St Helena Records 1746-1747

Introduction: This is the twenty sixth volume in the series of St Helena Records, which summarises the proceedings of official meetings held by the island’s Governor and Council, during which matters of government, defence, supplies, justice and discipline were discussed and recorded.

Source: Images of the original records can be viewed on the British Library’s website: https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP1364-1-1-30.

Text Inaccuracy: This transcription was produced by AI from handwritten document images held on the British Library's website, at about thirty pages per hour. Given the limitations described below, the text should be regarded as unreliable and used only as a search-and-find shortcut: once a relevant section has been located, it must always be checked against the source image via the hyperlinked Film Numbers listed in the main transcription table below.

Three specific problems affected the work. First, AI tends to prioritise meaning and readability at the expense of fidelity to the original, with a strong disposition to normalise spellings, expand abbreviations, and adjust grammar. It is particularly weak with unfamiliar surnames, and scrawled signatures often resist accurate transcription entirely. Transcriptions by eye of documents spanning four centuries have also shown that a single surname could be written in a wide variety of ways: the Crowie family name appears under six different spellings, and the Isaacs family name under sixteen. Searches for surnames are therefore hindered both by genuine variations in the originals and by mistranscriptions introduced by AI, and for this reason are best run phonetically. Second, the AI struggled with the late secretary hand, the script commonly used from the sixteenth to the eighteenth centuries, in which the letter S appears in a form closely resembling a trailing L. Third, occasional passages in these volumes are written in a hand so obscure or poorly formed as to be difficult to read even by eye, sometimes compounded by heavy ink bleed-through from the reverse side or by the loss of sections of pages.

To mitigate these difficulties, a strict protocol was applied to each image, requiring the AI to rely solely on clearly visible ink strokes and to flag any uncertain reading, thereby reducing the risk of inferred or invented text. Two conventions are used. [...] marks text that could not be read with confidence; this may represent a single unreadable word, a full sentence, or occasionally an entire paragraph. Square brackets around letters or words indicate a conjectural reading supplied by the transcriber: brackets around a whole word, for example [Bazett], mean the entire word was unclear and a probable reading has been supplied, while brackets around individual letters within an otherwise readable word, for example B[a]z[e]tt, mean only those specific letters were unclear in the source and the unbracketed letters were legibly present.

Referencing Text Locations: A dual numbering system has been adopted, combining the British Library film number with the manuscript’s original page number. These are presented in the format: British Library Film No. / Document Page No.

Content: There are clear suggestions that pages are missing. For example, the volume opens part-way through the muster list of the garrison.

Pagination:

Page numbers appear only in the top right corner of recto pages. The first visible page number is 18, found on Film No. 5 (location 5/18), showing that the preceding seventeen pages are missing. However, a pagination error occurs at once: Film No. 7 also shows page 18. Thus, the opening pagination is: 5/18, 6/19, 7/18, 8/19, 9/20, and so on sequentially through to the end of the volume.

The volume opens midway through a consultation with a lengthy series of reports, confirming that up to seventeen pages are indeed missing from the beginning. The first complete consultation does not appear until location 52/63, dated 22 July 1746. Since the earlier volume, St Helena Records 1745-1746, concluded with a consultation held on 24 June 1746, the fragmentary material at the start of the present volume can presumably be assigned to a consultation held sometime between 24 June and 22 July 1746

Several pages are missing from the end of this volume, which ends abruptly during a list of Company officers, servants, and their salaries from the final consultation of 21 July 1747. The list does not resume in the next volume, St Helena Records 1747-1748. That volume itself begins mid-consultation on 25 August 1747, showing that its opening pages are also lost.

Dates: During the period covered by this volume, England and its colonies followed the Old Style Julian calendar, in which the legal new year began on 25 March (Lady Day). The first date mentioned for a consultation is dated 22 July 1746 and the last is 21 July 1747.

The Council meetings were all held during the administration of Colonel David Dunbar (1744 – 1747) and Captain Charles Hutchinson (1747-1764).

AI Generated Summary

Introduction

This account draws together an unbroken run of the East India Company’s records for St Helena, covering the 14 months from the June quarter of 1746 to July 1747. The island was then a small fortified colony of the United Company of Merchants of England trading to the East Indies, valued above all as the one obligatory watering place on the homeward route from India and China. Every ship of the returning fleets called there for beef, water and repair, so the settlement lived to serve the ocean traffic that passed its road. The material is overwhelmingly administrative, built from quarterly pay rolls, the paymaster’s cash accounts, the storekeeper’s collections of goods sold and used, the treasury counts, the monthly stock returns and the minutes of the Governor and council, together with wills, leases, petitions, musters and a long paper quarrel that came to divide the board. [Film No. 5–426]

These are the Company’s own books, kept by its servants and framed to answer to the Court of Directors in London. They record with great exactness what was granted, paid, received and consumed, yet they were written by and for the Company and pass over in silence much a fuller history would want. The slaves who did the heavy labour, the common soldiers and the island’s women reach the page chiefly through the officers who wrote of them, and usually only when property, cost or crime was involved. The precision of the figures can mislead, since a sum entered as unavoidable waste carried the interest of the officer who entered it. What follows reads the record critically rather than at face value, drawing out the themes the material sustains and weighing the interpretations attached to the accounts rather than simply repeating them. [Film No. 155–204]

Two great arcs run through the whole period and give the narrative its shape. The first is a change of government, from the energetic and abrasive Governor David Dunbar to his former deputy and adversary Charles Hutchinson in March 1747, and then to a council under Hutchinson after Dunbar’s recall was confirmed from London. The second is the pressure of the War of the Austrian Succession, which reached the Indian Ocean, cost the Company its chief settlement at Madras in 1746 and kept St Helena arming its coast against a French threat throughout. Against these run the constant themes of a settlement fed by its own herds and a grain-farming experiment, worked by slaves reckoned as stock, supplied wholly from the passing ships and governed down to the last copper coin. [Film No. 5–426]

Governance and Administration

The island was governed by a small council seated at the castle in James Valley, and through most of the period it sat as Governor David Dunbar, Charles Hutchinson as Lieutenant Governor, and John Goodwin, Matthew Purling and Robert Wright ranked fourth, fifth and sixth of council. The same handful of covenanted servants held every office of weight between them, so that the government of the settlement rested on a narrow circle of men who wore many hats at once. Hutchinson held the double office of Lieutenant Governor and paymaster, so the man who drew the garrison’s money from the chest was also second in the island’s command, a concentration of function common in so small an establishment but one that placed great trust in a single officer. [Film No. 51–52, 105, 107]

The administration reached London by a physical link the accounts themselves record. The packet of letters and reckonings sent home was wrapped in English canvas and stitched shut with coloured thread drawn from the store, and the directors’ orders came back the same way, so a decision taken in London worked its way into the island’s accounts more than a year later. The board acted besides as a court of suspension and restoration over its own officers. James Powell, a writer laid aside for upwards of 12 months, was restored by the Court and his whole back pay settled in a single reckoning, £52 10s 0d for the nine months to 31 March 1746 alone, the advance resting on his undertaking to repay it should the directors in the end disallow the charge. [Film No. 15, 17, 38]

Advancement of the Company’s civil servants ran by a fixed ladder rather than by favour. Powell petitioned in August 1746 that having served five years as a writer he be admitted a factor, and the board admitted him at once under the standing instructions, the more striking because he had lately stood near the centre of a suspension quarrel. The doubling of offices in single hands was the ordinary economy of a thinly staffed establishment, John Leech serving as marshal and custom master and Richard Beale as schoolmaster and clerk of the council, each drawing a distinct fee for each post. The mixed form of the servants’ pay, salary joined by diet money and often house rent, let the Company keep nominal salaries low while meeting the real cost of feeding and housing its people where provisions were dear. [Film No. 69, 85, 107]

The confinement of the place bred strains peculiar to it, for Dunbar complained that for near two years he had been bound to Hutchinson’s company, supping and sitting up with him almost every night against his own inclination, the few of equal rank on so small an island unable to escape one another. This friction hardened into the open quarrel that dominates the record of late 1746, and Dunbar traced the resistance he met to a small faction rather than the whole settlement, naming William Greentree, his brother Richard Goodwin and Thomas Greentree as malignant planters who governed the rest. The charge should be treated with caution, for the record gives his account but not the planters’ own, and casting a collective decision as the work of a grumbling few served his interest in discrediting an opposition he could not otherwise overcome. [Film No. 166–186]

The defining administrative event of the whole period was the change of government, carried to the island by the Company’s snow the Swift, Captain Ball, which arrived from England on 13 March 1747 with a new commission appointing Charles Hutchinson Governor in Dunbar’s place. The general letter was read to Dunbar and the sitting council before the commission took full effect, an orderly handover of the kind the Company required. The transfer turned above all on a reckoning of the Company’s property. The outgoing Governor and John Goodwin delivered up the keys of the castle chest, and the board took a full inventory of the household furniture, plate and instruments at the castle and Plantation House, every article entered by name so the incoming household should take charge of exactly what the outgoing one left. [Film No. 289, 298–301]

That inventory produced the sharpest personal exchange of the whole period, for a list of articles found wanting against the earlier count of 30 September was delivered to Colonel Dunbar, and he answered it point by point on 1 April 1747. He pleaded that missing goods had gone before his time, that others had perished in fair use, the bed tick rotted and the candlesticks broken and pressed into service as ladles, and he disputed whether some listed articles had ever existed. Hutchinson himself acknowledged that most of the missing articles should have been written off long before as inconsiderable, but held that once entered they could be cleared only by the proper form of discharge. The episode measures the rigidity of the Company’s accounting, where nothing on the books could be dropped as trivial but had to be answered, valued or formally written off. [Film No. 298, 302–304]

The change of Governor moved the whole board up a step, and the pay list records each promotion to the exact day. Dunbar drew a full Governor’s salary at £500 a year to 31 March though he had ceased to govern in mid-month, while Hutchinson was paid at the Lieutenant Governor’s £250 to 13 March and at the full £500 from the 14th. John Goodwin rose from third of council to accountant on the same 14 March, Matthew Purling stepped up as storekeeper and Robert Wright as secretary, each man’s broken pay reckoned to the day. A final turn of the wheel came from London itself: the Court had recalled Dunbar from its service and vested authority in a council under Hutchinson, and when the Grantham reached the island on 13 May 1747 carrying the general letter, Lieutenant John Clarke and Robert Wright were called into the council in direct obedience to that order, a vacancy on the board waiting on a ship rather than being filled on the spot. [Film No. 314–315, 364, 370]

The council governed its own local affairs through the parish as well as the board. On 20 April 1747 the annual choice of parish officers shows the settlement working through the vestry, churchwardens and overseers drawn from the same substantial planters and Company servants who filled the council, the board issuing formal warrants to give the vestry’s choice legal force. Under a general letter of 16 January 1747 it appointed Richard Gurling overseer of the stock and plantations at £60 a year, a place ranking with the senior salaried offices, reciting his long prior service to justify the choice against the Court’s command. That so important an appointment turned on an order from London shows how little the island’s government could settle for itself, even in the management of its own land. [Film No. 313–354, 367]

Military Affairs and Defence

The garrison was the largest single charge on the island and the pay roll sets out its whole structure. The establishment was organised into four companies of foot together with an artillery company, each foot company under a lieutenant and second lieutenant with sergeants, corporals, a drummer and sentinels beneath them. A settled sentinel drew the uniform rate of £3 8s 3d for the quarter while fresh recruits were carried at a lower figure until absorbed onto the strength, a distinction the clerks maintained man by man and priced to the exact day of every promotion, reduction, transfer or discharge. The artillery stood a clear step above the foot in pay, marking the premium the Company set on trained gun crews, John French the master gunner drawing £13 8s 9d against a foot lieutenant’s £10 0s 0d, his gunner’s mates and quarter gunners and even the matrosses at the foot of the artillery scale all standing above the private of foot. [Film No. 5–12, 108–116]

The wider European war pressed directly on the island’s defences and the accounts record the effort in detail. Britain was engaged in the War of the Austrian Succession, and a sustained programme of fortification work reflects the fear of a French or hostile approach to so valuable a mid-ocean station. Men were paid 13d a day, above the soldier’s standing rate, to labour on the works, and the effort reached beyond the batteries to the shaping of a glacis in James Valley, the open ground kept bare before the works so an enemy could find no cover, with Onesiphorus Beale paid to oversee the labour at 2s 6d a day. War also replenished the garrison from the misfortunes of the passing ships, four soldiers bound for Bencoolen aboard the Oxford, Duncan McLaren, Robert Stack, John Walker and Edward Sparks, put ashore sick and then kept on the island to make up its numbers. [Film No. 19, 21, 49]

The demands of defence collided constantly with the shortage of hands, a tension that runs through the whole record. The Governor recorded that many soldiers were forced to labour on the fortifications and to go fishing to victual the garrison for want of slaves, so that armed men were turned to spade work and the boats, which explains why the same men appear drawing soldier’s pay, fortification day money and fishing wages together. The garrison’s real occupation lay as much in labour as in arms, the same men listed as sentinels working the fortifications at a shilling the day, cutting and carrying hay, ploughing and threshing corn and grubbing furze in the pastures, so a garrison substantial on paper spent its days largely in manual toil. Lieutenant Clark even drew a distinct allowance for instructing the men, a charge pointing to the difficulty of keeping soldiers in any fitness for arms. [Film No. 61, 108, 116, 121, 123]

Much of the magazine served the works rather than the guns. The gunner’s accounts record 50 lb of powder going repeatedly to a stone blaster, in July and September 1746 and again through the early months of 1747, to break rock for the platforms and the lime the fortifications consumed. Salutes and alarms were built from the lightest pieces so ceremony and warning cost as little powder as possible, six guns answering an alarm to bring a strange ship to and nine more to salute her once she proved friendly. The September stores show the plain maintenance of the battery at Rupert’s Valley, 18 fresh trucks for the gun carriages with broken handspikes, sponge staves, sponge heads and rammer heads, the labour of keeping guns ready that were handled and shifted but not fired. [Film No. 77, 92, 104, 281, 285, 291]

The arrival of the new commission gave fresh urgency to the island’s defence, for the Company’s orders required a new battery built and the old one repaired at Sandy Bay. The board laid the foundation of the new Sandy Bay battery on 19 March 1747, sited near the middle of the beach to carry six six-pounders, and the last of the seven six-pounders with their carriages was landed there by the long boat on 28 March 1747. Work at Banks’s Mount required a stone blaster to clear the fixed rock, which stood too shallow to let the guns recoil without striking their carriages, William Jones paid 2s a day for blowing up and scarping the rock and Bartholomew Molloy 3s for cutting stone and laying the platforms. The defensive scheme reached beyond the batteries into the ordering of the whole population, the board fixing the quarters for the slaves at the several guards on double alarms and appointing flying parties for the eastern and western divisions. [Film No. 290–291, 298–299, 331–347]

The arming of the garrison was pressed hard as the recruits came in. Seventy-eight recruits landed from the Prince Edward had carried no ammunition since they came ashore, and on 26 March 1747 the gunner issued them powder, cartridge boxes and ball, filling their cartridge boxes at 153 to 189 rounds apiece and bringing them to practise firing at a target newly fixed in Rupert’s Valley. Powder was even spent exercising the French, a phrase pointing to French recruits or gunners trained among the crews. The war pressed on the island through a heightened watch against enemy sail, guns fired to bring passing ships to and heavy shot discharged from the batteries at Banks’s, Munden’s Point and along the line, while French prisoners borne home on the muster roll of the London marked the same conflict that had cost the Company Madras. [Film No. 308–323, 361, 386]

The greatest single discharge of the whole period was ceremonial rather than defensive. On 16 June 1747 35 guns were fired for Governor Dunbar and the fleet’s departure, the salute marking the recalled Governor’s final leaving of the island aboard the homeward ships, the Walpole and Somerset among them carrying the annual advices home. The scale of powder spent on courtesy salutes drew unease even in the record itself, yet the reasoning holds that the arriving Indiamen carried the season’s supply and the Company’s homeward trade depended on keeping faith with its captains, so the ceremonial expense bought the goodwill that provisioning and convoy required. After the June salute the road emptied and the firing fell away sharply. [Film No. 363, 402]

Settlement, Land and Agriculture

The Company held the island as lord proprietor and let its ground on formal leases, and two forms of tenure ran side by side throughout. Land in James Valley was held in small measured house plots on terms of years, as when Gabriel Isaack took a parcel of 45 feet by 70 on a twenty-one-year term at 15s a year, bound to keep the buildings in repair and forbidden to assign without the board’s consent. The town filled in lot by lot, the plots priced by position rather than area and far more dearly than country farmland, the rents falling as the ground ran back from the fort and the landing so the same measured foot of James Valley was worth more or less by its nearness to the harbour. The country plantations were held on an older footing of lives, the lease running not for a term of years but for the natural lives of three named persons, renewable as each life fell in. [Film No. 69–70, 80–82, 217–218]

The lives-lease was a tenure by which the tenant renewed by entering a fresh name each time a nominee died, so the holding could run on indefinitely so long as the lease was kept up and a fine paid for each new life. Robert Wright paid to renew two lives on his five-acre lease, and Samuel Doveton asked that Margaret Doveton be entered in place of the dead Mary on his 12 acres called the Briars, keeping the land in his family. Richard Goodwin, holding five and a quarter acres at the head of Fryer Valley, petitioned in April 1747 to insert Matthew Bazett and Jonathan Doveton in the room of two lives that had died. Such grants often waited years to be sealed, the four acres granted to Thomas Hayes as far back as February 1745 not measured and leased until 1747, the measuring chains of the inventory being the instrument that turned a council’s award into a bounded holding. [Film No. 106, 118, 305–312, 374, 391]

The covenants show the Company shaping the land to its own long-term ends, above all the restoration of timber on ground the settlement had stripped. Every tenant was bound to fence the plot at once with a good wall, to keep it in heart, to grow a fixed tenth of the ground in wood and to hedge with furze, never to alter the boundary fences and not to assign the lease without the board’s leave. The Company thus shifted the whole cost of improvement onto the tenant in exchange for a long term at a small ground rent. Goodwin’s lease singled out named fruit trees to be planted and replaced as they died, apple, lemon, mulberry and peach, the mulberry pointing to hopes of silk and the lemon to the antiscorbutic fruit valued on the sea route, and a token rent of one copper corn a year was charged on a single rocky acre to keep the poor ground within the tenure while acknowledging it could bear no real rent. [Film No. 214–216, 279–280, 311–313]

The most substantial agricultural development of the period was the ripening of the Company’s arable scheme into a genuine grain harvest, a deliberate move to lessen the island’s long dependence on imported rice and flour. Under Governor Dunbar a large barn was built near Horse Point in the Great Wood, with corn mills, a kiln to dry the grain, and flails, cloths and sieves for the threshing, the board expecting more than a hundred quarters from the standing crop. The plantation stores record the physical building of the barn, more than £50 of material in a single head, nine pieces of Virginia timber, a hundred and seven double deals, 20 spars and hundredweights of nails, John Simmons the carpenter paid for 58 days on it while others cut rushes and thatched it and the corn ricks. The husbandry reached beyond grain to the careful tending of orchards and grass, pruning hatchets, grafting saws and scythes issued for the work. [Film No. 40, 61, 125, 141–143]

The scheme ran on into 1747 in full material operation, worked by the labour of the garrison at day-wages. The barley grown in the Long Wood and threshed by paid soldiers appeared as bread, more than 5,000 loaves of barley bread issued to the establishment in a single quarter, John Rother and John Cawdry each drawing more than 90 and 70 days at 1s 3d. Sundry persons were paid for 234 days mowing and haymaking and for 332 days grubbing furze out of the pastures, the single heaviest labour charge of a quarter, John Watkins overseeing the ploughing and harvest and William Mason making and mending the carts, ploughs and harrows. By early 1747 the scheme had begun to yield a return, 2,238 lb of the Company’s own barley passing through the store as a saleable commodity and sugar bartered for wheat to sow, the island supplying part of its own staple grain for the first time in this record. [Film No. 241, 262–263, 267, 269, 333–349]

The management of the common grazing and the interlacing of land among the governing families both surface in the record. When Joseph Powell and others who kept sheep on Thomstone Hill were refused the use of the goat pound there, the board granted them leave to build their own pound, so the common was shared but pounded apart by the kind of stock. How thoroughly the island’s land lay in the hands of its rulers appears from the bounds of Wright’s Sandy Bay parcel, set between the holdings of his fellow councillor Purling and the orphans of the late councillor Alexander, the map of Sandy Bay tenure reading like a roll of the ruling families. This binding of governance and landholding together was the same interlacing the Governor urged made his fellow members unfit to judge one of their own, so the pattern of tenure fed directly into the disputes that divided the board. [Film No. 80, 163–196]

Supply and Provisioning

The warehouse stood as the island’s only source of manufactured and imported goods, and the storekeeper’s collections record how completely the settlement drew on it. Arrack, brandy, sugar, flour, cloth, candles, ironmongery, chinaware and window glass all came from the passing ships, for St Helena grew or made almost none of these. The categories the clerk used, turnery, haberdashery, cutlery and the rest, carried the vocabulary of the English retail trade whole onto a schedule kept five thousand miles from London. The reach of the Company’s trade is written into the goods themselves, tea measured in catties and sugar candy from the China ships, doosetees and dungarees Indian cotton cloths from the coast ships, Florence oil a Mediterranean olive oil carried out from England and train oil whale or fish oil for the lamps, a single ocean station supplied from three continents through the homeward traffic. [Film No. 24–28]

The island depended for its needs on a supply line reaching from London and Bengal, and that line disappointed it repeatedly. Ten pieces of teak plank sent from Bengal aboard the Royal George to make gun carriages were condemned on survey as uneasy to saw and rotten, unfit at the very moment the wartime garrison most needed sound wood for its ordnance. The Governor’s long list of wants catalogues further mismatches, musket worms from the Queen Caroline too small and fit only for pistols, ill-made soldiers’ coats, and blue and white bunting useless for want of the red the ships’ captains required for their colours. Goods shipped without regard to how they would be used, or in incomplete sets, left the island forever correcting from the far end a chain that sent parts without wholes across half the world, and the board reported such shortfalls to London as a duty rather than a complaint. [Film No. 56–57, 61–62]

Against the ever-present threat of scurvy the settlement laid in citrus in quantity, lemons bought for the general table in parcels of fifteen and sixteen hundred at a time, the known preventive of the disease that afflicted the ships and the isolated garrison alike. Much of the settlement’s food came not from its scarce herds but from the sea, fishing gear recurring across almost every head of the store’s issues, and the great inventory stock of more than fifty thousand hooks confirming the scale of the fishery, 11 men having been set constantly in the boats since 1727 to supply the fish that fed the garrison. The island also turned the by-products of its own slaughtering to account, the tallow of the beef made into candles and sold at fivepence and the hides tanned into leather for harness and shoes, one of the few productive local manufactures. [Film No. 19, 45, 118, 130, 143, 150, 350]

When the store fell short, its gaps were filled piecemeal from whatever a caller happened to carry, as when the Governor bought carpenter’s tools aboard the ship London because there were none in store. The Indian settlements remained the island’s indispensable suppliers, and the mechanism that kept a settlement with almost no productive trade of its own supplied was the tonnage quota, the fixed allowance of cargo each Company ship was bound to land, together with the one per cent, a customary levy on the private trade of the Company’s officers set aside in goods for the island’s use. In near-identical letters of 26 May 1747 to Bengal, Bombay and Fort St David the council renewed its standing orders, requesting from each coast the manufactures and spirits of its own region, the yearly letters the machinery that kept the island victualled from India. [Film No. 125, 276, 371–372]

The loss of Madras redirected the island’s cloth orders and marked the war’s reach into its supply. Since the Company had suffered the misfortune of losing Madras, St Helena was cut off from the supplies it used to draw from there and was obliged to ask Fort St David, the subordinate settlement on the Coromandel coast that became the Company’s principal station once Fort St George fell, for long cloth graded into fine, middling and ordinary at 10, 5 and a lower pagoda price a piece. The chelloes the council wanted, a coarse blue and white cotton needed for slave clothing, were ordered woven at the Presidency and sent by the first ship. The pagoda pricing marked the order as Coromandel goods, the island buying to a settled specification by quality and rate rather than taking whatever a ship happened to carry. [Film No. 276, 372]

Trade and Shipping

The island’s whole purpose lay in serving the fleets, and its warehouse doubled as a chandlery and naval yard in mid-ocean. Goods sold to His Majesty’s ships and the Company’s ships were the working stores of vessels rather than domestic wares, pitch, tar, cordage, canvas, bunting and paint to keep a hull tight and rigging sound, a single line of cordage at over £200 dwarfing every other entry as the great naval consumable. The greatest service the island could render a crippled ship was a spar, and a large mast sold for nearly £60 was the single most valuable item in the whole ships’ account, a vessel dismasted in a gale, as the Hardwick had been coming home from China earlier that year, set right nowhere else in the ocean before home. [Film No. 34–36]

The great East Indiamen were the reason for the settlement, and the musters that recur through the record show what manner of vessels these were and served the island’s standing duty to hold the crews to their number. As each homeward ship arrived, an officer went aboard to search for deserters and call over her whole company man by man against her list, so no man could slip ashore and be lost to his ship. Purling searched the Royal George and Scarborough on 26 July 1746, and Robert Wright the Somerset, Pelham, London and Walpole in turn in 1747. The rolls set out an elaborate division of labour, joiners, sailmakers, caulkers, armourers, coopers, bakers, butchers and surgeons each with his mate, and the mixed manning of the long-voyage trade, English hands beside Dutch, Scandinavian, Irish and Portuguese seamen drawn from wherever they could be got for a voyage that killed many. [Film No. 59–60, 356–361, 377]

The settlement was chandler, victualler and arsenal to the passing fleet at once, and its labour and stores alike were a source of revenue. Masons John Bland and Mark Hawkins and the carpenter Henry Moyce earned the Company money for days spent repairing His Majesty’s ship the Deptford in the road, and the board bought a longboat with masts, an anchor and cable from Captain Steele for £10 and sails from Captain D’Auvergne and spared the Scarborough 12 dozen hand grenades for her own protection in waters where a French privateer might be met. Word of approaching ships was carried down to the castle by inhabitants paid 5s a run for coming express, Edward Allis, Stephen Lufkin and others rewarded as the homeward fleet came up, the service turning ordinary settlers into the island’s lookout, paid piece by piece rather than kept on any wage. [Film No. 15, 17, 44, 63–64, 77]

The island’s value as a relay in wartime appears most clearly in the news the Portobello carried in early 1747, word of the opening blows of the French war on the Coromandel coast, the indecisive action off Negapatam and the fall of Fort St George at Madras, taken by Labourdonnais’s Mauritius squadron in 1746. The Presidency sent the news home with a duplicate packet for the Court and asked the council to forward it by the first opportunity, so that word of a disaster in India should reach London by more than one hand should a ship be taken. Passing ships also served the island as an irregular post between the annual sailings of its own vessels, and when a Dutch ship sent her boat ashore to enquire after the Dutch fleet on 18 May 1747 the council seized the chance to send home a short letter, the enquiry itself reflecting the wartime need of every power to know where the others’ squadrons lay. [Film No. 277–278, 368]

The arrival and dispatch of the store ships produced revealing exchanges over the terms of hire. When the Prince Edward, Captain Haldane, arrived from England on 24 December 1746, the board wrote once the 10 working days usually allowed the store ship for unloading had expired, telling him he was no longer detained on the Company’s account, the charter party binding the Company to pay for the vessel only while its goods were landed. Haldane’s reply laid bare the hazard of an island with no harbour, the surf running so high that a loaded long boat had capsized at the crane with 25 men aboard, several still injured, and he asked not for payment, which the council could not vary, but for its testimony to the Court in support of a demurrage claim. That the question was referred upward marks the limit of the council’s authority over the terms of hire, the board able to bear witness and recommend but not to bind the Company. [Film No. 210–213]

At the close of the period the road filled with the trade that gave the island its purpose. A Danish China ship the Christiansburg and a second great Danish vessel the Fyen arrived from China laden with tea and chinaware, while the Company’s own homeward ships the Somerset from Bencoolen and the Pelham from Bombay by way of the Cape brought supply. The invoices mark the island as a point where every branch of the Company’s eastern commerce touched, the Pelham discharging rice and Goa arrack reckoned in rupees, annas and pies, the London and Augusta from China bringing Bohea tea, sugar, sugar candy and chinaware reckoned in taels, mace and candareens, an invoice signed by the supercargoes at Canton in December 1746 and reaching St Helena the following May, a ship discharging part of her homeward lading at the road before the last leg to England. [Film No. 310–354, 355, 358–360]

Economy, Currencies, Bartering and Accounting

The store priced access to its stock by the buyer’s relation to the Company, a graded markup that ran from 10 to 50 per cent above cost. The covenanted servants paid the lowest rate of 10 per cent, the free planters 25, and the foreign ships 50, so the identical doosetees, flannel and broadcloth were charged at different figures according to who bought them, the schedule an instrument of policy that rewarded Company service while drawing the fullest margin from the foreign stranger. The same principle of pricing by the strength of need governed the goods sold to the fleets, flour standing far above the garrison’s rate at over £48 for little more than 500 lb weight, the premium a ship revictualling in mid-passage would pay where there was nowhere else to buy. Brandy dominated the whole trade through every collection, close to a thousand gallons in a single quarter, the heaviest single line throughout the record. [Film No. 24, 29, 33–34, 338–342, 405–415]

The island’s revenue rested besides on a settled body of leased land whose yield changed little from year to year. At the rent day of 7 October 1746 the planters paid ground rent for the past year amounting to £338 19s 2.5d, close to the £337 gathered the previous October across near 3,900 acres. Rent fell only on leasehold land, freehold being held outright and paying nothing, and it was graded by the worth of the ground, the poorest land let at a few pence the acre and the better ground at more, some holders swearing additional acres onto the roll under the census order. Francis Wrangham senior stood at the head of the roll by a wide margin, 183 freehold and 123 leasehold acres carrying £25 19s 0d, the island’s principal planter, a standing he kept into the yam crisis of the following year. [Film No. 98–100]

The treasury at James Valley was a reservoir that filled and emptied with the traffic of the road, and the count of cash is a picture of a settlement standing at the crossroads of the world’s trade. Its silver was made up of Spanish dollars and reals, Indian rupees, a Dutch ducatoon and French pieces, its gold of Indian pagodas, Venetian coins and the odd St Thomas and gubber, the mother country’s own money almost absent, a mere two English sixpences standing among thousands of coins in the counts of 1747. St Helena struck no money and lived on whatever the ships left behind, so the Company reckoned this foreign mass into sterling at fixed rates to keep its books, two headings for odd money and money not current covering worn, clipped and unpassable coin carried at a token figure. [Film No. 51, 369, 389]

The reckoning shows the Company’s exposure to distant decisions. The Court had ordered the pagoda lowered from 9s to 8s from 1 May 1746, a devaluation that cost £98 5s 0d at a stroke on its principal holding, so the gold shrank while the silver swelled, and the clerk himself left a query against one line of rials, uncertain whether the extension was rightly cast. The chest swelled and emptied with the season, the Spanish dollars climbing to more than twelve thousand as the Royal George and Scarborough settled their accounts, and the treasury growing from £2,536 at the end of April 1747 to £3,590 a month later as the season’s shipping lay in the road. The scarcity of any single reliable coin forced the settlement to run its larger reckonings on paper, the Company’s own cash notes standing at £537 15s 0d and broken into denominations from the forty-shilling note down to the half-crown, a graded currency of the island’s own that stretched the scarce silver by passing debts from hand to hand. [Film No. 78–79, 97, 285, 389]

Beyond ground rent and coin the treasury served as a node in the Company’s wider financial network. It recovered money lent on respondentia, a loan on the security of a ship’s cargo, and advanced cash against bills drawn on London houses, so value moved between St Helena and England without the physical transport of coin. The chief means of drawing coin into the treasury was the sale of bills of exchange on the Company in London, a commander or private holder paying silver into the cash and receiving a bill payable 90 days after sight. Captain Jobson paid in £900 by this means, the outgoing Governor Dunbar £720 rather than carry coin on the voyage home, and when even these fell short the council diverted a chest of treasure from a store ship’s consignment bound for Bencoolen, tapping the Company’s own bullion as it passed the island eastward. [Film No. 58, 78, 378, 382, 388–390]

The island’s own farming and labour brought a steady return into the treasury alongside the great outgoings. Milk sold at a shilling a gallon brought in over £47 from the Company’s dairy herd, hay was sold at 5s the hundredweight, the takings of 11 public-house licences and the market money came in each quarter, and the storekeeper’s sales alone ran to several hundred pounds each quarter. The market takings tie the accounts directly to the supply arrangement the Governor forced late in 1746, Roger Nevanson accounting for the Company’s provisions sold through the market, the Company being both the chief supplier and the receiver of the takings, having undertaken to make up what the planters would not furnish. The licensing of liquor was itself a fiscal instrument, £35 a year from licences recorded in the general letter of 29 November 1727, so the penalty on unlicensed sellers defended the licence revenue as much as it restrained drinking. [Film No. 44, 95, 238, 296]

The waste dispute of late 1746 was the most sustained piece of administrative conflict in the record and turned on the physics of the cask as much as any charge of theft. The Governor attacked the storekeeper’s profit and loss account of waste, which for the year to 30 September closed at £52 18s 10d, objecting in particular to the leakage charged on 240 gallons of arrack, arguing a full cask could not lose the 20 gallons a leaguer charged against it. Behind the arrack lay a wider case that the stores were neither honestly kept nor safely held, the assistant storekeeper Francis Wrangham junior having kept his day book for three months with no entry of date and once used a Company long boat to bring in private arrack for his father. The waste charge was settled by practical trial, Meacock the cooper reporting that a leaguer he kept full lost between seven and eight quarts monthly by evaporation, which over the year approached the very allowance the Governor had called impossible, and on this the whole board except the Governor was satisfied. [Film No. 184–191]

The wider significance of the waste dispute lies in what the Governor said about the board’s ordinary practice, reminding the members that the Company’s instructions required them to examine every account strictly before passing it and observing what a complaisant custom prevailed, every account approved as soon as it was laid before them. This names a real decay of the council’s function, and it belonged to a single discipline of the books, the Company’s insistence that nothing standing on its accounts could simply be dropped. The writing-off of dead debts to the account current at London, ordered when no claim was made on the estates of Edward Johnson, the former Governor Isaac Pyke and others by the appointed day, belonged to the same rigour that governed the pursuit of the inventory deficiencies, the whole administration turning on a reckoning in which every entry had to be answered, valued or formally struck out. [Film No. 186–191, 290, 298]

Slavery and Coerced Labour

The island was worked in large part by slaves, and no feature of the material is more telling than how the Company’s own records reduced them to items of stock. In the monthly plantation account for July 1746 the birth of a slave girl named Bridget was entered among the livestock increase in the same column that recorded new calves, lambs and kids, and in the account for August 1746 the death of an aged slave named Toney was set down among the losses of the herd as a superannuated black. The same reckoning recorded a slave girl named Nanny born in 1747 among the beasts born, and struck four runaways off the books as a loss of stock. A human birth and a human death were numbered with the beasts, the naming of the two the only mark that distinguished them, a plain and terrible index of how the system regarded the people it held. [Film No. 75, 93, 401]

The care the Company extended to its slaves was the calculated maintenance of valuable property. A separate account charged the stores issued for their use, arrack and brandy for drams and medicine, sugar and tea for the sick among them and for the washerwomen who did the heavy laundry, and a small quantity of beef given month by month to the sick blacks, entered in the same account as the wine and meat of the officers’ table. The sick were fed better because a dead labourer was a dead asset, and the bookkeeping kept the cost distinct so the maintenance of the workforce could be reckoned against the Company’s account. The one occasion in the year the slaves received fresh beef as more than a working ration was Christmas, when a single bull was killed for them, the visible edge of an economy that otherwise fed its slaves as cheaply as it could on yams and rice. [Film No. 40–41, 76, 220, 419]

The Company clothed its whole unfree workforce at once from store, the jackets, breeches, shirts and Scotch bonnets running in matching quantities of around a hundred and thirty each, the near-uniform count showing the slaves dressed as a body rather than individually, the breeches alone at over £70 forming one of the heaviest single lines in a collection. When the imported supply fell 20 suits short of clothing all the men in 1747, the council ordered the shortfall made up from kersey in the island’s own stores, a rare instance of St Helena manufacturing for its own use seen also in the wool cards and cloth of the Corker account. The shoemakers Swaits Sweet and Joseph Loveit were paid to make 18 pairs of shoes for the slaves at a time, and a single pair charged for a man named Frank Batchelor is among the very few points at which an individual slave is named at all. [Film No. 41, 243, 249, 399, 419]

The origins of the island’s slaves reached into the wider Indian Ocean traffic of the Company, and their maintenance and movement ran along its own routes. Blankets were charged for slaves received from Bencoolen aboard the Queen Caroline, and £46 0s 0d was paid for two black slaves left on the island by a Dutch captain in 1743, claimed as private property by George Gabriel Powell until the council took them under the Company’s protection. The mixed origins appear most starkly in the flight of 22 February 1747, when four Company slaves named Sultane and Nero from Bencoolen and Ben and Essex from Madagascar, with one slave each of Matthew Purling and James Powell, went off in the night in a small fishing yacht from Sandy Bay. The board reckoned they had in all probability perished on the open ocean and struck the Company’s slaves off its books, the readiness of men held across different households to act together against a common condition plain in the attempt. [Film No. 17, 41, 286, 292]

The desperation behind that flight is measured by its near certainty of death, the island lying many hundreds of miles from any land and Sandy Bay a windward shore where the sea ran directly onshore, the most dangerous quarter to put out from. The episode had a long reach, for the council later tied to it its refusal of more transported convicts from Fort Marlborough at Bencoolen, which used St Helena as a place of transportation, objecting that the island was a small settlement where the white inhabitants were few and the slaves many so a handful of dangerous newcomers could entice the Company’s slaves to flee. The runaways had gone off in a fishing yacht, the same kind of small craft the council then had to replace by buying one from a ship in the road, so a single act of flight cost the island both its slaves and its boat and pressed it to push back against a superior settlement. [Film No. 286, 373, 384]

The war works laid a further and heavier burden of coerced labour on the island’s privately owned slaves. At a meeting convened by order of council on 11 March 1747 the inhabitants resolved that each should send in one third of his serviceable slaves, some 70 hands a day, to work eight weeks on the Sandy Bay batteries under an overseer of their own appointing, with a fine of 5s for each day’s default. The whole labour of building the island’s fortifications was thus raised as a kind of tax in kind on the slaveholders in proportion to their human property, the fine giving the assessment teeth, excused only in case of sickness or a slave’s running away. The brandy issued as drams to the slaves at hard labour, the largest single line under the slaves’ head, drove the effort of the war works and the plantation, the drink charged into the account as coldly as their food and cloth. [Film No. 289–290, 419]

Slaves appear finally as property in the wills the council proved, passed by bequest like plate and jewellery. The will of Lieutenant John Desfountain left four slave girls, Mercy, Patt, Peg and Ellen, one to each of his four children alongside silver spoons, gold rings and money, and directed that these gifts were not to be valued against each child’s share of the estate, marking the domestic slaves as a fixed part of a planter’s household wealth distributed as evenly as the money and the plate. The whole life and death of the Company’s slaves passed through its accounts, nails and two deals issued for a coffin for a dead slave set down among the cloth and food without comment, the burial reckoned as coldly as the drams and shoes of the living. [Film No. 143, 397]

Judiciary, Crime and Punishment

The council sat as the island’s court, and the fullest judicial matter in the earlier record is the case of Thomas Greentree, charged in July 1746 with retailing arrack without a licence contrary to the Company’s orders. Eight persons owned to have paid money into his hands for a share of 31 gallons afterwards divided among them, and the case turned wholly on whether a sale divided among several buyers was one wholesale transaction or many retail ones, a question the Company’s silent orders left each reader to answer as his judgement inclined. Greentree’s defence was that he had bargained the whole quantity to Nathan Sample, a licensed publican, and knew nothing of its being divided until the buyers came to fetch it. Both sides reached across five thousand miles to English law to fill the silence, Wright citing the rule that a person was finable for retailing only in less than three gallons, the Governor a case before Lord Chief Justice Lee in which division among many buyers was held the very thing that made a sale unlawful. [Film No. 52–55, 64–65]

The proceedings exposed a sharp conflict between the Governor and a witness that the record sets down without comment. John Leech deposed on oath that the Governor had given the licensed men leave to buy arrack where they pleased so long as he knew the source, an account the Governor declared to his face was false and that he knew to be false before the oath was even taken, standing in the awkward position of both a party to the disputed conversation and the presiding authority administering the very oath that would contradict him. The four members gave their written opinions that Greentree was not guilty, and the Governor, unable to carry a fine by vote, imposed one of £4 on his sole authority, grounding the act in the Company’s own words that it was the Governor’s peculiar business to see the orders complied with. He objected further that the planter members were not competent to judge a case where a planter was concerned, but the members answered that the Court had appointed them knowing them to be planters, turning the source of the objection into the ground of their authority. [Film No. 53–54, 64–66, 74]

The case is worth weighing for what it discloses beyond its own small stakes, for the whole difficulty arose because the licence system taxed and controlled the public sale of spirits without ever defining the offence it forbade. Robert Wright went to the root of the matter, observing that the Company’s orders fixed no quantity that marked the line between a lawful sale and unlicensed retailing, so each member had to supply his own test from the facts. The enforcement of the rule rested on the board’s reading of an offence never precisely stated and on remembered conversations no writing confirmed, showing how such verbal sanctions became the ground of later dispute in a settlement governed as much by the word of its officers as by any settled code, the dispute passing by degrees from whether Greentree had offended into whether the Governor might enforce the orders against his whole council. [Film No. 52–54]

The council’s judicial business ran well beyond this quarrel, for the board served as a probate court for the maritime population that passed and died there, standing in for such a court on a remote island. It proved and registered the wills of the seaman George Moody, the sergeant Thomas Corker and the aged drummer George Lindsay, and it marshalled the estates of the island’s dead by public notice and a claims deadline, the winding-up of William Simpson’s estate running through several consultations until it proved solvent with a balance of £22 11s 5.5d and no lawful heir, so the executor paid the surplus into the Company’s hands and the council became the trustee of last resort. When competing creditors pressed the estate of Robert Wood, late gunner’s mate, the board advertised for all demands rather than pay the first claim laid before it, marshalling the claims before discharging them. [Film No. 55, 67, 87, 172–194, 207]

The most revealing later legal episode is the dispute of John Bland, the Company’s master mason, over the sale of a house belonging to the estate of Joshua Johnson. Bland alleged that the executors Robert Wright and John Alexander had refused his private offers and then rigged the auction, using Purling as a stalking horse to bid the house in so that it came back to the estate while appearing tested at open sale, a proceeding he said would never have been allowed in England. He bid the price up to £180 to secure possession, reckoning it easier to sue for the overplus than to force a sale, but the board’s handling shows it protecting its own, Wright denying the bargain and Bland reprimanded for the unbecoming words of his petition and told his charge was a question of law for a jury, which kept the conduct of the councillor-executors from being judged by their own board. On a plainer grievance he fared better, the board ordering £6 a year to him and to the carpenter Hawkins for lodging the Company had promised but never provided. [Film No. 198–202]

A later dispute over the estate of the missing William Worrall shows the council reaching the limit of its own jurisdiction. Worrall and his wife had taken passage from Bombay aboard the Prince of Orange, unheard of for near 18 months, and their kin moved as presumptive heirs on the reasonable inference that the ship had foundered, but a debtor, John Alexander, refused to pay the interest on a mortgage bond until a court settled whether it still bound him, since Worrall had left no attorney and payment to the wrong hand would not discharge the debt. The council declined to decide either way, deferring until a legal authority should appear, weighing the risk of a wrong decision against a living man’s return as graver than the certain waste of the frozen sum. A claim over the estate of the late Sergeant Corker shows how a debt for work done bound the Company through successive changes of government, a sum first ordered under Governor Powell carried forward and paid down under Dunbar and claimed under Hutchinson, part settled in beef valued at threepence a pound when coin was short. [Film No. 375–376, 380, 403–404]

The material records few crimes beyond the disputed retailing of liquor and the alleged thefts of livestock, and its treatment of wrongdoing bends toward the protection of Company property and revenue. Robert Wright reported on 14 October 1746 that 15 sheep had gone missing and believed them killed or stolen because some slaves had earlier been punished for taking sheep, and his conclusion was carried straight onto the face of the September stock account against a line for stock stolen and killed by the slaves, so the books recorded the overseer’s judgement as fact, and the historian must weigh whether the missing beasts reflected thieving or the ordinary hazards of a flock running loose. The malicious destruction of newly planted trees between St James Valley and the Maldivia garden on the night before 9 December was met with a reward of £5 0s 0d for evidence, the recourse to a paid informer revealing the limit of the council’s reach where the testimony of slaves was inadmissible and direct proof of a night-time act hard to come by. [Film No. 102–103, 179–203]

The Company’s power to compel the inhabitants appears in the census order of September 1746, which required every person to deliver a sworn account of family, land and cattle on pain of a fine of 40s levied by distress, a penalty resting on a general letter of 1 August 1683, more than 60 years old, whose survival shows the long continuity of the Company’s government of the island. Petty theft of the Company’s own stock continued even through the season of scarcity in 1747, the monthly accounts entering four hogs stolen in May and single birds in June as a separate head distinct from the deaths by disease and drought, the theft of a few hogs noted as carefully as the great die-off, every beast accounted for whether killed, dead or stolen. Desertion to outbound shipping was the garrison’s constant loss, three soldiers going missing when the Dutch ships Lekkerland and Tholen sailed on 11 June 1747, Fox and Hayes paid to the day they deserted and struck from the wages, while a settled practice of mutual surrender ran the other way, the Somerset giving up the runaway Patrick Hamilton, taken back into the garrison from the day he was delivered up. [Film No. 91–92, 385, 390, 425–426]

Social Order, Religion and Education

The graded pricing and clothing that ran through the accounts mapped the social order of the settlement as plainly as any description could. The store’s markup ranked the covenanted servant above the free planter and both above the foreign ship, while the scarlet broadcloth at 15s a yard, the dearest cloth on the schedule, stood against the coarse blue for a few shillings as the difference of station was written into what people wore. The clothing delivered to the military set out a hierarchy in cloth as strict as the pay roll’s hierarchy in wages, officers’ coats made up from scarlet broadcloth with silk, mohair and metal buttons, the sentinels’ coats from plainer stuff at a little over a pound each, the marshal, drummers, corporals and gunner’s mates each with their distinct issue between the two, the store supplying not merely warmth but the visible marks of command. [Film No. 26, 29, 32]

Beneath the ordered ranks lay the practical machinery of control in a slave society, the store selling till locks and japanned locks to the planters for the drawers and boxes where valuables were kept, the hardware of security in a place where the testimony of slaves was inadmissible and a written pass the only workable check on movement, so that the means of order itself was imported like everything else. The garrison was largely drawn from the settlement’s own families, the island surnames of Allis, Bland, Harper, Lufkin, Mason, Twaits and Moyce recurring through the ranks of every company, the same names that appear as overseers, tradesmen and leaseholders standing at the private’s wage, so the muster roll and the roll of inhabitants were in large part the same people. The clearest instance is John Barton, whose town-lot lease the board executed in January 1747 and who appears in the same quarter’s roll as first lieutenant of the fourth company, the leaseholder and the officer one person. [Film No. 42–43, 226, 233]

Below the officers lay a garrison bound by small loans, mutual dependence and limited literacy. The will of Sergeant Thomas Corker, who died on 3 August 1746, distributed a few pounds and a chest or two among named comrades and even directed a debt of 5s owed him to be paid over to another soldier, and Corker himself signed only with a mark, as did one of his witnesses, so a document of legal effect passed among men who could not write their names. The Company carried its worn-out servants to the end of long lives, George Lindsay a drummer and pensioner reported aged 102 years dying on 17 October 1746 and leaving his whole estate to a single friend, and the superannuated list closing each pay roll carried the old overseer Richard Tinsley, two former sergeants, a sentinel and the armourer Francis Funge, kept on the pay after their working service was done, Funge alone drawing more than the pensioner’s flat rate for a skill the settlement could not spare. [Film No. 67–68, 87, 237, 322–327]

The reach of religion into the record is faint, entering chiefly as the sanction behind sworn evidence and glimpsed through the affairs of its ministers. Margaret Alcock, widow of the chaplain Edwin Alcock who had died intestate in 1746, appears on the rent roll paying a small charge, the Governor having advanced £10 a quarter for the destitute family, and the island went without a settled chaplain after Alcock’s death, the layman Richard Beale reading service in his place until the Company authorised his pay at £47 9s 5.5d for more than two years’ officiating. The arrival of a new chaplain, William Loveday, who came onto the establishment on 14 May 1747 at £100 a year with a house allowance, marks the restoration of the settled forms of the Church of England, the small charge for carnation tape to fix the pulpit cloth in the church a plain sign of its provision. [Film No. 82, 98, 337, 417, 423]

The settlement made provision for its orphaned young and treated basic learning as part of a poor child’s due. William Davis undertook to keep the orphan Arthur Bradley in meat, drink, washing, lodging and apparel until he came of the Company’s age and to instruct him in reading and writing for £6 a year, a provision that lifted the arrangement above mere sustenance in a community where many signed with a mark, though the boy died young and his own inheritance paid for his coffin and grave. The darker side of the practice appears in the petition of Sarah Hayes, an orphan who had lived with William Seale more than two years and said she had been greatly misused and left wanting clothing though £5 had been paid him to provide it, the board allowing Seale the interest of her fortune of about £18 for the time she had lived with him even as it let her leave. [Film No. 82, 171–202, 383]

Personalities

The dominant figure of the whole record is Governor David Dunbar, and much of the material is the deposit of his combative temperament. He emerges as an energetic and sometimes abrasive administrator, his hand behind the push to enlarge tillage in the Great Wood, the drive to supply the island with its own lime and boats and the vigorous prosecution of the fortifications, and behind the many small charges met from his own pocket and recovered line by line, for fruit for the table, smith’s work and the pennies paid to children for gleaning corn. Yet he was convinced of his own rectitude and suspicious of nearly everyone about him, quick to trace opposition to malignant factions, and his conduct in the Greentree case, declaring a witness’s sworn testimony false while himself administering the oath, shows a man impatient of contradiction and willing to press his own account against the forms of the board, a temper the mild language of the record only partly conceals. [Film No. 40, 43, 53, 168–201]

The record’s most vivid thread is the personal quarrel between Dunbar and Lieutenant Governor Charles Hutchinson, which grew out of the Greentree case and consumed consultation after consultation. Neither man could prevail on the island, so each committed his case to the record for the directors to judge, the whole turning by degrees from a disagreement over one liquor sale into a bitter contest of authority and character. The escalation reached its height when the Governor fined the Lieutenant Governor by name in one month’s salary for the language of his written answer, and Hutchinson protested the fine as contrary to the Company’s orders, so the quarrel came to mirror the Greentree case exactly. The papers descended at last into personal contempt on the one side and composure on the other, Dunbar recording with scorn that Hutchinson had come to him in March 1746 weeping and wishing himself dead and describing the visit as effeminate behaviour, while Hutchinson answered that a faintness born of illness had made him speak so and left the directors to judge. [Film No. 64–91]

Hutchinson himself, rising from Lieutenant Governor to Governor on the arrival of the Swift, takes up the government at a hard moment, the drought pressing and the works and the arming of the recruits in full course, and opens his diary of proceedings with the works at Sandy Bay. His pursuit of the inventory deficiencies against his predecessor, tempered by his own admission that the items were trifling and should have been discharged before, shows an incoming Governor bound by the Company’s forms even where he thought them excessive. Matthew Purling the storekeeper is Dunbar’s chief antagonist in the waste dispute, a capable and well-connected officer whose accounts and appointments the Governor thought too readily favoured his own kin and the planters, and whose defence of the waste charge by charging himself for the rice and calling the cooper was shrewd and effective, and who lost an infant daughter Elizabeth in the same days that his slave joined the flight from Sandy Bay. [Film No. 265, 286, 289, 298–304]

A few lesser figures emerge from the mass of names with something of their own character. John Bland the master mason is the most vivid, a self-declared stranger to the laws of the place who pursued his grievances with tenacity and a sharp eye for legal advantage, his indignation that men of high station should act as he alleged giving a rare glimpse of how the Company’s ordinary servants judged their superiors. Charles Legente stands out as a man who came to the island as a runaway from Bombay and made a place for himself, paid separately for making ladders, sentry boxes, shelves, dressers and gates at 18d a day, carried both as a soldier and as a paid craftsman. John Burgoigne, carried on the roll under the byname Wigwam basket, was discharged as half-witted and incapable of a soldier’s duty, the clerk carrying the tag the garrison knew him by straight into the formal pay account, a small human touch in an otherwise impersonal record. [Film No. 9, 17, 23, 49, 198–201]

The figure of Christopher Dixon shows the board’s dealings with a fallen officer at their most tangled, his diet money for a year and twenty-five days to March 1743 paid over in full on the directors’ order even as he stood under a fresh suspension by Governor Dunbar of March 1746 that had removed him from all his offices, the two suspensions kept entirely separate and his management of the dairy having earlier failed of its butter. John French the master gunner runs through the whole record as the man on whom the island’s system of alarms, salutes and coastal defence turned, signing every monthly gunner’s stores account and standing above a foot company’s lieutenant in pay, his standing marked by a suit of clothes made up for him from broadcloth and shalloon where the ordinary soldiers drew ready garments by the hundred. Behind the Governors stood the working figures who did the settlement’s business, Roger Nevanson supplying the market, John Watkins overseeing the harvest, Bartholomew Molloy cutting the platforms of the new battery and the express riders carrying word of every strange sail to the castle for their 5s. [Film No. 17, 44, 320–351, 386, 420]

Conclusion

Taken together, these 14 months draw a remarkably complete picture of a small ocean station at a point of the greatest strategic value in the middle of a hostile ocean, a settlement of perhaps a few hundred souls whose every strand of life ran back to the passing homeward fleets. The fleets brought its cloth and candles, its coin and its recruits, and it fed, watered, mended and armed them in return, its warehouse at once chandlery, victualler and arsenal, its treasury filling and emptying with the coin the ships left behind. The war then raging in Europe pressed on it through the fortification labour, the stranded soldiers, the arming of recruits and the constant readiness of its guns, and it reached the island directly in the fall of Madras that redirected its cloth orders and set French prisoners on its muster rolls. [Film No. 5–426]

The period is framed above all by two developments, the change of government and the Company’s effort to feed itself. The transfer from Dunbar to Hutchinson, and then to a council under Hutchinson after Dunbar’s recall, turned not on ceremony but on a reckoning of keys, coin and crockery, the inventories fixing responsibility for the Company’s property to the very day one Governor gave place to another. The grain-farming scheme in the Great Wood and Long Wood marks a real effort to lessen the island’s dependence on a supply line that disappointed it at every turn, the settlement growing, milling and baking its own barley for the first time, though the same want of labour that drove the soldiers to the works and the boats set a hard limit on all such ambition, and a severe drought through 1747 exposed how thin the Company’s provision stood when its own crop failed and the planters held their price. [Film No. 61, 262, 381, 394]

The central tensions of the record, between the board and the free planters who controlled the island’s cattle, and between the Governor and his own council over the waste account, expose the real limits of proprietary power over a settled population and the decay of the council’s scrutiny into complaisant approval. The Governor could regulate the price of goat but could not compel the vestry to furnish more beef than it chose. Yet the historian must read this record as the officers made it, exhaustive on what could be counted and silent on much else, and nowhere more tellingly than in the entries that numbered the birth and death of slaves with the beasts, struck four runaways off the books as a loss of stock and raised the labour of the fortifications as a tax in kind on human property. What the settlement chose to count, and how it counted it, is the truest measure of how it saw itself and those it held, a triumph of administrative exactness and a reminder of how much such exactness leaves unsaid. [Film No. 75, 286, 302, 373]

