It was stated that excessive severity in such matters amounted to an abuse of power, and that greater discretion and moderation would prevent most disputes of this nature. It was acknowledged that authority must be maintained, yet it was emphasised that no just cause should be given for complaints of harshness or inhumanity. Reference was then made to a further complaint submitted by Thomas Free concerning the payment of his debt. It was reported that he alleged unfair treatment and claimed that he would suffer loss because an agreement to take his yarn had not been fulfilled, with the goods now lying and deteriorating. It was stated that no judgement could be made without hearing both sides of the case. However, it was made clear that no person was to be oppressed or injured for the Company’s advantage, and that impartiality and justice were to be observed in all dealings. It was expressly declared that no profit was desired if it depended upon the oppression of any individual on the island. Attention was then drawn to complaints received from Bencoolen regarding the detention of artificers and other useful persons who had been sent there in the Rochester. Such conduct was stated to be contrary to instructions and was not to be repeated. Among those detained were Hovson, a gardener sent specifically to Governor Collett by his friends, and John Wagan, a shipwright sent for the service of Bencoolen. Instructions were given that both were to be placed on board the Catherine and sent to Bencoolen without further delay. It was also noted that John, the son of Mr Blunt, who had been left at St Helena, had been appointed as a writer for Fort St George. Permission had been granted for him to take passage on the same ship to Bencoolen, with the account continuing beyond this point. Interpretations “Artificers” referred to skilled workers or craftsmen employed in specialised trades. “Writer” referred to a clerical employee responsible for record keeping and correspondence. “Bencoolen” referred to a Company settlement on the west coast of Sumatra. “Fort St George” referred to the Company’s principal settlement at Madras. “Yarn” referred to spun fibre prepared for weaving into cloth. Speculations The emphasis on moderation suggests concern about the misuse of authority in local governance. The case of Thomas Free indicates ongoing disputes over commercial agreements and obligations. The complaints from Bencoolen reflect tensions between different Company settlements over resources and personnel. The insistence on forwarding specific individuals suggests the importance of skilled labour to Company operations. The appointment of John Blunt’s son indicates continued reliance on patronage and recommendation in staffing decisions. |
376 | 364 | Orders &c. pᵉ Ship We mention for your Compliance therewith. We have a Letter from Joseph Tomlinson enclosing a You tell us parᵗ. the 4ᵗʰ. the 35. of Susanna you will stop the Serjeant Southerns Wife is daily troubling us for some | Instruction was given that the matters conveyed were to be complied with in full. A letter had been received from Joseph Tomlinson enclosing a certificate from the late Governor Roberts dated 8 June 1711, stating that, on account of his abilities and good behaviour, he had been advanced to the position of second to the storekeeper, having conducted himself with diligence, fidelity and satisfaction. It was stated that no judgement could be formed from a distance as to whether he continued to merit that character or had since declined, especially as the 19th part of the letter sent by the St George provided a very different account. Decision was therefore left to the local authority to determine whether he should be retained or dismissed, according to what best served the Company’s interests. Reference was made to the 4th and 35th parts of the letter sent by the Susanna, in which it had been stated that money previously advanced to various individuals would be recovered as it became due. It was observed that subsequent letters, written more than twelve months later, made no further mention of this matter, which was described as a fault. It was directed that earlier correspondence should always be reviewed, particularly where commitments had been made in response to Company orders, and that confirmation should be given when such undertakings had been fulfilled. It was further stated that several instances existed in which assurances had been given but no action taken, and it was required that no further cause for complaint should arise. It was noted that the sum of £50 advanced to Mr Mashborne had been repaid in England. Attention was then drawn to repeated representations made by the wife of Sergeant Southern, who had sought an allowance and had produced credible witnesses to dispute the accuracy of statements attributed to her husband in the consultation dated 6 November. Among those mentioned was Joseph Gunson, who was reported to be heavily indebted to the Company and to be living extravagantly. It was directed that he be compelled to settle what he owed, and that he provide appropriate support to her, with the account continuing beyond this point. Interpretations “Certificate” referred to a formal written testimonial attesting to a person’s conduct and abilities. “Second to the Storekeeper” referred to the deputy responsible for assisting in the management of Company stores. “Advanced” referred to promotion to a higher position or rank. “Extravagant” referred to excessive or wasteful expenditure. “Allowance” referred to a regular payment granted for maintenance or support. Speculations The reliance on testimonials suggests the importance of reputation in assessing Company servants. The conflicting accounts of Joseph Tomlinson indicate possible disputes over conduct or performance. The emphasis on fulfilling promises reflects frustration with uncompleted administrative actions. The case of Sergeant Southern’s wife highlights social and financial tensions affecting dependants. The concern over Joseph Gunson’s debt suggests ongoing problems with financial discipline among individuals connected to the Company. |