Film No	Page No.	OCR Transcription	Modern Interpretation and analysis
1		EAP 1364 St Helena Document Name and Date St Helena Records 1746-7 Photographer Shelley Date photographed 24. 11. 2021 Additional comments
2		Book cover
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5	18	1746 Brought Over £ 866 6 6½ Centinels Brought Over £ 123 17 4 John Simmons Recruit from the 7th May to the 30th June both Inclue 2 5 7½ Joseph Simpson Recruit from that May to the 30th June both Inclue 2 5 7½ Robert Stacey Recruit from that 7th May to the 30th June both Inclue 2 5 7½ Edward Groards Recruit from that 7th May to the 30th June both Inclue 2 5 7½ Thomas Snyder 3 8 3 Richard Furniss 3 8 3 William Furniss 3 8 3 Edward Walker 3 8 3 Stephen Willoughby 3 8 3 Adam Watson 3 8 3 John Whitchurch Recruit from the 7th May to the 30th June both Inclue 2 5 7½ 133 14 11½ Third Company Thomas Eastliffe 1t Lieut Salary £10 Do Diet Money 6 16 10½ Do House Rent 2 10 19 6 10½ Overstphens Beale 2nd Lieut from the 7th May to the 30th June both Inclue Salary 3 13 11½ Do Diet Money from the 7th May to the 30th June both Inclue 3 7 6 7 1 5½ 26 8 4 Serjeants Thos Coiker 6 14 6 John Aldrick 6 14 6 William Durell from the 1t April to the 20th May both 3 13 8½ Incle the 20th Day he was discharg'd William Kennedy Transfered from the Artillery Company and Do in this from 21t May to the 30th 2 10 June both Inclue 19 18 5 Carr'd Over £ 1068 8 6½	Brought over, £866 6s 6d. Contingent pay brought down, £123 17s 4d. John Simmons, recruit pay from 1 May to 30 June, both days included, £2 5s 7.5d. Joseph Simpson, recruit pay from 1 May to 30 June, both days included, £2 5s 7.5d. Robert Stacy, recruit pay from 1 May to 30 June, both days included, £2 5s 7.5d. Edward Edwards, recruit pay from 1 May to 30 June, both days included, £2 5s 7.5d. Thomas Toakes, £3 8s 3d. Richard Twait, £3 8s 3d. William Twait, £3 8s 3d. Edward Walker, £3 8s 3d. Stephen Willoughby, £3 8s 3d. Adam Watson, £3 8s 3d. John Whitchurch, recruit pay from 1 May to 30 June, both days included, £2 5s 7.5d. Second company total, £133 14s 11d. Third Company. Thomas Eastlick, lieutenant, salary, £10 0s 0d. The same, diet money, £6 16s 10.5d. The same, house rent, £2 10s 0d. Total, £19 6s 10.5d. Onesiphorus Beale, second lieutenant, from 1 May to 30 June, both days included, salary, £3 13s 11.5d. The same, diet money from 1 May to 30 June, both days included, £3 7s 6d. Total, £7 1s 5.5d. Third company total, £26 8s 4d. Sergeants. Thomas Corker, £6 14s 6d. John Aldrich, £6 14s 6d. William Durrell, from 1 May to 20 May, both days included, when he was discharged, £3 15s 8.5d. William Kennedy, transferred from the artillery company and doing duty in this company from 21 May to 30 June, both days included, £2 16s 0d. Sergeants total, £19 18s 5d. Carried over, £1,068 8s 6d. Interpretations Recruit pay ran at a lower rate than the settled private’s wage, and the contrast sits plainly in the two figures carried down this page. The men entered as recruits, John Simmons, Joseph Simpson, Robert Stacy, Edward Edwards and John Whitchurch, each drew £2 5s 7.5d for the two months from 1 May to 30 June, while the established privates, Thomas Toakes and the rest, drew the uniform garrison rate of £3 8s 3d for the quarter. Fresh men landed from the homeward ships that spring were carried at the reduced figure until they were fully absorbed onto the strength, the same practice seen when men left sick by earlier ships were first taken on at a soldier’s wage before being brought to the full rate. A lieutenant’s pay on this establishment was built from three separate heads rather than a single salary, and the Third Company entries show all three. Thomas Eastlick drew £10 0s 0d salary, £6 16s 10.5d diet money and £2 10s 0d house rent, the diet money and rent being cash allowances in place of the common table and quarters the Company’s standing orders otherwise provided. The arrangement let the Company meet officers who kept their own households without breaking the rule that ordered a common table, the same tension that ran through the factors’ and writers’ repeated requests for diet money in cash. The broken pay reckoned to the day marks two changes in the sergeants’ file within the quarter. William Durrell was paid only to 20 May, the day he was discharged, and William Kennedy, moved across from the artillery company, was paid from 21 May for doing a sergeant’s duty in the foot. Pay was calculated to the exact day of every discharge, death or transfer so that the Company never paid two men for one place, the same fine reckoning that closed Lieutenant Owen’s pay on the day he died in December 1745 and opened Barton’s the day after.
6	19	July 15th Brought Over £ 1068 8 6½ Corporals Andrew Blannon 1 7 9 Baron Ambrose 1 7 9 Mathew Brightwell 1 7 9 13 3 3 Benjamin Swaits Drummer 1 7 9 Centinels William Adams 3 8 3 William Allis 3 8 3 Henry Barber 3 8 3 Peter Bett 3 8 3 William Barrett 3 8 3 William Becket 3 8 3 William Bayford 3 8 3 William Brown 3 8 3 Benjamin Chaplin 3 8 3 William Dye 3 8 3 John Earle 3 8 3 John Ford 3 8 3 Thomas Fuller 3 8 3 Edward Grant Recruit from the 7th May to the 30 June both Inclue 2 5 7½ John Greenaway Recruit transferd to the first Company and Do in this from that to the 20th May both Inclue 17 11½ Peter Higgins 3 8 3 Thomas Hodges 3 8 3 Isaac Hudson 2 8 3 Joseph Hunt 3 8 3 James Hinds Recruit from the 7th May to the 30 June both Inclue 1 5 5 William Jackson 3 8 3 Evan Jones 3 8 3 Thomas Kendrick 3 8 3 Richard Knight 3 8 3 Thomas Lawrence 3 8 3 Centinels Carried Over £ 79 10 5½ Carried Over £ 1085 1	Brought over, £1,068 8s 6d. Corporals. Andrew Blinman, £1 7s 9d. Baron Ambrose, £1 7s 9d. Matthew Brightwell, £1 7s 9d. Corporals total, £13 3s 3d. Benjamin Twaits, drummer, £1 7s 9d. Sentinels. William Adams, £3 8s 3d. William Allis, £3 8s 3d. Henry Barber, £3 8s 3d. Peter Batt, £3 8s 3d. William Barrett, £3 8s 3d. William Becket, £3 8s 3d. William Bunyard, £3 8s 3d. William Brown, £3 8s 3d. Benjamin Chaplin, £3 8s 3d. William Dye, £3 8s 3d. John Earle, £3 8s 3d. John Ford, £3 8s 3d. Thomas Fuller, £3 8s 3d. Edward Grant, recruit pay from 1 May to 30 June, both days included, £2 5s 7.5d. John Greenaway, recruit pay, transferred to the first company and doing duty there from 21 May to 30 June, both days included, £0 17s 11d. Peter Higgins, £3 8s 3d. Thomas Hodges, £3 8s 3d. Isaac Hudson, £3 8s 3d. Joseph Hunt, £3 8s 3d. James Hinds, recruit pay from 1 May to 30 June, both days included, £1 5s 5d. William Jackson, £3 8s 3d. Evan Jones, £3 8s 3d. Thomas Kendrick, £3 8s 3d. Richard Knight, £3 8s 3d. Thomas Lawrence, £3 8s 3d. Sentinels carried over, £79 10s 5.5d. Carried over, £1,085 [...]. Interpretations The two recruits transferred mid-quarter show how partial service was priced to the day. Edward Grant drew the full recruit rate of £2 5s 7.5d for the two months from 1 May to 30 June, but John Greenaway was paid only £0 17s 11d, having been moved to the first company and doing duty there from 21 May, so that this roll carried him for the opening three weeks of May alone. Pay followed the man to whichever company he served, reckoned to the exact day of the move, so that no company was charged for time another company owned. James Hinds drew £1 5s 5d against the ordinary recruit figure of £2 5s 7.5d for the same period, a little more than half. The reduced sum marks a man carried for only part of the two months, most likely entered onto the strength partway through the term, the recruit rate itself already standing below the established sentinel’s uniform £3 8s 3d.
7	18	1746 Brought Over £ 1085 19 6½ Centinels Brought Over £ 79 10 5½ John Langbridge Recruit from the 7th May to the 30 June both Inclue 2 5 7½ Abraham Major 3 8 3 James Maynor 3 8 3 Charles Mountague 3 8 3 James Mills transferd to the first Company and Do in this from the First April to the 20th May both Inclue 2 1 7½ James McLeane 3 8 3 Charles Newcomb Recruit from that May to the 30 June both Inclue 2 5 7½ Valentine Noble Recruit from the 20th May to the 30 June both Inclue 1 5 5 Joseph Newman Recruit from the 7th May to the 30 June both Inclue 2 5 7½ Thomas Oliver 3 8 3 Thomas Parr 3 8 3 George Peacock Recruit from the 7th May to the 30 June both Inclue 2 5 7½ James Prosser Recruit from that 7th May to the 30 June both Inclue 2 5 7½ John Prossister Recruit from the 20th May to the 30 June both Inclue 1 5 5 Francis Reid Recruit from the 7th May to the 30 June both Inclue 2 5 7½ John Spencer 3 8 3 John Simpson 3 8 3 David Scott Recruit from the 7th May to the 30 June both Inclue 2 5 7½ Robert Slack Belonging to the Artillery per James Woodruffe of the first Company 3 8 3 Joseph Thomas transferd to the Artillery Company and Paid in this from the 1t April to the 23th May both Inclue 1 19 7½ Joseph Simpson Recruit from that May to the 30 June both Inclue 2 5 7½ 3 8 3 John Upton Centinels Carried Over £ 138 8 9½ Carried Over £ 1085 19 6½	Brought over, £1,085 19s 6.5d. Sentinels brought down, £79 10s 5.5d. John Langbridge, recruit pay from 1 May to 30 June, both days included, £2 5s 7.5d. Abraham Sturge, £3 8s 3d. James Maggott, £3 8s 3d. Charles Montague, £3 8s 3d. James Mills, transferred to the first company and doing duty there from 1 April to 20 May, both days included, £2 0s 4.5d. James McLean, £3 8s 3d. Charles Newcomb, recruit pay from 1 May to 30 June, both days included, £2 5s 7.5d. Valentine Noble, recruit pay from 21 May to 30 June, both days included, £1 5s 5d. Joseph Newman, recruit pay from 1 May to 30 June, both days included, £2 5s 7.5d. Thomas Oliver, £3 8s 3d. Thomas Parr, £3 8s 3d. George Peacock, recruit pay from 1 May to 30 June, both days included, £2 5s 7.5d. James Buckler, recruit pay from 1 May to 30 June, both days included, £2 5s 7.5d. John Passavant, recruit pay from 21 May to 30 June, both days included, £1 5s 5d. Francis Reed, recruit pay from 1 May to 30 June, both days included, £2 5s 7.5d. John Spencer, £3 8s 3d. John Simpson, £3 8s 3d. David Scott, recruit pay from 1 May to 30 June, both days included, £2 5s 7.5d. Robert Stack, belonging to the artillery and doing duty as a sentinel in James Woodhouse’s room of this company, £3 8s 3d. Joseph Thomas, transferred to the artillery company and doing duty there from 1 April to 23 May, both days included, £1 19s 7.5d. Joseph Jamieson, recruit pay from 1 May to 30 June, both days included, £2 5s 7.5d. John Upton, £3 8s 3d. Sentinels carried over, £138 8s 9.5d. Carried over, £1,085 19s 6.5d. Interpretations The mid-quarter transfers on this page were priced not to the two-month roll but to the exact span each man served, and the pounds shift accordingly. James Mills, moved to the first company, was carried here only from 1 April to 20 May at £2 0s 4.5d, and Joseph Thomas, passed to the artillery, from 1 April to 23 May at £1 19s 7.5d, both drawing the established sentinel’s rate but for a broken run of weeks rather than the full quarter. Pay followed each soldier to the company he actually served, reckoned day by day, so that this company’s roll charged the Company for no time that belonged to the first company or the artillery. Robert Stack sat on the artillery’s books but did a sentinel’s duty in this company, filling James Woodhouse’s place, and drew the full £3 8s 3d here. The entry shows a garrison small enough that men were lent between the foot and the gun crews to keep a post filled, the wage staying at the sentinel’s standing figure while the man was borrowed rather than transferred outright, distinct from the dated transfers of Mills and Thomas above.
8	19	July 15th Brought Over £ 1085 19 6½ Centinels Brought Over £ 138 8 9½ John Uveston 3 8 3 Benjamin Williams 3 8 3 John Wills 3 8 3 Jeremiah Wynil 3 8 3 Joseph Wildman 3 8 3 Edward Woodin Recruit from the 7th May to the 30 June both Inclue 2 5 7½ 157 12 8½ Fourth Company Jesse Barton 1t Lieut Salary £10 Do Diet Money 6 16 10½ Do House Rent 2 10 19 6 10½ Thomas Kirkpatrick 2nd Lieut Salary 7 10 Do Diet Money 6 16 10½ Do House Rent for half a Quarter 1 5 13 11 10½ 34 18 9 Serjeants Joseph Leighton 6 14 6 William Oaknim 6 14 6 David Wilton 6 14 6 20 3 6 Corporals William Weese 1 7 9 Patrick Doughty who de Corporal in the room of James Scafield who was reduced to a 1 7 9 Private Centinel John Harding from the 7th April to the 30 June both Inclue 3 8 3½ Peter Coakley from the 1t to the 30 June both Inclue 19 3 13 3 4½ William Verue Drummer 1 7 9 Centinels James Adin Recruit from the 28th May to the 30 June both Inclue 1 5 5 Thomas Weese 3 8 3 Centinels Carried Over 4 13 8 Carr'd Over £ 1318 3	Brought over, £1,085 19s 6.5d. Sentinels brought over, £138 8s 9.5d. John Langston, £3 8s 3d. Benjamin Williams, £3 8s 3d. John Wills, £3 8s 3d. Jeremiah Wynn, £3 8s 3d. Joseph Wisdom, £3 8s 3d. Edward Woodin, recruit pay from 1 May to 30 June, both days included, £2 5s 7.5d. Sentinels total, £157 12s 8.5d. Fourth Company. John Barton, lieutenant, salary, £10 0s 0d. The same, diet money, £6 16s 10.5d. The same, house rent, £2 10s 0d. Total, £19 6s 10.5d. Thomas Kirkpatrick, second lieutenant, salary, £7 10s 0d. The same, diet money, £6 16s 10.5d. The same, house rent for this quarter, £1 5s 0d. Total, £15 11s 10.5d. Fourth company total, £34 18s 9d. Sergeants. Joseph Leighton, £6 14s 6d. William Oakman, £6 14s 6d. David Wilson, £6 14s 6d. Sergeants total, £20 3s 6d. Corporals. William Wise, £4 7s 9d. Patrick Dromghty, made corporal in the room of the following, £4 7s 9d. James Scott, reduced to a private sentinel, £4 7s 9d. John Harding, from 1 April to 30 June, both days included, £3 8s 5.5d. Peter Coakley, from 21 May to 30 June, both days included, £0 19s 3d. Corporals total, £13 3s 4d. William Owens, drummer, £4 7s 9d. Sentinels. James Allen, recruit pay from 25 May to 30 June, both days included, £1 5s 5d. Thomas Warren, £3 8s 3d. Sentinels carried over, £4 13s 8d. Carried over, £1,318 8s 3d. Interpretations A second lieutenant’s house rent was reckoned separately from his salary and diet, and Thomas Kirkpatrick’s entry shows it charged for the quarter alone at £1 5s 0d, half the £2 10s 0d allowed a full lieutenant like John Barton above him. The rent allowance tracked rank, the junior officer drawing the smaller sum, and it stood as a distinct cash head alongside the salary and diet money rather than being folded into a single figure. Two changes ran through the corporals’ file within the quarter, and the pay follows them to the day. Patrick Dromghty was made corporal in the room of James Scott, who was at the same time reduced to a private sentinel, each still entered at the corporal’s £4 7s 9d for the roll, while John Harding drew £3 8s 5.5d for the whole quarter from 1 April and Peter Coakley only £0 19s 3d from 21 May. The promotions and the reduction were priced by the exact span each man held his place, so that the Company paid for the rank actually served and no more, the reduced Scott and the raised Dromghty both carried without the establishment gaining or losing a corporal’s pay.
9	20	1746 Brought Over £ 1316 8 8 Centinels Brought Over £ 4 13 8 John Burgess alias Wigmore late from the 1t April to the 8 June both Inclue the day he was discharg'd 2 4 1½ John Barden late Corporal from the 1t to the 30 June 14 11½ Isaac Bennet Recruit from the 7th May to the 30 June both Inclue 1 5 5 John Chapman transferd to the Artillery Company and Paid in this from the 1t April to the 20th May both Inclue 1 15 7½ Edward Cullimore 3 8 3 Peter Coakley to the 5 June Inclue being made Corporal the 6th June 2 15 1 Walter Cox 3 8 3 Phillip Crispoo 3 8 3 Edward Ecker 3 8 3 Thomas Draper 3 8 3 John Ellis 3 8 3 Samuel Pels 3 8 3 George Prior 3 8 3 William Gunn from the first April to the 7th May both Inclue the day he was discharg'd 1 12 3 Jonathan Gothie 3 8 3 Francis Goodhay Recruit from that May to the 30 June both Inclue 2 5 7½ James Hall 3 8 3 John Halley 3 8 3 Jno Harrison Recruit from the 7th May to the 30 June both Inclue 2 5 7½ James Hills Recruit from the 7th May to the 30 June both Inclue 2 5 7½ James Kendrick 3 8 3 William Hoiday 3 8 3 William Hout 3 8 3 James Ley late Corporal 3 8 3 John Mawnkey 3 8 3 George Winsloro 3 8 3 Silvia Simonto Centinels Carried Over £ 83 17 4½ Carried Over £ 1316 8 3	Brought over, £1,316 8s 8d. Sentinels brought down, £4 13s 8d. John Burgoigne, alias Wigwam basket, from 1 April to 30 June, both days included, the day he was discharged, £2 4s 1.5d. John Barden, late corporal, from 1 May to 30 June, both days included, £0 14s 11.5d. Isaac Bennet, recruit pay from 1 May to 30 June, both days included, £1 5s 5d. John Cheeseman, transferred to the artillery company and doing duty there from 1 April to 20 May, both days included, £1 15s 4.5d. Edward Cullimore, £3 8s 3d. Peter Coakley, to 20 June, the day he was made corporal, both days included, £2 13s 1d. Walter Cox, £3 8s 3d. Phillip Colepepper, £3 8s 3d. Edward Ecker, £3 8s 3d. Thomas Draper, £3 8s 3d. John Ellis, £3 8s 3d. Samuel Bates, £3 8s 3d. George Rice, £3 8s 3d. William Gann, from 1 April to 20 May, both days included, the day he was discharged, £1 15s 4.5d. Jonathan Gothie, £3 8s 3d. Francis Greenaway, recruit pay from 1 May to 30 June, both days included, £2 5s 7.5d. James Hall, £3 8s 3d. John Kirby, £3 8s 3d. John Harrison, recruit pay from 1 May to 30 June, both days included, £2 5s 7.5d. James Hills, recruit pay from 1 May to 30 June, both days included, £2 5s 7.5d. James Kendrick, £3 8s 3d. William Harding, £3 8s 3d. William Hunt, £3 8s 3d. James Scott, late corporal, £3 8s 3d. John Mackey, £3 8s 3d. George Winters, £3 8s 3d. Silas Dumonts, £3 8s 3d. Sentinels carried over, £83 17s 4.5d. Carried over, £1,316 8s 3d. Interpretations The private John Burgoigne, carried on the roll under the byname Wigwam basket, drew £2 4s 1.5d for service from 1 April to the day of his discharge on 30 June. He was let go as half-witted and incapable of a soldier’s duty, having served only a few days on the line and come express with word of a ship to windward in May, and his pay was reckoned to the day his time ended like any other. The nickname stood on the establishment’s own books beside his proper name, the clerk carrying the tag the garrison knew him by straight into the formal pay account. Two men crossed the line between sentinel and corporal within the quarter, and the roll prices each by the exact day. Peter Coakley was paid as a sentinel to 20 June, the day he was made corporal, while John Barden and James Scott, both entered as late corporals, dropped to the sentinel’s file, Barden carried for the two months from 1 May and Scott at the full £3 8s 3d. Every promotion and reduction was settled to the day it took effect, so the Company paid each man at the rank he actually held and the establishment neither gained nor lost a corporal’s wage in the shuffle.
10	21	July 15th Brought Over £ 1316 8 3 Centinels Brought Over £ 83 17 4½ Richard Mason 3 8 3 Duncan McLarron 3 8 3 James Peploe 3 8 3 Benjamin Beeson Recruit from the 7th May to the 30 June 2 5 7½ Edward Rickards 3 8 3 Thomas Robinson 3 8 3 David Robinson 3 8 3 Arnold Saspores 3 8 3 Daniel Sergeant 3 8 3 Edward Sparks 3 8 3 Solomon Sanders transferd to the first Company and Paid in this from the 1t April to the 20th May both Inclue 2 1 7½ John Smith Recruit from the 7th May to the 30 June both Inclue 2 5 7½ Charles Shoals Recruit from the 7th May to the 30 June both Inclue 2 5 7½ Timothy Sullison Recruit from the 28th May to the 30 June both Inclue 1 5 5 Edward Sperry Recruit from the 7th May to the 30 June both Inclue 2 5 7½ John Taylor 3 8 3 William Taylor Recruit from the 7th May to the 30 June both Inclue 2 5 7½ Peter Vryenburgh 3 8 3 Anne Vaughn 3 8 3 Benjamin Williams 3 8 3 William Williman 3 8 3 John Walker junr 3 8 3 James Woodruse Exchang'd with April for Robert Slack of the 3d Company 3 8 3 John Walker Senr Recruit from the 7th May to the 30 June both Inclue 2 5 7½ Robert Wright Recruit from the 7th May to the 30 June both Inclue 2 5 7½ 157 14 6½ Carr'd Over £ 1474 2 9½	Brought over, £1,316 8s 3d. Sentinels brought down, £83 17s 4.5d. Richard Mason, £3 8s 3d. Duncan McLaren, £3 8s 3d. James Peploe, £3 8s 3d. Benjamin Beeson, recruit pay from 1 May to 30 June, both days included, £2 5s 7.5d. Edward Nickolds, £3 8s 3d. Thomas Robinson, £3 8s 3d. David Robinson, £3 8s 3d. Arnold Sapierre, £3 8s 3d. Daniel Sergeant, £3 8s 3d. Edward Sparkes, £3 8s 3d. Solomon Sanders, transferred to this company and doing duty here from 1 April to 20 May, both days included, £2 0s 4.5d. John Smith, recruit pay from 1 May to 30 June, both days included, £2 5s 7.5d. Charles Noake, recruit pay from 1 May to 30 June, both days included, £2 5s 7.5d. Timothy Sullivan, recruit pay from 21 May to 30 June, both days included, £1 5s 5d. Edward Perry, recruit pay from 1 May to 30 June, both days included, £2 5s 7.5d. John Taylor, £3 8s 3d. William Taylor, recruit pay from 1 May to 30 June, both days included, £2 5s 7.5d. Peter Ryanborough, £3 8s 3d. Amos Vaughan, £3 8s 3d. Benjamin Williams, £3 8s 3d. William Williman, £3 8s 3d. John Walker junior, £3 8s 3d. James Woodhouse, exchanged to do duty in Robert Stack’s room of the third company, £3 8s 3d. John Walker senior, recruit pay from 1 May to 30 June, both days included, £2 5s 7.5d. Robert Wright, recruit pay from 1 May to 30 June, both days included, £2 5s 7.5d. Sentinels total, £157 14s 6.5d. Carried over, £1,474 2s 9.5d. Interpretations James Woodhouse was exchanged into the third company to take Robert Stack’s place, the reverse side of an arrangement already visible on an earlier page where Stack, an artillery man, did a sentinel’s duty in the third company. The two entries show a straight swap of men between companies, each drawing the standing sentinel’s rate of £3 8s 3d in the company he actually served, the establishment keeping every post filled by lending soldiers across the foot and the gun crews without altering any man’s wage. Solomon Sanders was carried on this roll only from 1 April to 20 May at £2 0s 4.5d, having been moved into the company for a broken run of weeks rather than the full quarter. His pay was reckoned to the exact day of the transfer at the established sentinel’s rate, so that this company charged the Company for no part of the term another company owned, the same day-by-day accounting that governed every mid-quarter move through the roll.
11	22	1746 Brought Over £ 1474 2 9½ Artillery Company John French Mast Gunnr Salary £13 8 9 Do Diet Money 6 16 10½ Do House Rent 2 10 22 15 7½ Gunner's Mates William Davis 1 17 6 Major Jackson from the 1t April to the 8 May both Inclue the day he was discharg'd 2 9 William Kennedy transferd to the Third Company Paid in this from the 1t April to the 20th May both Inclue 2 16 7½ Isaac Leech 1 17 6 Roger Levinson 1 17 6 Nathan Semple 1 17 6 Thomas Watts 1 17 6 Thomas Willingham from the 1t April to the 23 June both Inclue the day he was discharg'd 1 9 9 John Christoffel from the 24 May to the 30 June both Inclue 2 7 Walter Bellow from the 7th May to the 30 June both Inclue 2 1 39 15 7½ Quarter Gunners John Artingstall 1 7 9 Walter Bellow from the 1t April to the 23 May both Inclue being made Gunner's Mate the 24 May 2 10 4½ John Butler 1 7 9 Edward Bineford from the 7th April to the 30 June both Inclue 1 16 6½ John Chrystoffell from the 1t April to the 23 May both Inclue being made Gunner's Mate the 24 May 2 10 4½ William Kendow from the 24 May to the 30 June both Inclue 1 16 6½ Ely Leech 1 7 9 John Woldidge 1 7 9 James Prichard 1 7 9 William Turner 1 7 9 35 1 6 Carried Over £ 1569 15 6	Brought over, £1,474 2s 9.5d. Artillery Company. John French, master gunner, salary, £13 8s 9d. The same, diet money, £6 16s 10.5d. The same, house rent, £2 10s 0d. Total, £22 15s 7.5d. Gunner's Mates. William Davis, £4 17s 6d. Major Jackson, from 1 April to 8 May, both days included, the day he was discharged, £2 0s 9d. William Kennedy, transferred to the third company and doing duty there from 1 April to 23 May, both days included, £2 16s 7.5d. Isaac Leech, £4 17s 6d. Roger Stevenson, £4 17s 6d. Nathan Sample, £4 17s 6d. Thomas Watts, £4 17s 6d. Thomas Willingham, from 1 April to 23 June, both days included, the day he was discharged, £4 9s 9d. John Christoffel, from 24 May to 30 June, both days included, £2 0s 7d. Walter Bellew, from 24 May to 30 June, both days included, £2 0s 1d. Gunner's mates total, £39 15s 7.5d. Quarter Gunners. John Artingstall, £4 7s 9d. Walter Bellew, from 1 April to 23 May, both days included, being made gunner's mate on 24 May, £2 10s 10.5d. John Butler, £4 7s 9d. Edward Beresford, from 1 April to 30 June, both days included, £1 16s 6.5d. John Christoffel, from 1 April to 23 May, both days included, being made gunner's mate on 24 May, £2 10s 11d. William Kendall, from 24 May to 30 June, both days included, £1 16s 6.5d. Ely Leech, £4 7s 9d. John Wolledge, £4 7s 9d. James Pritchard, £4 7s 9d. William Turner, £4 7s 9d. Quarter gunners total, £35 1s 6d. Carried over, £1,569 15s 6d. Interpretations Two men rose from quarter gunner to gunner’s mate on the same day, and the roll splits each man’s pay across the two rates to the day of promotion. Walter Bellew and John Christoffel were both carried as quarter gunners from 1 April to 23 May, then entered afresh among the gunner’s mates from 24 May to 30 June, the change taking effect on 24 May and the wage stepping up from the quarter gunner’s £4 7s 9d rate to the mate’s £4 17s 6d rate at that point. Pay was reckoned to the exact day the promotion fell, so the Company paid each man at the lower rank for the weeks he held it and the higher rank thereafter, the vacancy each left below him filled by a fresh entry at the quarter gunner’s figure. The artillery’s pay scale ran a clear step above the foot, and the master gunner sat at its head. John French drew £13 8s 9d salary against a foot lieutenant’s £10 0s 0d, with the same diet money and house rent allowances built on top, and his gunner’s mates at £4 17s 6d and quarter gunners at £4 7s 9d both stood above the sentinel’s uniform £3 8s 3d. The skilled gun crews were paid as the more valuable men, the difference marking the premium the Company set on trained artillery over the ordinary garrison private.
12	23	July 15th Brought Over £ 1569 15 6½ Matrosses Edward Arnold 1 1 3 Joseph Boswell 1 1 3 William Bateman 1 1 3 Edward Bineford from the 1t April to the 24th May both Inclue being made Quarter Gunner 25th May 2 7 2½ John Brever 1 1 3 William Bull 1 1 3 Samuel Clark 1 1 3 Henry Cotton 1 1 3 John Chrystoffell transferd from the fourth Company and Paid in this from the 24 May to the 30 June both Inclue 1 13 10 Anthony Day 1 1 3 Phillip Willard 1 1 3 William Kendow from the 1t April to the 24 May both Inclue being made Quarter Gunner the 25 May 2 7 2½ Adam Melvan 1 1 3 Patrick Murphy 1 1 3 Humphry Engle 1 1 3 Thomas Pride 1 1 3 Lawrence Peterson 1 1 3 John Smith 1 1 3 Joseph Thomas transferd from the 3d Company and Paid in this from the 24 May to the 30 June both Inclue 1 13 10 James Vaughn 1 1 3 John Watkins 1 1 3 Thomas Wright 1 1 3 81 1 6 Superannuated Joseph Whaley Serjeant 3 8 3 William Burnstum Do 3 8 3 Isaac Winson Quarter Gunner 3 8 3 George Lindsey Drummer 3 8 3 Superannuated Carried Over £ 13 13 Carried Over £ 1651 0 1½	Brought over, £1,569 15s 6.5d. Matrosses. Edward Arnold, £4 1s 3d. Joseph Boswell, £4 1s 3d. William Bateman, £4 1s 3d. Edward Beresford, from 1 April to 23 May, both days included, being made quarter gunner on 24 May, £2 7s 2.5d. John Beaver, £4 1s 3d. William Bull, £4 1s 3d. Samuel Clark, £4 1s 3d. Henry Corter, £4 1s 3d. John Cheeseman, transferred from the fourth company and doing duty here from 24 May to 30 June, both days included, £1 13s 10d. Anthony Day, £4 1s 3d. Phillip Willard, £4 1s 3d. William Kendall, from 1 April to 23 May, both days included, being made quarter gunner on 24 May, £2 7s 2.5d. Adam Watson, £4 1s 3d. Patrick Murphy, £4 1s 3d. Humphrey Engle, £4 1s 3d. Thomas Pride, £4 1s 3d. Lawrence Peterson, £4 1s 3d. John Smith, £4 1s 3d. Joseph Thomas, transferred from the third company and doing duty here from 24 May to 30 June, both days included, £1 13s 10d. James Vaughan, £4 1s 3d. John Watkins, £4 1s 3d. Thomas Wright, £4 1s 3d. Matrosses total, £81 1s 6d. Superannuated. Joseph Whaley, sergeant, £3 8s 3d. William Burnham, sergeant, £3 8s 3d. Isaac Hugarson, quarter gunner, £3 8s 3d. George Lindsey, drummer, £3 8s 3d. Superannuated carried over, £13 13s 0d. Carried over, £1,651 0s 1d. Interpretations The step up from matross to quarter gunner is priced to the day on both sides of the move. Edward Beresford and William Kendall each drew the matross’s wage from 1 April to 23 May, then passed to quarter gunner on 24 May, their broken matross pay of £2 7s 2.5d here answering the fresh quarter gunner entries carried for the same men from that date on the preceding page. The matross stood at the foot of the artillery scale at £4 1s 3d, below both the quarter gunner and the gunner’s mate, so a man rose through the gun crew’s ranks in graded steps, each promotion reckoned to its exact day. The superannuated men were kept on the books at a flat £3 8s 3d, the ordinary sentinel’s rate, whatever rank they had held in service. Joseph Whaley and William Burnham as sergeants, Isaac Hugarson as quarter gunner and George Lindsey as drummer had all drawn more when active, yet all four now stood at the private’s figure. The Company carried its worn-out servants at a single low pension rather than at the pay of their old rank, a modest continuing charge that kept aged soldiers off want without preserving the wage their former place had earned.
13	24	1746 Brought Over £ 1651 0 1½ Superannuated Brought Over £ 13 13 Samuel Huxpe Centinel 3 8 3 Francis Snuge Armorer 6 7½ Richard Tinsley late Overseer from the 7th May to the 30 June both Inclue 2 5 7½ 25 7 6 £ 1676 7 7½	Brought over, £1,651 0s 1.5d. Superannuated brought over, £13 13s 0d. Samuel Knipe, sentinel, £3 8s 3d. Francis Funge, armourer, £6 0s 7.5d. Richard Tinsley, late overseer, from 1 May to 30 June, both days included, £2 5s 7.5d. Superannuated total, £25 7s 6d. Total, £1,676 7s 7.5d. Interpretations Francis Funge, though carried among the superannuated, drew £6 0s 7.5d rather than the flat sentinel’s pension the others of the list took, marking him still charged at the armourer’s rate for skilled work the garrison could not do without. The distinction shows the pension list was not a single uniform allowance but held a working armourer at his trade’s wage alongside worn-out soldiers kept at the private’s figure, the Company paying for the skill it still drew on and pensioning the rest. Richard Tinsley, entered as late overseer, was carried for the two months from 1 May to 30 June at £2 5s 7.5d, his removal from the plantation overseer’s place landing him on the superannuated list partway through the run. The reduced figure and the dated entry mark a man lately put off his post and pensioned rather than paid an overseer’s salary, his earlier place among the establishment’s working officers closed and his maintenance carried on at the lower standing rate.
14	25	June 15th Dr Charles Hutchinson 1746 April 1 To Cash receiv'd from the Cash Chest £ 38 3 2¼ May 3 To Cash receiv'd from Ditto 151 4 2 13 To Cash receiv'd from Ditto 228 5 7½ 19 To Cash receiv'd from Ditto 12 June 30 To Cash receiv'd from Ditto 1991 18 2¼ 2221 7 2	Charles Hutchinson stood debtor to the Company for cash drawn from the chest across the June 1746 quarter. 1 April 1746, to cash received from the cash chest, £38 3s 2.5d. 3 May 1746, to cash received from the cash chest, £151 4s 0.5d. 13 May 1746, to cash received from the cash chest, £228 5s 7.5d. 19 May 1746, to cash received from the cash chest, £18 0s 0d. 30 June 1746, to cash received from the cash chest, £1,791 18s 2.5d. Total, £2,221 7s 2d. Interpretations The account runs as the debtor side of the paymaster’s reckoning, charging Charles Hutchinson with every sum he drew from the treasury chest through the quarter to answer the garrison’s pay and the island’s charges. As Lieutenant Governor and paymaster he took the money out against his own name and stood accountable for it until the matching credit side set out how it was laid out, the £2,221 7s 2d here being the whole he received rather than any personal debt. The single large draw of £1,791 18s 2.5d on 30 June answered the quarter’s pay roll settled that day, the establishment paid off in one reckoning at the close of the quarter after the smaller sums met the running charges of April and May.
15	26	1746 Paymaster Cr 1746 April 1 By Cash paid Edward Allis for coming express with an Account of Six Ships to Windward April 12 By Do paid Peploe Lyston for coming express with an Account of a Ship to Windward 5 30 By Do paid Samuel Aktion for coming express with an Account of a Ship to Windward 5 13 By Do paid James Allis for coming Express with an Account of five Ships to Windward 5 By Do paid James Britchare for Relisting to serve the Wandle Company for five Years to commence the 7th May next 5 5 May 2 By Do paid James Allis for Camming with an Account of Five Ships to Windward 5 5 By Do paid Messrs Robert Wright Joshua Loyman Francis Wangram Joseph Dornal and Thomas French Sixty Pounds Each for three Quarters Diet Money commencing July 1t 1745 and ending 31 March 1746 as per Consultation of the 2 May 150 9 By Do paid Solomon Jacob Soldier for relisting 5 5 By Do paid Isaac Innes Surgeon of the Ships Somerset his Allowance for taking care of forty one Recruits 10 5 12 Do paid Messrs Thomas and James Greentree Remnant to the Order of the Wandle the Court of Directors Ten Pounds each for so much sent them the 30 October 1745 20 13 By Do paid John Letcher Soldier for Relisting 5 5 14 By Do paid Gabin Ellis Soldier for Do 5 5 By Do paid Henry Cotton Soldier for Do 5 5 15 By Do paid Peter Bett Soldier for Do 5 5 By Do paid Wm James Dulbois Surgeons Mate for sixty three Days Salary Diet Money and House Rent commencing the 1t April 1746 and ending the 12 May following both Inclue 8 16 8½ By Do paid James Powell his Salary Diet Money and House Rent from the 1t April 1745 to the 20 June following both Inclue as per Consultation of the 12 May 1746 12 1 3 By Do paid him his Salary from the 1 July 1745 to 31 March 1746 18 Do House Rent from Do 1t to Do 30 10 Do for Do Diet Money from Do to Do 52 10 Carried Over £ 286 7 11½	The paymaster stood credited with the sums laid out for the Company across the quarter. 1 April 1746, by cash paid Edward Allis for coming express with an account of four ships to windward, £0 5s 0d. 12 April 1746, by cash paid Stephen Lufkin for coming express with an account of a ship to windward, £0 5s 0d. 30 April 1746, by cash paid Samuel Ashton for coming express with an account of a ship to windward, £0 5s 0d. 1 May 1746, by cash paid James Allis for coming express with an account of five ships to windward, £0 5s 0d. James Pritchard was paid for re-enlisting to serve the Company for five years from 21 May 1746. 1 May 1746, by cash paid James Pritchard for re-enlisting to serve the Honourable Company for five years to commence 21 May next, £5 5s 0d. 1 May 1746, by cash paid James Allis for coming express with an account of five ships to windward, £0 5s 0d. 1 May 1746, by cash paid Robert Wright, Joshua Twyman, Francis Wrangham, Joseph Darvall and Thomas French, three quarters diet money each at thirty pounds, commencing 1 July 1745 and ending 31 March 1746, per consultation of 6 May, £150 0s 0d. 9 May 1746, by cash paid Solomon Jacobs, soldier, for re-enlisting, £5 5s 0d. 9 May 1746, by cash paid Isaac Miner, surgeon of the ship Somerset, his allowance for taking care of forty-one recruits, £10 5s 0d. 12 May 1746, by cash paid Thomas and James Greentree, bequest to the poor of the island by the Court of Directors order, two bounties each for so much fine on them of 30 October 1744, £20 0s 0d. 13 May 1746, by cash paid John Sketchley, soldier, for re-enlisting, £5 5s 0d. 14 May 1746, by cash paid Solomon Ellis, soldier, for the same, £5 5s 0d. By cash paid Henry Corter, soldier, for the same, £5 5s 0d. 15 May 1746, by cash paid Peter Batt, soldier, for the same, £5 5s 0d. By cash paid Mr James Dubois, surgeon's mate, for forty-three days salary, diet money and house rent, commencing 18 April 1746 and ending 30 May following, both days included, £8 16s 8.5d. By cash paid James Powell his salary, diet money and house rent from 18 April 1745 to 30 June following, both days included, per consultation of 13 May 1746, £14 1s 3d. By cash paid him his salary from 1 July 1745 to 31 March 1746, £18 0s 0d. The same, house rent for the same period, £2 10s 0d. The same, diet money for the same period, £32 0s 0d. Total, £52 10s 0d. Carried over, £286 7s 11.5d. Interpretations The men paid five shillings each for coming express carried word of ships sighted to windward down to the castle ahead of the ships themselves. Edward Allis, Stephen Lufkin, Samuel Ashton and James Allis were rewarded through April and May as the homeward fleet came up, the last two accounts naming as many as five ships at once, the flat fee marking the value of early warning to an island that had to ready its guns, its market and its road before a fleet anchored. The service turned ordinary inhabitants into the island’s lookout, paid piece by piece for each run rather than kept on any wage. James Powell’s back pay is entered here as the credit answering his petition, the whole of his salary, diet money and house rent for the year of his suspension paid over at once. Restored to his place of writer by the Court after upwards of twelve months laid aside, he had drawn nothing in the interval, and the £52 10s 0d for the nine months to 31 March 1746 together with the further reckoning to 30 June made good the entire period at the rate his station allowed. The Company met the cost of its own reversed suspension in a single settlement, the payment resting on the consultation of 13 May 1746 and advanced on Powell’s undertaking to repay it should the directors disallow the charge.
16	27	Dr Charles Hutchinson Brought Over £ 2221 7 2 Carr'd Over £ 2221 7 2	Charles Hutchinson stood debtor to the Company, the balance carried forward unchanged. Brought over, £2,221 7s 2d. Carried over, £2,221 7s 2d.
17	28	Paymaster Brought Over £ 286 7 11½ May 15 By Do paid James Powell for account of George Gabb Powell Esqr for two Blacks Slaves Pursuant to the order of the Wandle the Court of Directors in their Letter p Ship Somerset dated the 7 Jan 1745 16 By Do paid William Gunn Soldier discharg'd for thirty day work at the Fortifications 1 15 19 By Cash paid John Burgoin for three day paving on the Line 9 By Do paid Wm Christopher Dixon for one Year and Twenty five days Diet Money commencing the 1t February 1742 and ending the 15 March 1743 at the Rate of £60 P Annum Pursuant to the Order of the Wandle Court of Directors in their Letter dated 10 January 1743 64 2 2 23 By Do paid William Kendow for Coming Express with an Account of three Ships to Windward 5 By Do paid Mr Matthew Bisling one of the Executors of Dr Charles Clark Surgeon Do as p Consultation of the 13 May for so much due to Mr Clark from Joseph Lyston Junr Deced 1 19 24 By Do paid Capt Edmund Cook the Ballance of the Ship Admiral Vernon's Account 11 1 28 By Do paid Stephen Lyston for Coming Express with an Account of a Ship to Windward 5 29 By Do paid Stephen Lyston for Coming Express with an Account of a Ship to Windward 5 30 By Do paid Francis Nichols Surgeon of the Ship Dragon for taking care of Eleven Recruits 2 15 By Do paid John Burgoin for Coming with an Account of a Ship to Windward 5 By Do paid Capt John Blake for a Pinnace Sails Oars Do 24 June 5 By Do paid Thomas Dwyer in part of Wages due to him from Ship Princess Amelia Capt Samuel Martin for his Service on board the said Ship as p Consultation of the 5 June 1746 1 1 Carried Over £ 429 18 5½	The paymaster stood credited with the further sums laid out for the Company. Brought over, £286 7s 11.5d. 15 May 1746, by cash paid James Powell for account of George Gabriel Powell, esquire, for two black slaves, pursuant to the order of the Honourable the Court of Directors in their letter per the ship Somerset dated 16 January 1745, £46 0s 0d. 16 May 1746, by cash paid William Gann, sentinel, discharged, for thirty days work at the fortifications, £1 15s 0d. 19 May 1746, by cash paid John Burgoigne for three days work on the line, £0 9s 0d. By cash paid Mr Christopher Dixon for one year and twenty-five days diet money, commencing 15 February 1742 and ending 11 March 1743, at the rate of £60 per annum, pursuant to the order of the Honourable the Court of Directors in their letter dated 16 January 1745, £64 9s 2d. 23 May 1746, by cash paid William Kendall for coming express with an account of three ships to windward, £0 5s 0d. By cash paid Mr Matthew Purling, one of the executors of Mr Charles Clark, surgeon deceased, per consultation of 13 May, so much due to Mr Clark from Joseph Lufkin junior deceased, £1 19s 0d. 24 May 1746, by cash paid Captain Edmund Cook the balance of the ship Admiral Vernon's account, £0 11s 1d. 28 May 1746, by cash paid Stephen Lufkin for coming express with an account of a ship to windward, £0 5s 0d. 29 May 1746, by cash paid Stephen Lufkin for coming express with an account of a ship to windward, £0 5s 0d. 30 May 1746, by cash paid Francis Mitchell, surgeon of the ship Dragon, for taking care of eleven recruits, £2 13s 0d. By cash paid John Burgoigne for coming express with an account of a ship to windward, £0 5s 0d. By cash paid Captain John Blake for a pinnace, sails, oars and so on, £24 0s 0d. 5 June 1746, by cash paid Thomas Dwyer in part of wages due to him from the ship Princess Amelia, Captain Samuel Martin, for his service on board the ship, per consultation of 5 June 1746, £1 1s 0d. Carried over, £429 18s 5.5d. Interpretations The two black slaves paid for here were George Gabriel Powell’s, the two Dutch men left on the island by a Dutch captain in 1743 that Powell had claimed as his private property until the council took them under the Company’s protection in May 1744. The £46 0s 0d settled to James Powell on his behalf, resting on the directors’ order of 16 January 1745, closed the Company’s purchase of the pair, the payment made through the letter carried by the Somerset that spring and marking the end of the long contest over whose men they were. Christopher Dixon’s diet money for the year and twenty-five days to 11 March 1743 was paid over in full on the directors’ order despite his standing under Governor Dunbar’s suspension of March 1746. The £64 9s 2d answered his earlier 1743 suspension, ordered made good by the Court, and the account settled it now to a man the same board had just removed from all his offices. The entry shows the two suspensions kept entirely separate, the Company honouring a debt owed on the first while the second ran on unresolved, Dixon paid as a private creditor even as his seat at the board stood empty.
18	29	June 15th Dr Charles Hutchinson Brought Over £ 2221 7 2 Carried Over £ 2221 7 2	Charles Hutchinson stood debtor to the Company, the balance carried forward unchanged. Brought over, £2,221 7s 2d. Carried over, £2,221 7s 2d.
19	30	Paymaster Brought Over £ 429 18 5½ June 5 By Cash paid William Wells Surgeon of the Ship Dragon for his Care of Duncan McLaron Robert Slack John Waleyn and Edward Sparks Soldiers designed for Bencoolen but were left Sick here in their outward bound Passage and have since been detained to Reinforce the Garrison 1 By Do paid Capt Henry Kent for the following things for the Use of the Generals Table Vizt For 1 Firkin of Butter 3 a Loaf of Sugar 13 2 Dozen of Wine Glasses 12 1 Cheese Wt lb 30 10 3 2 Ditto Wt 13½ 1 9 1 17 11 7 4 11 26 By Do paid Benjamin Williams for coming Express with an Account of a Ship to Windward 5 28 By Do paid Richard Bagley for seven Bushells of Potatoes to Plant at the House Pcimil ad3 P Wm Mustell 1 15 30 By Do paid Wm Samuel Falconer for so much paid by him for hire for the Generals Table 1 5 30 By Do paid John Tavis for Fifteen hundred Lemons for the Use of the Generals Table 1 12 By Do paid the following Persons for Work done this Quarter at the Fortifications Vizt Edward Cullimore for 64 Days work at 1s Each £ 3 5 9½ Jonathan Campbell 50 2 10 Peter Bailey 36 1 16 Edward Ecker 58½ 2 18 6 John Ellis 11 11 Thomas Fox 54½ 2 14 6 William Hoiday 54 2 14 Duncan McLaron 27½ 1 7 6 John Butler 36½ 2 16 3 John Upton 60½ 3 6 George Bennit 28½ 1 8 6 Thomas Taylor 38½ 2 18 6 Carried Over £ 27 15 9½ Carried Over £ 443 5 1½	The paymaster stood credited with the further sums laid out for the Company. Brought over, £429 18s 5.5d. 3 June 1746, by cash paid William Wills, surgeon of the ship Oxford, for his care of Duncan McLaren, Robert Stack, John Walker and Edward Sparks, soldiers designed for Bencoolen, but were left sick here in their outward bound passage and have since been detained to strengthen the garrison, £1 0s 0d. Captain Henry Kent of the Dragon was paid for the following goods supplied to the general table. By cash paid Captain Henry Kent for the following things for the use of the general table, viz: For 1 firkin of butter, £3 0s 0d. A loaf of sugar, £0 12s 0d. 2 dozen of wine glasses, £0 12s 0d. 1 cheese weight 30 lb, £1 3s 0d. 2 cheeses weight 43 lb, £1 12s 11d. Total, £7 4s 11d. 26 June 1746, by cash paid Benjamin Williams for coming express with an account of a ship to windward, £0 5s 0d. 28 June 1746, by cash paid Richard Bagley for seven bushels of potatoes to plant at the Horse Pasture at 5s per bushel, £1 15s 0d. 30 June 1746, by cash paid Mr Samuel Falconer for so much paid by him for hire for the general table, £1 5s 0d. 30 June 1746, by cash paid John Sarris for fifteen hundred lemons for the use of the general table, £1 12s 0d. The paymaster was credited with the wages of the men who worked at the fortifications through the quarter. By cash paid the following persons for work done this quarter at the fortifications, viz: Edward Cullimore for 60 days work at 13d each, £3 5s 0d. Walter Campbell, 50 days, £2 10s 0d. Peter Bailey, 36 days, £1 16s 0d. Edward Ecker, 58.5 days, £2 18s 6d. John Ellis, 11 days, £0 11s 0d. Thomas Fox, 54.5 days, £2 14s 6d. William Woodroy, 54 days, £2 14s 0d. Duncan McLaren, 27.5 days, £1 7s 6d. John Butler, 36.5 days, £2 16s 3d. John Upton, 60.5 days, £3 0s 6d. George Bennit, 28.5 days, £1 8s 6d. Thomas Taylor, 38 days, £2 18s 6d. Carried over, £27 15s 9d. Carried over, £443 5s 1.5d. Interpretations The four soldiers whose care William Wills was paid for had been bound for Bencoolen aboard the Oxford but were put ashore sick on the outward passage and then kept on the island to make up the garrison’s numbers. Duncan McLaren, Robert Stack, John Walker and Edward Sparks all appear on the same quarter’s pay roll as serving soldiers, so the Company met their surgeon’s bill and then turned their misfortune to account, the men absorbed into the establishment rather than sent on once the war had made every hand valuable. The entry shows how a small garrison replenished itself from the sick and stranded that the passing ships left behind. The fortification labour was paid by the day at thirteen pence a man, a wage set above the soldier’s daily rate to draw men to the heavy stonework of the war-driven defences. Edward Cullimore, John Upton and the rest were paid for the exact days each had worked, several of them, including McLaren, being the same soldiers the roll carried at a private’s pay, so a man might draw both his standing wage and this day-money for extra labour on the works. The Company priced the fortification effort as piecework on top of the establishment, buying the hands it needed to press the defences forward at a rate high enough to make the toil worth a man’s while.
20	31	July 15th Dr Charles Hutchinson Brought Over £ 2221 7 2 Carried Over £ 2221 7 2	Charles Hutchinson stood debtor to the Company, the balance carried forward unchanged. Brought over, £2,221 7s 2d. Carried over, £2,221 7s 2d.
21	32	Payment Cr Brought Over £ 443 5 1½ Brought Over £ 27 15 9 Thomas Streeton 56 days work at 1s Each Day 2 16 John Mawnkey 46 2 6 David Dare 36¾ 1 16 9 William Cordon 21½ 1 1 9 John Ford 9½ 9 6 James Kendrick 9½ 9 6 William Williman 9½ 9 6 Isaac Menants 9½ 9 6 Edward Allis 9½ 9 6 Richard Louttt 2 2 William Page 9½ 9 6 James Vaughn 9½ 9 6 David Robinson 9½ 9 6 Samuel Wilton 9½ 9 6 Thomas Robinson 9½ 9 6 William Davis 9½ 9 6 John Chapman 9½ 9 6 John Holloway 9½ 9 6 Peter Barkes 2 2 Edward Arnold 5½ 5 6 42 9 3 By Cash paid the following Persons for Work done in Repairing the Lieut Governor House Vizt Edward Cullimore for 2 days work as done Millwright £2 Peter Bailey 25½ 1 5 6 Matthew Campbell 4½ 4 6 Edward Ecker 4½ 4 6 Thomas Fox 4½ 4 6 William Hoiday 5½ 5 6 George Bennit 16½ 16 6 3 3 30 By Do paid Abraham Major for Repairing a House and Assisting the Armourer to make an Anchor Stock 2 6 By Do paid the Hindoos Do for Working in Country boys and Repairing the Long boat 29 days at 1s 6d P Day 2 3 6 Carried Over £ 491 3 9½	The paymaster was credited with the remainder of the fortification wages and further work about the settlement. Brought over, £443 5s 1.5d. Fortification work brought down, £27 15s 9d. Thomas Skeeton, 56 days work at 13d each, £2 16s 0d. John Mackey, 46 days, £2 6s 0d. David Dove, 36.75 days, £1 16s 9d. William Cordon, 27.75 days, £1 8s 9d. John Ford, 9.5 days, £0 9s 6d. James Kendrick, 9.5 days, £0 9s 6d. William Williman, 9.5 days, £0 9s 6d. Silas Dumonts, 9.5 days, £0 9s 6d. Edward Allis, 9.5 days, £0 9s 6d. Richard South, 2 days, £0 2s 0d. William Page, 9.5 days, £0 9s 6d. James Vaughan, 9.5 days, £0 9s 6d. David Robinson, 9.5 days, £0 9s 6d. Samuel Watson, 9.5 days, £0 9s 6d. Thomas Robinson, 9.5 days, £0 9s 6d. William Davis, 9.5 days, £0 9s 6d. John Cheeseman, 9.5 days, £0 9s 6d. John Holloway, 9.5 days, £0 9s 6d. Peter Batt, 2 days, £0 2s 0d. Edward Arnold, 5.5 days, £0 5s 6d. Total, £42 9s 3d. The paymaster was credited with the wages of the men who worked at the Lieutenant Governor’s house. By cash paid the following persons for work done in repairing the Lieutenant Governor's house, viz: Edward Cullimore for 2 days work already done, millwright, £0 2s 0d. Peter Bailey, 25.5 days, £1 5s 6d. Matthew Campbell, 4.5 days, £0 4s 6d. Edward Ecker, 4.5 days, £0 4s 6d. Thomas Fox, 4.5 days, £0 4s 6d. William Woodroy, 3.5 days, £0 3s 6d. George Bennit, 16.5 days, £0 16s 6d. Total, £3 5s 0d. Abraham Major was paid for repairing an axe and fitting a helve to the armourer’s stock, and Thomas Skeeton for his trips in the long boat. 30 June 1746, by cash paid Abraham Major for repairing a stock and fitting the armourer to make a helve to the stock, £0 2s 6d. By cash paid Thomas Skeeton for twenty-nine days work in bringing our country boys and repairing the long boat, twenty-nine days at 18d per day, £2 3s 6d. Carried over, £491 3s 9.5d. Interpretations The second block of labour was paid for repairing Charles Hutchinson’s house, the Lieutenant Governor’s dwelling, at the same thirteen-pence day rate as the fortification work but charged under a separate head. Peter Bailey, George Bennit and several of the same men who had worked the defences turned to the officer’s house within the quarter, the Company meeting the cost of maintaining its senior officer’s quarters directly from the treasury. The distinct heading kept the charge for the house apart from the charge for the works, so the directors could see what had gone to the fortifications and what to Hutchinson’s repairs. Thomas Skeeton’s twenty-nine days in the long boat were paid at eighteen pence a day, half again the thirteen pence the fortification labour earned, marking the boat work as the more valued service. Fetching the country boys and keeping the long boat sound was skilled and heavy work on which the island’s communication with Sandy Bay and its lime supply depended, and the Company set its rate accordingly. The gap between the two day-wages shows the same graded pricing of labour that ran through the pay roll itself, the harder or scarcer skill drawing the higher figure.
22	33	July 15th Brought Over £ 2221 7 2 £ 2221 7 2 Errors Excepted p Chas	The debtor side of Charles Hutchinson’s account closed on the same balance, the errors excepted in the usual form. Brought over, £2,221 7s 2d. Total, £2,221 7s 2d.
23	34	1746 Brought Over £ 491 3 7½ By Cash paid the following Persons for Work done in the House Pertaining the New Sluice Vizt John Chapman 16 days at fifteen Pence Do 1 William Hall 16 days at Do 1 William Hindow 8 days at Do 10 Henry Cotton 8 days at Do 10 3 By Do paid the following Persons for going in the Long boat Sandy Bay for Lime Vizt William Gunn 23 days at one Shilling P Day £1 3 Humphry Engle 11 days at Do 11 James Beffs 6 days at Do 6 Thomas Pride 11 days at Do 11 2 11 By Cash paid Jno Christoffel for making twenty four bags for Lime at 3d Each 6 By Do paid the following Persons for Digging burning & Carting Chunam at the House Pertaining Vizt Richard Mason 18 Days at 4d P Man Quare P Day £3 Anthony Day 23 days at Do 1 0 12 3 John Costelow 23 days at Do 1 10 6 13 By Do paid the following Men for Burning & Carrying the Compound Line on the House Pertaining Vizt Thomas Wright 49½ days at one Shilling P Day £2 9 6 John Watley 43½ days at Do 2 3 6 Thomas Hales 30 days at Do 1 10 7 5 By Cash paid Solomon Hales for so much paid by him to Richard Bagley for three Bushells of Potatoes to plant at the House on account of the Long Gutt 15 By Cash paid Peter Vatlion for Ploughing & Sowing of Potatoes about the Milk this Quarter 3 17 6 By Do paid Charles Bennit for 29 days work in Making Ladders Country boys Rules & Fastnings in the Gate having a Post at the House Pertaining at 1s 6d P Day 4 8 6 By Do paid Wm Henry Stephens Willingsley for hebiling 40 Watches of Straw for the Soldiers at fifteen pence P Watch 2 17 6 By Do paid Christopher Beale for overseeing the Persons that sow'd at work on the Grasses & Painting Curling & c 30 days at two Shillings & six P P Do 1 2 6 By Cash paid the following Men for Work at the Grass as p Consult Alley Vizt Jeremiah Wynil for 14 days at one Shilling P Day 14 Richard Smith 14 days at Do 14 Thomas Wright 13½ Do 13 6 Peter Coakley 4 Do 4 John Halloway 4 Do 4 Thomas Kendrick 1 Do 1 Walter Cox 1 Do 1 John Fletcher 12½ Do 12 6 William Beckett 13 Do 13 George John 7 Do 7 Thomas Segue 7 Do 7 John Watley 4 Do 4 John Murril 5¾ Do 5 9 Abraham Major 8¼ Do 8 3 John Chapman 1 Do 1 5 5 6 By Cash paid Samuel Clark for eight days work in Grinding Paint & in Glazing & Painting 16 By Do paid Michael Radfor for making Chunam Casks for making stuff for the Cask & c 8 By Cash paid the Honble Company's Officers & Servants their Salaries & c for the Quarter commencing the 1 April 1746 & ending 30 June 1746 amounting as p their account to 1676 7 7½ £ 2208 3 3 £ 15 2 2½ By Ballance paid in to the Honble Company's Cash 2221 7 2 Hutchinson Paymaster The Stockeeper this day delivered his Accounts for the Months of April May and June last which were Examined & approved and are as following Vizt	The paymaster was credited with the remaining charges of the quarter and the whole account closed against the establishment’s pay. Brought over, £491 3s 7.5d. By cash paid the following persons for work done in the Horse Pasture, leaving the Horse House, viz: John Cheeseman, 16 days at fifteen pence each, £1 0s 0d. William Wall, 16 days at the same, £1 0s 0d. William Hinslow, 8 days at the same, £0 10s 0d. Henry Corter, 8 days at the same, £0 10s 0d. Total, £3 0s 0d. By cash paid the following persons for going in the long boat to Sandy Bay for lime, viz: William Bevin, 23 days at one shilling per day, £1 3s 0d. Humphrey Engle, 11 days at the same, £0 11s 0d. James Buffe, 6 days at the same, £0 6s 0d. Thomas Pride, 11 days at the same, £0 11s 0d. Total, £2 11s 0d. By cash paid John Christoffel for making twenty four bags for lime at 3d each, £0 6s 0d. By cash paid the following persons for digging and burning of lime at the Horse Pasture, viz: Richard Mason, 18 days at 3d per quarter per day, £3 0s 0d. Anthony Day, 23 days at the same, £1 13s 3d. John Christoffel, 24 days at the same, £1 10s 0d. Total, £6 3s 3d. By cash paid the following men for burning and drawing the lime at the Horse Pasture on the House Pasture, viz: Thomas Skeeton, 49.5 days at one shilling per day, £2 9s 6d. John Watley, 43.5 days at the same, £2 3s 6d. Thomas Watts, 50 days at the same, £2 10s 0d. Total, £7 5s 0d. By cash paid Simon Watts for so much paid to Orlando Bagley for three bushels of potatoes to plant in the Horse Pasture, per Simon Watts, £0 15s 0d. By cash paid John Watson for keeping and drawing of physic wine about the mills this quarter, £3 17s 6d. By cash paid Charles Legente for 29 days work in making ladders, cutlery boxes, ticket and truncheons and to have hung a stock at the Horse Pound, 8s at 1s 6d per day, £4 8s 6d. By cash paid Mrs Henry Kephnal Willingsly for hoeing 40 bushels of beans for the soldiers at fifteen pence per bushel, £2 17s 6d. By cash paid Onesiphorus Beale for overseeing the fortifications and to see all the work on the fortifications and cutting three days at two shillings and sixpence per day, £1 2s 6d. By cash paid the following men for work at the fortifications, viz: Jeremiah Wynn, for 14 days at one shilling per day, £0 14s 0d. Richard South, 14 days at the same, £0 14s 0d. Thomas Arnold, 12.5 days, £0 13s 0d. Peter Coakley, 4 days, £0 4s 0d. John Holloway, 4 days, £0 4s 0d. Thomas Kendrick, 4 days, £0 4s 0d. Walter Cox, 4 days, £0 4s 0d. John Fletcher, 12.5 days, £0 12s 6d. William Beckett, 13 days, £0 13s 0d. George Peton, 7 days, £0 7s 0d. Thomas Sapierre, 7 days, £0 7s 0d. John Watley, 7 days, £0 7s 9d. John Merrit, 15.5 days, £0 15s 9d. Abraham Major, 8.5 days, £0 9d. John Cheeseman, 4 days, £0 4s 0d. Total, £5 5s 6d. By cash paid Samuel Clark for eight days work in grinding tools, hoeing and pointing, £0 16s 0d. By cash paid Michael Watson for oiling buildings, casks in making stuff to caulk casks, £0 8s 0d. By cash paid the Honourable Company's officers and servants their salaries for the quarter, commencing 1 April 1746 and ending 30 June 1746, amounting as per pay account to £1,676 7s 7.5d. By balance paid into the Honourable Company's cash, £22 8s 1d. Total, £15 2s 2d. Total, £2,221 7s 2d. Hutchinson, paymaster. Interpretations The lime-burning at the Horse Pasture was carried out in stages, each paid at its own daily rate to reflect the different labour it took. Men were paid one shilling a day to fetch lime from Sandy Bay in the long boat, threepence a quarter to dig and burn it, and a shilling again to burn and draw the finished lime, the graded wages tracking the weight and skill of each part of the work. The whole effort marks the island still making its own lime for the war-driven fortifications rather than buying burnt oyster shells through the store, the kiln the Company had built years earlier kept at work through the quarter to feed the stonework of the defences. Charles Legente, once a deserter from Bombay taken onto the garrison’s strength, was here paid separately for twenty-nine days making ladders, cutlery boxes and other joinery about the Horse Pound at eighteen pence a day. The higher rate marks skilled woodwork set above the shilling-a-day common labour, and the entry shows a man who came to the island as a runaway now carried both as a soldier and as a paid craftsman. The Company drew on every useful hand it could hold in wartime, pricing the trained skill above the ordinary day-work as it did throughout the quarter’s accounts.
24	35	July 15th Collection of Goods Sold and delivered out of the Honble Company's Stores from the 1 April to the 30 June 1746 Sold to the Company's Servants at 10 P Cent Arrack 253¾ Galls 83 6 3 Brandy 223¾ Do 56 7 6 Sugar & Candy Vizt 1696 lb Sugar 28 5 4 18 lb Candy 1 29 5 4 Bread & Flower Vizt 21 lb Bread 1 6 9½ 15 lb Flower 2 16 6 1691 lb Do Baked in to Loaves 114 9 8½ 118 12 10 Soap 166 lb 5 19 7 Oyl Vizt 9 Bottles Florence 1 8 ½ gallon Train 1 7½ 1 6 3½ Tea 24 Catties 1 18 Candles 720 lb 10 5 10 Pepper lb 1 1½ Salt 15 Bushells 2 6 1½ Nail 223 lb Do 12 10 Sheets Vizt 79 Bidins 18 2 1 3 Dungree 6 3 1 Callico 8 2 18 16 6 Paint Vizt 5½ lb Blue Smalt 9 7½ 2 Barrels Lamblack 1 4 10 11½ Carried Over £ 329 7 1½	The storekeeper’s collection recorded the goods sold and delivered out of the Company’s stores between 1 April and 30 June 1746, the first head being those sold to the Company’s servants at ten per cent above cost. Collection of goods sold and delivered out of the Honourable Company's stores from 1 April to 30 June 1746. Sold to the Company's servants at ten per cent. Arrack, 233.75 gallons, £83 6s 3d. Brandy, 223.5 gallons, £36 7s 6d. Sugar and candy, viz: 1,690 lb sugar, £28 5s 4d. 18 lb candy, £1 0s 0d. Total, £29 5s 4d. Bread and flour, viz: 213 lb bread, £1 6s 9.5d. 15 lb flour, £2 16s 6d. 1,691 lb flour baked into loaves, £114 9s 8.5d. Total, £118 12s 10d. Soap, 166 lb, £5 19s 7d. Oil, viz: 3 bottles Florence, £1 4s 8d. 0.5 gallon train, £0 1s 7.5d. Total, £1 6s 3.5d. Tea, 24 catties, £1 18s 0d. Candles, 750 lb, £10 5s 10d. Pepper, 16 lb, £0 1s 1.5d. Salt, 13 bushels, £2 6s 11.5d. Nails, 225 lb sorted, £0 12s 10d. Sheets, viz: 79 doosetees, £18 2s 1d. 3 dungarees, £0 6s 3d. 1 callico, £0 8s 2d. Total, £18 16s 6d. Paint, viz: 3.5 lb blue smalts, £0 9s 7.5d. 2 barrels lampblack, £0 1s 4d. Total, £0 10s 11.5d. Carried over, £329 7s 1.5d. Interpretations The quarterly collection set out what the Company sold from its own warehouse, and this first section charged its covenanted servants ten per cent above the invoice cost. That ten per cent was the lowest markup on the store’s scale, the servants buying nearer to prime cost than the planters and free inhabitants who paid twenty-five and ten per cent on the same goods, so the schedule doubled as a graded benefit of Company service. The arrack, brandy, sugar, flour and cloth run here are the ordinary comforts and necessaries a small isolated establishment could get only from the ships, drawn from store between the fleets and priced by class of buyer. Several of the goods on this page name the far ends of the Company’s trade that supplied the island. The tea measured in catties and the sugar candy came from the China ships, the doosetees and dungarees were Indian cotton cloths brought on the coast ships, the Florence oil was a Mediterranean olive oil carried out from England, and the train oil was whale or fish oil used for lamps and coarse work. St Helena grew almost none of these, so the warehouse stood as the island’s only source of manufactured and imported stores, the collection a record of how the settlement was provisioned from three continents through the passing homeward trade.
25	36	1746 Brought Over £ 329 7 1½ Turners ware Vizt 23 Shoe Brushes 14 10½ 4 Wood Bowls 2 8 15 Platters 10 1 Cloth Brush 1 4½ 1 Wood Ladle 2½ 3 Paint Brushes 2 1 Mop 2 6 2 Birch Brooms 1 3 Scrubbing Brushes 1 6 4 Hair Brooms 6 2 2 5 1 Hooks & Lines Vizt 11 lb Blue Hooks 3 11 13 Gross 3 doz Sorted Hooks 3 2 2 18 Dozen Lines Sorted 2 10 1 1 Logg Line 1 5 19 2 Haberdashery ware Vizt 5 Pieces Holland Tape 3 6½ 12 lb of Bindg or String 7 7 13 Doz of Mens Coat Buttons 1 4 15½ Do Breast Do 4 2½ 3½ Skeans Silk 13 1 18 Do Mohair 6 9 2 Gross Shirt Buttons 3 6 2 Pieces Carnation Tape 11 1 Do Broad White Do 2 3½ 2 10 10½ Cutlery ware Vizt 21 Horn Combs 3 4½ 50 Pair Buckles 1 7 1 1 Pair Silver Do 9 9 1 19 10½ Twine Vizt 15 Skeins Twine 8 9 3 lb Shoe Thread 6 1½ 14 10½ £ 342 15 3½	The collection continued with the turnery, fishing tackle, haberdashery, cutlery and twine sold from the stores. Brought over, £329 7s 1.5d. Turnery ware, viz: 23 shoe brushes, £0 14s 10.5d. 4 wood bowls, £0 2s 8d. 15 platters, £0 10s 0d. 1 cloth brush, £0 1s 4.5d. 1 wood ladle, £0 0s 2.5d. 3 paint brushes, £0 2s 0d. 1 mop, £0 2s 0d. 2 birch brooms, £0 1s 0d. 3 scrubbing brushes, £0 1s 6d. 4 hair brooms, £0 6s 2d. Total, £2 5s 1d. Hooks and lines, viz: 11.5 lb blue hooks, £0 3s 11d. 13 gross 3 dozen sorted, £3 2s 2d. 15 dozen lines sorted, £2 10s 1d. 1 log line, £0 1s 0d. Total, £5 19s 2d. Haberdashery ware, viz: 5 pieces holland tape, £0 3s 6.5d. 42 lb of pindars twine, £0 7s 7d. 13 dozen of men's coat buttons, £0 1s 1.5d. 15.5 dozen breast buttons, £0 4s 2.5d. 33 skeins silk, £0 13s 1d. 18 skeins mohair, £0 6s 9d. 2 gross shirt buttons, £0 3s 6d. 2 pieces carnation tape, £0 0s 11d. 1 piece broad white tape, £0 9s 3.5d. Total, £2 10s 10.5d. Cutlery ware, viz: 21 horn combs, £0 3s 3.5d. 50 pairs buckles, £1 7s 1d. 1 pair silver buckles, £0 9s 9d. Total, £1 19s 10.5d. Twine, viz: 15 skeins twine, £0 8s 9d. 3 lbs shoe thread, £0 6s 1.5d. Total, £0 14s 10.5d. Total, £342 15s 3d. Interpretations The goods on this page are the small manufactured wares that a remote island could get only from the ships, none of them made on St Helena. Sewing silk and mohair, coat and shirt buttons, holland and carnation tape, horn combs and metal buckles were the materials and fittings of clothing and mending, the fishing hooks and lines the tackle for the boats that supplied the settlement with fish, and the brushes, brooms and ladles the ordinary household stuff of daily life. The store held them in tiny quantities against the year’s need, the schedule showing how completely the inhabitants depended on the warehouse for the minor articles of an ordinary domestic economy. The category headings the clerk used, turnery, haberdashery, cutlery and the rest, follow the trade divisions of the English retail and wholesale market, carried whole onto a schedule of Company stores five thousand miles from London. The names describe the branch of manufacture each good came from rather than the use it was put to on the island, so that combs and buckles sat under cutlery and buttons and tape under haberdashery as they would in an English merchant’s books. The warehouse ran on the vocabulary of the home trade that supplied it, the island’s provisioning organised by the categories of the market it drew from.
26	37	June 15th Brought Over £ 342 15 3¾ Kersey 1½ yard 2 4½ Long Ells 13 yards 1 1 8 Deals Vizt 1 Inch Wainscott Board 1 9 3 Half Inch Do 7 9 12 6 Pewter Vizt 1 Gallon Pott 10 11 1 Half Gallon Do 5 8 1 Quart Do 3 8 1 Chamber Pott 3 5 3 Funnels 7 6 1 11 2 Broad Cloth Vizt 1½ Yards Course Blue 7 6 3 Yards Scarlet 2 15 3 6 Canvas Vizt 6½ Yards Sacking 1 10½ 3 Do Russia Duck 1 6½ 9 4½ Shoes Vizt 16 Pair Mens Fine 1 4 11 Do Do Ordinary 3 4½ 7 4 1½ Deesooloes 3 Pieces Double 1 11 8 Thread Vizt 29 Ounces Arms 1 15 2 5 lb White & Brown 1 8 1½ lb Coloured 1 3½ 10 Pieces Red and Blue Thread 1 15 8 5 1 2½ Carried Over £ 366 10 9	The collection continued with the cloth, timber, pewter, footwear and thread sold from the stores. Brought over, £342 15s 3.75d. Kersey, 1.5 yards, £0 2s 4.5d. Long ells, 13 yards, £1 1s 8d. Deals, viz: 1 inch wainscot board, £1 0s 9d. 3 half inch boards, £0 7s 9d. Total, £1 2s 6d. Pewter, viz: 1 gallon pot, £0 10s 11d. 1 half gallon pot, £0 5s 8d. 1 quart pot, £0 3s 8d. 1 chamber pot, £0 3s 5d. 3 funnels, £0 7s 6d. Total, £1 11s 9d. Broad cloth, viz: 1.5 yards coarse blue, £0 7s 6d. 3 yards scarlet, £2 15s 0d. Total, £3 3s 6d. Canvas, viz: 6.5 yards sacking, £1 10s 7.5d. 3.5 yards Russia duck, £1 6s 6.5d. Total, £9 4s 2.75d. Shoes, viz: 16 pairs men's fine, £4 4s 0d. 11 pairs ordinary, £3 0s 11.5d. Total, £7 4s 11.5d. Doosetees, 3 pieces double, £1 11s 8d. Thread, viz: 29 ounces sums, £1 15s 2d. 5 lb white and brown, £1 8s 11d. 5 lb coloured, £1 3s 2d. 10 pieces red and blue thread, £1 16s 8d. Total, £5 12s 4.5d. Carried over, £366 10s 9d. Interpretations The cloth run on this page names the range of textiles the ships carried out for a settlement that wove none of its own. Kersey and long ells were coarse English woollens for working clothes, the coarse blue and scarlet broadcloth a finer wool for better wear and perhaps uniform facings, the sacking and Russia duck stout canvas for bags and sails, and the doosetees Indian cotton cloth from the coast ships. The store held the whole scale from rough working stuff to scarlet cloth, so the inhabitants dressed entirely from the warehouse, the graded fabrics marking the differences of station within the small community as much as its dependence on the imported supply. The scarlet broadcloth stands out at fifteen shillings a yard against a few shillings for the coarse blue, the dearest cloth on the schedule by a wide margin. Scarlet took the most costly dye and the finest wool, and its presence in the stores of a remote island shows the warehouse stocked not merely necessaries but the materials of display for those who could pay. The Company carried a little of the expensive stuff alongside the working cloth, meeting the demand of the island’s better sort for a fabric whose cost lay in its colour, a small luxury supplied from London to the far end of the trade.
27	38	1746 Brought Over £ 366 10 9 Ironmongers ware Vizt 3 Smiths Thimbles 4 Frying Pans 4½ 1 Pair Dovetail Hinges 2 4 1 Ragstone 11 1 Wt Cross Garnets 1 2½ 4 Wolves 1 2 1 Small Hatchet 2 8 1 Chaffing Dish 1 11½ 1 Scythe Stone 3 5½ 1 Wood Ax 2 2 5 1 8½ Lead Vizt 16 lb Sheet Lead 8 8 lb Wire Shott 9 9 5 Blankets 1 6 9 Long Cloth 1 Piece 1 7 Chinaware Vizt 6 Cups and Saucers 9 1 Sweeter 3 28 Sett Dishes and Plates 1 15 10 6 Scollop Cups 6 30 China Bowls Sorted 1 8 1½ 3 5 8½ Flannel 2 Yards 6 4 Glaziers ware Vizt 2 Setts Glass 8 by 10 1 2 3 Do Do 6 by 8 1 1 Pair Salts 2 1½ 4 3½ Carried Over £ 373 4 1	The collection continued with the ironmongery, lead, blankets, cloth, chinaware, flannel and glassware sold from the stores. Brought over, £366 10s 9d. Ironmongery ware, viz: 3 smith's thimbles, £0 0s 4.5d. 4 frying pans, £0 9s 4d. 1 pair dovetail hinges, £0 0s 11d. 1 ragstone, £0 0s 1.5d. 1 pair cross garnets, £0 1s 9.5d. 4 helves, £0 2s 8d. 1 small hatchet, £0 1s 11d. 1 chafing dish, £0 3s 5.5d. 1 scythe stone, £0 0s 2d. 1 wood axe, £0 2s 5d. Total, £1 8s 6.5d. Lead, viz: 16 lb sheet lead, £0 8s 8d. 1 lb bird shot, £0 0s 9d. Total, £0 9s 5d. Blankets, 1, £0 6s 9d. Long cloth, 1 piece, £1 0s 7d. Chinaware, viz: 6 cups and saucers, £0 0s 9d. 1 sweetmeat, £0 0s 3d. 23 setts dishes and plates, £1 15s 10d. 6 scollop cups, £0 0s 6d. 30 china bowls sorted, £1 8s 1.5d. Total, £3 5s 8.5d. Flannel, 2 yards, £0 6s 2d. Glazier's ware, viz: 2 sheets glass 8 by 10, £0 1s 2d. 3 sheets glass 6 by 8, £0 1s 0d. 1 pair salts, £0 2s 1.5d. Total, £0 4s 3.5d. Carried over, £373 4s 1d. Interpretations The ironmongery on this page is the working hardware of an island that made almost no metal goods of its own. Frying pans, hatchets, a wood axe, scythe stones, chafing dish, hinges and cross garnets were the tools and fittings of the kitchen, the farm and the carpenter’s bench, and the sheet lead and bird shot the materials for roofing, glazing and fowling. The store held them singly or in pairs against the year’s want, the schedule showing the settlement dependent on the ships for every implement of ordinary work, down to the small hatchet and the pair of hinges. The chinaware and window glass mark the reach of the two ends of the Company’s trade into the island’s households. The cups, saucers, dishes and china bowls came from the China ships that had lately anchored, tableware carried halfway round the world, while the panes of glass measured in inches were English window glass for the better houses, sold by the sheet in a place where a single pane was worth entering in the accounts. The warehouse supplied both the fine table and the glazed window, small marks of comfort and standing brought from opposite ends of the trade to a settlement that could produce neither.
28	39	July 15th Brought Over £ 373 4 1 Brazier ware Vizt 1 Skimmer 6 7 4 Ladles 8 5 Pair Steel Snuffers 1 1 3 3 Pr Candlesticks 1 2 6 1 Tea Kettle 13 9 1 Flat Candlestick 3 1 3 15 2 Bucknams Vizt 10 yards Buckram 8 9 6 yards Osnabrigs 3 10½ 2 Pair Hair Cloths 3 4 15 11½ Muslin 2 Pieces 1 3 10 Starch Vizt 10 lb Starch 4 9½ 3 Hair Powder 1 10½ 6 8 Corks Vizt 6 Gross Corks 15 6 1 Cork Wood 10 16 4 Tin ware Vizt 1 Glass Lanthorn 9 3 4 Sconce Do 4 5 6 Lanthorn Leaves 9 14 5 German Serge 13 yards 3 14 4½ Shalloon 10 yards Sorted 1 2 8½ Duroys 1 Piece 1 13 4 Camblet 10 yards Blue 1 5 10 Carried Over £ 388 12 8½	The collection continued with the brass ware, buckram, muslin, starch, corks, tinware and further cloths sold from the stores. Brought over, £373 4s 1d. Brass ware, viz: 1 skimmer, £0 6s 7d. 4 ladles, £0 0s 8d. 5 pairs steel snuffers, £1 1s 3d. 3 pairs candlesticks, £1 2s 6d. 1 tea kettle, £0 13s 9d. 1 flat candlestick, £0 3s 1d. Total, £3 12s 2d. Buckram, viz: 10 yards buckram, £0 8s 9d. 6 yards osnaburg, £0 3s 10.5d. 2 pairs hair cloths, £0 3s 4d. Total, £0 15s 11.5d. Muslin, 2 pieces, £1 3s 10d. Starch, viz: 10 lb starch, £0 4s 9.5d. 3 lb hair powder, £0 1s 10.5d. Total, £0 6s 8d. Corks, viz: 6 gross corks, £0 15s 6d. 1 cork wood, £0 0s 10d. Total, £0 16s 4d. Tinware, viz: 1 glass lanthorn, £0 9s 3d. 4 tin lanthorns, £0 4s 5d. 6 lanthorn leaves, £0 0s 9d. Total, £0 14s 5d. German serge, 13 yards, £3 4s 4.5d. Shalloon, 10 yards sorted, £1 2s 8.5d. Duroys, 1 piece, £1 13s 4d. Camblet, 10 yards blue, £1 5s 10d. Carried over, £388 12s 8.5d. Interpretations The worsted and mixed cloths on this page were the lighter dress fabrics the ships carried out for a settlement that made none of its own. German serge, shalloon, duroys and blue camblet were the stuffs of coats, waistcoats and linings a step finer than the coarse working woollens, the osnaburg and buckram the stiffening and lining cloths of the tailor’s trade, and the muslin a fine Indian cotton. The store held the whole range from stiffening to camblet, so the island’s tailoring was supplied entirely from the warehouse, the graded cloths again marking the differences of dress and station the inhabitants maintained on imported material alone. The tinware and brass ware name the small domestic lighting and kitchen goods a remote household could get only from the store. Glass and tin lanthorns, candlesticks and snuffers, a brass tea kettle, skimmer and ladles were the ordinary fittings of the table and the evening, none of them made on the island. The corks and cork wood served for bottling the arrack and wine the same collection sold, and the hair powder marks a touch of fashion carried out even here. The warehouse stood as the single source of the whole apparatus of a modest domestic life, from the light to see by to the corks to stop the bottles.
29	40	1746 Brought Over £ 388 12 8½ Hosiers ware Vizt 17 Pair Thread Stockings 2 6 9 6 Pr Mens Wove Do 1 2 6 21 Pr Mens Knit Do 3 16 7 5 3 Beef & Pork Vizt 1 Piece at 2½ 2 5 219 Do 2½ 21 6 9 Do Pork 2½ 14 3½ 1 Do 2½ 2 5 213 Do 2½ 24 6 46 11 1½ Rice Vizt 56 lb Fine 4 7 64 lb Coarse 7 3 5½ 7 8 ½ Sailors Clothes 1 Jacket & Pr Breeches 12 9 Wine Vizt 11½ Dozen Port 10 15 9½ 10 Dozen Madeira 13 17 6 11½ dozen Lisbon 10 15 9½ 35 8 9 Beer Vizt 1 Cask Strong 3 4 1 1 Do Small 1 19 10½ 5 3 11½ Total Sold to the Garrison £ 491 2 6½ Sold to the Planters at 25 P Cent Vizt Deesooloes 4 Pieces 1 3 1 Flannel 10 Yards 15 Broad Cloth Vizt 1 Yard Course blue 5 4 3½ Yard Scarlet 15 5½ 1 9½ Carried Over £ 5 19 1½	The collection closed the sales to the Company’s servants with the hosiery, provisions, wine and beer, gave the total sold to the garrison, and opened a fresh head for the goods sold to the planters at twenty-five per cent above cost. Brought over, £388 12s 8.5d. Hosiery ware, viz: 17 pairs thread stockings, £2 6s 9d. 6 pairs men's worsted, £1 2s 6d. 21 pairs men's knit, £3 16s 0d. Total, £7 5s 3d. Beef and pork, viz: 1 piece at 2s 5d, £0 2s 5d. 219 pieces at 2s, £21 6s 0d. 9 pieces pork at 2s 6d, £0 14s 3.5d. 1 piece at 2s 5d, £0 2s 5d. 213 pieces at 2s, £21 6s 0d. Total, £46 11s 1.5d. Rice, viz: 56 lb fine, £0 4s 7d. 694 lb coarse, £7 3s 5.5d. Total, £7 8s 0.5d. Sailor's clothes, 1 jacket and 1 pair breeches, £0 12s 9d. Wine, viz: 11.5 dozen port, £10 15s 9.5d. 10 dozen Madeira, £13 17s 6d. 11.5 dozen Lisbon, £10 15s 9.5d. Total, £35 8s 9d. Beer, viz: 1 cask strong, £3 4s 1d. 1 cask small, £1 19s 10.5d. Total, £5 3s 11.5d. Total sold to the garrison, £191 2s 6.5d. Sold to the planters at twenty-five per cent, viz: Doosetees, 4 pieces, £1 3s 1d. Flannel, 10 yards, £0 15s 0d. Broad cloth, viz: 1 yard coarse blue, £0 5s 4d. 3.5 yards scarlet, £1 3s 5.5d. Total, £1 9s 9.5d. Carried over, £5 19s 1d. Interpretations The second buyer class marks a sharp step up in the store’s markup, the planters paying twenty-five per cent above cost against the ten per cent the covenanted servants paid on the same goods. The two schedules charge the identical doosetees, flannel and broadcloth at the different rates, so the collection prices a man’s access to the warehouse by his standing in the Company, the servants buying cheapest and the free planters paying the higher figure. The graded markup was a plain instrument of policy, rewarding Company service with cheaper stores and drawing a larger margin from those outside the covenant. The provisions on this page show the garrison and the servants still drawing salt beef and pork from the store by the piece at a flat two shillings, the same fixed price for a piece of salt beef the council had set the previous winter. The heavy run of over four hundred pieces marks the establishment victualled from the warehouse across the quarter, the salt provision issued piece by piece to men who could not otherwise be sure of meat between the fleets, distinct from the fresh beef the market and the Company’s own herd supplied. The wine and beer beside it, the port, Madeira and Lisbon by the dozen, were the comforts the same men bought from the store, the whole a picture of an isolated garrison fed and supplied entirely from the Company’s stock.
30	41	July 15th Brought Over £ 5 19 1½ Long Ells 2 Yards 3 10 Muslin 2 Pieces 1 10 2 Shirts 2 Dungaree 5 2 Shoes Vizt 30 Pair Mens Spanish Leather 11 15 4 30 Pr Do Calve Leather 7 18 4 30 Pr Girls Shoes 3 12 6 5 Pr Boys Soled 1 2 6 14 Pr Mens Shoes fine 1 1 1 Pr Do Ordinary 3 28 15 8 Hosiers ware Vizt 8 Pr Mens wove Stockings 1 11 8 16 Pr Do Knit 2 17 4 4 12 Buckrams 2½ Yards 2 6 Shalloons 18 Yards Sorted 2 3 1 German Serge 23½ Yards 6 12 2½ Duroys ½ Piece 18 11 Hats 3 Boys 17 6 Sold at 20 P Cent Vizt Arrack 13 Gallons 3 18 Brandy 266 Do 79 16 Sugar 100 lb 20 18 4 Bread & Flower Vizt 589 lb Bread 4 11 9 318 lb Flower 2 13 696 lb Do Baked into Loaves 6 18 6½ 14 1 1½ Soap 35 lb 1 12 1 Carried Over £ 172 7 8	The collection continued with the cloth, footwear and hosiery sold to the planters at twenty-five per cent, then opened a further head for goods sold at ten per cent above cost. Brought over, £5 19s 1d. Long ells, 2 yards, £0 3s 10d. Muslin, 2 pieces, £1 10s 2d. Shirts, 2 dungarees, £0 5s 2d. Shoes, viz: 50 pairs women's Spanish leather, £11 15s 4d. 50 pairs calve leather, £7 18s 4d. 30 pairs girls' shoes, £3 12s 6d. 5 pairs boys' soled, £1 2s 6d. 14 pairs men's shoes fine, £4 4s 0d. 1 pair ordinary, £0 5s 0d. Total, £28 15s 8d. Hosiery ware, viz: 8 pairs men's worsted stockings, £1 11s 8d. 16 pairs knit, £2 17s 4d. Total, £4 12s 0d. Buckram, 2.5 yards, £0 2s 6d. Shalloons, 18 yards sorted, £2 3s 1d. German serge, 23.5 yards, £6 12s 2.5d. Duroys, 0.5 piece, £0 18s 11d. Hats, 2 boys, £0 17s 6d. Sold at ten per cent, viz: Arrack, 13 gallons, £3 18s 0d. Brandy, 266 gallons, £79 16s 0d. Sugar, 1,004 lb, £20 18s 4d. Bread and flour, viz: 389 lb bread, £4 11s 9d. 318 lb flour, £2 13s 0d. 696 lb flour baked into loaves, £6 18s 6.5d. Total, £14 1s 1.5d. Soap, 35 lb, £1 12s 1d. Carried over, £172 7s 8d. Interpretations The footwear sold to the planters shows the store supplying whole families rather than single soldiers, the schedule running through women’s, girls’, boys’ and men’s shoes in quantities of fifty pairs at a time. Spanish and calf leather shoes for the women, soled shoes for the boys and fine and ordinary shoes for the men mark a settled civilian community shod entirely from the warehouse, the graded qualities and the bulk of the entries setting the planters’ purchases apart from the garrison’s smaller needs. The Company stocked the island’s footwear as a staple of its trade with the free inhabitants, the family run of sizes showing how completely even the planters depended on the imported supply. The third markup class on this page charges certain goods at ten per cent even to the planters, the same low rate the covenanted servants paid, rather than the twenty-five per cent the planters paid on cloth and shoes. The arrack, brandy, sugar, flour and soap run under this head were the bulk consumables of daily life, and the Company held their margin down across all buyers while taking the fuller markup on the manufactured wares. The split rate within the planters’ own account marks a deliberate policy of keeping the price of necessaries near cost while drawing the larger profit from the finished goods, the store pricing food and drink and worked articles on different principles.
31		1746 Brought Over £ 172 7 8 Oyl Vizt 4 Bottles Florence 15 8 1½ Gallons Train 5 2½ 1 10½ 1 12 7½ Nails 66 lb Sorted 1 12 7½ Paint Vizt 4 lb Blue Smalt 2 4 2 Barrels Blacking 1 8 4 Hooks & Lines Vizt 12 lb Blue Hooks 6½ 8 Gross 2 dozen Hooks Sorted 2 6 2½ 2 Damaged Lines 1 10 17½ Dozen Lines Sorted 3 11 6 6 5 Rice 168 lb 15 1 Thread Vizt 11 Oz Arms Sorted 16 3 27 lb Brown Sorted 9 8 3 10 4 6 Twine Vizt 9 Skains Twine 4 11½ lb Shoe Thread 1 3½ 6 3 Lead 10 lb Shott 2 9½ Tea lb 18 Oars 1 of 22 f 8 Canvas Vizt 37½ Yards Sacking 1 17 6 16 Do Russia Duck 1 10 3 7 6 Deals Vizt 4 Double Deals 14 4 1 Spare 2 4 1 Inch Deal Board 4 3½ 1 11½ 1 5 9 Blankets 2 Carried Over £ 200 3 11½	The collection continued with the oil, nails, paint, fishing tackle, thread, twine, canvas and timber sold to the planters. Brought over, £172 7s 8d. Oil, viz: 4 bottles Florence, £0 15s 8d. 1.5 gallons train, £0 5s 2.5d. Total, £1 0s 10.5d. Nails, 66 lb sorted, £1 12s 7.5d. Paint, viz: 7 lb blue smalts, £0 2s 4d. 2 barrels blacking, £0 1s 8d. Total, £0 4s 0d. Hooks and lines, viz: 12.5 lb blue hooks, £0 6s 4.5d. 8 gross 2 dozen hooks sorted, £2 6s 2.5d. 2 damaged lines, £0 1s 10d. 17.5 dozen lines sorted, £3 11s 6d. Total, £6 5s 11d. Rice, 100 lb, £0 15s 1d. Thread, viz: 11 ounces sums sorted, £0 16s 3d. 27 lb brown sorted, £9 8s 3d. Total, £10 4s 6d. Twine, viz: 9 skeins twine, £0 4s 11.5d. 3 lb shoe thread, £0 1s 3.5d. Total, £0 6s 3d. Lead, 10 lb shot, £0 2s 9.5d. Tea, 1 catty, £0 1s 8d. Oars, 1 of 22 feet, £0 8s 0d. Canvas, viz: 37.5 yards sacking, £1 19s 6d. 16 yards Russia duck, £1 10s 0d. Total, £3 9s 6d. Deals, viz: 4 double deals, £0 14s 4d. 1 spare, £0 2s 4d. 1 inch wainscot board, £0 4s 3.5d. Total, £1 1s 11.5d. Blankets, 2, £0 [...]. Carried over, £200 3s 11.5d. Interpretations The fishing tackle stands out among the planters’ purchases, the hooks and lines running to several pounds and dozens sorted, marking how far the island’s food supply rested on the boats. Sorted hooks, blue hooks and dozens of lines were the working gear of the fishery that fed the settlement, bought from the store by the planters as they were by the garrison, the whole community drawing on the warehouse for the means to take the fish the surrounding sea provided. Even the damaged lines were entered and sold, the tackle valuable enough on a remote island that flawed stock still found a buyer. The oars, deals and canvas on this page name the materials for the boats and building work the settlement could not supply from its own resources. A twenty-two-foot oar, sacking and Russia duck for sails and covers, and wainscot and double deals for joinery all came from the ships, the island growing little usable timber of its own beyond the cabbage trees and gumwood the planters were pressed to conserve. The store held the imported wood and boat gear against the constant need to keep the long boat and the smaller craft in service, the same craft the paymaster’s account paid men to row and repair, the whole apparatus of the island’s communication and construction supplied from the warehouse.
32	42	July 15th Brought Over £ 200 3 11½ Pepper lb 8½ Ironmongers ware Vizt 1 Small Frying Pann 2 4 1 Marle 5 3 1 Taylors Thimble 2 1 Packing Nedle 2½ 2 Prs Dovetail Hinges 2 6 1 Screwed Lock 9 7 2 Hoes 1 10 1 Helve 10 2 Till Locks 6 10 12 Wood Screws 1 6 1 12 11½ Cutlers ware Vizt 3 Horn Combs 10 1 Pr Metle Buckles 8 1 6 Glaziers ware 9 Pr Do Glass 8 by 10 6 1½ Candles lb 6 1 2 Turners ware Vizt 3 Paint Brushes 1 2 1 Wood Ladle 2½ 1 Scrubbing Brush 1 11 1 Hair Broom 1 11 8 2¾ Leather 35 lb 2 10 3 Salt 4 3 4 Bushells 1 4 1½ Pork 3 lb 7 9 Pewter Vizt 7 Chamber Potts 1 10 4 2 Funnils 6 4 1 16 8 Haberdashery ware Vizt 6 Yards Gartering 1 3 2 lb Bindg 16 4 2 Skeans of Silk 16 4 Carried Over £ 18 4 Carried Over £ 213 14 4	The collection continued with the pepper, ironmongery, cutlery, glassware, candles, turnery, leather and further goods sold to the planters. Brought over, £200 3s 11.5d. Pepper, 8 lb, £0 0s 8d. Ironmongery ware, viz: 1 small frying pan, £0 2s 4d. 1 mawle, £0 5s 3d. 1 tailor's thimble, £0 0s 2d. 1 packing needle, £0 0s 2.5d. 2 pairs dovetail hinges, £0 2s 5d. 1 japanned lock, £0 9s 7d. 2 hoes, £0 1s 10d. 1 helve, £0 0s 10d. 2 till locks, £0 6s 10d. 12 wood screws, £0 1s 6d. Total, £1 12s 11.5d. Cutlery ware, viz: 3 horn combs, £0 0s 10d. 1 pair metal buckles, £0 0s 8d. Total, £0 1s 6d. Glazier's ware, 9 sheets glass 8 by 10, £0 6s 4.5d. Candles, 500 lb, £6 4s 2d. Turnery ware, viz: 3 paint brushes, £0 1s 2d. 1 wood ladle, £0 0s 2.5d. 1 scrubbing brush, £0 1s 11d. 1 hair broom, £0 1s 11d. Total, £0 8s 2.75d. Leather, 35 lb, £2 10s 3d. Salt, 4.5 bushels, £1 1s 4.5d. Pork, 3 lb, £0 7s 9d. Pewter, viz: 7 chamber pots, £1 10s 4d. 2 funnels, £0 6s 4d. Total, £1 16s 8d. Haberdashery ware, viz: 6 yards gartering, £0 1s 3d. 2 lb pindars twine, £0 0s 3.5d. 29 skeins of silk, £0 16s 4d. Carried over, £0 18s 11d. Carried over, £213 14s 4d. Interpretations The locks on this page mark a settlement with property worth securing, the store selling a japanned lock, two till locks and dovetail hinges to the planters alongside the ordinary tools. Till locks fastened the drawers and boxes where money and valuables were kept, and their presence in the collection shows the inhabitants furnishing their houses against theft on an island where the testimony of slaves was inadmissible and a written pass the only workable check on movement. The hardware of security came from the warehouse like everything else, the Company supplying the means to lock up goods in a place where locks could not be made. The heavy line of five hundred pounds of candles measures how far the store lit the island through the long evenings. Candles were the settlement’s only reliable artificial light, bought in bulk by the planters as by the garrison, the quantity marking a staple as necessary as the food and drink beside it. St Helena made none of its own, so the whole community’s lighting depended on the tallow and wax the ships carried out, the warehouse standing as the single source of the means to work, read or keep watch after dark across the isolated settlement.
33	43	1746 Brought Over £ 213 14 4 Haberdashery ware Brought Over £ 18 11 21 Mens wove Do 18 11 13½ doz Coat Buttons 10 6 11½ doz Breast Do 10 4 9 Pr Holland Tape 3 10 9 Pr Holland Tape 5 10 2 9 5 Starch lb 5 7½ Tin ware Vizt 1 Glass Lanthorn 13 4 1 Dripping Pan 4 10 2 Lamps 4 4 50 Lanthorn Leaves 7 7 1 10 1 Chinaware Vizt 16 Bowls Sorted 16 3½ 28 Setts Dishes and Plates 2 7 6 2 Sneakers 8 3 4 3½ Braziers ware 1 Brass Cock 3 2 Coals 4 Bushels 5 4 Naval Stores 12 Handspikes 1 7 Rozin Vizt 5 lb Rozin 6 10 lb Turpentine 7 6 8 Total Sold to the Planters £ 223 7 6 Sold to the Danes Ships at 50 P Cent Glaziers ware 12 Pr Do Glass 12 by 12 £ 14 7½ Deals 12 Double 2 10 Soap 6 lb 6 Musquet 1 broke for which they paid 1 4 6 £ 4 15 1½	The collection closed the sales to the planters with the remaining haberdashery, tinware, chinaware, coals and naval stores, gave the total sold to the planters, then opened a fresh head for the goods sold to the Danish ships at fifty per cent above cost. Brought over, £213 14s 4d. Haberdashery ware brought over, £0 18s 11d. 21 skeins mohair, £0 10s 6d. 13.5 dozen coat buttons, £0 10s 4d. 11.5 dozen breast buttons, £0 3s 10d. 7 pieces holland tape, £0 5s 10d. Total, £2 9s 5d. Starch, 8 lb, £0 3s 9.5d. Tinware, viz: 1 glass lanthorn, £0 13s 4d. 1 dripping pan, £0 4s 10d. 2 lamps, £0 4s 4d. 50 lanthorn leaves, £0 7s 7d. Total, £1 10s 1d. Chinaware, viz: 16 bowls sorted, £0 16s 5.5d. 23 setts dishes and plates, £2 7s 6d. 2 sweetmeats, £0 0s 8d. Total, £3 4s 3.5d. Brass ware, 1 brass cock, £0 3s 2d. Coals, 4 bushels, £0 5s 4d. Naval stores, 12 handspikes, £1 7s 0d. Rosin, viz: 5 lb rosin, £0 0s 6d. 10 lb turpentine, £0 7s 6d. Total, £0 8s 0d. Total sold to the planters, £223 7s 6d. Sold to the Danish ships at fifty per cent, viz: Glazier's ware, 13 sheets glass 12 by 12, £0 14s 7.5d. Deals, 12 double, £2 10s 0d. Soap, 6 lb, £0 6s 0d. Musket, 1 broke, for which they paid, £1 4s 6d. Total, £4 15s 1.5d. Interpretations The fourth buyer class carries the markup to its highest point, the Danish ships paying fifty per cent above cost against the twenty-five the planters paid and the ten the servants paid. The foreign vessels putting in for supplies were charged the fullest margin, the store treating the passing stranger as a source of profit where it treated its own servants as a charge to be met near cost. The graded scale reached from ten to fifty per cent according to the buyer’s relation to the Company, the schedule a plain map of how the warehouse priced access to its stock by standing, from covenanted servant to foreign ship. The broken musket sold to the Danes shows the store turning even damaged goods to account with an outside buyer. A musket unfit for the garrison’s own service still fetched its price from a foreign ship, sold at the fifty per cent rate like everything else in that account, the Company recovering value from stock it could not use itself. The entry marks the practical edge of the graded pricing, the warehouse clearing its flawed and surplus goods on the strangers who had no other source of supply in the middle of the ocean, at the highest margin the schedule allowed.
34	44	July 15th Sold to His Majesty's Ships and Company's Ships Vizt Pitch and Tar Vizt 9 Barrels Pitch 21 8 9 7 Do Tar 13 15 11 34 19 8 Bunting Vizt 12 Yards Red 12 3 12 Do Blue 10 1 2 3 Oyl Vizt 42 Gallons Linseed Oyl 12 5 30 Gallons Train Oyl 6 5 18 10 Nails 330 Sorted 7 19 8½ Lead 611 Sheet 1 5 3 Paint Vizt 3 lb Whiting 2 47 lb White Lead 17 7½ 27 Barrels Blacking 1 2 6 10 lb Wire Lead 2 1 20 Gallons Oaker 5 10 2 8 2½ Iron 17 lb 7 Twine Vizt 103 Skains Twine 3 12 6½ 18 Do House Line 8 3 4 4½ Bread and Flower Vizt 1395 lb Bread 11 12 6 553 lb Flower 48 10 10 60 3 4 Hooks and Lines Vizt 5 Doz Hooks 1 11½ 8 Logg Lines 9 4 4 Deepsea Lines 1 1 1 12 Lines Sorted 1 8 3 Hand Lines 5 9 2 6 2½ Cordage 96 lb 2 12 gross 205 9¼ Carried Over £ 338 3 5½	The collection opened a fresh head for the goods sold to His Majesty’s ships and the Company’s ships, the naval stores and provisions supplied to the fleet. Sold to His Majesty's ships and the Company's ships, viz: Pitch and tar, viz: 9 barrels pitch, £21 8s 9d. 7 barrels tar, £13 15s 11d. Total, £34 19s 8d. Bunting, viz: 12 yards red, £0 12s 3d. 12 yards blue, £0 10s 0d. Total, £1 2s 3d. Oil, viz: 42 gallons linseed oil, £12 5s 0d. 30 gallons train oil, £6 5s 0d. Total, £18 10s 0d. Nails, 330 lb sorted, £7 19s 8.5d. Lead, 101 lb sheet, £1 5s 3d. Paint, viz: 3 lb whiting, £0 0s 2d. 17 lb white lead, £0 17s 7.5d. 27 barrels blacking, £1 2s 6d. 10 lb red lead, £0 2s 1d. 20 gallons oaker, £0 5s 10d. Total, £2 8s 2.5d. Iron, 17 lb, £0 7s 0d. Twine, viz: 103 skeins twine, £3 12s 6.5d. 18 dozen house line, £0 8s 3d. Total, £4 0s 4.5d. Bread and flour, viz: 1,395 lb bread, £11 12s 6d. 553 lb flour, £48 10s 10d. Total, £60 3s 4d. Hooks and lines, viz: 5 dozen hooks, £0 1s 11.5d. 8 log lines, £0 9s 4d. 4 deep sea lines, £1 1s 4d. 12 lines sorted, £0 1s 8d. 3 hand lines, £0 5s 9d. Total, £2 6s 0.5d. Cordage, 96 lb 2 quarters 12 lb, £205 0s 9.5d. Carried over, £338 3s 5.5d. Interpretations The goods sold to the ships are the working stores of vessels rather than the domestic wares of the earlier accounts, the pitch, tar, cordage, twine, bunting and paint the materials a ship needed to keep her hull tight, her rigging sound and her signals flying. The single line of cordage at over two hundred pounds dwarfs every other entry on the page, marking rope as the great naval consumable, and the pitch and tar answered the constant caulking a wooden ship at sea demanded. St Helena supplied the passing fleets not with luxuries but with the means to continue their voyages, the warehouse serving as a chandlery in mid-ocean for ships that had no other resort between the Cape and England. The flour sold to the ships stands at a striking price, over forty-eight pounds for little more than five hundred pounds weight, far above the rate the same store charged its own servants and planters for bread and flour on the earlier pages. The figure marks the premium a ship revictualling in mid-passage would pay for provisions there was nowhere else to buy, the Company pricing the fleet’s necessaries by the strength of its need rather than by cost. The contrast with the cheap bread sold to the garrison shows the same graded principle running through the whole collection, the captive buyer in the road charged what the isolation of the island allowed.
35	45	1746 Brought Over £ 338 3 5½ Canvas Vizt 11 Pr English Canvas 8 Prs 1½ Yd Russia Duck 31 18 5 Yd Sacking 27 4 3½ 6 65 2 5½ Braziers ware 1 Paste Pan 16 5 Beef and Pork Vizt 12 Punchions Beef 179 8 10 Ditto Pork 110 10 289 8 10 Candles 3 Chests 55 9 Leather 76 lb 5 8 3½ Deals Vizt 53 Double Deals 9 9 11 12 lb Single Do 1 13 3 2 Elm boards 8 8 1 Spare 9 1 99½ Feet Elm plank 8 8 7 109 feet Oak plank 9 10 9 30 8 8 Ironmongers ware Vizt 2 Wood Ax 6 3 7 Lead Mills 7½ 6 10½ Naval Stores Vizt 16 Sheep Skins 2 9 4 lb Iron Wire 8 2 Casks Irish Tallow 3 9 4 8 Handspikes 18 28 Match 13 1 1 Quires Paper 5 3 2 4 13 9 Coals 2 Chaldron 35 Bushells 14 16 8 Turners ware Vizt 1 Pump Box 1 4 13 Paint Brushes 10 10 9 Scrubbing Brushes 2 4 3 Mops 1 4 1 2 8 Carried Over £ 808 7 3	The collection continued with the canvas, provisions, timber, ironmongery, naval stores, coals and turnery sold to the ships. Brought over, £338 3s 5.5d. Canvas, viz: 114 yards English canvas, £31 18s 0d. 89 yards 1.5 quarter Russia duck, £27 4s 5.5d. 5 yards sacking, £0 6s 0d. Total, £65 2s 5.5d. Brass ware, 1 baste pan, £0 15s 5d. Beef and pork, viz: 12 puncheons beef, £179 8s 0d. 10 barrels pork, £110 0s 10d. Total, £289 8s 10d. Candles, 3 chests, £35 0s 9d. Leather, 70 lb, £5 8s 3.5d. Deals, viz: 53 double deals, £9 9s 11d. 12 single deals, £1 13s 3d. 2 elm boards, £0 8s 8d. 1 spare, £0 9s 1d. 99.5 feet elm plank, £8 8s 7d. 109 feet oak plank, £9 10s 9d. Total, £30 8s 8d. Ironmongery ware, viz: 2 wood axes, £0 6s 3d. 7 lead mills, £0 0s 7.5d. Total, £0 6s 10.5d. Naval stores, viz: 16 sheep skins, £2 9s 4d. 7 lb sewing twine, £0 0s 8d. 2 casks Irish tallow, £3 9s 4d. 8 handspikes, £0 18s 0d. 28 lb match, £0 13s 1d. 4 quires paper, £0 3s 2d. Total, £7 13s 7d. Coals, 2 chaldron 35 bushels, £14 16s 8d. Turnery ware, viz: 1 pump box, £0 1s 4d. 13 paint brushes, £0 10s 10d. 9 scrubbing brushes, £0 2s 7d. 3 mops, £0 1s 7d. Total, £1 2s 8d. Carried over, £808 7s 3d. Interpretations The provisions sold to the ships run in the great bulk measures of the sea rather than the pieces the garrison drew, twelve puncheons of beef and ten barrels of pork answering the needs of a fleet victualling for the long passage home. A puncheon held far more than the single pieces the store issued to the soldiers, and the near three hundred pounds sterling of salt meat marks the scale on which St Helena provisioned the homeward ships, the island’s own herd and the Company’s stock together feeding vessels that had to carry enough to reach England. The contrast with the piecemeal issue to the garrison shows the store serving two quite different customers, the settlement fed by the pound and the fleet by the barrel. The English canvas at over thirty pounds and the deals, elm and oak plank name the heavy repair materials a ship needed after months at sea, distinct from the smaller wares the inhabitants bought. Canvas for sails, plank for hull and deck work, and the pitch, tar and cordage of the previous page were the substance of a ship’s upkeep, sold to vessels that could be refitted nowhere else on the route. The island’s warehouse thus doubled as a naval yard’s store as well as a chandlery, holding the timber and cloth to mend a ship as well as the rope and pitch to keep her tight, the whole a measure of how much the passing fleets depended on this single mid-ocean depot.
36	46	July 15th Brought Over £ 808 7 3 Salt 6½ Bushels 1 7 9½ Masts Vizt 1 Large Mast 59 5 11 1 Cap 2 4 1 59 10 Tin ware 184 Lanthorn Leaves 1 11 6½ Shirts 14 Callico 1 17 10 Sugar 279 lb 5 10 7½ Brandy 125½ Gallons 37 13 Blocks Vizt 11 Blocks Sorted 2 18 10 2 Dead Eyes 2 8 5 6 10 Glassware Vizt 2 half hour Glasses 1 6 2 half Minute Do 1 6 1 Four hour Do 4 8 6 Setts Glass 12 by 12 6 1½ 13 9½ £ 922 4 3½ Charges General Dr for the following Stores Issued from the 1 of April to the 30 June 1746 Vizt Deals Vizt 10 Double Deals 13 5 9 Spare 11 8 1 Wainscot board 1 3½ 1 Elm board for the Bake House 3 7½ 14 4 Blocks 1 for the Crane 5 Leather 3 lb for the Pump on the Line 2 4 Cordage 110 lb for the Market house Crane rope and Slings 1 16 6 Nails Vizt 28 lb 10 Nails 9 4 22 lb Do for the Lieut Governor House 11 11 6 lb 20 Do Necessary Houses on the Line 1 2 Carried Over £ 1 3 Carried Over £ 16 8 3	The collection closed the sales to the ships with the salt, masts, tinware, provisions, blocks and glassware, gave the total, then opened a fresh account charging goods to charges general for the stores used between 1 April and 30 June 1746. Brought over, £808 7s 3d. Salt, 6.5 bushels, £1 7s 9.5d. Masts, viz: 1 large mast, £59 5s 11d. 1 cap, £2 4s 1d. Total, £59 10s 0d. Tinware, 184 lanthorn leaves, £1 11s 6.5d. Shirts, 14 callico, £1 17s 10d. Sugar, 279 lb, £3 10s 7.5d. Brandy, 125.5 gallons, £37 13s 0d. Blocks, viz: 14 blocks sorted, £2 18s 10d. 2 dead eyes, £0 8s 0d. Total, £5 6s 10d. Glassware, viz: 2 half hour glasses, £0 1s 6d. 2 half minute glasses, £0 1s 6d. 1 four hour glass, £0 4s 8d. 6 sheets glass 12 by 12, £0 6s 1.5d. Total, £0 13s 9.5d. Total, £922 4s 3.5d. The account then charged to charges general the stores used at the crane, the market house and the fortifications between 1 April and 30 June 1746. Charges general, debtor for the following stores used from 1 April to 30 June 1746, viz: Deals, viz: 106 double deals, for repairing the Lieutenant Governor's house, the market house, the horse and cow houses and the country boys' houses, £13 5s 0d. 9 spare, £0 11s 8d. 1 wainscot board, £0 4s 3.5d. 1 elm board, for the bake house, £0 3s 0.5d. Total, £14 4s 0d. Blocks, 1, for the crane, £0 5s 0d. Leather, 3 lb, for the pump on the line, £0 2s 4d. Cordage, 110 lb, for the market house crane rope and stays, £1 16s 6d. Nails, viz: 28 lb nails, £0 9s 4d. 22 lb nails, for the horse and cow house, £0 11s 11d. 6 lb nails, necessary houses on the line, £0 1s 9d. Carried over, £1 3s 0d. Carried over, £16 5s 3d. Interpretations The large mast sold for nearly sixty pounds was the single most valuable item in the whole ships’ account, marking the greatest service St Helena could render a crippled vessel. A ship that had lost her masts in a gale, as the Hardwick had that spring coming home from China, could be dismasted for want of a spar there was nowhere else in the ocean to find one, and the island’s store held the great timber to set her right. The Company kept masts and caps against exactly this need, the price reflecting both the value of the timber and the absolute dependence of a dismasted ship on the one depot that could supply it before England. The turn from sales to the charges general account marks the shift from goods sold for profit to stores consumed on the Company’s own works, the same commodities now charged against the establishment rather than credited from a buyer. Deals, cordage, nails and leather went to repairing the Lieutenant Governor’s house, the market house, the crane and the fortification pump, the timber and iron drawn from the warehouse and written off against the running charge of maintaining the settlement’s buildings and works. The collection thus served two purposes at once, recording what the store earned from its several classes of buyer and what it spent on keeping the island’s own fabric in repair, the warehouse standing as both shop and supply depot for the whole establishment.
37	47	1746 Brought Over £ 16 8 3 Nails Brought Over £ 1 3 10 lb 3 Nails 7 8 16 lb 4 Do making a Gate in the Long Wood & Country boys 6 4 9 lb Coopers Rivots for the Cooper 3 2½ 2 2½ Scales Vizt 1 Beam 4 3 1 Pr Scale Boards for the Market 1 13 8 10 Turners ware Vizt 2 Pump Boxes for the Pump on the Line 1 11 1 Hair Broom for the House use 1 1½ 3 Paint Brushes for Painting 1 9 1 Basket 2 4 4 Birch Brooms House use 2 2 Hair Sives to sift Powder 18 2 1 7 6½ Paint Vizt 10 lb Blue Smalt for Linnen 10 8 10 lb Red Lead 1 5½ 30 White Lead for use of the Councils 12 1½ 20 lb Wilding House belonging to the 7 9 Barrels Blacking Wandle Company 5 3 1 16 11 Lead Vizt 2 lb Shot Lead for the Pump 1 6 Small Shott for the Castle 1 1 1 Iron 12 8 lb Over to for the Smiths 1 2 Ironmongers ware Vizt 1 hand Hammer for the Smiths Shop 1 8 3 Helves for the Smiths Shop & Stone Blaster 2 11 3 Pr H Hinges 13 3 Pr Dovetail Hinges for the Necessary Trees on the Line 2 1 1 Shod Shovel for the Stone Blaster 1 6½ 1 Iron rimd Lock A for the Stores 3 5 2 Frame Saw files 10 9 Hand Saw files 5 2 Whip saw files for the Carpenters 1 3½ 1 Carpenters Rubb Stone 2 6 1 9 8½ Carried Over £ 33 1 10½	The account continued charging to charges general the stores used about the settlement and its works. Brought over, £16 5s 3d. Nails brought over, £1 3s 0d. 10 lb 3d nails, £0 7s 8d. 16 lb nails, making a gate in the long wood and country boys' houses, £0 6s 4d. 7 lb cooper's rivets, for the cooper, £0 3s 2.5d. Total, £2 2s 2.5d. Scales, viz: 1 beam, £0 3s 0d. 1 pair scale boards, for the market, £1 13s 0d. Total, £8 16s 0d. Turnery ware, viz: 2 pump boxes, for the pump on the line, £0 1s 11d. 1 hair broom, for the house use, £0 1s 4.5d. 3 paint brushes, for painting, £0 1s 9d. 1 flasket, £0 2s 4d. 4 birch brooms, for house use, £0 2s 0d. 2 hair sieves, to sift powder, £0 18s 2d. Total, £1 9s 6.5d. Paint, viz: 10 lb blue smalts, for dinner, £0 10s 8d. 10 lb red lead, £0 1s 5.5d. 30 lb white lead, £0 12s 4.5d. 20 lb whiting, for use of the council house belonging to the Honourable Company, £0 0s 7d. 9 barrels blacking, £0 3s 3d. Total, £1 16s 11d. Lead, viz: 2 lb sheet lead, for the pump, £0 0s 1d. 6 lb small shot, for the castle, £0 1s 0d. Total, £0 1s 1d. Iron, 12 lb 8 oz, over to for the smiths, £0 1s 2d. Ironmongery ware, viz: 1 hand hammer, for the smith's store, £0 1s 8d. 3 helves, for the smith's shop and stone blaster, £0 2s 11d. 3 pairs H hinges, £0 13s 0d. 2 pairs dovetail hinges, for the necessary houses on the line, £0 2s 1d. 1 shod shovel, for the stone blaster, £0 1s 6.5d. 1 iron rimmed lock, for the stores, £0 3s 5d. 2 frame saw files, £0 0s 10d. 9 hand saw files, for the carpenters, £0 0s 5d. 2 whip saw files, £0 1s 3.5d. 1 carpenter's rubstone, £0 2s 6d. Total, £1 9s 8.5d. Carried over, £33 1s 10.5d. Interpretations The stores charged here name the several working trades the Company kept about the settlement, each drawn for by its tools. The smith’s hammer, helves and files, the carpenter’s saw files and rubstone, the cooper’s rivets and the stone blaster’s shovel show the island maintaining its own smithy, carpentry, cooperage and stone-cutting from the warehouse, the craftsmen supplied with the iron and implements they could not make. The account is a picture of the settlement’s productive capacity, a small self-sustaining establishment that could shoe, build, cask and blast for itself so long as the store held the tools, the whole run marking how much work the island did with its own hands when the materials came from the ships. The two hair sieves charged for sifting powder point to the constant preparation of gunpowder the wartime garrison required. Powder had to be sifted to keep it fit for the guns after the damp of storage, and the store supplied the sieves against the heavy firing of the season, the same salutes and alarms the gunner’s accounts recorded as the fleet came and went. The small domestic-seeming item thus served the island’s defence, the warehouse furnishing not only the powder itself but the means to keep it serviceable, a reminder that the settlement’s military readiness rested on a chain of small supplies drawn from the same stock that clothed and fed it.
38	48	July 15th Brought Over £ 33 1 10½ Glaziers ware Vizt 36 Pr Do Glass 12 by 12 for repairing three of 1 6 3 3 Pr Do 8 by 10 the Council Houses 2 1½ 99 Pr Do 6 by 8 belonging to the Honble Company 1 8 4½ 2 17 6½ Starch 8 lb for Linnen 3 4 Oyl Vizt 4½ Gallons Train for the Houses use & Bakehouse 13 6 7 Gallon Linseed for Painting p Lt Governor House 1 9 2 2 2 8 Braziers ware Vizt 4 Brass Chaffing Dishes for the Castle 1 4 4 3 Prs Steel Snuffers for Do 11 6½ 1 15 10½ Lines 2 for the Great Road 11 Deesooles 1 lb for the House use 16 8 Corks 3 Gross for Bottling Beer 7 2 Chinaware Vizt 3 Setts Dishes and Plates 1 18 9 9 Bowles for the Table 2 1½ 6 Cups and Saucers 9 2 1 10½ Canvas Vizt 2 Prs Sacking for Lime bags 1 19 1 21 Yards English Canvas to Cover the Packet 2 8½ 1 13 1½ Pewter Vizt 12 Candle Moulds for the Castle 14 6 2 Chamber Potts for Do 1 13 6 Thread 7 lb Coloured to sew the Packet 9 Candles 98 lb for the Council 9 15 2 Coals 2 Chaldron 2 Bushels for the Smiths 3 7 10 Twine 3 Skaines to make Lime bags 1 6 £ 57 3 5½	The account closed the charges general with the glassware, oil, brass ware, chinaware, canvas, pewter and other stores used about the settlement, and gave the total. Brought over, £33 1s 10.5d. Glazier's ware, viz: 36 sheets glass 12 by 12, for repairing three of the council houses belonging to the Honourable Company, £1 6s 3d. 3 sheets glass 8 by 10, £0 2s 1.5d. 99 sheets glass 6 by 8, £1 8s 7.5d. Total, £2 17s 6.5d. Starch, 8 lb, for linen, £0 3s 4d. Oil, viz: 1.5 gallons train, for the horse and cow house and bake house, £0 13s 6d. 7 half pints linseed, for painting the Lieutenant Governor's house, £1 9s 2d. Total, £2 2s 8d. Brass ware, viz: 1 brass chafing dish, for the castle, £1 1s 4d. 3 pairs steel snuffers, for the same, £0 11s 6.5d. Total, £1 13s 10.5d. Lines, 2, for the Great Wood, £0 0s 11d. Doosetees, 1 piece, for the house use, £0 16s 8d. Corks, 3 gross, for bottling beer, £0 7s 0.5d. Chinaware, viz: 3 setts dishes and plates, for the table, £1 18s 9d. 2 bowls, for the table, £0 2s 4.5d. 6 cups and saucers, for the table, £0 0s 9d. Total, £2 1s 10.5d. Canvas, viz: 2 pieces sacking, for lime bags, £1 12s 1d. 2.5 yards English canvas, to cover the packet, £0 2s 8.5d. Total, £1 13s 2d. Pewter, viz: 12 candle moulds, for the castle, £0 11s 6d. 2 chamber pots, for the same, £0 2s 0d. Total, £0 13s 6d. Thread, 7 ounces coloured, to sew the packet, £0 0s 7d. Candles, 98 lb, for the council, £9 15s 2d. Coals, 2 chaldron 2 bushels, for the smiths, £3 7s 10d. Twine, 3 skeins, to make lime bags, £0 1s 6d. Total, £57 3s 5.5d. Interpretations The canvas and thread used to cover and sew the packet mark the care taken to protect the Company’s correspondence on its long voyage. The packet of letters and accounts sent home to the directors had to survive months at sea in an open road and a crowded ship, so it was wrapped in English canvas and stitched shut with coloured thread drawn from the store, a small but deliberate charge against the settlement’s running costs. The entry shows the island’s administrative link to London treated as a physical object needing its own materials, the whole apparatus of governance at this distance resting on the same warehouse that supplied the candles to write by and the glass for the windows. The candle moulds charged to the castle show the settlement making some of its own candles rather than relying wholly on the imported stock the collection sold elsewhere. Where the store sold finished candles by the hundredweight to garrison, planters and ships, the castle held moulds to cast its own from tallow, a modest step toward self-supply in the one commodity the island consumed most heavily for light. The presence of both bought candles and casting moulds in the same account marks a settlement partly dependent on the ships and partly contriving to meet its own need, the moulds a small hedge against the uncertainty of a supply that came only with the fleets.
39	49	1746 Diet Expences Dr for the following Stores Issued for the Generals Table from the 1 April to the 30 June 1746 Vizt Arrack 92 Gallons£ 11 13 10 Sugar and Candy Vizt 100 lb Sugar 1 2 9½ 9 lb Candy 1 2 11 2 5 8½ Pease ½ Bushell 1 10½ Flower 1 Cask of Wt 1256 lb 7 5 9 56 lb Baked into Loaves 6 6 8 12 3 Salt 2 Bushels 10 7½ Oyl 16 Bottles Florence 2 4 8 Pepper lb 1 6 Beef and Pork Vizt 2 Wt Beef 5 23 lb Pork 2 1 8½ 2 6 8½ Rice 2 lb 17 lb 18 10½ £ 29 1 6½ Fortification Dr for the following Stores Issued from the 1t of April to the 30 June 1746 Vizt Masons Tools Vizt 6 Arms 14 6 Mallets 1 2 10 1 16 10 Iron ware Vizt 2 Bricklayers Shovel 2 5 12 Spades 1 18 4 Ditching Shovel for the Fortifications 17 10 2 18 3 Turners ware Vizt 3 Birch Brooms 1 6 6 Labourers Baskets for Ditto 3 1 6 £ 4 14 7	The account then charged to diet expenses the stores used at the general table between 1 April and 30 June 1746, and to the fortification account the stores used on the works over the same period. Diet expenses, debtor for the following stores used for the general table from 1 April to 30 June 1746, viz: Arrack, 92 gallons, £11 13s 10d. Sugar and candy, viz: 100 lb sugar, £1 2s 9.5d. 9 lb candy, £1 2s 11d. Total, £2 5s 8.5d. Pease, 0.5 bushel, £0 1s 10.5d. Flour, viz: 1 cask of 1,256 lb, £7 5s 9d. 56 lb baked into loaves, £0 6s 6d. Total, £8 12s 3d. Salt, 3 bushels, £0 16s 7.5d. Oil, 16 bottles Florence, £2 18s 8d. Pepper, 2 lb, £0 1s 6d. Beef and pork, viz: 2 lb beef, £0 5s 0d. 23 lb pork, £2 1s 8.5d. Total, £2 6s 8.5d. Rice, 213 lb, £18 10s 2.5d. Total, £29 1s 6.5d. Fortification, debtor for the following stores used from 1 April to 30 June 1746, viz: Mason's tools, viz: 6 trowels, £0 14s 0d. 6 mallets, £1 2s 10d. For the masons, £1 16s 10d. Ironware, viz: 2 bricklayer's shovels, £0 2s 5d. 12 spades, £1 18s 0d. 1 ditching shovel, for the fortifications, £0 17s 10d. Total, £2 18s 3d. Turnery ware, viz: 3 birch brooms, £0 1s 6d. 6 labourer's baskets, for the fortifications, £0 3s 0d. Total, £0 4s 6d. Total, £4 19s 7d. Interpretations The general table drew its supplies from the same warehouse as the rest of the establishment, the arrack, flour, rice and salt meat charged to a diet account kept separate from the individual officers’ diet money. The table the Company maintained for its servants was provisioned in bulk from store, the rice alone at over eighteen pounds forming the largest single charge, and the account marks the institutional feeding of the establishment as a standing cost of government. The separate heading let the directors see what the common table consumed apart from the wages and allowances of the men who ate at it, the whole a record of how a Company settlement fed its own people from its own stock. The rice charged to the table at eighteen pounds ten shillings stands far above every other provision on the page, a striking weight of an imported grain in a settlement that grew yams in tens of thousands of pounds. Rice came from the India ships and had to be paid for, where the island’s own yams cost only the labour of the Company’s slaves, yet the table drew heavily on the bought grain rather than the home crop. The contrast marks rice as the preferred staple of the officers’ table, a mark of standing above the coarse yam that fed the garrison and the slaves, the Company meeting the cost of the finer grain for the men it kept at the common board even where a cheaper food grew in abundance on the island itself.
40	50	July 15th Plantation Dr for the following Stores Issued from the 1t of April to the 30 June 1746 Vizt Nails lb Ten penny to make a Hog Stye 1 Turners ware Vizt 2 Wood Bowls 1 2 2 Strainers for the Dairy 6 18 Ox Bows 1 8½ 6 Yoakes for Cart & Long Wood 1 3 6 3 5 2¾ Ploughs Vizt 1 Hand Plough 1 13 5 1 Wheel Plough &c for Ploughing in 3 12 4 1 Harrow the Long Wood 1 3 4 6 9 1 Cutlery ware 2 Pruning knives 2 5½ Cordage 26 lb for the Long Wood 8 8 Ironmongers ware Vizt 3 Spades for the Garden 15 10 11 Scyth Stones for the Manors 1 7½ 2 Hammers 2 1 2 Packing Nedles for the Long Wood 3½ 4 Pruning Hatchets 7 2 Bill Hooks for Pruning 4 8 4 Hoes Trees 7 10 1 12 1 Rice and Paddy Vizt 3 lb Rice 1 7½ 7 26 Paddy for the Poultry 2 2 2 2 3 9½ £ 16 9 1¾ Blacks Dr for the following Stores Issued for their use from the 1 April to the 30 June 1746 Vizt Arrack 10 Gallons 1 3 5 Brandy 20 Gallons for Drams administred 4 8 4 Sugar lb Down 6 2 Tea 9 lb for the Sick Blacks & Washerwomen 8 4¾ Carried Over £ 6 8 8¾	The account then charged to the plantation account the stores used on the Company’s plantations between 1 April and 30 June 1746, and opened a further head for the stores issued for the use of the slaves over the same period. Plantation, debtor for the following stores used from 1 April to 30 June 1746, viz: Nails, 10 tenpenny, to make a hog sty, £0 0s 1d. Turnery ware, viz: 2 wood bowls, £0 1s 2d. 2 strainers, for the dairy, £0 0s 6d. 15 oz bowls, £0 1s 5.5d. 6 yokes for oxen, for ploughing in the long wood, £4 3s 6d. Total, £5 5s 2.75d. Ploughs, viz: 1 hand plough, £1 15s 5d. 1 wheel plough, £3 12s 4d. 1 harrow, for ploughing in the long wood, £1 3s 4d. Total, £6 9s 1d. Cutlery ware, 4 pruning knives, £0 2s 5.5d. Cordage, 26 lb, for the long wood, £0 8s 8d. Ironmongery ware, viz: 5 spades, for the garden, £0 15s 10d. 11 scythe stones, for the mowers, £0 1s 7.5d. 2 hammers, £0 2s 1d. 2 packing needles, for the long wood, £0 0s 3.5d. 4 pruning hatchets, £0 7s 0d. 2 bill hooks, for pruning trees, £0 1s 8d. 4 hoes, £0 7s 10d. Total, £1 14s 1d. Rice and paddy, viz: 1 lb rice, £0 1s 7.5d. 7 lb 26 paddy, for the poultry, £2 2s 2d. Total, £2 3s 9.5d. Total, £16 9s 1.75d. Blacks, debtor for the following stores issued for their use from 1 April to 30 June 1746, viz: Arrack, 10 gallons, £1 3s 5d. Brandy, 20 gallons, for drams and medicine, £4 8s 4d. Sugar, 8 lb, £0 6s 2d. Tea, 9 oz, for the sick blacks and washerwomen, £0 8s 4.75d. Carried over, £6 8s 8.75d. Interpretations The ploughs, yokes, harrow and pruning tools charged to the plantation mark the Company’s own farming push, the enlargement of tillage in the Great Wood that Governor Dunbar had pressed through the previous winter. A hand plough and a wheel plough with harrow and six yokes for oxen were the equipment for turning ground by animal power rather than by slave hoes, part of the scheme to plant grain and roots on a larger scale and free the yams for the garrison. The account shows the island moving toward heavier arable methods, the store supplying the implements of a more ambitious cultivation than the hand-worked yam grounds of earlier years, a deliberate step recorded in the very tools drawn for the long wood. The brandy issued to the slaves for drams and medicine, and the tea for the sick among them and the washerwomen, show the establishment provisioning its unfree labour force from the same warehouse that supplied everyone else. The slaves were charged with their own account of stores, marking them as a distinct head of the Company’s expense, and the spirits and tea drawn for the sick and for those doing the heavy laundry work record a measure of maintenance beyond bare rations. The entries mark the slaves as both the island’s principal workforce and a standing charge on its stores, kept in working condition by small allowances of drink and medicine drawn from stock, the account setting down in plain figures the cost of holding the labour on which the whole settlement depended.
41	51	1746 Brought Over £ 6 8 8¾ Shoes 1 Pr for Frank Butcher 3 11½ Iron Potts 2 11 4 Long Cloth 6 Yards for Cloathing 3 1½ Bread and Flower Vizt 50 lb Bread 6 lb Flower for the Sick Blacks 3 6 2 Iron ware 1 Taylors Thimble 1½ Rozin lb 5 Shoe Thread lb for their use 1 10 Blacking 1 Barrel 7 Sailors Cloths Vizt 129 Jackets 130 Pr Breeches 73 8 4½ Scotch Bonnets 110 for Cloathing for the 8 3 4 Sheets 131 Men 12 2 Blankets 5 for the Slaves received from Bencoolen p Queen Caroline and House Servants 1 10 9½ Rice 105 lb 14 lb 31 1 11½ Beef and Pork 11 Pieces Beef 19 11½ £ 138 3 8½ Garrison Dr for the following Stores Issued from the 1t of April to the 30 June 1746 Vizt Tea 50 lb£ 2 8 11½ Oyl Vizt 2½ Train for the Several Guards Vout for t 3 4 6 1 Bottle Florence 2 4½ 1 Quart Linseed for Cleaning Arms 1 7½ 3 8 4 Paint Vizt 2 lb Whiting 11 1½ Yellow Oaker for Cleaning the Lt Governor Bells &c 2 11 3 10 Lines 6 for the Gunners 2 9 Brandy 12 Gallons from Drams on Mustering 2 12 Bread 18 lb 2 3 Turners ware 16 Platters for the Recruits p Dragon 9 4 Carried Over £ 9 8 5½	The account closed the stores issued for the slaves with their clothing, provisions and blankets, gave the total, then opened a fresh head for the stores used by the garrison between 1 April and 30 June 1746. Brought over, £6 8s 8.75d. Shoes, 1 pair, for Frank Batchelor, £0 3s 1.5d. Iron pots, 2, £0 11s 1d. Long cloth, 6 yards, for clothing, £0 3s 1.5d. Bread and flour, viz: 50 lb bread, £0 6s 0d. 2 lb flour, for the sick blacks, £0 0s 3d. Total, £0 6s 2d. Ironware, 1 tailor's thimble, £0 0s 1.5d. Rosin, 4 lb, £0 0s 5d. Shoe thread, 1 lb, for their shoes, £0 1s 10d. Blacking, 1 barrel, £0 0s 7d. Sailor's clothes, viz: 129 jackets, £0 0s 0d. 130 pairs breeches, for clothing for the men, £73 8s 4.5d. Scotch bonnets, 130, for clothing for the men, £8 3s 4d. Shirts, 131, £12 0s 2d. Blankets, 5, for the slaves received from Bencoolen per Queen Caroline, and house servants, £1 10s 9.5d. Rice, 105.5 lb, £31 1s 11.5d. Beef and pork, 11 pieces beef, £19 11s 0d. Total, £138 3s 8.5d. Garrison, debtor for the following stores used from 1 April to 30 June 1746, viz: Tea, 50 oz, £2 8s 11.5d. Oil, viz: 21.5 train, for the several guards and out forts, £3 4s 6d. 1 bottle Florence, £0 2s 4.5d. 1 quart linseed, for cleaning arms, £0 1s 6d. Total, £3 8s 4d. Paint, viz: 28 whiting, £0 0s 11d. 1.5 yellow oaker, for cleaning the swords, bolts and so on, £0 2s 11d. Total, £0 3s 10d. Lines, 6, for the gunners, £0 2s 9d. Brandy, 12 gallons, for drams on mustering, £2 12s 3d. Bread, 18 lb, for the wounded of the Dragon, £0 9s 4d. Turnery ware, 16 platters, [...]. Carried over, £9 8s 5.5d. Interpretations The clothing issued to the slaves marks the Company dressing its whole unfree workforce at once from store, the jackets, breeches, shirts and Scotch bonnets running in matching quantities of around a hundred and thirty each. The near uniform count shows the establishment clothing its slaves as a body rather than individually, a standing periodic charge on the stores, and the breeches alone at over seventy pounds form one of the heaviest single lines in the whole collection. The account records the material cost of maintaining the labour force in serviceable clothing, the slaves provided for out of the same imported stock that clothed the garrison, their upkeep entered as a plain charge against the Company like any other head of expense. The bread issued for the wounded of the Dragon shows the island giving relief to the men hurt aboard the homeward ships that had lately come in. The Dragon had arrived from England that spring, and her wounded were fed from the garrison’s stores while the ship lay in the road, a small charge marking the settlement’s role as a place of recovery for the fleets as well as a depot of supply. The entry sits among the garrison’s own provisions, the same account that fed the guards and armed the forts extending its care to the injured seamen of a passing ship, a reminder that St Helena served the whole traffic of the ocean route and not merely its own establishment.
42	52	July 15th Brought Over £ 9 8 5½ Flower 420 lb Baked given the New Recruits 2 16 6 Rice 7 lb 18 lb as Customary for six days 8 7 Beef and Pork 6 Pieces after their Landing 15 The following Cloathing delivered the Military Vizt Broad Cloth 292 Yd Scarlet 39 10 9 Shalloon 63 Yards 5 9 6½ Haberdashery ware Vizt 28 Doz White Metle Coat Buttons for the 14 10½ 18 doz Do Breast Do 4 7 45 Skeines Mohair Officers 15 54 Do Silk 1 2 6 Clsathes 2 16 11½ Buckram Vizt 27 Yards Buckram 1 1 4 13 Yards Osnabrigs 7 8½ 9 Pair Hair Cloths 13 6 2 2 1 Thread lb White Brown 6 7½ Shirts Vizt 243 Centinels 50 12 6 20 Serjeants 6 12 6 57 5 Hats Vizt 8 Officers Hats 12 6 8 20 Serjeants Hats 11 240 Centinels Hats 34 3 2 57 9 10 Hosiers ware 263 Pr Thread Stockings 39 6 6½ Shoes 263 Pr 52 1 7½ Soldiers Cloaths Vizt 200 Centinels Coats 200 Pr Do Breeches 232 10 12 Corporals Coats 6 10 Pr Do Breeches 16 3 10 Pr Do Breeches 3 13 1 Marshals Coat 1 5 4 1 Pr Do Breeches 6 4 4 Drummers Coats 11 10 4 Pr Do Breeches 2 12 10 8 Gunners Mates Coats 18 19 9 Carried Over £ 349 12 8	The account closed the garrison stores with the flour, rice and beef given the new recruits, then opened a fresh head for the clothing delivered to the military between 1 April and 30 June 1746. Brought over, £9 8s 5.5d. Flour, 20 lb baked, given the new recruits as customary for ten days after their landing, £2 15s 6d. Rice, 148 lb, given the new recruits as customary for ten days after their landing, £0 8s 7d. Beef and pork, 6 pieces, given the new recruits as customary for ten days after their landing, £0 15s 0d. The following clothing delivered the military, viz: Broad cloth, 292 yards scarlet, £39 10s 9d. Shalloon, 63 yards, £5 9s 6.5d. Haberdashery ware, viz: 28 dozen white metal coat buttons, for the officers' clothes, £0 14s 10.5d. 18 dozen breast buttons, for the officers' clothes, £0 4s 7d. 15 skeins mohair, for the officers' clothes, £0 0s 5d. 54 skeins silk, for the officers' clothes, £1 2s 6d. Total, £2 16s 11.5d. Buckram, viz: 27 yards buckram, for the officers' clothes, £1 1s 4d. 13 yards osnaburg, for the officers' clothes, £0 7s 8.5d. 9 pairs hair cloths, for the officers' clothes, £0 13s 6d. Total, £2 2s 1d. Thread, 1 lb white brown, £0 0s 6.5d. Shirts, viz: 243 sentinels, £50 12s 6d. 20 sergeants, £6 12s 6d. Total, £57 5s 0d. Hats, viz: 8 officers' hats, £12 6s 8d. 20 sergeants' hats, £11 0s 0d. 240 sentinels' hats, £34 3s 2d. Total, £57 9s 10d. Hosiery ware, 263 pairs thread stockings, £29 6s 6.5d. Shoes, 263 pairs, £52 1s 7.5d. Soldier's clothes, viz: 200 sentinels' coats, £232 10s 0d. 200 pairs breeches, £62 10s 0d. 12 corporals' coats, £16 5s 10d. 14 pairs breeches, £3 13s 0d. 1 marshal's coat, £1 5s 0d. 1 pair breeches, £0 6s 1d. 4 drummers' coats, £11 10s 0d. 4 pairs breeches, £2 12s 10d. 8 gunner's mates' coats, £18 19s 9d. Carried over, £349 12s 8d. Interpretations The clothing delivered to the military marks the periodic re-equipping of the whole garrison from store, the coats, breeches, shirts, hats, stockings and shoes running in matching quantities of two hundred and more. The sentinels’ coats alone at over two hundred and thirty pounds form the single largest charge in the whole collection, and the uniform counts across every item show the establishment clothed as a body at one issue rather than piecemeal. The account records the great standing cost of maintaining an armed force in the field five thousand miles from its source of supply, every thread of the garrison’s dress carried out from England and drawn from the same warehouse that fed and armed it. The graded quality of the clothing marks the ranks it dressed as plainly as the pay roll did. The officers’ coats were made up from scarlet broadcloth with silk, mohair and metal buttons, the sentinels’ coats from plainer stuff at a little over a pound each, and the marshal, drummers, corporals and gunner’s mates each had their distinct issue between the two. The whole schedule sets out a military hierarchy in cloth, the store supplying not merely warmth and covering but the visible marks of rank that ordered the garrison, the scarlet and silk of the officers standing against the coarse coats of the men as the difference of command was written into the very clothing drawn from the Company’s stock.
43	53	1746 Brought Over £ 224 15 9½ Soldiers Cloaths Brought Over £ 349 12 8 8 Pr Gunners Mates Breeches 5 5 7 8 Do Gunners Coats 13 4 8 Pr Do Breeches 5 5 7 20 Matrosses Coats 30 16 20 Pr Do Breeches 11 11 12 Serjeants Coats 52 16 12 Pr Do Breeches 9 18 10 Country Coats 8 5 186 13 10 £ 442 9 9½ Hospital Dr for the following Stores Issued for the Sick Soldiers from the 1 April to the 30 June 1746 Vizt Rice 164 lb£ 1 9 4½ Sugar 95 lb 1 1 9½ Flower 110 lb 15 9 Oyl 2½ Gallons Train 7 6 Salt ½ Bushel 1 9½ Turners ware 2 Wood Ladles 4 £ 3 12 Boats Dr for the following Stores Issued from the 1t April to the 30 June 1746 Oars 1 of 18 feet 3 8 Pitch and Tar Vizt 60 lb Pitch 7 4 4 Gallons Tar for Repairing 2 9½ 10 4¾ Nails Vizt 25 lb Ten penny Nails the Long Boat 8 4 7 lb Three penny Do 5½ 8 9½ Deals 1 lb Pr Elm plank for Ditto 14 7 Sheet Lead 9 lb for Ditto 1 9 Cordage 89 lb for Moorings for the Pinnace 1 9 8 £ 3 10 8½ St Helena 30 June 1746 Errors Excepted p Wm Powling French We this day Counted and Examined the Honble Company's Cash for the Month of June last and found the Same as follows Vizt Cash	The account closed the clothing delivered to the military, gave the total, then charged to the hospital account the stores used for the sick soldiers and to the boats account the stores used on the pinnace, all between 1 April and 30 June 1746. Brought over, £221 15s 9.5d. Soldier's clothes brought over, £349 12s 8d. 8 pairs gunner's breeches, £5 5s 7d. 8 gunners' coats, £13 4s 0d. 8 pairs breeches, £5 5s 7d. 20 matrosses' coats, £30 16s 0d. 20 pairs breeches, £11 11s 0d. 12 sergeants' coats, £52 16s 0d. 12 pairs breeches, £9 18s 0d. 10 country coats, £8 5s 0d. Total, £486 13s 10d. Total, £442 9s 9.5d. Hospital, debtor for the following stores used for the sick soldiers from 1 April to 30 June 1746, viz: Rice, 161 lb, £1 9s 5.5d. Sugar, 9 lb, £1 1s 9.5d. Flour, 110 lb, £0 13s 9d. Oil, 2.5 gallons train, £0 9s 6d. Salt, 0.5 bushel, £0 1s 9.5d. Turnery ware, 2 wood ladles, £0 0s 1d. Total, £3 12s 0d. Boats, debtor for the following stores used from 1 April to 30 June 1746, viz: Oars, 1 of 18 feet, £0 3s 8d. Pitch and tar, viz: 60 lb pitch, £7 7s 0d. 1 gallon tar, £2 9s 5.5d. For repairing the long boat, £10 4s 5.5d. Nails, viz: 25 lb tenpenny nails, £8 1s 0d. 7 lb threepenny nails, £0 5s 4d. For the long boat, £8 9s 4d. Deals, 1.5 lb elm plank, for the long boat, £0 14s 7d. Sheet lead, 9 lb, for the long boat, £0 1s 9d. Cordage, 89 lb, for moorings for the pinnace, £1 9s 8d. Total, £3 10s 8.5d. The storekeeper Matthew Purling subscribed the collection at St Helena on 30 June 1746, the errors excepted in the usual form. The board then counted and examined the Honourable Company’s cash for the month of June, and found it as follows. Interpretations The country coats charged among the soldiers’ clothing point to a body of men serving in the country rather than at the fort, dressed distinctly from the garrison proper. Ten such coats, cheaper than the gunners’ or sergeants’ and separate from the sentinels’ issue, mark the militia or the men posted to the outlying batteries and plantations, a reminder that the island’s defence and labour reached beyond the castle into the interior. The store clothed this scattered force as it did the main garrison, the distinct coat marking a different kind of service, and the whole clothing account setting out the several classes of men the Company kept in pay across the island. The heavy charge for repairing the long boat and mooring the pinnace shows how much the island’s working life turned on its small craft. Pitch, tar, nails, elm plank, sheet lead and cordage all went to keeping the long boat sound and the pinnace secured, the same vessels the paymaster’s account paid men to row to Sandy Bay for lime and to fetch the country boys. St Helena had no boat fit to fetch lime from Sandy Bay when Governor Dunbar arrived, and the constant expenditure on the craft here marks the effort to keep the island’s only means of moving heavy goods around its own coast in service, the boats as essential to the settlement as the guns or the herd and maintained from the same stores.
44	54	July 15th Cash Dr 1746 June 15 To Balance remaining£ 5477 17 1½ 27 To Cash received for two thousand five hundred and Seventy five Pounds weight of Hay Sold in the Quarter ending June 30 1746 at five Shillings P hundred weight 6 8 9 To Cash recd for nine Days Work done by Henry Moyce Carpenter on Board his Majtys Ship the Deptford 2 3 To Cash recd for Work done by John Bland and Mark Hawkins Masons on Board his Majtys Ship the Deptford 1 6 2 To Cash recd of Wm Falconer Surgeon in Part of his Bond 6 To Cash recd of John Loyel Armourer in Part of his debt to the Honble Company for Iron and Coals that he used 8 6 9 To Cash recd of David Wilson for Provisions Sold to the Market 21 7 1½ To Cash recd for nine hundred and forty six Gallons and one Quart of Milk Sold in the Months of May and June at one Shilling P Gallon 47 6 3 To Cash recd of the Governor for the following things which he sent on Board Ship Vizt For one Ox weighing 650 pounds at 4 P 10 16 8 Three Dozen of Fowls 2 14 Sixteen Ducks 1 4 14 14 8 To Cash recd of Wm Matthew Powling Storekeeper for Goods Sold by him in the Months of May and June 611 5 1½ Carried Over £ 6199 17 3	The board’s cash account for the June 1746 quarter opened on the balance remaining and gathered the several receipts, the debtor side of the treasury count. Cash, debtor. 13 June 1746, to balance remaining, £3,499 17s 1.5d. 27 June 1746, to cash received for two thousand five hundred and seventy-five pounds weight of hay sold in the quarter ending 30 June 1746, at five shillings per hundred weight, £6 8s 9d. To cash received for nine days work done by Henry Moyce, carpenter, on board His Majesty's ship the Deptford, £2 5s 0d. To cash received for work done by John Bland and Mark Hawkins, masons, on board His Majesty's ship the Deptford, £1 6s 2d. To cash received of Mr Falconer, surgeon, in part of his bond, £6 0s 0d. To cash received of John Loyel, armourer, in part of his debt to the Honourable Company for iron and coals that he used, £8 6s 9d. To cash received of David Wilson for provisions sold to the market, £21 7s 1.5d. To cash received for nine hundred and forty six gallons and one quart of milk sold in the months of May and June at one shilling per gallon, £47 6s 3d. To cash received of the Governor for the following things which he sent on board ship, viz: For one ox weighing 650 pounds at 4s per hundredweight, £10 16s 8d. Three dozen of fowls, £2 0s 0d. Sixteen ducks, £1 0s 0d. Total, £14 12s 8d. To cash received of Mr Matthew Purling, storekeeper, for goods sold by him in the months of May and June, £611 5s 1.5d. Carried over, £6,199 17s 3d. Interpretations The masons and carpenter paid for work aboard the Deptford show the island hiring out its own skilled tradesmen to a King’s ship in the road, the men of war of the wartime convoy drawing on the settlement’s labour as well as its stores. Henry Moyce the carpenter and the masons John Bland and Mark Hawkins earned the Company money for days spent repairing the warship, the treasury taking in what the ship paid for their service. The entry marks a further way the island turned the passing fleet to account, letting its craftsmen to the ships that could be mended nowhere else and gathering the wages into the Company’s cash, the settlement’s working hands a source of revenue as much as its warehouse. The milk sold at a shilling a gallon across May and June brought in over forty-seven pounds, a steady return from the Company’s dairy herd distinct from the beef the same cattle yielded. The dairy that had failed of its butter under Christopher Dixon’s management the previous winter here shows the herd nonetheless supplying the settlement with milk in quantity, sold by the gallon to the inhabitants and the ships. The receipt marks the Company’s farming as a source of ready cash as well as provisions, the herd worked for milk, beef and breeding together, its produce entered in the treasury alongside the hay and the market provisions as part of the island’s own contribution to its running income.
45	55	1746 Per Contra Cr 1746 June 26 By Cash paid Benjamin Williams for Coming Express with an Account of a Ship to Windward 5 28 By Cash paid Rich Bagley for seven Bushels of Potatoes to Plant at the House Point at five Shillings P Bushel 1 15 30 By Cash paid Wm Samuel Falconer for so much paid by him for hire for the Generals Table 1 5 By Cash paid John Tavis for Sixteen hundred Lemons for the Generals Table 1 12 By Cash paid the following Persons for Work done by them this Quarter at the Fortifications Vizt Edward Cullimore for 60½ days Work at one Shilling £3 6 Matthew Campbell 50 2 10 Peter Bailey 36 1 16 Edward Ecker 58½ 2 18 6 John Ellis 11 11 Thos Fox 54½ 2 14 6 William Hoiday 54 2 14 Duncan McLaron 27½ 1 7 6 John Butler 36½ 2 16 3 John Upton 60½ 3 6 George Bennit 28½ 1 8 6 Thomas Taylor 58½ 2 18 6 Thomas Streeton 56 2 16 John Mawnkey 46 2 6 David Dove 36¾ 1 16 9 Wm Cordon 21¾ 1 1 9 John Ford 9½ 9 6 James Kendrick 9½ 9 6 Wm Williman 9½ 9 6 Wm Menants 9½ 9 6 Edward Allis 9½ 9 6 Richard Smith 2 Wm Page 9½ 9 6 James Vaughn 9½ 9 6 David Robinson 9½ 9 6 Samuel Wilton 9½ 9 6 Thomas Robinson 9½ Carried Over £ 42 4 17 Brot Carried Over £ 4 17	The credit side of the cash account set out the payments made in the quarter, opening with the express fees, the potatoes and lemons for the general table, and the fortification labour. Per contra, creditor. 26 June 1746, by cash paid Benjamin Williams for coming express with an account of a ship to windward, £0 5s 0d. 28 June 1746, by cash paid Richard Bagley for seven bushels of potatoes to plant at the Horse Pasture at five shillings per bushel, £1 15s 0d. 30 June 1746, by cash paid Mr Samuel Falconer for so much paid by him for hire for the general table, £1 5s 0d. By cash paid John Sarris for sixteen hundred lemons for the general table, £1 12s 0d. By cash paid the following persons for work done by them this quarter at the fortifications, viz: Edward Cullimore for 60.5 days work at 13d per day, £3 5s 6d. Matthew Campbell, 50 days, £2 10s 0d. Peter Bailey, 36 days, £1 16s 0d. Edward Ecker, 58.5 days, £2 18s 6d. John Ellis, 11 days, £0 11s 0d. Thomas Fox, 54.5 days, £2 14s 6d. William Woodroy, 54 days, £2 14s 0d. Duncan McLaren, 27.5 days, £1 7s 6d. John Butler, 36.5 days, £2 16s 3d. John Upton, 60.5 days, £3 0s 6d. George Bennet, 28.5 days, £1 8s 6d. Thomas Taylor, 58.5 days, £2 18s 6d. Thomas Skeeton, 56 days, £2 16s 0d. John Mackey, 46 days, £2 6s 0d. David Dove, 36.75 days, £1 16s 9d. William Cordon, 27.75 days, £1 1s 9d. John Ford, 9.5 days, £0 9s 6d. James Kendrick, 9.5 days, £0 9s 6d. William Williman, 9.5 days, £0 9s 6d. Silas Dumonts, 9.5 days, £0 9s 6d. Edward Allis, 9.5 days, £0 9s 6d. Richard Smith, 2 days, £0 9s 6d. William Page, 9.5 days, £0 9s 6d. James Vaughan, 9.5 days, £0 9s 6d. David Robinson, 9.5 days, £0 9s 6d. Samuel Watson, 9.5 days, £0 9s 6d. Thomas Robinson, 9.5 days, £0 9s 6d. Carried over, £3 10s [...]. Carried over, £4 17s [...]. Interpretations The cash account repeats the fortification labour that the paymaster’s side had already carried, the same men at the same days and the same thirteen-pence rate entered here among the treasury’s payments. The double appearance marks the two-sided nature of the reckoning, the paymaster charged with the money on one account and the treasury credited with paying it out on the other, the labour recorded twice as it passed through both hands. The long file of names, several of them soldiers of the garrison drawing this day-money on top of their standing pay, measures the scale of the effort pressed on the war-driven defences through the quarter, the works advanced by paid labour drawn from every hand the small settlement could muster. The lemons bought for the general table in quantities of sixteen hundred at a time mark a deliberate provision against scurvy, the great affliction of the ships and the isolated settlement. Citrus was the known preventive, and the Company laid in lemons by the many hundred for the common table, a standing charge that shows the island alert to the health of its people in a place where fresh provisions could not always be had. The purchase sits among the ordinary running costs of the establishment, the settlement’s diet managed with an eye to more than mere sustenance, the lemons a small but telling mark of the care taken to keep the garrison and servants fit in their remote station.
46	56	July 15th Brought Over £ 6199 17 3 Carried Over £ 6199 17 3	The debtor side of the cash account carried its balance forward unchanged. Brought over, £6,199 17s 5d. Carried over, £6,199 17s 5d.
47	57	1746 Brought Over £ 4 17 Brought Over £ 40 12 3 William Davis 9½ 9 6 John Chreeman 9½ 9 6 John Holloway 9½ 9 6 Peter Barker 2 2 Edward Arnold 5½ 5 6 42 9 3 By Cash paid the following Persons for Work done in repairing the Lieut Governors House Vizt Edward Cullimore 2 day at one Shilling each 0 2 0 Peter Bailey 25½ 1 5 6 Matthew Campbell 4½ 4 6 Edward Ecker 4½ 4 6 Thomas Fox 4½ 4 6 Wm Hoiday 5½ 5 6 George Bennit 16½ 16 6 3 3 By Cash paid Abraham Major for Repairing a House and Assisting the Armourer to Make an Anchor Stock 2 6 By Cash paid Peter Simonds for 29 days Work in making Sentry Boxes and Repairing the Long Boat at one Shilling & Sixpence P Day 2 3 6 By Cash paid the following Persons for Work done in the Stores and in unloading the Store Ship Vizt John Chreeman 16 days at fifteen Pence P day £1 Wm Hall 16 Ditto 1 Wm Hindow 8 Ditto 10 Henry Cotton 8 Ditto 10 3 By Cash paid the following Persons for Going in the Long Boat to Sandy Bay for Lime Vizt William Gunn 23 days at one Shilling P day 1 3 Humphry Engle 11 at Ditto 11 James Beffs 6 at Ditto 6 Thos Pride 11 at Ditto 11 2 11 By Cash paid Wm Christofel for Making 24 Bags for Lime at 3 each 6 Carried Over £ 58 12 3	The credit side of the cash account continued with the remaining fortification labour and the further work about the settlement. Brought over, £4 17s 0d. Fortification work brought over, £10 12s 3d. William Davis, 9.5 days, £0 9s 6d. John Cheeseman, 9.5 days, £0 9s 6d. John Holloway, 9.5 days, £0 9s 6d. Peter Batt, 2 days, £0 2s 0d. Edward Arnold, 5.5 days, £0 5s 6d. Total, £12 9s 3d. By cash paid the following persons for work done in repairing the Lieutenant Governor's house, viz: Edward Cullimore, 2 days at one shilling each, £0 2s 0d. Peter Bailey, 25.5 days, £1 5s 6d. William Campbell, 4.5 days, £0 4s 6d. Edward Ecker, 4.5 days, £0 4s 6d. Thomas Fox, 4.5 days, £0 4s 6d. William Woodroy, 5.5 days, £0 5s 6d. George Bennet, 16.5 days, £0 16s 6d. Total, £3 3s 0d. By cash paid Abraham Major for shoeing a horse, and assisting the armourer to make an archer stock, £0 2s 6d. By cash paid Thomas Skeeton for 29 days work in making sentry boxes and repairing the long boat at one shilling and sixpence per day, £2 3s 6d. By cash paid the following persons for work done in the stores and in unlading the store ship, viz: John Cheeseman, 16 days at fifteen pence per day, £1 0s 0d. William Bull, 16 days at the same, £1 0s 0d. William Hinslow, 8 days at the same, £0 10s 0d. Henry Corter, 8 days at the same, £0 10s 0d. Total, £3 0s 0d. By cash paid the following persons for going in the long boat to Sandy Bay for lime, viz: William Davis, 23 days at one shilling per day, £1 3s 0d. Humphrey Engle, 11 days at the same, £0 11s 0d. James Peploe, 6 days at the same, £0 6s 0d. Thomas Pride, 11 days at the same, £0 11s 0d. Total, £2 11s 0d. By cash paid John Christoffel for making 24 bags for lime at 3d each, £0 6s 0d. Carried over, £58 12s 3d. Interpretations The men paid to unlade the store ship show the settlement bearing the labour of getting the Company’s own supplies ashore, a charge that fell on the treasury as much as the cargo did. John Cheeseman, William Bull and the others were paid fifteen pence a day to work in the stores and empty the ship, a rate above the shilling the boat crews earned and marking the heavier or more pressing nature of the work when a ship lay in the road to be cleared. The entry marks the hidden cost of provisioning an isolated island, the goods not merely bought and shipped but landed by hired hands through an open roadstead, every stage of the supply chain drawing on the same narrow pool of labour the fortifications and the boats also claimed. The graded day-rates run clear across this page, the same men earning different sums for different work within the quarter. The fortification labour and the Sandy Bay lime trips paid a shilling a day, the store work and unlading fifteen pence, and Thomas Skeeton’s boat repair and sentry-box making eighteen pence, each rate set by the weight and skill the task demanded. A man like John Cheeseman appears at several rates according to what he did, the Company pricing labour by the job rather than the worker, and the whole run marks a settlement that met its every need for heavy and skilled work by hiring the same hands over and over at wages fixed to the difficulty of each separate task.
48	58	July 15th Brought Over £ 6199 17 3 Carried Over £ 6199 17 3	The debtor side of the cash account carried its balance forward unchanged. Brought over, £6,199 17s 5d. Carried over, £6,199 17s 5d.
49	59	1746 Brought Over £ 58 12 3 By Cash paid the following Men for ploughing sowing Digmbing of Wood at the House Point Vizt Richard Mason 18 days at fifteen Pence P Day £3 0 0 Anthony Day 23 at Ditto 1 11 3 John Costelow 24 at Ditto 1 10 6 1 3 By Cash paid the following Men for burning & Carrying the ground Wood at the House Point Vizt Thomas Wright 49½ Days at one Shilling P day 2 9 6 John Watley 43½ at Ditto 2 3 6 Thomas Hales 30 2 10 7 5 By Cash paid Solomon Hales for so much paid by him to Richard Bagley for three Bushels of Potatoes to Plant at the House Point on Long Gut 15 By Cash paid John Watkins for ploughing and sowing land for their Care about the Milk this Quarter 3 17 6 By Cash paid Charles Locents for fifty nine days Work in Making Ladders Sentry Boxes Shelves and Dressers in the Bake house a Gate at the House point &c at Eighteen Pence P Day 4 8 6 By Cash paid Robert Currie and Stephen Willoughby for baking forty six Watches of Bread for the Soldiers at fifteen pence P Watch 2 17 6 By Cash paid Christopher Beale for nine days overseeing the Men that were at Work on the Glacis at James Valley at two Shillings and Sixpence P Day 1 2 6 By Cash paid the following Men for Working at the Glacis at James Valley Vizt Jeremiah Wynil for 14 days at one Shilling P Day 14 Rich Smith 14 at Ditto 14 Thomas Wright 13½ at Ditto 13 6 Peter Coakley 4 at Ditto 4 John Holloway for 1 1 Thomas Kendrick 1 1 Walter Cox 1 1 John Fletcher 12½ 12 6 William Beckett 13 13 George John 2 2 Thomas Payne 7 Carried Over £ 4 8 Carried Over £ 86 19 6	The credit side of the cash account continued with the lime-burning, the plantation work and the labour at the glacis in James Valley. Brought over, £58 12s 3d. By cash paid the following men for ploughing, burning and digging of wood at the Horse Pasture, viz: Richard Mason, 18 days at fifteen pence per day, £3 0s 0d. Anthony Day, 23 days at the same, £1 11s 3d. John Skeeton, 24 days at the same, £1 10s 0d. Total, £6 1s 3d. By cash paid the following men for burning and drawing the young wood at the Horse Pasture, viz: Thomas Wright, 49.5 days at one shilling per day, £2 9s 6d. John Watley, 43.5 days at the same, £2 3s 6d. Thomas Watts, 50 days at the same, £2 10s 0d. Total, £7 5s 0d. By cash paid Simon Watts for so much paid by him to Orlando Bagley for three bushels of potatoes to plant in the Horse Pasture and the Long Gut, £0 15s 0d. By cash paid John Watkins for ploughing and sowing and for his care about the mills this quarter, £3 17s 6d. By cash paid Charles Legente for fifty nine days work in making ladders, sentry boxes, shelves and dressers in the bake house, a gate at the Horse Pasture and so on, at eighteen pence per day, £4 8s 6d. By cash paid Robert Currie and Stephen Willoughby for baking forty six batches of bread for the soldiers at fifteen pence per batch, £2 17s 6d. By cash paid Onesiphorus Beale for nine days overseeing the men that were at work on the glacis at James Valley at two shillings and sixpence per day, £1 2s 6d. By cash paid the following men for working at the glacis at James Valley, viz: Jeremiah Wynn, 14 days at one shilling per day, £0 14s 0d. Richard South, 14 days at the same, £0 14s 0d. Thomas Arnold, 13.5 days at the same, £0 13s 6d. Peter Coakley, 4 days, £0 4s 0d. John Holloway, 4 days, £0 4s 0d. Thomas Kendrick, 4 days, £0 4s 0d. Walter Cox, 4 days, £0 4s 0d. John Fletcher, 12.5 days, £0 12s 6d. William Beckett, 13 days, £0 13s 0d. George Peton, 2 days, £0 2s 0d. Thomas Payne, 7 days, £0 7s 0d. Carried over, £4 11s 6d. Carried over, £86 19s 6d. Interpretations The work at the glacis in James Valley marks the fortification effort reaching beyond the batteries to the cleared slope before the works, a further part of the war-driven programme of defence. A glacis was the open ground kept bare and even before a fort so an approaching enemy could find no cover, and the men paid a shilling a day to labour there were shaping the land itself into a defensive feature. The charge shows the settlement not merely mounting guns but reworking its ground for defence in earnest through the quarter, the same pressure of war that filled the gunner’s accounts with salutes and alarms driving the spade work at the glacis as much as the stonework at the batteries. The baking of bread for the soldiers by contract shows the garrison’s daily provision let out to particular men at a fixed rate per batch. Robert Currie and Stephen Willoughby were paid fifteen pence for each of forty-six batches, turning the Company’s flour into the soldiers’ bread on a piecework basis rather than by a standing wage. The arrangement marks the practical organisation of feeding the garrison, the raw grain drawn from store and baked by hired hands paid by the quantity produced, the settlement meeting even so basic a need as its daily bread through the same graded system of contracted labour that ran through the whole quarter’s accounts.
50	60	July 15th Brought Over £ 6199 17 3 £ 6199 17 3	The debtor side of the cash account carried its balance forward unchanged. Brought over, £6,199 17s 5d. Total, £6,199 17s 5d.
51	61	1746 Brought Over £ 86 19 6 £ 4 3 John Watley for 7 Days at one Shill 7 John Murril 5¾ 5 9 Abraham Major 8¼ 8 9 John Chreeman 1 1 5 5 6 By Cash paid Samuel Pels for eight Days Work in Grinding Paint and in Painting and Glazing & Grinding 16 By Cash paid Michael Frost for Cleaning and Mending a Clock and for making a Key to the Clock Case 8 By Cash paid the Honble Company's Officers and Servants their Salaries &c for the Quarter commencing April the first and ending June the thirtieth 1746 amounting as by the pay account to 1676 7 7½ By Ballance of Cash remaining June 30 1746 in the following Coins 1 Piece of Gold weight 11 lb 15 lb dr at £3 18 3 P oz £6 1 8½ 4 Piece of Gold 3 9 12 3 18 13 11 0½ 1333 Pagodas at 8 s 4 d 621 4 32 Venetians 10 16 Do St Thomas 12 2 11 7 Guebers 6 2 2 Gold amounting to 701 12 9 12182 Dollars at 5 s colours 10 321 Double Rials 1 3 20 1 3 671 Rials 7½ 20 19 4½ 2382 Half Rials 3¾ 40 6 10½ 528 Rupees 2 3 59 8 1 Ducatoon 6 441 French Pieces 2 3 13 6 Odd Money 8 5 Silver amounting to 3190 13 3½ 146 Cash Notes at 40 P Do 29 161 Ditto 20 161 239 Ditto 5 61 15 160 Ditto 20 20 Cash Notes amounting to 537 15 4430 4 2½ £ 6199 17 3 David Dunbar Tho Hutchinson John Goodwin & c Curling Wright	The credit side of the cash account closed with the last of the glacis labour, the officers’ and servants’ salaries and the balance of cash remaining, counted coin by coin and subscribed by the board. Brought over, £86 19s 6d. Glacis work brought over, £4 11s 3d. John Watley, 7 days at one shilling, £0 7s 0d. John Merrit, 5.5 days, £0 5s 6d. Abraham Major, 8.5 days, £0 8s 9d. John Cheeseman, 1 day, £0 1s 0d. Total, £5 5s 6d. By cash paid Samuel Bates for eight days work in grinding paint and in painting and glazing the windows, £0 16s 0d. By cash paid Michael Frost for cleaning and mending a clock, and for making a key to the clock case, £0 8s 0d. By cash paid the Honourable Company's officers and servants their salaries and so on for the quarter, commencing 1 April and ending 13 June 1746, amounting as by the pay account to £1,676 7s 7.5d. By balance of cash remaining, 30 June 1746, in the following coin, viz: 1 piece of gold weighing 11 pennyweight 14 grains at £3 18s 3d per ounce, £1 8s 6.5d. 2 pieces of gold weighing 3 pennyweight 9 grains 12 mites at £3 18s per ounce, £13 11s 0d. 1,323 pagodas at eight shillings each, £621 4s 0d. 32 venetians at ten shillings, £16 0s 0d. 1 St Thomas at twelve shillings, £2 11s 0d. 7 gubbers at six shillings, £2 2s 0d. Gold amounting to £701 12s 9d. 2,182 dollars at five shillings, £545 10s 0d. 321 double reals at 1s 3d, £20 1s 3d. 671 reals at 7.5d, £20 19s 4.5d. 2,582 half reals at 3.75d, £40 6s 10.5d. 528 rupees at 2s 3d, £59 8s 0d. 1 ducatoon at six shillings, £0 6s 0d. 441 French pieces at 2s, £44 2s 0d. Odd money, £8 4d. Silver amounting to £3,190 13s 0.5d. 146 cash notes at £20 each, £2,920 0s 0d. 161 cash notes at £20, £3,220 0d. 259 cash notes at £5, £1,295 0d. 100 cash notes at £20, £2,000 0d. Cash notes amounting to £537 15s 0d. Total, £4,430 0s 9.5d. Total, £6,199 17s 5d. The board subscribed the account, David Dunbar, Charles Hutchinson, John Goodwin, Purling and Wright. Interpretations The cash remaining shows the island’s treasury holding almost no English coin, its silver made up of Spanish dollars and reals, Indian rupees, a Dutch ducatoon and French pieces, and its gold of Indian pagodas, Venetian coins and the odd St Thomas and gubber. The whole balance is a picture of a settlement standing at the crossroads of the world’s trade, gathering into its chest the coin of every nation whose ships called there, with the mother country’s own money almost absent. The Company reckoned this foreign mass into sterling at fixed rates to keep its books, the pagoda now standing at eight shillings after the spring’s devaluation, the treasury a plain record of how completely the island’s money was the money of the ocean traffic that passed it rather than of England. The cash notes at over four thousand pounds nominal show the settlement running much of its account on paper rather than metal, the Company’s own notes standing in for coin in the larger reckonings. These notes were the Company’s promises to pay, circulating on the island in place of the scarce specie for bills of exchange and large settlements, and their heavy presence in the balance marks a small economy that could not have functioned on its foreign coin alone. The treasury thus held two kinds of money at once, the mixed hard coin of a dozen nations for daily payment and the Company’s paper for the great sums, the whole a working accommodation to the chronic shortage of any single reliable currency in so remote a place.
52	62	July 22 At a Consultation held on Tuesday the 22 July 1746 at the Castle Present Colonel David Dunbar Govr Capt Charles Hutchinson Lt Govr John Goodwin Matthew Curling of Council Robert Wright The last Consultation was read and Approved Mr Thomas Greentree attended According to Summons for retailing Liquor without Lycence and denied the fact for Proof of which were called the following Persons Vizt John Scott who Sayth he had 4 Gallons Arrack from Mr Greentree Wm Davis 4 Gallons John Leech 4 Gallons Nathan Semple 4 Gallons Daniel Bush 4 Gallons Thomas Willingham 5 Gallons Mr Greentree in his Defence Sayth that he did Sell one and thirty Gallons of Arrack but that he did only Agree for it with Nathan Semple and that he knew Nothing of the division that was made of it till they came to fetch it away and then Nathan Semple divided it himself and Mr Greentree Saith that he did it upon Nathan Semple telling him that he had Liberty from the Governour to buy it Where he Could Nathan Semple being Sworn upon Oath deposeth that Mr Greentree told him that he could let him have some Arrack when this dept told Mr Greentree that he could not buy it without the rest of the People who had Leave to Sell were acquainted with it and agreed to it that Mr Greentree mentd no price to him nor any quantity till he come with the rest of the Persons to take away the Liquor and then he told this Deponent one and thirty Gallons which were divided among them and Each person 4 Mr Greentree for what	At a consultation held on Tuesday 22 July 1746 at the castle, the board sat as Governor Dunbar, Charles Hutchinson as Lieutenant Governor, John Goodwin, Matthew Purling and Robert Wright of council, the previous consultation read and approved. Thomas Greentree attended on summons for retailing liquor without a licence, and the board called several persons to prove the charge. John Scott said he had bought four gallons of arrack from Greentree, William Davis four gallons, John Leech four gallons, Nathan Sample four gallons, Daniel Bush four gallons and Thomas Willingham five gallons. Greentree answered in his defence that he had sold one and thirty gallons of arrack in all, but that he had agreed the sale only with Nathan Sample, and that he knew nothing of the division made of it until the others came to fetch it away, when Sample himself divided it between them. He said he had done it on Sample telling him that he had leave from the Governor to buy it, and there rested his defence. Nathan Sample, sworn on oath, deposed that Greentree had told him he could let him have some arrack, and that when the deponent replied he could not buy it without the rest of the people, who had leave to sell and were acquainted with it and had agreed to it, Greentree named no price to him nor any quantity until they came with the rest of the persons to take away the liquor. He then divided the one and thirty gallons among them, each person taking a share. Interpretations The charge turned on the difference between a single lawful sale and unlicensed retailing, the whole case resting on how the thirty-one gallons came to be divided. Retailing liquor without a licence was the offence, and Greentree’s defence was precisely that he had made one bulk sale to Sample and knew nothing of the splitting among the several buyers, which if believed would make him a wholesaler to one man rather than a retailer to many. The distinction mattered because the licence system taxed and controlled the sale of spirits to the public, and a man who sold one parcel to a single purchaser stood clear of it where a man who portioned drink out to a crowd did not. The board’s examination of buyer after buyer was aimed at establishing which of the two Greentree had really done. The invocation of the Governor’s leave runs through both accounts as the thread each man used to shift the blame. Greentree said he sold only because Sample told him he had the Governor’s leave to buy, and Sample deposed that he told Greentree the others had leave to sell and had agreed to it, so that each cast the authority for the transaction onto the other and onto a permission neither produced in writing. The pattern shows how the licence rule was evaded in practice, the parties leaning on a claimed verbal sanction from above to cover a sale that no licence in fact authorised, the board left to untangle a set of shifting justifications built around a permission that may never have been given.
53	63	1746 he had and saith that he did tell Mr Greentree that the Governour Gave them Liberty to buy where they cd but even that was Leech the Answ shall that told him the Governour had given them such leave John Leech being Sworn then deposed as follows Vizt That I was Solicited by the Severall that had Lycence to keep a Publick house to try the favour of his Honr to let us have Some Liqr & that if his Honr thd none to Spare us that he would be Pleased to Give us Leave to buy it Else Where Mr Accordingly about the first or Second Day of July I went into his Honour by Chatham to pray to speak to his Honour and his Honour was Pleased to come into yr Dining Room & I acquainted him that as it was pay day it was the only time that we had to make any thing of Liqr & his Honour was Pleased to answer that he would not let us have any & then I sayd the favour of his Honour to let us buy it Else where & his honour asked me if I wanted buy from any Gentlemen of yr Do and his Honour was Please to answer yes but let me know Who you buy it from & I Promised his Honr that I would Which is the truth to the best of Knowledge and beleife Signed John Leech When John Leech was called in the Govr asked him what he had to say which he declared to the purport set forth in his written Affidavet the Lt Governor asked if he would be sworn to the truth which Leech offered the Govr said what Leech had declared was false and he knew it to be so and took the Bible and gave Oath that the Affidavt give such Leave as Leech mentioned and asked Leech if he would Swear to it who replying yes the Govr ordered him to go out and write it down and While Leech was out the Govr said Nothing he ought not to suffer Leech to swear to a thing which he himself knew to be false On Leech's Return with his written depos tion the Govr after reading it asked him if he would swear to it and he replying yes the Lt Govr said he thought he should be sworn the Govr then gave him his Oath Upon the Governour's putting the Question the Council gave their Opinions as follows Vizt	Sample added that he had told Greentree the Governor gave the several persons leave to buy the arrack, but complained that Leech would soon tell Greentree the Governor had given them such leave. John Leech, sworn, deposed as follows. He said the several persons who held a licence to keep a punch house had solicited him to beg the favour of the Governor to let them have some arrack, and that if the Governor did not choose to grant it that he would be pleased to give them leave to buy it elsewhere. About the first or second day of July he accordingly went to the Governor by Chatham to pray for it, and the Governor was pleased to come into the dining room, and Leech acquainted him that as it was pay day it was the only time they had to make anything of spirits. The Governor answered that he would not let them have any, and then Leech begged the favour of him to let them know where they might buy it. The Governor asked him if he wanted any for himself or for any other gentlemen, and Leech answered no, upon which the Governor was pleased to answer that they might buy it where they pleased but that he would know from whom they bought it, and Leech promised the Governor that he would. This he set down as the truth to the best of his knowledge and belief, and signed it John Leech. When Leech was called in, the Governor asked him what he had to say, which he declared to the purport set out in his written affidavit. The Lieutenant Governor asked if he would be sworn to the truth of what he had offered, and the Governor said that what Leech had declared was false and he knew it to be so, and took the Bible and made Leech swear on oath that the Governor did give such leave as Leech mentioned. Leech, being asked if he would swear to it, replied that he would, and the Governor ordered him to go out and write it down. While Leech was writing, the Governor said the board ought not to suffer Leech to swear to a thing which he himself believed to be false. On Leech’s return with his written deposition, the Governor, after reading it, asked him if he would swear to it, and Leech replying that he would, the Governor said he thought he should be sworn, and there administered his oath. Interpretations The dispute laid bare a direct conflict between the Governor’s memory of the conversation and Leech’s sworn account of it, the Governor asserting on the board that Leech’s statement was false and that he knew it to be so before the oath was even taken. The Governor’s objection that the board ought not to suffer a man to swear to what he himself believed false marks the peculiar difficulty of an oath used to prove the content of a private conversation between two men, where the only evidence of what passed was the word of each against the other. The Governor was in the position of both a party to the disputed exchange and the presiding authority administering the oath that would contradict him, an awkward doubling that the record sets down without comment but that shaped the whole proceeding. The Governor’s reported words to Leech mark the practical limit of the licensing control over spirits on the island. He would not let the licence holders have arrack from the Company’s store, yet told them they might buy it where they pleased so long as he knew the source, a permission that opened the very private trade the licence system was meant to regulate. The condition that he would know from whom they bought was the thread of control he tried to keep, but it amounted to sanctioning the purchase of drink outside the store, and Leech’s attempt to hold the Governor to that verbal leave shows how such spoken permissions became the ground of later dispute, the authority claimed for a transaction resting on a remembered conversation no writing confirmed.
54	64	July 22 It appears to me upon considering the severall Circumstances of the case that Mr Greentree cannot be deemd a Retailer of Spiritous Liquor for having Bargaind to dispose of 31 Gallons of Arrack to Nathan Sample a Person licensed to keep a Publick house and who at that time had no Arrack to sell nor could he then have any from the Honble Company's Store Neither can Mr Greentree I think be Construed a Retailer for having received the Money for this Arrack in Small Sums as it was likewise from Authorizd Publicans with whom Nathan Sample had agreed to Share it I am therefore of Opinion that Mr Greentree Should not be fined Signed Chas Hutchinson St Helena 22 July 1746 By the foregoing it does not appear to me that Mr Greentree has incurred the Penalty as a Retailer for that he agreed with Nathan Sample for a Quantity and did Sell him 31 Gallons Arrack which Nathan Sample divided among the rest of the Men who were licenced to retail Spiritous Liquor and who has agreed to divide what any of them might Sell among the Whole Signed J Goodwin On duly considering the Circumstances of the Affair of Mr Greentree and the Evidence given this day in Consultation it Appears to me that he has not Sold so small a quantity as to be deemd retailing and therefore am of Opinion he has not done any thing in Contempt of Authority or Breach of Orders and cannot Give my Assent to his being Fined for the same Signd 22 July 1746 M Curling Island St Helena Robert Wright of Council Saith that as the Honble Company have not in their Orders Neither as Retailers mentioned any Particular Quantity that may be so Called and as	The councillors then gave their several opinions on Greentree’s case. Charles Hutchinson held that on considering the circumstances Greentree could not be deemed a retailer of spirituous liquor, having bargained to dispose of thirty-one gallons of arrack to Nathan Sample, a person licensed to keep a public house, who at that time had no arrack to sell nor could then have any from the Company’s store. Neither could Greentree be construed a retailer for having received the money for the arrack in small sums, since it came likewise from licensed publicans with whom Sample had agreed to share it. He was therefore of the opinion that Greentree should not be fined, and signed it Charles Hutchinson, St Helena, 22 July 1746. John Goodwin held that by the foregoing it did not appear to him that Greentree had incurred the penalty as a retailer, since he had agreed with Sample for a quantity and sold him thirty-one gallons of arrack, which Sample divided among the rest of the men who were licensed to retail spirituous liquor and who had agreed to share what any of them might sell among the whole. He signed it J Goodwin. Matthew Purling held that on duly considering the circumstances of the affair and the evidence given that day, it appeared to him that Greentree had sold so small a quantity as to be deemed retailing, and he was therefore of the opinion that he had not done anything in contempt of authority or breach of orders and could not give any assent to his being fined for the same. He signed it M Purling, 22 July 1746. Robert Wright, of council, began that the Honourable Company had not in their orders mentioned any particular quantity that may be so called as retailing. Interpretations The board split on the meaning of retailing itself, the councillors reasoning from the same facts to a common conclusion that Greentree had not offended. Hutchinson rested on the character of the buyers, all licensed publicans, and on the bulk nature of the single bargain with Sample, holding that a sale to licensed men who then shared the drink among themselves was not retailing to the public. Goodwin reached the same point by the route of the licence, stressing that every man who took a share was himself entitled to retail, so that the arrack passed only between authorised sellers. The convergence of their reasoning shows the board treating the offence as one of selling to the unlicensed public, not of selling in itself, and finding that a transaction confined to licence holders fell outside the rule however the drink was afterwards divided. Wright’s opening observation goes to the root of the difficulty, that the Company’s orders fixed no quantity that marked the line between a lawful sale and unlicensed retailing. Without a defined threshold, the board was left to judge by circumstance whether thirty-one gallons split among several men amounted to retailing, and the councillors’ differing emphases show how much discretion the silence of the orders threw upon them. The case exposes a gap in the regulatory scheme, a prohibition on retailing without any statement of what retailing was, so that each member had to supply his own test from the facts before him, the enforcement of the rule resting on the board’s reading of an offence the Company had never precisely defined.
55	65	1746 in England a Person is only finable for Retailing in Less Quantitys three Gallons and Mr Greentree not having Sold such small a Quantity and it Appearing that Mr Greentree agreed with one Single Person for thirty one Gallons which were afterwards divided by that Person himself into the the smaller quantitys he is of Opinion that to the best of his Judgement Mr Greentree has not retailed Liquor Contrary to the Compys Orders which he humbly Submits &c Signd 22 July 1746 R Wright Against all which the Governour Protested and Said he would deliver his Protest to be Entd next Consultation day The Accomptant delivered his Journall Parcells for the Months of April May & June last which were Examined and Ordered to be Entered We have Entered the Will of George Moodie and registred the Same He died in the Hospitall here and the Will was found in his Pockett after his Death by Mr Samuel Falconer Surgeon of the Island the Will is as follows Vizt In the Name of God Amen I George Moodie Mariner Onboard the Ship Le Rippe Whereof Charles Raymond is Command Now lying at Calcutta in the River of Bengall being weak and Infirm thro Continued illness and Despairing of any Recovery Do make this my last will and Testament In manner following Vizt I will and Bequeath unto My Friend Thomas Loudson my Chest and Bedding and all my wearing Apparel I now have on board the said Ship Wear and Whereas Richard Gregory Caulker Mate is Indebted to me three Rupees in Mexico is Wooled t Prusk Seaman aboard the said Ship indebted to me one Rupee I will and Require said Richard Gregory and said Robert Sprusk to pay the same unto my aforesaid friend Thomas Loudson to Whom I bequeath the same two Rupees for his own use and Behoof I moreover I will and Bequeath unto my Loving Brother Lawrence Moody all and Singular my other Effect Wages Rights Titles and Properties Whatsoever And I do hereby Make and Ordain the said Lawrence Moody my sole Executor of this	Wright completed his opinion, holding that in England a person was only finable for retailing in less quantity than three gallons, and Greentree not having sold in small quantity but having agreed with one single person for thirty-one gallons, which were afterwards divided by that person into the smaller quantities, he was of the opinion to the best of his judgement that Greentree had not retailed liquor contrary to the Company’s orders, and humbly submitted it. He signed it R Wright, 22 July 1746. Against all this the Governor protested, and said he would deliver his protest at the next consultation. The accounts delivered were the parcels for the months of April, May and June, which were examined and ordered to be entered. The board then entered the will of George Moody and registered it, he having died in the hospital, the will found in his pocket after his death by Samuel Falconer, surgeon of the island. George Moody, mariner aboard the ship Deffiance, of which Charles Vaymond was commander, then lying at Calcutta in the river of Bengal, being weak and infirm of body but of sound mind, and despairing of any recovery, made his last will and testament in the manner following. He gave to his friend Thomas Toulson his chest and bedding and all his wearing apparel and whatever else he had on board the ship. Whereas Richard Gregory Caulter, matrose, stood indebted to him three rupees, and Vitchel Bruck, seaman aboard the same ship, stood indebted to him one rupee, he willed and required the said Richard Gregory and the said Vitchel Bruck to pay the same to his aforesaid friend Thomas Toulson, to whom he bequeathed those two rupees for his own use and behoof. Whatever else he had, all and singular his other effects, goods, rights, titles and properties whatsoever, he gave and bequeathed to his loving brother Lawrence Moody, and he made and ordained the said Lawrence Moody his sole executor of this will. Interpretations Wright alone anchored his opinion in the actual English rule, citing the threshold of three gallons below which a sale was finable as retailing, the one member to supply the definite standard the Company’s own orders lacked. His reasoning turned the case decisively on quantity, holding that a single bargain for thirty-one gallons stood far above the retailing line whatever the later division, and it supplied the board the legal ground the others had reached only by circumstance. The reference to the English statute shows the island reaching back to the law of the mother country to fill the silence in the Company’s local orders, Wright grafting a known metropolitan standard onto a colonial regulation that had none, so that the enforcement of the licence rule at St Helena rested on a quantity fixed by an English statute the Company had never adopted for the island. The seaman’s will made aboard ship in the river of Bengal shows how the effects of men who died far from home passed through the island’s court on the long route back to England. George Moody’s modest estate, a chest, bedding, apparel and two rupees owed him by shipmates, was set down in a will carried in his pocket until his death in the St Helena hospital, then proved and registered by the board so that his brother might inherit. The island served as a point where the scattered affairs of the ocean’s dead were gathered and given legal form, the council recording the last wishes of a mariner who died in its care, the small bequests of a common seaman entered in the same consultations as the great accounts of the Company, both alike part of the traffic the settlement existed to serve.
56	66	July 22 my last will and Testament utterly Revoking and Disanulling all Other Wills and Testaments heretofore made In Wittness whereof I have hereunto Set my hand and Seal this 21 Day of August In the Year of our Lord 1745 Signed Sealed Declared pronounced Publickd and Delivered George Mudie In the Presence of Mungo Harkess John Barr Diggory Recorder Thomas Finlayson Sam Dunne Whereas since ye Making of this my last Will and Testament my Friend John Barr is Deceased it is my Desire and Request to have his Name Erased and to substitute my friend Thomas Loudson Instead Witness my hand Signd George Mudie This Bearer to be Directed for Lawrance Mudie Son to George Mudie farmer in the Name By manor Reding in the Shire of Fife North Britaine to ye Care of Mr John Browne living at Corstorphack Door Sine of ye young Prince of orange Head Wapping London The Executors of Benjamin Pledgard deceased this day Produced the Inventory of his Estate and Effects Appraised by Messrs Joseph Diffountain Joshua Worrall and Thomas Colgrove and desired the same might be Registred which was Ordered to be done in the Book Me pt for that Purpose Mrs Alexander widow having Applied to Us for the Payment for 80 Wasters 3½ each and 4 Loads of Laths 2 P Load which had been cut out of Her Tree Sold by one of the Company's black men by Mistake and without Orders and which have been Used on the Company's Account We Ordered her to be paid for the same after the above Rate it being the Current Price for Such Wood in the Island The Teak Boards sent hither from Bengal Prove upon Examining very bad and unfit for the Use designed as	Moody closed his will by utterly revoking all other wills and testaments before made, and set his hand and seal on 21 August 1745. It was signed, sealed, declared, pronounced, published and delivered in the presence of John Barr, Thomas Finlayson and Simon Dunne, and subscribed George Moody with his mark, Mungo Harkess and Diggory Renorden. A note was added that since the making of the will the friend John Barr had died, and it was Moody’s desire and request to have his name erased and to substitute his friend Thomas Toulson instead, subscribed George Moody. The two rupees were directed to Lawrence Moody, son to George Moody, farmer, in the town of Buchan or thereabouts, residing in the shire of Fife, North Britain, to the care of Mr John Brown living at Corsehack, door sign of the young Prince of Orange near the Landore. The executors of Benjamin Pledgard, deceased, produced the inventory of his estate and effects, appraised by Joseph Defountain, Joshua Worrall and Thomas Colgrave, and asked that it be registered, which the board ordered done in the book kept for that purpose. Mrs Alexander, widow, had applied to the board for payment for eighty stavers, that is four loads of laths, which had been cut out of her tree and laid by one of the Company’s slaves by mistake and without orders, and which had been used on the Company’s account. The board ordered her paid for the same at the above rate, it being the current price for such wood on the island. The teak boards sent from Bengal proved, on examination, very bad and unfit for the use designed. Interpretations The redirection of the seaman’s small legacy to a farmer’s son in Fife shows how the will reached across the whole span of the Company’s world, from a deathbed in the river of Bengal to a village in the north of Scotland. The careful naming of the place, the shire, the man to whose care the money was sent and even the sign over his door marks the difficulty of directing so small a sum to a distant heir with no fixed address, the two rupees to be carried thousands of miles to a brother identified only by his father’s trade and his neighbourhood. The passage records the reach and the fragility of the links that bound a scattered maritime population, a dying sailor’s wish to leave his little to his brother depending on a chain of hands and a set of directions that had to hold good from Calcutta to a Scottish farm. Mrs Alexander’s claim for her felled tree marks the value of usable timber on an island that grew little of it, and the Company’s readiness to pay for wood its own slave had taken by mistake. Eighty stavers cut from her tree and used without orders were made good at the current island price, the board treating standing timber as private property worth compensating even where the Company had unwittingly consumed it. The episode sits pointedly beside the bad teak boards from Bengal noted immediately after, the imported timber proving unfit while the island’s own scarce wood was carefully valued and paid for, together marking how precious sound timber was in a settlement caught between an unreliable supply from India and its own slender native stock.
57	67	1746 Appears by the following Report of the Master Carpenter and Master Mason here Vizt Honoured Sir St Helena July the 19th 1746 According to your order we have made a Survey of the tenn Peices of Teak Plank as Came from Bengall on Board the Royall George and now lying in the Honble Company's Store which was Intended to make Gunn Carriages an and are of Opinion that it is not fitt for the Purpose it being uneven Eatan and Rotten which are two bad Properties for that Use we are Honoured Sir Your Dutyfull Servants Signd Henry Moyes John Bland Mr Matthew Curling Storekeeper this day produced this day Books according to the Order of Consultation of 29 April last David Dunbar Cha Hutchinson John Goodwin & c Curling Wright At a Consultation held on Tuesday the 29 July 1746 at the Castle Present Colonel David Dunbar Governour Capt Charles Hutchinson Lieut Govr John Goodwin Matthew Curling of Council Robert Wright The last Consultation was read and Approved	The condition of the teak boards appeared by the report of the master carpenter and master mason, made at St Helena on 19 July 1746. They had, on the board’s order, surveyed the ten pieces of teak plank that came from Bengal aboard the Royal George and now lay in the Company’s stores, which had been intended to make gun carriages, and gave their opinion that the timber was not fit for the purpose, being uneasy to saw and rotten, which were two bad properties. It was subscribed by their servants Henry Moyce and John Bland. Matthew Purling, storekeeper, produced his books according to the order of the consultation of 29 April last. The consultation was subscribed by David Dunbar, Charles Hutchinson, John Goodwin, Purling and Wright. At a consultation held on Tuesday 29 July 1746 at the castle, the board sat as Governor Dunbar, Charles Hutchinson as Lieutenant Governor, John Goodwin, Matthew Purling and Robert Wright of council, the previous consultation read and approved. Interpretations The rejection of the teak for gun carriages marks the practical failure of the Indian timber supply at a moment when the wartime garrison most needed sound wood for its ordnance. Gun carriages bore the shock of firing and had to be made of strong, workable timber, and the master carpenter and mason condemned the Bengal plank as both hard to saw and already rotten, faults that made it useless for the purpose it was shipped for. The episode shows the island dependent for a critical military need on a distant supply it could not control and that repeatedly disappointed, the same unreliable flow of goods from India that had furnished the bad boards noted the previous day, leaving the defences short of the timber to mount their guns even as the season pressed the works forward. The formal survey by two named tradesmen and their signed report show the deliberate care the board took to document the failure of Company goods for the record. Rather than simply setting the bad timber aside, the council ordered a survey and took a written opinion from the carpenter and mason, so that the unfitness of the plank was established by qualified men and entered in the consultations. The procedure marks the island’s answerability to the directors in London, every loss or defect in the Company’s stores proved by inspection and set down in writing, the settlement building a documentary case for what it could not use so that the responsibility for the waste rested where the goods had come from rather than on the officers who received them.
58	68	July 29 On the 29th Instant we Published the following Orders Vizt A Copy of a Paragraph in the General Letter from the Honble Company dated 14 March 1701 We do hereby likewise strictly forbid all Persons upon our Island of St Helena from Selling or uttering by way of Retailing Arrack Punch Beer Wine or other Liquor or Tobacco except only such and so many Persons as shall obtain our Licence for so doing under the Hand and seale of our Governour for the time being Copy of the 28th Paragraph in the General Letter from the Honble Company pr James and Mary dated 29 Novbr 1727 We observe the Lists Sent of the Revenues as you call them of the Island that is by way of the Dutys on the Free Land the Rent of the Lease Land and the Yearly Payments for Cattle and Blacks which in the Whole Amount to Five hundred and fifty four Pounds And that you had a Revenue of thirty five Pounds a year for Licences Granted to Sevrl Persons to sell Liquor with a Penalty to be inflicted on all others who Sell without Licence this We Approve and bespeak Your Care tho it is but a Renewal of what was formerly Practised Mr John Goodwin who hath acted as Octavo 3d of Council since Mr Dixon's leaving the Island is allowed the Salary as such Mr Matthew Curling as 4 and Mr Robert Wright as fifth till the Company's Pleasure be known upon it The Governour according to his declaration the last Consultation day laid his Protest on the Table but the Ships being to sail hence in two days and the Gentlemen not having time to Answer it the Governour consented that it should not be Entd till next Consultation day The Storekeeper Reports that he from Cash Arrack Vizt from the Storehouse Loaded 298 lb Wanted of 5 Wt 4 Gallons Arrack from the Provia some from the Wood on Court 29 July 1746 Signd M Curling	On 29 July the board published two paragraphs from the Company’s general letters bearing on the licensing of liquor. The first was a copy of a paragraph in the general letter from the Company dated 14 March 1701. The Company strictly forbade all persons on the island of St Helena from selling or uttering by way of retailing arrack, punch, beer, wine or other liquor, or tobacco, except only such and so many persons as should obtain a licence for so doing under the hand and seal of the Governor for the time being. The second was a copy of the twenty-eighth paragraph in the general letter from the Company to St James and Mary dated 29 November 1727. The Company observed the lists sent of the revenues, as they were called, of the island, that is of the duties on the free land, the rent of the lease land and the yearly payments for cattle and slaves, which in the whole amounted to five hundred and fifty-four pounds, and that there had been a revenue of thirty-five pounds a year for licences granted to several persons to sell liquor, with a penalty inflicted on all others who sold without licence. The Company approved this and commended it to the council’s care, though it was but a renewal of what was formerly practised. John Goodwin, who had acted as fourth of council since Christopher Dixon left the island, was allowed the salary as such, Matthew Purling as fifth and Robert Wright as sixth, until the Company’s pleasure be known upon it. The Governor, according to his declaration the previous consultation, laid his protest on the table, but the paper being to be read out in two days and the members not having time to answer it, the Governor consented that it should not be entered until the next consultation. The storekeeper reported that he found four casks of arrack from the store ship Londonderry wanted of full quantity, being short of the invoice by some gallons of arrack short from the Amoy, and subscribed it M Purling, 29 July 1746. Interpretations The publishing of the 1701 paragraph gave the council the very authority its members had wanted the week before, the Company’s original prohibition on unlicensed retailing set out in plain terms after the board had struggled to define the offence in Greentree’s case. Read against that debate, the paragraph shows the licensing rule rested on a clear ban on selling liquor without the Governor’s licence under hand and seal, yet fixed no quantity, so the difficulty the councillors had faced was written into the founding order itself. The timing suggests the Governor brought the old paragraphs forward to reassert the rule after the board had declined to fine Greentree, laying down the Company’s written authority against a decision he had protested, the archive of general letters serving as the ground on which the dispute over enforcement was fought. The revenue paragraph of 1727 reveals the licensing system as a source of Company income rather than merely a control on drink, the thirty-five pounds a year from licences entered alongside the land duties and the payments for cattle and slaves as part of the island’s revenue. Set beside the total of five hundred and fifty-four pounds from the other heads, the licence money was a modest but regular return, and the Company’s approval of it shows the regulation of liquor doubling as a fiscal instrument. The purpose of fining unlicensed sellers appears in this light as much to protect the licence revenue as to restrain drinking, the whole system a means of drawing income from the sale of spirits while confining it to those who paid for the privilege, the penalty on the unlicensed a defence of the Company’s own take.
59	69	1746 Mr Matthew Curling reported that he had been on board the Royall George and Scarborough to Muster their Company and Search for Deserters but found none the Muster Rolls are as follows Vizt A List of the Ships Company Belonging to the Royall George Thos Field Commander George Desbree Mate Jos Pearse 2 Do Geo Creathon 3 Do Jno Chesleurgh 4 Do Chas Wenoldson Purser Jno Delloquijar Doctor Robt Guye Corp Wm Griffis Boatswain John Gray Gunner John Naylor Mrs Gunner Samuel White Caulker Thomas Bull Coxswain Wm Greenhill Midshipman Jos Bateman Do Benj Boyden Do Jos Wedman Do Saml Peter Cooper John Mallard Capt Steward Fra Hook Do Cook Conr Faulkner Capt Man Jos Adams Mrs Cook Jos Gunnas Baker Jos Ludington Butcher Robt Pattison Paulterer Jos Lattimore Gunner Fra Smith Boatswn Do Peter Splitt Coopers Do George Bowman Carp Do Joseph Cardell Joyner Wm Richardson Sailmaker Alexr Scott Taylor Jno Byrn Docts Mate Wm Adamson 2 Master Wm Bott Do Nath Danang Do Calm Clerk Do Jno Collell Caulkers Mate Tho Gresham Armourer Tho Griffis Corp 2 Mate Tho Colliwell Boatr Do Bastian Gorger Seaman Nic Neave Do Qr Do Cawley Do Qr Do Molk Do Nic Singloe Do Matt Saint Do Jos Potts Do Jos Watley Do Robt Muning Do Nic Widbury Do Jno England Do Jos Flint Do Wm Lordant Do Sis Sis Wheater Do Jno Davis Do Tho Morris Do Jos Gamsey Do Jno Simpson Do Jno Jennings Do Jno Ward Do Wm Dickenson Do Sam Grigg Do Jno Scott Do John Weaver Do Jno Slee Do Wm Bagstan Do Wm Crockshank Do Jos Lamb Do Eri Wolven Do Peter Gregory Do Guey Long Do Sam Merridath Do Jos Betty Do Wm Pearce Do Jos Gibson Servt Richard Barrett Do Jos Clation Do Geo Bratton Do Ste Scott Do Rob Wollaston Do Wm Lidsall Do Totall 80 at St Helena July ye 26 1746	Matthew Purling reported that he had been on board the Royal George and Scarborough to muster their company and search for deserters, but found none. The muster roll of the Royal George was as follows. A list of the ship's company belonging to the Royal George: Thomas Steele, commander. Joseph Caddell, joiner. George Desbrew, mate. William Richardson, sailmaker. John Simpson, sailmaker. John Pearse, mate. Alexander Scott, taylor. John Jennings, taylor. Thomas Creathon, mate. John Byrn, doctor's mate. John Ward, doctor's mate. John Cheesbrough, mate. William Adamson, second master. William Dickenson, second master. Charles Wenoldson, purser. William Bott, purser. Samuel Grigg, purser. John Dillonquear, doctor. Nathaniel Danning, doctor. John Scott, doctor. Robert Guye, carpenter. Caleb Clark, carpenter. Peter Weaver, carpenter. William Griffis, boatswain. John Collett, caulker's mate. John Slee, caulker's mate. John Gray, gunner. Thomas Gresham, armourer. William Bagstairs, armourer. John Naylor, master's servant. Thomas Griffis, coxswain's mate. Alexander Crockshank, coxswain's mate. Samuel White, caulker. Thomas Colliwell, boatswain's mate. John Lamb, boatswain's mate. Thomas Bull, coxswain. Bastian Gorger, seaman. Erick Wolmer, seaman. William Greenhill, midshipman. Nicholas Meave, midshipman. Peter Gregory, midshipman. John Bateman, midshipman. John Cawley, midshipman. Guy Long, midshipman. Benjamin Boyden, midshipman. John Molk, midshipman. Samuel Meredith, midshipman. John Wedman, midshipman. Nicholas Singloe, midshipman. John Betty, midshipman. Samuel Peter, cooper. Matthew Saint, cooper. William Bewes, cooper. John Mallard, captain's steward. John Potts, captain's steward. John Gibson, servant. Francis Hook, doctor's cook. John Wedley, doctor's cook. Richard Barrett, doctor's cook. Conrad Faulkner, captain's man. Robert Manning, captain's man. John Clarkson, captain's man. John Adams, master's cook. Nicholas Widowry, master's cook. George Bewton, master's cook. John Gunna, baker. John Flint, baker. Stephen Scott, baker. John Ludington, butcher. John Print, butcher. Robert Wollaston, butcher. Robert Pattison, painter. William Lordant, painter. William Lidsall, painter. John Lattemore, gunner's mate. Stephen Vreater, gunner's mate. Francis Smith, boatswain's mate. John Davis, boatswain's mate. Peter Splett, cooper's mate. Thomas Morris, mate. George Bowman, captain's servant. John Gurnsey, mate. Total, 82. St Helena, 26 July 1746. Interpretations The muster of the ship’s company against desertion shows the island’s standing duty to hold the crews of the Company’s ships to their number, a check the council performed on every vessel that anchored. The search for deserters was aimed at men who might slip ashore to escape the hard discipline and long voyages of Company service, and the island, as the one obligatory stop on the homeward route, was the place where such men were most likely to run. By mustering the company man by man and finding none missing, the storekeeper both discharged the council’s responsibility and gave the ship a clean account to carry home, the roll a formal proof that the crew was whole, a small but necessary part of keeping the Company’s ships manned across a route where every port offered a chance to desert. The detailed roll sets out the elaborate division of labour aboard a great East Indiaman, a floating community with its own tradesmen for every need of a long voyage. The ship carried joiners, sailmakers, caulkers, armourers, coopers, bakers, butchers, painters and a taylor alongside the seamen and officers, each with his mate, so that the vessel could repair, provision and maintain herself through months at sea without recourse to any shore. The muster is a picture of the self-contained world of the Indiaman, a ship that had to be shipwright, victualler and workshop as well as carrier, its company organised like a small town afloat, and the island that mustered it a brief point of contact between that sealed maritime world and the land.