377 | 365 | for the allowance he formerly received. We have paid her here Ten Our Committee have not yet been able to get you the The repeated part in your Letters about Blacks We take | It was stated that provision should be made for the allowance previously received by the wife of Sergeant Southern. A payment of £10 had already been made to her in England. Reference was made to the 27th part of the correspondence, in which it had been indicated that entries relating to this matter would be found in the store books. It was directed that, if no deduction had been made from her husband’s account, the amount should be charged to him when the books were settled. Instruction was also given that any sums received locally on her behalf should be reported, so that corresponding payments might be made in England for her support, and thereby prevent further complaints. It was noted that the Committee had not yet been able to procure the artificers requested. Permission was granted to engage, on reasonable terms, such useful personnel as surgeons, carpenters or others, if they could be obtained from returning ships, provided they were genuinely necessary. A letter had been received from Mr Cleeve, in which it was asserted that ill treatment by the Governor had caused him to leave the Company’s service, contrary to his own wishes. Such conduct was described as undesirable and to be avoided. It was further reported that his efforts to promote the Company’s interests had been the origin of the dispute. Attention was then directed to repeated references in the correspondence concerning the shortage of slaves. It was expressed as surprising that this deficiency should now be considered more severe than in earlier periods, particularly as the number of slaves on the island was greater than had been deemed sufficient by previous governors. When additional slaves had been supplied by the Mercury in response to earlier requests, it had been believed that adequate provision had been made. It was acknowledged that some had proved unsuitable and that complaints had been raised regarding their quality. However, it was stated that similar individuals were frequently sent to the West Indies, where they were considered serviceable. It was therefore hoped that, through proper discipline, they might be improved and made useful, though it was emphasised that they should not be subjected to unnecessary cruelty, recognising their humanity, with the account continuing beyond this point. Interpretations “Artificers” referred to skilled workers such as carpenters, surgeons or craftsmen. “Store books” referred to the accounting records maintained for goods and financial transactions. “Allowance” referred to a payment granted for maintenance or support. “Committee” referred to the body responsible for organising Company resources and personnel. “Discipline” referred to the management and regulation of behaviour to ensure productivity. Speculations The arrangement for payments across locations suggests an interconnected financial system between England and the island. The difficulty in obtaining skilled workers reflects labour shortages in remote Company settlements. The complaint from Mr Cleeve indicates tensions between officials and subordinates. The continued concern over slaves suggests reliance on forced labour for the island’s economy. The emphasis on discipline without cruelty reflects an attempt to balance control with practical considerations of labour management. |
378 | 366 | when we have a fitting opportunity We shall send you some We find some truth in Gabriel Powells Petition aforesaid | It was stated that, when a suitable opportunity arose, additional recruits would be sent, and that in the meantime the existing labour force was to be made as useful as possible. It was further indicated that, in a future year, instructions might be issued to India to supply additional slaves. Direction was given that annual lists of all Company slaves were to be sent, specifying how and where each was employed, and that strict care was to be taken to ensure they were properly engaged in their work. Attention was then drawn to the petition of Gabriel Powell, in which some truth was acknowledged regarding the poor management of the Company’s plantations. It was reported that conditions had deteriorated further following the death of Mr Mashborne. It was expressed as surprising that the plantations were not sufficient to supply the Company’s own personnel with yams, while other inhabitants were able not only to meet their own needs but also to produce surplus for sale. It was observed that, if the lists of planters’ slaves were accurate, their numbers were significantly lower than those belonging to the Company, yet they were adequate for their purposes. It was noted that Gabriel Powell claimed to possess sufficient stock to supply three or four ships annually, despite having only seventeen slaves, seven of whom were boys and girls. These comparisons were said to demonstrate a considerable difference in management and suggested that much improvement was possible. It was emphasised that greater diligence was required from the Governor and Council, particularly in calling regularly for accounts of activities across all operations, ensuring that orders were carried out, and verifying the accuracy of reports through occasional direct inspection. It was stated that the advantages and disadvantages to the Company ought to be clearly understood by those in authority, and that their conduct should demonstrate a genuine commitment to advancing its interests. Approval was expressed for the reduction in the price paid for yams, rather than agreeing to the higher prices demanded by the planters, as had reportedly been done by Governor Boucher. However, it was suggested that it would be more advantageous for the Company if no purchases of this kind were necessary, with the account continuing beyond this point. Interpretations “Recruits” referred to newly engaged labourers or personnel intended to strengthen the workforce. “Plantations” referred to agricultural lands operated by the Company for food production. “Yams” referred to a staple root crop used for feeding both slaves and inhabitants. “Stock” referred to agricultural produce or livestock available for supply. “Accounts” referred to records detailing activities, production and expenditure. Speculations The comparison with private planters suggests dissatisfaction with the efficiency of Company run agriculture. The emphasis on slave labour reflects its central role in sustaining the island’s economy. The decline after Mr Mashborne’s death may indicate reliance on individual competence rather than systemic management. The call for inspections suggests mistrust of reported figures and concern over misrepresentation. The suggestion to avoid purchasing yams implies a desire for greater self sufficiency within Company operations. |
379 | 367 | in former Letters that we had much rather hold but very little than a This leads us to the Consideration of several parts of your Letter | It was reiterated that the Company had long preferred to retain only a limited amount of land in its own possession rather than extensive holdings, and that the reasons for this policy had already been set out in earlier correspondence. This position was stated to remain unchanged, and would be reinforced if the existing management failed to produce sufficient supplies of provisions from the land already held. Attention was then directed to several passages in the correspondence concerning the practice of planters engrossing large portions of land, particularly those in the 9th and subsequent parts of the letter sent by the St George. Agreement was expressed with the observations made there. It was stated that this problem had increased over time due to the failure to enforce earlier orders, especially those requiring that each planter maintain a proper number of white men relative to the acreage held, in accordance with the original constitution of the settlement. It was therefore directed that stricter attention be given to enforcing these rules in future, and that inhabitants be clearly informed that they would not be permitted to disregard them. Explanation was given that the original intention behind dividing the land into small and moderate holdings had been to preserve the island’s militia in the event of attack. It was reasoned that individuals would be more committed to defending property held in their own right, whereas the concentration of large estates in the hands of a few undermined this principle and defeated the purpose of the policy. It was also noted that the population of St Peter’s had declined in recent years, with some attributing this to the harshness of former governors. However, it was suggested that the concentration of landholdings had been an additional factor, as it reduced opportunities for others to remain on the island. Instruction was therefore given that this practice be halted by requiring each landholder to maintain the prescribed number of white men on their land. Without compliance, no further acquisitions of land were to be permitted. It was further directed that earlier orders on this subject be reviewed, as they clearly set out the relevant conditions, and that their enforcement be actively pursued as part of the responsibilities of the administration. Interpretations “Engrossing” referred to the accumulation of large amounts of land by a small number of individuals. “Original constitution” referred to the foundational rules governing land distribution and settlement on the island. “Militia” referred to the body of local inhabitants capable of bearing arms in defence of the island. “White men” referred to European settlers required to reside on and maintain landholdings. “St Peter’s” referred to a district or settlement area on the island. Speculations The emphasis on limiting land ownership suggests concern about inequality and its effects on defence. The link between landholding and militia service reflects the dual economic and military purpose of settlement policy. The decline in population may indicate dissatisfaction with governance as well as structural economic issues. The insistence on enforcing earlier orders suggests that existing regulations had been widely ignored. The policy implies a preference for a dispersed and stable settler population over concentrated wealth and control. |
380 | 368 | when we have a fitting opportunity We shall send you some We find some hints in Gabriel Powells Petition aforesaid | It was stated that, when a suitable opportunity arose, additional recruits would be sent, and that in the meantime the existing labour force was to be used as effectively as possible. It was further indicated that, in a future year, instructions might be issued to India to supply additional slaves. Direction was given that annual lists of all Company slaves were to be transmitted, specifying how and where each was employed, and that strict care was to be taken to ensure they were properly engaged in their duties. Reference was then made to observations contained in the petition of Gabriel Powell, which suggested that the Company’s plantations were not being properly maintained. It was reported that conditions had deteriorated further since the death of Mr Mashborne. It was considered surprising that these plantations did not produce sufficient yams to supply the Company’s own personnel, while other inhabitants were able not only to meet their own needs but also to produce surplus quantities for sale. It was noted that, if the lists of planters’ slaves were accurate, their numbers were considerably fewer than those belonging to the Company, yet they were sufficient for their purposes. It was further observed that Gabriel Powell claimed to possess enough stock to supply three or four ships annually, despite having only seventeen slaves, seven of whom were boys and girls. These comparisons were