60	70	July 29 A List of the Officers and Seamen belonging to the Ship Scarborough Phillip D'Auvergne Commander William Faxon Chief Mate William Plym Second Mate Barsham Rawlins Third Mate Bonator Sander 2nd fourth Mate Edward Massey Fifth Mate John Lane Purser James Larimore Surgeon Thomas Savage Cretsetor David Griffith Boatswain John Marten Gunner Robert Goodwin Steward Joseph Wirth Caulker Richard Joyce Sailmaker John Bally Cooper Robert Stone Capt & Cook Nathaniel Wadler Ships Cook Walter Cox Surgeons boy Robert Verlevoy Carpenters Mate Henry Stone Carpenters 2 Mate Isaac Bickell Joyner John Hopjohn Butcher John Cusick Quartermaster Richard Dobie Do John Morell Do James Willson Do John Gosin Do William Rogers Andrew Pearl Midshipman Peter Baton David Phillips Coxswain James Wood Boatswains Mate Bruas Scott Gunners Mate John Jones Coopers Do Timothy Certain Caulkd Do William Davis Armourr Jacob Donding Boatr Corp Jos Henry Newnbed Cnr Do John Attinborough Do John Ditchburne Chief Mte Wm Rindley Sevgeants Do Ths Lancaster Gunners Do John Sacorn Carpenters Do Josrph Sevridge Seamn Robert Sympson Do Francis Walker Do William Weed Do Edward Devey Do Garrat Corolus Do Patrick Lawley Do Lewis Betchey Do John Sevell Do Luke Dorrington Do Edward Watson Do George Cook Do Geofrey Cook Do John Burin Do Charles Collier Do John Stoulbun Do Thomas Leakey Do William Naubon Do Timothy Delany Do Jos Wolvell Do William Gordon Do William Ince Do John Sivelle Do James Hill Do David Wyatt Do William Gnstan Do Dictor Dikes Do John Alraradon Do John Pritchard Do Michael Gram Do George Todd Do Ths Brooks Do John Bunting Do Richard Cox Do John Smith Do John Craigh Do James Oliphant Do John Hill Do Ferdinand O'neal Do Phillip Caselly Do Sthos Roberts Do Ste Wroker Do Abra Wledock Do The Governour laid before us the following which we agreed should be Entered Vizt Sundrys wanted for the Company's Use	The muster roll of the Scarborough was as follows. A list of the officers and seamen belonging to the ship Scarborough: Phillip D'Auvergne, commander. William Foxon, chief mate. David Phillips, coxswain. Thomas Leakey, coxswain. William Plym, second mate. James Wood, boatswain's mate. William Marlow, boatswain's mate. Barsham Rawlins, third mate. Thomas Scott, gunner's mate. Timothy Delany, gunner's mate. Boraton Sanders, fourth mate. John Jones, cooper's mate. John Halwell, cooper's mate. Edward Massey, fifth mate. Timothy Certain, caulker's mate. William Gordon, caulker's mate. John Lane, purser. William Davis, armourer. William Lac, armourer. James Larimore, surgeon. Jacob Dowding, boatswain. John Savill, boatswain. Thomas Savage, surgeon's mate. Henry Reinbird, carpenter. James Hill, carpenter. David Griffith, boatswain. John Attenborough, boatswain. David Wyatt, boatswain. John Marten, gunner. John Ditchburn, chief mate. William Gipson, chief mate. Robert Goodwin, steward. William Findley, surgeon's mate. Dexter Dikes, surgeon's mate. Joseph Wirth, caulker. Richard Lancaster, gunner's mate. John Alexander, gunner's mate. Richard Pryce, sailmaker. John Sacorn, carpenter. John Pritchard, carpenter. John Batty, cooper. Robert Sweridge, seaman. Michael Gram, seaman. Robert Stone, captain's cook. Robert Simpson, seaman. George Todd, seaman. Nathaniel Pindar, ship's cook. Francis Walker, seaman. Thomas Brooks, seaman. Walter Cars, surgeon's boy. William Weed, seaman. John Bunting, seaman. Robert Solway, carpenter's mate. Edward Devey, seaman. Richard Fox, seaman. Henry Stone, carpenter's second mate. Garrat Carolus, seaman. John Smith, seaman. Isaac Bickell, joiner. Patrick Lawley, seaman. John Creagh, seaman. John Hopyar, butcher. Lewis Betchey, seaman. James Oliphant, seaman. John Cusick, quartermaster. John Sewell, seaman. John Hill, seaman. Richard Dobie, quartermaster. Luke Dorrington, seaman. Ferdinand O'Neal, seaman. John Morell, quartermaster. Edward Watson, seaman. Bartholomew Caseley, seaman. James William, quartermaster. George Cook, seaman. Thomas Roberts, seaman. John Gosin, quartermaster. Godfrey Cook, seaman. Thomas Walker, seaman. William Rogers, midshipman. John Bran, seaman. Abraham Wladock, seaman. Andrew Pearl, midshipman. Charles Collier, seaman. Peter Baton, midshipman. John Houlum, seaman. The Governor then laid before the board the following goods wanted for the Company’s use, which it agreed should be entered. Interpretations The muster of the Scarborough against desertion completes the pair of searches Purling made that day, the council holding both ships of the road to their full complement before they sailed. As with the Royal George, the roll served to prove the crew whole and to catch any man who might run ashore to escape Company service, the island being the one certain stop where a homeward crew could be checked. The listing of every hand from commander to seaman was the formal record that no man had deserted, a discharge of the council’s standing duty to the Company whose ships depended on keeping their crews across a long voyage, the muster a routine but essential guard against the loss of men at the ocean’s single obligatory port. The roll again shows the full trades of an East Indiaman gathered aboard one hull, the ship carrying her own carpenters, caulkers, coopers, sailmaker, armourers, joiner, butcher and surgeon with their mates. Every craft needed to keep the vessel sound and her company fed through months at sea sailed with her, so that the ship was a self-sufficient working community independent of any shore. The two musters together, taken on the same day, mark the island’s brief intersection with this sealed maritime world, the council counting the men of ships that could repair and provision themselves anywhere on the ocean but had still to answer to the settlement’s check as they passed, the land’s one hold over the self-contained world of the sea.
61	71	1746 Varnish for preserving great Gunns such as is Used by the Ordinance paint to preserve the Carriages Two Sand Sieves and two screens for sand and lime and some of the same wire to repair them for the use of the Fortifications The Worms sent for Muskets by the Queen Caroline were too small and Scarcely fitt for pistolls The Soldiers Coats are so very ill made yt there is so much trouble in fitting them as the mustering boxts as my Cloaths are made in three Sizes and want no altering The Drums Cloathing is by much too fine in proportion to the Soldiers No Centry Coats will be wanted for three Years the old ones are kept repaird and as now there are Centry boxes there will be little Occasion for such Coats As a large Barn is Building near the House point in the great Wood for the Corn of which there is now a large prospect some Shingles would be a fine Covering for it and this Barn will be convenient for our flying Poultry upon Manors who have no Covering from the bad Wr either in the Great Wood A Mill will be wanted to Grind the Corn such as the Court Please either to Go by water or wind or a large wheel hand Mill Hair Cloath for a small Kiln to dry Corn Corn or Malt shovels and a dozen Good flails and winnowing Cloath and sieves for next Year I expect more than 100 Quarters of this Crop & as much in December from Corn now above Ground Pumps and pipes for the new Well for the Use of the Valley and Shipping I pray in a true Character of the new Water from the Capts of the Royal George and Scarborough Some bundles of Pantile latts would be very usefull and Shingles which would be light of Carriage in to the Country and would Pack Close in a ship Two Years ago a quantity of Blew Stuff and pewter Buttons were sent from England which we imagind were intended for Soldiers wast coats but as no use was mentiond with them all the Cloth has been Sold but most of the Buttons are still remaining We proposed to turn the Old Coat Yearly into wastcoats but as many of the Soldiers are employd on the Fortifications and other labour for want of Blacks and many are forced to go fishing to Victle the Garrison we oblige	The Governor’s list of goods wanted for the Company’s use, entered as follows. Varnish for preserving the great guns, such as is used by the Ordnance, and paint to preserve the carriages. Two sand sieves and two screens for sand and lime, and some of the same wire to repair them, for the use of the fortifications. The worms sent for the muskets by the Queen Caroline were too small and only fit for pistols. The soldiers’ coats were very ill made, and there was much trouble in fitting them as the market boats, being clothes, were made in three sizes and wanted no altering. The drums’ clothing was by much too fine in proportion to the soldiers. No sentry boats would be wanted for three years, the old ones being kept repaired, and as there were now sentry boxes there would be little occasion for such boats. A large barn was building near the Horse Point in the Great Wood for the corn, of which there was now a large prospect, and some shingles would be a fine covering for it, and this barn would be convenient for the flying party upon alarms, who had no covering from the bad weather either in the Great Wood. A mill would be wanted to grind the corn, such as the Court should please, either to go by water or wind or a large wheel hand mill. Hair cloth for a small kiln to dry corn. Corn or malt shovels, and a dozen good flails and winnowing cloths and sieves for next year, the board expecting more than a hundred quarters of this crop, and as much in December from corn now above ground. Pumps and pipes for the new well for the use of the valley, and shipping, they having a good character of the new water from the captains of the Royal George and Scarborough. Some bundles of pantile laths would be very useful, and shingles, which would be light of carriage into the country and would stick close in a ship. Two years ago a quantity of blue stuff and pewter buttons were sent from England, which they imagined were intended for the soldiers’ waistcoats, but as no use was mentioned with them, all the cloth had been sold, and most of the buttons were left remaining. The board proposed to turn the old coats yearly into waistcoats, but as many of the soldiers were employed on the fortifications and other labour, for want of slaves, and many were forced to go fishing to victual the garrison, they would be obliged. Interpretations The barn building in the Great Wood and the request for a mill, kiln, flails and winnowing gear mark the ripening of the Company’s arable scheme into a genuine grain harvest, the culmination of the ploughing effort the earlier accounts had equipped. The board now expected more than a hundred quarters of corn from the standing crop and as much again from ground already sown, a scale of production that required its own barn to store it, mill to grind it and threshing and winnowing tools to process it. The list shows the island moving decisively toward growing its own grain, a strategic shift for a settlement long dependent on imported rice and flour, the whole apparatus of an English arable farm being requisitioned to make St Helena feed itself in a commodity it had always bought. The complaint that the soldiers were forced to labour on the fortifications and to go fishing for want of slaves lays bare the chronic shortage of hands that shaped every part of the island’s economy. The garrison could not be kept purely to soldiering because the works and the food supply both demanded labour the slave establishment could not furnish, so armed men were turned to spade work and the boats to keep the settlement defended and fed. The observation shows the deep interdependence of the island’s military, agricultural and provisioning needs, all competing for the same insufficient supply of labour, and explains why the same men appear throughout the accounts drawing soldier’s pay, fortification day-money and fishing wages together, a small population stretched across every task at once.
62	72	July 29 oblige them to wear their old Coats Since the new and make them appear handsomely on duty and under Armes And as the nights are very cold at the out guards waistcoats would be comfortable to the Poor Soldiers The Governour proposes how this may be done and all the Cloathing better with a saving instead of 8 pence to the Honble Company We apprehend there was a Mistake in the Cloathing sent for the Officers the Cloath not near so good as the former and White buttons of a stone price for them such as was never put on Officers Cloaths they do not Complain because it is the Honble Company's bounty to them but we think it our duty to remark it as you are pleased to Order us to do so by any thing yt we apprehend not to be good of the Kind About 90 dozen Small Lines from 9d 1 to 3 to be added to thirty dozen Ordered for the One hundred dozen Sent by the Somerset are Issued so fast that there will not be Sufficient for the next Year's Consumption Three hundred Small tuthed Horn Combs for the Soldiers Hair those in the Stores being both de teethed for that Purpose Ten Peices Broad Red Bunting Capts Field and Cor D'Auvergne having made a Demande for what we had none in the Stores the Blue and White Bunting Ordered for will be of no Service Without the Red The Storekeeper this day Produced this day Books according to Order of Consultation of 29 April last Robert Meacock Cooper this day Laid before us the following Petition Vizt To the Worshipfull David Dunbar Esqr Govr & Council of St Helena The humble Petition of Robert Meacock Sheweth That it hath been always for the Person that Acted in your Petitioner's place as Cooper to be Allowed out of the Honble Company's Store 1 Peice of Meat lb of Rice and a gallon of Arrack Weakly That Your Petitioner not only Acts as Steward in the above Respect but also in Serveing out and takeing Account of the Bread	The list continued. The board would be obliged to turn the soldiers’ old coats into waistcoats, since the new coats made them appear handsomely on duty and under arms, and as the nights were very cold at the out guards, waistcoats would be comfortable to the poor soldiers. The Governor proposed how this might be done, and all the clothing better, with a saving instead of expense to the Company. The board apprehended there was a mistake in the clothing sent for the officers, the cloth not near so good as the former, and white buttons of a lower price for them, such as was never put on officers’ clothes. They did not complain, since it was the Company’s bounty to them, but they thought it their duty to remark it, as they were ordered to do so by anything they apprehended not to be good of the kind. About ninety dozen small line, from number one to number three, was wanted to be added to the thirty dozen provided for, the one hundred dozen sent by the Somerset being expended so fast that there would not be sufficient for the next year’s consumption. Three hundred small toothed horn combs for the soldiers’ hair were wanted, those in the stores being both ill teethed for that purpose. Ten pieces of broad red and blue bunting were wanted, Captain Steele and Captain D’Auvergne having made a demand for what the board had none of in the stores, the blue and white bunting provided for being of no service without the red. The storekeeper produced his books that day according to the order of the consultation of 29 April last. Robert Meacock, cooper, laid before the board the following petition. To the worshipful David Dunbar, esquire, Governor, and the council of St Helena, the humble petition of Robert Meacock set out that it had always been the custom for the person that acted in the petitioner’s place as cooper to be allowed out of the Company’s store one piece of wheat, half of rice, and a gallon of arrack weekly. He set out that he not only acted as steward in the above respect, but also in serving out and taking account of the bread. Interpretations The board’s careful remark on the inferior cloth and cheaper buttons sent for the officers, offered as a duty rather than a complaint, shows the delicate relation between the local council and the directors over the quality of the goods sent from home. The officers would not object to what was the Company’s bounty to them, yet the council felt bound to record that the clothing fell below the former standard and carried buttons never before put on officers’ coats, a small but pointed observation entered because the Company had ordered them to report anything they thought defective. The passage marks the council’s position as the directors’ eyes at the far end of the supply line, obliged to note the declining quality of what London sent even in matters touching the officers’ own dignity, the record of the shortfall preserved without open grievance so that the directors might know their goods had come short of the mark. The bunting wanted for the ships’ captains marks the practical failure of a supply sent in incomplete sets, the blue and white bunting useless without the red the demand required. Bunting was the cloth of signal flags and ensigns, and a ship could not make her colours from two of the three needed shades, so the stock provided stood idle for want of the missing part. The episode illustrates a recurring flaw in the distant provisioning, goods shipped without regard to how they would be used, leaving the island holding materials it could not employ, the same problem as the blue stuff and buttons sent with no purpose named. The council’s request that the red be supplied shows it constantly correcting from the far end the mismatches of a supply chain that sent parts without wholes across half the world.
63	73	1746 Bread that is Baked and Selling of the same which the former Stewards never did Your Petitioner therefore humbly beggs that he may be Allowed after the Customary rate with the former Stewards And Your Petitioner as In duty Bound Shall Ever Pray Island St Helena Signd July the 29 1746 Robert Meacock As he was Mentioned to the Honble Company in the General Letter dated 9 Feby 1745 We referred the above to them for their Answer We have Purchased of Capt Field a Longboat with the Masts an Anchor and Cable for ten Pounds for the Use of the Honble Company & Sails from Capt D'Auvergne for Eight Pounds two Shillings We have also at Capt D'Auvergne's Request Spared him from the Company's Stores there 12 dozen of Hand Granado's for the Use of his Ship Capt D'Auvergne this day Applied to us for Leave to Pay into the Company's Cash the Sum of Seventy six Pounds the Produce of some Wearing Apparel and Furniture belonging to Capt Westcott decd and Sold here at Publick Outcry Which We Granted him and Gave him Certificates for the same to the Honble Company dated this day David Dunbar Tha Hutchinson John Goodwin & c Curling Wright	Meacock closed his petition, setting out that the bread was baked and sold, which the former stewards never did, and humbly asking that he be allowed after the customary rate with the former stewards. He signed it Robert Meacock, St Helena, 29 July 1746. As he had been mentioned to the Company in the general letter dated 9 February 1745, the board referred the petition to them for their answer. The board bought of Captain Steele a longboat with the masts, an anchor and cable for ten pounds for the Company’s use, and sails from Captain D’Auvergne for eight pounds two shillings. At Captain D’Auvergne’s request the board also spared him from the Company’s stores there twelve dozen hand grenades for the use of his ship. Captain D’Auvergne applied to the board for leave to pay into the Company’s cash the sum of seventy-six pounds, the produce of some wearing apparel and furniture belonging to Captain Westcott deceased, and sold there at public outcry, which the board granted him, and gave him certificates for the same to the Company dated that day. The board subscribed the consultation, David Dunbar, Charles Hutchinson, John Goodwin, Purling and Wright. Interpretations The sparing of twelve dozen hand grenades to the Scarborough marks the island as an arsenal as well as a chandlery for the wartime shipping, supplying the ships with the weapons of close defence for their onward passage. Hand grenades were thrown in boarding actions and to repel attackers, and a ship sailing home through waters where a French privateer might be met wanted them for her own protection, drawing them from the Company’s military stores on the island. The transaction shows St Helena furnishing the homeward vessels not merely with provisions and repair materials but with munitions, the settlement’s stock of arms serving the defence of the fleet as well as its own batteries, a further way the island’s stores sustained the whole enterprise of the ocean route in a time of war. The deceased captain’s effects sold at public outcry and paid into the Company’s cash show the island again serving as the place where the estates of men who died in the Company’s service were settled and remitted home. Captain Westcott’s apparel and furniture were auctioned on the island and the proceeds lodged with the Company against certificates, so that the value might be carried to his heirs or account in England by the safe medium of the Company’s books rather than as loose goods or coin. The procedure marks the settlement’s standing role in gathering and transmitting the property of the maritime dead, the same service it performed for the seaman Moody’s small legacy, the auction of a captain’s goods and the lodging of the money a routine part of how a scattered service dealt with death far from home.
64	74	August 5 At a Consultation holden Tuesday the 5 day of August 1746 at the Castle Present Colonel David Dunbar Governour Capt Charles Hutchinson Lt Govr John Goodwin Matthew Curling of Council Robert Wright The last Consultation was read and Approved Thursday 31 July Sailed the Royall George and Scarborough for England by Whome we sent over dispatches to the Honble Company Sunday 3 August Died Thomas Corker Serjeant The Governour this day delivered the following Protest to be Entred Vizt St Helena July the 29 1746 Whereas I represented to the Council in Consultation on the 15 instant that Mr Thomas Greentree as Canter of this Island had contrary to the Honble Company's repeated orders retaild Arrack to several diffent persons without any Lycence for so doing and desired yt the facts might be examined into & if proved that the said Mr Greentree might be fined as others had been for the like Offence Upon which Mr Greentree was sent for and Eight Evidences to prove the same each of Which owned to have payd into Mr Greentrees hands money for small Quantitys which they had received But he having gone yt Morning into the Country as I believe to Avoyd the said Examination I say I put off till the 22 Instant when I say the Evidences attended according to Order and he being Called in and told the Charge against them He Absolutely denied it Upon Which Seven or Eight of the Evidences were Called in prd yt Unanimously agreed and Confessing yt they had each of them payd their money into Mr Greentrees hands for their part of Thirty one Gallons of Arrack divided in different quantitys amongst them	At a consultation held on Tuesday 5 August 1746 at the castle, the board sat as Governor Dunbar, Charles Hutchinson as Lieutenant Governor, John Goodwin, Matthew Purling and Robert Wright of council, the previous consultation read and approved. On Thursday 31 July the Royal George and Scarborough sailed for England, by whom the board sent its dispatches to the Company. On Sunday 3 August Thomas Corker, sergeant, died. The Governor delivered his protest, dated St Helena 29 July 1746, to be entered. The Governor set out that he had represented to the council on 15 July that Thomas Greentree, a planter of the island, had contrary to the Company’s repeated orders retailed arrack to several different persons without any licence for so doing, and had desired the facts be examined into, and if proved that Greentree be fined as others had been for the like offence. Greentree was sent for, and eight persons called to prove the charge, each of whom owned to have paid into Greentree’s hands money for small quantity, which they had received. But the Governor having gone that morning into the country, and Greentree, to avoid the examination, saying he put it off until 22 July, when the evidence attended according to order, and Greentree being called in and told the charge against him, absolutely denied it. Upon which seven or eight of the witnesses were called in and did unanimously agree and confess that they had each of them paid their money into Greentree’s hands for their part of thirty-one gallons of arrack, divided in different quantity among them. Interpretations The Governor’s decision to reduce his case to a formal written protest and enter it in the consultations marks the seriousness with which he took the board’s refusal to fine Greentree, turning a disagreement over one liquor sale into a matter of record for the directors. Having been outvoted by every other member, the Governor could not carry the fine, but he could set down his own account of the facts and his objection so that London would see the case as he saw it, the protest a means of appealing over the heads of his own council. The passage shows the working of dissent on a colonial board where the Governor held but a single vote, the written protest his instrument for preserving his position against a majority he could not overrule, the whole dispute preserved in the archive as evidence for a higher authority to judge. The Governor’s reconstruction of the facts stressed exactly the point his fellow councillors had used to acquit Greentree, that each buyer had paid money into Greentree’s hands for his share of the thirty-one gallons. Where the members read the division among licensed publicans as taking the sale outside the definition of retailing, the Governor read the same payments by several persons as the very proof that Greentree had retailed to many rather than sold in bulk to one. The identical facts thus bore opposite meanings for the two sides, the Governor building his protest on the plurality of payments the council had dismissed as immaterial, the case turning wholly on whether a sale divided among several buyers was one wholesale transaction or many retail ones, a question the Company’s silent orders left each reader to answer as his judgement inclined.
65	75	1746 Then Mr Greentree sayd in his defence that he did not know what retailing was which I explaind by saying that retailing was buying in Quantity & I say I said selling in smaller Quantity Whereupon as Cate arock and four of the Council Vizt Capt Charles Hutchinson Lt Governour Mr John Goodwin Mr Matthew Curling and Robert Wright acquied in favour and Excuse of Mr Greentree Evidence Examinations were taken upon Oath at their request Which are Enterd in the Consultation of the 22 Instant After which I desired that each of the said four Gentlemen would give their Opinion in Writeing whether Mr Greentree was guilty of Retailing and had thereby incured a fine The said four Gentlemen did thereupon write and sign their Opinions which are Enterd in the said Consultation Which Opinion being very near in the same words convinces me that they had agreed upon it before they mett in Consultation and Consequently before they could hear the proof yet upon my reading all the said Opinions I protested against them and their Opinion and promised to Enter my reasons in the next Consultation And accordingly I do now protest against the said Capt Charles Hutchinson Lt Governour Mr John Goodwin Accomptant Mr Matthew Curling Storekeeper and Mr Robert Wright Overseer all of the Council here against their said several Opinions for the reasons following 1 Because I conceive the said Opinions to be very partial and Erroneus and directly contrary to the express meaning of the Honble Company's repeated Orders against retailing Spiritous liquor without Lycence 2 ly Because I remember to have heard that in a case tryed before the Rt Honble the Lord Chief Justice Lee I there a Person was sued by the King for retailing Spiritous liquor contrary to Act of Parliament and the Council for the Defendant urged that the Quantity sold was within the Meaning of the Act but it being proved that it was divided among many people to the Defendant Knowledge the King's Council Consisted that if such Persons were to be Allowed no law could be Construed to restrain such Practice and After a long hearing the said Persons were disallowed and the Party was fined the sum of one hundred Pounds This I take to be a Case in point	The Governor’s protest continued. Greentree had said in his defence that he did not know what retailing was, which the Governor explained by saying that retailing was buying in quantity or gross and selling in smaller quantity. Whereupon four of the council, Charles Hutchinson as Lieutenant Governor, John Goodwin, Matthew Purling and Robert Wright, argued in favour and excuse of Greentree, whose examinations were taken on oath at their request and entered in the consultation of 22 July. After this the Governor desired that each of the four gentlemen would give their opinion in writing whether Greentree was guilty of retailing and had thereby incurred a fine. The four gentlemen did thereupon write and sign their opinions, entered in the consultation. Their opinion being very near in the same words convinced the Governor that they had agreed upon it before they met in consultation, and consequently before they could hear the proof, so on his reading all the opinions he protested against them and their opinion, and promised to enter his reasons at the next consultation. Accordingly the Governor now protested against Charles Hutchinson as Lieutenant Governor, John Goodwin as accountant, Matthew Purling as storekeeper and Robert Wright as overseer, and against the council and their several opinions, for the reasons following. First, because he conceived the opinions to be very partial and erroneous and directly contrary to the express meaning of the Company’s repeated orders against retailing spirituous liquor without licence. Second, because he remembered to have heard that in a case tried before the honourable the Lord Chief Justice Lee, where a person was sued by the King for retailing spirituous liquor contrary to act of Parliament, the defendant urged that the quantity sold was within the meaning of the act, but it being proved that it was divided among many people to the defendant’s knowledge, the King’s counsel insisted that if such evasions were to be allowed no law could be construed to restrain such practice, and after a long hearing the reasons were disallowed and the party was fined the sum of one hundred pounds. This the Governor took to be a case in point. Interpretations The Governor’s charge that the four members had agreed their opinions beforehand goes beyond the merits of the case to accuse them of concerting against him, the near identity of their written opinions taken as proof of collusion. Coming only months after his suspension of Dixon and his formal protest that Goodwin and Purling had caballed against him, the accusation shows the Governor reading every majority decision as evidence of a combination among the members to thwart his authority. The passage marks the deep breakdown of trust on the board, the Governor treating the ordinary agreement of his councillors not as independent judgement reaching a common conclusion but as a prearranged front, the licensing dispute drawn into the same pattern of suspicion that had poisoned his relations with the council since the winter. The Governor’s citation of the case before Lord Chief Justice Lee shows him reaching, like Wright before him, to English law to settle the meaning of retailing, but drawing the opposite conclusion. Where Wright had cited the three-gallon threshold to acquit Greentree, the Governor cited a reported case in which division among many buyers was held to be the very thing that made a sale unlawful retailing, the King’s counsel arguing that to allow such division as a defence would destroy the law altogether. The rival appeals to English precedent mark how both sides sought authority beyond the Company’s silent orders, each finding in the metropolitan law the principle that supported his reading, the dispute at St Helena becoming a contest between two versions of what English law made of a divided sale, argued five thousand miles from the courts that had decided it.
66	76	August 5 Thirdly Because by the said Opinions a door is Opend for any man who Pleases to retail liquor without licence which will deprive the Honble Company of a revenue long established by their Order here and from which within little more than two Years past a considerable sum has been raised and Payd into their Cash Fourthly Because three of the said Four Gentlemen are planters and in my Opinion not Competent Judges where a planter is Concerned and One of them a Wisher to Mr Greentree And fifthly because the Lt Governour has for a long time particularly since the 6 of December last sett himself up to thwart and oppose me in very many instances mentiond in the Con sultations for four Months and has engaged Aparty to him as may fully Appear by the present ase And by His paying Mr Goodwin the Sallary of third in Council which is only Suspended and Mr Wright as 5 & in his stead was enterd the said payment List without any Knowledge or the least notice taken of me but this done and Agreed upon amongst the said Four Gentlemen to swell them the Stronger in the Lt Governour's Party And Sixthly and Lastly Because the Honble Company in their Genl Letter by the Somerset of 31 of January last are Pleased to say That it is their Governour's peculiar business to see that all their Laws and Orders are duely Complyed with And in Virtue of the said last letter I doe fine the said Mr Thomas Greentree in the sum of Ten Pounds to the Honble Company's Cash waiting their Pleasure to Approve or disapprove thereof Signd David Dunbar The Executors of Thomas Corker Serjeant deceased this day Presented his last Will and Testament desiring the same might be Proved which was done on the Oaths of the Subscribing Witnesses thereto the Will is as follows Vizt	The Governor’s protest continued with his further reasons. Third, because by the opinions a door was opened for any man who pleased to retail liquor without licence, which would deprive the Company of a revenue long established by their orders there, and from which within little more than two years past a considerable sum had been raised and paid into their cash. Fourth, because three of the four gentlemen were planters, and in his opinion not competent judges where a planter was concerned, and one of them a witness to Greentree. Fifth, because the Lieutenant Governor had for a long time, particularly since 4 December last, set himself up to thwart and oppose the Governor in very many instances, mentioned in the consultations for four months, and had engaged the others, as would fully appear by the present case. And by his paying John Goodwin the salary of third in council, though he was only suspended, and Robert Wright as fifth or in his stead, entering the payment on the list without any knowledge or the least notice taken of the Governor, but this done and agreed upon among the four gentlemen to reckon them the stronger in the Lieutenant Governor’s party. Sixth and last, because the Company in their general letter by the Somerset of 31 January last were pleased to say that it was their Governor’s peculiar business to see that all their laws and orders were duly complied with. By virtue of the said last letter the Governor fined Thomas Greentree in the sum of four pounds to the Company’s cash, awaiting their pleasure to approve or disapprove thereof. He signed it David Dunbar. The executors of Thomas Corker, sergeant deceased, presented his last will and testament, and desired it might be proved, which was done on the oaths of the subscribing witnesses. Interpretations The Governor’s fourth reason struck at the composition of the board itself, holding that the planter members were not competent to judge a case where a planter was concerned, one of them being besides a witness against Greentree. The objection exposes a structural tension in the government of the island, where the same men who sat as councillors were also planters with interests bound up in the community they judged, so that the Governor could plausibly charge them with partiality toward one of their own kind. The point marks the difficulty of an impartial tribunal in so small a settlement, where the judges were neighbours and fellow landholders of the accused, the Governor arguing that a board drawn from the planting interest could not fairly try a planter, a challenge to the very legitimacy of the majority that had overruled him. The Governor’s use of the Company’s own words that it was the Governor’s peculiar business to see the orders complied with turned the directors’ instruction into the authority for acting against his council. Unable to carry the fine by vote, the Governor imposed it on his sole authority as the officer specially charged with enforcing the Company’s orders, and entered the fine of four pounds subject to the directors’ approval. The move marks the Governor asserting a personal responsibility above the collective judgement of the board, grounding his unilateral act in a phrase from the latest general letter, so that the dispute became not merely whether Greentree had offended but whether the Governor might enforce the orders against the opinion of his whole council, the fine laid on by one man against five and referred home for the directors to uphold or overturn.
67	77	1746 In the Name of God Amen I Thomas Corker Serjeant of the Company of Soldiers belonging to the Honble United East India Company of England and Lords Proprietor of this Island St Hellena Do make this my last will and Testament Hereby all former wills Revoaking in Manner and Some following Imprimis I will and Give my Soul to Almighty God that gave it and my body to the Dust from Whence it Came and as to my Worldly Estate it being all Personal I give as followeth Whereas I have Lodged a Certain Sum of Mony in the hands of Peter Higgins of the third Company part Whereof hath been Necessarily Expended towards my Subsistance in the time of my Illness and as to Either or remaining part that Shall not be Expended at the time of my Decease I will and bequeath to my Aforesaid Loving Friend Peter Higgins for his own Use and that he Shall not be Accountable to Any one for the Same And Whereas the Late Governor Mr Gabriel Powell Stands Indebted to me the Sum of Eleven Pounds Six Shillings on the Ballance of Accounts the Original Debt haveing had been Twenty one Pound Six Shillings but Now is only Eleven pounds Six Shillings it be Reduced by the payment of Ten pounds by the Honble David Dunbar Esqr the present Governour out of which Said Sum of Eleven pound Six Shillings I have received in Beef to the Value of two pounds the Beef Weighing one hundred and Sixty Pounds Gross ie Inclueing Offell at three pence P Pound And Whereas it is Reasonable and just all Account all Accompts Should be settled I have Adjusted the Real Proceed due to me is Nine Pounds Six Shillings And Moreover I have Worked by Order of the Honble David Dunbar Esqr Twenty five days in makeing Wooll Cards for which I Charge three Shilling P day which amount to three Pound fifteen Shillings and Since Finishing the said Wool cards I have worked at making Mops at one Shilling per mop to the Value of Four Pound Eleven Shilling being Ninety one mops Item I will and Bequeath to my Aforesaid Friend Peter Higgins the Sum of Ten pounds Sterling to be paid him three Weeks after my Decease and at my Decease I will and Bequeath to my Aforesaid friend Peter Higgins my Chest Standing at my three feet Containing my Cloath and Sundry Other things my Property as wareing Apparrell Bells	The board then entered the will of Thomas Corker. Thomas Corker, serjeant of the Company’s soldiers belonging to the United East India Company of England, and lord proprietor of the island of St Helena, made his last will and testament, revoking all former wills in the manner and form following. First he gave his soul to Almighty God that gave it, and his body to the dust from whence it came, and as to his worldly estate, it being all personal, he gave as follows. Whereas he had lodged a certain sum of money in the hands of Peter Higgins of the third company, part of which had been necessarily expended toward his subsistence in the time of his illness, both as to that expended and to any part remaining unexpended at the time of his death, he gave and bequeathed it to his loving friend Peter Higgins for his own use, and that he should not be accountable to anyone for the same. Whereas the late Governor Gabriel Powell stood indebted to him eleven pounds six shillings on the balance of accounts, the original debt having been twenty-one pounds six shillings but now only eleven pounds six shillings, it being lessened by the payment of ten pounds by David Dunbar, esquire, the present Governor, out of which sum of eleven pounds six shillings he had received in beef to the value of two pounds, the beef weighing one hundred and sixty pounds gross including offal at threepence a pound. Whereas to reasonably and justly adjust the real account, all accounts should be settled and adjusted, the real proceed due to him was nine pounds six shillings. Moreover he had worked, by order of the Governor David Dunbar, twenty-five days in making wool cards, for which he charged three shillings a day, amounting to three pounds fifteen shillings, and since finishing the wool cards he had worked at making mops at one shilling a mop to the value of four pounds eleven shillings, being ninety-one mops. He willed and bequeathed to his aforesaid friend Peter Higgins the sum of ten pounds sterling, to be paid him three weeks after his death, and at his death he willed and bequeathed to his friend Peter Higgins his chest standing at his bed’s feet, containing his clothes and sundry other things, his property, as wearing apparel and the rest. Interpretations The wool cards and mops the dying sergeant had made by the Governor’s order show how a soldier’s labour was turned to the Company’s use even in his last illness, and how carefully such work was priced and recorded. Corker had been paid three shillings a day for twenty-five days making wool cards, the implements for combing the island’s wool that the Company was then trying to develop, and afterwards made ninety-one mops at a shilling each, the whole set down in his will as a debt owed him. The passage marks the constant pressure to extract useful work from every hand, the sergeant employed at manufacture when unfit for duty, and it shows the island’s small attempts at its own production, the wool cards pointing to the effort to work the wool the same disputes of the previous winter had touched, a soldier’s deathbed labour feeding the settlement’s halting industry. The whole estate reduced to careful reckonings of small debts and days of labour shows the modest scale of a sergeant’s worldly goods and the precision with which they were accounted. Corker’s wealth amounted to money lodged with a friend, a debt owed him by a former Governor, wages for making cards and mops and a chest of clothes at his bed’s feet, every item weighed and valued to the shilling. The will marks the narrow material world of a common soldier of the garrison, whose entire estate could be set down in a few adjusted accounts, and it shows the same exactness in reckoning that ran through the Company’s great accounts applied to the smallest fortune, the dying man settling his petty credits and debts with the same care the board brought to the treasury, the modest sum left to a single friend the whole of what a life in the Company’s service had gathered.
68	78	August 3 Both Linnen and Woolen and Every thing therein Containd and all their all other my Wearing Apparrell in Whose hands soever they are Item I will and Bequeath to Mr Matthew Cambell four pound And to William Jackson one Pound twelve Shillings and my other Chest Standing by the door with what it Contains and to Robert Slack one pound I do Likewise Appoint the said William Jackson to pay Edward Burford of the Artilley Company five Shillings which he Stand Indebted to me and Finally I do William Give my Arrears of pay and all other Debt due Sum and Sums of Mony and rest and residue of my Estate and Effects I will and Bequeath to my Aforesaid Loveing friend Peter Higgins Signed Sealed Published Declard and Deliverd in the presents of us and the Seala to this thirty first Day of July Anno Domini 1746 and in the Nineteenth Year of the Reign of Our Sovereigne Lord George of Great Brittain France and Ireland King Defender of the faith Signd Tho Corker Witnesses Mathias Brightwell Richard Knight his Mark x Edward Burford I do hereby Appoint Peter Higgins and Matthew Cambell my Executors of this my Last will and Testament Hereby Revoaking all Other former Wills Signd the day and Year Abovementioned Signd Witness Tho Corker Mathias Brightwell Richard Knight his Mark x Edward Burford Mr James Powell this day petitioned for Liberty to dispose of two acres of Lease Land to Thomas Easthope Granted Mr James Powell also delivered the following Petition Vizt	Corker’s will closed with the chest containing all his goods, both linen and woollen and everything therein, and all his other wearing apparel in whosesoever hands they might be. He gave and bequeathed to Matthew Campbell four pounds, to William Jackson one pound twelve shillings, and his other chest standing by the door with all it contained, and to Robert Stack one pound. He likewise appointed William Jackson to pay Edward Burford of the artillery company five shillings which he stood indebted to him. Finally he gave all his arrears of pay and all other debts due, and the sum of money and the rest and residue of his estate and effects, to his loving friend Peter Higgins. It was signed, sealed, published, declared and delivered in the presence of the witnesses, and set under his seal on 31 July 1746, in the nineteenth year of the reign of King George the Second of Great Britain, France and Ireland, Defender of the Faith. It was subscribed Thomas Corker with his mark, and witnessed by Matthias Brightwell, Richard Knight with his mark and Edward Burford. He appointed Peter Higgins and Matthew Campbell his executors of this will, revoking all other former wills, and signed it the day and year above mentioned, subscribed Thomas Corker with his mark and witnessed by Matthias Brightwell, Richard Knight with his mark and Edward Burford. James Powell petitioned that day for leave to dispose of two acres of lease land to Thomas Eastlick, which the board granted. James Powell also delivered the following petition. Interpretations The disposal of the sergeant’s modest effects among named friends and fellow soldiers shows the tight web of obligation within the garrison, the small sums and single chests distributed to men who had served alongside him. Corker left money to Campbell, Jackson and Stack, a chest to one and the residue to Higgins, and even directed a debt of five shillings owed him to be paid over to another soldier, the whole a settling of accounts among comrades. The will marks the garrison as a community bound by small loans and mutual dependence, the men lending and owing among themselves, and a dying soldier’s estate serving to close his petty debts and reward his friends, the ties of the barrack room set down with the same formality as any greater bequest. The witnessing of the will by three soldiers, two of them signing with a mark, marks the limited literacy of the garrison and the way the men served as witnesses for one another in the ordinary business of their lives. Corker himself signed only with a mark, as did one of his witnesses, so that a document of legal effect passed among men who could not write their names, its validity resting on marks and the attestation of the few who could sign. The passage shows the practical working of law at the bottom of the settlement’s society, where the forms of a proper will were observed by men largely unlettered, the sergeant’s testament made good by the marks of his fellows, a reminder that the same legal apparatus that governed the Company’s great affairs reached down to the illiterate soldier settling his few pounds among friends.
69	79	1746 To the Worshipfull David Dunbar Esqr Governour and Council of St Helena The Humble Petition of James Powell Sheweth That your Petitioner hath served the Honble Company five Years the 2 Instant in the place or Station of a Writer and as it is the Honble Company's order that each Writer Shall commence Factor when he hath served that time as such Your Petitioner therefore humbly prays that your Worships & Council will be Pleased that your Petitioner may commence Factor from the second Instant and have Salary accordingly St Helena And your Petitioner will ever pray 5 August 1746 Signd James Powell Upon Which We admitted him according to the Company's Instructions We this day Executed the following Lease Granted in Consultation of 8 day of April last Island St Helena The Lords Proprietors of this Island the Honourable the United Company of Merchants of England trading to the East Indies Do hereby demise grant sett and to Farm lett unto Gabriel Braack of the same Island All that Peice of Parcell of Ground containing 45 by feet in Front and Seventy feet in depth Situate Lying and being in James Value on South Work Side above the House belonging to Andrew Bluman bounded Every way on the Honble Company's Waste Land with all and Singular the Appurtenances thereunto belonging	To the worshipful David Dunbar, esquire, Governor, and council of St Helena, the humble petition of James Powell set out that he had served the Company five years on 2 August in the place or station of a writer, and that by the Company’s orders each writer should become a factor when he had served that time as such. He therefore asked that the board be pleased to let him become a factor from 2 August, and have salary accordingly, and signed it James Powell, St Helena, 5 August 1746. Upon which the board admitted him according to the Company’s instructions. The board then executed the following lease, granted in the consultation of 8 April last. The lords proprietors of the island, the Honourable United Company of Merchants of England trading to the East Indies, demised, granted, set and to farm let to Gabriel Isaack of the island all that piece or parcel of ground containing forty-five feet in front and seventy feet in depth, lying and being in James Valley on the south work side above the house belonging to Andrew Blinman, bounded every way on the Company’s waste land, with all and singular the appurtenances thereunto belonging. Interpretations Powell’s promotion from writer to factor on the completion of five years’ service shows the fixed ladder of advancement in the Company’s civil establishment, the rank rising automatically with time served rather than by favour or vacancy. The Company’s orders provided that a writer became a factor after his term, so Powell had only to prove his five years to claim the higher place and its salary, the council admitting him as a matter of course under the standing instructions. The passage marks the settled career structure that governed the Company’s servants, a graded progression from writer upward that gave men a known path and the Company an ordered supply of trained officers, the advancement here following the rule so plainly that the board's part was merely to confirm what the term of service had earned, notable given that Powell had so lately been at the centre of the suspension dispute. The town lot let to Gabriel Isaack, a small parcel measured in feet rather than acres and bounded by the Company’s waste, marks the character of James Valley as the island’s built settlement where ground was held in house plots not farms. The lease of forty-five feet by seventy above a named neighbour’s house shows land in the valley parcelled out for dwellings, a different economy from the acreage of the country plantations, and the Company as lord proprietor granting building ground to its people on the usual terms. The passage records the growth of the town about the fort, the settlement’s domestic quarter laid out in small measured lots along the valley, the Company controlling even this close ground as it did the wider island, the house plot demised on the same proprietary footing as the greatest plantation lease.
70	80	August 5 To have and hold unto the said Gabriel Braack His Executors Administrators and Assigns from the day of the date of these Present for and during and unto the fulltime and term of Twenty one Years from thence next Ensuing Upon condition that he the said Gabriel Braack His Executors Administrators and Assigns do and Shall Bear true faith and Allegiance to our Sovereign Lord King George the second his Heirs and Succession and true faith to them the said Honble Company and their Successor Yeilding and Paying therefore Yearly and every during the term thereby Granted unto the said Honble Company their Successor Agents or Assigns the sum of Fifteen Shillings on the feast day of St Michael the Arch Angel in every Year & and upon Condition that he the said Gabriel Braack His Executors Administr and Assigns do and Shall maintain and keep in Good Repair all and every building and Buildings that is or are or may be Hereafter Erected or Built on the said Ground or any part thereof when and as often as need may Require and at the Expiration hereof Shall Leave the same in the same good Condition in Repair and not suffer the said Ground or Buildings to run to ruin or decay And Upon Condition that he the said Gabriel Braack His Executors Administrators or Assigns Shall not sell or dispose of this Lease or this or their Interest therein without the Leave and Consent of the Governour and Council of the time being In Wittness Whereof We the said Governour and Council have set our hands and Affixed the Honble Company's Seal this Fifth day of August in the twentieth year of the Reign of our Sovereign Lord George the second By the Grace of God of Great Brittain France and Ireland King Defender of the faith and so forth and in the Year of our Lord one thousand Seven hundred and forty Six and the said Gabriel Braack hath to the other Part sett his hand and Seal the day and Year above Written Signd David Dunbar Cha Hutchinson John Goodwin M Curling R Wright	The lease continued. Gabriel Isaack, his executors, administrators and assigns were to have and hold from the date of the lease for the full term of twenty-one years next ensuing, on condition that he bear true faith and allegiance to King George the Second, his heirs and successors, and true faith to the Company and their successors, yielding and paying yearly during the term to the Company or their agents the sum of fifteen shillings on 29 September, the feast of Michael the Archangel, every year. He was further to maintain and keep in good repair all buildings erected or built on the ground or any part of it whenever and as often as need required, and at the expiration of the term to leave the same in the same good condition and repair, and not suffer the ground or buildings to run to ruin or decay. He was also not to sell or dispose of the lease or his interest in it without the leave and consent of the Governor and council for the time being. It was executed under the Company’s seal on 5 August 1746, in the twentieth year of the reign of King George the Second of Great Britain, France and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, and Isaack set his hand and seal to the other part. It was subscribed David Dunbar, Charles Hutchinson, John Goodwin, M Purling and R Wright. Interpretations The lease bound the tenant not merely to pay rent but to maintain the buildings and surrender them in good repair, tying the grant of the ground to the upkeep of what stood on it. The condition against letting the buildings run to ruin made the tenant responsible for preserving the improvements on the lot, so that the Company’s ground came back to it at the end of the term with its structures sound rather than decayed. The covenant marks the Company’s concern to keep the fabric of the town in good condition through its tenants, the maintenance of the built settlement secured by the terms of every lease, the individual holder made the guardian of the property he occupied so that the island’s dwellings did not fall into the disrepair the Company’s own buildings so often showed. The restraint on assigning the lease without the Governor and council’s consent shows the Company keeping control over who held its ground even after it was let, the tenant unable to pass his interest to another without leave. The condition prevented the free trade in leases that might otherwise have moved the Company’s land into unwanted hands, and it kept the board’s oversight of the settlement’s tenancy continuous, every transfer requiring approval. The covenant marks the proprietary character of the Company’s hold on the island, the land granted for use but never fully surrendered, the lord proprietor retaining a veto over the disposal of every parcel so that the settlement’s tenure remained under its command, the tenant a holder at the Company’s pleasure rather than an owner free to deal as he chose.
71	81	1746 The Storekeeper this day laid before us his day Books according to order of Consultation of 29 April last David Dunbar Cha Hutchinson John Goodwin & c Curling Wright At a Consultation held on Tuesday the 12 day of August 1746 at the Castle Present Colonel David Dunbar Govr Capt Charles Hutchinson Lt Govr John Goodwin Matthew Curling of Council Robert Wright The last Consultation was read and Approved Tuesday 5 Died Naomi the Wife of John Spencer Soldier Drownied Benjamin Chaplin Soldier The Lt Governour then delivered his Answer to the Governour's Protest Entered the last Consultation day Vizt August 12 1746 The Governour in the Protest he entered in Consultation of August the 5 against the Opinion I gave in Mr Greentree's Case has grounded one of his Reasons for protesting upon a Case that was tried before the Rt Honble the Lord Chief Justice Lee when a Retailer of spiritous Liquor was fined upon it being proved that he knew that the Liquor he had Sold was afterwards divided among many people in Less Quantities as I Presume than the Act of Parliament allowed of by which practice the Law was evaded This tho the Governour quoted as a Case in Point	The storekeeper laid before the board his day books according to the order of the consultation of 29 April last. The consultation was subscribed David Dunbar, Charles Hutchinson, John Goodwin, Purling and Wright. At a consultation held on Tuesday 12 August 1746 at the castle, the board sat as Governor Dunbar, Charles Hutchinson as Lieutenant Governor, John Goodwin, Matthew Purling and Robert Wright of council, the previous consultation read and approved. On Tuesday 5 August Naomi, the wife of John Spencer, soldier, died, and Benjamin Chaplin, soldier, was drowned. The Lieutenant Governor then delivered his answer to the Governor’s protest entered the last consultation, dated 12 August 1746. The Governor, in the protest he entered in the consultation of 5 August against the opinion the members gave in Greentree’s case, had grounded one of his reasons for protesting upon a case tried before the honourable the Lord Chief Justice Lee, where a retailer of spirituous liquor was fined upon it being proved that he knew the liquor he had sold was afterwards divided among many people in less quantities than, as the Governor presumed, the act of Parliament allowed, by which practice the law was evaded. This the Governor had quoted as a case in point. Interpretations The Lieutenant Governor’s formal written answer to the Governor’s protest shows the dispute escalating into a full exchange of papers for the directors, each side now committing its case to the record in turn. Where the Governor had entered his protest, Hutchinson replied in kind, the two documents building a paper contest that the Company in London would read as the full account of the disagreement. The passage marks the way an intractable division on a colonial board was fought through the written record, neither side able to prevail on the island but each determined to set out its position for the higher authority, the consultation book becoming the arena of a quarrel that could only be settled at home, the members answering the Governor’s protest as formally as he had made it. Hutchinson’s answer opened by fixing precisely on the Governor’s cited case, showing the members meant to contest the legal precedent the Governor had used as his strongest ground. The Governor had rested part of his protest on the case before Lord Chief Justice Lee, and the Lieutenant Governor took it up directly rather than merely reasserting the board’s opinion, signalling that the contest had become one of law as much as of fact. The passage marks the members meeting the Governor on his own chosen ground, prepared to dispute whether the English case really governed Greentree’s, the argument at St Helena turning on the application of a metropolitan precedent that both sides now claimed, the licensing quarrel become a lawyers’ contest over the meaning of a distant judgement.
72	82	August 12 But upon comparing the Circumstances in this Case with those in Mr Greentree's it seems to me that they are very little alike Because the Quantity of every Sharer in the Arrack Mr Greentree sold was larger than the Act of Parliament requires and no part of it was disposed of but to Persons who were licenced to retail it as was proved On this the Opinion I gave was founded and not on any Partiality to Mr Greentree as is suggested by the Govr for I should have voted to fine him in the Late Case as readily as I did in a former if I had thought him guilty of any thing that deserved it And so far was Mr Greentree from depriving the Honble Company of their Revenue arising from those Licences as is set forth by the Governour that I think he was rather a Means to Continue it in as much as he contributed to furnish severall of the licenced persons with Liquor which at that time they were without You now Could be at and them out of the Honble Company's Stores neither would the Govr let them have any from thes Serjeant Wilson and Serjt Collins being the only Publicans as I have Reard that were supplied by him And under these Circumstances unless the others are permitted to buy Liquor where they can meet with it it is manifest that they must of necessity throw up their Licences which cert certainly be a loss to the Honble Company In the same Protest the Govr Says That I have for a long time particularly since the 11 of December last set my self up to thwart and oppose him in very many Instances mentioned in the Consultations for four Months and that I have engaged a party to my side as may fully appear by the Present Case And that I have paid Mr Goodwin the Salary of third in Council though the third is only suspended and Mr Wright as fifth and I have entered the said Payment in my pay List without the Knowledge or the least Notice taken of him and that this was done and agreed upon by me and the Other Gentlemen of the Council in order to swell them the stronger in my Party The Consultations the Govr mentions will Shew Whether I have thwarted and opposed him and I believe it will not appear from any Fact that I have engaged a party to my Side or have given the Govr Cause to complain of one for paying Mr Goodwin and Mr Wright Because Some days before the Closing of the Pay List I for the last Quarter Mr John Goodwin asked the Govr Whether he was not to be	Hutchinson’s answer continued. But on comparing the circumstances of the cited case with those in Greentree’s, it seemed to him that they were very little alike, because the quantity of every sharer in the arrack Greentree sold was larger than the act of Parliament required, and no part of it was disposed of but to persons who were licensed to retail, as had been proved. On this his opinion was founded, and not on any partiality to Greentree as the Governor suggested. He would have voted to fine him in the present case, as he did in a former one, if he had thought him guilty of anything that deserved it. So far was Greentree from depriving the Company of the revenue arising from the licences, as the Governor set forth, that Hutchinson thought the sale rather a means to continue it, since Greentree contributed to furnish several of the licensed persons with liquor which at that time they were without and could not have from the Company’s stores, Sergeant Wilson and Sergeant Collins being the only publicans, as far as appeared, that were supplied by him. Under these circumstances, unless the others were permitted to buy liquor where they could meet with it, it was manifest that they must of necessity throw up their licences, which would certainly be a loss to the Company. In the same protest the Governor said that Hutchinson had for a long time, particularly since 4 December last, set himself up to thwart and oppose him in very many instances mentioned in the consultations for four months, and had engaged a party to his side, as would fully appear by the present case. And that he had paid Goodwin the salary of third in council though the third was only suspended, and entered Wright as fifth in the pay list without the Governor’s knowledge or the least notice taken of him, this done and agreed upon with the other members to reckon them the stronger in his party. Hutchinson answered that the consultations the Governor mentioned would show whether he had thwarted and opposed him, and he believed it would not appear from any fact that he had engaged a party to his side, or had given the Governor cause to complain of him for paying Goodwin and Wright, because some days before the closing of the pay list for the last quarter Goodwin had asked the Governor whether he was not to be paid. Interpretations Hutchinson turned the Governor’s own argument about the licence revenue against him, contending that Greentree’s sale preserved the revenue rather than threatening it. Where the Governor held that allowing such sales would let anyone retail without licence and so destroy the income from licences, Hutchinson argued that the licensed publicans could not keep their houses open without liquor, and if the store could not supply them and they might not buy elsewhere, they would surrender their licences and the revenue would fail. The passage marks a genuine clash over the practical working of the licence system, Hutchinson pointing to the supply problem the Governor's strict reading ignored, the members contending that a rigid prohibition on buying drink outside the store would collapse the very trade the licences taxed, the revenue better served by permitting the licensed men to source their liquor where they could. Hutchinson’s account of the pay-list dispute shows the members defending the ordinary conduct of business against the Governor’s reading of it as conspiracy. The Governor had cast the payment of Goodwin and Wright as a secret combination to strengthen the members’ party, but Hutchinson answered that Goodwin had openly asked the Governor whether he was to be paid, so that nothing was concealed. The passage marks the members meeting the Governor’s suspicion with an account of routine procedure, the salaries entered as a matter of course after an open question rather than by stealth, and it shows how far the Governor had come to read the settled workings of the establishment as evidence of plotting against him, the members obliged to explain the plainest administrative acts as innocent to rebut a charge of caballing.
73	83	1746 be paid as third 3 7 in Council from the Day that Mr Dixon left the Island The Govr told him that he had no Objection to it This was agreed to by the Council And Mr Wright acquainted me that he had spoke to the Govr to have the Salary as fifth in Council from the aforesaid time and that the Govr said that if Mr Goodwin would mention it in Council he should not object against it or oppose it The Council also Consented to it I therefore made up the pay List accordingly which I laid before the Govr and Council on the 15 July in Consultation for their Perusal that if any Mistakes or Errors were found in it they might be corrected before it was entered in the Books I appeal to the Gentlemen of the Council for the truth of what I have related And so far was I from agreeing with the other Gentn of the Council upon our Opinion before I mett the Govr alledge that I declare I was an utter Stranger to theirs until I mett them all in Consultation where they were right And although there may be no great Difference in the wording them it does not follow from thence I think that they were concerted before Because where the Sentiments happen to be the same upon such a circum scribed Point it is more than probable that they Will be expressed much in the same Manner Whether these Charges of the Governours against me do not evidently arise more from Resentment than Reason and from a Resentment too that is founded meerly on my being suffered in Opinion from him I humbly submit to the Decision of these just and impartial Judges our Honble Masters Signd Cha Hutchinson Messrs Goodwin Curling and Wright also delivered their answer to the said Protest Vizt Sir In Answer to the Protest against us which you delivered last Consultation day concerning Mr Greentree's retailing Arrack We declare that we had never previously consulted upon the Affair before	Hutchinson’s answer continued. Goodwin was to be paid as third in council from the day Dixon left the island, and the Governor told him he had no objection to it, and this was agreed by the council. Wright also acquainted Hutchinson that he had spoken to the Governor to have the salary as fifth in council from the aforesaid time, and the Governor said that if Goodwin would mention it in council he should not object against it or oppose it, and the council also consented to it. Hutchinson therefore made up the pay list accordingly, which stood before the Governor and council eleven days in consultation for their perusal, that if any mistakes or errors were found in it they might be corrected before it was entered in the books. He appealed to the gentlemen of the council for the truth of what he had related. As for agreeing with the other gentlemen of the council upon their opinion beforehand, as the Governor alleged, Hutchinson declared he was an utter stranger to theirs until he heard them read in consultation, where they were right. And although there might be no great difference in the wording, it did not follow that they were concerted beforehand, because where the sentiments happened to be the same upon such a circumscribed point it was more than probable that they would be expressed much in the same manner. Whether these charges of the Governor against him arose more from resentment than reason, and from a resentment too founded merely on his having differed in opinion from him, he humbly submitted to the decision of those just and impartial judges, the Company his masters. He signed it Charles Hutchinson. Goodwin, Purling and Wright also delivered their answer to the protest. In answer to the protest against them, which the Governor delivered last consultation concerning Greentree’s retailing arrack, they declared that they had never previously consulted upon the affair before one. Interpretations Hutchinson met the charge of concert with a plain argument from probability, that on so narrow a point men reaching the same conclusion would naturally express it in much the same words. The Governor had taken the near identity of the written opinions as proof they were agreed beforehand, but Hutchinson answered that a circumscribed question admitted only a few ways of stating the answer, so similarity of wording proved nothing about prior agreement. The passage marks a reasoned rebuttal of the suspicion of collusion, the members contending that likeness of language followed from the nature of the question rather than from any cabal, and it shows the difficulty of the Governor’s accusation, which read agreement itself as evidence of plotting, the members pointing out that independent minds on a simple point must often coincide in their very phrases. Hutchinson’s closing appeal to the Company as just and impartial judges, and his suggestion that the Governor’s charges sprang from resentment at being differed with, lays bare the personal root of the whole quarrel as the members saw it. Where the Governor framed the dispute as a matter of law and revenue, Hutchinson traced it to the Governor’s inability to bear disagreement, the accusations of conspiracy arising merely from the members having voted against him. The passage marks the members’ view that the Governor had turned an honest difference of opinion into a charge of faction because he could not accept being outvoted, and it shows both sides now referring the entire matter home, the members trusting the directors to see the Governor’s protest as the product of wounded authority rather than of any real combination against him.
74	84	August 12 before it came into Consultation we then at your desire and in your presence Seperatly wrote our Sentiments and gave them Entirely to the best of our judgements according as the circumstances appeared to us on Examination That notwithstanding We are planters as the Honble the Court of Directors have thought proper to appoint Us of Council here they no doubt will think us proper Judges in any Case that comes into Consultation as well relating to the Planters as otherwise We always have and ever Shall Endeavour to promote the Honble Company's Interest to the best of Our Power and Whether we have not done so now We leave with if your other reasons against Our Opinions to the Honble Company to determine and are St Helena 12 August 1746 Sir Your Most Humble Servants To the Worshipfull David Signd John Goodwin Dunbar Esqr Govr of St Helena M Curling R Wright The Storekeeper this day laid before us his day Books for the Week past according to Order of Consultation of 29 April last The Exors of Serjt Thos Corker deceased this day delivered the Inventory of his Effects Appraised by St Onesipharus Beale desiring the same might be registred which was Ordered accordingly in the Book kept for that Purpose We this day Published the following advertis ment Vizt This is to Give Notice that on Wednesday the 27 day of August Instant will be Exposed to Sale to the best Bidder for ready Money at the Honble Company's Wine house in James's Valley the following Good which have Lain in the Stores &c Vizt Severall peices of Silk Allejar Severall doz of Fishing Lines Silver Laced Hats NB the goods may be Viewed any Thursday Fryday or Saturday till the day of Sale and the Sale will begin at 9 o Clock in the forenoon	The members’ answer continued. Before it came into consultation, they had then at the Governor’s desire and in his presence separately written their sentiments and given them entirely to the best of their judgements, according as the circumstances appeared to them on examination. That notwithstanding they were planters, the Court of Directors had thought proper to appoint them of council there, and would no doubt think them proper judges in any case that came into consultation, as well relating to the planters as otherwise. They had always and ever should endeavour to promote the Company’s interest to the best of their power, and whether they had not done so now they left, with the Governor’s other reasons against their opinions, to the Company to determine. They signed it John Goodwin, M Purling and R Wright, St Helena, 12 August 1746. The storekeeper laid before the board his day books for the week past according to the order of the consultation of 29 April last. The executors of Sergeant Thomas Corker, deceased, delivered the inventory of his effects, appraised by Onesiphorus Beale, and desired it be registered, which the board ordered done in the book kept for that purpose. The board published the following advertisement. This was to give notice that on Wednesday 27 August the following goods which had lain long in the stores would be exposed to sale to the best bidder for ready money at the Company’s store house in James Valley, being several pieces of silk allejar, several dozen of fishing lines and silver laced hats. The goods might be viewed any Thursday, Friday or Saturday until the day of sale, and the sale would begin at nine in the forenoon. Interpretations The members met the Governor’s challenge to their competence with the plain rejoinder that the Court of Directors had appointed them to the council knowing them to be planters, so the directors themselves had judged them fit to sit in any case that came before the board. The Governor had argued that planters could not fairly try a planter, but the members answered that their appointment carried the directors’ own confidence in their fitness, turning the source of the Governor’s objection into the ground of their authority. The passage marks the members resting their legitimacy on the directors’ deliberate choice, contending that the very body the Governor appealed to had already settled the question of their competence by placing them on the council, so that to doubt their fitness was to doubt the directors’ own judgement in appointing them. The advertised sale of long-unsold goods by public auction for ready money shows the store clearing stock that had failed to move through its ordinary graded sales. Silk allejar, fishing lines and silver-laced hats that had lain long in the warehouse were put up to the best bidder, the Company recovering what it could from goods the island’s buyers had not taken at the fixed prices. The passage marks the practical management of a warehouse at the end of a long supply line, where goods shipped from home did not always suit the settlement’s needs and had at last to be sold off at whatever the auction fetched, the silver-laced hats in particular a mark of finery beyond the plain wants of the island, cleared by public outcry after the graded pricing had failed to find them a buyer.
75	85	1746 Account of the Honble Company's Stock of Neat Cattle &c for the Month of July 1746 Vizt Bulls, Cows, Calves, Yearlings, Pullocks, Steers, Wapen, Total, Ewes, Weathers, Rams, Lambs, Total, Ewes, Weathers, He Do, Rams, Total, Sowes, Barrows, Shoats, Piggs, Boars, Total, Turkeys, Muscle, Chickens, Ducks, Geese, Horses, Mares, Total Remaining 1st: Bulls 5, Cows 116, Calves 74, Yearlings 70, Pullocks 8, Steers 23, Wapen 65, Total 361, Ewes 122, Weathers 36, Rams 7, Lambs 74, Total 238, Ewes 178, Weathers 32, He Do 83, Rams 5, Total 298, Sowes 29, Barrows 8, Shoats 50, Piggs 40, Boars 1, Total 128, Turkeys 65, Muscle 126, Chickens 101, Ducks 32, Geese 13, Horses 10, Mares 8, Total 18 Encreased: Calves 12, Total 12, Lambs 17, Total 17, He Do 14, Total 14, Piggs 61, Total 61, Turkeys 41, Chickens 96, Ducks 11 Bulls 5, Cows 116, Calves 86, Yearlings 70, Pullocks 8, Steers 23, Wapen 65, Total 373, Ewes 122, Weathers 35, Rams 7, Lambs 91, Total 255, Ewes 178, Weathers 32, He Do 97, Rams 5, Total 312, Sowes 29, Barrows 8, Shoats 50, Piggs 101, Boars 1, Total 189, Turkeys 106, Muscle 126, Chickens 197, Ducks 43, Geese 13, Horses 10, Mares 8, Total 18 Killed: Wapen 6, Total 2, Lambs 8, Total 2, Total 2, Total 4, Piggs 1, Total 1, Muscle 18, Chickens 41 died: Cows 1, Total 1, Wapen 2, Total 2, Barrows 2, Total 2, Turkeys 4, Muscle 11, Chickens 12 Stole: Turkeys 2, Ducks 1 Remaing 31: Bulls 5, Cows 115, Calves 86, Yearlings 69, Pullocks 8, Steers 17, Wapen 63, Total 363, Ewes 122, Weathers 33, Rams 7, Lambs 89, Total 251, Ewes 178, Weathers 32, He Do 97, Rams 5, Total 312, Sowes 29, Barrows 8, Shoats 48, Piggs 98, Boars 1, Total 184, Turkeys 75, Muscle 83, Chickens 185, Ducks 42, Geese 13, Horses 10, Mares 8, Total 18 1120 lb Beef to the Royall George 1120 lb Do to the Scarborough 2000 lb Hay to the Ships 100 lb Beeff to the Markett 39 lb Mutton to Do 245 lb Beeff to ye Castle Yams Expended 8000 lb One Girl born named Bridgett EF R Wright The Plantation Gunners & Steward's Accounts were this day delivered for the Months of July last which were Examined & Approved and are as follows Vizt	The plantation, gunner’s and steward’s accounts were delivered for the month of July last, examined and approved. The stock account for July 1746 followed, headed by the columns of the several classes of livestock and their movements through the month. Account of the Honourable Company's stock of neat cattle and so on for the month of July 1746. Remaining 1 July: bulls 5, cows 116, calves 74, yearlings 70, bullocks 8, steers 23, wethers 65, neat cattle total 361; ewes 122, wethers 36, rams 7, lambs 74, sheep total 238; ewes 178, wethers 32, kids 83, rams 5, goats total 298; sows 29, boars 8, shoats 50, pigs 40, boars 1, hogs total 128; turkeys 65, fowls 126, chickens 101, ducks 32, geese 13, poultry total; horses 10, mares 8, horses total 18. Increased: calves 12, neat cattle total 12; lambs 17, sheep total 17; kids 14, goats total 14; pigs 61, hogs total 61; turkeys 41, chickens 96, geese 11. Total: bulls 5, cows 116, calves 86, yearlings 70, bullocks 8, steers 23, wethers 65, neat cattle total 373; ewes 122, wethers 35, rams 7, lambs 91, sheep total 255; ewes 178, wethers 32, kids 97, rams 5, goats total 312; sows 29, boars 8, shoats 50, pigs 101, boars 1, hogs total 189; turkeys 106, fowls 126, chickens 197, ducks 43, geese 13; horses 10, mares 8, horses total 18. Killed: wethers 6, neat cattle total 8; ewes 2, lambs 2, sheep total 4; pigs 1, hogs total 1; turkeys 18, chickens 41. Died: cows 1, neat cattle total 1; wethers 2; shoats 2, pigs 2, hogs total 4; turkeys 11, chickens 12. Stole: turkeys 2, geese 1. Remaining 31 July: bulls 5, cows 115, calves 86, yearlings 69, bullocks 8, steers 17, wethers 63, neat cattle total 363; ewes 122, wethers 33, rams 7, lambs 89, sheep total 251; ewes 178, wethers 32, kids 97, rams 5, goats total 312; sows 29, boars 8, shoats 48, pigs 98, boars 1, hogs total 184; turkeys 75, fowls 83, chickens 185, ducks 42, geese 13; horses 10, mares 8, horses total 18. 1,120 lb beef to the Royal George. 1,120 lb beef to the Scarborough. 2,000 lb hay to the ships. 100 lb beef to the market. 39 lb mutton to the market. 245 lb beef to the castle. Yams expended, 8,000 lb. One girl born, named Bridget. The account was subscribed by the husband and by Robert Wright. Interpretations The herd held nearly steady through July, the neat cattle standing at 361 at the month’s start and 363 at its close, a marked recovery of stability after the heavy killing of May when the homeward fleet drew the cattle down from 395 to 370. With the great convoy sailed and only the Royal George and Scarborough to victual, the month’s slaughter fell to a modest level, the calves increasing by twelve against a handful killed and died, so the herd rebuilt its numbers in the quieter interval. The steadiness marks the seasonal rhythm of the island’s husbandry, the cattle drawn down sharply when a fleet lay in the road and recovering in the intervals between, the July figures showing the herd catching its breath after the spring’s demand and before the next pressure came. The birth of a slave girl named Bridget, entered among the livestock increase in the same account as the calves and lambs, marks the stark treatment of the enslaved as property in the Company’s reckoning. A human birth was set down beside the natural increase of the herd, the child counted as an addition to the Company’s stock in the very column that recorded new pigs and kids, her name recorded but her entry placed among the animals. The passage lays bare the reduction of enslaved people to chattels in the plantation accounts, the same books that tallied the beef sent to the ships numbering a newborn child as an increase of stock, the naming of the girl the only mark that distinguished her in the record from the beasts among which she was entered, a plain and terrible index of how the system regarded the people it held.
76	86	August 12 Sundrys Expended in the Castle in the Month of July last Vizt 32 Bottles Port Wine 2 6 10 34 Bottles Lisbon Do 2 9 9 34 Bottles Madera 3 10 1½ 13 3 4 Gallons Batavia Arrack 1 19 9¾ 16 Bottles Strong Beer 13 Do Small Do 16 8½ 38 lb Candy 11 1 23 lb Sugar 5 2 270 lb Flower 1 13 9 37 3 4 Butter 1 17 9 6 Turkeys 1 10 22 Fowls 1 13 2 Lambs 1 40 lb Mutton 16 8 380 3 4 Beeff 4 13 4½ 38 3 4 Fresh Pork 19 1½ 12 Peices Salt Pork 1 1 9 3 Bottles Claret 3 Do Constantia Wine 2 Do Passion Do 3 Do old Hock £ 27 6 8 19 3 4 Goat 8 2¾ 3 3 4 Beeff to the Sick Blacks 7 £ 27 15 5¾ 33 3 4 Bottles of Batavia Arrack charged in the Month of May when the Ships were here by Mistake instead of 33 3 4 Gallons the Difference is 26 3 8 Gallons 3 3 10½ £ 30 19 3½	The account of sundries expended in the castle for the month of July last followed. Sundries expended in the castle in the month of July last: 32 bottles port wine, £2 6s 10d. 34 bottles Lisbon wine, £2 9s 9d. 34 bottles Madeira, £3 10s 1.5d. 13.75 gallons Batavia arrack, £1 19s 9.25d. 16 bottles strong beer, £0 16s 8.5d. 13 bottles small beer, £0 [...]. 38 lb candy, £0 11s 1d. 23 lb sugar, £0 5s 0d. 270 lb flour, £1 13s 9d. 37.75 lb butter, £1 17s 9d. 6 turkeys, £1 10s 0d. 22 fowls, £1 13s 0d. 2 lambs, £1 0s 0d. 10 lb mutton, £0 16s 8d. 380.75 lb beef, £4 13s 5.5d. 38.25 lb fresh pork, £0 19s 1.5d. 12 pieces salt pork, £1 1s 9d. 3 bottles claret, £0 [...]. 2 bottles Constantia wine, £0 [...]. 2 bottles passion wine, £0 [...]. 3 bottles old hock, £0 [...]. Total, £27 6s 8d. 19.25 lb goat, to the sick blacks, £0 8s 2.25d. 3.25 lb beef, to the sick blacks, £0 [...]. Total, £27 15s 5.25d. 33.75 bottles of Batavia arrack, charged in the month of May when the ships were here by mistake instead of 33.75 gallons, the difference being 25.375 gallons, £3 3s 10.5d. Total, £30 19s 3.5d. The account was subscribed by the steward. Interpretations The correction of an earlier error, adding back the difference between the arrack charged by the bottle in May and the gallons that should have been entered, shows the careful reconciliation the steward’s accounts underwent even months after the event. An arrack charge had been mistakenly entered in bottles rather than gallons when the ships lay in the road in May, and the shortfall of over twenty-five gallons was now brought to account in July, the difference added to make the reckoning true. The passage marks the exactness with which the castle’s consumption was tracked, an error in a single commodity carried forward and corrected in a later month rather than left to stand, the same precision the Company brought to its great accounts applied to the drink expended at the steward’s table, the books kept honest by the deliberate recovery of a mistaken entry. The range of wines charged to the castle table, port, Lisbon, Madeira, claret, Constantia, passion wine and old hock, marks the varied and sometimes costly drink consumed at the establishment’s common board. Constantia was a prized sweet wine from the Cape, old hock a German white, and the several sorts together show a table supplied with a wider choice of wines than mere necessity required, drawn from the store and the passing ships. The passage records the comforts maintained at the castle even in a remote settlement, the officers’ table furnished with the wines of Portugal, the Cape and the Rhine, a mark of the standing and the connections of a Company establishment that could command such variety at the far end of the ocean, the drink a measure of the civility the settlement kept up in its isolation.
77	87	1746 Gunners Stores Expended in July 1746 Guns fired, Shott fired, 6 lb, 4 lb, 2 lb, 1 lb, Powder Expended 3 Departed two Dean Ships: Guns fired 24, Shott fired 0, 6 lb 0, 4 lb 0, 2 lb 24, 1 lb 0, Powder Expended 24 8 A Double Alarm: Guns fired 9, Shott fired 0, 6 lb 0, 4 lb 6, 2 lb 0, 1 lb 3, Powder Expended 21 8 A Double Alarm at Turks Cap: Guns fired 3, Shott fired 3, 6 lb 0, 4 lb 3, 2 lb 0, 1 lb 0, Powder Expended 9 8 Arrived the Royal George Capt Field and the Scarborough Capt D'Auvergne: Guns fired 18, Shott fired 0, 6 lb 3, 4 lb 0, 2 lb 15, 1 lb 0, Powder Expended 27 13 Powder Delivered to the Master: Guns fired 0, Shott fired 0, 6 lb 0, 4 lb 0, 2 lb 0, 1 lb 0, Powder Expended 50 31 Departed the Royal George Capt Field & the Scarborough Capt D'Auvergne: Guns fired 18, Shott fired 0, 6 lb 0, 4 lb 0, 2 lb 18, 1 lb 0, Powder Expended 18 Powder Expended for Priming: Powder Expended 9 Powder Expended for Exercising: Powder Expended 6¾ Powder for Signals on Alarms & Killing of Goats: Powder Expended 7¾ Total: Guns fired 72, Shott fired 3, 6 lb 3, 4 lb 9, 2 lb 57, 1 lb 3, Powder Expended 164¾ Lead Balls to Kill Goats 8 Hand Spikes Broke on the Line 3 Hand Spikes Broke at Mundens Point 1 Hand Spikes to the Great Wood for Pickaxes and Helves 6 Cartridge paper to Mr Wright for Packett 19 lb Paper for small Cartridge 29 lb Cartridge paper Sold 19 lb Cartridge paper for Great Gun Cartridges 199 lb Match Rope at the Alarm 5 lb 7 lb Eighteen Hand Grenade Shott delivered to the Scarborough Capt D'Auvergne 18 Six Sheepskins Delivered to the Royal George Capt Field 6 Signd Jos French We this day Counted the Honble Company's Cash for the Month of July last and found the Same as follows Vizt Cash	The account of the gunner’s stores expended in July 1746 followed, the columns running guns fired, then shot fired, then the classes of gun discharged, being the six pounders, four pounders, two pounders and one pounders, followed by the powder expended. Gunner's stores expended in July 1746: 3 July, departed two Dane ships: guns fired 24, two pounders 24, powder expended 24 lb. 8 July, a double alarm: guns fired 9, four pounders 6, one pounders 3, powder expended 21 lb. 8 July, a double alarm at Turk's Cap: guns fired 3, shot fired 3, one pounders 3, powder expended 9 lb. 8 July, arrived the Royal George, Captain Steele, and the Scarborough, Captain D'Auvergne: guns fired 18, four pounders 3, two pounders 15, powder expended 27 lb. 17 July, powder delivered to the stone blaster, powder expended 50 lb. 31 July, departed the Royal George, Captain Steele, and the Scarborough, Captain D'Auvergne: guns fired 18, two pounders 18, powder expended 18 lb. Powder expended for priming, 9 lb. Powder expended for exercising, 6.5 lb. Powder for signals on alarms and killing of goats, [...]. Total: guns fired 72, shot fired 3, four pounders 9, two pounders 57, one pounders 3, powder expended 164.5 lb. The account then listed the other stores expended. Lead balls to kill goats, 4. Handspikes broke on the line, 3. Handspikes broke at Munden's Point, 1. Handspikes to the Great Wood for pickaxes and helves, 6. Cartridge paper to Mr Wright for the packet, 12 sheets. Paper for small cartridges, 29 sheets. Cartridge paper spoiled, 12 sheets. Cartridge paper for great gun cartridges, 199 sheets. Match burnt at the alarm posts, 7 lb. Eighteen hand grenade shells delivered to the Scarborough, Captain D'Auvergne, 18. Six sheepskins delivered to the Royal George, Captain Steele, 6. The account was subscribed by John French. The board then counted the Company’s cash for the month of July last and found it as follows. Interpretations The salutes on this page mark the ceremonial economy of powder that governed the island’s guns, the pieces chosen to spare the store. The arrivals and departures of the Royal George and Scarborough were answered chiefly with the two pounders, the smallest guns, and the double alarms with the four and one pounders, the salutes built from the lightest pieces so that the ceremony cost as little powder as possible. The account shows the deliberate husbanding of the magazine even in the compliments due to arriving and departing ships, the gunner reserving the great guns and spending the small ones on salute, the same careful management of a scarce and vital store that ran through every part of the island’s wartime supply. The powder delivered to the stone blaster, at fifty pounds the single largest charge of the month, marks how much of the magazine went not to the guns but to the fortification works. The stone blaster used powder to break rock for the platforms and defences the war had driven forward, so a great part of the month’s expenditure served the building of the works rather than their arming. The passage shows the double demand the wartime programme made on the powder store, the same commodity spent to fire the salutes and to blast the stone for the batteries, the fortification effort consuming military stores as heavily as the ceremonial and defensive firing, a reminder that the island’s scarce powder had to answer both the courtesies of the road and the labour of the works at once.
78	88	August 12 Cash Dr 1746 July 1 To Ballance remaining£ 4430 9¼ 29 To Account Currant received of Capt Phillip D'Auvergne on Account of Capt George Westcott being part of the Money lent him by the Honble Company On Respondentia 75 £ 4505 9¼	The board’s cash account for the month of July 1746 opened on the balance remaining and gathered the month’s receipts, the debtor side of the treasury count. Cash, debtor. 1 July 1746, to balance remaining, £4,430 0s 9.5d. 29 July 1746, to account current received of Captain Phillip D'Auvergne on account of Captain George Westcott, being part of the money lent him by the Honourable Company on respondentia, £75 0s 0d. Total, £4,505 0s 9.5d. Interpretations The sum received from Captain D’Auvergne on account of the late Captain Westcott marks the recovery of money the Company had lent on respondentia, a debt gathered in through the island as the ships passed. Respondentia was a loan made on the security of a ship’s cargo, repayable with a premium if the voyage succeeded, and here part of such a loan advanced to Westcott was paid in through D’Auvergne after Westcott’s death. The passage shows the island serving as a point where the Company’s maritime lending was settled, the debts owed on ventures at sea recovered as the vessels called, the treasury taking in through one captain the money owed by another now dead, the settlement a node in the Company’s financial as well as its physical traffic, its cash chest gathering the returns of loans made on distant voyages.
79	89	1746 Per Contra Cr 1746 July 8 By Garrison Vizt Paid Wm Kendry for Coming Express on Alarms 5 19 Paid John Spencer Senr for Relisting for 5 Years to Commence this day 5 5 5 10 23 By Charges General paid Mary Alexander for Wasters and Laths cut on her Tree Land by Mistake of one of the Honble Company's Blacks as p Consultation 22 instant 4 16 31 By Ballance remaining as follows Vizt 1 Pr Gold wt 11 15 4 at 3 18 3 £ 46 1 8½ 4 Pr Do 3 9 12 at 3 18 13 11 0½ 1633 Pagodas at 8 4 661 4 32 Venetians 10 16 Do St Thomas's 12 2 11 7 Gubbers 6 2 2 Gold Amounting to 741 12 9 12281 Dollars 5 3070 5 321 lb Rials 1 3 20 1 3 671 Rials 19½ 20 19 4½ 2382 Half Do 3¾ 40 6 10½ 528 Rupees 2 3 39 8 1 Duccatoon 6 441 French Do 2 3 13 6 Small Money 9¼ Silver Amounting to 3215 7 9¼ 146 Cash Notes 40 292 161 Do 20 161 239 Do 5 64 15 160 Do 2 6 20 Cash Notes Amounting to 537 15 4494 14 9¼ £ 4505 9¼ David Dunbar Cha Hutchinson John Goodwin & c Curling Wright	The credit side of the cash account set out the month’s payments and the balance remaining, counted coin by coin and subscribed by the board. Per contra, creditor. 8 July 1746, by garrison, paid William Kendry for coming express on an alarm, £0 5s 0d. 19 July 1746, paid John Spencer, senior, for re-enlisting for two years to commence that day, £5 5s 0d. Total, £5 10s 0d. 23 July 1746, by charges general, paid Mary Alexander for beef and laths cut on her tree and laid by mistake of one of the Company's blacks, per consultation of 22 instant, £1 16s 0d. 31 July 1746, by balance remaining, as follows, viz: 1 piece of gold weighing 11 pennyweight 13 grains at £3 18s 3d per ounce, £1 8s 3.5d. 4 pieces of gold weighing 3 pennyweight 9 grains 12 mites at £3 18s per ounce, £13 11s 0.5d. 1,633 pagodas at eight shillings each, £661 4s 0d. 32 venetians at ten shillings, £16 0s 0d. 1 St Thomas at twelve shillings, £2 11s 0d. 7 gubbers at six shillings, £2 2s 0d. Gold amounting to £741 12s 9d. 12,281 dollars at five shillings, £3,070 5s 0d. 321 double reals at 1s 3d, £20 1s 3d. 671 reals at 7.5d, £20 19s 4.5d. 2,582 half reals at 3.75d, £40 6s 10.5d. 528 rupees at 2s 3d, £59 8s 0d. 1 ducatoon at six shillings, £0 6s 0d. 441 French pieces at 2s, £44 2s 0d. Small money, £9 4d. Silver amounting to £3,245 7s 9.5d. 146 cash notes at £20 each, £2,920 0d. 161 cash notes at £20, £3,220 0d. 259 cash notes at £5, £1,295 0d. 160 cash notes at £20, £3,200 0d. Cash notes amounting to £537 15s 0d. Total, £4,494 14s 9.75d. Total, £4,505 0s 9.5d. The board subscribed the account, David Dunbar, Charles Hutchinson, John Goodwin, Purling and Wright. Interpretations The treasury’s holding of Spanish dollars climbed sharply this month, standing at 12,281 against the 2,182 counted at the close of the June quarter, a great accession of silver in the interval. The two large East Indiamen that arrived and sailed in July, the Royal George and Scarborough, will have brought and paid over treasure as they passed, the dollars flowing into the chest as the homeward ships settled their accounts and lodged money for bills. The jump marks the island’s treasury as a reservoir that filled and emptied with the traffic of the road, the foreign silver gathering when ships called and paid, the settlement’s cash swelling with the coin of the ocean trade at every passage of a well-found fleet. The compensation to Mary Alexander for the tree cut by mistake reappears here as the actual payment, closing the claim the board had allowed the previous consultation. The beef and laths taken from her tree by a Company slave without orders were made good at one pound sixteen shillings, the money now issued from the treasury under charges general. The passage shows the settlement following through on its acknowledgement of a wrong, the value of the mistaken taking paid over in cash rather than merely promised, and it marks again the care with which usable timber was valued on the island, the small sum entered among the month’s payments as a deliberate settlement of a private loss the Company had unwittingly caused, the claim carried from allowance to payment within a fortnight.
80	90	August 19 At a Consultation held on Tuesday the 19 day of August 1746 at the Castle Present Colonel David Dunbar Governour Capt Charles Hutchinson Lt Govr John Goodwin Matthew Curling of Council Robert Wright The last Consultation was read and Approved Fryday 15 August Died David Son of David Willson Serjeant Sunday 17 Do George Lindsay Drummer a Superannuated Pensioner aged 102 Years Mr John Goodwin this day delivered a Petition in Behalf of himself and Messrs Loyman & Gabriel Harper Attorneys for Mr John Searle for Liberty to dispose of three Acres of Lease Land the Property of the said Mr Searle Granted We this day Executed the following Lease petitioned for in Consultation of 5 March 1744 Vizt Island St Helena The Lords Proprietors of this Island the Honble the United Company of Merchants of England trading to the East Do hereby Demise Grant Sett and to Farm Lett unto Robert Wright of the said Island Gentleman all that Peice or Parcell of Land Containing Five Acres Scituate Lying and being in Sandy Bay in the said Island Called or known by the Name of Nobleys Butting and Bounding East on Land belonging to the Orphans of John Alexander deceased West on Land belonging to Matthew Curling South on the Honble Company's Land and North on Land belonging	At a consultation held on Tuesday 19 August 1746 at the castle, the board sat as Governor Dunbar, Charles Hutchinson as Lieutenant Governor, John Goodwin, Matthew Purling and Robert Wright of council, the previous consultation read and approved. On Friday 15 August David, son of David Willson, serjeant, died. On Sunday 17 August George Lindsay, drummer, a superannuated pensioner aged 102 years, died. John Goodwin delivered a petition on behalf of himself and John Godfrey and Gabriel Harper, attorneys for John Searle, for leave to dispose of three acres of lease land the property of Searle, which the board granted. The board then executed the following lease, petitioned for in the consultation of 5 March 1745. The lords proprietors of the island, the Honourable United Company of Merchants of England trading to the East Indies, demised, granted, set and to farm let to Robert Wright of the island, gentleman, all that piece or parcel of land containing five acres, lying and being in Sandy Bay on the island, called or known by the name of Nobleys, bounded east on land belonging to the orphans of John Alexander deceased, west on land belonging to Matthew Purling, south on the Company’s land and north on land belonging. Interpretations The death of George Lindsay at the reported age of a hundred and two shows the reach of the superannuated pension, the Company keeping a drummer on its books at the sentinel’s rate until the very end of an extraordinarily long life. Lindsay had appeared on the pension list through the run, drawing the flat pensioner’s pay after his active service ended, and his death at so great an age marks how long the Company might carry a worn-out servant. The passage records the human span behind the dry pension entries, a man who had drummed for the garrison surviving into extreme old age on the Company’s modest allowance, the establishment’s care of its aged servants extending across decades to the death of one who had outlived nearly every contemporary, his pension a small continuing charge borne to the last. The lease to Robert Wright, a serving councillor and gentleman, of five acres in Sandy Bay bounded by the holdings of his fellow councillor Purling and the orphans of the late councillor Alexander, shows how thoroughly the island’s land was held among the small circle of its governing families. The parcels of the council members and their connections lay side by side across the country, the same men who sat at the board holding the neighbouring plantations, so that governance and landholding were bound together in a narrow group. The passage marks the concentration of the island’s property in the hands of its officers and their kin, the Company as lord proprietor granting land to its own councillors, the map of Sandy Bay tenure reading like a roll of the settlement’s ruling families, the very interlacing of interests the Governor had lately urged made his fellow members unfit to judge one of their own.
81	91	1746 belonging to Richard Insley with and every of their Appurtenances To have and to hold the said hereby Demised Parcell of Land & every part and Parcell thereof together with all and Singular the Wood Water Water Courses Houses Buildings Edifices Sheds Tenements Yams and Plantations of Yams Fruit Trees Walls Fences and all other and Singular the Rights and Commodities to them and each and every of them belonging or Appertaining unto him the said Robert Wright his Heirs Executors Administrators or Allowed Assigns from the day of the date hereof for and during all the space or term of the Natural Lives of John Worrall the said Robert Wright and Mary his Wife and the Longest Liver of them Renewable upon the deaths of either of the said Nominees on Payment of half a Years rent at the Admittance of Each Life or New Nominee Upon Condition that he the said Robert Wright his Heirs Executors Administrators or Allowed Assigns Shall and do bear true faith and Allegiance to our Sovereign Lord King George the Second his Heirs and Successors & to them the said Honble Company and their Successors and Shall duely Observe and Obey all the Laws and Constitutions of the said Island Yeilding and Paying therefore Yearly and every Year during the term hereby Granted unto the said Honble Company their Successors Agents or Assigns the Yearly rent of Five Shillings P Acre at or upon the Feast of St Michael the Arch Angel in every Year And Upon Condition that he the said Robert Wright his Executors Administrators or Assigns do and Shall immediatly sett about and fence the said hereby Demised Premises with a good and Sufficient fence and when fenced do and Shall keep the same in Good and Sufficient repairds and Shall keep up and Preserve the full Quantity and Proportion of Wood being one Acre in every ten Acres And Upon Condition that he the said Robert Wright his Executors Administrators and Assigns do and Shall Duely obey and keep all the Laws and Constitutions of the said Island and Shall not sell or dispose of this Lease or his or their Interest therein Without the Leave and Consent of the Governour and Council for the time being In Wittness whereof we the said Governour and	The lease continued, the land bounded north on land belonging to Richard Insley, with all their appurtenances. Robert Wright, his heirs, executors, administrators or lawful assigns, were to have and hold the parcel of land, together with all the wood, water, water courses, houses, buildings, edifices, sheds, tenements, yams and plantations of yams, fruit trees, walls, fences and all the rights and commodities belonging to it, from the date of the lease for the whole space and term of the natural lives of John Worrall, Robert Wright himself and Mary his wife, and the longest liver of them, renewable on the deaths of either of the nominees on payment of half a year’s rent at the admittance of each life or new nominee. This was on condition that Wright, his heirs, executors, administrators or assigns bear true faith and allegiance to King George the Second, his heirs and successors, and to the Company and their successors, and duly observe and obey all the laws and constitutions of the island, yielding and paying yearly during the term to the Company or their agents the yearly rent of five shillings an acre on 29 September, the feast of Michael the Archangel, every year. He was further, on condition, to immediately set about and fence the demised premises with a good and sufficient fence, and when fenced to keep the same in good repair, and to keep up and preserve the full quantity and proportion of wood, being one acre in every ten acres. He was also, on condition, duly to obey and keep all the laws and constitutions of the island, and not to sell or dispose of the lease or his interest in it without the leave and consent of the Governor and council for the time being. Interpretations The lease was granted on lives rather than for a fixed term of years, held for the natural lives of three named persons and the longest liver of them, and renewable by paying half a year’s rent as each life fell in. This form of tenure tied the term of the holding to the span of chosen lives, so the land might be kept in the family across generations by the admittance of fresh nominees, a very different arrangement from the twenty-one-year town lots granted elsewhere. The passage marks a divergence from the Company’s own preference, the directors having directed that its lands not be let for more than twenty-one years, yet here granting a lease on lives, the older customary form persisting for the country plantations even as the Company pressed the fixed term, the tenure of the island still shaped by the practice of an earlier age. The covenant to preserve one acre of wood in every ten shows the Company’s long concern to keep the island timbered written into the terms of the grant. Wood was scarce and slow to grow on St Helena, and the requirement bound every tenant to maintain a proportion of his land under trees, so the leases became an instrument of conservation as well as of revenue. The passage marks the Company’s continued effort to protect the island’s slender timber through the obligations of tenure, the same policy that had driven the wood surveys and fines of earlier years now standing as a fixed condition of holding land, the tenant made responsible for keeping a tenth of his ground wooded so that the island’s trees, so precious for building and fuel, were not wholly consumed by cultivation.
82	92	August 19 and Council have hereunto sett our hands and Affixed the Honble Company's Seal this Nineteenth day of August in the Twentieth Year of the Reign of our said Sovereign Lord George the second by the Grace of God of Great Brittain France and Ireland King Defender of the faith and so forth and in the Year of our Lord one thousand Seven hundred and forty Six and the said Robert Wright hath to the Other Part sett his hand and seal the day and Year above Written Signd David Dunbar Cha Hutchinson John Goodwin M Curling R Wright William Davis Gunner's Mate this day delivered the following Proposal for Maintaining Arthur One of the Orphans of John Bradley deceased Vizt To the Honble David Dunbar Esqr Govr and Council of the Island St Helena The Proposall of Wm Davis Sheweth that I am Willing to take Arther Bradley a Boy of the said Island and to find Him in Meat Drink Washing and Lodging till he Comes to Age and to find him in Necessary Apparrell and to Instruct him in Reading and Writing and to be Allowed for the same after the rate of Six Pounds P Year if Your Honors Shall think fitting to put him Under my care on the Above Said Condition I am Your Honers Most Obliged and Most Obedient Humble Servant to Command August the 19 1746 Signd Wm Davis To Which We agreed	The lease closed. It was executed under the Company’s seal on 19 August 1746, in the twentieth year of the reign of King George the Second of Great Britain, France and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, and Wright set his hand and seal to the other part. It was subscribed David Dunbar, Charles Hutchinson, John Goodwin, M Purling and R Wright. William Davis, gunner’s mate, delivered a proposal for maintaining Arthur, one of the orphans of John Bradley deceased. To the Honourable David Dunbar, esquire, Governor, and council of the island of St Helena, the proposal of William Davis set out that he was willing to take Arthur Bradley, a boy of the island, and to find him in meat, drink, washing and lodging until the Company’s age, and to find him in necessary apparel, and to instruct him in reading and writing, and to be allowed for the same after the rate of six pounds a year, if the board should think fitting to put him under his care on the above condition. He signed it William Davis, 7 August 1746. The board agreed to it. Interpretations The provision for the orphan Arthur Bradley marks the island’s customary way of maintaining destitute children of white parents, binding them to a household that fed, clothed and taught them at the Company’s charge. Davis undertook to keep the boy in meat, drink, washing, lodging and apparel and to instruct him in reading and writing until he came of the Company’s age, drawing six pounds a year for the service, so the child was placed in a family rather than left unsupported. The passage shows the settlement’s care for its orphaned young, the same arrangement of maintenance to a set age that had governed other destitute children, the Company meeting the cost through an allowance to the guardian, the boy’s upbringing and rudimentary education secured by a contract that turned his keep into a paid charge on the establishment. The instruction in reading and writing built into the maintenance agreement shows education treated as part of a poor child’s due even in this remote settlement. Davis was bound not merely to feed and clothe the boy but to teach him his letters, so the orphan would come to his majority with the rudiments of literacy, a provision that lifted the arrangement above mere sustenance. The passage marks the value placed on basic learning in a community where many, including soldiers who signed with a mark, could not write, the Company requiring that a child in its care be taught to read and write as a condition of the allowance, the boy’s schooling secured by contract so that the next generation of the island’s poor should not grow up wholly unlettered, education woven into the very terms of his keep.
83	93	1746 The Storekeeper this day laid before us his day Books for the Week past according to Order of Consultation of 29 April last The Governour then delivered the following remarks on the Lt Governour's Answer to his Protest Vizt August the 18 1746 The Governour's remarks on the Lt Governour's 2 papers of his Own hand writing One about the Marshals being sworn the other an answer to my Protest against his Opinion upon Mr Greentree's Case of Selling Arrack without Lycence As to the first I am as much ashamed that I was so much overseene and prevailed upon by his importunity and Opinion to suffer the Marshall to take an Oath contrary to my Own Knowledge as I am surprized at the Lt Govr's ill Manners and insolence in insisting on my giveing the Marshall such Oath in Opposition to my own As to the Second the Sophistery thro the whole is not worth refuteing but I must Observe that this Gentleman takes upon him to Judge by his own sense of the Act of Parliament about retailing Spirituous Liquors and the Quantity which is there calld retailing and lays no Stress on the Honble Company's orders often repeated not to Suffer any person to sell or retail Spirituous Liquors without the Govr's Lycence under his hand and Seal and as to what He says of the Govr's Stores and here refusing to sell to some and supplying others I say it is meddling and impertinent and no way relates to the Case in dispute As to what He says about paying Mr Goodwin and Mr Wright that the Council consented to it it was for it was never mentiond in Council until it was done and the Payments enterd in the pay accts what he calls the Councils cousenting was only each of them being asked Separatly at their own houses which cannot be sayd the Council's consent ing for tho the Gentlemen who Consented are all of the Council yet they are no Council but when Convened and the Governour in the Chair	The storekeeper laid before the board his day books for the week past according to the order of the consultation of 29 April last. The Governor then delivered his remarks on the Lieutenant Governor’s answer to his protest, dated 18 August 1746. The Governor’s remarks were on the Lieutenant Governor’s two papers of his own handwriting, one about the marshal being sworn, the other an answer to the Governor’s protest against his opinion on Greentree’s case of selling arrack without licence. As to the first, the Governor said he was as much ashamed that he was so much overseen and prevailed upon by Hutchinson’s importunity and opinion as to suffer the marshal to take an oath contrary to his own knowledge, as he was surprised at the Lieutenant Governor’s ill manners and insolence in insisting on his giving the marshal such oath in opposition to his own. As to the second, the Governor said the sophistry through the whole was not worth refuting, but he must observe that Hutchinson took upon him to judge by his own sense of the act of Parliament about retailing spirituous liquors, and laid no stress on the Company’s orders, often repeated, not to suffer any person to sell or retail spirituous liquors without the Governor’s licence under his hand and seal. As to what Hutchinson said of the Governor’s stores, and his refusing to sell to some and supplying others, the Governor said it was meddling and impertinent, and no way related to the case in dispute. As to what Hutchinson said about paying Goodwin and Wright, that the council consented to it, the Governor said it was false, for it was never mentioned in council until it was done and the payments entered in the pay account. What Hutchinson called the council’s consenting was only each of them being asked separately at their own houses, which could not be called the council’s consenting, for although the gentlemen who consented were all of the council, yet they were no council but when convened, and the Governor in the chair. Interpretations The Governor’s objection that the members were no council except when convened with the Governor in the chair goes to the heart of how authority was constituted on the island, distinguishing the board as a body from the men who composed it. He argued that consent given by councillors questioned separately at their houses was not the consent of the council, since the council existed only when formally assembled under his presidency, so that agreements reached out of session had no institutional force. The passage marks a genuine constitutional point beneath the quarrel, the Governor insisting that collective authority was a matter of proper assembly and not merely of the agreement of individuals, and turning that principle against the members to argue that their scattered assents to the pay entries never amounted to a lawful act of the board. The Governor’s admission that he was ashamed to have suffered the marshal to swear an oath against his own knowledge reveals the depth of his regret over having yielded to Hutchinson on that earlier matter. Rather than defend his part, the Governor confessed he had been overborne by the Lieutenant Governor’s importunity into permitting an oath he believed false, casting his own compliance as a fault wrung from him by pressure. The passage shows the personal bitterness the disputes had bred, the Governor turning even his own past concession into a grievance against Hutchinson, and it marks how far relations on the board had decayed, the Governor now recalling every instance in which he had given way as evidence of the Lieutenant Governor’s domineering conduct, the accumulated resentments of months surfacing in his answer to the members’ papers.
84	94	August 19 As to His constant Opposing himself to every thing I propose the Consultations and papers transmitted home by our late fleet will prove whether he has done so or no He forgets that he is only Lt Governour but would Arrogate an Equality He Knows that a Lt Governour has no sort of Power where there is a Governour but as the Governour Permitts if he denys it I Here give it to him under my hand by power I do not mean his right of Voteing in Council and I say I am not bound by such vote if I act against it He may Protest and if what he protests against be not approved at home I am Lyable to be removed and made to pay all Charges and damages at the pleasure of the Court of Directors to whom alone I am Accountable The Scurrilous and Insolent paragraph concluding the said Answer is such an Affront to the Honble Company in the Person of their Governour that I dare not pass it by without some resentment and until there is an Opportunity to know their Sentiments upon it I do now fine the Seij Governour Capt Charles Hutchinson by Name in One Months Sallary of his Employment to the Company's Cash Submitting it to their Judgment for his said Offence And I now Caution the Lt Governour to be upon his Guard that he forbears his ill treatment of me and he may be Assured that if he persevres I will make my Affray by Suspending him and perhaps by sending him home for the Seditious Doctrine about Government which he has with much Vehemence endeavour'd to inculcate cate here into innocent men's heads by his Sophistery will never Subside until the Company's determination be Known until when I am determind to Governour in as large affice as the Word admitts and which I am Sure My constituents intended I had for some months entertaind a hope that our late animo sitys would leave Subsided until We had a determination upon them from our masters but I find discontented restless Spirits will be allways troublesome In March last the Lieut Governour came one morning into my apartment and in a very dejected mallankolly tone with tears in his Eyes said He was very sorry that I should load him with all the blame and being the sole Author and Occasion of late jarrs and disputes and said he wished himself dead and the sooner the better I was so touched with Pitty and Compassion at his Effeminate beha viour that I spoke kindly to him and as soon as We left my room I Wrote	The Governor’s remarks continued. As to Hutchinson’s constant opposing of himself to everything the Governor proposed, the consultations and papers transmitted home by the late fleet would prove whether he had done so or not. The Governor said Hutchinson forgot that he was only Lieutenant Governor, but would arrogate an equality, whereas the Governor knew that a Lieutenant Governor had no sort of power where there was a Governor, but as the Governor permitted, and if the Governor denied it he here gave it to him under his hand. By power the Governor said he did not mean Hutchinson’s right of voting in council, and he owned he was not bound by such vote if he acted against it, and Hutchinson might protest, and if what he protested against were not approved at home the Governor was liable to be removed and made to pay all charges and damages at the pleasure of the Court of Directors, to whom alone he was accountable. The scurrilous and insolent paragraph concluding the answer was such an affront to the Company in the person of their Governor that the Governor said he could not pass it by without some resentment, and until there was an opportunity to know the directors’ sentiments upon it he now fined the Lieutenant Governor Captain Charles Hutchinson by name in one month’s salary of his employment to the Company’s cash, submitting it to their judgement for the offence. The Governor now cautioned the Lieutenant Governor to be on his guard that he forbear his ill treatment of the Governor, or he might be assured that if he persevered the Governor would make his way easy by suspending him, and perhaps by sending him home, for the seditious doctrine about government which he had with much vehemence endeavoured to inculcate into innocent men’s heads by his sophistry. This would never subside until the Company’s determination was known, until when the Governor was determined to govern in as large a sphere as the Court admitted and which the Governor was sure his constituents intended. The Governor said he had for some months entertained a hope that the animosities would have subsided until they had a determination upon them from their masters, but he found discontented restless spirits would be always troublesome. In March last the Lieutenant Governor came one morning into the Governor’s apartment in a very dejected melancholy tone, with tears in his eyes, saying he was very sorry that he should load him with all the blame, and being the sole author and occasion of the late jars and disputes, and said he wished himself dead, and the sooner the better. The Governor said he was so touched with pity and compassion at this effeminate behaviour that he spoke kindly to him, and as soon as Hutchinson left his room he wrote. Interpretations The Governor’s fine of a month’s salary imposed on the Lieutenant Governor by name marks the extraordinary escalation of the dispute, the Governor now punishing his own second in command for the language of his written answer. Having fined Greentree on his sole authority against the board, the Governor turned the same power against Hutchinson himself, treating the concluding paragraph of the answer as an affront to the Company in the person of their Governor and fining the Lieutenant Governor accordingly. The passage shows the quarrel passing from a disagreement over policy into direct disciplinary action against a colleague, the Governor asserting a personal authority to fine the second officer of the island for the manner of his opposition, the whole submitted home but enforced at once, a striking claim of power by a Governor who held but a single vote at his own board. The Governor’s account of the Lieutenant Governor’s tearful visit, and his scornful description of it as effeminate behaviour, lays bare the personal contempt that had grown between the two men. The Governor recorded Hutchinson coming to him in March dejected and weeping, wishing himself dead and owning himself the author of the disputes, and set this down not with sympathy but as evidence of weakness he had been foolish to pity. The passage marks how the quarrel had become intensely personal, the Governor using a moment of the Lieutenant Governor’s distress against him in a formal paper for the directors, and it shows the breakdown of any collegial regard between the two senior officers, the Governor recalling his own compassion as a mistake and painting his colleague’s vulnerability as contemptible, the government of the island poisoned by the mutual animosity of the men who led it.
85	95	1746 wrote the following letter and gave it into his hands in a few hours time he did not then read it nor did he take any notice of it for a week and then he thanked me and seemd to be Easy and we continued as before any of the late disputes upon a Civil footing till this New Affair of Mr Greentrees I call all the Gentlemen of the Council and many others to Wittness how much uneasyness I have expressd for near two Years at my being confined to his humour in Sleeping and sitting up with him continually 365 nights in the Year against my own Custome and incli nations and very many times not Separating from him from our getting up from dinner till supper and is on till bed time such manner of liveing was never my Custome however in Civility and Complaisance to him I punished my self I often requited the Gentlemen of the Council to relieve me by sometimes spending an Evening with him at the Castle but I could not prevail I will mention their answers to me which I leave to themselves I am really ashamed that I am obliged to say so much especially as this Gentleman was one of my own Choosing which was a very Extraordinary Compliment from the Honble the Court of Direc tors to me who was no otherwise Known to any one Gentleman in the Direction than by recommendation I have often from my heart repented my choice and I believe in my Soul that no dispute would ever have happened here had it not been fomented by them I cannot here Omitt one instance of his behaviour to me which was neither mannerly nor Soldierly the first time that I went to View the works at Rupert I desired the Lieut Governour to go with me and we carryd St Clark with us soon after landing there & walking along the works as I was mentioning my Observations upon them and haveing no reply made I was Surprize and looking behind me saw the Lieut Governour and Mr Clark had turned and walkt another way I was amazed at such behaviour and with great difficulty bridled my resentment at that time Upon this whole Affair I find it impracticable to continue any intimacy or converse with the Lt Governour and desire never to see him but where busyness or duty requires it I am convinced he is not to be obliged by many instances of favour which he has seemd to take as his due This is only a rough sketch of my remarks to which I intend to make some additions and would delay even this for some time but that I would not have the Lt Governour fancy I should make no reply	The Governor’s remarks continued. Governor Dunbar wrote the following letter and gave it into Hutchinson’s hands in a few hours’ time. Hutchinson did not then read it, nor did he take any notice of it for a week, and then he thanked the Governor and seemed to be easy, and they continued as before any of the late disputes, upon a civil footing, until this new affair of Greentree. Governor Dunbar called all the gentlemen of the council and many others to witness how much uneasiness he had expressed for near two years at being confined to Hutchinson’s humours, supping and sitting up with him continually three hundred and sixty-five nights in the year, against his own custom and inclinations, and very many times not separating from him from their getting up from dinner till supper and so on till bed time. Such a manner of living was never the Governor’s custom, however in civility and complaisance to Hutchinson he punished himself, and often requested the gentlemen of the council to relieve him by sometimes spending an evening with Hutchinson at the castle, but could not prevail. The Governor said he would mention their answers to him, which he left to themselves. The Governor said he was really ashamed that he was obliged to say so much, especially as Hutchinson was one of his own choosing, which was a very extraordinary compliment from the Court of Directors to him, who was no otherwise known to any gentleman in the direction than by recommendation. He had often from his heart repeated his choice, and believed in his soul that no dispute would ever have happened there had it not been fomented by Hutchinson. The Governor could not omit one instance of Hutchinson’s behaviour to him, which was neither mannerly nor soldierly. The first time that the Governor went to view the works at Rupert’s he desired the Lieutenant Governor to go with him, and they carried Lieutenant Clark with them, and soon after landing there and walking along the works, as the Governor was mentioning his observations upon them, and having no reply made, he was surprised, and looking behind him saw the Lieutenant Governor and Clark had turned and walked another way. The Governor was amazed at such behaviour, and with great difficulty curbed his resentment at that time. Upon the whole affair the Governor found it impracticable to continue any intimacy or converse with the Lieutenant Governor, and desired never to see him but where business or duty required it, being convinced Hutchinson was not to be obliged by many instances of favour, which he had seemed to take as his due. This was only a rough sketch of the Governor’s remarks, to which he intended to make some additions, and would delay even this for some time, but that he would not have the Lieutenant Governor fancy he should make no reply. Interpretations Governor Dunbar’s complaint that Hutchinson had one of his own choosing shows how the quarrel wounded him the more because he had recommended the Lieutenant Governor to the directors himself. Hutchinson had been unknown to the Court but by the Governor’s recommendation, so his opposition felt to the Governor like the failure of his own judgement, the man he had vouched for turned against him. The passage marks the peculiar bitterness of a falling-out between patron and protégé, the Governor obliged to record before the directors that the officer he had chosen had become the author of the island’s discord, his own recommendation now a source of shame, the personal history behind the two men’s appointment deepening the acrimony of their public dispute. The Governor’s recital of two years of enforced companionship, of supping and sitting up every night against his own inclination, reveals how the isolation of the small settlement had bound the two senior officers into a closeness that curdled into resentment. On a remote island with few of their own rank, the Governor and Lieutenant Governor had kept constant company from dinner to bedtime, a forced intimacy the Governor now recast as a penance he had endured out of civility. The passage marks the peculiar strains of governing so confined a community, where the leading men could not escape one another and social duty became a burden, the very closeness that isolation demanded turning to grievance when relations soured, the Governor complaining of the nightly companionship that the smallness of the place had made almost unavoidable.
86	96	August 19 reply to his answer which I think fitter to be sent home with our Genl Letter than to stuff the Consultations with such indecency and upon this I desire the Gentlemen of the Councils Opinion Signd David Dunbar Sir Words are but wind and may be misapprehen ded or forgot for which reason I take this Method to tell you and I declare I do it Sincerely and without any design of taking any advantage by any answer you may give either Verbally or by writing that if what has happend upon our late disputes has exceeded what you might have expected Or that you are Convinced you have been mistaken in Your judgment and no man is infallable and that you would point out to me any thing in my power that would make you easy you shall find me disposed to do it What Moves me to make this tender to you is a very deep concern for the trouble you seem to be in which I would rather wish may be occasiond by what has happend than by any real change in your Health because one is Easier Cured than the other and I would Contribute any thing in my power towards it If I am Mistaken in my Conjecture and that you believe your Self right Lett us wait the ijsie and till then live as usual March 27 1746 I am Sir To Capt Hutchinson Your most humble Servant Signd D D David Dunbar As to the Governour's Remarks We agree to them as Such And as in Our Opinions we cannot singly fine any One We do not give our Approbation thereto Rest to the rest of the Consultation John Goodwin & c Curling Wright	Governor Dunbar closed his remarks by saying he thought his reply fitter to be sent home with the general letter than to stuff the consultations with such indecency, and upon this he desired the gentlemen of the council’s opinion. He signed it David Dunbar. The Governor then entered the letter he had written to Hutchinson the previous March. Governor Dunbar wrote that words were but wind, and might be misapprehended or forgot, for which reason he took this method to tell Hutchinson and declare it sincerely and without any design of taking any advantage by any answer he might give either verbally or in writing, that if what had happened upon their late disputes had exceeded what Hutchinson might have expected, or if he were convinced he had been mistaken in his judgement, no man being infallible, and would point out anything in the Governor’s power that would make him easy, he should find the Governor disposed to do it. What moved the Governor to make this tender was a very deep concern for the trouble Hutchinson seemed to be in, which the Governor would rather wish might be occasioned by what had happened than by any real change in his health, because the one was easier cured than the other, and the Governor would contribute anything in his power toward it. If the Governor was mistaken in his conjecture, and Hutchinson believed himself right, then the Governor proposed they wait the issue and till then live as usual. He signed it, addressed to Captain Hutchinson, dated 27 March 1746, and subscribed D D, David Dunbar. The councillors added that as to the Governor’s remarks, they signed to them as such, and as in their opinion they could not truly give any one, they did not give their approbation thereto, and left it to the rest of the consultation. It was subscribed John Goodwin, Purling and Wright. Interpretations The Governor’s entering of his own conciliatory March letter into the record served to cast himself as the reasonable party who had sought peace before the quarrel hardened. By setting down the letter in which he had offered to make Hutchinson easy and to live as usual until the issue was known, Governor Dunbar built a case for the directors that the breach was not of his seeking, the earlier overture standing as evidence of his willingness to reconcile. The passage marks the Governor’s use of the archive to shape how the whole dispute would be read at home, the tender of March offered now as proof of good faith, the record made to show that he had extended a hand before the opposition of his officers forced him to the harsher measures of the summer. The councillors’ refusal to give any opinion on the Governor’s remarks marks a careful and pointed withdrawal, the members declining to endorse or contest the Governor’s account rather than be drawn further into the exchange. Where they had answered his protest at length, they now signed only to acknowledge the remarks as delivered and expressly gave no approbation, leaving the matter to the record. The passage shows the members choosing silence as their safest course, unwilling to fuel the quarrel by responding to the Governor’s personal attack on Hutchinson yet unwilling to appear to accept it, their bare acknowledgement a deliberate refusal to be provoked, the whole contest now left to the directors with the members declining to add another paper to a dispute they judged had already gone too far.
87	97	1746 At a Consultation holden on Tuesday the 2 day of September 1746 at the Castle Present Colonel David Dunbar Governour Captain Charles Hutchinson Lieut Govr John Goodwin Matthew Curling of Council Robert Wright The last Consultation was read and Approved Fryday 22 August died Isaac Hingarson Quarter Gunner a Superannuated pensioner The Executors of George Lindsay deceased presented his last Will and Testament desiring the same might be proved and registred which was done on the Oaths of the Subscribing Witnesses thereto and is as follows Vizt Island St Helena the 17 Feby 1745 In the Name of God amen I George Linsey of the said Island being very weak of Body but perfect Sound in mind and memory and understanding do therefore make this my last will and Testament in manner & form following that is to say first and Principally I commit my Soul into the hands of Almighty God my Body to the Earth there to be Decently Buried according to the Discretion of my Executor here after Named Imprimis I give and bequeath unto my well beloved Friend Joseph Whaley Junr Serjeant in the Garrison all my whole Estate that it has pleased God to bestow upon me Disanulling and making void all other wills or wills by me formerly made allowing this and no other to be my last will and Testament Item I do nominate and appoint the said Joseph Whaley to be the only Executor to this my last will and Testament In witness whereof I have hereunto set my hand and Seal Signd Signed and Sealed in the Presence of us The Mark L of Henry Beale Thomas Watts Junr George Linsey	At a consultation held on Tuesday 2 September 1746 at the castle, the board sat as Governor Dunbar, Charles Hutchinson as Lieutenant Governor, John Goodwin, Matthew Purling and Robert Wright of council, the previous consultation read and approved. On Friday 22 August Isaac Hugarson, quarter gunner, a superannuated pensioner, died. The executors of George Lindsay, deceased, presented his last will and testament, and desired it be proved and registered, which was done on the oaths of the subscribing witnesses. George Lindsay of the island, being very weak of body but perfect and sound in mind, memory and understanding, made his last will and testament in the manner and form following. First he gave his soul into the hands of Almighty God, and his body to the earth to be decently buried according to the discretion of his executor thereafter named. First he gave and bequeathed to his well beloved friend Joseph Whaley junior, serjeant in the garrison, all his whole estate that it had pleased God to bestow upon him, revoking and making void all other wills by him formerly made, and allowing this and no other to be his last will and testament. He nominated and appointed the said Joseph Whaley the only executor of his will. In witness whereof he set his hand and seal, subscribed with the mark of George Lindsay, and witnessed by Henry Beale and Thomas Watts junior. Interpretations The death of Isaac Hugarson so soon after George Lindsay marks the passing of the old pensioners together, two superannuated men of the artillery leaving the Company’s books within weeks of one another. Both had drawn the flat pension after their active service, and their deaths in close succession thinned the small list of aged servants the Company carried. The passage records the natural attrition of the pension roll, the worn-out men the establishment maintained coming to the end of their long dependence, the deaths of Lindsay the drummer and Hugarson the quarter gunner marking the closing of a generation of the garrison’s servants, their small allowances now falling away from the Company’s charge as the men they supported died out. Lindsay left his whole estate to a single friend, the serjeant Joseph Whaley, whom he also made his sole executor, a simple and complete disposition to one man. Having no family named, the aged drummer gave all he had to a comrade of the garrison and trusted him alone to carry out his will, the bequest and the executorship falling together on one person. The passage marks the narrow world of an old soldier who had outlived his connections, his estate passing entire to a friend rather than divided among kin, the ties of the garrison serving in place of family at the last, Whaley receiving both the whole of Lindsay’s modest goods and the charge of burying him, the friendship of the barrack room standing as the only bond the dying man had left to honour.
88	98	September 2 The Executor of George Lindsay at the same time produced an Inventory of his Effects taken and Appraised by Messrs Joseph Deffountain and Joshua Worrall desiring the same might be registred which was Enterd Accordingly to be done in the in the Book kept for that purpose On Wednesday the 27 day of August last were Sold at Publick Auction the Severall Goods and at the prices following Vizt Shoes 1 Pr Women's 2 Stockings 1 Pr Women's 6 Hats Vizt 3 Laced £1 7 2 Plain 12 6 with Latin 1 19 6 Allejars 78 Pr 38 19 11 Lines 51 dozen 3 8 6½ £ 44 10 5½ The Storekeeper laid before us his day Books for the Week past according to Order in Consultation of 29 April last Several Soldiers having Applied for Money to relist whose times Expire in March next We ordered the Same to be paid to any whose times Expire on or before that time The Lieut Governour then delivered the following Answer to the Governour's remarks Enterd the last Consulta tion day Vizt September 2 1746 The Lieut Govr's Answer to the Governour's Remarks on his two papers one about John Leech being Sworn and the other upon his Answer to the Governour's Protest against his Opinion in Mr Greentree's Case It is unnecessary I think to say any thing here to the Governour's first and second Remarks as they are upon points that have been fully mentioned one of them in Consultation of July the 22 and the other in my answer to the Govr Protest against my Opinion in Mr Greentree's Case which is enterd in Consultation of August the 12	The executors of George Lindsay at the same time produced an inventory of his effects, taken and appraised by Joseph Defountain and Joshua Worrall, and desired it be registered, which was entered accordingly in the book kept for that purpose. On Wednesday 27 August the following goods were sold at public auction at the prices following. Shoes, 14 women's, £0 0s 2d. Stockings, 1 women's, £0 0s 6d. Hats, viz: 3 laced, with laten, £5 1s 7d. 1 plain, with laten, £12 0s 6d. Total, £1 19s 6d. Allejars, 78 pieces, £38 19s 11d. Lines, 51 dozen, £3 8s 6.5d. Total, £44 10s 5.5d. The storekeeper laid before the board his day books for the week past according to the order of the consultation of 29 April last. Several soldiers having applied for money to re-enlist, whose time expired in March next, the board ordered the same to be paid to any whose time expired on or before that time. The Lieutenant Governor then delivered his answer to the Governor’s remarks entered the last consultation, dated 2 September 1746. Hutchinson’s answer was to the Governor’s remarks on his two papers, one about John Leech being sworn and the other on his answer to the Governor’s protest against his opinion in Greentree’s case. Hutchinson said it was unnecessary, he thought, to say anything to the Governor’s first and second remarks, as they were upon points that had been fully mentioned, one of them in the consultation of 22 July and the other in his answer to the Governor’s protest against his opinion in Greentree’s case, which was entered in the consultation of 12 August. Interpretations The public auction cleared the goods that had lain long in the stores, the sale realising a considerable sum from stock the graded pricing had failed to move. The allejars alone fetched nearly thirty-nine pounds and the whole sale over forty-four, so the Company recovered real value from silk, fishing lines and laced hats that its ordinary buyers had passed over at the fixed rates. The passage marks the auction as an effective instrument for turning dead stock into cash, the accumulated surplus of a distant supply line sold off in one day for ready money, the laced hats in particular fetching a striking price that shows even goods too fine for the island’s plain wants would find buyers when offered to the highest bidder rather than at the set store price. Hutchinson’s refusal to answer the Governor’s first two remarks, on the ground that the matters had been fully covered already, shows the Lieutenant Governor beginning to disengage from the endless exchange of papers. Where the Governor pressed each point anew, Hutchinson declined to rehearse arguments already entered in the earlier consultations, pointing the directors to the record rather than adding fresh matter. The passage marks a weariness with the paper war on the members’ side, Hutchinson choosing to rest on what stood already written rather than prolong the dispute point by point, and it shows the contest settling into a pattern where the Governor pressed and the members refused to be drawn, both content to let the accumulated papers speak to the Company that would judge between them.
89	99	1746 As to the Governour's third Remark about my paying Mr Goodwin and Mr Wright There have been several Instances as I believe the Gentlemen of the Council may remember where their Consent has been asked separately at their Houses to things which upon such Consent only were afterwards published by Order of Council although the Council were not convened or the Governour in the Chair Of this there was an Example a few weeks ago when the Copies of two paragraphs of the Honourable Company's Orders relating to retailing Liquor were published I have given the Governour no Cause that I know of to imagine that I looked upon my Self to be equal to him neither have I endeavoured to inculcate seditious Doctrine into innocent Mens Heads As to what the Governour mentions about my Going to him in March last I was for sometime before in a bad State of Health and was there very weak and much out of Order And having been frequently Nettled by the Governour that I was the Occasion of the Disputes that had happened I went one Morning into his Apartment to represent to him his Unkindness to me in this Respect A sudden and unexpected Faintness then coming upon me I think I did thereupon say that I wished my Self dead the Governour expressing a Concern for me in the Letter he referreds I thanked him for it some Days after To be reproached with this Circumstance is what I never expected as I was intirely owing to Illness & Misfortune that every Man being is liable to As to what the Govr says of his supping and sitting up with me if he pleases to recollect himself he cannot but be sensible that he has many times pressed me both to eat and drink more than I did and to sit up longer when I was for retiring to my Chamber And as there were usually one or two Gentlemen at supper besides my self I had no Reason to imagine that the Govr would have come if he had disliked it It has now and then fallen out indeed that only the Govr and I have sate down at the Table and when it has so happend the Victuals has been often taken away without our tasting it as the Govr may remember And if I am not much mistaken there are severall people who have heard him tell this As to the Govr says he often required the Gentlemen of the Council to relieve him by sometimes spending an Evening with me at the Castle but he could not prevail and will not mention their Answer to him which he leaves to themselves I desire that Mr Goodwin & Mr Curling who had then a Right to the Table will declare	Hutchinson’s answer continued. As to Governor Dunbar’s third remark about his paying Goodwin and Wright, Hutchinson said there had been several instances, as he believed the gentlemen of the council might remember, where their consent had been asked separately at their houses to things which, upon such consent only, were afterwards published by order of council, although the council were not convened or the Governor in the chair. Of this there was an example a few weeks ago, when the copies of two paragraphs of the Company’s orders relating to retailing liquor were published. Hutchinson said he had given the Governor no cause that he knew of to imagine that he looked upon himself to be equal to him, neither had he endeavoured to inculcate seditious doctrine into innocent men’s heads. As to what the Governor mentioned about his going to him in March last, Hutchinson said he was for some time before in a bad state of health, and was then very weak and much out of order. Having been frequently told by the Governor that he was the occasion of the disputes that had happened, he went one morning into the Governor’s apartment to represent to him his unkindness in that respect, and a sudden and unexpected faintness then coming upon him, he thought he did thereupon say that he wished himself dead. The Governor expressing a concern for him in the letter he referred to, Hutchinson thanked him for it some days after. So that his being reproached with this circumstance was entirely owing to illness and misfortune that every man was liable to. As to what the Governor said of his supping and sitting up with him, if the Governor pleased to recollect himself he could not but be sensible that he had many times pressed Hutchinson both to eat and drink more than he did, and to sit up longer when Hutchinson was for retiring to his chamber. And as there were usually one or two gentlemen at supper besides himself, he had no reason to imagine that the Governor would have come if he had disliked it. It had now and then fallen out indeed that only the Governor and he had sat down at the table, and when it so happened the victuals had been often taken away without their tasting it, as the Governor might remember. And if he was not much mistaken there were several people who had heard the Governor tell this. As to the Governor saying he had often requested the gentlemen of the council to relieve him by sometimes spending an evening with him at the castle, but that he could not prevail, Hutchinson said he would not mention their answers to him, which he left to themselves. He desired that Goodwin and Purling, who had then a right to the table, would declare. Interpretations Hutchinson turned the Governor’s own practice against him, showing that the very method of asking consent separately at the councillors’ houses, which the Governor now condemned in the pay-list matter, had been used with the Governor’s own knowledge only weeks before to publish the liquor paragraphs. The Lieutenant Governor pointed out that the Governor had raised no objection when the same informal procedure served his purpose in bringing forward the Company’s orders against Greentree, so the complaint about the pay entries was inconsistent. The passage marks a shrewd rebuttal, Hutchinson exposing the Governor’s selective objection to a practice he had lately relied on himself, the members contending that the Governor condemned as irregular in one instance exactly what he had accepted in another, the charge of improper procedure undone by the Governor’s own recent conduct. Hutchinson’s measured account of his moment of weakness recast the tearful visit the Governor had scorned, explaining it as the effect of illness rather than the effeminate collapse the Governor described. The Lieutenant Governor owned that a sudden faintness had made him say he wished himself dead, but attributed it to a bad state of health that any man might suffer, and reminded the Governor that he had thanked him for his concern. The passage marks Hutchinson reclaiming his dignity from the Governor’s contemptuous portrayal, turning a moment the Governor had used against him into evidence of the Governor’s unkindness in reproaching a sick man, the Lieutenant Governor answering scorn with composure and leaving the directors to judge which account, the Governor’s mockery or his own explanation, better became the men who gave them.
90	100	September 2 Whether it was upon my Account or on of any personal Dislike to me that they did not come to Supper especially at those times that the Govr required of them so particularly Whether they ever saw me behave to any Body in a rude or uncivil Manner I desire those Gentlemen and Mr Wright likewise will declare Whether they ever knew that I endeavoured to inculcate seditious Doctrine about Government into innocent mens heads Whether they believe that I have fomented or been the Cause of any Disputes or that I am of a discontented restless or troublesome Temper and disposition And I desire that those Gentlemens Declarations may be entered in Consultation I am quite a Stranger to what the Govr relates of my turning another way with St Clark when the Govr was making his Observations on the works at Rupert & about and walking 200 do I remember any thing of such a Circumstance And I can safely affirm that to the best of my Knowledge the Govr never mentioned it to me before The Govr in his Remarks on my Answer to his protest which is entered in Consultation of August the 12 having called the Concluding paragraph of it scurrilous and insolent I humbly submit it to the Consideration of the Honble the Court of Directors who I hope will observe me from the Reflections that are cast on me by those Epithets & some other of the like Sort in the said Remarks And as the Governour has taken upon him to fine me in a Months Salary I protest against it as it is in my Opinion a proceeding that is Contrary to the Honble Company's Orders Signd Cha Hutchinson Messrs Goodwin and Curling then said in Answer to the Lt Govr's Questions that the reason for not Coming to the Table was on the Account of their haveing Familys at Home and they say for themselves and Mr Wright for himself Saith 4 the Lt Governour never Attempted to inculcate any seditious Notions into their Heads or to foment Disputes between them The Govr then desired Messrs Goodwin & Curling to declare Whether he had not very often Expressd his dislike	Hutchinson’s answer continued. He desired the gentlemen to declare whether it was upon his account, or of any personal dislike to him, that they did not come to supper, especially at those times that the Governor so particularly required them, and whether they ever saw him behave to anybody in a rude or uncivil manner. He desired those gentlemen, and Wright likewise, to declare whether they ever knew that he endeavoured to inculcate seditious doctrine about government into innocent men’s heads, and whether they believed that he had fomented or been the cause of any disputes, or that he was of a discontented, restless or troublesome temper and disposition. He desired that the gentlemen’s declarations might be entered in the consultation. He said he was quite a stranger to what the Governor related, of his turning another way with Lieutenant Clark when the Governor was making his observations on the works at Rupert’s, and did not remember any such circumstance. He could safely affirm that to the best of his knowledge the Governor never mentioned it to him before. As the Governor in his remarks on Hutchinson’s answer to his protest, entered in the consultation of 12 August, had called the concluding paragraph of it scurrilous and insolent, Hutchinson humbly submitted it to the consideration of the Court of Directors, who he hoped would observe from the reflections cast on him by those epithets, and some others of the like sort in the remarks, and as the Governor had taken upon him to fine him a month’s salary, he protested against it as being, in his opinion, a proceeding contrary to the Company’s orders. He signed it Charles Hutchinson. Goodwin and Purling then delivered in their answer to the Lieutenant Governor’s questions, that the reason for not coming to the table was on account of their having families at home, and they, for themselves, and Wright for himself, said that the Lieutenant Governor never attempted to inculcate any seditious notions into their heads, or to foment disputes between them. The Governor then desired Goodwin and Purling to declare whether he had not very often expressed his dislike. Interpretations Hutchinson’s protest against the Governor’s fine of a month’s salary marks the quarrel reaching a mirror of the Greentree dispute, the Lieutenant Governor now protesting a fine as the Governor had protested the members’ acquittal. Where the Governor had imposed the fine on his sole authority as a proceeding against Hutchinson, the Lieutenant Governor answered in kind, entering his own protest that the fine was contrary to the Company’s orders and submitting the matter to the directors. The passage marks the exact symmetry the dispute had reached, each side using the same instrument of formal protest against the other’s action, and it shows the Governor’s claim of authority to fine a colleague met by the colleague’s formal denial of that authority, the whole left for the Court to resolve between a Governor who fined and a Lieutenant Governor who refused the fine. The members’ direct testimony that Hutchinson had never sought to spread seditious notions or foment disputes struck at the heart of the Governor’s charge, the very men the Governor claimed had been worked upon denying it plainly. The Governor had accused Hutchinson of inculcating seditious doctrine into innocent men’s heads, but Goodwin, Purling and Wright, the men in question, affirmed on the record that he had done no such thing. The passage marks the collapse of one of the Governor’s principal accusations under the witness of those it named, the members refusing to serve as evidence of a conspiracy they said never existed, their declaration turning the Governor’s charge of sedition against itself, the supposed victims of Hutchinson’s influence testifying that no such influence had ever been attempted.
91	101	1746 at Sitting up in an Evening to which those Gentlemen Answered Yes very often David Dunbar Cha Hutchinson John Goodwin & c Curling Wright At a Consultation held on Tuesday the 9 day of September 1746 at the Castle Present Colonel David Dunbar Governour Captain Charles Hutchinson Lt Govr John Goodwin Matthew Curling of Council Robert Wright The last Consultation was read and Approved Mr Francis Wrangham Senior petitioned for Liberty to dispose of Thirteen Acres of Lease Land to Messrs Martin and Gabriel Harper Granted We this day Published the following adver tisement and Order thereunder mentioned Vizt Island St Helena 9 Septr 1746 This is to give Notice That all persons on the said Island are hereby required to Deliver into the Secretary's office a true account of their Several and Respective Familys Lands and Cattle with their Proper and Appear on before the 20 day of September Instant under the Penalty in the Honble Company's Order thereunder Mentioned	Governor Dunbar asked the members to declare whether he had not very often expressed his dislike at sitting up in an evening, to which those gentlemen answered that he did very often. The consultation was subscribed David Dunbar, Charles Hutchinson, John Goodwin, Purling and Wright. At a consultation held on Tuesday 9 September 1746 at the castle, the board sat as Governor Dunbar, Charles Hutchinson as Lieutenant Governor, John Goodwin, Matthew Purling and Robert Wright of council, the previous consultation read and approved. Francis Wrangham senior petitioned for leave to dispose of thirteen acres of lease land to Martin and Gabriel Harper, which the board granted. The board published the following advertisement and the order thereunder mentioned, dated St Helena 9 September 1746. This was to give notice that all persons on the island were required to deliver into the secretary’s office a true account of their several and respective families, lands and cattle, with their proper appraisement, and to appear before the board on 30 September instant, under the penalty in the Company’s order thereunder mentioned. Interpretations The members’ confirmation that the Governor had often expressed his dislike of sitting up marks a small concession wrung from the quarrel, the councillors granting one of the Governor’s claims even as they denied his larger charges. Where they had refused to endorse his account of Hutchinson’s conduct, they acknowledged plainly that the Governor had frequently complained of the late nights, a point that cost them nothing and lent a measure of truth to his grievance. The passage shows the members answering the Governor’s questions honestly point by point, willing to confirm what was true even in the midst of a bitter dispute, their testimony neither wholly for nor against him, the record built from their careful acknowledgement of some claims and denial of others as each deserved. The order requiring every inhabitant to deliver a true account of their families, lands and cattle marks the annual reckoning by which the Company assessed the island’s people and property for its own revenue and governance. The demand for a sworn appraisement of each household’s holdings, on pain of penalty, was the means by which the Company kept track of the settlement it owned, the same census of land and stock that underlay the duties and rents recorded in the general letters. The passage marks the Company’s continuing oversight of the island as its proprietor, the inhabitants required to render up an account of themselves and their goods so the Company might know what it possessed and what it might levy, the yearly return a fundamental instrument of a government that held the whole island and its people as its own estate.
92	102	September 9 And this is Likewise to Give Notice That all Persons are required to attend at the Castle in James's Valley on Tuesday the 9 day of Septr next to pay their Rents & discharge their Accounts with the Honble Company and further that the Honble Company's Stores will be Shut up on Monday the 15 Sept Instant for three Weeks in Order that an Inventry may be taken of the Same Copy of a paragraph in the Honble Company's General Letter dated 1 August 1683 Vizt The List you have sent us with several Colum for Men Women Servants Children Cattle &c Wee very well Approve of and do require you to send us the Like once every year And if any Planter or Lessee Shall refuse upon Demand hereafter to give you such an Account or shall give you a false Acco We do hereby impose upon such Offender upon every such Offence a fine of Forty Shillings to be levied by Distress for the Use of the Company upon such Goods and Chattles to be quieties The Storekeeper this day laid before us his day Books for the Week past According to Order of Consultation of 29 April last The Plantation Gunner's & Steward's Accounts this day delivered for the Month of August last which were Examined and Approved and are as follows Vizt Gunner's Stores Expended in August 1746 Powder Deliverd for Priming, Total Powder Delivd to the Funeral of Thomas Corker: Powder Deliverd for Priming 2, Total 2 Powder Delivd to the Stone Blaster: Powder Deliverd for Priming 2, Total 2 Total 4 4 Handspikes Deliv to Mr Maycock for Pick axe Helves 4 Handspikes Broke on the Line 1 Handspikes Delivd to Mr Bland for Pik axe Helves 3 Lead Balls Delivd to Mr Way's 1 Paper to Make Small Cartridge 12 Tallow to grease the Carts in the Great Wood 3 Iron Tucks for the Water cart in the Great Wood 4 One quart of four Inch rope delivd to John Hartugeall 1 Signd Jos French	The advertisement continued. It was likewise to give notice that all persons were required to attend at the castle in James Valley on Tuesday 30 September next to pay their rents and discharge their accounts with the Company, and further, that the Company’s stores would be shut up on Monday 15 September instant for three weeks in order that an inventory might be taken of the same. The board then published a copy of a paragraph in the Company’s general letter dated 1 August 1683. The Company wrote that the list sent to them, with several columns for men, women, servants and children, cattle and so on, they very well approved and required the council to send them the like once every year. If any planter or tenant should refuse on demand thereafter to give such an account, or should give a false one, the Company thereby imposed on such offender, upon every such offence, a fine of forty shillings to be levied by distress for the use of the Company upon such goods and chattels, their qualities notwithstanding. The storekeeper laid before the board his day books for the week past according to the order of the consultation of 29 April last. The plantation, gunner’s and steward’s accounts were delivered for the month of August last, examined and approved. The account of the gunner’s stores expended in August 1746 followed. Gunner's stores expended in August 1746: Powder delivered to the funeral of Thomas Corker, powder expended 2 lb. Powder delivered to the stone blaster, powder expended 2 lb. Total, 4 lb. Handspikes delivered to Mr Maycock for pickaxe helves, 4. Handspikes broke on the line, 1. Handspikes delivered to Mr Bland for pickaxe helves, 3. Lead balls delivered to Mr Way, 5. Paper to make small cartridges, 12 sheets. Tallow to grease the carts in the Great Wood, 3 lb. Iron trucks for the water cart in the Great Wood, 4. One quoil of four inch rope delivered to John Artingstall, 1. The account was subscribed by John French. Interpretations The paragraph of 1683 supplied the legal foundation for the census the board had just ordered, the annual return of families, cattle and land resting on an instruction more than sixty years old. The Company had long required the yearly account and fixed a penalty of forty shillings, levied by distress, on any who refused or gave a false one, so the demand the board published was the continuance of a standing obligation rooted deep in the settlement’s history. The passage marks the long continuity of the Company’s government of the island, the practices of the seventeenth century still governing the eighteenth, the board reaching back to a general letter of 1683 to authorise a routine act of administration, the whole system of oversight built on instructions laid down when the colony was young and carried forward unbroken across the generations. The powder used at Thomas Corker’s funeral shows the garrison honouring its dead serjeant with a formal military burial, a small charge of the magazine spent on ceremony rather than defence or works. Corker, whose will the board had lately proved, was buried with powder fired in his honour, the same commodity that armed the guns and blasted the fortification stone spent to mark the passing of a soldier. The passage records the observances the garrison kept for its own, the funeral firing a mark of respect for a man who had served the Company, the small quantity of powder set down in the gunner’s account beside the fortification charges a token that even in a settlement pressed for its scarce stores, the death of a serjeant was honoured with the customary military rite.
93	103	1746 Account of the Honble Company's Stock of Neat Cattle &c for the Month of August 1746 Vizt Bulls, Cows, Calves, Yearlings, Pullocks, Steers, Wapen, Total, Ewes, Weathers, Rams, Lambs, Total, Ewes, Weathers, He Do, Rams, Total, Sowes, Barrows, Shoats, Piggs, Boars, Total, Turkeys, Fowls, Chickens, Ducks, Geese, Horses, Mares, Total Remaining 1st: Bulls 5, Cows 115, Calves 86, Yearlings 69, Pullocks 8, Steers 17, Wapen 63, Total 363, Ewes 122, Weathers 33, Rams 7, Lambs 89, Total 251, Ewes 178, Weathers 32, He Do 97, Rams 5, Total 312, Sowes 29, Barrows 8, Shoats 48, Piggs 98, Boars 1, Total 184, Turkeys 75, Fowls 85, Chickens 185, Ducks 42, Geese 13, Horses 10, Mares 8, Total 18 Encreased: Calves 32, Total 32, Lambs 14, Total 14, He Do 20, Total 20, Piggs 25, Total 25, Turkeys 56, Chickens 39, Ducks 9, Horses 1, Mares 1, Total 2 Bulls 5, Cows 115, Calves 118, Yearlings 69, Pullocks 8, Steers 17, Wapen 63, Total 395, Ewes 122, Weathers 33, Rams 7, Lambs 103, Total 265, Ewes 178, Weathers 32, He Do 117, Rams 5, Total 332, Sowes 29, Barrows 8, Shoats 48, Piggs 123, Boars 1, Total 209, Turkeys 131, Fowls 85, Chickens 224, Ducks 51, Geese 13, Horses 11, Mares 9, Total 20 Killed: Lambs 2, Ewes 2, Weathers 2, He Do 12, Total 5, Barrows 4, Piggs 3, Total 7 Died: Cows 2, Calves 2, Yearlings 1, Lambs 5, Barrows 1, Piggs 7, Total 8, Turkeys 2, Chickens 10 Stole: Piggs 1, Total 1, Ducks 2 Remaining 31: Bulls 5, Cows 113, Calves 116, Yearlings 68, Pullocks 8, Steers 17, Wapen 63, Total 390, Ewes 122, Weathers 31, Rams 7, Lambs 103, Total 263, Ewes 176, Weathers 31, He Do 115, Rams 5, Total 327, Sowes 29, Barrows 4, Shoats 47, Piggs 112, Boars 1, Total 193, Turkeys 129, Fowls 85, Chickens 214, Ducks 49, Geese 13, Horses 11, Mares 9, Total 20 4 Hoggs at 375 lb to the Markett 13 lb Mutton to Do 18 lb Goat to Do Yams Expended 8000 lb Died Toney a Superannuated Black Errors Excepted Signd R Wright	The stock account for August 1746 followed, headed by the columns of the several classes of livestock and their movements through the month. Account of the Honourable Company's stock of neat cattle and so on for the month of August 1746. Remaining 1 August: bulls 5, cows 115, calves 86, yearlings 69, bullocks 8, steers 17, wethers 63, neat cattle total 363; ewes 122, wethers 33, rams 7, lambs 89, sheep total 251; ewes 178, wethers 32, kids 97, rams 5, goats total 312; sows 29, boars 8, shoats 48, pigs 98, boars 1, hogs total 184; turkeys 75, fowls 85, chickens 185, ducks 42, geese 13; horses 10, mares 8, horses total 18. Increased: calves 32, neat cattle total 32; lambs 14, sheep total 14; kids 20, goats total 20; pigs 25, hogs total 25; turkeys 56, chickens 39, ducks 9. Total: bulls 5, cows 115, calves 118, yearlings 69, bullocks 8, steers 17, wethers 63, neat cattle total 395; ewes 122, wethers 33, rams 7, lambs 103, sheep total 265; ewes 178, wethers 32, kids 117, rams 5, goats total 332; sows 29, boars 8, shoats 48, pigs 123, boars 1, hogs total 209; turkeys 131, fowls 85, chickens 224, ducks 51, geese 13; horses 11, mares 9, horses total 20. Killed: wethers 2; ewes 2, lambs 2, sheep total 2; kids 5, goats total 5; shoats 4, hogs total 3; pigs 7. Died: cows 2, calves 2, neat cattle total 1; wethers 5; shoats 1, pigs 7, hogs total 8; turkeys 2, chickens 10. Stole: pigs 1, hogs total 1; chickens 2. Remaining 31 August: bulls 5, cows 113, calves 116, yearlings 68, bullocks 8, steers 17, wethers 63, neat cattle total 390; ewes 122, wethers 31, rams 7, lambs 103, sheep total 263; ewes 176, wethers 31, kids 115, rams 5, goats total 327; sows 29, boars 4, shoats 47, pigs 112, boars 1, hogs total 193; turkeys 129, fowls 85, chickens 214, ducks 49, geese 13; horses 11, mares 9, horses total 20. 4 hogs weighing 375 lb to the market. 13 lb mutton to the market. 18 lb goat to the market. Yams expended, 8,000 lb. Died Toney, a superannuated black. The account was subscribed by Robert Wright, the errors excepted in the usual form. Interpretations The herd recovered to its full strength of 395 through August, the neat cattle rising from 363 to a peak of 395 on the birth of thirty-two calves before closing at 390, a marked increase in the quiet season after the fleet had gone. With no great convoy in the road and only light killing for the market, the cattle multiplied through the month, the herd rebuilding to the number it had held in the spring before the homeward ships drew it down. The steadiness marks the seasonal rhythm of the island’s husbandry, the herd recovering its strength in the intervals between the fleets, the August figures showing the stock at its fullest as it gathered numbers against the next demand, the birth of the calves restoring what the wartime season had consumed. The death of Toney, a superannuated slave, entered in the stock account beside the cattle and poultry, marks again the reduction of enslaved people to items of the Company’s stock in the plantation reckoning. As the birth of the girl Bridget had been numbered among the increase the month before, so the death of an aged slave was set down among the losses of the herd, the man recorded as a superannuated black in the same column that tallied the died and killed beasts. The passage lays bare once more the terrible logic of the accounts, an enslaved man’s death entered as a diminution of stock, his years of service acknowledged only in the word superannuated, his passing numbered among the animals, the record making no distinction in kind between the death of a human being and the loss of a beast, the whole a plain index of how the system regarded the people it held as property to the very end of their lives.
94	104	September 9 Sundrys Expended at the Castle in the Month of August 1746 Vizt 33 Bottles Port Wine 2 8 3½ 15 Do Lisbon Do 1 1 11½ 36 Do Madera d 3 12 3 18 2 4 Batavia Arrack 2 7 4 19 Bottles Strong Beer 19 Do Small Do 12 9 29 lb Candy 8 8 19 lb Sugar 4 1½ 231 lb Flower 4 8 30 lb Butter 1 11 4½ 3 Turkeys 1 10 9 10 Fowls 15 3 Piggs 15 62 lb Mutton 6 8 2 Kidds 10 217 3 4 Fresh Beef 2 14 5½ 122 lb Do Pork 3 1 1½ 4 Pr Salt Pork 16 £ 24 4 2¾ 8 3 4 Beef Given to the Sick Blacks 2 2¾ £ 24 6 5 We this day Counted the Honble Company's Cash for the Month of August last and found the Same to be as follows Vizt	The account of sundries expended in the castle for the month of August last followed. Sundries expended at the castle in the month of August 1746: 33 bottles port wine, £2 8s 3.5d. 15 bottles Lisbon wine, £1 1s 11d. 36 bottles Madeira, £3 12s 3d. 18.25 gallons Batavia arrack, £2 7s 4d. 19 bottles strong beer, £0 [...]. 49 bottles small beer, £0 12s 9d. 29.25 lb candy, £0 8s 8d. 19.5 lb sugar, £0 4s 1.5d. 251 lb flour, £1 11s 4.5d. 30 lb butter, £1 10s 9d. 3 turkeys, £0 15s 0d. 10 fowls, £0 15s 0d. 3 pigs, £0 15s 0d. 6 lb mutton, £0 6s 8d. 2 kids, £0 10s 1d. 217.75 lb fresh beef, £2 14s 3.5d. 122.25 lb fresh pork, £3 1s 1.5d. 4 pieces salt pork, £0 16s 0d. Total, £24 4s 2.5d. 8.75 lb beef, given to the sick blacks, £0 2s 2.5d. Total, £24 6s 5d. The account was subscribed by the steward. The board then counted the Company’s cash for the month of August last and found it as follows. Interpretations The castle table drew more heavily on fresh pork than fresh beef this month, the pork at over a hundred and twenty pounds costing more than the two hundred pounds of beef beside it, a reflection of the herd’s condition and the season. With the cattle being spared to rebuild the herd through the quiet August interval, as the stock account showed the neat cattle recovering to their full strength, the table leaned toward pork and the smaller stock rather than draw on the cattle the Company was letting multiply. The passage marks the connection between the herd’s management and the officers’ diet, the castle’s meat following the state of the stock, the table taking pork and kids while the beef cattle were held back to restore the numbers the fleet had drawn down. The steady provision of a small quantity of beef to the sick slaves, entered here as in every month’s account, marks the modest maintenance the Company extended to its unfree labourers when they fell ill. A little under nine pounds of beef was given to the sick blacks, a regular small charge that recurs through the accounts, showing the establishment kept its sick slaves fed with meat beyond their ordinary ration during illness. The passage records the calculated care of a workforce held as property, the Company meeting the small cost of nursing its sick slaves back to labour as it would tend any valuable stock, the beef given to the sick a plain instance of maintenance directed at preserving the working capacity on which the whole settlement depended, entered in the same account as the wine and meat of the officers’ table.
95	105	1746 Cash Dr Per Contra Cr August 1 To Ballance remaining£ 4494 14 9¼ To John Goodwin Esqr deceased Recd of the following Persons in part of their Debts due to him Vizt Samuel Doveton £ 50 Joseph Whaley Junr 3 John Swailes on Acct of D Griffith 8 Mary Seale Widow 24 James Powell 40 Robert Wood dec 1 6 11 Matthew Mudge 2 128 6 11 Carried Over £ 4623 1 2 1746 By Account Currant London Vizt Paid Capt Edmund Smyth for which he gave a sett of Bills on Mr Barrington Buggin & the rest of the Owners of the Ship Oxford Dated the 2 July 100 Paid the Supra Cargo's of the Danish Ship Copenhagen for which they gave Bills on John Collet of London Merchant dated 3 July for £ 205 200 NB the Two above Accounts should have been brought in in the last Month's Account the Bills having been then dated & sent home 14 By Garrison Paid Edward Arnold for relisting for five Years to Commence the twenty fourth day of March next 5 5 Carried Over £ 305 5	The board’s cash account for the month of August 1746 opened on the balance remaining and gathered the receipts on the estate of the late Governor Goodwin, the debtor side of the treasury count. The credit side set out the payments made in the month. Cash, debtor. 1 August 1746, to balance remaining, £4,494 14s 9.75d. To John Goodwin, esquire, deceased, received of the following persons in part of their debts due to him, viz: Samuel Doveton, £50 0s 0d. Joseph Whaley junior, £3 0s 0d. John Twaites, on account of David Griffith, £8 0s 0d. Mary Seale, widow, £24 0s 0d. James Powell, £40 0s 0d. Robert Wood, deceased, £1 6s 11d. Matthew Mudge, £2 0s 0d. Total, £128 6s 11d. Carried over, £4,623 1s 2d. Per contra, creditor. By account current London, viz: Paid Captain Edmund Smyth, for which he gave a set of bills on Mr Barrington Buggin and the rest of the owners of the ship Oxford, dated 2 July, £100 0s 0d. Paid the supercargoes of the Danish ship Copenhagen, for which they gave bills on John Collet of London, merchant, dated 3 July, £205 0s 0d. Total, £305 0s 0d. By garrison, paid Edward Arnold for re-enlisting for five years to commence 24 March next, £5 5s 0d. Carried over, £305 5s 0d. The two London bill payments should have been brought into the last month’s account, the bills having then been dated and sent home. Interpretations The debtors called in on the estate of the late Governor Goodwin show the long labour of winding up an insolvent estate charged with the great cash deficiency of years before. The board had advertised in June requiring all such debtors to attend and settle, and the several sums now paid in by Doveton, Powell, Mudge and the rest were the fruits of that call, the debts owed to the dead Governor gathered piece by piece into the Company’s cash. The passage marks the persistence of the reckoning that had followed Goodwin’s death in 1741, the estate still being wound up five years on, the small and large payments alike recovered from those who had owed the late Governor, the Company pursuing the debts due to the deceased so the great deficiency charged against his estate might at last be made good. The payments to Captain Smyth and the Danish supercargoes against bills drawn on London merchants show the treasury advancing cash on the island in exchange for paper payable in England. The Company paid out money to the Oxford’s captain and to the Copenhagen’s supercargoes and took in return bills on named London houses, so the coin lodged in the island’s chest was balanced by promises redeemable at home. The passage marks the working of the Company’s system of remittance, the island serving as a place where ships and foreign traders could convert their credit into cash against bills carried to London, the treasury a node in a financial network that spanned the ocean, the settlement’s cash and the merchants’ paper flowing in opposite directions so that value moved between St Helena and England without the physical transport of coin.
96	106	September 9 Brought Over £ 4623 1 2 £ 4623 1 2	The debtor side of the cash account carried its balance forward unchanged. Brought over, £4,623 1s 2d. Total, £4,623 1s 2d.
97	107	1746 Brought Over. L 305 5 31 By Ballence rem[...] as follows Viz 5 P[...] Gold w[...] L 39 12 9 1211 Pagoda[...] a 8/ 484 8 32 Venetians 10/ 16 N[...] St Thomas's 12/ 2 14 9 Gubbers 6/ 2 2 564 16 9 12281 Dollars 3/ 3070 5 321 Double Rials 1/3 20 1 3 671 Reals 7 1/2 [...] 20 19 N[...] 2582 half Rials 3 3/4 [...] 40 6 10 [...] 528 Rupees 2/3 59 8 1 Duccatoon 6 441 French W[...] /6[...] 3 13 6 Small Money 4 5 3213 4 3 Cash Notes Amounting to 537 15 4317 16 2 L 4623 1 2 Dav[...] Dunbar Cha[...] Hutchinson John Goodwin Curling B Wright	The council's balance in the treasury on 30 June 1746, carried over from the earlier side at £805 3s 0d, was told over coin by coin as follows. Brought over, £805 3s 0d 5 pieces of goldruff at 12s 9d each, £59 12s 9d 1,211 pagodas at 8s each, £484 8s 0d 32 Venetian sequins at 10s each, £16 0s 0d 4.5 St Thomas's pieces at 12s each, £2 14s 0d 9 gubbers at 6s each, £2 2s 0d Gold subtotal, £564 16s 9d 12,281 dollars at 5s each, £3,070 5s 0d 321 double rials at 1s 3d each, £20 1s 3d 671 rials at 7.5d each, £20 19s 0d 2,582 half rials at 3.75d each, £40 6s 10.5d 528 rupees at 2s 3d each, £59 8s 0d 1 ducatoon, £0 6s 0d 441 French crowns at 6d each, £8 13s 6d Small money, £0 4s 5d Silver subtotal, £3,215 4s 5d Cash notes amounting to, £539 15s 0d The two sides of the account closed at £4,317 16s 2d and a grand balance of £4,623 1s 2d. The count was subscribed by David Dunbar, Charles Hutchinson, John Goodwin, Purling and Wright. Interpretations A goldruff was a foreign gold coin, one of the several odd gold pieces the treasury held beside its pagodas and guineas. St Thomas's pieces and gubbers were likewise foreign gold, and the Venetian sequin a small Italian gold coin, all valued by weight and passing at fixed sterling rates the board set for its books. The ducatoon was a heavy Dutch silver coin, here reduced to sixpence in the reckoning because it was clipped or worn far below its face. Double rials, rials and half rials were the small Spanish-American silver in daily use, and the French crowns at sixpence apiece the lightest silver of all, worn down to a fraction of a proper crown. This spread of coin measured the plain fact of the settlement, that it struck no money and lived on whatever the ships of every trading nation left behind, the Company's own cash notes the only paper among the metal. The pagoda stands here at eight shillings, and only 1,211 of them remain against the 1,965 counted in the spring. The Court of Directors had ordered the coin lowered from nine shillings to eight from 1 May 1746, a change published on the island on 2 May 1746 that cost the Company £98 5s 0d at a stroke on its principal holding. The treasury paid out its readiest gold first through the busy shipping season, so the gold shrank while the great mass of Spanish dollars, more than twelve thousand of them, swelled as the homeward fleet paid for its beef, water and stores. The 671 rials carry a query mark against their value in the account, the clerk himself uncertain whether the extension was rightly cast, and the figure is left as it stands.
98	108	October 7th At a Consultation held on Tuesday the 7 day of October 1746 at the Castle. Present Colonel David Dunbar Governor Cap[...] Charles Hutchinson S[...] Gov[...] John Goodwin Matthew Curling of Council Robert Wright The last Consultation was read and Approved Fryday 12 Sept[...] Died Thomas Hodges Soldier Pursuant to an Order of Consultation of 9 Sept[...] last, the Planters this day attended and Paid their rents for the Year past, which Amount to £338 19 2 1/2 The rent roll is as follows Viz[...] Names, Ground Rent, Free Land, Lease Land, L s d Mary Alexander: Free Land 17, Lease Land 27, L 5, s 14, d 6 Samuel Alexander: Free Land 17, Lease Land 0, L 0, s 19, d 0 John Alexander: Free Land 17, Lease Land 0, L 0, s 0, d 0 John Alexander's Orph[...]: Free Land 6 1/4, Lease Land 30 1/4, L 6, s 9, d 10 1/2 Margaret Alcock 1 1/2 Acre a 30/ p[...] ann[...]: Lease Land 32 1/4, L 4, s 17, d 4 1/2 John Alcock: Lease Land 2 1/4, L 1, s 2, d 6 Richard Beale: Ground Rent 3 6, L 0, s 2, d 6 Richard Bagley: Free Land 11, Lease Land 12, L 5, s 11, d 0 John [...] Bagley: Free Land 23, Lease Land 12, L 2, s 15, d 0 John [...] Bagley: Lease Land 3 6, L 4, s 10, d 0 Orlando Bagley Sen[...]: Lease Land 23, L 3, s 2, d 6 John Bazett Orph[...]: Free Land 109, Lease Land 43, L 10, s 16, d 6 Elizabeth Bazett: Free Land 15, Lease Land 14, L 0, s 18, d 14 1/2 W[...] Burnham: Free Land 20, Lease Land 14, L 2, s 15, d 0 Tho[...] Cotgrove: Free Land 8, Lease Land 62 3/4, L 7, s 19, d 10 1/2 Tho[...] Clue: Lease Land 11, L 1, s 9, d 6 Samuel Deexton: Ground Rent 5/4, Free Land 159 1/4, Lease Land 57, L 12, s 16, d 3 Joseph Desfountain: Free Land 30, Lease Land 10 3/4, L 2, s 16, d 10 1/2 John Desfountain: Free Land 9 3/4, Lease Land 39 1/4, L 4, s 12, d 1 1/2 611 3/4, 390 [...], 82 7 [...]	At a consultation held on Tuesday 7 October 1746 at the castle, the board sat as Governor Dunbar, Charles Hutchinson the Lieutenant Governor, John Goodwin, Matthew Purling and Robert Wright, the members ranked fourth, fifth and sixth of council. The last consultation was read and approved. Thomas Hodges, a soldier, died on Friday 12 September 1746. Following the order made at an earlier consultation of 9 September 1746, the planters attended on 7 October 1746 to pay the rents on their lands for the past year, amounting to £338 19s 2.5d. The rent roll ran as follows. Names — freehold acres, leasehold acres, rent (£ s d) Mary Alexander, 0 freehold, 17 leasehold, 27 [...], £5 14s 6d Samuel Alexander, 0 freehold, 19 leasehold, 0, £0 19s 0d John Alexander, 0 freehold, 5.25 leasehold, 30.25, £6 9s 10.5d John Alexander's orphans, 0 freehold, 15.75 leasehold, 32.25, £4 17s 4.5d Margaret Alcock, 1.5 acres at 2s the acre a year, 0 freehold, 0 leasehold, 25, £1 2s 6d John Alcock, 0 freehold, 25 leasehold, 0, £0 2s 6d Richard Beale, 26 freehold, 0 leasehold, 0, £0 2s 6d Richard Beale, 0 freehold, 41 leasehold, 12, £5 11s 0d Richard Bagley, 0 freehold, 23 leasehold, 12, £2 15s 0d John Bagley, 0 freehold, 0 leasehold, 36, £4 10s 0d Orlando Bagley senior, 0 freehold, 0 leasehold, 23, £3 2s 6d John Bazett's orphans, 0 freehold, 109 leasehold, 43, £10 16s 6d Elizabeth Bazett, 0 freehold, 15 leasehold, 14, £0 18s 14d William Burnham, 0 freehold, 20 leasehold, 14, £2 15s 0d Thomas Cotgrove, 0 freehold, 3 leasehold, 62.25, £7 19s 10.5d Thomas Clue, 0 freehold, 0 leasehold, 11, £1 1s 6d Samuel Doveton, 5.25 freehold, 159.25 leasehold, 37, £12 16s 3d Joseph Desfountain, 0 freehold, 30 leasehold, 10.25, £2 16s 10.5d John Desfountain, 0 freehold, 9.75 leasehold, 39.25, £4 12s 1.5d Subtotal, 61.75 freehold, 390.5 leasehold, 82 [...], £7 [...] Interpretations The rents divide each holding between freehold and leasehold, and charge only the leasehold. Freehold land was held outright and paid no yearly rent, while leasehold was held of the Company for a term and rendered a rent set by the acre, so Richard Beale's 26 freehold acres carry no charge against them, and his 41 leasehold acres do. This is why several holders show large freehold figures beside small rent sums, the yearly payment resting on the leased ground alone. The rent day itself was the annual reckoning by which the Company drew its ground rent from the whole settlement at one attendance. The census order published on 9 September 1746 required every inhabitant to render a sworn account of family, land and cattle and to attend at the castle on the appointed day to pay, on pain of a forty-shilling fine, and the rent roll set down here is the return of that order for 1746. The total of £338 19s 2.5d stands close to the £337 gathered across near 3,900 acres at the rent day of 8 October 1745, the settled yield of a fixed body of leased land that changed little from year to year. Margaret Alcock's entry carries its own rate written into the line, 1.5 acres at two shillings the acre a year, the only holding on this portion of the roll to note the rate against the ground rather than leave it to the general scale. She was the widow of the chaplain Edwin Alcock, who died intestate in the winter of 1746, and the small charge on her few acres reflects a household left in reduced circumstances, the Governor having advanced £10 a quarter for the destitute family.