taken to demonstrate a significant difference in management, indicating that the Company’s operations could be improved. Emphasis was placed on the responsibility of the Governor and Council to exercise greater diligence by regularly calling for accounts of activities in all areas, ensuring that orders were carried out, and occasionally verifying the accuracy of those accounts through direct inspection. It was stated that awareness of what was and was not advantageous to the Company ought to be clear, and that their conduct should demonstrate a firm commitment to promoting its interests. Approval was expressed for the reduction in the price paid for yams, rather than agreeing to the higher prices demanded by planters, as had reportedly been done by Governor Boucher in the 7th part of the letter sent by the St George. However, it was stated that it would be more beneficial for the Company if no such purchases were required, with the account continuing beyond this point. Interpretations “Recruits” referred to newly engaged labourers or personnel intended to strengthen the workforce. “Plantations” referred to agricultural lands operated by the Company for food production. “Yams” referred to a staple root crop used for feeding both slaves and inhabitants. “Stock” referred to agricultural produce or provisions available for supply. “Accounts” referred to records detailing work, production and expenditure. Speculations The comparison with private planters suggests dissatisfaction with the efficiency of Company run agriculture. The reliance on slave labour reflects its central role in sustaining the island’s economy. The decline after Mr Mashborne’s death may indicate dependence on individual capability rather than structured management. The call for inspections suggests mistrust of reported figures and concern over misrepresentation. The preference to avoid purchasing yams implies a desire for greater self sufficiency within Company operations. |
381 | 369 | in former Letters that we had much rather hold but very little than a This leads us to the Consideration of several parts of your Letter | It was reiterated that the Company had long preferred to retain only a small amount of land in its own possession rather than extensive holdings, and that the reasons for this policy had already been set out in earlier correspondence. This position was stated to remain unchanged, and would be strengthened if the present management failed to produce sufficient supplies of provisions from the land already held. Consideration was then given to passages in the correspondence concerning the practice of planters engrossing large portions of land, particularly those in the 9th and subsequent parts of the letter sent by the St George. Agreement was expressed with these observations. It was stated that this problem had increased over time due to the failure to enforce earlier orders, especially those requiring that each planter maintain a proper number of white men relative to the acreage held, in accordance with the original constitution of the settlement. It was therefore directed that stricter attention be given to enforcing these rules in future, and that inhabitants be clearly informed that they would not be permitted to disregard them. Explanation was given that the original intention behind dividing land into small and moderate holdings had been to preserve the militia of the island in the event of attack. It was reasoned that individuals would be more inclined to defend property held in their own right, whereas the concentration of large estates in the hands of a few defeated the purpose of this policy. It was further noted that the population of St Peter’s had declined in recent years, with some attributing this to the harshness of former governors. However, it was suggested that the concentration of landholdings had also contributed, as inhabitants would probably not have left had such engrossing not taken place. Instruction was therefore given that this practice be halted by requiring each landholder to maintain the prescribed number of white men on their land. Without such compliance, no further acquisitions of land were to be permitted. It was also directed that earlier orders on this subject be reviewed, as they clearly set out the relevant conditions, and that their enforcement be actively carried out as part of the administration’s responsibilities. Interpretations “Engrossing” referred to the accumulation of large amounts of land by a small number of individuals. “Original constitution” referred to the foundational rules governing land distribution and settlement on the island. “Militia” referred to the body of inhabitants capable of bearing arms in defence of the island. “White men” referred to European settlers required to reside on and maintain landholdings. “St Peter’s” referred to a district or settlement area on the island. Speculations The emphasis on limiting land ownership suggests concern about inequality and its effect on defence. The link between landholding and militia service reflects the dual economic and military purpose of settlement policy. The decline in population may indicate dissatisfaction with governance as well as structural economic issues. The insistence on enforcing earlier orders suggests that regulations had been widely ignored. The policy implies a preference for a dispersed and stable settler population over concentrated control of land. |