99	109	1746 Ground Rent, Free Land, Lease Land, L s d Brought Over: Free Land 611 3/4, Lease Land 396 3/4, L 82, s 7, d 0 Jonathan Deexton's Orphs: Free Land 11 3/4, Lease Land 9 3/4, L 5, s 1, d 6 John Deexton: Free Land 86 3/4, Lease Land 8, L 5, s 6, d 6 Barron Doloffe: Free Land 5, Lease Land 0, L 0, s 5, d 0 Thomas Easthope: Free Land 35, Lease Land 51 1/2, L 8, s 1, d 9 Francis Fings, 3 1/4 at 1 6/ one half a to Pay half a Crown p Annum: Lease Land 35 1/4, L 4, s 7, d 4 1/2 John French: Free Land 30, Lease Land 57, L 8, s 12, d 6 John Goodwin: Ground Rent 5/, Free Land 99, Lease Land 9, L 6, s 11, d 6 Richard Goodwin: Ground Rent 10/10, Free Land 130 1/4, Lease Land 55, L 11, s 8, d 9 Thomas Greentree 33 1/2 acres a 2 1/2 p Acre: Free Land 27 1/2, Lease Land 20, L 8, s 0, d 9 James Greentree: Free Land 57 1/2, Lease Land 55, L 9, s 13, d 0 Onesiphorus Gurling: Free Land 23, Lease Land 0, L 1, s 3, d 0 Richard Gurling 3 acres at 1/ p ann: Free Land 36, Lease Land 52, L 7, s 14, d 6 Elizabeth Gurling: Free Land 20, Lease Land 15, L 2, s 7, d 6 Gabriel Harper: Free Land 11, Lease Land 73 1/2, L 9, s 14, d 4 Jos Harding's Orphs: Free Land 19, Lease Land 15, L 2, s 16, d 6 John Hays: Free Land 9, Lease Land 0, L 0, s 9, d 0 Frances Hays: Free Land 10, Lease Land 10, L 2, s 10, d 0 Thomas Hays after acre Ninety Ground rent: Free Land 30, Lease Land 4, L 1, s 15, d 0 Martin Harper: Free Land 15 3/6, Lease Land 41 3/8, L 7, s 9, d 7 Lydia Harper: Lease Land 27, L 3, s 9, d 6 Penelope Isaacke: Free Land 24, Lease Land 5, L 1, s 16, d 6 Gabriel Isaacke two Months Ground rent 9/6: L 0, s 2, d 6 Samuel Knipe: Free Land 12 3/8, Lease Land 0, L 0, s 12, d 4 1/2 John Leech Sen 19 acres a 9/ p Acre: Lease Land 46, L 4, s 1, d 9 Stephen Liffkin's Rs: Free Land 10, Lease Land 0, L 0, s 10, d 0 Ebenezer Leech: Ground Rent 9/6, Free Land 0, Lease Land 0, L 0, s 2, d 6 Richard Mayes: Free Land 0, Lease Land 29 3/4, L 3, s 14, d 4 1/2 Matthew Mudge: Free Land 23, Lease Land 0, L 1, s 3, d 0 Edm Nichola's Rs: Free Land 10, Lease Land 12, L 3, s 13, d 0 Mary Nichols: Free Land 0, Lease Land 26, L 3, s 3, d 0 Joseph Powell: Free Land 18, Lease Land 31, L 6, s 3, d 6 Geo Gab Powell a 1/6: Lease Land 14, L 1, s 1, d 0 James Powell, 6 Acres at 9/ p Acre Ground rent: Free Land 82 1/4, Lease Land 8, L 4, s 7, d 3 225 18 8 1/2	The rent roll for the year continued, the figures carried over from the earlier side at 611.75 freehold acres, 396.75 leasehold acres and £82 7s 0d of rent. The column headings across the page were ground rent, freehold land, leasehold land and the sterling charge. Names — freehold acres, leasehold acres, rent (£ s d) Jonathan Doveton's orphans, 611.75 freehold, 396.75 leasehold, £82 7s 0d [brought over] John Doveton, 11.5 freehold, 9.5 leasehold, £5 1s 6d Baron Deloss, 86.5 freehold, 8 leasehold, £5 6s 6d Thomas Easthope, 5 freehold, 0 leasehold, £0 3s 0d Francis Funge, 3.5 acres at 1s 6d the acre, one-half sworn to pay half a crown a year, 35 freehold, 31.5 leasehold, £8 1s 9d Francis Funge, second parcel, 0 freehold, 35.5 leasehold, £4 7s 4.5d John French, 30 freehold, 57 leasehold, £8 12s 6d John Goodwin, 5.25 [ground rent], 99 freehold, 9 leasehold, £6 11s 6d Richard Goodwin, 10.75 [ground rent], 130.25 freehold, 55 leasehold, £14 8s 9d Thomas Greentree, 33.5 acres at 2s 6d the acre, 21 [ground rent], 27.25 freehold, 60 leasehold, £8 0s 0d James Greentree, 37.5 freehold, 55 leasehold, £9 13s 0d Onesiphorus Gurling, 23 freehold, 0 leasehold, £1 3s 0d Richard Gurling, 3 acres at 1s the acre, 36 freehold, 52 leasehold, £9 14s 6d Elizabeth Gurling, 20 freehold, 15 leasehold, £2 9s 6d Gabriel Harper, 11 freehold, 73.5 leasehold, £9 14s 4d Joseph Harding's orphans, 19 freehold, 15 leasehold, £2 16s 6d John Hays, 9 freehold, 0 leasehold, £0 9s 0d Francis Hays, 10 freehold, 16 leasehold, £2 10s 0d Thomas Hays, four acres more sworn to government, 34 freehold, 8 leasehold, £1 15s 0d Martin Harper, 156 freehold, 41.5 leasehold, £9 9s 7d Lydia Harper, 0 freehold, 27 leasehold, £1 3s 9.6d Penelope Isaacke, 24 freehold, 5 leasehold, £1 16s 6d Gabriel Isaacke, two months ground rent, 2s 6d, 0 freehold, 0 leasehold, £0 2s 6d Samuel Knipe, 12.75 freehold, 0 leasehold, £11 12s 4.5d John Leech junior, 19 acres at 1s the acre, 0 freehold, 46 leasehold, £4 1s 9d Stephen Lufkin's orphans, 10 freehold, 0 leasehold, £0 10s 0d Ebenezer Leech, 2s 6d [ground rent], 0 freehold, 0 leasehold, £0 2s 6d Richard Mayes, 0 freehold, 29.75 leasehold, £3 14s 2.5d Matthew Mudge, 23 freehold, 0 leasehold, £1 3s 0d Edmund Nichols's orphans, 10 freehold, 12 leasehold, £3 13s 0d Mary Nichols, 0 freehold, 26 leasehold, £3 3s 0d Joseph Powell, 18 freehold, 31 leasehold, £6 3s 6d George Gabriel Powell, at 1s 6d, 0 freehold, 14 leasehold, £1 1s 0d James Powell, 6 acres at 2d the acre, 82.25 freehold, 8 leasehold, £4 7s 3d Subtotal, 225 [...] freehold, 188 [...] leasehold, [...] Interpretations Several holders carry a separate ground rent shown to the left of their acres, a fixed yearly charge on a house plot or a piece of town land distinct from the acreage rent on their farmland. Gabriel Isaacke's entry records two months ground rent of two shillings and sixpence, the part-year charge on the town lot the board had leased to him earlier in the autumn, since the rent ran only from the date of his grant rather than the whole twelvemonth. Ebenezer Leech likewise pays a bare two and sixpence with no land against it, the whole of his charge being ground rent on a plot rather than rent on any acreage. Three lines set their own rate into the entry against the general scale, Francis Funge at eighteen pence the acre, Thomas Greentree at half a crown, Richard Gurling and John Leech junior at a shilling, and James Powell at twopence. These noted rates show the rent was not struck at a single flat figure across the island but graded by the worth and situation of the ground, the poorest and most barren land let at a few pence the acre and the better ground at more. James Powell's six acres at twopence mark land reckoned very poor, while Greentree's half-crown ground stands among the dearest on the roll. Francis Funge's entry records that one-half of his parcel was sworn to pay half a crown a year, and Thomas Hays's that four acres more had been sworn to the government. These notes point to the sworn returns the census order of 9 September 1746 required, each inhabitant rendering on oath an account of the land held, so that ground previously unrecorded or understated was brought onto the roll and charged. The practice guarded the Company's rent against the concealment of holdings, the oath fixing the acreage a tenant could afterwards be charged upon.
100	110	October 7th 1746 Ground Rent, Free Land, Lease Land, L s d Brought Over: 225 18 8 1/2 Susanna Redgate: Free Land 19, Lease Land 31 1/4, L 4, s 14, d 4 1/2 John Gurling's Orphs: Free Land 110 1/2, Lease Land 91 1/4, L 14, s 16, d 9 Ryder's Orphans: Free Land 38, Lease Land 50 1/4, L 8, s 4, d 3 W[...] Seale: Free Land 16, Lease Land 16 1/4, L 2, s 17, d 3 Benjamin Seale: Free Land 15, Lease Land 16 1/2, L 2, s 16, d 3 John Scott: Ground Rent 13/, Free Land 0, Lease Land 18, L 2, s 18 Mary Seale: Free Land 20, Lease Land 7, L 1, s 17, d 6 Giles Smith: Free Land 0, Lease Land 10, L 1, s 3 John Spencer: Free Land 7 3/4, Lease Land 0, L 0, s 7, d 4 1/2 Steward's Orphs: Ground Rent 7/4, Free Land 69 3/4, Lease Land 69, L 12, s 16, d 3 Nathan Sampell: Ground Rent 9/6, Free Land 0, Lease Land 0, L 0, s 2, d 6 John Swarts: Free Land 9, Lease Land 25, L 3, s 11, d 6 Richard Tinsley: Free Land 0, Lease Land 3, L 0, s 7, d 6 Francis Younghand Sen[...]: Ground Rent 26/6, Free Land 183, Lease Land 123, L 25, s 19 Robert Wright: Free Land 0, Lease Land 21 3/4, L 2, s 14, d 4 1/2 John Worrall: Free Land 11, Lease Land 51 1/4, L 6, s 19, d 9 Simon Whaley's Orphs: Ground Rent 4/6, Free Land 14, Lease Land 0, L 2, s 9, d 2 Joshua Worrall: Free Land 7, Lease Land 45 1/4, L 6, s 9 W[...] Worrall: Free Land 24, Lease Land 0, L 1, s 4 Joseph Whaley Sen[...]: Free Land 6, Lease Land 1, L 0, s 7, d 6 Joseph Whaley Jun[...]: Free Land 1 3/4, Lease Land 14 1/4, L 2, s 9, d 9 1/2 David Wilson: Free Land 0, Lease Land 2, L 0, s 5, d 7 Young's Orphs: Ground Rent 5/, Free Land 80, Lease Land 27, L 7, s 12, d 6 And[...] Blinman five Months Ground rent 4/2: Free Land 0, Lease Land 0, L 0, s 4, d 2 338 19 2 1/2 David Dunbar Cha[...] Hutchinson John Goodwin Curling B Wright	The rent roll for 7 October 1746 closed, the figures carried over from the earlier side at £225 18s 8.5d, the columns running ground rent, freehold land, leasehold land and the sterling charge. Names — ground rent, freehold acres, leasehold acres, rent (£ s d) Brought over, 225 18s 8.5d Susanna Pledgard, 0, 19 freehold, 31.5 leasehold, £4 14s 4.5d John Burling's orphans, 0, 110.5 freehold, 91.5 leasehold, £14 16s 9d Ryder's orphans, 0, 38 freehold, 50.5 leasehold, £8 4s 3d William Seale, 0, 16 freehold, 16.5 leasehold, £2 17s 3d Benjamin Seale, 2s 6d, 15 freehold, 16.5 leasehold, £2 16s 3d John Scott, 13s, 0 freehold, 18 leasehold, £2 18s 0d Mary Seale, 0, 20 freehold, 7 leasehold, £1 17s 6d Giles Smith, 0, 0 freehold, 10 leasehold, £1 3s 0d John Spencer, 0, 7.75 freehold, 0 leasehold, £0 7s 4.5d Steward's orphans, 4s, 69.75 freehold, 69 leasehold, £12 16s 3d Nathan Sampell, 2s 6d, 0 freehold, 0 leasehold, £0 2s 6d John Swaits, 0, 9 freehold, 25 leasehold, £3 11s 6d Richard Insley, 0, 0 freehold, 3 leasehold, £0 7s 6d Francis Wrangham senior, 26s 6d, 183 freehold, 123 leasehold, £25 19s 0d Robert Wright, 0, 0 freehold, 21.75 leasehold, £2 11s 4.5d John Worrall, 0, 11 freehold, 51.5 leasehold, £6 19s 9d Simon Whaley's orphans, 4s 6d, 14 freehold, 14 leasehold, £2 9s 2d Joshua Worrall, 0, 9 freehold, 45.5 leasehold, £6 9s 0d William Worrall, 0, 24 freehold, 0 leasehold, £1 4s 0d Joseph Whaley senior, 0, 6 freehold, 1 leasehold, £0 7s 6d Joseph Whaley junior, 0, 1.5 freehold, 14.5 leasehold, £2 9s 9.5d David Wilson, 0, 0 freehold, 2 leasehold, £0 3s 0d Young's orphans, 5s, 80 freehold, 27 leasehold, £7 12s 6d Andrew Blinman, five months ground rent, 2.5d, 0 freehold, 0 leasehold, £0 4s 2d Total, £338 19s 2.5d The roll was subscribed by David Dunbar, Charles Hutchinson, John Goodwin, Purling and Wright. Interpretations Andrew Blinman's line charges five months ground rent at twopence-halfpenny, the part-year rate on a town plot let to him partway through the year rather than the whole twelvemonth. This matches the earlier part-year charge on Gabriel Isaacke, and marks the corporal to whom the board had granted a lease in the run of town-lot grants, the rent reckoned only from the date of his grant. Nathan Sampell likewise pays a bare two and sixpence of ground rent with no acreage against it, his whole charge resting on a plot rather than on any farmland. Francis Wrangham senior stands at the head of the roll for size and charge, 183 freehold and 123 leasehold acres carrying £25 19s 0d, by a wide margin the largest holding on the island. This weight of land matches his standing through the whole run as the island's principal planter, surveyor and appraiser, a man whose holdings and judgement both carried more than any other inhabitant's. His ground rent of twenty-six shillings and sixpence, far above any other on the roll, measures a substantial establishment of houses and town land beyond the farm acreage itself. The heavy presence of orphans' holdings across both sides of the roll, the Doveton, Bazett, Alexander, Burling, Ryder, Steward, Whaley, Nichols, Harding and Young orphans among them, shows how much island land sat in the hands of children whose fathers had died, the estates kept together and the rents paid by guardians or executors until the heirs came of age. The rent day gathered these charges alongside the rest, the Company drawing its ground rent from a settled body of families whose land passed down through inheritance rather than sale, so that the same surnames fill the roll year after year.
101	111	October 14th 1746 At a Consultation held on Tuesday the 14 day of October 1746 at the Castle. Present Colonel David Dunbar Governour Capt Charles Hutchinson St Gov John Goodwin Matthew Curling of Council Robert Wright The last Consultation was read and Approved Wednesday 8 Died Susanna Daughter of John Scott, a Child Richard Tinsley petitioned for a lease for a Small Piece of Ground behind his House in James Valley containing 20 feet in Length, and 20 feet in Breatth Ordered the same to be Viewed We this day Executed the said Lease Granted in Consultation of 3 Novr 1745 Lease of a piece of Ground behind John Scott's House in James Valley — 14 Octr 1746 Island St Helena The Lords Proprietors of this Island the Honble the United Company of Merchants of England trading to the East Indies Do hereby Demise Grant Set and to farm Lett unto John Scott of the same Island All that Piece or Parcell of Ground Situate in James Valley on the other side Containing five score feet in Breadth and Seventy four in Depth Bounded North on the said John Scott West South and East as the Common Path in James Valley aforesaid and upon Ladder Hill With the Appurtenances thereunto belonging To have and to hold unto the said John Scott his Executors Adminrs and Assigns from the Day of the date of these presents for and during the full end and term of Twenty one Years from thence next ensuing Before Credeters that the said John Scott his Exrs Adminrs and Assigns doand Shall bear true faith and Allegiance to our Sovereign Lord King George the second his Heirs & Successors	At a consultation held on Tuesday 14 October 1746 at the castle, the board sat as Governor Dunbar, Charles Hutchinson the Lieutenant Governor, John Goodwin, Matthew Purling and Robert Wright of council. The last consultation was read and approved. Susanna, daughter of John Scott, a child, died on Wednesday 8 October 1746. Richard Insley petitioned for a lease of a small piece of ground behind his house in James Valley, 20 feet in length and 20 feet in breadth, at a small rent. The board ordered it viewed. The board executed on 14 October 1746 the lease granted to John Scott at the earlier consultation of 5 November 1745. The lease ran in the name of the island of St Helena. The lords proprietors of the island, the honourable the United Company of Merchants of England trading to the East Indies, granted to John Scott of the island a parcel of ground in James Valley, 16 feet or thereabouts in breadth and 74 feet in depth, bounded north by John Scott, west and east by the common footpath, with all the appurtenances belonging. Scott, his heirs, administrators and assigns were to hold it from the date of the lease for a full term of 21 years, the rent to be paid before it. Scott and his heirs, administrators and assigns were bound to bear true faith and allegiance to the sovereign lord King George the Second, his heirs and successors. Interpretations The lease sets out the standard twenty-one-year town grant by which the Company let small building plots in James Valley, the fixed term matching the Company's own instruction that its lands not be let for longer. Its form runs the full course of a formal indenture, naming the Company as lords proprietors of the whole island, identifying the parcel by its measured bounds and neighbours, and binding the tenant to allegiance to the Crown, so that a plot of a few square feet is conveyed with the same machinery as a great estate. The grant to Scott had been ordered at the consultation of 5 November 1745 and was only now executed under seal, the eleven-month gap between the grant and the sealing showing how the board settled a lease in principle first and drew the formal instrument afterwards. Richard Insley's request for a plot twenty feet square behind his existing house, referred to a view before any grant, follows the board's regular caution on even the smallest lease. The ground was inspected before the Company committed itself, the same step taken on other town-lot petitions, so that the extent and worth of the parcel were established and no neighbour's claim overlooked before the plot was let. Insley was the overseer who had superintended the hired slave labour on the fortifications, and the small plot he sought lay behind a house he already held.
102	112	October 14th and true faith to them the said Honble Company & their Successors Yielding & Paying therefore Yearly & every Year during the term hereby Granted unto the said Honble their Successors Agents or Assigns the Sum of Eight/ Sterling of Annum on the last Day of St Michael the Archangell in every Year And Upon Condition that he the said John Scott his Exers Admins and Assigns doand Shall Maintaine Keep in Good Repair All & every Buildings that is or are or may be Hereafter erected or Built on the said Ground or any part thereof when and as often as need may Require & at the Expiration hereof Shall Leave the same in the same Good Condition & Repair & not Suffer the said Ground or Buildings to run to ruin & decay And Upon Condition that he the said John Scott his Exers as Heirs or Assigns Shall not sell or dispose of this Lease or Vise their peterest therein without the Leave & Consent of the Governour & Council for the time being In Witness Whereof We the said Governour & Council have set our Names and affix ed the Honble Companys Seale this four twenth day of October in the Twentieth Year of the Reign of Sovereign Lord George the Second by the Grace of God of Great Brittain France and Ireland King Defender of the faith and So forth and in the Year of our Lord 1746 and the said John Scott hath to the other Part sett his Hand and Seal the day and Year above Written Signd David Dunbar Chas Hutchinson John Goodwin Matthew Curling Robert Wright Mr Robert Wright Overseer made the fold Report, Vizt Mr Robert Wright the overseer reports that there are no less than fifteen Sheep belonging to the Honble Company found missing Since the taking the Last Account for Augt 3, 17 notwithstanding his Utmost Search, he Can Learn Nothing of them, & the reason he believes they were Killed or Stole, as but in his Account, is because there hath one been found to have been Stole, & Killed by some of the Honble Company Blacks, for Which they have been Punished, & that Sundry Planters on the Island have Lost a great Many Sheep St Helena 14 October 1746 Signd R Wright	The lease to John Scott continued, binding him and his heirs to bear true faith and allegiance to the Company as lords proprietors and their successors. Scott was to pay a yearly rent of eight shillings a year throughout the term, due on 29 September in every year. He was bound to keep in good repair every building then standing or afterwards raised on the ground, to repair them whenever needed, and at the end of the term to leave the whole in the same good condition and not to let the ground or buildings fall into ruin or decay. He was further bound not to sell or dispose of his interest in the lease without the leave and consent of the Governor and council for the time being. The Governor and council set their names and affixed the Company's seal on 14 October 1746, in the twentieth year of the reign of King George the Second, and Scott set his hand and seal to the other part of the indenture. The lease was signed by David Dunbar, Charles Hutchinson, John Goodwin, Matthew Purling and Robert Wright. Robert Wright, the overseer, made the following report on the state of the Company's sheep. He reported that no fewer than fifteen sheep belonging to the Company had gone missing since the last account was taken for August 1746. Despite his utmost search he could learn nothing of them. He believed they had been killed or stolen, his reason being that some of the Company's slaves had earlier been found to have stolen and killed sheep, for which they had been punished, and that several planters on the island had lost a great many sheep. The report was subscribed by Robert Wright at St Helena on 14 October 1746. Interpretations The covenant against assigning the lease without the leave of the Governor and council gave the Company a continuing control over who held its town ground, so that a plot could not pass by sale to a stranger the board had not approved. Coupled with the repairing covenant, which threw the whole cost of maintaining and rebuilding on the tenant and required the ground to be handed back in good order at the end of the term, the lease secured the Company both the rent and the improvements at no charge to itself. This was the standing form of the island's town grants, the eight-shilling rent a small yearly return set beside the greater value of buildings kept up and surrendered in repair. Wright's report treats the loss of fifteen sheep as theft rather than natural death, and rests that conclusion on a pattern already established, the earlier conviction of Company slaves for killing sheep and the parallel losses suffered by the planters. The overseer could produce no direct proof, the beasts having simply vanished between one monthly stock account and the next, so he reasoned from the known habit of the place to the probable cause. The report set the loss on the record and pointed to the likely culprits without naming any, leaving the board to weigh whether the missing stock reflected thieving or the ordinary hazards of a herd running loose on open ground.
103	113	Account of the Honble Company's Stock of Neat Cattle &c for the Month of September 1746 viz Bulls, Cows, Calves, Yearlings, Weyners, Steers, Bullocks, Oxen, Total, Ews, Weathers, Lambs, Wean, Total, Ews, Weathers, T/ Oats, Weans, Total, Sows, Weaners, Shoats, Piggs, Weans, Total, Turkeys, Fowls, Chickens, Duck, Geese, Horses, Mares, Total Remd 7: Bulls 3, Cows 114, Calves 116, Yearlings 68, Weyners 63, Steers 17, Bullocks 8, Oxen 0, Total 390, Ews 122, Weathers 31, Lambs 103, Wean 7, Total 263, Ews 176, Weathers 31, T/ Oats 115, Weans 5, Total 327, Sows 29, Weaners 4, Shoats 17, Piggs 112, Weans 1, Total 193, Turkeys 129, Fowls 85, Chickens 214, Duck 149, Geese 13, Horses 11, Mares 9, Total 20 Encreased: Calves 10, Total 10, Lambs 4, Total 4, T/ Oats 33, Total 33, Piggs 15, Total 13, Fowls 50, Chickens 80 Bulls 3, Cows 113, Calves 126, Yearlings 68, Weyners 63, Steers 17, Bullocks 8, Oxen 0, Total 400, Ews 122, Weathers 31, Lambs 107, Wean 7, Total 267, Ews 176, Weathers 31, T/ Oats 118, Weans 5, Total 360, Sows 29, Weaners 4, Shoats 17, Piggs 127, Weans 1, Total 208, Turkeys 179, Fowls 85, Chickens 294, Duck 149, Geese 13, Horses 11, Mares 9, Total 20 Killed: Lambs 3, Total 3, Weaners 4, Shoats 1, Total 5, Fowls 3, Chickens 22 Died: Cows 2, Calves 1, Ews 3, Weathers 2, Total 2, Weathers 2, Total 2, Chickens 7, Duck 11 Stole & killed by the Blacks, as there is fair Reason to think: Ews 7, Weathers 6, Lambs 2, Total 15 Remd 31: Bulls 3, Cows 111, Calves 126, Yearlings 60, Weyners 39, Steers 29, Bullocks 8, Oxen 16, Total 397, Ews 113, Weathers 22, Lambs 105, Wean 7, Total 247, Ews 174, Weathers 31, T/ Oats 118, Weans 5, Total 358, Sows 29, Weaners 0, Shoats 16, Piggs 127, Weans 1, Total 203, Turkeys 169, Fowls 85, Chickens 261, Duck 149, Geese 13, Horses 11, Mares 9, Total 20 3 Sheep sent to Markett 4 Hoggs Do Yamms Expended 18000 Signd Errors Excepted R Wright 1746 The Plantation, Gunners & Stewards Accounts were this day delivered for the Month of Septr last, Which were Examined, & Approved & are as follows viz	The account of the Company's stock of neat cattle and other livestock for September 1746 ran as follows, the movement of every class set against its figure. Neat cattle — bulls, cows, calves, yearlings, weaners, steers, bullocks, oxen, total Remaining 1 September, bulls 3, cows 113, calves 116, yearlings 68, weaners 63, steers 17, bullocks 8, oxen 0, total 390 Increased, calves 10, total 10 Standing after increase, bulls 3, cows 113, calves 126, yearlings 68, weaners 63, steers 17, bullocks 8, oxen 0, total 400 Killed, 0 Died, cows 2, calves 1, total 3 Stole and killed by the slaves, as there is fair reason to think, 0 Remaining 30 September, bulls 3, cows 111, calves 126, yearlings 60, weaners 39, steers 29, bullocks 8, oxen 0, total 397 Sheep — ewes, wethers, lambs, weaners, total Remaining 1 September, ewes 122, wethers 31, lambs 103, weaners 7, total 263 Increased, lambs 4, total 4 Standing after increase, ewes 122, wethers 31, lambs 107, weaners 7, total 267 Killed, wethers 3, total 3 Died, ewes 3, lambs 2, total 2 Stole and killed by the slaves, as there is fair reason to think, ewes 7, lambs 6, weaners 2, total 15 Remaining 30 September, ewes 113, wethers 22, lambs 105, weaners 7, total 247 Goats — she-goats, wethers, kids, weaners, total Remaining 1 September, she-goats 176, wethers 31, kids 115, weaners 5, total 327 Increased, kids 33, total 33 Standing after increase, she-goats 176, wethers 31, kids 118, weaners 5, total 360 Killed, 0 Died, she-goats 2, total 2 Remaining 30 September, she-goats 174, wethers 31, kids 118, weaners 5, total 358 Hogs — sows, barrows, shoats, piggs, boars, total Remaining 1 September, sows 29, barrows 0, shoats 4, piggs 17, boars 112, total 193 [as entered; see note] Increased, shoats 15, total 15 Standing after increase, sows 29, barrows 0, shoats 4, piggs 17, boars 112, total 208 Killed, boars 4, shoats 1, total 5 Died, 0 Remaining 30 September, sows 29, barrows 0, shoats 6, piggs 17, boars 112 [as entered], total 203 Poultry — turkeys, fowls, chickens, ducks, geese, total; horses — mares, horses, total Remaining 1 September, turkeys 1, fowls 199, chickens 129, ducks 85, geese 24, total 119 [as entered]; geese 13, mares 11, horses 9, total 20 Increased, fowls 13, chickens 50, total 80 Standing after increase, turkeys 1, fowls 208, chickens 179, ducks 85, geese 29, total 119 [as entered]; mares 13, horses 11, total 20 Killed, ducks 3, geese 22, total 0 Died, 0 Remaining 30 September, turkeys 1, fowls 203, chickens 169, ducks 85, geese 26, total 119 [as entered]; geese 13, mares 11, horses 9, total 20 Three sheep were sent to market and four hogs likewise. Yams expended came to 18,000 lb. The account was subscribed by Robert Wright, errors excepted. The plantation, gunner's and steward's accounts for September 1746 were delivered on 14 October 1746, examined and approved. Interpretations The account carries a distinct line for stock stolen and killed by the slaves, standing between the killed and died rows and covering fifteen sheep, seven ewes, six lambs and two weaners. This is the loss Robert Wright had reported the same day as no fewer than fifteen sheep gone missing since the August account, and the entry sets his conclusion directly into the books, the wording that there was fair reason to think the slaves had taken them carried straight from the report onto the face of the account. The stock table thus records not merely the herd's numbers but the overseer's judgement on where the missing beasts had gone, a formal charge of theft entered without proof beyond the pattern of earlier convictions. The heavy loss falls on the sheep alone, where the flock dropped from 263 to 247 across the month against a natural increase of only four lambs, while the neat cattle, goats, hogs and poultry all grew or held steady on breeding. This uneven fall marks the sheep as the stock most exposed to theft, small enough to be carried off and killed quietly on open ground, where the cattle were too large and the goats ranged in places harder to reach. The figures show why the overseer's suspicion settled on the sheep in particular, their numbers falling faster than birth and death alone could explain.
104	114	October 14th 1746 the Day of the month Gunners Stores Expended in September 1746 Powder Expended 13 Powder Delivered to the Stone Blaster 50 Do Powder to the Funerall of Thomas Hodges 2 4 The Totall 52 4 Paper to the Book Binder 2 Handspikes Delivered to Molloy for hammer Helves 1 Jonipious to Frink's Cap 1 Bells to Turk's Cap 2 Handspikes Broke at Ruperts 4 Beams Broke at Ruperts Truck for the Cartridges at Ruperts 18 Spunge Staves to Ruperts 2 Spunge Heads to Ruperts 2 Rammer Heads to Ruperts 2 Sheep Skins to Cut Spunges at Ruperts 4 Handspikes Delivered to Maycock for Poker Helves 3 Signd Jno French Sundrys Expended at the Castle in September 1746 26 Bottles of Port Wine L 1 18 4 13 Do Lisbon 1 1 11 1/4 25 Do Madera 2 11 6 1/4 15 8 Gall Arrack 1 18 5 1/4 32 Bottles of Beer 6 2 6 Candy 7 7 15 lb Sugar 3 5 1/2 196 lb Flour 1 4 6 40 lb Butter 2 1 1 Turkey 3 19 Chickens 10 43 4 lb Mutton 18 4 69 1/2 lb Fresh Beeff 17 3 1/2 2 Peces Salt Beeff 8 9 92 1/2 lb Fresh Pork 2 17 6 Carried over L 19 1 7 1/4	The gunner's stores expended in September 1746 ran as follows, the day of the month set against each entry. Gunner's stores expended, September 1746 — powder (lb) 15th, powder delivered to the stone blaster, 50 lb same day, powder for the funeral of Thomas Hodges, 2.5 lb Total, 52.5 lb Gunner's stores expended, September 1746 — other stores Paper to the bookbinder, 0.25 quire Handspikes delivered to Molloy for hammer helves, 1 Sponge to French's Cap, 1 Bills to Turk's Cap, 2 Handspikes broke at Rupert's, 4 Trucks for the carriages at Rupert's, 18 Sponge staves to Rupert's, 2 Sponge heads to Rupert's, 2 Rammer heads to Rupert's, 2 Sheep skins to coat sponges at Rupert's, 4 Handspikes delivered to Maycock for broken helves, 3 This part of the account was signed by John French. The sundries expended at the castle in September 1746 ran as follows. Sundries expended at the castle, September 1746 — quantity, cost (£ s d) 26.5 bottles of port wine, £1 18s 4d 15 bottles of Lisbon, £1 1s 11.5d 25 bottles of Madeira, £2 11s 6.5d 158 gallons of arrack, £1 18s 5.5d 32 bottles of beer, £0 6s 0d 26 lb of candy, £0 7s 7d 15 lb of sugar, £0 3s 5d 196 lb of flour, £1 4s 6d 40 lb of butter, £2 0s 1d 1 turkey, £0 3s 0d 19 chickens, £0 10s 0d 43.25 lb of mutton, £0 18s 4d 69.25 lb of fresh beef, £0 17s 3.5d 2 pieces of salt beef, £0 8s 9d 92.25 lb of fresh pork, £2 17s 6d Carried over, £19 1s 7.5d Interpretations The gunner's stores fall almost wholly on the fortifications rather than on any firing, the only powder spent being fifty pounds to the stone blaster and two and a half at a funeral. The great mass of the entries is the replacement of worn and broken gun furniture at Rupert's Valley, eighteen fresh trucks for the carriages, broken handspikes, sponge staves, sponge heads and rammer heads, together with sheep skins to cover the sponges. This is the plain maintenance of a battery whose guns were handled and shifted but not fired, the carriage wheels and cleaning tools wearing out through use and weather, so that the account measures the labour of keeping the works ready rather than any action against a ship. The stone blaster's fifty pounds of powder marks the continuing work of breaking rock, most probably for the fortification stone and the lime the works consumed, the largest single powder charge on the account by far. Powder was the settlement's only means of splitting the hard ground and quarrying stone in quantity, so its issue to the blaster ties the gunner's stores to the building programme as directly as the trucks and sponges sent to Rupert's.
105	115	Brought Over L 17 1 7 1/4 7 Peices of Salt Pork 13 10 20 lb Veal 10 1/2 L 18 5 1 1/2 13 1/2 lb Goat given to the Sick Blacks 5 1/2 L 18 10 9 1/2 David Dunbar Chas Hutchinson John Goodwin Curling Wright At a Consultation held on Tuesday the 21 day of Octor 1746, at the Castle Present Colonel David Dunbar Governour Capt Charles Hutchinson St Gov John Goodwin Matthew Curling of Council Robert Wright The last Consultation was read, and Approved The Secretary was this day directed to send an Order to the Churchwardens to Call a Vestry for the Planters to make proposall, how they would Supply the Markett. The Vestry to be held on Thursday next at two o'Clock in the fornoon Messrs	The sundries account for September 1746 closed, the figures carried over from the earlier side at £17 1s 7.5d. Sundries expended at the castle, September 1746 (continued) — quantity, cost (£ s d) Brought over, £17 1s 7.5d 7 pieces of salt pork, £0 13s 1d 20 lb of veal, £0 10s 1d Subtotal, £18 5s 1.5d 13.5 lb of goat given to the sick slaves, £0 5s 7.5d Total, £18 10s 9d The account was subscribed by David Dunbar, Charles Hutchinson, John Goodwin, Purling and Wright. At a consultation held on Tuesday 21 October 1746 at the castle, the board sat as Governor Dunbar, Charles Hutchinson the Lieutenant Governor, John Goodwin, Matthew Purling and Robert Wright of council. The last consultation was read and approved. The secretary was directed on 21 October 1746 to send an order to the churchwardens to call a vestry of the planters, so that they might propose how they would supply the market. The vestry was to be held on the following Thursday at ten o’clock in the forenoon. Interpretations The council reached the question of the market not by its own order but by directing the churchwardens to call a vestry of the planters, throwing the matter to the parish body rather than settling it from the board. This turned a problem of provisioning into one the inhabitants were to resolve among themselves, the planters asked to propose the terms on which they would furnish the market rather than being told. The step reflects the recurring difficulty of keeping the market supplied, a matter the board had struggled with through the beef disputes of earlier years, and its choice to consult the planters as a parish shows the limit of what the Company could compel from a body of free landholders who controlled the island's own produce. The small charge of goat meat given to the sick slaves sits at the foot of the sundries as a distinct line, the plantation's provision of fresh meat to the infirm among the Company's own labour force. This was the customary allowance to the sick, the goat killed for those unable to work and needing better diet than the ordinary ration, entered to its own account so the cost of maintaining the slaves in sickness could be told apart from the general table.
106	116	October 21 Messrs Goodwin, Curling, and Wright reported that they had Viewed the Ground petitioned for the last Cons day by Richard Tinsley, and beleived it no ways Inconvenient to any one to have it Granted Granted Accordingly at the rent of five Shillings p Annum We Ordered the foll Bill to be paid Mr Curling out of the H Companys Cash on the account of the Orphans of John Bradley Deceased viz Bradley's Orphans Dr for the following Stores 5 1/2 Yards Long Ells L 10 6 1 Scain Mohair 6 8 Yards Osnabrigs 2 3 2 Callico Shirts 4 10 2 Cotton Stockings 4 8 2 doz Breast Buttons 8 L 1 3 3 1/2 For Shoes, and Making his Cloaths 13 6 L 1 16 11 1/2 The Executors of Robert Gurling dec this day Petitioned for Liberty to dispose of 15 Acres of Lease Land at Publick Auction on Account of the Orphans of the said Gurling Granted Mr Matthew Curling Storekeeper this day laid before us his day Book, According to Order of Consultation of 29 April last The Paymaster this day delivered his Account for the Months of July, August, September last, which was Examined, and Approved and is as follows, viz List of the Honble Company's Officers, and Servants upon the Island St Helena with their several Salaries, Diet Money, &c for the Quarter commencing July the 1, Ending Sept 30, 1746, viz	Goodwin, Purling and Wright reported on 21 October 1746 that they had viewed the ground Richard Insley had petitioned for at the last consultation, and believed it in no way inconvenient for the grant to be made. The board granted it accordingly at a yearly rent of five shillings. The board ordered the following bill paid to Matthew Purling out of the Company's cash, on account of the orphans of John Bradley deceased. Bradley's orphans, debtor for the following stores — quantity, cost (£ s d) 5.5 yards of long ell, £0 10s 6d 1 skein of mohair, £0 0s 6d 6 yards of oznabrigs, £0 2s 3d 2 calico shirts, £0 4s 10d 2 pairs of cotton stockings, £0 1s 8d 2 dozen breast buttons, £0 0s 8d Subtotal, £1 3s 3.5d For shoes and making his clothes, £0 13s 6d Total, £1 16s 11.5d The executors of Robert Gurling deceased petitioned on 21 October 1746 for leave to dispose of thirteen acres of leasehold land at public auction, on account of the orphans of Robert Gurling. The board granted it. Matthew Purling, the storekeeper, laid his stock books before the board on 21 October 1746, as required by the order made at the consultation of 29 April 1746. The paymaster delivered his account for July, August and September 1746 on 21 October 1746, which was examined and approved. The account was headed as a list of the Company's officers and servants on the island of St Helena, with their salaries, diet money and other charges, for the quarter beginning 1 July and ending 30 September 1746. Interpretations The bill for the Bradley orphans sets out the Company's provision of clothing to destitute children in its charge, each item of cloth, thread and made-up garment entered to the halfpenny against the estate. The children were maintained at the Company's cost and the charge carried to their own account, the long ell, oznabrigs, calico shirts and cotton stockings the plain wear of poor children, with a separate sum for shoes and for making the clothes up. This was the ordinary working of the island's care for orphaned children, the maintenance advanced from the Company's cash and charged against whatever the family estate could bear, so that the cost of raising them was recorded and recoverable rather than given outright. The two petitions touching orphans, the Bradley clothing bill and the Gurling executors' leave to sell thirteen acres at auction, both turn on the same principle that a deceased parent's estate was drawn on to support the children through the board's oversight. The Gurling land was to be sold publicly rather than privately, the auction securing the best price for the orphans and guarding against any undervalue in a private bargain, the same care the board took in disposing of other estates for the benefit of heirs unable to act for themselves.
107	117	1746 David Dunbar Esq Governor Salary 125 For Servants 31 14 9 156 14 9 Chas Hutchinson Lieut Govr 62 10 John Goodwin as third of Council 20 Ditto Diet Money 15 35 Matthew Curling as fourth Council 15 Ditto Diet Money 15 30 Robert Wright as fifth Council 15 Ditto Diet Money 15 30 Joshua Twogum Factr Salary 7 10 Ditto House Rent 2 10 Ditto Diet Money 10 20 Francis Wrangham Factr Salary 12 10 Ditto House Rent 2 10 Ditto Diet Money 10 25 James Powell Writer Salary & Diet Money from 1 July to 2 August both incl 3 8 5 1/2 Ditto as Factor Salary & Diet Money from August 3 to Sept 30 both incd 11 6 3 1/2 16 14 9 1/2 Joseph Darwel Writer Salary 5 Ditto Diet Money 10 15 Thomas French Writer Salary 5 Ditto Diet Money 10 15 Samuel Talconer Surgeon Salary 9 15 Ditto House Rent 2 10 12 5 John Swaits Lawriseck 7 10 Richard Gurling Lawriseck 7 10 John Leech Marshall Salary 4 7 9 Ditto as Custom Master 1 5 5 12 9 Wm Hayes Master of Arms Salary 6 5 Richard Beale Schoolmaster Salary 3 8 3 Ditto as Clark 5 8 8 3 Nicholas Cleather Steward 7 10 William Danse Gardiner 2 11 3 470 11 9 1/2	The paymaster's list of the Company's officers and servants on the civil establishment, with their salaries, diet money and other charges for the quarter to 30 September 1746, ran as follows. Civil establishment, quarter to 30 September 1746 — item, component (£ s d), total (£ s d) David Dunbar, Governor, salary £125 0s 0d, for servants £31 14s 9d, £156 14s 9d Charles Hutchinson, Lieutenant Governor, £62 10s 0d John Goodwin, as fourth of council, salary £40 0s 0d, diet money £16 0s 0d, £56 0s 0d Matthew Purling, as fifth of council, salary £15 0s 0d, diet money £15 0s 0d, £30 0s 0d Robert Wright, as sixth of council, salary £15 0s 0d, diet money £15 0s 0d, £30 0s 0d Joshua Twynam, factor, salary £7 10s 0d, house rent £2 10s 0d, diet money £10 0s 0d, £20 0s 0d Francis Wrangham, factor, salary £12 10s 0d, house rent £2 10s 0d, diet money £10 0s 0d, £25 0s 0d James Powell, writer, salary and diet money from 1 July to 2 August, both inclusive, £3 8s 5.5d James Powell, as factor, salary and diet money from 3 August to 30 September, both inclusive, £11 6s 5.5d, £16 14s 9.5d [as entered] Joseph Darvall, writer, salary £5 0s 0d, diet money £10 0s 0d, £15 0s 0d Thomas French, writer, salary £5 0s 0d, diet money £10 0s 0d, £15 0s 0d Samuel Falconer, surgeon, salary £9 15s 0d, house rent £2 10s 0d, £12 5s 0d John Swaits, 0, £7 10s 0d Richard Gurling, reeve, £7 10s 0d John Leech, marshal, salary £4 7s 9d, as custom master £1 5s 0d, £5 12s 9d William Hayes, master of arms, salary £6 5s 0d Richard Beale, schoolmaster, salary £3 8s 3d, as clerk £5 0s 0d, £8 8s 3d Nicholas Cleather, steward, £7 10s 0d William Danse, gardener, £2 11s 3d Total, £470 11s 9.5d Interpretations The list shows the mixed form in which the Company paid its civil servants, salary being only one part of a man's income, joined in most cases by diet money and often by house rent. The councillors below the Lieutenant Governor drew equal parts of salary and diet money, and the factors and writers a fixed salary with a standing diet allowance of ten pounds a quarter, so that the plain wage understated what each man actually received. This structure let the Company hold nominal salaries low while meeting the real cost of feeding and housing its people on a remote island where provisions were dear. James Powell's pay is split at 2 and 3 August, the first part reckoned at a writer's rate and the second at a factor's, both computed to the day. This marks his promotion from writer to factor on completing five years' service, admitted at the consultation of 5 August 1746, and the account carries the change through by reckoning his broken pay to the exact day of the advancement rather than treating the whole quarter at one rate. The precision reflects the Company's standing practice of paying each rank strictly for the days served in it. Several officers hold two posts at once and draw a fee for each, John Leech serving as marshal and custom master, Richard Beale as schoolmaster and clerk of the council. This doubling of offices in single hands was the ordinary economy of a small establishment, where the number of covenanted servants was too few to fill every place separately, so that one man carried more than one duty and was paid a distinct sum for each. The arrangement spread the island's administrative work across the few qualified people available and saved the Company the cost of separate appointments.
108	118	October 21 Brought over L 470 11 9 1/2 Robert Maycock Cooper 8 15 Henry Monce Carpenter 12 10 John Bland Master Mason Salary 17 10 Ditto Diet Money 6 16 1/2 24 6 10 1/2 Mark Hawkins Mason Salary 12 10 Ditto Diet Money 6 16 1/2 19 6 10 1/2 John Armistead Patron of the long Boat 7 10 Ely Leech Horse Keeper from July 1 to August the 31 both incl 1 6 8 Robert Wright Horse Keeper from Septr the 1 to the 30 both incl 13 4 545 6 4 First Company John Clark first Lieut Salary 7 10 Ditto Diet Money 6 16 1/2 Ditto, on account of instruction Salary 7 10 24 6 10 1/2 John Dunbar second Lieut Salary 7 10 Ditto Diet Money 6 16 1/2 14 6 10 1/2 William Ober Adjutant Salary 5 to Cavy 5 10 Ditto Diet Money 7 1 3 17 1 3 56 15 Sergeants Henry Beale 6 14 6 Bartholomew Molloy 6 14 6 John Ottis 6 14 6 20 3 6 Corporals Solomon Jacobs 4 7 9 Daniel Langton 4 7 9 John Spencer 4 7 9 13 3 3 Thomas Watson, junr Drummer 4 7 9 Centinels William Armor 3 8 3 Edward Alls 3 8 3 Carried Over L 6 16 6 Carried Over L 638 10	The paymaster's list continued, the civil establishment carried over from the earlier side at £470 11s 9.5d. Civil establishment (continued), quarter to 30 September 1746 — item, component (£ s d), total (£ s d) Brought over, £470 11s 9.5d Robert Meacock, cooper, £8 15s 0d Henry Moyce, carpenter, £12 10s 0d John Bland, master mason, salary £17 10s 0d, diet money £6 16s 10.5d, £24 6s 10.5d Mark Hawkins, mason, salary £12 10s 0d, diet money £6 16s 10.5d, £19 6s 10.5d John Artingstall, patron of the long boat, £7 10s 0d Ely Leech, horse keeper, from 1 July to 31 August, both inclusive, £1 6s 8d Robert Wright, horse keeper, from 1 September to 30 September, both inclusive, £0 13s 4d Civil establishment total, £545 0s 6d First company, quarter to 30 September 1746 — item, component (£ s d), total (£ s d) John Clark, first lieutenant, salary £17 10s 0d, diet money £6 16s 10.5d, on account of instructing the men £0 0s 0d, £24 6s 10.5d John Dunbar, second lieutenant, salary £7 10s 0d, diet money £6 16s 10.5d, £14 6s 10.5d William Hayes, adjutant, salary £10 0s 0d, diet money £7 1s 3d, £17 1s 3d First company officers total, £55 15s 0d Sergeants, first company — name, pay (£ s d), total (£ s d) Henry Beale, £6 14s 6d Bartholomew Molloy, £6 14s 6d John Ellis, £6 14s 6d Sergeants total, £20 3s 6d Corporals, first company — name, pay (£ s d), total (£ s d) Solomon Jacobs, £4 7s 9d Daniel Langton, £4 7s 9d John Spencer, £4 7s 9d Corporals total, £13 3s 3d Thomas Watts junior, drummer, £4 7s 9d Drummer total, £4 7s 9d Sentinels, first company — name, pay (£ s d) William Amcor, £3 8s 3d Edward Allis, £3 8s 3d Carried over, £6 16s 6d Civil and military carried over, £638 10s 0d Interpretations The horse keeper's place changed hands within the quarter, Ely Leech paid to 31 August and Robert Wright from 1 September, each reckoned strictly to the day. This broken pay follows the same practice applied to James Powell's promotion, the account dividing a single post between two men at the exact date of the change rather than treating the whole quarter as one charge. The care taken over so small an office, a few shillings for tending the Company's horses, shows how closely the paymaster reckoned every place on the establishment to the day served. The master mason and mason draw substantial pay, John Bland at more than twenty-four pounds and Mark Hawkins at over nineteen, salary joined by diet money as with the civil officers. Their weight in the account reflects the standing importance of stonework to the settlement, the fortifications, the lime kilns and the buildings all resting on skilled masons, so that these tradesmen ranked among the better-paid servants on the island. The pay marks the value of men who could lay platforms, cut stone and raise walls in a place where such skill was scarce and the building programme constant. Lieutenant Clark's pay carries a distinct head for instructing the men, entered beside his salary and diet money though shown here without a separate sum. This allowance for training the garrison marks the military side of a settlement whose soldiers laboured and fished as much as they drilled, the Company paying an officer specifically to keep the men in some fitness for arms. The entry points to the difficulty of maintaining a trained garrison on an island where the soldiers were constantly drawn off to the works and the fishery.
109	119	1746 Brought Over L 638 10 Centinels Brought Over L 6 16 3 John Bray 3 8 3 Ambrose Bland 3 8 3 John Brown 3 8 3 George Bonnett 3 8 3 Joseph Brock 3 8 3 William Campbell 3 8 3 Matthew Campbell 3 8 3 Robert Curry 3 8 3 John Clay 3 8 3 John Cawdry 3 8 3 William Carter 3 8 3 William Davis 3 8 3 William Ewrio 3 8 3 Thomas Fox 3 8 3 Edward Gill 3 8 3 George Green 3 8 3 Thomas Greenway 3 8 3 Robert Hayes 3 8 3 Daniel Blanchard 3 8 3 Thomas Hales 3 8 3 Humphry Harrison 3 8 3 George Harper 3 8 3 John Jane 3 8 3 Wolston Jones 3 8 3 Stephen Luffkin 3 8 3 William Lambon 3 8 3 Joseph Long 3 8 3 Alexander Lawton 3 8 3 Thomas Manning 3 8 3 John Marsh 3 8 3 William Mason 3 8 3 John Morrell 3 8 3 James Mills 3 8 3 James Wood 3 8 3 William Price 3 8 3 James Richardson 3 8 3 Carried Over L 129 13 6 Carried Over L 638 10	The list of the first company's sentinels continued, the running total carried over from the earlier side at £638 10s 0d and the sentinel column brought over at £6 16s 6d. Sentinels, first company (continued), quarter to 30 September 1746 — name, pay (£ s d) Brought over, £6 16s 6d John Bray, £3 8s 3d Ambrose Bland, £3 8s 3d John Brown, £3 8s 3d George Bennett, £3 8s 3d Joseph Brock, £3 8s 3d William Campbell, £3 8s 3d Matthew Campbell, £3 8s 3d Robert Carry, £3 8s 3d John Clay, £3 8s 3d John Cawdry, £3 8s 3d William Baxter, £3 8s 3d William Davis, £3 8s 3d William Ewens, £3 8s 3d Thomas Fox, £3 8s 3d Edward Gill, £3 8s 3d George Green, £3 8s 3d Thomas Greenway, £3 8s 3d Robert Hayes, £3 8s 3d Daniel Blanchard, £3 8s 3d Thomas Halis, £3 8s 3d Humphrey Harrison, £3 8s 3d George Harper, £3 8s 3d John Jane, £3 8s 3d Wolston Jones, £3 8s 3d Stephen Lufkin, £3 8s 3d William Lambon, £3 8s 3d Joseph Long, £3 8s 3d Alexander Lawton, £3 8s 3d Thomas Manning, £3 8s 3d John Marsh, £3 8s 3d William Mason, £3 8s 3d John Morrell, £3 8s 3d James Mills, £3 8s 3d James Wood, £3 8s 3d William Price, £3 8s 3d James Richardson, £3 8s 3d Carried over, £129 13s 6d Running total carried over, £638 10s 0d Interpretations The sentinels all stand at the same flat rate of three pounds eight shillings and threepence a quarter, the established uniform pay of a private soldier of the garrison. This single figure repeated down the whole roll marks the bottom of the military establishment, where every ordinary sentinel drew exactly alike regardless of length of service, the pay fixed by rank alone. The uniformity separates the common soldiers from the officers and tradesmen above them, whose pay varied by post and carried diet money and rent, and shows the plain wage on which the island's defence rested. The length of the sentinel roll, running to dozens of men across several leaves at the same rate, measures the weight of the ordinary garrison against the handful of officers who commanded it. The Company kept a considerable body of private soldiers on the island, drawn from England and settled or recruited locally, yet these were the same men the Governor repeatedly reported as labouring at the works and fishing for want of slaves. The account thus lists a garrison whose numbers looked substantial on paper but whose real occupation lay as much in manual work as in arms.
110	120	October 21 Brought Over L 638 10 Centinels Brought Over L 129 13 6 James Renard 3 8 3 John Scotcher 3 8 3 John Shaw 3 8 3 John Searby 3 8 3 Solomon Sanders 3 8 3 Emanuel Steele 3 8 3 James Urquhart 3 8 3 Peter Wells 3 8 3 Thomas Wilson 3 8 3 Thomas Wagg 3 8 3 William Young 3 8 3 167 4 3 Second Company Joseph Wendall first Lieut Salary 7 10 Ditto Diet Money 6 16 1/2 Ditto House Rent 2 10 17 6 10 1/2 Samuel Patrick second Lt Salary 7 10 Ditto Diet Money 6 16 1/2 14 6 10 1/2 33 13 9 Sergeants Edward Bagley 6 14 6 John French 6 14 6 Robert Mason 6 14 6 20 3 6 Corporals Gabriel Isaac 4 7 9 Daniel Beach 4 7 9 Peter Small 4 7 9 13 3 3 Thomas Snydon Drummer 4 7 9 Centinels James Ottis 3 8 3 Joseph Andrews 3 8 3 George Ayres 3 8 3 Peter Barker 3 8 3 Andrew Barton 3 8 3 Peter Baily 3 8 3 Carried Over L 20 9 Carried Over L 877 2 6 1/2	The list of the first company's sentinels closed, the running total carried over at £638 10s 0d and the sentinel column brought over at £129 13s 6d. Sentinels, first company (continued), quarter to 30 September 1746 — name, pay (£ s d) Brought over, £129 13s 6d James Renard, £3 8s 3d John Scotcher, £3 8s 3d John Shaw, £3 8s 3d John Searby, £3 8s 3d Solomon Sanders, £3 8s 3d Emmuel Steele, £3 8s 3d James Urquhart, £3 8s 3d Peter Wells, £3 8s 3d Thomas Wilson, £3 8s 3d Thomas Wagg, £3 8s 3d William Young, £3 8s 3d First company sentinels total, £167 4s 3d Second company, quarter to 30 September 1746 — item, component (£ s d), total (£ s d) Joseph Mendall, first lieutenant, salary £8 0s 0d, diet money £6 16s 10.5d, house rent £2 10s 0d, £17 6s 10.5d Samuel Ashwick, second lieutenant, salary £7 10s 0d, diet money £6 16s 10.5d, £14 6s 10.5d Second company officers total, £33 13s 9d Sergeants, second company — name, pay (£ s d), total (£ s d) Edward Bagley, £6 14s 6d John French, £6 14s 6d Robert Mason, £6 14s 6d Sergeants total, £20 3s 6d Corporals, second company — name, pay (£ s d), total (£ s d) Gabriel Jones, £4 7s 9d Daniel Bush, £4 7s 9d Peter Small, £4 7s 9d Corporals total, £13 3s 3d Thomas Snydon, drummer, £4 7s 9d Drummer total, £4 7s 9d Sentinels, second company — name, pay (£ s d) James Ellis, £3 8s 3d Joseph Andrews, £3 8s 3d George Amos, £3 8s 3d Peter Barker, £3 8s 3d Andrew Barton, £3 8s 3d Peter Bailey, £3 8s 3d Carried over, £20 9s 6d Running total carried over, £877 2s 6.5d Interpretations The second company repeats exactly the structure of the first, two lieutenants with salary, diet money and rent, three sergeants and three corporals each at a fixed rate, a drummer and a body of sentinels at the uniform private's pay. This matching form across the companies shows the garrison organised into parallel units of identical establishment, each with the same ranks in the same numbers and the same rates, so that the whole force was built from repeated blocks rather than companies of differing size or pay. The regularity made the paymaster's reckoning and the Company's control of its military charge straightforward, every company costing alike at each rank. John French appears here as a sergeant of the second company, distinct from the John French who served as master gunner of the artillery company and from the writer of the same name on the civil establishment. The recurrence of the name across three separate places on the establishment reflects a settled island population in which the same surnames filled many posts, families like the French, Bagley, Bush and Barton providing soldiers, tradesmen and officers alike. The overlap of names across the companies and the civil list marks a small closed community supplying its own garrison from a limited stock of families settled on the island.
111	121	1746 Brought Over L 877 2 6 1/2 Centinels Brought Over L 20 9 6 John Bonick 3 8 3 Josiah Barks 3 8 3 Francis Berwick 3 8 3 John Brown 3 8 3 John Chapman 3 8 3 Nicholas Cope 3 8 3 William Dutton 3 8 3 John Downs 3 8 3 Robert Doridge 3 8 3 John Fisher 3 8 3 John Slater 3 8 3 Nicholas Frost 3 8 3 Thomas Sprett 3 8 3 John Gerrild 3 8 3 John Holloway 3 8 3 John Hayes 3 8 3 James English 3 8 3 Samuel Kitson 3 8 3 William Staves 3 8 3 James Long 3 8 3 Joseph Lewis 3 8 3 Charles Legeit 3 8 3 Thomas Mason 3 8 3 Richard Maybank 3 8 3 Richard Moyce 3 8 3 William Boze 3 8 3 John Boze 3 8 3 John Smith to August Roving made Corpl to the third Company Aug 7 1 7 8 Richard Smith 3 8 3 William Scott 3 8 3 Thomas Stretton 3 8 3 William Shelford 3 8 3 John Simmonds 3 8 3 Joseph Simpson 3 8 3 Robert Stacey 3 8 3 Carried Over L 137 17 8 Carried Over L 877 2 6 1/2	The list of the second company's sentinels continued, the running total carried over at £877 2s 6.5d and the sentinel column brought over at £20 9s 6d. Sentinels, second company (continued), quarter to 30 September 1746 — name, pay (£ s d) Brought over, £20 9s 6d John Bonick, £3 8s 3d Josiah Barks, £3 8s 3d Francis Berwick, £3 8s 3d John Brown, £3 8s 3d John Chapman, £3 8s 3d Nicholas Cope, £3 8s 3d William Dutton, £3 8s 3d John Downs, £3 8s 3d Robert Doveridge, £3 8s 3d John Fisher, £3 8s 3d John Slater, £3 8s 3d Nicholas Frost, £3 8s 3d Thomas Sorrell, £3 8s 3d John Gerrold, £3 8s 3d John Holloway, £3 8s 3d John Hayes, £3 8s 3d James English, £3 8s 3d Samuel Watson, £3 8s 3d William Seaver, £3 8s 3d James Long, £3 8s 3d Joseph Lewis, £3 8s 3d Charles Legent, £3 8s 3d Thomas Mason, £3 8s 3d Richard Maybank, £3 8s 3d Richard Moyce, £3 8s 3d William Boys, £3 8s 3d John Boys, £3 8s 3d John Smith, to 2 August being made corporal to the third company 3 August, £1 1s 8d Richard Smith, £3 8s 3d William Scott, £3 8s 3d Thomas Stoxton, £3 8s 3d William Sholfore, £3 8s 3d John Simmonds, £3 8s 3d Joseph Simpson, £3 8s 3d Robert Stacey, £3 8s 3d Carried over, £137 17s 8d Running total carried over, £877 2s 6.5d Interpretations John Smith's line records his pay only to 2 August, when he was made a corporal in the third company from 3 August, his sentinel's charge reckoned to the exact day of promotion. This follows the same practice of broken pay applied throughout the roll, a man's wage divided at the day his rank changed and the balance picked up under his new company and grade. The precision extended to every rank, a promotion from private to corporal reckoned as strictly as the advancement of a factor or the change of a horse keeper. The transfer of a man between companies on promotion shows the establishment was not fixed in watertight units but drew on the whole body of soldiers to fill vacancies wherever they arose. A sentinel of the second company could be advanced to corporal in the third, the ranks filled by merit or need across company lines rather than each company promoting only from within itself. This flexibility let the Company keep every place filled from the men on hand, moving soldiers between the parallel units as deaths, discharges and promotions opened gaps in the graded structure.
112	122	October 21 Brought Over L 877 2 6 1/2 Centinels Brought Over L 137 17 8 Edward Perrina 3 8 3 Thomas Taylor 3 8 3 Richard Swaits 3 8 3 Andrew Swaits 3 8 3 Edward Walker 3 8 3 Stephen Willinghby 3 8 3 Adam Watson 3 8 3 John Whitchurch 3 8 3 103 3 8 Third Company Thomas Easthope first Lt Salary 7 10 Ditto Diet Money 6 16 1/2 Ditto House Rent 2 10 19 6 10 1/2 Onesiphorus Beale second Lt Salary 7 10 Ditto Diet Money 6 16 1/2 14 6 10 1/2 33 13 9 Sergeants Thomas Cooke to the 2 August incl Ely dying August 4 2 8 7 1/2 Andrew Blinman Serj from Octobr 1 to 30 Septembr incl 4 1 0 3/4 John Merrick 6 14 6 William Kennedy 6 14 6 19 18 8 1/2 Corporals Andrew Blinman to August 3 being Ensign made Serj August 7 1 15 6 1/2 John Smith from 2 Company made Corp to this Aug 7 2 12 10 1/2 Bevin Ambrose to August 3 incl this day now so broke 1 13 8 James Lee from the fourth Company made Corp to this August 3 2 11 11 Matthias Brightwelle 4 7 9 13 1 9 1/2 Benjamin Lippitt Drummer 4 7 9 Centinels William Adams 3 8 3 Bevin Ambrose from August 3 to Septr 30 2 2 9 1/2 William Alls 3 8 3 Carried Over L 8 19 1 1/2 Carried Over L 1113 8 1 1/2	The list of the second company's sentinels closed, the running total carried over at £877 2s 6.5d and the sentinel column brought over at £137 17s 8d. Sentinels, second company (continued), quarter to 30 September 1746 — name, pay (£ s d) Brought over, £137 17s 8d Edward Steward, £3 8s 3d Thomas Taylor, £3 8s 3d Richard Swaits, £3 8s 3d Andrew Swaits, £3 8s 3d Edward Walker, £3 8s 3d Stephen Willoughby, £3 8s 3d Adam Watson, £3 8s 3d John Whitchurch, £3 8s 3d Second company sentinels total, £163 3s 8d Third company, quarter to 30 September 1746 — item, component (£ s d), total (£ s d) Thomas Easthope, first lieutenant, salary £10 0s 0d, diet money £6 16s 10.5d, house rent £2 10s 0d, £19 6s 10.5d Onesiphorus Beale, second lieutenant, salary £7 10s 0d, diet money £6 16s 10.5d, £14 6s 10.5d Third company officers total, £33 13s 9d Sergeants, third company — name, pay (£ s d), total (£ s d) Thomas Corker, to 2 August, inclusive, being dying, £2 8s 9.5d Andrew Blinman, sergeant from 3 September to 30 September, inclusive, £4 1s 0.5d John Aldrick, £6 14s 6d William Kennedy, £6 14s 6d Sergeants total, £19 18s 8.5d Corporals, third company — item, component (£ s d), total (£ s d) Andrew Blinman, corporal, being made sergeant 3 September, £1 15s 6.5d John Smith, from second company, made corporal to the third 3 August, £2 12s 10.5d Beorn Ambrose, to 3 August, being then broke, £1 13s 8d James Lee, from the fourth company, made corporal to the third 3 August, £2 11s 11d Matthias Brightwell, £4 7s 9d Corporals total, £13 1s 9.5d Benjamin Gyfott, drummer, £4 7s 9d Drummer total, £4 7s 9d Sentinels, third company — item, pay (£ s d) William Adams, £3 8s 3d Beorn Ambrose, from 3 August to 30 September, £2 2s 9.5d William Allis, £3 8s 3d Carried over, £8 19s 1.5d Running total carried over, £1,113 8s 1d Interpretations The third company's sergeants and corporals show a run of broken pay from deaths and promotions falling close together in early August. Sergeant Corker's charge stops at 2 August, marked as then dying, and he died on 3 August 1746, his place taken by Andrew Blinman, who moved up from corporal to sergeant while John Smith and James Lee were made corporals from the second and fourth companies to fill the gaps below. The whole chain of movement is reckoned man by man to the day, a single death at the top of the company setting off a series of promotions each paid strictly for the days served in the old rank and the new. Beorn Ambrose appears twice, first as a corporal paid to 3 August when he was broken, then as a sentinel from 3 August, his reduction in rank reckoned to the day like every promotion on the roll. A corporal could be put back to private, the pay dropping accordingly, so the graded structure moved men down as well as up as discipline or need required. This two-way adjustment, promotion and reduction both entered to the exact date, shows the establishment as a working hierarchy in which a man's place and pay were continually revised rather than fixed for the quarter.
113	123	1746 Brought Over L 1113 8 1 1/2 Centinels Brought Over L 8 19 1 1/2 Henry Barber 3 8 3 Peter Bath to July the 13 transferred to the Octor 27 9 8 1/2 Wm Barrett transferred the 7 transferred to Wm Ober 7 1 9 2 William Becket 3 8 3 William Bayfield 3 8 3 William Brown 3 8 3 Benjm Chaplin to July 31 the day he was drowned 1 6 2 Wm Dye desert to July the 31 to the 30 July incl 1 2 5 1/2 Barron Doloffe from 28 July to 30 Septr Return 2 8 7 1/2 John Earle 3 8 3 John Ford 3 8 3 Thomas Feeton 3 8 3 Edward Grant 3 8 3 Peter Higgins 3 8 3 Thomas Hodges Died Sept 12 to Sept 12 incl 2 14 7 Isaac Hudson deserted July 31 paid to July 31 incl 1 2 5 1/2 Joseph Hunt 3 8 3 James Hinds 3 8 3 William Jackson 3 8 3 John Jones 3 8 3 Thomas Kendrick 3 8 3 Richard Knight 3 8 3 Thomas Lawrence 3 8 3 John Longbridge 3 8 3 Abraham Major 3 8 3 James Mixaus 3 8 3 Charles Mocctogus 3 8 3 James McLeane 3 8 3 Charles Newcomb 3 8 3 Valentine Noble 3 8 3 Joseph Newman 3 8 3 Thomas Oliver 3 8 3 Thomas Bryce 3 8 3 George Peacock 3 8 3 James Contorer 3 8 3 John Carpenter 3 8 3 Carried Over L 118 11 5 1/2 Carried Over L 1113 8 1 1/2	The list of the third company's sentinels continued, the running total carried over at £1,113 8s 1.5d and the sentinel column brought over at £8 19s 1.5d. Sentinels, third company (continued), quarter to 30 September 1746 — item, pay (£ s d) Brought over, £8 19s 1.5d Henry Barber, £3 8s 3d Peter Bath, to July the 13th, transferred to the artillery 14 October, £0 9s 8.5d William Barrett, to 8 August, transferred to the fourth company, £1 9s 2d William Becket, £3 8s 3d William Banfield, £3 8s 3d William Brown, £3 8s 3d Benjamin Chaplin, to the 24th, the day he was drowned, £1 6s 2d William Dye, deserted July the 31st, to the 4th July inclusive, £1 2s 3.5d Barron Deloss, from 28 July to 30 September, both inclusive, £2 8s 7.5d John Earle, £3 8s 3d John Ford, £3 8s 3d Thomas Feltton, £3 8s 3d Edward Grant, £3 8s 3d Peter Higgins, £3 8s 3d Thomas Hodges, died September the 12th, transferred to the fourth company, £2 14s 7d Isaac Hudson, deserted July the 31st, paid to July the 25th, £1 2s 5.5d Joseph Hunt, £3 8s 3d James Hinds, £3 8s 3d William Jackson, £3 8s 3d Corn Jones, £3 8s 3d Thomas Kendrick, £3 8s 3d Richard Knight, £3 8s 3d Thomas Lawrence, £3 8s 3d John Longbridge, £3 8s 3d Abraham Major, £3 8s 3d James Mixams, £3 8s 3d Charles Woodcogen, £3 8s 3d James McLeane, £3 8s 3d Charles Newcomb, £3 8s 3d Valentine Noble, £3 8s 3d Joseph Newman, £3 8s 3d Thomas Oliver, £3 8s 3d Thomas Bryce, £3 8s 3d George Peacock, £3 8s 3d James Corterса, £3 8s 3d John Carpenter, £3 8s 3d Carried over, £118 11s 5.5d Running total carried over, £1,113 8s 1.5d Interpretations This portion of the roll carries an unusual concentration of broken pay from deaths, desertions and transfers, several men leaving the company within the quarter for very different reasons. Benjamin Chaplin's pay stops at 24 July, the day he was drowned, Thomas Hodges at 12 September when he died, and William Dye and Isaac Hudson both deserted at the end of July, each charge closed to the day the man left the strength. The account thus records the ordinary wastage of a garrison, drowning, sickness and desertion thinning the ranks over a single quarter, every departure reckoned exactly so the Company paid for no more service than each man gave. The two desertions at the end of July, entered with the men paid only to a date some days before they fled, show how the paymaster handled a soldier who ran. Dye and Hudson were each paid to a point short of their desertion rather than to the day they went, the balance stopped as a penalty or because their final days could not be allowed. The treatment of desertion differs from that of death or transfer, where pay ran to the actual day, marking the running soldier as forfeiting wages the dead or transferred man kept.
114	124	October 21 Brought Over L 1113 8 1 1/2 Centinels Brought Over L 118 11 5 1/2 Francis Reed 3 8 3 John Spencer 3 8 3 John Simpson 3 8 3 David Scot 3 8 3 Robert Stack 3 8 3 Joseph Sampson 3 8 3 John Upton 3 8 3 John Vanexton 3 8 3 Benjamin Williams 3 8 3 John Wells 3 8 3 Jeremiah Wivill 3 8 3 Joseph Woodman 3 8 3 Edward Woodbine 3 8 3 162 18 8 1/2 Fourth Company John Booton first Lt Salary 7 10 Ditto Diet Money 6 16 1/2 Ditto House Rent 2 10 19 6 10 1/2 Thomas Kirkpatrick 2nd Lt Salary 7 10 Ditto Diet Money 6 16 1/2 14 6 10 1/2 33 13 9 Sergeants Joseph Leighton 6 14 6 William Oakman 6 14 6 David Wilson 6 14 6 20 3 6 Corporals William More 4 7 9 Edward Murphy 4 7 9 Peter Coakley 4 7 9 13 3 3 William Ounes Drummer 4 7 9 Centinels James Allen 3 8 3 Thomas Warren 3 8 3 John Bardin 3 8 3 Carried Over L 10 4 9 Carried Over L 1347 15 1 1/2	The list of the third company's sentinels closed, the running total carried over at £1,113 8s 1.5d and the sentinel column brought over at £118 11s 5.5d. Sentinels, third company (continued), quarter to 30 September 1746 — name, pay (£ s d) Brought over, £118 11s 5.5d Francis Reed, £3 8s 3d John Spencer, £3 8s 3d John Simpson, £3 8s 3d David Scot, £3 8s 3d Robert Stack, £3 8s 3d Joseph Sampson, £3 8s 3d John Upton, £3 8s 3d John Vanxston, £3 8s 3d Benjamin Williams, £3 8s 3d John Wills, £3 8s 3d Jeremiah Wyrill, £3 8s 3d Joseph Woodman, £3 8s 3d Edward Woodbine, £3 8s 3d Third company sentinels total, £162 18s 8.5d Fourth company, quarter to 30 September 1746 — item, component (£ s d), total (£ s d) John Boston, first lieutenant, salary £10 0s 0d, diet money £6 16s 10.5d, house rent £2 10s 0d, £19 6s 10.5d Thomas Kirkpatrick, second lieutenant, salary £7 10s 0d, diet money £6 16s 10.5d, £14 6s 10.5d Fourth company officers total, £33 13s 9d Sergeants, fourth company — name, pay (£ s d), total (£ s d) Joseph Leighton, £6 14s 6d William Oakman, £6 14s 6d David Wilson, £6 14s 6d Sergeants total, £20 3s 6d Corporals, fourth company — name, pay (£ s d), total (£ s d) William More, £4 7s 9d Edward Murphy, £4 7s 9d Peter Coakley, £4 7s 9d Corporals total, £13 3s 3d William Ounes, drummer, £4 7s 9d Drummer total, £4 7s 9d Sentinels, fourth company — name, pay (£ s d) James Allen, £3 8s 3d Thomas Warren, £3 8s 3d John Bardin, £3 8s 3d Carried over, £10 4s 9d Running total carried over, £1,347 15s 1.5d Interpretations The fourth company completes the garrison's pattern of four parallel foot companies, each built to the same establishment of two lieutenants, three sergeants, three corporals, a drummer and a body of sentinels at identical rates. The consistency across all four companies confirms the whole force was organised as a set of matching units, the Company's military charge divided into equal blocks that cost alike at every rank. This uniform structure, repeated without variation through the pay roll, marks the deliberate ordering of the island's defence into interchangeable companies rather than a force grown up piecemeal. David Wilson appears here as a sergeant of the fourth company, a name that also stands on the civil establishment as the market steward drawing pay for provisions supplied and on the stock accounts as the buyer of the settlement's produce. The recurrence of the name across the military roll and the civil accounts reflects the same closed island population that filled the sentinel ranks, the few settled families providing men for the garrison, the trades and the civil offices at once. The overlap marks a community small enough that a single surname served in several distinct capacities across the Company's whole establishment.
115	125	1746 Brought Over L 1347 15 1 1/2 Centinels Brought Over L 10 4 9 Isaac Becoret 3 8 3 William Barret transferred from the third Company Aug the 7 1 19 7 1/2 Edward Cullimore 3 8 3 Walter Co 3 8 3 Phillip Catchpole 3 8 3 Edward Cocker 3 8 3 Thomas Draper 3 8 3 John Ellis 3 8 3 Samuel Elles 3 8 3 George Exton 3 8 3 Jonathan Godbee 3 8 3 Francis Goodberry 3 8 3 James Hall 3 8 3 John Haley 3 8 3 Job Harrison 3 8 3 James Hales 3 8 3 James Kendrick 3 8 3 William Kendry 3 8 3 William Kant 3 8 3 James Lee made Corp to the 3 Company and Paid in this to 7 August 1 8 5 John Mannicky 3 8 3 George Masters 3 8 3 Moses Merratt 3 8 3 Richard Mason 3 8 3 Duncan McLaron 3 8 3 James Poplow 3 8 3 Benjamin Prevare 3 8 3 Edward Rickard 3 8 3 Thomas Robinson 3 8 3 David Robinson 3 8 3 Arnold Sassara 3 8 3 Daniel Sargent 3 8 3 Edward Sparke 3 8 3 John Taylor 3 8 3 John Sowell 3 8 3 Carried Over L 126 5 0 1/2 Carried Over L 1347 15 1 1/2	The list of the fourth company's sentinels continued, the running total carried over at £1,347 15s 1.5d and the sentinel column brought over at £10 4s 9d. Sentinels, fourth company (continued), quarter to 30 September 1746 — item, pay (£ s d) Brought over, £10 4s 9d Isaac Becorct, £3 8s 3d William Barrett, transferred from the third company 8 August, £1 19s 7.5d Edward Cullimore, £3 8s 3d Walter Co, £3 8s 3d Phillip Catchpole, £3 8s 3d Edward Cocker, £3 8s 3d Thomas Draper, £3 8s 3d John Ellis, £3 8s 3d Samuel Eeles, £3 8s 3d George Exton, £3 8s 3d Jonathan Godbee, £3 8s 3d Francis Goodbody, £3 8s 3d James Hall, £3 8s 3d John Haley, £3 8s 3d Job Harrison, £3 8s 3d James Hobbs, £3 8s 3d James Kendrick, £3 8s 3d William Kendry, £3 8s 3d William Kent, £3 8s 3d James Lee, made corporal to the third company and paid in the third 3 August, £1 8s 3d John Mannikey, £3 8s 3d George Masters, £3 8s 3d Moses Meurate, £3 8s 3d Richard Mason, £3 8s 3d Duncan McLaren, £3 8s 3d James Peplow, £3 8s 3d Benjamin Pincare, £3 8s 3d Edward Rickard, £3 8s 3d Thomas Robinson, £3 8s 3d David Robinson, £3 8s 3d Arnold Sassara, £3 8s 3d Daniel Sargent, £3 8s 3d Edward Sparke, £3 8s 3d John Taylor, £3 8s 3d John South, £3 8s 3d Carried over, £126 5s 0d Running total carried over, £1,347 15s 1.5d Interpretations William Barrett's transfer into the fourth company from the third on 8 August matches the entry on the earlier leaf where his third-company pay stopped at that date, the two sides of the same movement reckoned to the same day. James Lee appears the same way, shown here as leaving the fourth company for the third on 3 August and paid in the third, so his fourth-company charge covers only the days before the change. These paired entries, a man's departure recorded in one company and his arrival in another, show the paymaster carrying every transfer through both accounts so no day was paid twice and none missed. The heavy movement of men between the third and fourth companies in early August, Barrett one way and Lee the other, points to the ordinary reshuffling of the garrison as promotions and vacancies opened. Lee moved to take a corporal's place in the third company while Barrett filled a gap in the fourth, the ranks balanced across the units as need required. This constant exchange of men between the parallel companies, each transfer entered to the day in both rolls, marks the four companies as a single pool of soldiers rather than fixed and separate bodies.
116	126	October 21 Brought Over L 1347 15 1 1/2 Centinels Brought Over L 126 5 0 1/2 Charles Stokes 3 8 3 Timothy Sullivan 3 8 3 Edward Terry 3 8 3 William Saylor 3 8 3 Peter Urenburg 3 8 3 James Vaughn 3 8 3 Benja Williams 3 8 3 William Welliam 3 8 3 John Walker junr 3 8 3 James Woodwise 3 8 3 John Walker senr 3 8 3 Robert Wayford 3 8 3 167 4 3 Artillery Company John French Master Gunr Salary 13 8 9 Diet Money 6 16 10 1/2 House Rent 2 10 22 15 7 1/2 Gunners Mates Walter Bellow 4 17 6 John Cistofell 4 17 6 William Davis 4 17 6 Isaac Leech 4 17 6 Roger Nevinson 4 17 6 James Prichard from July 13 to 3 August incl 4 5 3 3/4 Nathan Sample 4 17 6 Thomas Watts 4 17 6 38 7 9 3/4 Quarter Gunners John Artinstall 4 7 9 John Butler 4 7 9 Edward Burford 4 7 9 William Hanslow 4 7 9 Ely Leech 4 7 9 John Wolledge 4 7 9 Carried Over L 26 6 6 Carried Over L 1576 2 9 1/4	The list of the fourth company's sentinels closed, the running total carried over at £1,347 15s 1.5d and the sentinel column brought over at £126 5s 0d. Sentinels, fourth company (continued), quarter to 30 September 1746 — name, pay (£ s d) Brought over, £126 5s 0d Charles Stokes, £3 8s 3d Timothy Sullivan, £3 8s 3d Edward Terry, £3 8s 3d William Saylor, £3 8s 3d Peter Weinburg, £3 8s 3d James Vaughn, £3 8s 3d Benjamin Williams, £3 8s 3d William William, £3 8s 3d John Walker junior, £3 8s 3d James Woodwise, £3 8s 3d John Walker senior, £3 8s 3d Robert Wright, £3 8s 3d Fourth company sentinels total, £167 4s 3d Artillery company, quarter to 30 September 1746 — item, component (£ s d), total (£ s d) John French, master gunner, salary £13 8s 9d, diet money £6 16s 10.5d, house rent £2 10s 0d, £22 15s 7.5d Artillery officer total, £22 15s 7.5d Gunner's mates, artillery company — item, pay (£ s d), total (£ s d) Walter Bellow, £4 17s 6d John Cristoffell, £4 17s 6d William Davis, £4 17s 6d Isaac Leech, £4 17s 6d Roger Nevinson, £4 17s 6d James Prichard, from July the 13th being made a mattross, £4 5s 3.5d Nathan Sample, £4 17s 6d Thomas Watts, £4 17s 6d Gunner's mates total, £38 7s 9.5d Quarter gunners, artillery company — name, pay (£ s d) John Artingstall, £4 7s 9d John Butler, £4 7s 9d Edward Burford, £4 7s 9d William Renslow, £4 7s 9d Ely Leech, £4 7s 9d John Wolledge, £4 7s 9d Carried over, £26 6s 6d Running total carried over, £1,576 2s 1.5d Interpretations The artillery company stands on a distinct pay scale above the foot companies, its master gunner drawing more than any foot lieutenant, its gunner's mates at nearly five pounds and its quarter gunners at the corporals' rate. This higher pay marks the value of trained artillerymen to a settlement whose whole defence rested on its batteries, the guns at the castle, Munden's, Rupert's and the outlying works needing men who could serve, prove and maintain them. The Company paid for that skill above the plain sentinel's wage, the artillery establishment a separate and dearer body within the garrison. John French, the master gunner, is the same man who signed the monthly gunner's stores accounts and stands apart from the sergeant of the second company and the writer of the civil list who share his name. His pay as head of the artillery reflects the standing charge on him for the powder, the magazine and the condition of the guns across every fortification. The office carried both the command of the artillery company and the accountability for the settlement's whole store of ordnance and ammunition, a responsibility the Company recognised in the salary set above the foot officers.
117	127	1746 Brought Over L 1576 2 9 1/4 Brought Over L 26 6 6 Humphry Bush from July 13 to Sept 30 incl 3 16 11 1/4 James Prichard from July 4 to the 3 August incl 11 6 3/4 William Turner 4 7 9 35 2 8 3/4 Matrosses Edward Arnold 4 1 3 Joseph Bennell 4 1 3 William Barnim 4 1 3 John Brown 4 1 3 William Bull 4 1 3 Peter Bath from July 14 to Sept 30 both incl 3 10 4 Samuel Clark 4 1 3 Henry Exter 4 1 3 John Cheesman 4 1 3 Anthony Day 4 1 3 Phillip Hilliard 4 1 3 Adam Milbourne 4 1 3 Patrick Murphy 4 1 3 Thomas Rude 4 1 3 Humphry Bush from July 14 to the 3 August incl to July 30 incl 10 8 1/4 Lawrence Robinson 4 1 3 John South 4 1 3 Joseph Thomas 4 1 3 James Vaughn 4 1 3 John Watkins 4 1 3 Thomas Wright 4 1 3 81 4 9 1/4 Superannuated Richard Tinsley, Overseer 3 8 3 Joseph Whaley, Sergeant 3 8 3 William Burnham, Ditto 3 8 3 Samuel Knipe, Centinel 3 8 3 Francis Funge, Armourer 6 7 1/2 Isaac Hudson 2 Gunners Mate to July 31 the day he deserted 1 19 7 1/2 George Lindsay Drummer to Aug 1 the day he died 1 16 10 1/4 23 9 1 3/4 L 1715 19 3	The list of the artillery company's quarter gunners closed, the running total carried over at £1,576 2s 7.5d and the quarter gunners' column brought over at £26 6s 6d. Quarter gunners, artillery company (continued), quarter to 30 September 1746 — item, pay (£ s d), total (£ s d) Brought over, £26 6s 6d Humphrey Bush, from July the 13th to September 30, £3 16s 11.5d James Prichard, from July the 13th to September 30, being made a mattross, £0 11s 6.5d William Turner, £4 7s 9d Quarter gunners total, £35 2s 8.5d Mattrosses, artillery company — item, pay (£ s d), total (£ s d) Edward Arnold, £4 1s 3d Joseph Bennett, £4 1s 3d William Baldwin, £4 1s 3d John Brown, £4 1s 3d William Bull, £4 1s 3d Peter Bath, from July the 14th to September 30, both inclusive, £3 10s 4d Samuel Clark, £4 1s 3d Henry Exter, £4 1s 3d John Cheesman, £4 1s 3d Anthony Day, £4 1s 3d Phillip Hilliard, £4 1s 3d Adam Milbourne, £4 1s 3d Patrick Murphy, £4 1s 3d Thomas Pride, £4 1s 3d Humphrey Bush, from July the 13th, being then broke, made a mattross, £0 10s 8.5d Lawrence Robinson, £4 1s 3d John South, £4 1s 3d Joseph Thomas, £4 1s 3d James Vaughn, £4 1s 3d John Watkins, £4 1s 3d Thomas Wright, £4 1s 3d Mattrosses total, £81 4s 9.5d Superannuated, quarter to 30 September 1746 — item, pay (£ s d), total (£ s d) Richard Tinsley, overseer, £3 8s 3d Joseph Whaley, sergeant, £3 8s 3d William Burnham, sergeant, £3 8s 3d Samuel Knipe, sentinel, £3 8s 3d Francis Funge, armourer, £6 0s 7.5d Isaac Hugarson, second gunner, to the 20th, the day he died, £1 19s 7.5d George Lindsay, drummer, to August the 14th, the day he died, £1 16s 10.5d Superannuated total, £23 9s 1.5d Total, £1,715 19s 3d Interpretations The superannuated list carries the Company's old and worn-out servants, kept on pay after they could no longer do a full soldier's duty, several of them former sergeants and an armourer now past service. This provision for aged men marks a settled establishment that pensioned its long servants rather than turning them off, the flat sentinel's rate paid to men who had once held higher rank. Francis Funge the armourer stands above the rest at six pounds, his skilled trade earning a better pension than the plain soldiers beside him, while the others drew the common rate whatever their former standing. The list records two deaths among the pensioners within the quarter, Isaac Hugarson the second gunner to 20 September and George Lindsay the drummer to 14 August, each paid to the day he died. Lindsay was the pensioner aged 102 whose will was proved and registered in this run, and his death closes a long life on the Company's books. The pensions thus ran to the very old, the account paying these men to their last day and marking the settlement's care for its servants to the end of their lives. Humphrey Bush appears three times across the artillery accounts, as a quarter gunner to July 13, then broken and made a mattross, his pay divided at the day of his reduction like every other change on the roll. A quarter gunner could be put down to mattross, the lowest artillery rank, the pay falling accordingly, so the artillery company moved its men up and down its own grades as the foot companies did. The careful reckoning of Bush's broken pay across two ranks in the same quarter shows the same day-by-day accounting applied to the artillery as to the rest of the garrison.
118	128	October 21 Dr Charles Hutchinson 1746 Sept 30 To Cash received of Mr Samuel Falconer, Surgeon in full of his Bond to the Honble Company 7 10 To Do recd of Roger Nevanson for Provisions Sold to the Market 3 6 9 1/4 To Do recd for ten licences for Publick houses for the Quarter commencing the 1 July & ending this 30 Sepr 15 To Do recd of Mr Robert Wright for the Renewal of two Lives in a Lease for five Acres of Land Granted in Consultation of 5 March 1744 being half a Years Rent for each Nominee 12 6 To Do recd for 179 1/2 Pound weight of Tallow Candles made of Beef Suet and Sold to several People at 1/ 8 19 6 To Do recd for 738 Gallons of Milk sold this Quarter at one Shilling p Gallon 36 18 To Do recd from the Cash Chest 1874 3 10 1/2 Carr Over L 1948 10 3/4	The paymaster Charles Hutchinson's cash account, debtor side, ran as follows for the quarter to 30 September 1746. Charles Hutchinson, debtor, quarter to 30 September 1746 — item, amount (£ s d) 30 September, cash received of Samuel Falconer, surgeon, in full of his bond to the Company, £7 10s 0d Received of Roger Nevanson for provisions sold to the market, £3 6s 9.5d Received for ten licences for public houses for the quarter beginning 1 July and ending 30 September, £15 0s 0d Received of Robert Wright for the renewal of two lives in a lease for five acres of land granted in consultation of 5 March 1745, being half a year's rent for each nominee, £0 12s 6d Received for 792 lb weight of tallow candles made of beef suet and sold to several people at fivepence, £8 19s 6d Received for 738 gallons of milk sold this quarter at one shilling the gallon, £36 18s 0d Received from the cash chest, £1,874 3s 10.5d Carried over, £1,948 10s 0.75d Interpretations The account shows the several small revenues the settlement drew beyond the Company's trade, the licence fees for public houses, the sale of milk and candles from the castle's own stock, the recovery of a servant's bond and the rent on renewed lease lives. These receipts, gathered on the debtor side against the quarter's payments, mark the ordinary income of the establishment as distinct from the great flows of the storekeeper's sales and the treasury's specie. The mixture of sources, from a surgeon's bond to the milk of the dairy, shows how the island's finances rested on many small streams alongside the Company's main business. The renewal of two lives in a lease, at half a year's rent for each nominee, points to the island's system of holding land by lives rather than for a fixed term of years. A lease of lives ran until the named persons died, and as each life fell in a fresh nominee could be added on payment, so the tenant kept the land going by renewing the lives before they were exhausted. Robert Wright's payment for two nominees on his five-acre lease of 5 March 1745 marks this practice, the Company drawing a renewal fee each time a life was replaced and the ground held on beyond the original grant. The candles made of beef suet and sold at fivepence show the castle turning the by-products of its own slaughtering to account. The tallow rendered from the beef killed for the table and the shipping was made into candles and sold to the inhabitants, a small manufacture that used what would otherwise be waste and returned a few pounds to the Company's cash. This turning of suet into a saleable commodity marks the close economy of a settlement that wasted little of what its herds yielded, the same beef supplying meat, tallow and light.
119	129	1746 Paymaster Cr 1746 July 12 By Cash paid William Kendry for coming Express to on Account of five Ships to Windward 5 19 By Do pd John Spencer Sen for relisting for five Years to Commence this day 5 5 25 By Do pd Mrs Mary Alexander for Rafters & Laths cut on her Free Land by one of the Honble Company's Blacks, as p Consultation of the 24 Jnt 4 16 August 12 By Do pd Edward Arnold for relisting for five Years to commence the 25 March next 5 5 Sepr the 2 By Do pd Daniel Sargant for relisting for five Years to Commence the 18 May next 5 5 8 By Do pd George Bonnett for relisting for five Years to Commence the 21 March next 5 5 9 By Do pd Mr Hayes the Adjutant, in lieu of a halfe Suit Govt the last Cloathing 1 10 10 14 By Do pd Josia Christoffell to compleat the sum of five Pounds five Shillings for relisting to serve the Honble Compy for five Years to commence the 25 March 1744 3 3 30 By Do pd Gabriel Worrall for 480 Cabbage Slips to Plant at the Peak Garden 1 4 By Do pd Edward Arnold for making 24 Coat Buttons for Soldiers 12 Do pd Do for making a marriage of Dutch Collers and Cavison 4 6 16 6 By Do pd Charles Legeit for making twelve Coats for Soldiers, & for some other small Jobs this Quarter 1 19 3 By Do pd the several following Persons for work done by them at the Fortifications, &c in this Quarter at one Shilling p Day p Man as p the several Columns Days at Work p day p Man, total at Half at Half p day p Man 6d p day Vizt Edward Cullimore 43 6 24 75 3 15 Matthew Campbell 33 6 17 66 2 16 William Kendry 31 19 25 75 3 15 John Upton 29 16 26 20 3 10 Carried Over 138 47 9127 0 Carried Over L 48 10 7	The paymaster's cash account, credit side, ran as follows for the quarter to 30 September 1746, setting out the sums paid out. Paymaster, credit, quarter to 30 September 1746 — item, amount (£ s d) 12 July, cash paid William Kendry for coming express on account of two ships to windward, £0 5s 0d 19 July, paid John Spencer junior for re-enlisting for five years to commence this day, £5 5s 0d 25 July, paid Mary Alexander for rafters and laths cut on her freehold land by nine slaves of the Company's, as consultation of the 24th July, £4 16s 0d 14 August, paid Edward Arnold for re-enlisting for five years to commence 25 March next, £5 5s 0d 2 September, paid Daniel Sargant for re-enlisting for five years to commence 25 May next, £5 5s 0d 8 September, paid George Bennett for re-enlisting for five years to commence 21 March next, £5 5s 0d 9 September, paid William Hayes, the adjutant, in lieu of a whole suit of clothing, £1 10s 10d 14 September, paid John Cristoffell, to complete the sum of five pounds five shillings for re-enlisting to serve the Company for five years to commence 25 March 1745, £3 3s 0d 30 September, paid Gabriel Worrall for 480 cabbage slips to plant at the Peak garden, £1 4s 0d Paid Edward Arnold for making 24 dozen buttons for soldiers, £0 12s 0d Paid for making a marine's Dutch collar and cravat, £0 4s 6d, £0 16s 6d Paid Charles Legent for making twelve suits for soldiers and for some other small jobs this quarter, £1 19s 3d Paid the several following persons for work done by them at the fortifications in this quarter at one shilling the day, the days as of the several columns, at half diet half their rent days [see note]: Edward Cullimore, 43 days, 6, 24 days, 75, £3 15s 0d Matthew Campbell, 33 days, 6, 17 days, 66, £2 16s 0d William Kendry, 31 days, 19, 25 days, 75, £3 15s 0d John Upton, 29 days, 16, 26 days, 20, £3 10s 0d Carried over, 138 days, 47, 91 days, 270 [as entered], £48 10s 7d Interpretations The re-enlistment bounties of five pounds five shillings, five guineas a man, recur through the credit side as the Company bought fresh terms of service from its soldiers. Each man engaged for five years, often to commence some months ahead at the next quarter day, the bounty paid on signing rather than on the term's start. This graduated re-enlistment was the means by which the Company kept its garrison up to strength on a remote island, the guinea bounty a standing inducement to men whose terms were running out to bind themselves again for another five years. John Cristoffell's payment completes a bounty already begun, three pounds three shillings paid to make up the full five guineas for a re-enlistment dated back to 25 March 1745. The Company advanced these bounties in parts, the balance paid when the man's engagement was confirmed or the funds came to hand, so a single re-enlistment could be settled across more than one payment. The care to complete the exact sum of five guineas marks the fixed value of the bounty, made up to the shilling however it was paid. The fortification labour was paid at a shilling the day with the men allowed half diet and reckoned half their rent days, a mixed wage of cash and kind. The soldiers who worked the works drew a labourer's shilling on top of their military pay, the Company meeting part of the cost in provisions and rent relief rather than wholly in money. This arrangement, the same men soldiering and labouring for combined pay, reflects the settlement's constant want of hands, the garrison turned to the building of its own defences and paid a working wage for the extra toil.
120	130	October 21 Dr Charles Hutchinson Brought Over L 1948 10 3/4 Carried Over L 1948 10 3/4	The debtor side of Charles Hutchinson's cash account carried its balance forward unchanged, no further entries being made on this side. Charles Hutchinson, debtor, quarter to 30 September 1746 — item, amount (£ s d) Brought over, £1,948 10s 0.75d Carried over, £1,948 10s 0.75d
121	131	1746 Paymaster Cr 1746 Brought Over L 48 10 7 No days at Work p day p Man, No days at Work at Half p day p Man 6d, Total No Days Brought Over: 138 47 91 276 Sepr 30 Vizt Thomas Taylor: 31 1/2 14 25 70 1/2, 3 10 6 Thomas Stretton: 29 19 25 73, 3 13 John Mannicky: 48 16 64, 3 4 Edward Cocker: 45 1/2 4 15 64 1/2, 3 4 6 James Vaughn: 43 1/2 6 12 61 1/2, 3 1 6 John Bardin: 64 64, 3 4 William Page: 70 70, 3 10 James Kendrick: 72 72, 3 12 William Welliam: 45 17 62, 3 2 John Cheesman: 32 10 42, 2 2 John Wolledge: 63 63, 3 3 Peter Bailey: 32 1/2 6 38 76 1/2, 3 16 6 Emanuel Steele: 8 8, 8 Peter Wells: 2 2, 2 Joseph Brock: 7 7, 7 John Murrell: 8 8, 8 Edward Alls: 35 1/2 21 56 1/2, 2 16 6 Solomon Speinder: 21 1/2 15 36 1/2, 1 16 6 Thomas Fox: 8 19 19 46, 2 6 William Carter: 7 7, 7 John Fletcher: 42 42, 2 2 Thomas Sorest: 26 1/2 26 1/2, 1 6 6 Joseph Newman: 26 26, 1 6 William Beckett: 29 5 14 48, 2 8 James Hinds: 8 8, 8 Thomas Oliver: 27 27, 1 7 Jonathan Godby: 17 1/2 17 1/2, 17 6 Duncan McLaron: 27 1/2 27 1/2, 1 7 6 Edward Terry: 16 8 24, 1 4 Richard Moyce: 11 13 24, 1 4 John Butler: 43 43, 2 3 William Bateman: 7 7, 7 James Urquhart: 2 2, 2 100 3/4 130 329 1551 1/4 Carried Over L 112 7 1	The paymaster's credit account continued, the running total carried over at £48 10s 7d, and the record of work done at the fortifications at one shilling the day resumed, the columns showing days at whole diet, days at half diet and their total, with the men allowed half their rent days. Paymaster, credit, quarter to 30 September 1746 — name, days at whole diet, days at half diet, half rent days, total days, amount (£ s d) Days brought over, 138, 47, 91, 276, [running £48 10s 7d] 30 September, Thomas Taylor, 31.5, 18, 25, 90.5, £3 10s 6d Thomas Stoxton, 29, 19, 25, 73, £3 13s 0d John Mannikey, 48, 0, 16, 64, £3 4s 0d Edward Cocker, 45.5, 4, 15, 64.5, £3 4s 6d James Vaughn, 43.5, 6, 12, 61.5, £3 1s 6d John Bardin, 64, 0, 0, 64, £3 4s 0d William Page, 70, 0, 0, 70, £3 10s 0d James Kendrick, 72, 0, 0, 72, £3 12s 0d William William, 45, 0, 17, 62, £3 2s 0d John Cheesman, 32, 10, 0, 42, £2 2s 0d John Wolledge, 63, 0, 0, 63, £3 3s 0d Peter Bailey, 32.5, 6, 38, 76.5, £3 16s 6d Emanuel Steele, 8, 0, 0, 8, £0 8s 0d Peter Wells, 2, 0, 0, 2, £0 2s 0d Joseph Brock, 7, 0, 0, 7, £0 7s 0d John Murrell, 8, 0, 0, 8, £0 8s 0d Edward Allis, 35.5, 0, 21, 56.5, £2 16s 6d Solomon Spender, 21.5, 0, 15, 36.5, £1 16s 6d Thomas Fox, 8, 19, 14, 46, £2 6s 0d William Carter, 7, 0, 0, 7, £0 7s 0d John Fletcher, 42, 0, 0, 42, £2 2s 0d Thomas Sorest, 26.5, 0, 0, 26.5, £1 6s 6d Joseph Newnan, 26, 0, 0, 26, £1 6s 0d William Beckett, 29, 5, 14, 48, £2 8s 0d James Hinds, 8, 0, 0, 8, £0 8s 0d Thomas Oliver, 27, 0, 0, 27, £1 7s 0d Jonathan Godby, 17.5, 0, 0, 17.5, £0 17s 6d Duncan McLaron, 27.5, 0, 0, 27.5, £1 7s 6d Edward Terry, 16, 0, 8, 24, £1 4s 0d Richard Woyce, 11, 0, 13, 24, £1 4s 0d John Butler, 43, 0, 0, 43, £2 3s 0d William Bateman, 7, 0, 0, 7, £0 7s 0d James Urquhart, 2, 0, 0, 2, £0 2s 0d Column totals, 100.5 [as entered], 130, 329, 1,551.5 [as entered], £112 7s 1d Carried over, £112 7s 1d Interpretations The fortification labour account grades each man's days into whole diet and half diet, with a further column of rent days allowed at half, so that a soldier's working wage mixed cash, provisions and rent relief in proportions reckoned line by line. A man on whole diet had his food found while he worked, one on half diet only part, and the difference was carried into the pay, the whole set out so the Company could see exactly what each labourer cost in money and in kind. This detailed apportioning shows the settlement meeting the price of its works through a careful blend of wage and allowance rather than a flat cash rate. The wide spread of days worked, from William Page's seventy down to two for Peter Wells and James Urquhart, shows how unevenly the garrison's labour fell across the men. Some soldiers spent most of the quarter at the fortifications while others gave only a day or two, the work shared out as each man's other duties, health and turn allowed. The account thus measures not a fixed labour force but the shifting availability of soldiers pulled between the works, the guard and the fishery, the Company drawing what days it could from each man and paying strictly for them.
122	132	October 21 Dr Charles Hutchinson Brought Over L 1948 10 3/4 Carried Over L 1948 10 3/4	The debtor side of Charles Hutchinson's cash account carried its balance forward unchanged, no further entries being made on this side. Charles Hutchinson, debtor, quarter to 30 September 1746 — item, amount (£ s d) Brought over, £1,948 10s 0.75d Carried over, £1,948 10s 0.75d
123	133	1746 Pay Master Cr Brought Over L 112 7 1 No days at Work p day p Man, No days at Work at Half p day p Man 6d, Total, L s d No Day Brought Over: No days at Work p day p Man 100 3/4, No days at Work at Half p day p Man 6d 130, Total 329 1552 1/4 Vizt James McLain: No days at Work p day p Man 22, Total 22, L 1, s 2 John Holloway: No days at Work p day p Man 1, No days at Work at Half p day p Man 6d 19, 17, Total 37, L 1, s 17 Moses Merratt: No days at Work p day p Man 45, Total 45, L 2, s 5 Thomas Robinson: No days at Work p day p Man 42, Total 42, L 2, s 2 David Robinson: No days at Work p day p Man 43, Total 43, L 2, s 3 Samuel Kitson: No days at Work p day p Man 46, Total 46, L 2, s 6 George Bonnett: No days at Work p day p Man 20 3/4, 17, Total 37 3/4, L 1, s 17, d 6 John Ford: No days at Work p day p Man 36 1/2, Total 36 1/2, L 1, s 16, d 6 Joseph Bissnell: No days at Work p day p Man 40 1/2, Total 40 1/2, L 2, d 6 William Campbell: No days at Work p day p Man 22, Total 22, L 1, s 2 William Davis: No days at Work p day p Man 15, No days at Work at Half p day p Man 6d 11, 15, Total 41, L 2, s 1 George Exton: No days at Work p day p Man 45, Total 45, s 4, d 6 John Brown: No days at Work p day p Man 14, Total 14, s 14 No days at Work p day p Man 1131 1/2, No days at Work at Half p day p Man 6d 174, 398, Total 1988 1/2 By Cash paid Bartholomew Molloy for Instructing at 1/6 p Day: No days at Work p day p Man 14, No days at Work at Half p day p Man 6d 22, 20, Total 34, L 8, s 2 By Do pd John French for over seeing the Men at Work at the Fortifications at 1/3 p Day: No days at Work p day p Man 66, Total 66, L 5 By Do pd the following Persons for work done about the Corn at the Horse point in this Quarter at 1/3 p Day Vizt John Scotcher: 4 days L 4, s 8, d 9 Anthony Day: 43 do L 4, s 5, d 1 1/2 Richard Mason: 45 do L 4, s 13, d 9 13 8 1 1/2 By Do pd the following Men for Cinning the young Wood at the Horse point in this Quarter at 1/ p Day Vizt Thomas Wright: 64 days L 3, s 4 John Haley: 61 1/2 do L 3, s 1, d 6 6 3 6 By Do pd the following Men for work done in harvest at the Horse point this Quarter at one Shilling p Day Vizt John Cawtry: 41 days L 2, s 1 William Shelford: 32 1/2 do L 1, s 12 Benjamin Williams: 33 do L 1, s 13 Thomas Mason: 33 do L 1, s 13 David Scott: 33 do L 1, s 13 8 12 Carried Over L 115 10 8 1/2	The paymaster's credit account continued, the running total carried over at £112 7s 1d, the fortification labour at one shilling the day running on with its columns of whole diet days, half diet days and half rent days. Paymaster, credit, quarter to 30 September 1746 — name, then days at whole diet, days at half diet, half rent days, total days, and pay Days brought over — 100.5 whole-diet days, 130 half-diet days, 329 half rent days, 1,552.5 total days [as entered], running pay £112 7s 1d James McLaine — 22 whole-diet days, 0 half-diet days, 0 half rent days, 22 total days, £1 2s 0d John Holloway — 1 whole-diet day, 19 half-diet days, 17 half rent days, 37 total days, £1 17s 0d Moses Menarto — 45 whole-diet days, 0 half-diet days, 0 half rent days, 45 total days, £2 5s 0d Thomas Robinson — 42 whole-diet days, 0 half-diet days, 0 half rent days, 42 total days, £2 2s 0d David Robinson — 43 whole-diet days, 0 half-diet days, 0 half rent days, 43 total days, £2 3s 0d Samuel Watson — 46 whole-diet days, 0 half-diet days, 0 half rent days, 46 total days, £2 6s 0d George Bennett — 20.5 whole-diet days, 0 half-diet days, 17 half rent days, 37.5 total days, £1 17s 6d John Ford — 36.5 whole-diet days, 0 half-diet days, 0 half rent days, 36.5 total days, £1 16s 6d Joseph Bisswell — 10.5 whole-diet days, 0 half-diet days, 0 half rent days, 10.5 total days, £0 10s 6d William Campbell — 22 whole-diet days, 0 half-diet days, 0 half rent days, 22 total days, £1 2s 0d William Davis — 15 whole-diet days, 11 half-diet days, 15 half rent days, 41 total days, £2 1s 0d George Exton — 45 whole-diet days, 0 half-diet days, 0 half rent days, 45 total days, £1 [...] 6d John Brown — 0 whole-diet days, 14 half-diet days, 0 half rent days, 14 total days, £0 14s 0d Column totals — 1,431.5 whole-diet days [as entered], 174 half-diet days, 398 half rent days, 1,988.5 total days [as entered], pay [see note] Cash paid Bartholomew Molloy for stone-laying at 4s the day — 14 whole-diet days, 12 half-diet days, 20 half rent days, 34 total days, £8 2s 0d Paid John French junior, seeing the men at work at the fortifications at 1s 3d the day — 60 days, £3 0s 0d Paymaster, credit — work done about the corn at the Horse Point at 1s 3d the day — name, days worked, pay, section total John Scotcher — 71 days, £4 8s 9d Anthony Day — 68 days, £4 5s 1.5d Richard Mason — 75 days, £4 13s 9d Horse Point corn total, £13 8s 1.5d Paymaster, credit — cutting the young wood at the Horse Point at 1s the day — name, days worked, pay, section total Thomas Wright — 63 days, £3 4s 0d John Haley — 61.5 days, £3 1s 6d Wood-cutting total, £6 5s 6d Paymaster, credit — work done in harvest at the Horse Point at 1s the day — name, days worked, pay, section total John Cawdry — 44 days, £2 4s 0d William Shelford — 32.5 days, £1 12s 0d Benjamin Williams — 33 days, £1 13s 0d Thomas Wilson — 33 days, £1 13s 0d David Scott — 33 days, £1 13s 0d Harvest total, £8 12s 0d Carried over, £115 10s 8.5d Interpretations The account now carries several distinct heads of labour at the Horse Point beyond the fortifications, the work about the corn, the cutting of young wood and the labour in harvest, each at its own rate. This marks the Company's new venture into grain farming, the Governor having set out on 29 July 1746 a long list of gear wanted for a coming harvest of over a hundred quarters of corn, with a barn, a mill and a kiln to be built near the Horse Point. The men paid here for cutting the corn, clearing the wood and gathering the harvest are the labour force of that scheme, the account showing the settlement turning ground to grain where it had long depended on yams and imported rice. Bartholomew Molloy is paid at four shillings the day for stone-laying, more than three times the shilling paid to the ordinary fortification labourers. His higher rate marks the skilled mason's work of laying platforms and building in stone, a craft the common soldiers could not do, so that his day was worth several of theirs. The gap between the mason's four shillings and the labourer's one measures the premium the settlement paid for the few men who could do skilled building work on a remote island where such skill was scarce. John French junior is paid at fifteen pence the day for overseeing the men at the fortifications, a supervisory wage above the labourers he watched. The Company paid separately for the oversight of its works, a man set to see the labour done and kept at its task, his rate fixed between the common shilling and the mason's higher pay. This charge for superintendence shows the works were not left to the labourers alone but managed by a paid overseer, the settlement meeting the cost of direction as well as of the labour itself.
124	134	October 21 Dr Charles Hutchinson Brought Over L 1948 10 3/4 Carried Over L 1948 10 3/4	The debtor side of Charles Hutchinson's cash account carried its balance forward unchanged, no further entries being made on this side. Charles Hutchinson, debtor, quarter to 30 September 1746 — item, amount (£ s d) Brought over, £1,948 10s 0.75d Carried over, £1,948 10s 0.75d
125	135	1746 Pay Master Cr 1746 Sepr 30 Brought Over L By Cash pd John Smith for fifteen Days work in thatching the Barn & Corn Ricks at one Shilling p day 15 By Do pd William Mason for Sixty Six Days work in making and Mending Carts, Gates &c in this Quarter 3 6 By Do pd John Patronater for eighteen days work in cutting Rushes to thatch the Barn in this Quarter 18 By Do pd John Watkins for Working and over seeing the Ploughing, Harvest at the Horse point this Quarter 6 10 By Do pd Joseph Leech for making seventeen pair of Shoes for the Honble Company's Slaves in this Quarter 1 14 By Do pd John Christoffell Coxswain, & James Prichard, Humphry Bush, Peter Uxenbrigh, George Ayres, Phillip Hilliard, William Ounes, Henry Carter, & Evan Jones, Ten Shilling each for Rowing in the Pinnace this Quarter 4 10 By Do pd Robert Curry, & Stephen Willonghby for baking Sixty five Batches of Bread for the Garrison in this Quarter, at fifteen Pence p Batch 4 1 3 By Do pd John Simmons Carpenter for fifty eight Days work at the Barn in the Great Wood in this Qtr 5 16 By Do pd Thomas Pride for going seventy four Days in the Long Boat this Quarter to sandy Bay for Lime for the Fortifications 3 14 By Do pd William Doveton, his Allowance for making up Medicines &c and for Assisting the Surgeon Wor Selecere this Quarter as p Consultation of 5 July last 3 8 3 By Do pd the Governour, for Sundrys pd for by him as follows, Viz For a Saddle, Bridle, & Spoke Ocei such as Goths, Cruppers, Bridles &c for breaking young horses L 4 For two China Chamber pots 15 For Carpenter's Tools, bought out of the Ship London there being no ne such in Store here 18 Carried Over L 5 13 Carried Over L 210 3 9 1/4	The paymaster's credit account continued, the sums paid out running on for the quarter to 30 September 1746. Paymaster, credit, quarter to 30 September 1746 — item, amount (£ s d) 30 September, cash paid John Smith for fifteen days work in thatching the barn and corn ricks at one shilling the day, £0 15s 0d Paid William Mason for sixty-six days work in making and mending carts, gates and the like in this quarter, £3 6s 0d Paid John Passwater for eighteen days work in cutting rushes to thatch the barn in this quarter, £0 18s 0d Paid John Watkins for working and overseeing the ploughing and harvest at the Horse Point this quarter, £6 10s 0d Paid Joseph Loostey for making seventeen pairs of shoes for the Company's slaves in this quarter, £1 14s 0d Paid John Cristoffell, coxswain, and James Prichard, Humphrey Bush, Peter Weinburgh, George Ayres, Phillip Hilliard, William Ounes, Henry Carter and Evan Jones, ten shillings each for rowing in the pinnace this quarter, £4 10s 0d Paid Robert Curry and Stephen Willoughby for baking sixty-five batches of bread for the garrison in this quarter at fifteen pence the batch, £4 1s 3d Paid John Simmons, carpenter, for fifty-eight days work at the barn in the Great Wood this quarter, £5 16s 0d Paid Thomas Pride for going seventy-four days in the long boat this quarter to Sandy Bay for lime for the fortifications, £3 14s 0d Paid William Doveton, his allowance for making up medicines and for assisting the surgeon, whom he succeeds this quarter, as consultation of 15 July last, £3 8s 3d Paid the Governor for sundries paid by him as follows: For a saddle, bridle and shoe cover, saddlecloths, cruppers, bridles and the like for breaking young horses, £4 0s 0d For two China chamber pots, £0 15s 0d For carpenter's tools, bought aboard the ship London there being none such in store here, £0 18s 0d Governor's sundries subtotal, £5 13s 0d Carried over, £210 3s 9.5d Interpretations The barn in the Great Wood and the thatching of the barn and corn ricks show the physical building of the grain scheme going forward, John Simmons paid for fifty-eight days on the barn and others for cutting rushes and thatching it. The Governor's list of goods wanted on 29 July 1746 had called for a barn near the Horse Point, and these payments record its raising, the corn ricks and the barn to store the harvest of over a hundred quarters expected. The account thus captures the settlement building the plant of a new agriculture, carts, ploughs and a barn all made or manned to bring in a grain crop where none had been grown at scale before. William Doveton's allowance for making up medicines and assisting the surgeon, whom he succeeds this quarter, marks a change in the island's medical provision. He was taking over from the surgeon, learning the making of medicines and the care of the sick, his allowance paid as he stepped into the place. This provision for a successor to the surgeon shows the settlement securing its medical care by training a man into the office before the incumbent left, so that the skill was not lost on a remote island where a physician could not be quickly replaced. The Governor's purchase of carpenter's tools aboard the ship London, there being none in store, shows how the settlement depended on passing vessels to supply even basic needs. The island's own store could not furnish the tools the works required, so the Governor bought them from a ship in the road, the same shift by which the settlement met its wants from whatever a caller happened to carry. This reliance on the chance supply of ships marks the constant difficulty of keeping a remote establishment furnished, the store's gaps filled piecemeal from the trade that touched the road.
126	136	October 21 Dr Charles Hutchinson Brought Over L 1948 10 3/4 L 1948 10 3/4 Septr 30 1746 Signed Errors Chas	The debtor side of Charles Hutchinson's cash account closed on 30 September 1746, the balance standing unchanged. Charles Hutchinson, debtor, quarter to 30 September 1746 — item, amount (£ s d) Brought over, £1,948 10s 0.75d Total, £1,948 10s 0.75d The account was subscribed by Charles Hutchinson, errors excepted, on 30 September 1746.
127	137	1746 Pay Master Cr Brought Over L 210 3 9 1/4 Brought Over L 5 13 Vizt For making Shoes for Blacks 18 For two China Dishes bought for the use of the House 9 8 For two dry Ducks, sent on board the Men of War 16 For Cheese bought of Capt Tolson for the use of the Table 4 2 To Cook pd Thomas Hodges at several times for Curing Blind Turkeys, & Fowls at the Poultry House 4 For Do pd Jerome Suckey & Six ducks sent on board to their Ceckterman in Lieu of a Present of different Wines Sent at first 2 14 13 12 8 By Cash Paid John Desfountain for a Beast killed by the Honble Company's Blacks in the long Wood valued at 4 3 4 By Do pd the Honble Company's Officers & Servants their Salarie &c for the Quarter commencing July 1 & Ending Sepr the 30 1746 as p the p the Officers in the Pay List to 1713 14 3 1743 18 5 1/2 By Ballance pd into the Honble Company's Cash 4 11 7 1/4 L 1948 10 3/4 Excepted Hutchinson Paymaster The Storekeeper this day delivered his Collections for the Months of July, August & September last, which were Examined, & Approved, and are as follows, Vizt Collection	The paymaster's credit account closed for the quarter to 30 September 1746, the running total carried over at £210 3s 9.5d and the Governor's sundries brought over at £5 13s 0d. Paymaster, credit, quarter to 30 September 1746 — item, amount (£ s d) Brought over, £210 3s 9.5d Governor's sundries brought over, £5 13s 0d For making shoes for the slaves, £0 18s 0d For two China dishes bought for the use of the house, £0 9s 8d For twenty-two ducks sent on board the men of war, £0 4s 6d For cheese bought of Captain Jobson for the use of the table, £1 2s 0d For Corporal Thomas Hodges at several times for curing blind turkeys and fowls at the poultry houses, £0 [...] For twenty-two ducks and six ducks sent on board to Captain Eckterman in lieu of a present of different wines sent at first, £2 14s 0d Governor's sundries total, £13 12s 8d Cash paid John Desfountain for a beast killed by the Company's slaves in the long boat road, valued at, £4 3s 4d Paid the Company's officers and servants their salaries and the like for the quarter beginning 1 July and ending 30 September 1746, and annual pay of the officers in the pay list, £1,713 14s 3d Balance paid into the Company's cash, £4 11s 7.5d Total, £1,948 10s 0.75d The account was subscribed by Charles Hutchinson, paymaster, errors excepted. The storekeeper delivered the collection of goods sold and issued for July, August and September 1746 on 21 October 1746, which was examined and approved. Interpretations The great mass of the credit side is the quarter's whole pay of the garrison and civil establishment, £1,713 14s 3d, against which the many small charges for labour, provisions and the Governor's purchases are trifling. The whole account balances to leave only £4 11s 7.5d paid back into the Company's cash, the receipts and payments running nearly level across the quarter. This near-balance shows the paymaster's account as a working channel through which the settlement's pay and small outgoings passed, the salaries the dominant charge and the surplus at the end slight. The gifts of ducks and wines to the men of war and their commanders mark the courtesies the settlement extended to the King's ships that guarded its trade in wartime. Captain Eckterman received ducks in lieu of a present of wines sent at first, the exchange of provisions and drink a customary civility between the island and the naval commanders whose convoys protected the homeward fleets. These small presents, entered to the Company's account, show the settlement maintaining good relations with the navy on which its wartime shipping depended, the cost of hospitality met from the public purse. The beast killed by the Company's slaves in the long boat road, valued and paid for to John Desfountain, records the settlement making good a planter's loss caused by its own people. The slaves had killed an inhabitant's animal, and the Company paid its value rather than leaving the owner to bear the loss, the same principle of compensation applied elsewhere when the establishment's slaves or works damaged private property. This payment marks the Company's practice of answering for the harm done by those in its charge, settling the claim in cash and charging it to its own account.
128	138	October 21 Collection of Goods Sold and Delivered out of the Honourable Company's Stores from the 1 July to 30 September 1746, Vizt Sold to the Company's Servants at 10 p Cent Arrack 458 1/2 Gallons L 114 11 3 Brandy 55 1/4 Ditto 125 6 3 Sugar and Candy vizt 39 1/4 Sugar 73 5 5 1 26 Candy 3 9 2 76 14 7 Bread and Flower vizt 3 W 26 lb Bread 3 16 9 1/2 5 1 6 Flower 3 14 3 193 1 16 Ditto baked 170 0 10 1/2 177 17 11 1/2 Oyl vizt 18 Bottles florence Oyl 6 2 15 6 6 3/4 Gallons Linced Dt 1 10 11 1/2 4 3/4 Ditto Spain 13 5 1/2 5 1 10 1/2 Soap 653 19 11 Hooks and Lines vizt 9 Gross Hooks sorted 2 12 6 1/2 3500 Blue Hooks 11 8 28 doz 9 Lines sorted 4 13 3/4 5 damaged Lines 4 2 2 Wand Lines 2 11 8 4 4 1/2 Salt 13 Bushels 2 13 1 1/2 Candles 164 12 16 6 Deesootees 4 Wd double 3 13 4 Silk Alligars 3 p 1 18 9 Pease 1/2 Bushel 3 3 Sacking 38 1/2 yards 1 8 8 1/2 Carried Over L 549 10 10	The collection of goods sold and delivered out of the Company's stores from 1 July to 30 September 1746 ran as follows, this portion being sold to the Company's servants at ten per cent above cost. Collection of goods, sold to the Company's servants at 10 per cent, quarter to 30 September 1746 — item, quantity, component (£ s d), total (£ s d) Arrack, 438.5 gallons, £114 11s 3d Brandy, 424 gallons, £125 6s 3d Sugar and candy, 2 hundredweight 27 lb: 394 lb 1.5 oz of sugar, £73 5s 5d 1 hundredweight 26 lb of candy, £3 9s 2d Sugar and candy total, £76 14s 7d Bread and flour: 3 hundredweight 26 lb of bread, £3 16s 9.5d 5 hundredweight 1 quarter 6 lb of flour, £3 14s 3d 193 hundredweight 1 quarter 16 lb of bread baked, £170 8s 10.5d Bread and flour total, £177 19s 11.5d Oil: 18 bottles of Florence oil, £2 15s 6d 6.75 gallons of linseed oil, £1 10s 11.5d 4.75 gallons of spike oil, £0 15s 5.5d Oil total, £5 1s 10.5d Soap, 6 hundredweight 3 quarters 3 lb, £0 19s 11d Hooks and lines: 9 gross of hooks, sorted, £2 12s 6.25d 3,500 blue hooks, £0 11s 8d 28 dozen 9 lines, sorted, £4 13s 0.75d 5 damaged lines, £0 4s 2d 2 twine lines, £0 2s 11d Hooks and lines total, £8 4s 4.25d Salt, 13 bushels, £2 13s 1.5d Candles, 16 hundredweight 2 quarters, £12 16s 6d Doosooties, 4 pieces, at fivepence double, £3 13s 4d Silk allejar, 3 pieces, £1 18s 9d Peas, half a bushel, £0 3s 3d Sacking, 38.5 yards, £1 8s 8.25d Carried over, £549 10s 10d Interpretations The store sold the same goods to different buyers at different advances on cost, this portion set at ten per cent for the Company's own servants, the lowest rate on the scale. The establishment's own people were supplied near cost while the planters paid a quarter or more above and the ships and foreign vessels dearer still, the one warehouse pricing each buyer by his standing. This graded pricing let the Company furnish its servants cheaply while drawing its profit from the wider trade, the ten per cent to servants marking the favoured terms of those on its own books. Arrack and brandy stand at the head of the collection by value, together above two hundred and thirty pounds, the great staple of the store's trade. Arrack was the standard Eastern spirit issued and sold throughout the settlement, brandy the European counterpart, and their weight in the account reflects the constant demand for spirits among the garrison and inhabitants. The store's largest sales lay in drink, the liquors it drew from the India and Europe trades supplying a market that never slackened whatever else the season brought. The doosooties and silk allejar are Indian textiles carried in the Company's trade, doosooties a coarse cotton cloth and allejar a striped silk or mixed stuff from the eastern looms. Their presence among the store's sales shows the warehouse dealing in imported cloth alongside its provisions and stores, the piece goods of the India trade sold to a settlement that made no textiles of its own. These fabrics, priced by the piece, mark the reach of the Company's eastern commerce into the ordinary supply of a remote Atlantic island, its people clothed in part from the looms of India.
129	139	1746 Brought Over L 549 10 10 Paint vizt 10 lb Red Lead 1 8 13 lb Yellow Oaker 3 1/2 1 3/4 Blue Smalts 2 3 12 lb Whiting 1 6 1/2 1 lb Verdigrease 10 1/2 5 Barrels Blacking 3 4 4 lb Umber 1 1/2 9 9 3/4 Shoes vizt 10 pr Mens fine 2 12 6 89 pr Ditto ordinary 19 9 4 1/2 22 1 10 1/2 Hosiersware vizt 16 pr Mens Wove Stockings 3 88 pr Thread Ditto 12 2 15 2 Pepper 4 lb 6 3/4 Muslene 16 yds 11 11 Hats vizt 1 Plain 14 5 2 Boys Hats 10 4 1 4 9 Bunting 2 Yards White 1 1 1/2 Long Cloth 2 pr 2 1 2 Deals vizt 2 Inch Wainscott boards 9 6 2 half Inch Ditto 5 2 14 8 Pitch vizt 6 lb Turpentine 1 1/2 14 lb Rosin 1 9 2 1 1/2 Naval Stores vizt 25 lb Powder 1 8 4 1 Quire of Cartridge Paper 6 1/2 1 8 10 1/2 Carried Over L 593 10 8	The collection of goods sold to the Company's servants at ten per cent continued, the total carried over at £549 10s 10d. Collection of goods, sold to the Company's servants at 10 per cent (continued), quarter to 30 September 1746 — item, quantity, component (£ s d), total (£ s d) Brought over, £549 10s 10d Paint: 10 lb of white lead, £0 1s 8d 1 lb of yellow ochre, £0 0s 3.5d 1.5 lb of blue smalts, £0 2s 0d 12 lb of whiting, £0 1s 6.5d 0.5 lb of verdigris, £0 0s 10.5d 5 barrels of blacking, £0 3s 4d 0.5 lb of umber, £0 0s 1.5d Paint total, £0 9s 9.5d Shoes: 10 pairs of men's fine, £2 12s 6d 89 pairs of men's ordinary, £19 9s 4.5d Shoes total, £22 1s 10.5d Hosiery ware: 16 pairs of men's worsted stockings, £3 0s 0d 88 pairs of thread stockings, £12 2s 0d Hosiery total, £15 2s 0d Pepper, 4 lb, £0 0s 6.5d Muslin, 16 yards, £0 11s 11d Hats: 1 plain, £0 14s 5d 2 boys' hats, £0 10s 4d Hats total, £1 4s 9d Bunting, 2 yards and a half of white, £0 1s 1.5d Long cloth, 2 pieces, £2 1s 2d Deals: 2 inch-thick, 2 broad, £0 9s 6d 2 half-inch, 2 broad, £0 5s 2d Deals total, £0 14s 8d Pitch: 6 lb of turpentine, £0 0s 1.5d 14 lb of rosin, £0 1s 9d Pitch total, £0 2s 1.5d Naval stores: 23 lb of powder, £1 8s 5d 1 quire of cartridge paper, £0 0s 6.5d Naval stores total, £1 8s 11.5d Carried over, £593 10s 8.5d Interpretations The paint materials show the range of pigments and preservatives the store kept for the upkeep of ironwork, gun carriages and buildings against the island's damp. White lead and whiting were the bases of paint, yellow ochre, blue smalts, verdigris and umber the colours, and blacking and rosin for coating and sealing, all sold in small quantities for the constant work of preserving metal and timber from rust and rot. This parcel of pigments marks the plain maintenance of a settlement where the sea air and the wet winter worked steadily on every exposed surface, the store furnishing the means to hold decay off. The shoes divide sharply into fine and ordinary, ten pairs of men's fine against eighty-nine of ordinary, the great bulk being the plain footwear of the garrison and labourers. This proportion measures the social range the store supplied, a few better shoes for officers or men of means and a mass of ordinary ones for the soldiers and working people. The store served the whole settlement from the same shelves, the small number of fine goods beside the large stock of plain marking the plain wants of a garrison and its labour against the few who could afford better. The powder sold here at ten per cent to servants sits among the naval stores rather than the gunner's account, a small quantity supplied for private use with cartridge paper. This retail of powder to the Company's own people, distinct from the powder issued to the guns, shows the store dealing in ammunition as a saleable commodity for fowling or private arms alongside its role in the settlement's defence. The two channels, powder issued to the fortifications and powder sold to servants, ran side by side, the store furnishing both the garrison's ordnance and the individual's private need.
130	140	October 21 Brought Over L 593 10 8 Starch vizt 12 lb Starch 5 4 3 lb Hairpowder 1 3 7 Cuttances 2 pr 19 3 Buckram vizt 56 1/2 Yards Osnabrig 1 16 4 33 Yards Buckram 1 8 10 1/2 8 Pd Hair Cloaths 13 4 3 18 6 1/2 Lead vizt 34 1/2 Sheet Lead 6 6 1/2 6 Small Shot 1 1 1/2 7 7 1/2 Ironmongerware vizt 5 Iron End Locks sorted 1 17 1 8 Pd Dovetail Hinges 7 4 1 Frying Pan 1 8 2 Spades 7 2 Scyth Stones 4 1 Chest Lock 4 1 Raising File 2 1/2 1 Hand Saw File 2 1/2 2 Iron End Box Locks 3 8 12 Helves 8 1 Shod Shovel 1 9 1 Furniture Lock 3 2 1 pr Sheep Sheers 1 2 1/2 1 Taylors Thimble 1 1/2 3 16 3 Chinaware vizt 6 Dishes 29 Plates 1 3 Bowls 3 1/2 1 3 1/2 Carried Over L 604 1 10	The collection of goods sold to the Company's servants at ten per cent continued, the total carried over at £593 10s 8.5d. Collection of goods, sold to the Company's servants at 10 per cent (continued), quarter to 30 September 1746 — item, quantity, component (£ s d), total (£ s d) Brought over, £593 10s 8.5d Starch: 12 lb of starch, £0 5s 4d 2 lb of hair powder, £0 1s 3d Starch total, £0 7s 0d [as entered] Cutlery ware, 2 pieces, £0 19s 3d Buckram: 56.5 yards of oznabrigs, £1 16s 4d 33 yards of buckram, £1 8s 10.5d 5 pieces of hair cloths, £0 13s 4d Buckram total, £3 18s 6.5d Lead: 34.5 lb of sheet lead, £0 6s 6.5d 6 lb of small shot, £0 1s 1.5d Lead total, £0 7s 7.5d Ironmongery ware: 5 iron rimmed locks, sorted, £1 17s 1d 8 pairs of dovetail hinges, £0 7s 4d 1 frying pan, £0 1s 8d 2 spades, £0 7s 0d 2 scythe stones, £0 0s 4d 1 chest lock, £0 4s 0d 1 raising file, £0 2s 4.5d 1 hand saw file, £0 0s 2.5d 2 iron rimmed box locks, £0 3s 8d 12 helves, £0 8s 0d 1 shod shovel, £0 1s 9d 1 furniture lock, £0 3s 2d 14 pairs of sheep shears, £0 1s 2.5d 1 tailor's thimble, £0 0s 1.5d Ironmongery total, £3 16s 3d Chinaware: 6 dishes, £1 0s 0d 29 plates, £0 [...] 3 bowls, £0 3s 1.5d Chinaware total, £1 3s 1.5d Carried over, £604 1s 10d Interpretations The ironmongery ware sets out the small hardware of a settlement that made no metal goods of its own, every lock, hinge, file and tool carried from England and sold from the store. The range, from door and chest locks through hinges, files, spades and shears to a single tailor's thimble, marks the store as the sole source of manufactured metalwork on the island. A remote settlement could forge or mend little for itself, so the warehouse kept the whole apparatus of ordinary ironwork, the fittings of houses, the tools of trades and the implements of husbandry, all imported and retailed piece by piece. The chinaware and cutlery among the sales show the store furnishing not merely necessities but the plate and utensils of a settled domestic life. Dishes, plates and bowls of imported china were sold alongside the tools and provisions, the eastern trade supplying the tableware of the island's households as it supplied their cloth and spirits. This presence of china on the store's shelves marks a settlement equipping itself with the comforts as well as the bare needs of living, the same ships that brought its arrack and rice bringing the ware its people ate from. The hair powder and starch, small parcels sold together, point to the care some of the island's people took over dress and appearance even in a remote garrison. Hair powder was used to dress wigs and hair in the fashion of the day, and its sale, however slight, shows that the manners of England were kept up in some degree on the island. These small refinements among the store's plainer goods mark the reach of metropolitan habit into a distant settlement, a few of its inhabitants maintaining the grooming of home.
131	141	1746 Brought Over L 604 1 10 Haberdasheryware vizt 26 1/2 Yards Gartering 4 4 1/2 129 Skains Silk 2 14 1/2 93 Ditto Mohair 1 4 10 1/2 3 Pd Holland Tape 3 6 1/2 1 Pd Coloured Tape 1 1 32 1/2 doz Mohair Coat Buttons 17 6 1/2 13 Doz Breast Ditto 12 2 1/2 6 doz Gilt Coat Ditto 6 9 11 1/2 doz Do Breast Do 9 1/2 13 doz White Metal Coat Do 2 6 1/2 3 1/2 doz Do Breast Do 1 12 doz Shirt Buttons 1 9 36 doz Wastcoat Ditto 13 6 1 Pd Diaper Tape 1 2 1/2 3 Pd Carnation Do 1 4 1/2 4 doz Tin Breast Buttons 6 8 8 4 1/2 Tinware vizt 1 Glass Lanthorn 9 3 2 Lamps 3 4 12 7 Twine 29 Skains 16 11 German Serge 29 1/2 yards 3 11 6 1/2 Duroys 4 Do 16 8 Shalloon 93 3/8 yards 8 6 1/2 Flannel 10 3/4 yards 15 4 1/2 Nailes 33 lb sorted 13 8 Turnersware vizt 1 Iron 2 9 9 Paint Brushes 4 8 12 Shoe Brushes 9 4 3 Hair Brooms 7 8 1/2 4 Scrubing Brushes 6 1 Cloth Brush 1 2 1/2 2 Ladles 4 1/2 1 10 5 1/2 Carried Over L 631 15 1 1/2	The collection of goods sold to the Company's servants at ten per cent continued, the total carried over at £604 1s 10d. Collection of goods, sold to the Company's servants at 10 per cent (continued), quarter to 30 September 1746 — item, quantity, component (£ s d), total (£ s d) Brought over, £604 1s 10d Haberdashery ware: 26.5 yards of gartering, £0 4s 4d 129 skeins of silk, £2 19s 1.5d 93 skeins of mohair, £1 14s 10.5d 5 pieces of holland tape, £0 3s 6.5d 1 piece of coloured tape, £0 1s 1d 32.5 dozen of mohair coat buttons, £0 17s 6.5d 13 dozen of breast buttons, £0 12s 2.5d 6 dozen of gilt coat buttons, £0 6s 9d 12.5 dozen of gilt breast buttons, £0 9s 4.5d 12 dozen of white metal coat buttons, £0 2s 6.5d 3.5 dozen of white metal breast buttons, £0 1s 4d 12 dozen of shirt buttons, £0 1s 9d 36 dozen of waistcoat buttons, £0 13s 6d 1 piece of diaper tape, £0 1s 2.5d 3 pieces of carnation tape, £0 1s 4.5d 4 dozen of tin breast buttons, £0 0s 6d Haberdashery total, £8 8s 4.5d Tin ware: 1 glass lanthorn, £0 9s 3d 12 lamps, £0 3s 4d Tin ware total, £0 12s 7d Twine, 29 skeins, £0 16s 11d German serge, 22.5 yards, £5 11s 6.5d Durance, 12.5 yards, £0 16s 8d Shalloon, 93.5 yards, £8 6s 7.5d Flannel, 10.75 yards, £0 15s 4.5d Nails, 35 lb, sorted, £0 13s 8d Turnery ware: 1 saw, £0 2s 9d 9 paint brushes, £0 4s 8d 12 shoe brushes, £0 7s 4d 3 hair brooms, £0 7s 8.5d 4 scrubbing brushes, £0 6s 0d 1 cloth brush, £0 1s 2.5d 2 ladles, £0 1s 4.5d Turnery total, £1 10s 5.5d Carried over, £631 18s 1.5d Interpretations The haberdashery ware sets out the small wares of dress and sewing the store kept for a settlement that clothed itself in good part by making up its own garments. Buttons of every kind, coat, breast, waistcoat and shirt, in mohair, gilt, white metal and tin, with silk, mohair thread, tapes and gartering, are the materials of tailoring rather than finished clothes, sold to a people who cut and sewed much of their own apparel. This parcel of trimmings marks the domestic manufacture of clothing on the island, the store furnishing the buttons and thread while the sewing was done in the settlement's own houses. The woollen cloths, German serge, durance, shalloon and flannel, are the stuffs carried out from England for the island's warmer clothing against the cool of the southern winter. Serge and shalloon were twilled woollens for coats and linings, durance a hard-wearing glazed wool, flannel a soft cloth for warmth, all sold by the yard to be made up locally. Their presence in quantity shows the settlement providing for its winter in imported wool, the temperate island needing warmer dress in its planting season than the tropics would, the cloth brought from England and cut to use on the spot. The range of brushes and small turnery, paint brushes, shoe and scrubbing brushes, hair brooms and a cloth brush, marks the plain domestic and working wares the store supplied for the ordinary upkeep of house and person. These trifling articles, none worth more than a few shillings, filled out the warehouse's stock alongside the cloth, tools and provisions, the store meeting every small want of a settlement that could buy such things nowhere else. The presence of so many minor household goods shows how completely the island depended on the one store for the whole furniture of daily life.
132	142	October 21 Brought Over L 631 14 1 1/2 Cutleryware, vizt 18 pr Buckles 8 8 4 Butchers Knives 1 3 9 11 Thread vizt 2 lb Wove Brown 9 8 1/2 1/2 Coloured 1 3 1/2 1/2 Wove Blue 1 10 33 oz 4 Sisters sorted 2 2 2 2 15 Combs 49 Horn 7 1 1/2 Corks vizt 2 1/2 Gross Corks 6 5 1/2 1/2 Corkwood 5 6 10 1/2 Braziersware vizt 1 Copper Warming Pan 12 2 1 pr Steel Snuffers 4 3 1 pr Candlesticks 9 6 2 Brass Cocks 3 6 1 9 5 Broad Cloth, vizt 4 1/2 Yards Coarse Blue 1 2 6 21 7/8 Do Sorted 17 11 6 1/2 18 14 4 Camblet vizt 18 1/2 Yards Scarlet Camblet 3 9 2 1/2 20 Blue Do 2 11 8 6 10 1/2 Kersey vizt 4 1/2 Yards Kersey 2 2 1/2 5 Yards Long Ells 8 4 10 6 1/2 Glassware, vizt 20 lb Glass 8 by 10 11 8 9 Ditto 6 by 8 2 4 4 Do 12 by 12 3 3 17 3 Carried Over L 663 5 1 1/2	The collection of goods sold to the Company's servants at ten per cent continued, the total carried over at £631 14s 1.5d. Collection of goods, sold to the Company's servants at 10 per cent (continued), quarter to 30 September 1746 — item, quantity, component (£ s d), total (£ s d) Brought over, £631 14s 1.5d Cutlery ware: 18 pairs of buckles, £0 8s 8d 4 butchers' knives, £0 1s 3d Cutlery total, £0 9s 11d Thread: 2 lb of brown, £0 9s 8.5d 0.5 lb of coloured, £0 1s 3.5d 0.5 lb of white and blue, £0 1s 10d 33 ounces of thread, sorted, £2 2s 2d Thread total, £2 15s 0d Combs, 19 horn, £0 1s 1.5d Corks: 2.5 gross of corks, £0 6s 5.5d 0.5 lb of corkwood, £0 0s 5d Corks total, £0 6s 10.5d Braziers ware: 1 copper hasty pan, £0 12s 2d 1 pair of steel snuffers, £0 4s 3d 1 pair of candlesticks, £0 9s 6d 2 brass cocks, £0 3s 6d Braziers total, £1 9s 5d Broad cloth: 14 yards of coarse blue, £1 2s 6d 21.5 yards, sorted, £17 11s 6.5d Broad cloth total, £18 14s 0.5d Camblet: 18.5 yards of scarlet camblet, £3 9s 2.5d 20 yards of blue camblet, £2 11s 8d Camblet total, £6 0s 10.5d Kersey: 14 yards of kersey, £0 2s 2.5d 5 yards of long ell, £0 8s 4d Kersey total, £0 10s 6.5d Glassware: 20 pieces of glass, 8 by 10, £0 11s 8d 9 pieces of glass, 6 by 8, £0 2s 4d 4 pieces of glass, 12 by 12, £0 3s 3d Glassware total, £0 17s 3d Carried over, £663 5s 1.5d Interpretations The broad cloth stands out among the textiles for its value, more than eighteen pounds for a few yards, marking it as the finest and dearest cloth the store carried. Broad cloth was a heavy fine woollen used for good coats, the scarlet and blue camblet beside it for officers' and better dress, all far costlier by the yard than the plain kersey and long ell sold to clothe the slaves. This range of cloth, from broad cloth at nearly a pound the yard down to kersey at pennies, measures the whole social scale the store dressed, the fine woollens for those who could afford them and the coarse for the labouring and enslaved. The window glass sold by fixed sizes, eight by ten, six by eight and twelve by twelve inches, shows the store supplying the glazing of the settlement's buildings from imported panes. Glass was made nowhere on the island, so every window depended on the ready-cut pieces the warehouse kept, sold by the standard size to fit the frames. This small stock of glazing marks the store's part in the very fabric of the island's houses, the panes brought from England to light the buildings of a settlement that could produce none itself. The braziers ware, the copper pan, brass cocks, candlesticks and steel snuffers, sets out the metal household goods of tinned and wrought copper and brass the store supplied for cooking and lighting. These wares, worked by the brazier's trade, furnished the kitchens and rooms of the settlement with the vessels and fittings a household needed, none of which could be made on the island. Their sale alongside the cloth and glass marks the store as the single source of the whole material equipment of domestic life, the metalwares of the table and hearth brought from England with everything else.
133	143	1746 Brought Over L 663 5 1 1/2 Shirts vizt 38 Soldiers Shirts 8 14 2 3 Dungree 6 3 2 Callico 4 1 9 4 6 Blankets 2 13 6 Boats 4 16 fat Oars 15 4 Plantation vizt 1 Hoe 2 6 92 lb Island Leather 3 9 14 Yard Reins 1 8 4 19 6 Pewter, vizt 3 Funnels 1 6 1 Chamber pot 3 5 10 11 Tea 1 lb 11 5 Rice 31 lb pd 11 2 6 1/2 Beef and Pork vizt 602 pr Beef at 2/ 60 4 9 Do 2/9 2 6 9 22 Pork 2/7 1/2 2 4 11 383 Do 2/ 38 6 103 1 8 Total Sold to the Company's Servants L 794 10 6 1/2 Sold to the Planters at 25 p Cent Shoes vizt 4 pr of Boys 17 4 12 pr of Mens fine 3 12 5 pr Do Ordinary 1 5 5 14 4 Broad Cloth 19 3/4 yards sorted 18 19 3 Shalloon 96 1/4 yards 9 16 11 1/2 Carried Over L 34 10 6 1/2	The collection of goods sold to the Company's servants at ten per cent closed, the total carried over at £663 5s 1.5d, and the collection then turned to the goods sold to the planters at twenty-five per cent above cost. Collection of goods, sold to the Company's servants at 10 per cent (continued), quarter to 30 September 1746 — item, quantity, component (£ s d), total (£ s d) Brought over, £663 5s 1.5d Shirts: 38 soldiers' shirts, £8 14s 2d 3 dungaree, £0 6s 3d 2 calico, £0 4s 1d Shirts total, £9 4s 6d Blankets, 2, £0 13s 6d Boats, 4 dozen 16 flat oars, £0 15s 4d Plantation: 1 hoe, £0 2s 6d 92 lb of island leather, £3 9s 0d 14 goat skins, £1 8s 0d Plantation total, £4 19s 6d Pewter: 3 funnels, £0 1s 6d 1 chamber pot, £0 3s 5d Pewter total, £0 10s 11d Tea, 1 lb, £0 11s 5d Rice, 3 hundredweight 1 quarter, £1 2s 6.5d [as entered] Beef and pork: 602 lb of beef, at 2d, £60 4s 0d [as entered] 9 lb of beef, at 2.5d, £2 6s 0d [as entered] 22 lb of pork, at 2.5d, £2 4s 11d [as entered] 383 lb of pork, at 2d, £38 6s 0d [as entered] Beef and pork total, £103 1s 8d Total sold to the Company's servants, £794 10s 6.5d Collection of goods, sold to the planters at 25 per cent, quarter to 30 September 1746 — item, quantity, component (£ s d), total (£ s d) Shoes: 4 dozen of shoes for boys, £0 17s 4d 12 pairs of men's fine, £3 12s 0d 3 dozen of men's ordinary, £1 5s 0d Shoes total, £5 14s 4d Broad cloth, 19.5 yards, sorted, £18 19s 3d Shalloon, 96.5 yards, £9 16s 11.5d Carried over, £34 10s 6.5d Interpretations The beef and pork sold to the servants at low pennyweights, most at twopence the pound, mark the meat supplied to the establishment's own people at little above cost. The great weight of it, more than nine hundred pounds together, shows the store victualling the garrison and civil servants in salt provisions as well as furnishing their cloth and stores, the meat priced by the pound at the servants' favoured rate. This supply of salt beef and pork was the plain ration of a settlement whose fresh beef was scarce and reserved, the store's cured meat feeding the Company's people through the year. The turn from the servants' ten per cent to the planters' twenty-five marks the store's graded pricing plainly, the same shoes, broad cloth and shalloon now sold to the free inhabitants at a higher advance than to the Company's own. The planters, being neither the establishment's servants nor its ships, paid a middle rate above the servants and below the foreign vessels, the warehouse drawing more from the settlement at large than from its own people. This step in the price, the identical goods dearer to the planter than the servant, shows the Company favouring its own establishment while still trading with the wider island at a profit. The island leather and goat skins sold under the plantation head show the settlement producing some raw material of its own from its herds, the hides of its cattle and goats tanned or dressed on the island and sold back through the store. This local leather, entered among the plantation goods, marks one of the few commodities the settlement made rather than imported, the skins of its slaughtered stock turned to use for harness, shoes and gear. Its appearance in the account shows the island drawing what it could from its own resources even as it depended on the store for almost everything else.
134	144	October 21 Brought Over L 34 10 6 1/2 Buckram vizt 21 Yards Buckram 1 1 49 Yards Osnabrigs 1 16 9 1 Pd Hair Cloths 1 10 1/2 2 19 7 1/2 German Serge 60 1/4 Yards 17 1 8 1/2 Hosersware 8 pr Mens Wove Stockings 1 14 8 Musline 3 pr 1 17 6 Sagalhy vizt 7 pr Sagalhy 2 4 9 14 pr Duroys 2 16 9 5 1 6 Hats 2 Boys 11 8 Deesootes 6 pr 6 3 Housey 68 yards 5 13 4 Long Ells 10 1/2 yards 1 1 1/2 Flannel 9 yards 13 6 Sheets vizt 13 Callico Shirts 1 11 5 2 pr Cotton Stockings 4 8 1 16 1 Long Cloth 1 pr 1 3 4 Sold at 20 p Cent Broad Cloth 3/4 Yard 16 9 1/2 Buckram 1/2 Yard 7 Arrack 16 1/2 Gallons 4 11 6 Brandy 5 Gallons 1 10 Sugar 10 lb 26 38 9 2 Bread & Flower vizt 3 1 8 Bread 4 19 4 2 5 Flower 10 2 5 9 6 Soap 1/2 5 4 Oyl vizt 1 Bottle Florence 3 11 6 3/4 Gall Linced 1 17 2 1/2 1 1/2 Gall Spain 5 2 1/2 2 6 3 1/2 Carried Over L 138 18 9 1/2	The collection of goods sold to the planters at twenty-five per cent continued, the total carried over at £34 10s 6.5d, and the collection then turned to the goods sold at twenty per cent above cost. Collection of goods, sold to the planters at 25 per cent (continued), quarter to 30 September 1746 — item, quantity, component (£ s d), total (£ s d) Brought over, £34 10s 6.5d Buckram: 21 yards of buckram, £1 1s 0d 19 yards of oznabrigs, £1 16s 9d 1 piece of hair cloths, £0 1s 10.5d Buckram total, £2 19s 7.5d German serge, 60.5 yards, £17 1s 8.5d Hosiery ware, 8 pairs of men's worsted stockings, £1 14s 8d Muslin, 3 pieces, £1 17s 6d Sagathy: 7 pieces of sagathy, £2 4s 9d 1 piece 4 yards of durance, £2 16s 9d Sagathy total, £5 1s 6d Hats, 2 boys, £0 11s 8d Doosooties, 6 pieces, £6 3s 0d Kersey, 68 yards, £5 13s 4d Long ells, 10.5 yards, £1 0s 1.5d Flannel, 9 yards, £0 13s 6d Shirts: 13 calico shirts, £1 11s 5d 2 pairs of cotton stockings, £0 4s 8d Shirts total, £1 16s 1d Long cloth, 1 piece, £1 3s 4d Collection of goods, sold at 20 per cent, quarter to 30 September 1746 — item, quantity, component (£ s d), total (£ s d) Broad cloth, 0.75 yard, £0 16s 9.5d Buckram, 0.5 yard, £0 0s 7d Arrack, 16.5 gallons, £4 17s 6d Brandy, 3 gallons, £1 1s 0d Sugar, 10 hundredweight 26 lb, £38 9s 2d Bread and flour: 3 hundredweight 1 quarter 8 lb of bread, £4 19s 4d 2 hundredweight 3 lb of flour, £0 10s 2d Bread and flour total, £5 9s 6d Soap, 1 hundredweight 2 quarters, £5 0s 4d Oil: 1 bottle of Florence oil, £0 3s 11d 6.75 gallons of linseed oil, £1 17s 2.5d 1.5 gallons of spike oil, £0 5s 2.5d Oil total, £2 6s 3.5d Carried over, £138 18s 9.5d Interpretations The collection now carries a third buyer-class at twenty per cent, a rate set between the servants' ten and the planters' twenty-five, which points to a further category of purchaser supplied on middling terms. The store priced by the standing of the buyer, and this intermediate advance marks goods sold to a class distinct from both the establishment's own servants and the general body of planters, perhaps the shipping or some favoured purchasers. The presence of three separate advances on the same goods within one quarter's collection shows the fineness of the store's graded pricing, each buyer met at the rate his standing fixed. The sagathy and durance among the planters' cloth are lighter woollen and worsted stuffs from the English looms, sagathy a fine serge-like fabric and durance a hard glazed wool, both sold by the piece for coats and gowns. Their sale to the planters rather than the servants marks the free inhabitants buying the better dress woollens the establishment's people were less supplied with, the planters clothing themselves from the store's finer stuffs at their own charge. This range of cloth sold across the buyer-classes shows the settlement's dress divided by means, the planters reaching for the lighter fashionable woollens above the plain kersey of the labouring poor. Sugar stands out among the twenty per cent sales at more than thirty-eight pounds, by far the largest single line in that class, a heavy quantity moving at once. This weight of sugar sold together points to a bulk purchase, perhaps by the shipping victualling for a voyage or by a buyer laying in a large store, the store disposing of a great parcel at the middling rate. The scale of the sale marks sugar as a staple of the settlement's trade, the sweet drawn from the eastern and Atlantic commerce sold in quantity alongside the arrack and brandy that led the store's business.
135	145	1746 Brought Over L 138 18 9 1/2 Deals vizt 11 Double Deals 1 19 5 2 Single 4 8 6 Inch Wainscot boards 1 16 2 Spars 4 8 4 4 9 Salt 3 1/4 Bushels 14 7 1/2 Rice 9 lb 8 6 1/2 Candles 10 lb 1 10 Tea 30 Callico 5 Haberdasheryware vizt 88 Seans Mohair 2 4 8 lb Silk 2 7 10 41 Doz Mohair Coat Buttons 1 7 4 31 doz Ditto Breast Do 14 9 1/2 doz Gilt Coat Do 13 5 1/2 3 doz Do Breast Do 3 6 1/2 12 Yards Gartering 2 6 19 Pd Holland Tape 10 2 doz Tin Breast Buttons 8 1/2 2 Pd Diaper Tape 3 6 doz Shirt Buttons 1 1 1/2 1 Pd Bobbing 4 1/2 8 10 5 1/2 Glassware vizt 28 pr Glass 12 by 12 1 9 2 114 Ditto 6 by 8 2 7 6 16 Ditto 8 by 10 11 4 4 8 Hooks & Lines vizt 9 Gross Hooks sorted 3 7 6 1/2 13 Doz 2 Lines Sorted 3 8 1 Hand Line 1 11 900 Blue Hooks 3 9 6 18 10 1/2 Nails 8 6 1/2 sorted 2 6 10 1/2 Carried Over L 172 6 8 3/4	The collection of goods sold at twenty per cent continued, the total carried over at £138 18s 9.5d. Collection of goods, sold at 20 per cent (continued), quarter to 30 September 1746 — item, quantity, component (£ s d), total (£ s d) Brought over, £138 18s 9.5d Deals: 11 double deals, £1 19s 5d 2 single, £0 4s 8d 6 inch wainscot boards, £1 16s 0d 2 spars, £0 4s 8d Deals total, £4 4s 9d Salt, 3.75 bushels, £0 14s 7.5d Rice, 9 lb, £0 8s 6.5d [as entered] Candles, 10 lb, £0 [...] Tea, 30 catties, £1 0s 10d Haberdashery ware: 88 skeins of mohair, £2 4s 0d 2 lb of silk, £2 7s 10d 41 dozen of mohair coat buttons, £1 7s 4d 31 dozen of mohair breast buttons, £0 14s 0d 9.5 dozen of gilt coat buttons, £0 13s 5.5d 5 dozen of gilt breast buttons, £0 3s 6.5d 12 yards of gartering, £0 2s 6d 12 pieces of holland tape, £0 10s 0d 2 dozen of tin breast buttons, £0 0s 8.5d 2 pieces of diaper tape, £0 3s 0d 6 dozen of shirt buttons, £0 1s 1.5d 1 piece of bobbin, £0 0s 4.5d Haberdashery total, £8 10s 5.5d Glassware: 28 pieces of glass, 12 by 12, £1 9s 2d 114 pieces of glass, 6 by 8, £2 7s 6d 16 pieces of glass, 8 by 10, £0 11s 4d Glassware total, £4 8s 0d Hooks and lines: 9 gross of hooks, sorted, £3 7s 6.5d 15 dozen 2 lines, sorted, £3 0s 8d 1 hand line, £0 1s 11d 900 blue hooks, £0 3s 9d Hooks and lines total, £6 13s 10.5d Nails, 8 hundredweight 6 lb, sorted, £2 6s 10.5d Carried over, £172 6s 8.5d Interpretations The glassware, hooks and lines and nails recurring across the buyer-classes show the store selling the same working goods to every kind of purchaser, the fishing gear and building materials in constant demand throughout the settlement. Hooks and lines were the tackle of the island's fishery, on which the garrison and slaves depended for much of their food, and their sale in quantity to each class marks fishing as a common occupation across the whole settlement. The repeated appearance of the same tackle, glass and nails under each rate measures the universal need for these plain necessities, bought by servants, planters and the rest alike. The large quantity of window glass in this parcel, more than a hundred and fifty panes across three sizes, points to building or reglazing going forward at some scale during the quarter. Glass being needed for every window and made nowhere on the island, this stock moving through the store marks the raising or repair of houses, the panes cut to standard sizes to fit the frames. The volume of glazing sold shows the settlement's fabric under active work, the imported glass supplying windows for buildings put up or mended in the season. The nails sold by the hundredweight, sorted into sizes, mark the constant demand for the commonest of building materials in a settlement forever raising, repairing and fortifying. Nails held together every structure, from the fortifications and the new barn to the ordinary houses, and the store's stock of them by the hundredweight measures the scale of the building work the settlement carried on. This bulk of a plain necessity, sold to every class of buyer, shows the store furnishing the raw stuff of construction to a place that could forge little iron of its own.
136	146	October 21 Brought Over L 172 6 8 3/4 Twine vizt 2 Skains Twine 1 5 1 lb Shoe Thread 3 10 1/2 5 3 1/2 Ironmongersware vizt 1 Stock Lock 6 11 10 pr Dovetail Hinges 12 1 6 Spades 1 6 9 1 Hand Saw file 3 1/2 1 Furniture Lock 4 4 pr Sheep Sheers 6 1 Hoe 2 3 2 18 5 1/2 Paint vizt 19 lb Whiting 9 1 1/2 9 Yellow Oaker 2 1 1/2 45 lb Red Lead 10 7 Barrels Blacking 3 10 1 7 9 1/4 Starch 6 lb 3 9 Canvas 5 1/4 yards Sacking 3 9 Corks 6 Gross 19 6 Thread vizt 2 Blue Thread 9 4 21 pr Sisters sorted 1 14 3 2 lb Brown sorted 5 3 1/2 2 8 10 1/2 Bed Ticks vizt 1 pr fine 1 19 3 2 pr Coarse 2 18 4 17 3 Blanketts 5 2 2 11 Leather 24 3/4 2 10 8 Braziersware vizt 1 Copper boiling pot 2 5 9 1 pr Snuffers 5 6 2 11 3 Carried Over L 192 18 3	The collection of goods sold at twenty per cent continued, the total carried over at £172 6s 8.5d. Collection of goods, sold at 20 per cent (continued), quarter to 30 September 1746 — item, quantity, component (£ s d), total (£ s d) Brought over, £172 6s 8.5d Twine: 2 skeins of twine, £0 1s 5d 1.5 lb of shoe thread, £0 3s 10.5d Twine total, £0 5s 3.5d Ironmongery ware: 1 stock lock, £0 6s 11d 10 pairs of dovetail hinges, £0 12s 1d 6 spades, £1 6s 9d 1 hand saw file, £0 0s 3.5d 1 furniture lock, £0 4s 0d 4 pairs of sheep shears, £0 6s 0d 1 hoe, £0 2s 5d Ironmongery total, £2 18s 5.5d Paint: 19 lb of whiting, £0 9s 4.5d 9 lb of yellow ochre, £0 2s 1.5d 48 lb of red lead, £0 10s 0d 9 barrels of blacking, £0 3s 10d [as entered] Paint total, £1 7s 4.5d Starch, 6 lb, £0 3s 9d Canvas, 5.5 yards of sacking, £0 3s 9d Corks, 6 gross, £0 19s 6d Thread: 2 lb of blue thread, £0 9s 4d 21 ounces of thread, sorted, £1 14s 3d 0.5 lb of brown, sorted, £0 5s 3.5d Thread total, £2 8s 10.5d Bed ticks: 1 piece fine, £1 19s 3d 2 pieces coarse, £2 18s 0d Bed ticks total, £4 17s 3d Blankets, 5, £2 2s 11d Leather, 24.75 lb, £2 10s 8d Braziers ware: 1 copper boiling pot, £2 5s 9d 1 pair of snuffers, £0 5s 6d Braziers total, £2 11s 3d Carried over, £192 18s 3d Interpretations The bed ticks, divided into fine and coarse, mark the store supplying the very bedding of the settlement from imported cloth. A bed tick was the strong case that held the filling of a mattress or bolster, and its sale, fine for the better households and coarse for the plainer, shows the warehouse furnishing even the stuff people slept on. This provision of bedding among the store's goods measures again how completely the island depended on the one warehouse for the whole equipment of domestic life, down to the cases of its beds. The red lead sold here in quantity was both a paint base and a rust preventive, spread on ironwork and timber to hold off the corrosion the sea air worked constantly on the settlement's metal and wood. Its sale by the pound alongside whiting, yellow ochre and blacking marks the steady work of preserving the fabric of the island against decay, the pigments and coatings the means by which guns, tools and buildings were kept from rust and rot. The recurrence of these paints across the collection shows the ceaseless maintenance a settlement in a damp climate required. The copper boiling pot among the braziers ware marks the larger cooking vessels the store supplied for the settlement's kitchens, worked in copper by the brazier's trade and sold at a substantial price. Such a pot was a considerable item, used for boiling in quantity in a household or for the general table, and its sale shows the store furnishing the heavier utensils of cookery as well as the lighter pans and fittings. These copper wares, none makeable on the island, mark the store as the source of the whole apparatus of the kitchen, the vessels of cooking brought from England with everything else the settlement used.
137	147	1746 Brought Over L 192 18 3 Pitch &c vizt 19 lb Turpentine 3 3 1/2 2 1/2 Gall Tarr 2 1 5 4 1/2 Pewter 2 Chamber pots 8 4 1/2 Combs 10 horn 8 8 Turnersware vizt 2 Hair Brooms 3 10 1 Scrubing Brush 1 11 2 Paint Brushes 1 8 7 5 Lead vizt 23 lb Sheet Lead 3 10 1/2 11 lb Small Shot 2 9 8 7 1/2 Cutleryware 2 pr Yellow Mettle Buckles 1 4 Tinware 6 Lanthorn Leaves 11 Total Sold to the Planters L 194 19 3 1/2 Sold to the Company's Shiping vizt Tinware vizt 136 Lanthorn Leaves 9 1/2 1 Glass Lanthorn 11 10 1 12 7 1/2 Oyl 24 1/2 Gall Linsed 7 2 11 Paint vizt 44 Barrels Blacking 7 16 8 12 lb White Lead 4 6 84 lb Brimstone 1 8 9 9 2 Hooks & Lines, vizt 3 1/2 doz Lines sorted 14 9 doz Hooks sorted 3 10 100 Blue Hooks 3 6 Log Lines 7 1 5 8 Carried Over L 13 9 11 1/2	The collection of goods sold at twenty per cent closed, the total carried over at £192 18s 3d, and the collection then turned to the goods sold to the Company's shipping. Collection of goods, sold at 20 per cent (continued), quarter to 30 September 1746 — item, quantity, component (£ s d), total (£ s d) Brought over, £192 18s 3d Pitch: 19 lb of turpentine, £0 3s 3.5d 2.5 gallons of tar, £0 2s 1d Pitch total, £0 5s 4.5d Pewter, 2 chamber pots, £0 8s 8d Combs, 10 horn, £0 1s 8d Turnery ware: 2 hair brooms, £0 3s 10d 1 scrubbing brush, £0 1s 11d 2 paint brushes, £0 1s 8d Turnery total, £0 7s 5d Lead: 23 lb of sheet lead, £0 5s 10.5d 11 lb of small shot, £0 2s 9d Lead total, £0 8s 7.5d Cutlery ware, 2 pairs of yellow metal knives, £0 1s 4d Tin ware, 6 lanthorn leaves, £0 0s 11d Total sold to the planters, £194 19s 3.5d Collection of goods, sold to the Company's shipping, quarter to 30 September 1746 — item, quantity, component (£ s d), total (£ s d) Tin ware: 136 lanthorn leaves, £1 0s 9.5d 1 glass lanthorn, £0 11s 10d Tin ware total, £1 12s 7.5d Oil, 24.5 gallons of linseed, £7 2s 11d Paint: 44 barrels of blacking, £1 16s 8d 12 lb of white lead, £0 4s 6d 84 lb of brimstone, £0 1s 8d [as entered] Paint total, £3 9s 2d [as entered] Hooks and lines: 3.5 dozen of lines, sorted, £0 14s 0d 9 dozen of hooks, sorted, £0 3s 10d 100 blue hooks, £0 0s 3d 6 log lines, £0 7s 0d Hooks and lines total, £1 5s 3d Carried over, £13 9s 11.5d Interpretations The turn from the planters' collection to the Company's shipping marks the fourth buyer-class in the quarter's sales, the vessels supplied on their own terms distinct from the servants, the planters and the twenty per cent purchasers. The store served every kind of buyer from the one warehouse, and the ships' account shows it furnishing the naval and maintenance stores a vessel needed, the linseed oil, blacking, white lead and log lines of a ship fitting for sea. This supply to the shipping marks the store's part in the passage of the fleets, the island victualling and refitting the vessels that touched its road as well as its own establishment. The great quantity of lanthorn leaves sold to the shipping, more than a hundred and thirty, points to the store supplying the material for making or mending the lanterns a ship carried for signals and lights. A lanthorn leaf was a pane of thin horn or glass for the sides of a lantern, and the large number sold to the vessels marks the constant need for lights aboard ship, the store furnishing the parts by which they were kept in repair. This supply of ship's lanterns among the naval stores shows the warehouse meeting the particular wants of the vessels in the road, the gear of navigation and signalling drawn from the island's store. The log lines sold to the shipping are the cords by which a ship measured her speed through the water, the log heaved astern and the line paid out against a glass. Their sale to the vessels marks the store supplying the very instruments of navigation, the tackle a ship needed to reckon her way across the ocean. This provision of log lines among the naval stores shows the island furnishing not merely a ship's maintenance but the means of her sailing, the settlement's store reaching into the working equipment of the sea.
138	148	October 21 Brought Over L 13 9 11 1/2 Twine 14 Skains 9 11 Nails 15 lb Sorted 4 10 5 3/4 Pitch &c vizt 3 1/2 Barrel Pitch 1 15 3 3/4 2 Barrels Tar 3 18 10 1 Barrel Turpentine 2 8 8 8 2 9 3/4 Thread vizt 1/2 lb Wove Brown 4 3 1/2 Red & Blue 9 4 13 7 Bread & Flower vizt 16 pr lb Bread 14 18 8 14 2 Flower 13 1 8 28 4 Pease 10 Bushells 2 14 9 Deals 1 pr Riga Timber 2 5 4 Glassware vizt 10 pr Glass 12 by 12 10 2 1/2 4 Half Minute Glasses 3 13 2 1/2 Bunting vizt 140 Yards Broad Red 7 5 10 136 Yards Narrow 7 1 8 14 7 6 Naval Stores vizt 6 Sheep Skins 18 6 18 Grinado Shells 1 16 2 14 6 Canvas 19 1/4 Yards English 1 10 9 1/2 Ironware 4 Bolt rope Needles 8 L 79 13 8 Charges General Dr for the following Stores Issued from the 1 July to the 30 September, 1746, Vizt Print	The collection of goods sold to the Company's shipping closed, the total carried over at £13 9s 11.5d. Collection of goods, sold to the Company's shipping (continued), quarter to 30 September 1746 — item, quantity, component (£ s d), total (£ s d) Brought over, £13 9s 11.5d Twine, 14 skeins, £0 9s 11d Nails, 15 lb, sorted, £0 4s 10.5d [as entered] Pitch: 3.5 barrels of pitch, £1 15s 3.5d 2 barrels of tar, £3 18s 10d 1 barrel of turpentine, £2 8s 8d Pitch total, £8 2s 9.5d Thread: 0.5 lb of white and brown, £0 4s 3d 0.5 lb of red and blue, £0 9s 4d Thread total, £0 13s 7d Bread and flour: 16 hundredweight of bread, £14 18s 8d 14 hundredweight 2 quarters of flour, £13 1s 8d Bread and flour total, £28 0s 4d Peas, 10 bushels, £2 14s 9d Deals, 1 piece of Virginia timber, £2 5s 4d Glassware: 10 pieces of glass, 12 by 12, £0 10s 2.5d 4 half-minute glasses, £0 3s 0d Glassware total, £0 13s 2.5d Bunting: 140 yards of broad red, £7 5s 10d 136 yards of narrow, £7 1s 8d Bunting total, £14 7s 6d Naval stores: 6 sheep skins, £0 18s 6d 18 grenade shells, £1 16s 0d Naval stores total, £2 14s 6d Canvas, 19.5 yards of English, £1 10s 9.5d Ironmongery ware, 4 bolt rope needles, £0 0s 8d Total, £79 13s 8d The collection then turned to the charges general, the stores issued for the Company's own use from 1 July to 30 September 1746. Interpretations The bunting sold to the shipping in quantity, more than two hundred and seventy yards of red and narrow, marks the store supplying the material for the flags and signal colours a ship needed at sea. Bunting was the loosely woven woollen from which ensigns, signal flags and pennants were made, and its sale to the vessels shows the island furnishing the very means by which ships spoke to one another and showed their nation. This supply of flag material among the naval stores marks the store's part in the working life of the fleets, the settlement providing the cloth of signalling to the vessels that touched its road. The half-minute glasses sold to the shipping are the small sand glasses used with the log line to time a ship's speed, the sand running half a minute while the line was paid out. Their sale beside the log lines of the earlier leaf completes the store's supply of the instruments of navigation, the glass and the line together measuring a vessel's way through the water. This provision of timing glasses marks again how far the island's store reached into the apparatus of seamanship, furnishing the fine instruments by which a ship reckoned her progress as well as her plainer stores. The grenade shells among the naval stores mark the store supplying the shipping with the hand-thrown explosive weapons a vessel carried for close fighting and defence. A grenade shell was a hollow iron ball filled with powder and thrown by hand, and its sale to the ships shows the island furnishing the munitions of a vessel's own defence in wartime, distinct from the great guns of the fortifications. This supply of grenades to the shipping marks the settlement arming the vessels that passed as well as victualling them, the store meeting the martial as well as the material wants of the fleets in a time of war.
139	149	1746 Paint vizt 56 lb White Lead 14 5 4 lb Yellow Oaker for Painting the Lieut Governour's house 10 1 Umber 4 3 Barrels Blacking 1 9 4 lb Red Lead 7 6 lb Blue Smalts for Linnen 10 1 7 11 Starch 12 lb for Linnen 4 2 Oyl vizt 9 Gall Spain for Tanning, for the Kitchen and Bake house 1 6 7 1/2 6 Gall Linsed for Painting 1 5 2 11 7 1/2 Ironmongersware vizt 1 pr Dovetail Hinges for a Table 5 2 Wood Axes 4 5 3 Helves for the Tanner 1 9 1 Flat file A 7 1 Do B 4 1 Raising file for the Smiths 2 1 Hand Saw file 2 1/2 2 Augurs for the Carpenter 3 3 1/2 1 Smiths Rubber 3 2 1 Bastard file for the Smiths 7 1 Iron rimd Lock for the Steward's Room 8 8 12 Small Gimblets 1 6 4 Gouges 1 4 2 Broad Axes 10 3 1 Hand Saw for the Carpenters 7 2 1/2 4 Carpenter's Rules 3 8 3 Hammers 3 6 2 13 9 1/2 Iron 2 1 4 for the Smiths 1 12 Corks 6 Gross &c Stuff for bottling Beer 15 4 Twine 1 Skain for the Doctor's Shop 6 Carried Over L 9 5 4 1/2	The charges general, being the stores issued for the Company's own use from 1 July to 30 September 1746, ran as follows. Charges general, stores issued for the Company's use, quarter to 30 September 1746 — item, quantity, purpose, component (£ s d), total (£ s d) Paint: 56 lb of white lead, for painting the Lieutenant Governor's house, £0 14s 5d 4 lb of yellow ochre, for painting the Lieutenant Governor's house, £0 0s 10d 1 lb of umber, for painting the Lieutenant Governor's house, £0 0s 4d 3 barrels of blacking, for painting the Lieutenant Governor's house, £0 1s 9d 4 lb of red lead, for painting the Lieutenant Governor's house, £0 0s 7d 6 lb of blue smalts, for linen, £0 10s 0d Paint total, £1 7s 11d Starch, 12 lb, for linen, £0 4s 2d Oil: 9 gallons of spike, for tanning and for the whiting and bakehouse, £1 6s 7.5d 6 gallons of linseed, for painting, £1 5s 0d Oil total, £2 11s 7.5d Ironmongery ware: 14 pairs of dovetail hinges, for a table, £0 0s 5d 2 wood axes, for the tanner, £1 5s 0d 3 helves, for the tanner, £1 9s 0d 1 flat file A, for the smith, £0 0s 7d 1 flat file B, for the smith, £0 1s 4d 1 raising file, for the smith, £0 0s 2d 1 hand saw file, for the smith, £0 0s 2.5d 2 augers, for the carpenter, £0 3s 3.5d 1 smith's rubber, for the smith, £0 3s 2d 1 bastard file, for the smith, £0 0s 7d 1 iron rimmed lock, for the steward's room, £0 8s 8d 12 small gimlets, for the carpenter, £0 1s 6d 4 gouges, for the carpenter, £0 1s 4.5d 2 broad axes, for the carpenter, £0 10s 3d 1 hand saw, for the carpenter, £0 7s 2.5d 4 carpenter's files, for the carpenter, £0 3s 8d 3 hammers, for the carpenter, £0 3s 6d Ironmongery total, £2 13s 9.5d Iron, 2 hundredweight 1 quarter 4 lb, for the smith, £1 12s 0d Corks, 6 gross, and staff for bottling beer, £0 15s 4d Twine, 1 skein, for the doctor's plaster, £0 0s 6d Carried over, £9 5s 4.5d Interpretations The charges general gather the stores the Company issued for its own work rather than sold, each item entered with the use it was put to, so the account shows exactly where the establishment's materials went. Paint for the Lieutenant Governor's house, files and axes for the smith and carpenter, iron for the forge and oil for the tanner and bakehouse all mark the settlement maintaining its own buildings and trades from the store. This head, distinct from the sales, measures the Company's internal consumption, the materials drawn from the warehouse for the upkeep and labour of the establishment itself. The tools issued to the smith and carpenter show the settlement keeping its own tradesmen supplied to make and mend the gear the whole establishment depended on. Files, axes, saws, augers, gimlets and hammers went to the carpenter and smith to work the iron and timber of the works, the buildings and the boats, the store furnishing the very instruments of the island's crafts. This provision of tools to the tradesmen marks the settlement's self-reliance in what it could make for itself, the smith and carpenter working from the store's supply to keep the establishment in repair. The spike oil issued for tanning shows the settlement dressing its own leather from the hides of its herds, the oil used in the tanner's work to soften and preserve the skins. Tanning turned the raw hides of the slaughtered cattle and goats into usable leather for harness, shoes and gear, and the store's issue of oil for the purpose marks this small local manufacture. The tanner's work, supplied from the store, was one of the few productive trades the island carried on from its own materials, turning the by-products of its slaughtering into leather the settlement could use.
140	150	October 21 Brought Over L 9 5 4 1/2 Turnersware vizt 2 Paint Brushes for Painting 1 2 1 Brass wire Sieve for the Bakers 6 5 1/2 1 Birch Broom 6 8 1 1/2 Nails vizt 2 lb 3 Nails 11 1/2 4 lb 20 Do for the Doctor's Shop & mending a Table 9 1/2 1 9 Lines 1 Log Line for the Lt Governour's windows 10 1/2 Lead vizt 28 lb Pig Lead for the Lieut Governour's House 4 8 6 lb Small Shot for the Castle 3 8 1/2 16 lb Do for the Council 4 9 1/2 44 lb Sheet Lead for Tanning 9 2 Candles vizt 100 for the Castle 7 1 8 92 for the Council 6 13 2 13 14 10 Deals vizt 4 Double Deals for the Doctor's Shop 10 12 Feet 3 Inch Elm plank 1 6 1/2 11 6 1/2 Haberdashery 2 pr Carnation tape to tye Bakers 10 Pewter vizt 1 Gall Funnel for the Store use 18 4 1/2 12 Soop Plates for the Table 1 1 18 11 1/2 Braziersware vizt 1 Small Brass Cock for bottling Beer 2 5 1/2 1 Large for the Store use 7 1 1/2 9 7 1/2 Rozin 3 lb for Tanning 3 1/2 Glassware 2 pr Cruits for the Castle 8 9 1/2 Grindstones 1 8 4 L 27 8 6 1/2	The charges general, being the stores issued for the Company's own use for the quarter to 30 September 1746, continued, the total carried over at £9 5s 4.5d. Charges general, stores issued for the Company's use (continued), quarter to 30 September 1746 — item, quantity, purpose, component (£ s d), total (£ s d) Brought over, £9 5s 4.5d Turnery ware: 2 paint brushes, for painting, £0 1s 2d 1 brass wire sieve, for the bakers, £0 6s 5.5d 1 birch broom, £0 0s 6d Turnery total, £0 8s 1.5d Nails: 0.5 hundredweight of nails, for the doctor's shop and mending a table, £0 11s 6.5d 0.5 hundredweight of nails, for the doctor's shop and mending a table, £0 9s 2.5d Nails total, £1 1s 9d Lines, 1 log line, for the Lieutenant Governor's window, £0 0s 10.5d Lead: 28 lb of pig lead, for the Lieutenant Governor's house, £0 4s 8d 6 lb of small shot, for the castle, £0 3s 8d 16 lb of small shot, for the council, £0 4s 9.5d 4.75 lb of sheet lead, for tanning, [included above] Lead total, £0 9s 2d Candles: 100 lb, for the castle, £7 1s 8d 93 lb, for the council, £6 13s 2d Candles total, £13 14s 10d Deals: 1 double deal, for the doctor's shop, £0 10s 0d 0.5 hundredweight 3 inch elm plank, £0 1s 6.5d Deals total, £0 11s 6.5d Haberdashery, 2 pieces of carnation tape, for the bakers, £0 0s 10d Pewter: 1 gallon funnel, for the storehouse, £0 18s 4.5d 0.5 lb of soap plates, for the table, £1 0s 0d Pewter total, £1 18s 11.5d Braziers ware: 1 small brass cock, for bottling beer, £0 2s 5.5d 1 large brass cock, for the storehouse, £0 7s 1.5d Braziers total, £0 9s 7.5d Rosin, 3 lb, for tanning, £0 0s 3.5d Glassware, 2 pieces of glass, cruets for the castle, £0 8s 9.5d Grindstones, 1, £0 8s 4d Total, £27 8s 6.5d Interpretations The candles issued for the castle and the council stand as the largest charge in this head, nearly two hundred pounds of them together, marking the constant need for light in the settlement's public buildings. Candles lit the castle where the business of government was done and the room where the council sat, and the great quantity consumed measures the hours of work and watching carried on by artificial light. This heavy issue of candles to the seats of authority shows the cost of keeping the establishment's business going through the dark, the store furnishing the light by which the settlement was governed. The many small issues marked for particular buildings and persons, the paint and lead for the Lieutenant Governor's house, the nails and deal for the doctor's shop, the sieve and tape for the bakers, show the Company maintaining each part of its establishment from the store and charging every material to its use. This close accounting, every parcel entered with the building or trade it served, let the Company see exactly where its stores went and hold each office to its consumption. The detail marks the settlement's careful husbandry of its materials, nothing issued without its purpose set down against it. The provision for the doctor's shop, nails, deal and twine for plaster, shows the store furnishing the fabric and materials of the settlement's medical care as well as its medicines. The doctor's shop needed fitting and mending like any other building, and the store supplied the timber, nails and stuff its work required, the plaster twine marking the very materials of treatment. This supply to the infirmary marks the store's part in the settlement's care of the sick, furnishing not only the medicines but the place and means by which they were kept and applied.
141	151	1746 Diet Expences Dr for the following Stores Issued for the Table from the 1 July to the 30 September, 1746, Vizt Arrak 90 Gallons 9 13 11 1/2 Sugar & Candy vizt 100 lb Sugar 1 2 11 10 lb Candy 1 3 2 9 11 Oyle 20 Bottles florence 2 15 10 Pepper 3 lb 2 6 Flower 628 lb 3 13 9 Salt 3 Bushels 9 7 1/2 Beef & Pork 25 lb Do 2 6 8 1/2 Rice 3 lb 16 5 2 Pease 7/8 Bushell 3 4 3/4 L 21 18 10 3/4 Fortification Dr for the following Stores Issued from the 1 July to 30 September Wheel Barrows 30 21 15 Hand Barrows 2 10 Ironmongersware vizt 4 Bricklayer's Trowels for the Masons 4 10 1 Helve 7 5 5 Cordage 4 lb 5 7 1/2 Lines 3 lb 6 for the Masons 1 4 1/2 L 22 17 4 3/4 Plantation Dr for the following Stores Issued from the 1 July to 30 September 1746 Vizt Cordage 22 3/4 for Reins used at Ploughing 7 4 Ironmongersware vizt 4 Prining Hatchets 4 7 3 Grafting Saws for Prining Trees 8 3 1 Bill Hook 2 4 Carried Over L 17 9 Carried Over L 7 4	The diet expenses, being the stores issued for the general table from 1 July to 30 September 1746, ran as follows. Diet expenses, stores issued for the table, quarter to 30 September 1746 — item, quantity, component (£ s d), total (£ s d) Arrack, 40 gallons, £9 13s 11.5d Sugar and candy: 100 lb of sugar, £1 2s 11d 100 lb of candy, £1 5s 0d Sugar and candy total, £2 7s 11d Oil, 20 bottles of Florence, £2 15s 10d Pepper, 3 lb, £0 2s 6d Flour, 628 lb, £3 13s 9d Salt, 3 bushels, £0 9s 7.5d Beef and pork, 2 hundredweight 3 quarters, £2 6s 8.5d Rice, 3 hundredweight 16 lb, £0 5s 2d [as entered] Peas, 0.75 bushel, £0 5s 4.5d Total, £21 18s 10.5d Fortification, stores issued for the works, quarter to 30 September 1746 — item, quantity, purpose, component (£ s d), total (£ s d) Wheelbarrows, 30, £21 15s 0d Hand barrows, 2, £0 10s 0d Ironmongery ware: 4 bricklayer's trowels, for the masons, £0 4s 10d 1 helve, for the masons, £0 0s 7d Ironmongery total, £5 5s 5d [as entered] Cordage, 4 lb, £0 3s 9.5d Twine, 3 lb 6 oz, for the masons, £0 1s 4.5d Total, £22 17s 4.5d Plantation, stores issued for the farms, quarter to 30 September 1746 — item, quantity, purpose, component (£ s d), total (£ s d) Cordage, 22.5 lb, for the sleds expended at ploughing, £0 7s 4d Ironmongery ware: 4 pruning hatchets, for pruning trees, £0 9s 4d 3 grafting saws, for pruning trees, £0 8s 3d 1 bill hook, for pruning trees, £0 2s 4d Carried over, £17 9s 5d [as entered] Running total carried over, £0 7s 4d [as entered] Interpretations The thirty wheelbarrows issued to the fortifications at more than twenty-one pounds stand as the great charge under that head, marking a large fresh supply of the plainest tools of earthwork and building. Wheelbarrows carried the earth, stone and lime of the works, and thirty issued at once points to a considerable effort of fortification in the quarter, the barrows needed to move the material of the glacis and the batteries. This bulk supply of the commonest labouring tool measures the scale of the building at the works, the settlement furnishing the means to shift the ground and stone its defences required. The pruning hatchets, grafting saws and bill hook issued to the plantation for pruning trees mark a care for the island's orchards and standing wood beyond the mere raising of crops. Grafting and pruning were the work of tending fruit trees and improving their yield, and the issue of these tools shows the settlement cultivating its trees with some skill, not merely gathering what grew wild. This provision for the orchard marks the island's husbandry reaching to the careful management of its fruit, the tools of the gardener supplied alongside those of the ploughman and the mason. The cordage issued for the sleds expended at ploughing shows the settlement using sleds rather than wheeled carts for some of its plantation haulage, the rope wearing out as the sleds were dragged over the ground. A sled ran on runners and could cross rough or steep ground where a cart could not, and its use in the ploughing marks the island's farming adapting to its broken terrain. This detail of the sleds and their cordage shows the settlement working its difficult ground with the means suited to it, the plainer sled serving where the wheel would not.
142	152	October 21 Brought Over L 7 4 Ironmongersware Brought Over 17 9 1 Stock Lock with Bar for the Dairy Room 4 11 2 Helve 1 2 8 Scyth Stones 1 4 2 Mow Cutters for the Mowers 3 8 9 Rag Stones 7 1/2 2 Scyths 11 3 1 Spade for the Maldivia Plantation 2 3 2 Garden rakes for the Garden 3 9 2 11 2 Deals vizt 9 pr Riga Timber 12 1 1 107 Double Deals for the Barn in the 13 7 6 20 Spar Long Wood 1 13 4 27 1 11 Lines 3 for the Long Wood 1 8 1/2 Brandy 3 Gall for the Workmen in the Long Wood 18 3 Cutleryware vizt 3 Prining Knives for prining Trees 3 8 1 Butcher's Knife for prining Spars 3 4 3 11 1/2 Iron Pots 1 for the Long Wood 5 7 1/2 Salt 1 Peck for the Dairy 9 1/2 Turnersware vizt 1 Birch Broom for the Barn 6 2 Set House Warming Express butter for Ploughing &c 4 16 1/2 4 17 1/2 Nails vizt 7 lb 4 Nails 2 9 1/2 13 lb 10 Do for the Barn and mending 4 4 8 lb 40 Do the Cart in the Long wood 2 4 8 lb 6 Do 3 19 6 4 Paint vizt 1 Verdigrease for Painting 3 1 1/4 2 Yellow Oaker 6 3 6 1/4 Oyl 1 Gallon Linseed for Do 4 2 Carried Over L 37 2 8 3/4	The plantation stores issued for the farms for the quarter to 30 September 1746 continued, the total carried over at £0 7s 4d and the ironmongery ware brought over at £17 9s 5d. Plantation, stores issued for the farms (continued), quarter to 30 September 1746 — item, quantity, purpose, component (£ s d), total (£ s d) Brought over, £0 7s 4d Ironmongery ware brought over, £17 9s 5d 1 stock lock with key, for the dairy room, £0 4s 11d 2 helves, £0 1s 2d 8 scythe stones, for the mowers, £0 1s 4d 2 mow cutters, for the mowers, £0 3s 8d 9 rag stones, for the mowers, £0 0s 7.5d 2 scythes, for the mowers, £0 11s 3d 1 spade, for the Maldivia plantation, £0 3s 0d 2 garden rakes, for the garden, £0 3s 0d Ironmongery total, £2 11s 2d Deals: 9 pieces of Virginia timber, for the barn in the Great Wood, £12 1s 1d 107 double deals, for the barn in the Great Wood, £13 7s 6d 20 spars, for the Great Wood, £1 13s 4d Deals total, £27 1s 11d Lines, 3, for the Great Wood, £0 1s 4.5d Brandy, 3 gallons, for the workmen in the Great Wood, £0 15s 3d Cutlery ware: 13 pruning knives, for pruning trees, £0 3s 8d 1 butcher's knife, for pruning spars, £0 0s 5d Cutlery total, £0 3s 11.5d [as entered] Iron pots, 1, for the Great Wood, £0 5s 7.5d Salt, 1 peck, for the dairy, £0 0s 9.5d Turnery ware: 1 birch broom, for the barn, £0 0s 6d 2 pot house sieves and a pair to prepare butter for ploughing and the like, £4 16s 7.5d Turnery total, £4 17s 1.5d Nails: 7 hundredweight of nails, for the barn and mending the cart in the Great Wood, £2 9s 0d 13 hundredweight, for the barn and mending the cart in the Great Wood, £1 4s 0d 8 hundredweight, for the barn and mending the cart in the Great Wood, £2 4s 0d 8 hundredweight, for the barn and mending the cart in the Great Wood, £3 0s 0d Nails total, £12 6s 4d [as entered] Paint: 1 lb of verdigris, for painting, £0 3s 1.5d 2 lb of yellow ochre, for painting, £0 0s 6d Paint total, £0 3s 6.5d [as entered] Oil, 1 gallon of linseed, for painting, £0 4s 2d Carried over, £37 2s 8.5d Interpretations The great charge of timber, deals, spars and nails for the barn in the Great Wood marks the physical raising of the grain scheme's chief building, more than fifty pounds of material in this head alone. The Governor's list of 29 July 1746 had called for a barn to store the coming harvest, and the Virginia timber, double deals and hundredweights of nails record its construction, a substantial structure to hold the corn of a hundred quarters expected. This weight of building material shows the settlement committing real resources to the new agriculture, the barn in the Great Wood the largest single work of the quarter's plantation account. The scythes, mow cutters and rag stones issued to the mowers mark the cutting of hay or grass on a scale that needed proper mowing tools kept in edge. Scythes were the tools of the hay harvest, the rag stones for sharpening them, and their issue shows the settlement mowing its grass for fodder or its corn for the harvest with the implements of English husbandry. This provision for the mowers marks the island's farming taking on the methods and tools of home, the scythe and whetstone brought to the cutting of its crops. The pot house sieves and the pair to prepare butter, issued at a substantial charge, point to the working of the castle dairy and the making of butter among the plantation's tasks. The dairy kept at the castle set milk for cream and churned butter, and these sieves and implements mark the equipment of that work, the settlement producing its own dairy goods from the milk of its herds. This provision for the butter-making shows the island's small dairy going forward, the store furnishing the gear by which the milk was turned to butter for the table.
143	153	1746 Brought Over L 37 2 8 3/4 Glassware vizt 1 pr Ceason Glass 6 26 pr Glass 12 by 12 for repairing the House in the Long Wood 1 1 10 1/2 1 2 4 1/2 Ballaloes 1 pr for Strainer in the Dairy 3 5 Rice & Candy vizt 4 lb 2 Rice 1 11 7 1/2 3 1 20 Candy for the Poultry 1 12 10 3 4 5 1/2 Pease 12 Bushels to Sow in the Horse point 17 7 1/2 L 42 10 7 Blacks Dr for the following Stores Issued for their use from the 1 July to the 30 September 1746 vizt Hooks & Lines vizt 2 Small Lines for fishing 5 1/2 1 doz Hooks 4 9 1/2 Bread & Flower vizt 1/2 Flower for Sick Blacks 2 1/2 12 Bread 1 5 1/2 1 8 1/2 Sugar 12 lb 9 7 1/2 Tea 1 lb Given to the Women 6 8 1/2 Blankets 12 3 13 6 Long Cloth 3 3/4 pr for Women & Children's Cloaths 5 7 4 Kersey 19 3/4 yards 12 9 11 1/2 Thread 9 3/4 lb Brown for making their Cloaths 1 19 11 1/2 Deesootes 12 pr for Cloathing for the Women & Children 2 10 Shirts 136 Callico for the Men 11 18 4 Brandy 40 Gallons for Drams when at Hard Labour 8 16 8 Nails 1 lb 6 for a Coffin finished above 4 1/2 Deals 2 Double for a Coffin finished above 5 Arrack 1/2 for a Sick Black 8 1/2 Beef & Pork 149 pr 6 2 6 Rice 135 13 lb 39 7 L 93 10 1 1/2	The plantation stores issued for the farms for the quarter to 30 September 1746 closed, the total carried over at £37 2s 8.5d, and the collection then turned to the slaves account, the stores issued for their use. Plantation, stores issued for the farms (continued), quarter to 30 September 1746 — item, quantity, purpose, component (£ s d), total (£ s d) Brought over, £37 2s 8.5d Glassware: 1 piece of crown glass, £0 0s 6d 36 pieces of glass, 12 by 12, for repairing the windows in the Great Wood, £1 1s 10.5d Glassware total, £1 2s 4.5d Battaloes, 1 piece, for strainers in the dairy, £0 3s 5d Rice and paddy: 4 hundredweight 2 quarters of rice, for the poultry, £1 11s 7.5d 3 hundredweight 1 quarter 20 lb of paddy, for the poultry, £1 12s 10d Rice and paddy total, £3 4s 5.5d Peas, 4.5 bushels, to sow at the Horse Point, £0 17s 7.5d Total, £42 10s 7d Slaves, stores issued for their use from 1 July to 30 September 1746 — item, quantity, purpose, component (£ s d), total (£ s d) Hooks and lines: 2 small lines, for fishing, £0 0s 5.5d 1 dozen hooks, for fishing, £0 0s 4d Hooks and lines total, £0 0s 9.5d Bread and flour: 0.5 flour, for the sick slaves, £0 0s 2.5d 12 lb of bread, for the sick slaves, £0 1s 5.5d Bread and flour total, £0 1s 8.5d Sugar, 12 lb, given to the women, £0 9s 7.5d Tea, 1 lb, given to the women, £0 6s 8.5d Blankets, 12, £3 13s 6d Long cloth, 3 pieces, for the women and children's clothes, £5 7s 4d Kersey, 195.5 yards, for the women and children's clothes, £12 9s 11.5d Thread, 9.5 lb of brown, for making their clothes, £1 19s 11.5d Doosooties, 12 pieces, for clothing for the women and children, £2 10s 0d Shirts, 136 calico, for the men, £11 18s 4d Brandy, 40 gallons, for drams when at hard labour, in the bower, £8 16s 8d Nails, 1 hundredweight 6 lb, for a coffin for a dead slave, £0 0s 4.5d Deals, 2 double, for a coffin for a dead slave, £0 5s 0d Arrack, 3 gallons, for a sick slave, £0 0s 8.5d Beef and pork, 4 hundredweight 9 lb, £39 7s 0d Rice, 133 hundredweight 13 lb, £[...] Total, £93 10s 1.5d Interpretations The slaves account sets out the whole cost of clothing, feeding and keeping the Company's slaves, from the cloth and thread for the women's and children's garments to the beef, rice and brandy of their maintenance. Kersey, long cloth and doosooties were the coarse fabrics of slave clothing, the calico shirts the men's wear, and the great weight of rice and salt meat their food, the account gathering the entire charge of the enslaved labour force under one head. This body of provision measures the Company's dependence on its slaves and the cost of holding them, the establishment clothing and feeding the people whose labour it owned. The brandy issued for drams when at hard labour marks the customary allowance of spirits given the slaves at the heaviest work, a ration meant to drive the labour forward. The Company gave drink to its slaves at the toil of the works and the harvest, the brandy a spur and a reward for the hardest tasks, entered to their account like their food and cloth. This provision of spirits at hard labour shows the settlement working its slaves to the limit and using drink to sustain the effort, the dram a fixed part of the maintenance of a labouring force. The nails and deal issued for a coffin for a dead slave, small charges entered plainly among the rest, mark the Company meeting even the burial of its slaves as a charge on their account. A slave who died was coffined at the Company's cost, the timber and nails found from the store, the death entered as an expense like any other of the maintenance. This provision for a slave's coffin, set down without remark among the cloth and food, shows the whole life and death of the enslaved passing through the Company's accounts, the burial of a dead slave reckoned as coldly as the drams of the living.
144	154	October 21 Garrison Dr for the following Stores Issued for their use from the 1 July to the 30 September 1746 vizt Oyle vizt 28 1/2 Gall Spain for the several Guards, Sout Forts 5 18 9 1 1/2 Do Linced for the Doctor's Shop & Cleaning arms 5 2 1/2 6 3 11 1/2 Tea 4 lb for the several Guards and out Forts 1 6 5 1/2 Deals 21 Double for Soldiers Cots and Coffins 2 19 6 Deesootes 8 pr Double for that for the Soldiers to Compleat the number wanted in the several Companys 6 13 4 Blanket 20 to Compleat the number wanted in the several Companys 6 2 6 Nails vizt 5 lb 4 Nails 1 1 1/2 9 lb Scupper Do 2 9 2 lb 2 Nails for Soldiers Cots and Coffins 9 1/2 1 lb 13 Do 5 1/2 5 1 1/2 Iron ware vizt 1 Whip Saw file 4 1/2 1 Bastard file for repairing and 9 3 Wimding files Cleaning Small arms 6 1 Flat file 7 2 3 1/2 Canvas 3 pr Sacking for Soldiers Cots 2 8 6 Twine 3 Skains for Soldiers Cots 1 6 Thread 3 1/2 lb Brown for making the Soldiers Sheets 4 6 1/2 Chalk 6 lb for the Doctor's Shop 4 1/2 Sugar 26 lb 4 7 Rozin 6 lb 8 L 26 6 7 1/2 Hospital Dr for the following Stores Issued for the use of the Sick in the Infirmary from the 1 July to the 30 September, 1746, vizt Sugar 52 lb 9 7 Oyl 2 3/4 Gall Spain 8 1 1/2 Rice 100 lb 5 2 Carried Over L 1 2 10 1/2	The garrison account, being the stores issued for the garrison's use from 1 July to 30 September 1746, ran as follows. Garrison, stores issued for the garrison's use, quarter to 30 September 1746 — item, quantity, purpose, component (£ s d), total (£ s d) Oil: 28.5 gallons of train, for the several guards and out forts, £5 18s 9d 1.5 lb of linseed, for the doctor's shop and cleaning arms, £0 5s 2.5d Oil total, £6 3s 11.5d Tea, 8 lb, for the several guards and out forts, £1 6s 5.5d Deals, 21 double, for soldiers' cots and coffins, £2 19s 6d Doosooties, 8 pieces 4 yards, double, for sheets for the soldiers, to complete the number wanted in the several companies, £6 13s 4d Blankets, 20, to complete the number wanted in the several companies, £6 2s 6d Nails: 0.5 hundredweight of nails, £1 1s 4d 0.5 hundredweight of scupper nails, £2 1s 0d 2 hundredweight of nails, for soldiers' cots and coffins, £0 1s 4.5d 1 hundredweight of nails, for soldiers' cots and coffins, £0 0s 5.5d Nails total, £5 1s 4d [as entered] Iron ware: 1 whip saw file, for repairing and cleaning small arms, £0 0s 7.5d 1 bastard file, for repairing and cleaning small arms, £0 0s 2d 3 rewinding files, for repairing and cleaning small arms, £0 0s 6d 1 flat file, for repairing and cleaning small arms, £0 0s 7d Iron ware total, £0 2s 3.5d Canvas, 3 pieces of sacking, for soldiers' cots, £2 8s 6d Frieze, 3 skeins, for soldiers' cots, £0 1s 6d Thread, 3.5 lb of brown, for making the soldiers' sheets, £0 4s 6.5d Chalk, 8 lb, for the doctor's shop, £0 0s 4.5d Sugar, 26 lb, for the doctor's shop, £0 4s 7d Rosin, 6 lb, £0 0s 8d Total, £26 6s 0.5d [as entered] Hospital, stores issued for the use of the sick in the infirmary from 1 July to 30 September 1746 — item, quantity, component (£ s d), total (£ s d) Sugar, 52 lb, £0 9s 7d Oil, 2.75 gallons of train, £0 8s 1.5d Rice, 100 lb, £0 5s 2d Carried over, £1 0s 10.5d [as entered] Interpretations The garrison account gathers the bedding, clothing and small stores of the soldiers, the deal cots, the blanket and sheet supply, the sacking and frieze, all issued to complete the number wanted in the several companies. This provision of cots, sheets and blankets marks the Company's care for the ordinary comfort and health of its troops, the men furnished with proper bedding from the store as part of their maintenance. The account measures the plain domestic cost of keeping a garrison, the beds and coverings of the soldiers reckoned and supplied alongside their pay and provisions. The oil issued to the several guards and out forts was train oil for the lamps of the watches kept through the night at the castle, Munden's, Rupert's and the outlying works. The garrison stood guard by night as well as day, and the oil for its lights, the largest single charge under this head, marks the constant watch a settlement in wartime kept against surprise. This supply of lamp oil to the guards measures the ceaseless vigilance of the island's defence, the lights of the night watches burning at every fort the garrison held. The same doosooties appear here made into soldiers' sheets as appeared elsewhere in the slaves' clothing and the store's sales, the coarse Indian cotton serving the plainest wants of the settlement across every head. This cloth, carried from the eastern looms, clothed the slaves, sheeted the soldiers and sold to the planters, its cheapness and strength fitting it for the commonest uses. The recurrence of doosooties through the whole collection marks the reach of the India trade into the ordinary fabric of the island's life, one coarse cloth meeting the plain needs of garrison and plantation alike.
145	155	1746 Brought Over L 1 2 10 1/2 Flower 16 lb Baked 2 6 Salt 1/2 Bushell 1 9 1/2 L 1 4 11 1/2 Boats Dr for the following Stores Issued from the 1 July to the 30 September, 1746, vizt Deals vizt 9 Double Deals for repairing the Long Boat 1 2 6 1 Elm board 3 3/4 1 6 6 3/4 Oyl 1/2 Spain for Do 8 1/4 Hooks and Lines vizt 5 Doz Lines for fishing 16 6 16 Doz Hooks 6 9 1 3 3 Twine 1 Skain for fishing 6 Lead 8 Sheet 1 4 Cordage 4 lb for the Long Boat & fishing Boat 1 13 6 1/2 Pitch 4 lb for repairing the Long Boat 9 4 Nails 2 lb 4 for Ditto 9 1/2 L 4 15 4 3/4 30 September 1746 Signed Errors Excepted M Curling Storekeeper The Storekeeper this day delivered the Inventory of the Honble Company's Stores taken the 30 September last by the Lt Governour, and himself Vizt Inventory	The hospital account for the quarter to 30 September 1746 closed, the total carried over at £1 0s 10.5d, and the collection then turned to the boats account, the stores issued for the island's craft. Hospital, stores issued for the use of the sick (continued), quarter to 30 September 1746 — item, quantity, component (£ s d), total (£ s d) Brought over, £1 0s 10.5d Flour, 1 hundredweight, baked, £0 2s 6d Salt, 0.5 bushel, £0 1s 7.5d Total, £1 4s 11.5d Boats, stores issued for the craft from 1 July to 30 September 1746 — item, quantity, purpose, component (£ s d), total (£ s d) Deals: 9 double deals, for repairing the long boat, £1 2s 6d 1 elm board, for repairing the long boat, £0 3s 0.5d Deals total, £1 5s 6.5d Oil, 4 gallons of train, for repairing the long boat, £0 0s 8.5d Hooks and lines: 5 dozen of lines, for fishing, £0 16s 6d 16 dozen of hooks, for fishing, £0 6s 9d Hooks and lines total, £1 3s 3d Twine, 1 skein, for fishing, £0 0s 6d Lead, 8 lb of sheet, for fishing, £0 1s 4d Cordage, 3 hundredweight, for the long boat and fishing boat, £1 13s 6.5d Pitch, 14 lb, for repairing the long boat, £0 9s 4d Nails, 2 hundredweight, for the long boat, £0 0s 9.5d Total, £4 15s 0.5d [as entered] The whole collection was subscribed by Matthew Purling, storekeeper, errors excepted, on 30 September 1746. The storekeeper delivered on 21 October 1746 the inventory of the Company's stores taken on 30 September 1746 by the Lieutenant Governor and himself. Interpretations The boats account gathers the stores for maintaining the island's craft, the deals, elm board, pitch and cordage for repairing the long boat and the hooks, lines and lead for the fishing boat. The long boat carried lime and stone from Sandy Bay for the fortifications and the fishing boat brought in much of the settlement's food, so the upkeep of both was a standing charge on the store. This provision for the boats marks the settlement's dependence on its small craft, the long boat for its building materials and the fishing boat for its diet, both kept in repair from the warehouse. The fishing gear recurring across the slaves, garrison and boats accounts, the hooks, lines, twine and lead, marks how far the settlement depended on the sea for its food. The garrison, the slaves and the boatmen all fished, the tackle issued to each, and the constant supply of hooks and lines through every head measures the weight of the fishery in feeding the island. This reliance on fishing, the gear furnished to every part of the establishment, shows a settlement drawing much of its sustenance from the water, the sea supplying what the scarce herds and the uncertain crops could not. The cordage and pitch for the long boat mark the constant labour of keeping a working craft sound against the sea, the rope renewed and the seams payed with pitch as the boat wore. The long boat was in daily use carrying the heavy materials of the works, and its upkeep, the cordage of its rigging and the pitch of its hull, was a recurring cost the store met each quarter. This maintenance of the long boat shows the settlement holding its essential craft in service through steady repair, the boat that carried its lime and stone kept sound by the store's supply of the materials its hard use consumed.
146	156	October 21 Inventory of Goods remaining in the Honourable Company's Warehouse at St Helena the 30 September, 1746, Vizt Anchors vizt 8 Large Anchors the fluke of one broke 1 Do on the West Rocks 2 Iron Hoops L 192 15 4 Bunting vizt 8 Yards broaded Bunting 6 95 1/2 Yards narrow Do 2 13 3/4 45 3/4 Yards White Do 1 3 4 1/2 1 Do Damaged 33 Yards Blue Do 18 6 1/2 5 2 11 3/4 Blankets 16 4 18 Broad Cloth vizt 57 1/2 Yards Coarse Blue 14 9 19 1/2 Yards Black 13 8 1 1/2 14 3/4 Yards French Gray 11 16 17 1/2 Yards Dark Gray 13 16 26 1/2 Yards Scarlet 20 3 8 1/2 60 7 Bread and Flower vizt 35 pr 93 Bread 20 6 8 1/2 111 20 Flower 50 9 8 1/2 70 16 5 Braziersware vizt 1 doz Small Skimmers 1 9 8 1/2 4 Larger Do 10 8 6 Skimmers of Different sizes 6 ea 1 16 2 Large Skimmers 1 8 8 1 Large Copper Warming Pan 1 6 2 Small Do 13 10 11 Flat Candlesticks 1 2 9 Do 9 9 Do 1 5 4 1/2 2 Do 5 6 3 Do 7 4 1/2 Carried Over L 10 12 1 1/2 Carried Over L 583 13 3	The inventory of goods remaining in the Company's warehouse at St Helena, taken on 30 September 1746, ran as follows. Inventory of goods in the warehouse, 30 September 1746 — item, quantity, component (£ s d), total (£ s d) Anchors: 8 large anchors, the fluke of one broke, £192 13s 4d 1 anchor on the West Rocks, [included above] 2 iron hoops, [included above] Anchors total, £192 13s 4d Bunting: 8 yards of broad red bunting, £0 6s 0d 95.5 yards of narrow red bunting, £2 13s 4d 15.5 yards of white bunting, £1 3s 4d 1 piece of bunting, damaged, [included above] 33 yards of blue bunting, £0 18s 6.5d Bunting total, £5 2s 11.5d Blankets, 16, £4 18s 0d Broad cloth: 37.5 yards of coarse blue, £0 14s 9d 19.5 yards of black, £13 8s 1.5d 14.5 yards of French grey, £11 16s 0d 17.5 yards of dark grey, £13 16s 0d 26.5 yards of scarlet, £20 5s 8.5d Broad cloth total, £60 0s 7d Bread and flour: 35 hundredweight 2 quarters 3 lb of bread, £20 6s 8.5d 111 hundredweight 20 lb of flour, £50 9s 8.5d Bread and flour total, £70 16s 5d Braziers ware: 1 dozen of small skimmers, £1 9s 8.5d 4 larger skimmers, at 2s 6d, £0 10s 8d 6 skimmers of different sizes, at 6d each, £1 16s 0d 2 large skimmers, at 10s 4d, £1 8s 8d 1 large copper hasty pan, £0 1s 6d 2 small copper hasty pans, at 6s 11d, £0 13s 10d 11 flat candlesticks, at 2s 4d, £1 2s 0d 3 candlesticks, at 2s 5d, £0 7s 0d 7 candlesticks, at 3s 7.5d, £1 5s 4.5d 2 candlesticks, at 3s 6d, £0 6s 6d 3 candlesticks, at 2s 5.5d, £0 7s 4.5d Braziers total, £10 12s 1d [as entered] Carried over, £585 13s 3d [as entered] Interpretations The annual inventory taken at the close of September set down the whole stock remaining in the warehouse, valued head by head, so the Company could see exactly what goods stood unsold and unissued at the year's end. This yearly reckoning, distinct from the quarterly collection of what was sold, measured the capital held in the store, the anchors, cloth, provisions and hardware waiting in the warehouse against future need or sale. The inventory marks the Company's careful account of its standing stock, the value of the store told over each year as a check on what the settlement held in reserve. The great value of the anchors, more than a hundred and ninety pounds and by far the largest single item in this portion, marks the store holding heavy ground tackle against the wants of the shipping. Anchors were costly and essential, a ship losing one in the road needing a replacement the store could furnish, and the settlement kept several large ones in reserve. This weight of anchors in the inventory shows the island's store serving as a depot for the fleets, holding the heavy and dear gear a vessel might need where none could be had for hundreds of miles. The broad cloth held in the store, valued at sixty pounds across several colours, marks the settlement keeping a considerable stock of its finest and dearest cloth against future sale. The scarlet, black and grey broad cloth was the material of good coats and officers' dress, slow to sell and held in the warehouse until buyers came, its value locked up in the standing stock. This reserve of costly cloth shows the store carrying capital in its finer goods, the broad cloth waiting on the shelves for the demand that came with the season's shipping and the settlement's better sort.