382 | 370 | Take due care that the Laws for fencing and for planting As to the letting out Leases where the improvements The looking after our Cattle and other live Stock and | Direction was given that the existing laws relating to fencing and the planting of wood should be strictly maintained and encouraged. Where proposals had been made for planting oranges, limes and lemons, it was required that fair and equitable allowances be granted, particularly in relation to the costs of fencing. It was emphasised that all dealings with the inhabitants should be conducted with justice. In cases where individuals were unable to complete fencing within the required time due to a lack of slaves or white labour, reasonable extensions were to be allowed. However, it was also required that such work be carried out as promptly as possible, according to the means available to each person. Guidance was then provided regarding the granting of leases, particularly where significant improvements had been made to plantations through building, planting trees or erecting fences. It was directed that such cases be considered carefully, and that reasonable encouragement be given to promote further improvement. It was noted that an increase in population was desired, and that proposals contained in the 50th part of the letter sent by the Susanna, together with those in the St George, were considered suitable for achieving this objective. Approval was expressed for the measures taken to manage cattle and other livestock, and for efforts made to increase their numbers. Commendation was given for the prohibition on killing breeding animals, for the fining of Mr Carne for violating these orders, and for the regulation of the Company’s table to include fixed days for the consumption of salted provisions and fish. It was added that further measures for increasing the overall supply of provisions and the development of trade on the island should be guided by practical judgement, supported by earlier instructions already provided. Reference was made to previous directions concerning the improvement of plantations, including the cultivation of vine trees, seeds and other initiatives intended to enhance the island’s productivity, with the account continuing beyond this point. Interpretations “Fencing” referred to the enclosure of land to protect crops and manage livestock. “Allowances” referred to compensation or consideration given for expenses incurred. “Leases” referred to agreements granting use of land under specified conditions. “Breeders” referred to animals kept for reproduction to sustain or increase livestock. “Green trade” referred to the supply of fresh produce such as fruit and vegetables. Speculations The emphasis on fencing suggests ongoing challenges in protecting crops and organising land use. The encouragement of fruit cultivation indicates an effort to diversify agricultural production. The flexible approach to labour shortages reflects practical constraints on the island. The approval of livestock management measures suggests progress in food security. The reference to population growth highlights concerns about sustaining labour and settlement. |
383 | 371 | Fourthly touching our Fortifications The Fortifications and Buildings We have also wrote you Your proposal about Building a new Church We have - | Attention was directed to the subject of fortifications, buildings and garrison stores, it having already been addressed at length in earlier correspondence. It was expressed that these costly works should be brought to completion as soon as practicable. Although peace prevailed at the time, it was observed that the possibility of future war remained, and that the island must be sufficiently fortified to protect Company ships from being taken in the road and to prevent an enemy from landing or endangering the settlement. All works deemed strictly necessary for this purpose were to be carried out, but careful judgement was required to avoid unnecessary expense. Concern was raised that some constructions had not been executed with sufficient durability, as indicated by the report in the 7th part of the letter sent by the Susanna, which stated that Rupert’s Fort had been built using mud and mortar. Given the availability of better materials such as proper mortar and cut stone, it was directed that essential storehouses be constructed using these, though no more buildings were to be erected than were absolutely required. It was noted that the descriptions of new rooms in recent correspondence appeared excessive, which caused concern that the scale of building works might be greater than necessary. Strong emphasis was placed on reducing costs wherever possible and exercising strict economy in all expenditures. Reports had been received alleging that expenses were higher than necessary, and it was stated that, if true, responsibility rested with the entire Council for permitting such practices. It was reiterated that no expenditure was to be made without the Council’s consent, and that such consent, together with the reasons for it, must be recorded in the consultation books. Approval was again confirmed for the construction of the storehouse near the Castle. Consideration was then given to the proposal for building a new church. It was stated that this proposal had been reviewed, and that support would be provided for the requested portion when materials could be supplied, with the account continuing beyond this point. Interpretations “Road” referred to the anchorage area where ships lay offshore. “Rupert’s Fort” referred to a defensive structure on the island intended to protect against attack. “Mortar” referred to a binding material used in construction, typically made from lime, sand and water. “Consultation” referred to the formal recorded proceedings of the Governor and Council. “Garrison stores” referred to supplies held for military use, including provisions and equipment. Speculations The emphasis on durable construction suggests prior issues with poorly built defences. The concern over costs indicates pressure to balance security with financial restraint. The repeated requirement for Council approval reflects attempts to control local spending. The mention of peace alongside preparation for war suggests ongoing geopolitical uncertainty. The proposal for a new church indicates attention to both practical and social infrastructure on the island. |
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391 | 379 | EAP 1364 St Helena Document Name and Date Dimensions No. written pages: No. blank pages: Spine and cover Inside pages Additional comments Time taken to photograph (hours): |