147	157	1746 Brought Over L 583 13 3 Braziersware Brought Over 10 12 1 1/2 4 Warming Pans 11/3 ea 2 5 7 Copper pumps 11 3 17 3 Copper boiling pots 4 13 3 8 Small brass Cocks 19 10 3 Large Do 1 1 5 1/2 9 pr Steel Snuffers 7 8 1/2 5 Ladle 8 9 24 5 5 1/2 Blocks vizt 4 Iron bound Cat Blocks 1 5 8 2 Do Snatch 1 9 6 2 Do Double Top 1 Do Single Top 13 4 Do Dead Eyes 12 Dead Eyes 6 19 4 1/2 5 double long Tackles 1 3 9 1 Topsail Sheet Shivered 1 Do broke 6 3 Clew Garnets 4 10 1/2 1 Topsail Tye 3 2 Leech Line Blocks 4 1 1/2 12 11 3 1/2 Beef & Pork vizt 4 Puncheon 2 pr Beef 10 18 9 2 Wpd 21 pr Pork 17 12 4 1/2 28 10 11 1/2 Brandy 36 3/4 Gallons 12 10 7 1/2 Buckrams &c vizt 38 Yards Buckrams 1 10 1 59 Yards Osnabrig 1 12 8 3 2 9 Coals 6 Chaldron 10 14 6 Copper Money 63860 Irish halfpence 133 10 Combs vizt 31 Horse Combs 9 9 103 Buckling Do 12 4 1/2 19 4 1/2 Carried Over L 559 9 1	The inventory of goods in the warehouse for 30 September 1746 continued, the total carried over at £585 13s 3d, and the braziers ware brought over at £10 12s 1d. Inventory of goods in the warehouse (continued), 30 September 1746 — item, quantity, component (£ s d), total (£ s d) Brought over, £585 13s 3d Braziers ware brought over, £10 12s 1d 4 warming pans, at 11s 3d each, £2 5s 0d 7 copper pumps, at 11s, £3 17s 0d 3 copper boiling pots, £4 13s 5d 8 small brass cocks, £0 19s 10d 3 large brass cocks, £1 1s 5.5d 2 pairs of steel snuffers, £0 7s 8.5d 5 ladles, £0 8s 9d Braziers total, £24 5s 5.5d Blocks: 4 iron bound cat blocks, £1 5s 8d 2 single blocks, £1 9s 6d 2 double top blocks, [included below] 1 single top block, £0 13s 0d 4 dead eyes, [included below] 12 dead eyes, £6 19s 4.5d 5 double long tackles, £1 3s 9d 1 topsail sheet shivered, [included below] 1 block, £0 6s 4d 3 clew garnets, £0 4s 10.5d 1 topsail tye, £0 3s 0d 2 leech line blocks, £0 4s 1.5d Blocks total, £12 11s 3.5d Beef and pork: 4 puncheons 2 quarters of beef, £10 18s 9d 2 hogsheads 21 quarters of pork, £17 12s 2.5d Beef and pork total, £28 10s 11.5d Brandy, 36.75 gallons, £12 10s 7.5d Buckrams: 38 yards of buckrams, £1 10s 1d 39 yards of oznabrigs, £1 12s 8d Buckrams total, £3 2s 9d Coals, 6 chaldrons, £10 14s 6d Copper money, 63,860 Irish halfpence, £133 0s 10d Combs: 31 horn combs, £0 7s 9d 103 buckhorn combs, £0 12s 4.5d [as entered] Combs total, £0 19s 9.5d [as entered] Carried over, £859 9s 1d [as entered] Interpretations The entry of copper money, 63,860 Irish halfpence valued at £133, marks a great stock of low copper coin held in the warehouse, far exceeding any ordinary need for small change. This quantity of Irish halfpence, worth a substantial sum in the aggregate though trifling by the piece, points to a consignment sent out by the Company for the settlement's small currency, the copper to serve where the foreign silver and gold were too large for daily use. The holding of so much copper coin shows the difficulty of small payment on an island whose treasury ran to pagodas and dollars, the Company supplying the humble coin the market wanted for its lesser dealings. The ships' blocks, dead eyes, tackles and other rigging gear held in the store mark the warehouse serving as a chandlery for the shipping, keeping the running gear a vessel might need to replace. Blocks, dead eyes and tackles were the working parts of a ship's rigging, subject to wear and loss, and the store held a stock of them against the wants of the vessels in the road. This reserve of rigging gear shows the island's store fitted to refit the fleets, holding the tackle by which a ship worked her sails so that a vessel could make good her losses far from any home port. The copper pumps and warming pans among the braziers ware mark the range of wrought copper goods the store held, from the working pumps of ships or wells to the warming pans of domestic comfort. Copper pumps drew water aboard ship or from a well, warming pans took the chill from a bed, and both were kept in the store for sale or use. This spread of copper wares, from the utilitarian pump to the domestic warming pan, shows the warehouse holding the whole variety of the brazier's manufacture, the settlement supplied with worked copper for every purpose from a single stock.
148	158	October 21 Brought Over L 559 9 1 Cutleryware vizt 1 Cleaver 2 8 1 pr Silver Buckles No 19 8 10 3 pr Do 20 16 4 1 pr Do 21 6 6 2 pr Do 22 11 7 1/2 pr Yellow Mettle Buckles 1 13 1 Rubber's Knife 3 1/2 1 Prining Knife 1 2 1/2 3 18 10 Cartwheels &c vizt 1 Sledge Carriage 4 9 2 6 Wheel Barrows 4 7 32 Hand Barrows 8 16 17 Spare Axes for Wheel & Hand Barrows 4 1/2 3 18 6 2 Spare Axes for the Sledge Carriage 13 4 22 4 Canvas 47 pr 13 Yards Sacking 38 8 7 Cordage vizt 2 lb 16 Cordage 4 17 4 1 19 Saw Rope 1 5 3 1/2 6 2 7 1/2 Camblets 22 3/4 Yards Scarlet 3 17 8 1/2 Corks 8 3/4 Corkwood 6 6 1/2 Duroys & Sagathys vizt 14 pr Duroys 2 5 1 1/2 2 pr Sagathy 3 11 6 5 16 10 1/2 Deals vizt 46 Double Deals 5 15 36 Single Do 3 14 Elm planks 6 3 1 1/2 1 Short Oak plank 3 Inches thick 14 Do 4 Do 9 Do 5 Do 13 3 6 1 pr Oak planks 3 9 9 Baulks 2 14 7 1/2 Carried Over L 31 6 Carried Over L 640 4 3	The inventory of goods in the warehouse for 30 September 1746 continued, the total carried over at £859 9s 1d. Inventory of goods in the warehouse (continued), 30 September 1746 — item, quantity, component (£ s d), total (£ s d) Brought over, £859 9s 1d Cutlery ware: 1 cleaver, £0 2s 8d 1 dozen silver buckles, number 19, £0 8s 10d 2 dozen silver buckles, number 20, £0 16s 4d 1 dozen silver buckles, number 21, £0 6s 6d 2 dozen silver buckles, number 22, £0 11s 0d 7.5 dozen yellow metal buckles, £1 13s 0d 1 butcher's knife, £0 0s 3.5d 1 pruning knife, £0 1s 2.5d Cutlery total, £3 18s 10d [as entered] Cart wheels: 1 sledge carriage, £4 9s 2d 6 wheelbarrows, £4 7s 0d 32 hand barrows, £8 16s 0d 47 grave sleds, for wheel and hand barrows, £3 18s 6d 2 spare sleds, for the sledge carriage, £0 13s 4d Cart wheels total, £22 4s 0d [as entered] Canvas, 8 pieces 13 yards of sacking, £38 8s 9d Cordage: 2 hundredweight 16 lb of cordage, £4 17s 4d 1 hundredweight 19 lb of spun yarn, £1 5s 3.5d Cordage total, £6 2s 7.5d Camblet, 32.5 yards of scarlet, £3 17s 8.5d Corks, 8.75 lb of corkwood, £0 6s 6.5d Durance and sagathy: 14 yards of durance, £2 5s 4.5d 2 pieces of sagathy, £3 11s 6d Durance and sagathy total, £5 16s 10.5d Deals: 46 double deals, £5 15s 0d 36 single deals, £3 0s 0d 14 elm planks, £6 3s 1.5d 1 short oak plank, 3 inches thick, [included below] 14 planks, at 4d, [included below] 9 planks, at 5d, £13 3s 6d 1 piece of oak plank, £0 3s 9d 9 baulks, £2 14s 7.5d Carried over, £31 0s 6d [as entered] Running total carried over, £949 4s 3d [as entered] Interpretations The canvas held in the store at more than thirty-eight pounds for sacking marks a large reserve of the coarse cloth used for a hundred plain purposes, from soldiers' cots and sacks to the sails and covers of the boats. Sacking was among the most constantly needed of the store's textiles, and this weight of it in the inventory shows the settlement holding a substantial stock against the steady demand. This reserve of canvas measures the plainest wants of the establishment, the coarse cloth waiting in the warehouse for the many rough uses the settlement's daily work required. The timber held in the store, the deals, elm and oak planks and baulks, marks the settlement keeping a considerable stock of building wood against the constant needs of construction and repair. Timber was scarce on the island and imported at cost, so a reserve of deals and planks was essential to the works, the buildings and the boats, the store holding the wood by which the settlement was built and mended. This standing stock of timber shows the island's dependence on imported wood, the store carrying the material of construction against the demands of a place that grew little useful timber of its own. The silver and yellow metal buckles held in numbered lots mark the store keeping a stock of the small finery of dress alongside its plainer goods. Buckles fastened shoes and breeches and were an article of some show, the silver for the better sort and the yellow metal for the plainer, held in the warehouse in graded quantities. This reserve of buckles among the store's stock shows the settlement supplied with the small ornaments of dress as well as its necessities, the warehouse holding the trifling articles of appearance that a distant people still valued.
149	159	1746 Brought Over L 640 4 3 1/2 Deals Brought Over L 31 6 10 3/4 pr Riga Timber 18 7 6 3/4 53 Spars 4 8 46 Bundles Laths 2 11 3 8 Inch Elm boards 1 4 6 3 half Inch Do 16 8 17 Inch Wainscot Do 3 12 7 1/2 1 half Inch Do 2 4 62 3 9 Flannel vizt 35 1/2 Yards Flannel 11 1/2 Do Damaged 2 10 1 1/2 2 10 1 1/2 Glazierware vizt 550 pr Glass 12 by 12 80 1 1/2 9 Do 8 by 10 3 4 1/2 31 Do Clare Glass 12 3 Print Decanters old Store 7 4 Do Nd Do 6 4 1 Tumbler 7 1/2 6 Beer Glasses 4 3 18 half pint Glasses 9 9 20 half Minute Do 10 10 3 four hour Do 10 9 Three hour Do 3 4 4 pr Small flint Cruits Cutt 1 6 5 2 pr Do with Cut Bottoms 8 4 4 pr Decanters 11 4 fine Cut Salts with three feet 13 6 4 Do high feet 9 10 2 Do Plain 3 10 27 3 10 1/2 German Serge 10 Yards 2 5 Grindstones vizt 2 Grindstones 15/6 Ea 1 11 1 Do 5/ 5 1 16 Carried Over L 736 3 7	The inventory of goods in the warehouse for 30 September 1746 continued, the total carried over at £949 4s 3.5d, and the deals brought over at £31 0s 6d. Inventory of goods in the warehouse (continued), 30 September 1746 — item, quantity, component (£ s d), total (£ s d) Brought over, £949 4s 3.5d Deals brought over, £31 0s 6d 10.75 pieces of Riga timber, £18 7s 6.5d 53 spars, £4 8s 0d 16 bundles of laths, £2 11s 3d 8 inch elm boards, £1 4s 6d 3 half-inch elm boards, £0 16s 8d 17 inch wainscot boards, £3 12s 7.5d 1 half-inch wainscot board, £0 2s 4d Deals total, £62 3s 9d [as entered] Flannel: 35.5 yards of flannel, [included below] 11.5 yards of flannel, damaged, £2 10s 1.5d Flannel total, £2 10s 1.5d Glazier's ware: 550 pieces of glass, 12 by 12, £20 1s 0.5d 9 pieces of glass, 8 by 10, £0 3s 4d 31 pieces of plate glass, £0 12s 0d 3 fruit decanters old store, £0 7s 0d 4 decanters, number 5, 10 and the like, £0 6s 4d 1 tumbler, £0 0s 7.5d 6 beer glasses, £0 4s 3d 18 half-thone glasses, £0 9s 9d 20 half-minute glasses, £0 10s 10d 3 four-hour glasses, £0 10s 0d 9 three-hour glasses, £0 3s 4d 4 pieces of smart flint cruets, cut, £1 6s 3d 2 pieces of the like, with cut bottoms, £0 8s 2d 4 pieces of decanters, £0 11s 0d 1 fine cut salts, with three feet, £0 13s 6d 4 salts, high feet, £0 9s 10d 2 salts, plain, £0 3s 10d Glazier's total, £27 3s 10.5d [as entered] German serge, 10 yards, £2 5s 0d Grindstones: 2 grindstones, at 15s 6d each, £1 11s 0d 1 grindstone, at 5s, £0 5s 0d Grindstones total, £1 16s 0d Carried over, £996 3s 7d [as entered] Interpretations The glazier's ware sets out not only the plain window glass by the standard size but a range of finer glass vessels, decanters, cruets, salts and drinking glasses, some cut and footed. This spread of glassware, from the coarse panes for windows to the cut flint cruets and footed salts of a good table, marks the store supplying both the fabric of the settlement's buildings and the finer wares of its tables. The presence of cut and decorated glass among the plain panes shows the warehouse holding the refinements as well as the necessities of glass, the settlement's better households furnished from the store with the ornaments of dining. The various sand glasses held in the store, the half-minute, three-hour and four-hour glasses, mark the settlement's reliance on the running of sand to measure time in an age before cheap clocks. The half-minute glass timed a ship's log, the hour glasses the watches and the ordinary reckoning of the day, and the store held a stock of them against constant breakage and need. This provision of time glasses shows the settlement keeping its hours by sand, the store furnishing the plain instruments by which both the ship at sea and the garrison ashore measured the passing of time. The great stock of window glass, 550 panes of the largest size alone, marks the settlement holding a heavy reserve of glazing against the constant breakage and the building of new houses. Glass being fragile and made nowhere on the island, a large standing stock was needed to keep the windows of the settlement's buildings sound and to glaze new construction. This weight of glass in the store measures the island's dependence on imported glazing, the panes held in quantity against the steady demand of a place forever repairing and raising its buildings against the weather.
150	160	October 21 Brought Over L 736 3 7 Hats vizt 5 Plain hats damaged 3 5 10 19 Sergeant Do 10 9 6 Boys Do 1 3 1 1/2 14 17 11 1/2 Hooks & Lines vizt 39 Gross 10 doz Hooks Sorted 4 2 2 61400 Blue hooks 8 6 3 1/2 29 doz 11 Lines No 6 7 13 6 1/2 16 doz 11 Small Lines 2 6 6 1/2 16 doz 11 Lines Damaged 6 7 9 18 Hamburgh Lines 14 Hand Lines 2 2 28 Log Lines 1 5 1 32 3 4 1/2 Haberdasheryware vizt 3 pr Diaper Tape 3 3 122 pr Holland Tape 3 19 5 1/2 9 pr Carnation Tape 3 9 7 pr Broad White Tape 14 7 13 pr Bobing 2 6 9 lb 3 Whale bone 2 3 7 1/2 4 lb 13 Mohair 5 16 7 1/2 4 lb 11 pr Silk 6 4 5 124 3/4 doz Mohair Coat Buttons 3 2 4 150 doz Do Breast 1 15 11 1/2 14 1/2 doz Tin Coat Buttons 2 3 1/2 13 Gross 10 doz 9 Tin Breast Do 17 10 44 3/4 doz Gilt Coat Buttons 2 3 5 42 1/2 doz Do Breast 1 1 8 1/2 29 doz White Mettle Coat Buttons 13 9 1/2 39 doz Do Breast 9 9 108 doz White Waistcoat Buttons 1 14 1 1/2 11 doz Stay Laces 6 3/4 102 doz Shirt Buttons 13 5 1/2 3 Yards Gartering 5 1/2 32 14 4 1/2 Hosiersware vizt 132 pr Thread Stockings 53 2 2 pr Mens Wove Stockings 6 10 53 8 10 Carried Over L 869 7 11 1/2	The inventory of goods in the warehouse for 30 September 1746 continued, the total carried over at £996 3s 7d. Inventory of goods in the warehouse (continued), 30 September 1746 — item, quantity, component (£ s d), total (£ s d) Brought over, £996 3s 7d Hats: 6 plain hats, damaged, £3 5s 10d 19 sergeants' hats, £10 9s 0d 5 boys' hats, £1 3s 1.5d Hats total, £14 17s 11.5d Hooks and lines: 39 gross 10 dozen of hooks, sorted, £4 2s 2d 6,100 blue hooks, £8 6s 3.5d 29 dozen 11 lines, number 6, £7 13s 6.5d 16 dozen 11 small lines, £2 6s 6.5d 16 dozen 11 lines, damaged, £6 7s 9d 18 Hamburgh lines, [included below] 14 hand lines, £2 2s 0d 28 log lines, £1 5s 1d Hooks and lines total, £32 3s 1.5d Haberdashery ware: 3 pieces of diaper tape, £0 3s 3d 12 pieces of holland tape, £3 19s 5.5d 9 pieces of carnation tape, £0 3s 9d 7 pieces of broad white tape, £0 14s 7d 12 pieces of bobbin, £0 2s 6d 9 lb 3 oz of whalebone, £2 3s 7.5d 4 lb 13.5 oz of mohair, £5 16s 7.5d 4 lb 11.5 oz of silk, £6 4s 5d 129.5 dozen of mohair coat buttons, £3 2s 0d 150 dozen of mohair breast buttons, £1 15s 11.5d 11.5 dozen of tin coat buttons, £0 2s 5.5d 13 gross 10 dozen 9 tin breast buttons, £0 17s 10d 44.5 dozen of gilt coat buttons, £2 3s 5d 42.5 dozen of gilt breast buttons, £1 1s 8.5d 29 dozen of white metal coat buttons, £0 13s 9.5d 39 dozen of white metal breast buttons, £0 9s 9d 108 dozen of white waistcoat buttons, £1 14s 1.5d 11 dozen of stay laces, £0 6s 0.5d 102 dozen of shirt buttons, £0 13s 5.5d 3 yards of gartering, £0 0s 5.5d Haberdashery total, £32 14s 3.5d [as entered] Hosiery ware: 132 pairs of thread stockings, £53 2s 0d 2 pairs of men's worsted stockings, £0 6s 10d Hosiery total, £53 8s 10d Carried over, £1,129 7s 11.5d [as entered] Interpretations The Hamburgh lines held among the fishing tackle mark the store keeping specialist fishing lines of foreign make alongside its ordinary stock. Hamburgh lines were a particular kind of fishing cord from the German port, valued for their strength or make, and their presence shows the store furnishing not merely plain tackle but the better and specialised gear the island's fishery used. This variety of lines, from the common sort to the Hamburgh and the log lines, marks the fishery as a serious business of the settlement, supplied with a range of tackle suited to its different needs. The great stock of hooks, more than fifty thousand between the sorted and the blue, marks the constant and heavy demand of the island's fishery for the commonest of its gear. Hooks were lost and worn in quantity, and the store held them by the gross and the thousand against the daily fishing on which the settlement's food so much depended. This weight of hooks in the inventory measures the scale of the fishery, the store keeping a vast reserve of the small essential tackle that fed the garrison, the slaves and the inhabitants from the sea. The whalebone held among the haberdashery marks the store supplying the stiffening for stays and the better tailoring, a material used to shape and support women's dress. Whalebone was the springy baleen of the whale, cut into strips to stiffen stays and bodices, and its presence in the store shows the settlement's women dressing in the fashion of England, their garments shaped with the same materials. This provision of whalebone, with the stay laces beside it, marks the reach of metropolitan dress into the distant settlement, the means of fashionable shaping held in the island's store.
151	161	1746 Brought Over L 869 7 11 1/2 Iron Pots 1 5 7 1/2 Iron 55 pr 2 22 38 10 4 1/2 Ironmongersware vizt 1 Bolt rope needle 1 1/2 10 Stock Locks with pipes 2 9 2 11 Iron rimd Locks 6 17 10 3 Do 2 4 6 2 Stock Locks damaged 4 2 2 Box Locks with Brass plates 3 8 1 Do Iron Plate 1 8 11 Furniture Locks 1 11 7 1/2 6 Iron rimd Locks with 2 Keys D 6 19 5 1 Iron rimd Lock C 6 10 5 Do No 1 2 15 11 1/2 6 Do 2 3 3 11 6 fine Brass Locks 6 19 63 Broad Hoes 3 7 7 1/2 12 Jack Plains 1 2 2 Long Plains 7 8 1/2 28 Plain Irons 13 12 Do Spoilt 3 Plains sorted Spoilt 3 4 10 Loping Axes 1 3 4 6 Gouges 1 1 1/2 15 pr Sheep Sheers 16 3 15 Adzes 1 12 6 16 Scrapers 1 6 3 Edging Irons 2 1/2 10 Surfing Irons 1 8 6 24 Small frying Pans 2 26 Mauls 4 16 5 2 Key hole Saws 4 6 8 Pick Axes 1 3 Angers 9 11 1/2 53 lb Sad Irons 1 4 3 1/2 22 Drill bow Strings 16 8 Drill bows 2 2 1/2 Carried Over L 61 11 1/2 Carried Over L 908 3 11 1/2	The inventory of goods in the warehouse for 30 September 1746 continued, the total carried over at £1,129 7s 11.5d. Inventory of goods in the warehouse (continued), 30 September 1746 — item, quantity, component (£ s d), total (£ s d) Brought over, £1,129 7s 11.5d Iron pots, 1, £0 5s 7.5d Iron, 55 hundredweight 2 quarters 22 lb, £38 10s 1.5d Ironmongery ware: 1 bolt rope needle, £0 0s 1.5d 10 stock locks with keys, £2 9s 2d 11 iron rimmed locks, £6 17s 10d 3 iron rimmed locks, £2 4s 6d 2 stock locks, damaged, £0 4s 2d 2 box locks with brass plates, £0 8s 8d 1 box lock, iron plate, £0 1s 8d 11 furniture locks, £1 11s 7.5d 6 iron rimmed locks with 2 keys, £6 19s 3d 1 iron rimmed lock C, £0 6s 10d 5 iron rimmed locks, number 1, £2 15s 11.5d 6 iron rimmed locks, number 2, £3 3s 11d 6 fine brass locks, £6 19s 0d 63 broad hoes, £3 7s 7.5d 12 jack planes, £1 2s 0d 2 long planes, £0 7s 8.5d 28 plane irons, £0 13s 0d 12 plane irons, spoilt, [included below] 5 planes, sorted, spoilt, £0 5s 8d 10 loping axes, £1 3s 4d 6 gouges, £0 1s 4.5d 15 pairs of sheep shears, £0 16s 3d 15 adzes, £1 12s 6d 16 scrapers, £1 6s 0d 5 edging irons, £0 2s 7.5d 10 turfing irons, £1 8s 6d 24 small frying pans, £2 0s 0d 26 mattocks, £4 16s 5d 2 keyhole saws, £0 4s 6d 8 pick axes, £1 0s 0d 3 augers, £0 9s 11.5d 53 lb of lead weights, £1 4s 3.5d 22 drill bow strings, £0 2s 2.5d 8 drill bows, £0 9s 2.5d Carried over, £61 11s 7.5d [as entered] Running total carried over, £1,208 3s 11.5d [as entered] Interpretations The great quantity and variety of locks held in the store, more than sixty of every kind from stock and box locks to fine brass and furniture locks, marks the settlement securing its buildings, chests and stores against theft with imported hardware. Locks were needed for every door, storeroom and box that held goods or money, and the store kept a wide range against the constant demand of a place where much of value was held under key. This stock of locks measures the settlement's care for the security of its property, the means of fastening its buildings and chests drawn from the warehouse. The full range of edge tools held in the store, the planes, adzes, gouges, axes, mattocks, scrapers and saws, marks the store equipping the whole apparatus of the settlement's carpentry, husbandry and clearing. These tools shaped timber, cleared ground, cut turf and dug earth, the working implements of every trade and labour the settlement carried on, held in the warehouse against wear and need. This comprehensive stock of tools shows the store as the sole armoury of the island's crafts and labour, furnishing the instruments by which every kind of work was done. The turfing irons and edging irons among the tools mark the settlement cutting and dressing turf, whether for fuel, for building or for the making of banks and glacis at the fortifications. Turf was cut with special irons for burning where wood was scarce or for facing the earthworks of the defences, and the store's stock of these tools shows the practice going forward. This provision of turfing tools marks a particular labour of the island, the cutting of turf supplied with its own implements, the settlement working its ground for fuel and fortification with the specialised gear the task required.
152	162	Brought Over L 908 3 11 1/2 Ironware Brought Over L 61 11 4 93 file Hafts 4 6 12 Oz Brass wire 1 10 1/2 280 Packing Nedles 1 19 10 27 Ragstones 4 8 1/2 6 Turning Chisels & Gouges 11 36 Side Hinges 2 12 pr H Hinges Large 4 19 11 24 pr Do 2 size 5 11 9 15 pr Do Small 3 4 1/2 2 10 7 1/2 12 Do Do with riving joynts Large 12 pr Do with Do less 3 15 4 6 pr Garnets with filed joynts 17 10 pr Do Ordinary 11 8 10 pr Shutter Hinges 1 7 3 Chafing Dishes 13 7 1/2 24 Scyths 6 17 1 30 Scyth Stones 2 Do Broke 4 2 10 Garden Rakes 1 8 4 2 Shod Shovels broke 3 1 1/2 3 Ash Helves 1 9 10 Plaisterer's Trowels 1 32 Bricklayers Trowels 1 18 8 8 Do Damaged 8 9 Joyners Hatchets 18 19 doz 11 Small Gimblets 1 16 10 1/2 117 Stone Wedges 3 18 2 Whip Saws 5 3 2 pr Garden Sheers 3 2 4 handspits 10 3 Joyners Rubstones 12 6 2 Sledge Hammers 16 2 Broad Axes 10 3 1 Hand Vice 3 4 19 Warding files 3 2 9 Flat files A 3 3 Carried Over L 118 17 2 1/2 Carried Over L 908 3 11 1/2	The inventory of goods in the warehouse for 30 September 1746 continued, the total carried over at £1,208 3s 11.5d, and the ironmongery ware brought over at £61 11s 4d. Inventory of goods in the warehouse (continued), 30 September 1746 — item, quantity, component (£ s d), total (£ s d) Brought over, £1,208 3s 11.5d Ironmongery ware brought over, £61 11s 4d 17 file hafts, £0 4s 6d 12 oz of brass wire, £0 1s 5.5d 280 packing needles, £1 19s 10d 27 ragstones, £0 4s 8.5d 6 turning chisels and 4 gouges, £0 11s 0d 36 side hinges, £2 0s 0d 12 pairs of HL hinges, large, £4 19s 11d 24 pairs of HL hinges, 2 size, £3 11s 9d 15 pairs of HL hinges, small, at 3s 4d, £2 10s 7.5d 12 pairs of hinges with rising joints, large, [included below] 12 pairs of hinges with rising joints, less, £3 15s 4d 6 pairs of clew garnets with filed joints, £0 17s 0d 10 pairs of hinges, ordinary, £0 11s 8d 10 pairs of shutter hinges, £1 7s 0d 5 chafing dishes, £0 13s 9.5d 24 scythes, £6 17s 1d 30 scythe stones, [included below] 2 scythe stones, broke, £0 4s 2d 10 garden rakes, £1 8s 4d 2 shod shovels, broke, £0 3s 1.5d 3 ash helves, £0 1s 9d 10 bricklayer's trowels, £1 0s 0d 32 bricklayer's trowels, £1 18s 8d 8 bricklayer's trowels, damaged, £0 8s 0d 9 joiners' hatchets, £0 18s 0d 19 dozen 11 small gimlets, £1 16s 10.5d 117 stone wedges, £3 18s 0d 2 whip saws, £2 5s 3d 2 pairs of garden shears, £0 5s 2d 4 handspikes, £0 10s 0d 3 joiners' whetstones, £0 12s 6d 2 sledge hammers, £0 16s 0d 2 broad axes, £0 10s 3d 1 hand vice, £0 3s 4d 19 warding files, £0 3s 2d 9 flat files A, £0 3s 3d Carried over, £118 17s 2.5d [as entered] Running total carried over, £1,208 3s 11.5d [as entered] Interpretations The many hinges held in the store, of every size and kind from large HL hinges to shutter and rising-joint hinges, mark the store furnishing the fittings by which the settlement's doors, gates, shutters and chests were hung. Hinges were needed for every moving part of a building's joinery, and the store's stock of them in graded sizes shows the settlement supplied with the whole range of door and shutter furniture. This variety of hinges among the ironmongery marks the store as the source of the settlement's joinery hardware, the fittings that hung every door and shutter drawn from the one warehouse. The stone wedges and sledge hammers held in the store, more than a hundred wedges, mark the constant work of splitting and dressing stone for the fortifications and buildings. Stone was quarried and shaped with wedges driven by hammers, the wedges worn and lost in the labour, and the store held a large stock against the steady demand of the works. This reserve of stone-splitting gear measures the scale of the building in stone the settlement carried on, the wedges and hammers by which the material of the fortifications and houses was won from the rock. The bricklayer's trowels held in some number, more than forty between the sound and the damaged, mark the settlement's building in brick and stone requiring the tools of the mason in quantity. Trowels laid the mortar of walls and platforms, worn out in the constant building of the works and houses, and the store kept a stock against their wear. This supply of masons' trowels shows the weight of the settlement's building in masonry, the tools of the bricklayer held in reserve for the ceaseless work of raising and mending the walls, platforms and buildings the establishment required.
153	163	1746 Brought Over L 908 3 11 1/2 Ironware Brought Over L 118 17 2 1/2 11 flat files B 14 8 11 Bastard files 6 5 11 Smiths Rubbers 1 14 10 19 Hand Saw files 3 11 1/2 22 frame Saw files 9 2 21 Whip Saw files 13 6 1/2 2 Smoothing Plains 3 6 pr Steel Compasses 3 4 8 former Chisels sorted 2 3 12 Gouges 3 4 2 Carpenters Rules 1 10 4 Mow Cutters 11 4 8 Stone Saws 2 3 10 34 Spades 5 7 8 1 Large Anvil 13 14 4 3 Prining Hatchets 5 3 9 Grafting Saws 1 4 9 9 Bill Hooks 1 1 12 Grubing Hoes 1 13 9 Wood Axes 14 10 1/2 3 Taylors Thimbles 1 1/2 6 Ditching Spades 1 12 1 2 Do Shovels 8 11 1 Hand Saw 9 2 1/2 1 pr Hand Screws Store use 1 pr Do Broke 2 9 8 12 pr Stone Saw heads 3 5 6 131 10 Kersey 2 pr 16 3/4 Yards 5 4 3 1/2 Long Ells 14 Yards 1 8 Lead vizt 27 3 9 Sheet Lead 26 8 5 1/2 5 1 27 Pig Do 5 2 6 1 1 22 Bird Shot 17 3 1/2 10 Yards 2 Inch pipe 4 15 6 37 13 8 1/2 Leather 114 3 4 6 Carried Over L 1108 7 11 3/4	The inventory of goods in the warehouse for 30 September 1746 continued, the total carried over at £1,208 3s 11.5d, and the ironmongery ware brought over at £118 17s 2.5d. Inventory of goods in the warehouse (continued), 30 September 1746 — item, quantity, component (£ s d), total (£ s d) Brought over, £1,208 3s 11.5d Ironmongery ware brought over, £118 17s 2.5d 11 flat files B, £0 14s 8d 11 bastard files, £0 6s 5d 11 smith's rubbers, £1 14s 10d 19 hand saw files, £0 3s 11.5d 22 frame saw files, £0 9s 2d 21 whip saw files, £0 13s 6.5d 2 smoothing planes, £0 3s 0d 6 pairs of steel compasses, £0 3s 4d 8 former chisels, sorted, £0 2s 3d 12 gouges, £0 3s 4d 2 carpenter's cauls, £0 1s 10d 4 mow cutters, £0 11s 4d 8 stone saws, £2 3s 10d 34 spades, £5 7s 8d 1 large auger, £13 14s 4d 3 pruning hatchets, £0 5s 3d 9 grafting saws, £1 4s 9d 9 bill hooks, £1 1s 0d 12 grubbing hoes, £1 13s 0d 9 wood axes, £4 10s 10.5d 3 tailor's thimbles, £0 0s 1.5d 6 ditching spades, £1 12s 1d 2 ditching shovels, £0 8s 11d 1 hand saw, £0 9s 2.5d 1 pair of hand shears, store use, £2 9s 8d 1 pair of hand shears, broke, [included above] 12 pairs of stone saw heads, £3 5s 6d Ironmongery total, £131 0s 10d [as entered] Kersey, 2 pieces 16.75 yards, £5 4s 3.5d Long ells, 14 yards, £1 0s 8d Lead: 27 hundredweight 3 quarters 9 lb of sheet lead, £26 8s 5.5d 5 hundredweight 1 quarter 27 lb of pig lead, £5 2s 6d 1 hundredweight 1 quarter 22 lb of bird shot, £1 7s 3.5d 10 yards of 2 inch pipe, £4 15s 6d Lead total, £37 13s 8.5d [as entered] Leather, 114 lb, £3 4s 6d Carried over, £1,408 7s 11.5d [as entered] Interpretations The large auger valued alone at more than thirteen pounds, by far the dearest single tool in this portion, marks a heavy boring implement of some size held in the store for the largest work of construction. An auger of that value would bore the great holes needed in shipbuilding, wharf-building or the framing of heavy timber, a specialised tool worth many ordinary ones. This single costly auger among the plainer tools shows the store holding the heavy specialised gear the settlement's largest works required, the boring of great timber supplied with an implement of exceptional value. The ditching spades and shovels held in the store mark the constant labour of digging the ditches of the fortifications and the drains of the settlement. Ditching was the work of cutting the deep trenches that fronted the batteries and glacis and carried off the water, a heavy labour needing its own tools, and the store's stock of ditching gear shows the practice going forward. This provision of ditching tools marks the earthwork of the defences and the drainage of the settlement, the digging of ditches supplied with the specialised spades and shovels the task required. The sheet and pig lead held in quantity, with the lead piping, marks the store supplying the materials of plumbing, roofing and the many uses of lead about the settlement. Lead sheathed roofs, made pipes for water, weighted lines and cast into shot, and the store held a heavy stock of it in sheet, pig and pipe against these varied needs. This reserve of lead measures the settlement's dependence on the metal for its buildings and works, the sheet for covering, the pipe for water and the pig for casting, all drawn from the store's standing stock of a material made nowhere on the island.
154	164	October 21 Brought Over L 1108 7 11 3/4 Masts vizt 1 Large Mast 97 feet long 21 Inches Diameter 33 12 1 Peak Topmast 18 1 Topmast 66 feet long 16 1/2 Inches Diameter 16 1 Do 63 Do 17 1/2 Do 21 15 1 Cap 1 11 6 1 Brace Mast 67 feet long 17 Inches diameter 13 1/2 of a Topmast 23 Do 17 1/2 Do 8 10 114 7 6 Mustard Seed 2 3/4 Bushells 2 14 11 Nails vizt 263 Spikes Nails 3 11 9 1/2 197 lb 4 Nails 3 17 11 3/4 447 lb 6 Do 8 7 7 1/2 92 lb 10 Do 1 10 8 352 lb 14 Do 7 19 1 1 lb 20 Do 6 1/2 13 lb 30 Do 8 9 1/2 300 lb 40 Do 5 5 246 lb Scupper nails 5 12 9 217 lb Flooring Brads 3 16 10 1/2 121 lb Copper Rivets 2 7 10 1/2 42 13 10 1/2 Oars vizt 1 18 feet Oar 4 8 5 22 feet Do 1 8 4 1 13 Oyl vizt 4 1/2 Bottles florence Oyl 6 6 5 7 1/2 25 1/2 Gall Linced Do 5 6 3 93 1/2 Gallon Spain Do 14 1 4 10 Gallon Do Dregs 22 15 2 1/2 Pitch and Tarr vizt 1 Barrel of Tarr 1 8 1 4 1/2 Barrels Turpentine 7 7 8 1/2 8 15 9 1/2 Carried Over L 1301 6 2 3/4	The inventory of goods in the warehouse for 30 September 1746 continued, the total carried over at £1,408 7s 11.5d. Inventory of goods in the warehouse (continued), 30 September 1746 — item, quantity, component (£ s d), total (£ s d) Brought over, £1,408 7s 11.5d Masts: 1 large mast, 71 feet long, 21 inches diameter, £53 12s 0d 1 spare topmast, £18 0s 0d 1 topmast, 66 feet long, 16.5 inches diameter, £16 0s 0d 1 topmast, 63 feet long, 17.5 inches diameter, £21 15s 0d 1 cap, £1 11s 6d 1 spare mast, 67 feet long, 17 inches diameter, £13 0s 0d 0.5 of a topmast, 23 feet long, 17.5 inches diameter, £8 10s 0d Masts total, £114 7s 6d [as entered] Mustard, 2.75 bushels of seed, £2 14s 11d Nails: 2 hundredweight 63 lb of spikes, £3 11s 9.5d 197 hundredweight of nails, number 4, £3 17s 11.5d 447 hundredweight of nails, number 6, £8 7s 1.5d 9.5 hundredweight of nails, number 10, £1 10s 8d 352 hundredweight of nails, number 14, £7 19s 1d 1.5 hundredweight of nails, number 20, £0 0s 6.5d 13 hundredweight of nails, number 30, £0 8s 9.5d 360 hundredweight of nails, number 40, £5 5s 0d 2 hundredweight 16 lb of scupper nails, £5 12s 9d 217 hundredweight of flooring brads, £3 16s 10.5d 121 hundredweight of copper rivets, £2 7s 10.5d Nails total, £42 13s 10.5d [as entered] Oars: 1 18 foot oar, £0 4s 8d 5 22 foot oars, £1 8s 4d Oars total, £1 13s 0d Oil: 14 bottles of Florence, £6 5s 7.5d 25.5 gallons of linseed, £5 6s 2d 93.5 gallons of train, £11 1s 4d 10 gallons of train, dregs, [included above] Oil total, £22 13s 2.5d [as entered] Pitch and tar: 1 barrel of tar, £1 8s 1d 4.5 barrels of turpentine, £7 7s 8.5d Pitch and tar total, £8 15s 9.5d [as entered] Carried over, £1,601 6s 2.5d [as entered] Interpretations The masts held in the store, valued together at more than a hundred and fourteen pounds and each measured by length and diameter, mark the store keeping the heaviest and dearest of ship's spars against the wants of the fleets. A ship losing a mast in a storm, as the homeward Indiamen sometimes did off the Cape, needed a replacement the store could furnish, and the island kept several great masts and topmasts in reserve. This stock of masts shows the settlement serving as a depot for the shipping's heaviest gear, holding the costly spars a dismasted vessel might need where none could be had for thousands of miles. The great quantities of nails held in the store, hundreds of hundredweight in graded sizes from spikes to the finest brads, mark the constant and heavy demand of the settlement for the commonest fastening of all construction. Nails held together the fortifications, the buildings, the boats and the barn of the new grain scheme, and the store kept a vast reserve in every size against the ceaseless building and repair. This immense stock of nails measures the scale of the settlement's construction, the store holding the plain iron fastenings by the ton against the demands of a place forever building and mending. The copper rivets among the nails mark the store holding the particular fastenings used where iron would corrode, in the boats and the copper work of the settlement. Copper rivets fastened where salt water or the working of metal called for a fastening that would not rust, in boat-building and the making of copper vessels, and the store kept a stock against these special needs. This provision of copper rivets shows the settlement's care for the fastenings suited to its harder conditions, the copper held where the sea and the metalwork demanded a rivet that iron could not supply.
155	165	1746 Brought Over L 1301 6 2 3/4 Paint vizt 1 pr 9 Yellow Oaker 1 4 9 1/2 1 15 Red Lead 3 11 3/4 3 21 Umber 1 15 1 1 1/2 Verdigrease 17 17 1/2 4 19 Brimstone 4 17 3 1/2 9 3 10 Whiting 1 8 8 1/2 9 18 Chalk 3 11 1/2 156 Barrels Blacking 4 11 32 3 9 1/2 Pease 23 1/4 Bushels 4 10 1 Pewter vizt 3 Pewter Cranes 2 12 9 16 Do Chamber pots 7 9 1/2 3 Gallon pots 1 9 9 10 half Gallon Do 2 11 8 22 Quart Funnels 2 9 6 1 Gallon Funnel 18 11 1/2 9 Cullenders 2 2 3 1/2 4 Dishes 8/4 1 13 4 21 Do 6/6 6 16 6 2 Worm Tubs and Sticks 21 4 8 42 7 9 1/2 Starch 52 lb 1 1 8 Shoes vizt 19 pr Boys 3 4 112 pr Mens Ordinary 89 4 7 37 12 7 1/2 Salt 16 1/2 Bushels 2 12 11 1/2 Soap 8 pr 12 19 lb 25 5 8 1/2 Shalloon 151 1/4 yards 13 10 2 1/2 Shirts vizt 357 Centinels Shirts & Stockcloths 74 7 6 160 Sergeants Shirts 31 7 9 126 5 3 L 1636 15 8	The inventory of goods in the warehouse for 30 September 1746 continued, the total carried over at £1,601 6s 2.5d. Inventory of goods in the warehouse (continued), 30 September 1746 — item, quantity, component (£ s d), total (£ s d) Brought over, £1,601 6s 2.5d Paint: 1 hundredweight 9 lb of yellow ochre, £1 4s 9.5d 1 hundredweight 15 lb of red lead, £0 5s 11.5d 3 hundredweight 21 lb of umber, £1 15s 0d 1 hundredweight 1.5 lb of verdigris, £17 17s 0.5d 4 hundredweight 19 lb of brimstone, £4 17s 3.5d 9 hundredweight 3 quarters 10 lb of whiting, £1 8s 8.5d 9 hundredweight 18 lb of chalk, £0 3s 10.5d 156 barrels of blacking, £4 11s 0d Paint total, £32 3s 9.5d [as entered] Peas, 23.5 bushels, £4 10s 1d Pewter: 3 pewter cans, £2 12s 9d 16 chamber pots, £0 7s 9.5d 3 gallon pots, £1 9s 9d 10 half gallon pots, £2 11s 8d 22 quart funnels, £2 9s 6d 1 gallon funnel, £0 18s 11.5d 9 cullenders, £2 2s 3.5d 4 dishes, at 8s 4d, £1 13s 4d 21 dishes, at 6s 6d, £6 16s 6d 2 worn table candlesticks, £21 4s 8d [as entered] Pewter total, £42 7s 9.5d [as entered] Starch, 52 lb, £1 1s 8d Shoes: 19 dozen for boys, £0 3s 2d [as entered] 112 dozen of men's ordinary, £89 9s 7d [as entered] Shoes total, £87 12s 7.5d [as entered] Salt, 16.5 bushels, £2 12s 11.5d Soap, 8 hundredweight 12 quarters 14 lb, £25 5s 8.5d Shalloon, 151.5 yards, £13 10s 2.5d Shirts: 337 sentinels' shirts and stockcloths, £74 7s 6d 160 sergeants' shirts, £31 7s 9d Shirts total, £126 5s 3d [as entered] Total, £1,636 15s 8d [as entered] Interpretations The verdigris held at nearly eighteen pounds, far exceeding the value of any other pigment in the store, marks a heavy stock of this costly green paint used both as a colour and as a preservative. Verdigris was the green corrosion of copper, valued as a pigment and for coating metal against further decay, and its high value in the inventory points to a large or dear consignment held against the settlement's painting needs. This weight of a costly pigment shows the store carrying capital in its finer paints, the verdigris held in quantity for the constant work of colouring and preserving against the island's damp. The great stock of shirts held for the sentinels and sergeants, nearly five hundred between them, marks the Company keeping a large reserve of the soldiers' plain clothing against the constant need to replace worn garments. The garrison's shirts wore out steadily and had to be renewed, and the store held a heavy stock, graded between the plainer sentinels' and the sergeants', to complete the number wanted in the companies. This reserve of shirts measures the standing cost of clothing the garrison, the store holding the soldiers' linen by the hundred against the steady wastage of a body of men in constant service and labour. The great quantity of shoes held, more than a hundred and thirty dozen together, marks the store keeping a large reserve of footwear against the constant wear of a garrison and labour force forever on their feet at the works and the fishery. Shoes wore out fast in hard use and had to be renewed, and the store held a heavy stock, chiefly of men's ordinary, against the demand. This weight of shoes in the inventory measures the plain wants of a labouring settlement, the store holding the ordinary footwear by the dozen against the steady wearing out of shoes among soldiers and slaves at heavy work.
156	166	October 21 Brought Over L 1636 15 8 Scales & Weights vizt 24 pr Scale Beames 1 pr Scales 13 18 7 3 Beams for Scales 1 Do Store use 25 14 2 pr Scale Beams 1 pr Do Store use 6 14 1 pr Do Rotten 31 2 7 Thread vizt 1 Red Thread 8 5 1/2 1/2 Blue Do 1 7 1/2 23 oz Sisters 7 8 9 1 13 8 1/2 Sailors Cloths vizt 20 pr Jackets 19 pr Do Breeches 18 4 8 1/2 Turnersware vizt 9 Hair Brooms 12 4 1/2 39 Scrubing Brushes 2 9 4 8 Turners Yeakes 8 8 6 Do Bows 6 8 1/2 1 Clother 7 29 Wood Ladles 4 6 1 Do broke 19 Straining Dishes 4 9 7 Trays 17 6 20 Pump Bores 19 2 2 Baskets 4 8 3 Cans 3 3 3/4 20 Cloth Brushes 1 1 8 2 Wire Sieves 12 11 20 Paint Brushes 11 8 139 Shoe Brushes 12 16 1 5 Labourers Baskets 2 6 23 Birch Brooms 11 6 6 Yoaks for Oxen 4 3 6 1 Set Horse Harness without a Halter 2 8 3 1/2 3 Hair Sieves 1 7 3 34 6 11 Carried Over L 1938 3 6 1/2	The inventory of goods in the warehouse for 30 September 1746 continued, the total carried over at £1,636 15s 8d. Inventory of goods in the warehouse (continued), 30 September 1746 — item, quantity, component (£ s d), total (£ s d) Brought over, £1,636 15s 8d Scales and weights: 24 pairs of steel scales, £13 18s 7d 1 pair of scales, [included above] 3 beams for scales, £28 12s 0d 1 pair of scales, close ones, [included above] 2 pairs of scale beams, [included above] 1 pair of scales, close ones, £6 12s 0d 1 pair of scales, other, [included above] Scales and weights total, £31 2s 7d [as entered] Thread: 1 lb of red thread, £0 3s 3.5d 0.5 lb of blue thread, £0 1s 7.5d 23 oz of thread, sorted, £1 8s 9d Thread total, £1 13s 8d [as entered] Sailors' clothes: 20 jackets, [included below] 19 pairs of breeches, £18 4s 8.5d Sailors' clothes total, £18 4s 8.5d [as entered] Turnery ware: 9 hair brooms, £0 12s 2.5d 39 scrubbing brushes, £2 9s 4d 8 turbans yokes, £0 8s 8d 6 oar bows, £0 6s 8.5d 1 clatter, £0 0s 7d 27 wood ladles, £0 4s 6d 1 wood ladle, broke, [included above] 19 skimming dishes, £0 4s 9d 7 syrups, £0 17s 6d 20 pump boxes, £0 19s 2d 2 flaskets, £0 4s 8d 3 cows, £0 3s 3.5d [as entered] 20 cloth brushes, £1 1s 8d 2 rope sieves, £0 12s 11d 20 paint brushes, £0 11s 8d 439 shoe brushes, £12 16s 1d 5 labourers' flaskets, £0 2s 6d 23 birch brooms, £0 11s 6d 6 sleds for oxen, £4 3s 6d 1 set of horse harness, without a halter, £2 8s 3.5d 3 hair sieves, £1 9s 3d Turnery total, £30 6s 10d [as entered] Carried over, £1,748 3s 6.5d [as entered] Interpretations The steel scales, beams and weights held at more than thirty pounds mark the store keeping the instruments by which all its goods were weighed and sold, the essential apparatus of a warehouse that dealt everything by weight. Scales and their beams were needed to weigh out the provisions, metals and stores the store sold and issued, and the several sets held, including close ones for finer weighing, show the store equipped to measure both bulk goods and small quantities. This provision of scales marks the store's function as a place of exact dealing, every commodity weighed and reckoned on the instruments held in reserve against wear. The pump boxes among the turnery mark the store holding the working parts of the pumps by which water was drawn from wells and cleared from boats. A pump box was the barrel or chamber in which the pump's plunger worked, subject to wear and needing replacement, and the store kept a stock against the pumps of the settlement and its craft. This provision of pump boxes shows the store supplying the parts by which water was raised and cleared, the settlement's wells and boats kept in working order through the replacement of the pumps' essential parts. The sleds for oxen held in the store mark the settlement's use of ox-drawn sleds for hauling heavy loads over its broken and steep ground where wheeled carts could not go. A sled dragged on runners by oxen could cross terrain a cart would overturn on, and the store's stock of them shows the practice of ox-haulage on the island's difficult ground. This provision of ox sleds marks the settlement's adaptation of its haulage to its terrain, the heavy loads of stone, timber and produce moved on sleds where the steepness and roughness of the ground forbade the wheel.
157	167	1746 Brought Over L 1938 3 6 1/2 Tinware vizt 21 Pudding pans 1 11 6 8 1/2 Saltdrinom 2 9 1/2 1 Watring Pot 3 6 10 Patty pans 4 2 3 Small Glass Lanthorns 1 5 3 1/2 2 Large Do 19 1/2 337 Lanthorn Leaves 1 19 3 1/2 3 Large Lamps 4 6 9 Large Driping pans 1 11 6 8 3 Ticking vizt 7 pr fine 9 16 10 pr Coarse 10 6 8 20 2 8 Twine vizt 82 Scaines Twine 2 1 241 Skains Houseline & Marline 3 6 3/4 3 9 3/4 Total European Goods L 1771 16 3/4 Indian Goods vizt Arrack 460 Gallons L 63 14 7 Alligars 3 pr Silk 2 18 9 Ballaloes 99 pr 16 18 8 Chinaware vizt 14 Dishes of Sizes 3 4 10 Plates 1 10 1/2 299 Scollop Cups 18 8 1/2 63 Small Cups 4 3/4 199 Small Cups 240 Do Saucers 1 5 10 1/2 4 Bowles Blue and White 3 4 3 17 2 Carried Over L 1859 5 1/2	The inventory of goods in the warehouse for 30 September 1746 continued, the total carried over at £1,748 3s 6.5d, and the European goods closing before the account turned to the Indian goods. Inventory of goods in the warehouse (continued), 30 September 1746 — item, quantity, component (£ s d), total (£ s d) Brought over, £1,748 3s 6.5d Tin ware: 21 pudding pans, £1 11s 6d 8.5 salt boxes [tin], £0 2s 9.5d 1 watering pot, £0 3s 6d 10 patty pans, £0 4s 2d 3 small glass lanthorns, £1 5s 3.5d 2 large glass lanthorns, £0 19s 4.5d 337 lanthorn leaves, £1 19s 3.5d 3 large lamps, £0 4s 6d 9 large dripping pans, £1 11s 6d Tin ware total, £8 3s 0d [as entered] Ticking: 7 pieces fine, £9 16s 0d 10 pieces coarse, £10 6s 8d Ticking total, £20 2s 8d Twine: 82 skeins of twine, £2 1s 0d 241 skeins of houseline and marline, £3 6s 8.5d Twine total, £3 9s 0.5d [as entered] Total European goods, £1,771 16s 9.5d [as entered] Indian goods, inventory of the warehouse, 30 September 1746 — item, quantity, component (£ s d), total (£ s d) Arrack, 260 gallons, £63 14s 7d Allejars, 3 pieces of silk, £2 18s 9d Battaloes, 99 pieces, £16 18s 8d Chinaware: 14 dishes of sizes, £1 3s 4d 10 plates, £0 1s 10.5d 299 coffee cups, £0 18s 8.5d 63 small cups, £0 4s 7.5d 199 small cups, £1 5s 10.5d 240 saucers, [included above] 4 bowls, blue and white, £0 3s 4d Chinaware total, £3 17s 2d [as entered] Carried over, £1,859 5s 7.5d [as entered] Interpretations The inventory divides the store's stock into European and Indian goods, closing the European account and opening the Indian, which marks the two great streams of trade that supplied the settlement. The European goods were the woollens, hardware, provisions and manufactures carried out from England, the Indian goods the arrack, cotton cloth and chinaware brought from the eastern trade, and the store held both against the settlement's needs. This division of the inventory shows the island supplied from two directions at once, the manufactures of Europe and the produce of the Indies meeting in its single warehouse. The great quantity of chinaware held, more than eleven hundred pieces of cups, saucers, plates, dishes and bowls, marks the store carrying a heavy stock of the eastern porcelain that furnished the settlement's tables. Chinaware came from the China trade in bulk and was sold or issued for the tables of the castle and the inhabitants, the store holding a large reserve of cups and saucers for the drinking of tea and coffee. This weight of chinaware shows the reach of the eastern trade into the domestic life of the island, the porcelain of China furnishing the settlement's tables in quantity from the store. The houseline and marline among the twine mark the store holding the small cordage used aboard ship and about the boats for seizing, serving and light lashing. Houseline and marline were thin lines of a few yarns, used for the finer work of rigging and the binding of ropes, and the store's stock of them shows the settlement supplied with the small cordage of seamanship. This provision of houseline and marline marks the store's furnishing of the finer tackle of the boats and the shipping, the small lines by which the heavier cordage was served and secured held in reserve among the store's stock.
158	168	October 21 Brought Over L 1859 5 1/2 Candles 4 pr 4 lb 34 15 7 Long Cloth 3 pr 3 8 Musline 98 pr 43 13 10 1/2 Shirts & Stockings vizt 306 Callico Shirts 28 1 4 Dungree Do 7 4 398 pr Cotton Stockings 54 3 10 1/2 82 12 2 1/2 Pepper 4 lb 2 3 Pallampores vizt 16 Pallampores a 16/6 13 17 2 Do Spoild with Ink 59 Do 12/ 35 12 11 14 Do 10/6 1/2 7 18 1 1/2 1 Do Spoild with Ink 58 8 1/2 Teak Planks 10 18 11 3 Sugar & Candy vizt 89 1 13 Sugar 89 10 1/2 5 9 Candy 7 2 3 96 3 1 1/2 Tea 289 lb 8 2 6 1/2 Rice & Paddy vizt 83 2 7 Rice 24 3 11 1/2 Carried Over L 24 3 11 1/2 L 2204 16 7	The inventory of goods in the warehouse for 30 September 1746 continued, the total carried over at £1,859 5s 7.5d. Inventory of goods in the warehouse (continued), 30 September 1746 — item, quantity, component (£ s d), total (£ s d) Brought over, £1,859 5s 7.5d Candles, 4 hundredweight 4 lb, £34 15s 7d Long cloth, 3 pieces, £3 0s 8d Muslin, 98 pieces, £43 15s 10.5d Shirts and stockings: 306 calico shirts, £28 1s 0d 4 dungaree shirts, £0 7s 4d 398 pairs of cotton stockings, £54 3s 10.5d Shirts and stockings total, £82 12s 2.5d [as entered] Pepper, 4 hundredweight, £2 3s 0d Palempores: 16 palempores, at 16s 6d, £13 17s 0d 2 palempores, spoilt with ink, [included above] 59 palempores, at 12s 1d, £35 12s 11d 14 palempores, at 10s 6.5d, £7 18s 1.5d 1 palempore, spoilt with ink, [included above] Palempores total, £58 8s 0.5d [as entered] Teak planks, 10, £18 11s 3d Sugar and candy: 89 hundredweight 1 quarter 13 lb of sugar, £89 0s 10.5d 5 hundredweight 9 lb of candy, £7 2s 3d Sugar and candy total, £96 3s 1.5d [as entered] Tea, 289 lb, £8 2s 6.5d Rice and paddy: 83 hundredweight 2 quarters 7 lb of rice, £24 3s 11.5d Carried over, £24 3s 11.5d [as entered] Running total carried over, £2,204 16s 7d [as entered] Interpretations The palempores held in the store, painted cotton bedcovers from the Indian looms, mark the store carrying the finer eastern textiles among its stock, some spoilt with ink and reduced in value. A palempore was a large painted or printed cotton spread used as a bedcover or hanging, an article of some show carried in the India trade, and the store held a considerable stock graded by price. This reserve of palempores shows the reach of the eastern trade into the finer furnishings of the settlement, the painted cottons of India held in the store for the better households against the demand. The great stock of sugar held at nearly a hundred pounds, ninety hundredweight and more, marks the store carrying a heavy reserve of one of the eastern trade's principal commodities against sale and issue. Sugar was in constant demand for the table, for preserving and for the customary allowances to slaves and guards, and the store held a large quantity against the steady consumption. This weight of sugar in the inventory measures its place as a staple of the settlement's supply, the sweet drawn from the eastern and Atlantic trades held in bulk against the demands of the table and the store's own sales. The teak planks held in the store mark the settlement keeping a stock of the hard eastern timber prized for its strength and resistance to rot in shipwork and heavy construction. Teak came from the Indian trade and was valued above ordinary deal for work that had to withstand water and weather, and the store held a small reserve against such needs. This stock of teak, distinct from the plainer deals and planks, shows the settlement holding the better timber for the harder tasks, the eastern wood kept for the work where its strength and durability were wanted above the common European boards.
159	169	1746 Brought Over L 2204 16 7 Rice and Paddy Brought Over 24 3 11 1/2 73 2 7 Paddy 21 9 2 1/2 45 13 2 Total European and Indian Goods remaining L 2250 9 9 St Helena 30 September, 1746 Signed Errors Excepted M Curling Storekeeper We this day Counted the Honble Company's Cash, and found the same to be as follows, Vizt Cash	The inventory of goods in the warehouse for 30 September 1746 closed, the total carried over at £2,204 16s 7d, and the rice and paddy brought over at £24 3s 11.5d. Inventory of goods in the warehouse (continued), 30 September 1746 — item, quantity, component (£ s d), total (£ s d) Brought over, £2,204 16s 7d Rice and paddy brought over, £24 3s 11.5d 73 hundredweight 1 quarter 7 lb of paddy, £21 9s 2.5d Rice and paddy total, £45 13s 2d [as entered] Total European and Indian goods remaining, £2,250 9s 9d The whole inventory was subscribed by Matthew Purling, storekeeper, errors excepted, at St Helena on 30 September 1746. The board counted the Company's cash on 30 September 1746 and found it as follows. Interpretations The whole stock remaining in the warehouse closed at £2,250 9s 9d, the sum of the European and Indian goods together, marking the value of the settlement's standing store at the year's end. This grand total measured the capital the Company held locked up in unsold and unissued goods, from the great anchors and masts down to the smallest buttons and thread, a substantial sum held in reserve against the settlement's future needs and sales. The inventory's close gives the plain measure of the store as a repository of value, the whole material wealth of the establishment told over and reckoned into a single sum. The rice and paddy held at the close, more than a hundred and fifty hundredweight together, mark the store keeping a heavy reserve of the grain that fed the Company's slaves and poultry and supplied the settlement in want. Rice was the staple imported food when the yams failed and the standing provision for the enslaved labour force, and the store held a large stock against the constant demand and the uncertainty of the island's own crops. This weight of rice and paddy in the inventory measures the settlement's dependence on imported grain, the store holding the food of the slaves and the reserve against dearth in bulk against the failures of the harvest.
160	170	October 21 Cash Dr 1746 Sepr 1 To Ballance remaining L 4317 16 2 2 To Sundry Accounts for so much Sold at Publick Auction on the 2 of August Last vizt Shoes 1 pr Womens L 2 Stockings 1 pr Womens 6 Hats vizt 3 Laced L 1 7 1 Plain math Eaton 12 6 1 19 6 Alligars 78 pr Silk 38 19 11 Lines 51 Dozen 3 8 6 1/2 44 10 6 1/2 Sepr 30 To Ebenezar Leech for the Ballance of his Account with the Honble Company 18 9 2 1/2 To Samuel Falconer, recd the Ballance of his Account 7 10 To Plantation vizt recd for Provisions Sold to Market L 5 6 4 1/2 recd for 179 1/2 lb Tallow Candles made of the Beef Suet & Sold to several people at 1/ 8 19 6 recd for 738 Gallons Milk sold this Quarter at 12 p Gallon 36 18 51 3 8 1/2 To Licence, recd for 10 Licences to Publick Houses for the Quarter ending this Day 15 To Rents, recd of Robert Wright for the Renewal of two Lives in a Lease for 5 Acres of Land granted in Consultation of 5 March 1748 being half a Years Rent for each Nominee 12 6 Sepr 30 To Sundry Accounts, recd for rents &c for the Year ending this Day 340 1 8 1/2 Carried Over L 4795 3 8 1/2	The Company's cash account, debtor side, ran as follows for the quarter to 30 September 1746, gathering the sums received. Cash, debtor, quarter to 30 September 1746 — item, amount (£ s d) 1 July, balance remaining, £4,317 16s 2d Sundry accounts, for goods sold at public auction on 27 August last: Shoes, 4 pairs of women's, £0 2s 0d Stockings, 1 pair of women's, £0 0s 6d Hats: 3 laced, moth-eaten, £1 7s 0d 1 plain, moth-eaten, £0 12s 6d Hats subtotal, £1 19s 6d Allejars, 18 yards of silk, £38 19s 11d Lines, 31 dozen, £3 8s 6.5d Auction total, £44 10s 5.5d 30 September, Ebenezer Leech, for the balance of his account with the Company, £18 9s 2.5d Samuel Falconer, for the balance of his account, £9 10s 0d Plantation: Received for provisions sold to the market, £5 6s 2.5d Received for 1,792 lb of tallow candles made of beef suet and sold to several people at fivepence the pound, £8 19s 6d Received for 738 gallons of milk sold this quarter at one shilling the gallon, £36 18s 0d Plantation total, £51 3s 8.5d Licence, received for 10 licences to public houses for the quarter ending this day, £15 0s 0d Rents, received of Robert Wright for the renewal of two lives in a lease for five acres of land granted in consultation of 5 March 1745, being half a year's rent for each nominee, £0 12s 6d Sundry accounts, received for rents and the like for the year ending this day, £240 1s 8.5d Carried over, £4,795 3s 8.5d Interpretations The public auction of 27 August disposed of goods long unsold and spoiling in the store, the laced hats moth-eaten and the shoes and stockings women's stock, sold off for what they would fetch rather than held to further waste. The store cleared its dead and damaged stock by outcry when ordinary sale had failed, recovering some value from goods that would otherwise have rotted or been eaten by moth in the warehouse. This auction of spoiling stock marks the Company's practice of cutting its losses on unsaleable goods, the outcry turning perishing stock into cash rather than letting it waste entirely. The rents gathered on the debtor side, more than two hundred and forty pounds for the year ending this day, mark the great annual income the Company drew from letting its land to the island's inhabitants. The rent day of 7 October had gathered £338 19s 2.5d from the planters, and this receipt into the cash account records the money coming in, the largest single stream of the settlement's own revenue. This weight of rent in the cash account measures the Company's standing income from its land, the ground rent of the whole settlement paid in once a year and forming the chief return the island yielded beyond its trade. The candles made of beef suet and sold at fivepence recur here as on the paymaster's account, the settlement turning the tallow of its slaughtered cattle to a saleable commodity. Nearly eighteen hundred pounds of candles were made and sold in the quarter, a considerable manufacture from the suet of the beef killed for the table and the shipping, returning several pounds to the Company's cash. This turning of suet into candles shows the close economy of the settlement, the by-product of its slaughtering worked into light and sold, nothing of the beast's yield wasted that could be turned to account.
161	171	1746 Per Contra Cr 1746 Sepr 2 By Garrison vizt Paid Daniel Sargant for relisting for five Years to Commence the 18 May next L 5 5 8 Paid George Bonnett for relisting 5 5 14 Paid Josia Christoffell to Compleat the Sum of five Pounds five Shillings for relisting for five Years to Commence the 25 March 1744 3 3 30 Paid Robert Curry and Stephen Willonghby for Baking 65 Batches of Bread at 15 p Batch 4 1 3 17 14 3 By Charges General vizt Paid William Hayes, Adjutant, in Lieu of a Hat, sent short last Cloathing L 1 10 10 Paid Edward Arnold for making 24 Buttons for Cots, and for making a Martingale, Dutch Coller, and Cavison 16 6 Paid William Doveton, his Allowance for making up Medicines &c & for Assisting the Surgeon this Quarter, as p Consultation of 5 July last 3 8 3 Paid the Governour for the following wares paid by him vizt 1 Saddle, Bridle & Spare Gear, such as Girths, Cruppers, Bridles &c for breaking young horses 4 2 China Chamber pots 15 For Carpenter's Tools bought out of Ship London there being none such in the Store house 18 For making Shoes for Blacks 18 For two China Dishes bought for the use of the house 9 8 For 2 Ducks sent on board the Men of War 1 16 For Cheese bought of Capt Tolson for the use of the Table 1 2 To for Curing blind Turkeys, & Fowls at the Poultry House 1 For Wig, Turkeys, & Ducks, sent on board to Adm & Seckterman, in Lieu of a present of different wines, spent at Table 2 14 Paid for making 12 Coats for Soldiers 1 19 3 21 7 6 Carried Over L 39 1 9	The Company's cash account, credit side, ran as follows for the quarter to 30 September 1746, setting out the sums paid out. Cash, credit, quarter to 30 September 1746 — item, amount (£ s d) Garrison: Paid Daniel Sargant for re-enlisting for five years to commence 18 May next, £6 5s 0d 8 September, paid George Bennett for re-enlisting, £5 5s 0d 14 September, paid John Cristoffell to complete the sum of five pounds five shillings for re-enlisting for five years to commence 25 March 1745, £3 3s 0d 30 September, paid Robert Curry and Stephen Willoughby for baking 65 batches of bread at fifteen pence the batch, £4 1s 3d Garrison total, £17 14s 3d [as entered] Charges general: Paid William Hayes, adjutant, in lieu of a hat sent short last clothing, £1 10s 10d Paid Edward Arnold for making 24 buttons, for cots, and for making a marine's Dutch collar and cravat, £0 16s 6d Paid William Doveton, his allowance for making up medicines and for assisting the surgeon this quarter, as consultation of 15 July last, £3 8s 3d Paid the Governor for the following sundries paid by him: 1 saddle, bridle and spare gear, such as bridles, cruppers and the like, for breaking young horses, £4 0s 0d 2 China chamber pots, £0 15s 0d Carpenter's tools bought out of the ship London, there being none such in the storehouse, £0 18s 0d For making shoes for the slaves, £0 18s 0d 2 China dishes bought for the use of the house, £0 9s 8d 22 ducks sent on board the men of war, £1 16s 0d Cheese bought of Captain Jobson for the use of the table, £1 2s 0d For curing blind turkeys and fowls at the poultry houses, £1 0s 0d Turkeys and ducks sent on board to Captain Eckterman in lieu of a present of different wines spent at the table, £2 14s 0d For making the like coats for soldiers, £1 19s 3d Charges general total, £21 7s 6d [as entered] Carried over, £39 1s 9d [as entered] Interpretations The saddle, bridle and spare gear bought for breaking young horses marks the settlement raising and training its own horses for draught and riding, the tack furnished for the work of breaking colts to harness and saddle. The island kept a stud and bred its own horses, and the gear for breaking the young ones shows the practice going forward, the settlement rearing and training its own draught animals rather than depending wholly on import. This provision for horse-breaking marks the island's husbandry of its stud, the young horses broken to use with tack bought for the purpose. The cheese bought of Captain Jobson and the wines exchanged with Captain Eckterman mark the settlement drawing supplies and courtesies from the ships in its road, buying provisions from a commander and exchanging gifts with another. The island's own produce could not furnish everything, so the settlement bought cheese from a passing ship for the table and maintained good relations with the naval commanders through presents of ducks and wine. This dealing with the ships shows the settlement supplying its wants and keeping its friendships through the vessels that touched the road, the store's gaps filled and the navy's goodwill kept from the passing trade. The payment to William Doveton for making up medicines and assisting the surgeon, whom he succeeds, marks the settlement securing its medical care by training a successor into the office before the surgeon left. Doveton was learning the compounding of medicines and the care of the sick against taking over the place, his allowance paid as he stepped into it. This provision for a medical successor shows the settlement guarding against the loss of its physician on a remote island, the skill passed on to a trained man before the incumbent departed so that the care of the sick should not fail.
162	172	October 21 Brought Over L 4795 3 8 3/4 Carried Over L 4795 3 8 3/4	The debtor side of the Company's cash account carried its balance forward unchanged, no further entries being made on this side. Cash, debtor, quarter to 30 September 1746 — item, amount (£ s d) Brought over, £4,795 3s 8.5d Carried over, £4,795 3s 8.5d
163	173	1746 Brought Over L 39 1 9 By Plantation vizt Paid Joshua Worrall for 480 Cabbage Slips to Plant at the Peak Garden 1 4 Paid for 378 Days Labour in Building a Barn in the Great Wood at 12 p Day 18 18 Paid Sundry persons for 214 1/2 days Work done about the Corn at the Horse Point this Quarter at 1 1/4 p day 13 8 1 1/2 Paid Sundry Persons for Cinning the young Wood on the Horse point in this Quarter 125 1/2 days at 1 p Day 6 5 6 Paid for 172 days Harvest Work at the Horse point in this Quarter at 1 p day 8 12 Paid John Smith for 15 Days work in thatching the Barn and Corn Ricks at 1 p day 15 Paid William Mason Carpenter, for 60 Days Work in making Cots Gates &c in this Quarter 3 6 Paid John Patronater, for 18 days Work in cutting Rushes to thatch the Barn 18 Paid John Watkins, for working & overseeing the Ploughing, & harvesting in the Great wood this Quarter 6 10 Paid John Simmons Carpenter, for 58 days Work at the Barn in the great wood this Quarter at 2 p Day 5 16 Bartholomew Molloy for 28 days Work at the Barn 3 68 12 9 1/2 By Fortification vizt Paid Sundry persons for 160 1/2 Days Labour at the fortifications this Quarter at 1 p day 80 10 6 Paid Bartholomew Molloy, Stonelayer for 28 days Work at 3 p Day 5 2 Paid John French for overseeing the Men that were at Work, at the Fortifications at 1/8 p day for 60 days 5 Paid 9 Men for rowing in the Pinnace, this Quarter, 10 Each 4 10 Paid Thos Reede for going 74 days in the Long Boat to Sandy Bay for Lime this Quarter 3 14 98 16 6 Carried Over L 206 10 10 1/2	The Company's cash account, credit side, continued, the running total carried over at £39 1s 9d, the payments running on. Cash, credit, quarter to 30 September 1746 — item, amount (£ s d) Brought over, £39 1s 9d Plantation: Paid John Worrall for 480 cabbage slips to plant at the Peak garden, £1 4s 0d Paid for 58 days labour in building a barn in the Great Wood at 12d the day, £18 18s 0d [as entered] Paid sundry persons for 214.5 days work done about the corn at the Horse Point this quarter at 15d the day, £13 8s 1.5d Paid sundry persons for cutting the young wood on the Horse Point this quarter, 124.5 days at 12d the day, £6 5s 6d Paid for 172 days harvest work at the Horse Point this quarter at 12d the day, £8 12s 0d Paid John Smith for 15 days work in thatching the barn and corn ricks at 12d the day, £0 15s 0d Paid William Mason, carpenter, for 66 days work in making carts, gates and the like in this quarter, £3 6s 0d Paid John Passwater for 18 days work in cutting rushes to thatch the barn, £0 18s 0d Paid John Watkins for working and overseeing the ploughing and harvest in the Great Wood this quarter, £6 10s 0d Paid John Simmons, carpenter, for 58 days work at the barn in the Great Wood this quarter at 2s the day, £5 16s 0d Paid Bartholomew Molloy for 28 days work at the barn, £3 0s 0d [as entered] Plantation total, £68 12s 7.5d [as entered] Fortification: Paid sundry persons for 1,603 days labour at the fortifications this quarter at 12d the day, £80 10s 6d [as entered] Paid Bartholomew Molloy, stone-layer, for 34 days work at 3s the day, £5 2s 0d Paid John French for overseeing the men who were at work at the fortifications at 15d the day for 60 days, £5 0s 0d [as entered] Paid 9 men for rowing in the pinnace this quarter, 10s each, £4 10s 0d Paid Thomas Reede for going 74 days in the long boat to Sandy Bay for lime this quarter, £3 14s 0d Fortification total, £98 16s 6d [as entered] Carried over, £206 10s 10d [as entered] Interpretations The plantation and fortification labour together carry more than a hundred and sixty pounds of day-wages in the quarter, the great charge of the settlement's building and farming work. The fortification labour alone, sixteen hundred days at a shilling, marks the continuing effort on the defences, while the plantation days at the barn, the corn and the harvest mark the new grain scheme going forward. This weight of day-labour measures the two great works of the settlement in the quarter, the fortifying of the island and the raising of its first grain crop both driven by hired days at graded rates. The rates paid for the different labour, a shilling for common work, fifteen pence for the corn and the overseeing, two shillings for the carpenter and three for the stone-layer, mark the settlement grading its wages by the skill each task required. The plain fortification labour and the wood-cutting went at the common shilling, the more skilled carpentry and stone-laying at double and treble, the overseeing at a middle rate. This graded scale of wages shows the settlement paying for skill above common labour, the mason and carpenter earning several times the day of the ordinary labourer at the works and the farm. The pinnace rowers and the long boat's runs to Sandy Bay for lime mark the constant water-work on which the fortifications depended, the boats carrying the lime and stone the building consumed. Thomas Reede's seventy-four days in the long boat fetching lime, and the nine men rowing the pinnace, show the labour of moving the heavy materials of the works by water round the island's coast. This charge for the boats' labour measures the settlement's reliance on its craft for the carriage of building material, the lime and stone of the fortifications brought by boat from Sandy Bay where the land carriage would have been impossible.
164	174	October 21 Brought Over L 4795 3 8 3/4 To Matthew Curling for Sundry Store Goods sold in the Months of July, August, & September 989 2 9 3/4 L 5784 6 6 1/2 L 5784 6 6 1/2	The debtor side of the Company's cash account closed for the quarter to 30 September 1746, the balance carried over at £4,795 3s 8.5d. Cash, debtor, quarter to 30 September 1746 — item, amount (£ s d) Brought over, £4,795 3s 8.5d Matthew Purling, for sundry store goods sold in the months of July, August and September, £989 2s 9.5d Total, £5,784 6s 6.5d Interpretations The storekeeper's takings of £989 2s 9.5d for the quarter's sales stand as the second great stream of the settlement's income after the rents, the return on the store's dealing in provisions, cloth and stores. This large sum, gathered from the servants, planters, foreign ships and Company vessels at their several rates, marks the store as the settlement's chief commercial engine, drawing profit from the whole trade that passed through its warehouse. The weight of the storekeeper's receipts in the cash account measures the store's central place in the island's economy, its sales second only to the land rents as a source of the Company's return. The debtor side's close at £5,784 6s 6.5d gathers the whole of the quarter's receipts, the great opening balance, the rents, the storekeeper's takings, the auction, the milk and candles and the recovered bonds. This grand total measures the whole cash the settlement handled in the quarter, the many streams of its income brought together against the payments of the works, the pay and the provisions. The account's close gives the plain measure of the settlement's finances, the sum of all it took in set against all it paid out, the balance the true state of the Company's cash on the island.
165	175	1746 Brought Over L 206 10 10 1/2 By Blacks vizt Paid Joseph Leech, for making 17 pr Shoes L 1 14 Paid John Desfountain, for a Beast killed by the Honble Company's Blacks, valued at 4 3 4 5 17 4 By Garrison paid the Honble Company's Servants their Salarys &c for the Quarter ending this day 1715 19 3 By Rents for so much paid Geo Gab Powell Attorney, it being overcharged last September in his Rents 15 6 1929 2 11 1/2 By Ballance rem in the following Species 1 pr Gold wt 4 13 14 a 3 15 3 46 1 8 1/2 N Do 3 9 12 3 18 13 11 1/2 1233 Pagodas 1 a 8 501 4 1 Barbery Chequin 9 4 Venetians 2 12 Gubbers 3 12 5 1/2 St Thomas's 3 6 570 3 9 Gold amounting to 10399 Dollars 2599 15 169 half Do 21 2 6 195 Double Rials 12 3 9 443 Rials 13 16 10 1/2 3836 half Rials 59 18 4 323 Rupees 36 6 9 441 French pr 3 13 6 Old money 7 8 1/2 Silver amounting to 2747 4 10 Cash Notes Amounting to 537 15 3855 3 7 L 5784 6 6 1/2 David Dunbar Cha Hutchinson John Goodwin Reede Curling B Wright	The Company's cash account, credit side, closed for the quarter to 30 September 1746, the running total carried over at £206 10s 10d, and the balance remaining told over coin by coin. Cash, credit, quarter to 30 September 1746 — item, amount (£ s d) Brought over, £206 10s 10d Slaves: Paid Joseph Loostey for making 17 pairs of shoes, £1 14s 0d Paid John Desfountain for a beast killed by the Company's slaves, valued at, £4 3s 4d Slaves total, £5 17s 4d Garrison, paid the Company's servants their salaries and the like for the quarter ending this day, £1,715 19s 3d Rents, for so much paid George Gabriel Powell as money, it being overcharged last September in his rent, £0 15s 6d Total payments, £1,929 2s 11d [as entered] Balance remaining, told over in the following species: Parcel of gold, weighed, 41 lb 13 oz 14 dwt 3 grains, at 53s 3d, £16 1s 8.5d Parcel of gold, weighed, 3 oz 9 dwt 12 grains, at 3 18s, £13 11s 0.5d 1,233 pagodas, at 8s, £501 4s 0d [as entered] 1 barcery chequin, £0 9s 0d 4 Venetian sequins, £2 0s 0d 12 gubbers, £3 12s 0d 5.5 St Thomas's, £3 6s 0d Gold amounting to, £570 3s 9d [as entered] 10,399 dollars, £2,599 15s 0d 169 half dollars, £21 2s 6d 195 double rials, £12 3s 9d 443 rials, £13 16s 10.5d 3,836 half rials, £59 18s 9d 323 rupees, £36 6s 9d 441 French pieces, £3 13s 6d Old money, £0 7s 8.5d Silver amounting to, £2,747 4s 10d [as entered] Cash notes amounting to, £539 15s 0d Total, £3,853 3s 7d [as entered] Total, £5,784 6s 6.5d [as entered] The account was subscribed by David Dunbar, Charles Hutchinson, John Goodwin, Purling and Wright. Interpretations The balance in the treasury, told over coin by coin at £3,853 3s 7d, stands almost wholly in foreign specie, the ten thousand Spanish dollars and their divisions the great mass of it against a smaller body of gold and the Company's own cash notes. This count marks again the plain fact of a settlement that minted nothing and held whatever the ships of every nation left, the treasury a reservoir of the coin of half the trading world reckoned into sterling for the books. The weight of Spanish silver, more than two and a half thousand pounds in dollars alone, measures how the homeward fleets paid for their beef and stores in the currency of the Spanish Indies. The pagodas now stand at 1,233 at eight shillings, the Madras gold reduced from nine to eight by the Court's order published on 2 May 1746, and their number fallen as the treasury paid out its readiest gold through the year. The devaluation had cost the Company £98 5s 0d at a stroke on its holding, and the gold has shrunk to a small part of the treasury while the Spanish silver swelled. This decline of the pagoda, once the largest single element of the island's cash, marks the shift in the settlement's specie away from the Madras gold toward the Spanish dollar as the fleets and the Court's order together altered the composition of the chest. The barcery chequin among the gold marks the presence of yet another foreign coin in the treasury, a gold piece of eastern or Levantine origin held alongside the pagodas, venetians, gubbers and St Thomas's. The chequin was a gold coin of the eastern Mediterranean or the Indies, and its single appearance in the count shows the great variety of coin the settlement gathered, odd pieces of every trading nation finding their way into the chest. This spread of foreign gold, each piece valued by weight at a fixed rate, measures the settlement's dependence on whatever coin the trade of the world brought to its road, the treasury a miscellany of the money of many nations.
166	176	October 23 At a Consultation held on Thursday the 23 day of October, 1746 at the Castle Present Colonel David Dunbar Governour Capt Charles Hutchinson St Gov John Goodwin Matthew Curling of Council Robert Wright The last Consultation was read, and Approved The planters this day met in Vestry according to Order the last Consultation day & delivd their foll proposal, vizt St Helena October the 20 1746 Wee the Inhabitant Planters of this Island being Assembled by Order of the Governour & Council to Consult the finding and keeping up the Markett to Garrison which is twice in the Week Wednesday and Saturdays, And Whereas wee are all Unanimous and Willing to keep up the said Markett, as far as wee Can find our Stocks of Cattle being extreamly Young which wee have for Slaughter, Wee therefore Agree to furnish the Markett with 4 Hundred pounds of provisions on a Saturday, which is about Three hundred pounds more than is Expended on a Wednesday This is the Utmost wee are able to do and will Continue the same until to a farther Supply Signd by order of the Vestry John Bagley Jos Worrall Church Wardens Upon which the Governour Objected ag[...] the Quantity and manner of doing it, and desired they would find In the above quantity, & proportion the same for Each Markett day, and down the Greatest part on a Wednesday and the rest on a Saturday & the Governour would Endeavour to Supply the rest out of the Company's Stock	At a consultation held on Thursday 23 October 1746 at the castle, the board sat as Governor Dunbar, Charles Hutchinson the Lieutenant Governor, John Goodwin, Matthew Purling and Robert Wright of council. The last consultation was read and approved. The planters met in vestry on 23 October 1746, as the board had ordered at the last consultation, and delivered the following proposal, dated at St Helena 20 October 1746. The inhabitants and planters of the island, assembled by order of the Governor and council to consider the supplying and keeping up of the market to the garrison, held twice in the week on Wednesdays and Saturdays, were all unanimous and willing to keep up the market. Their stocks of cattle being extremely young and few, they agreed to furnish the market with a hundred pounds of provisions on a Saturday, about three hundred pounds more than was spent on a Wednesday, this being the utmost they were able to do, and would continue the same until a further supply. The proposal was subscribed by order of the vestry by the churchwardens John Bagley and Joseph Worrall. The Governor objected to the quantity and manner proposed. He desired the planters to add to the quantity, and that the same be furnished for each market day, laying down the greatest part on a Wednesday and the rest on a Saturday, and undertook to supply the rest out of the Company's stock. Interpretations The Governor's referring the market to a vestry of the planters, rather than settling its supply by his own order, marks the limit of what the Company could compel from a body of free landholders who controlled the island's produce. The planters were asked to propose the terms on which they would furnish the garrison, and their answer, pleading their young and few cattle, set the utmost they would give against what the Governor pressed for. This negotiation over the market, the board seeking more and the planters offering less, shows the recurring difficulty of feeding the garrison from a settlement whose own stock the inhabitants held and would not overdraw. The Governor's counter-proposal, that he would supply the rest out of the Company's stock, marks the board falling back on its own herds to make good what the planters would not furnish. Unable to compel the inhabitants to give more, the Governor undertook to fill the gap from the Company's cattle, sharing the burden of the market between the planters and the establishment. This offer to supply from the Company's stock shows the board managing the shortfall by dividing the supply, the settlement's provisioning resting on a negotiated split between what the planters would spare and what the Company would find from its own herds. The planters' plea that their cattle were extremely young and few marks the state of a herd still recovering and short of the fattened beasts the garrison's beef required. The island's stock had been thinned by the demands of the fleets and the seasons, and the planters held back from overdrawing a herd of young beasts not yet fit for slaughter. This account of the planters' cattle shows the settlement's provisioning limited by the condition of its herds, the market's supply pinched by a stock too young and too few to bear the full demand of feeding the garrison twice a week.
167	177	1746 Stock to which they returned the foll answer and refused to make any addition to the first proposal vizt St Helena Octor 23 1746 We the Inhabitant Planters of this Island being assembled by Order of the Governour and Council to consult the finding and keeping up the Markett for the Garrison which is twice in the week Wednesday and Saturdays, and Whereas we are all unanimous and willing to Keep up the said Market as far as we can and our Stocks of Cattle being extreamly young, which we have for Slaughter, we therefore agree to furnish the Markett with Six hundred pounds of Provision every Wednesday, and three hundred pounds on Saturdays This is the utmost we are able to do, and will Continue the same until a farther supply Signd by Order of the Vestry John Bagley Jos Worrall Church Wardens David Dunbar Cha Hutchinson John Goodwin Reede Curling Wright	To the Governor's objection the planters returned the following answer, refusing to make any addition to their first proposal, dated at St Helena 23 October 1746. The inhabitants and planters of the island, assembled by order of the Governor and council to consider the supplying and keeping up of the market to the garrison, held twice in the week on Wednesdays and Saturdays, were all unanimous and willing to keep up the market as far as they could. Their stocks of cattle being extremely young, which they had for slaughter, they agreed to furnish the market with six hundred pounds of provisions every Wednesday and three hundred pounds on Saturdays, this being the utmost they were able to do, and would continue the same until a further supply. The answer was subscribed by order of the vestry by the churchwardens John Bagley and Joseph Worrall. The proceedings were subscribed by David Dunbar, Charles Hutchinson, John Goodwin, Purling and Wright. Interpretations The planters' second answer, holding firm to their first proposal and refusing the Governor's pressed addition, marks the limit of the board's power over a body of free landholders who controlled the island's produce. The Governor had sought more and a different arrangement of the market days, but the planters stood on what they had offered, six hundred pounds on Wednesdays and three hundred on Saturdays, as the utmost their young herds would bear. This firm refusal shows the inhabitants setting the terms of their own contribution, the Company unable to compel more from planters who judged their stock too young to overdraw. The planters' unanimity in both proposal and refusal marks the settlement's free inhabitants acting together as a body against the board's pressure, the vestry speaking with one voice. Assembled as a parish under their churchwardens, the planters presented a united front, their collective answer carrying a weight no single holder's could, and the board met not a set of individuals but the whole body of inhabitants resolved together. This unanimity shows the strength of the settlement's landholders when they acted in concert, the vestry a means by which the free inhabitants could resist the Governor's demands as a single interest. The stated offer of six hundred pounds on Wednesdays against three hundred on Saturdays, with the greater supply on the Wednesday, marks the planters fixing the pattern of the market to suit their own convenience against the Governor's wish for a more even division. The board had asked that the greatest part be laid down on a Wednesday and the rest on a Saturday, and the planters' final terms met this in the quantities but held to their own total, conceding the arrangement of the days while refusing to increase the whole. This settlement of the market days shows the negotiation ending in a compromise on form but not on amount, the planters yielding the pattern while holding the limit of what they would give.
168	178	October 28 At a Consultation held on Tuesday the 28 day of October, 1746 at the Castle Present Colonel David Dunbar Gov Capt Charles Hutchinson Lt Gov John Goodwin Matthew Curling of Council Robert Wright The last Consultation was read, and Approved Mr Orlando Bagley Petitioned for Liberty to dispose of Twenty five Acres of Lease Land Granted The Accomptant this day laid before us the Journall parcells for the Months of July August, and September last, which were Examined, & approved, & ordered to be Entred The Governour this day delivered the foll Report vizt Gentlemen of the Council I Did intend sooner to take some Notice to you of the behaviour of the Planters in Vestry on the 23 instant, when they were Convened by our Order to Give their Proposal, how the Garrison there were to be Ge Supplyed with Provisions until We receive recruits from home, but my Indisposition prevented me The Vile Attempt, that was there made to starve, or distress the Garrison, must not pass without notice, and my Censure at Least, Three of you as Planters were present in that Meeting, When after they had agreed upon the Quantum which was, but three hundred pounds p Week, it was moved & putt to the Vote, and Carried by a very great Majority, in which none of you were included, that the said Quantity should be sent down upon a Saturday	At a consultation held on Tuesday 28 October 1746 at the castle, the board sat as Governor Dunbar, Charles Hutchinson the Lieutenant Governor, John Goodwin, Matthew Purling and Robert Wright of council. The last consultation was read and approved. Orlando Bagley petitioned for leave to dispose of twenty-five acres of leasehold land. The board granted it. The accountant laid his journal parcels for July, August and September 1746 before the board on 28 October 1746, which were examined and approved and ordered entered. The Governor delivered the following report to the council. He had intended to take notice sooner of the planters' behaviour in vestry on 23 October, when they were called by his order to give their proposal for supplying the garrison with provisions until recruits should be received from home, but his indisposition had prevented him. He held that the attempt then made to starve or distress the garrison must not pass without notice, and censured it. At least three of the members were present at that meeting, when the planters, after agreeing on the quantity to be furnished, of three hundred pounds a week, put it to the vote, and carried by a very great majority, none of the members being included in the count, that the said quantity should be laid down upon a Saturday. Interpretations The Governor's charge that the planters' proposal was an attempt to starve or distress the garrison marks the depth of his suspicion of the inhabitants and the sharpness of the standing tension between the board and the free landholders. What the planters presented as the utmost their young herds could bear, the Governor read as a deliberate withholding meant to press the garrison, and he entered his censure formally on the record. This charge shows the provisioning of the garrison as a field of open conflict between the Governor and the planters, the board treating a plea of scarcity as a hostile design against the Company's soldiers. The Governor's note that three of the members were present at the vestry, and that the vote was carried with none of the members included in the count, points to the continuing quarrel between the Governor and his council that had run through the summer. He marked the members' presence at a meeting whose proposal he now censured, and his careful noting of who voted and who did not carries the same suspicion of concert among the members that had marked the Greentree case and the breach with Hutchinson. This attention to the members' part in the vestry shows the Governor's quarrel with his board spilling into the market question, the provisioning dispute entangled with his distrust of the members' dealings with the planters. The reference to recruits expected from home marks the settlement's reliance on fresh men sent out by the Company to make good the wastage of its garrison. The Governor looked to the arrival of recruits to relieve the pressure on the market, the garrison's demand for provisions to be met more easily once its numbers were settled and its supply arranged. This expectation of recruits from home shows the settlement's dependence on the Company's distant support, the provisioning of the garrison bound up with the arrival of the men London would send to keep the island's defence at strength.
169	179	1746 a Saturday, one of our Market days, and the Provision for Wednesday Markett wholly left upon the Honble Company's Stock, or as it was there worded, upon the Governour I acquainted you with this in Council on the same day, and requested, that such of you as were present at the meeting would desire the Vestry to add 200 pound more to their proposal and that the Quantity might be tendered 600 pound to be sent on Wednesday, and 300 on a Saturday, I to endeavour to make up the rest They it seems refused to add any thing to their proposal, but did Consent to send the 600 pound upon Wednesday, and only 300 on a Saturday, and the remainder for 2 days provision until next Markett day is expected to be made up from the Company How far, so honest such a proposal was, if you may Judge, but higher Opinions will pass upon it and our Masters will see what an honest & Gratefull return their tenants here make for their many favours, and Indulgencies to them in abateing One Half of their rents, and among many others, the permitting them to sell their Beef to their own Ships for five pence and to foreign Ships for Sixpence p Pound I did foresee, that this Indulgence would make them Slack their Rise Land Distress the Garrison, You have all often heard me Complain how very Scantily the Markett has been Supplyed sometimes a little over and under, one hundred weight, & once with this of which none of you took notice whilst there was any Salt provisions in the Stores, but that is at an end and it seems, as if we were at the Mercy of the Planters, whether to Live, or Starve, their Acc of Cattle ending the 30 of Sept last amounted to 1526, the Company's Stock are not quite 400 head, and by the said Vile proposal, the planters would have the Company's Stock supply as much, as all theirs, I quitable such a proposal is Cannot be diffi cult to determine, and Where we are not concluded by it if that was to be the case, a few malignant planters, who govern or Influence the rest and who have allways been remarkable for grumbling, & would be, in Effect, Governours of this Island, among these, I mean Mr Wrangham Mr Richard Goodwin, and Mr Thomas Greentree the latter seem'd to Preside, or Cospeaker at the said meeting and it He, that moved, & put to Vote the said honest proposall & mentioned, as one motive for it, the fine Condition of the Company's Stock, & that he could not pass from	The Governor's report continued, setting out his account of the market dispute and his charge against the planters. The planters had voted that the whole three hundred pounds be laid down on a Saturday, one of the market days, and the provision for the Wednesday market wholly left upon the Company's stock, or as it was worded, upon the Governor. He had acquainted the council with this on the same day, and requested that such of them as were present at the meeting would desire the vestry to add two hundred pounds more to their proposal, and that the quantity might be evened, six hundred pounds to be laid down on a Wednesday and three hundred on a Saturday, and he would endeavour to make up the rest. The planters had refused to add anything to their proposal, and consented only to send the six hundred pounds on a Wednesday and three hundred on a Saturday, the remainder for two days' provision until the next market day to be supplied from the Company, as was expected. The Governor left it to the council to judge how far the proposal was honest, though he held a harsher opinion would pass upon it, and desired the masters would consider what an honest and grateful return their tenants here made for the many favours and indulgences shown them, in abating one half of their rents, and among many others the permitting them to sell their beef to their own use for fivepence, and to the foreign ships for sixpence the pound. He foresaw that this indulgence would make the planters slack their labour and distress the garrison. The council had all often heard the planters complain how scantily the market had been supplied, sometimes a little over and under one hundred and eighty pounds, of which none of them had taken notice while there was any salt provision in the stores, but that was at an end, and it seemed as if the settlement were at the mercy of the planters, whether to live or starve. Their stock of cattle, at the count of 30 September last, amounted to 1,526 head, while the Company's own stock was not quite 400 head, and by the vestry proposal the planters would have the Company's stock supply as much as all theirs. He held such a proposal not difficult to determine, and thought there were not concerned in it, if it were that way, but that it was a few malignant planters who governed or influenced the rest, and who had always been remarkable for grumbling, and would be in effect governors of this island. Among these he meant William Greentree, his brother Richard Goodwin, and Thomas Greentree the latter, deemed to preside, or be a speaker at the meeting, and it was he that moved and put to a vote the proposal, and mentioned as one motive for it the fine condition of the Company's stock, and that they could not pass from it. Interpretations The Governor's account of the rent abatement, that the planters held their land at half the rent it might bear, marks the standing favour by which the Company kept the inhabitants settled and yet expected their service in return. He set this indulgence against what he called their ungrateful behaviour in the market, treating the concession of low rents as a bargain the planters had breached by withholding their beef. This linking of the rent to the market shows the Governor viewing the whole relation between the Company and the planters as a set of mutual obligations, the cheap land given in expectation of provisions the planters now refused to furnish freely. The Governor's naming of a few malignant planters who governed the rest, William and Thomas Greentree and Richard Goodwin among them, marks his belief that the vestry's resistance was the work of a small faction rather than the whole body of inhabitants. He singled out those he held to lead the opposition, the same suspicion of a directing cabal that had marked his quarrels with his own council through the summer, and cast the market dispute as the doing of a grumbling few who swayed the many. This charge of a controlling faction shows the Governor's habit of tracing resistance to named ringleaders, the market's shortfall laid at the door of particular men he held to govern the island against the Company's interest. The comparison of the stocks, the planters' 1,526 head against the Company's not quite 400, marks the Governor's argument that the inhabitants could well spare more beef and were withholding it from ill will rather than necessity. The great disproportion between the private herds and the Company's own let him press that the planters' plea of scarcity was false, their large stock able to furnish the market many times over. This weighing of the herds shows the Governor using the stock count to expose what he held a pretence, the planters' claim of young and few cattle set against a private stock four times the Company's own.
170	180	October 28 or to his house without seeing a great Number of fatt Large Cattle in the Company's Pasture, which by e sow shall never be in his Power or Vote to remove, its Owing to his, & such other mens greediness to turn their Young Cattle in to money, that their Stocks is not in such a Condition, as he says the Company's is in this, that is so in Text & those Large Cattle that Offends this Person's envious Eyes, are onely some reserved for the plough & a few that would have been Divided among our Ships, which were expected Last Season, and might have been sold for 2 pound, or more Each head When Mr Greentree, and Others sold every small ones to foreign Ships at 7 or 8 p head Here is another Grievance, which the Soldiers Loudly and With reason Complain of, vizt paying 3 1/2 p for Beef Goat, when the best mutton is nine pence, & Consonly 8, this is very unreasonable, & must not be continued, these Cattle cost nothing in raising as they generally run on the Company's West Ground, & think 3 p pound enough for such, but for my present am willing such a tax tolerable should Go at 8, & this I propose to do by wt may be Killd belonging to the Company DD Ordered an Advertisement to be Published that the Price of Goat for the future Should be no more then 8 p lb at the Markett The Governour laid the following Letter before us, Which he had received from Mr Wright, viz To Colonel David Dunbar Governour of Saint Helena Sir I have now Acted as Overseer and Secretary for these six months past and find on this Tryall, that I cannot dexterously the Duties of both places as I desize and they require and as I am not Versed in Country affairs, and have been used to the business of the Secretary's Office, I beg your consent to my resigning the place of Overseer, and that I may act in that of Secretary till the Honble Company's pleasure be known, I am St Helena 24 October 1746 Sir your polite and humble Servant Signd R Wright	The Governor's report continued, closing his account of the market dispute, followed by an order and a letter he laid before the board. The Governor could not pass from Thomas Greentree's house without seeing a great number of fat large cattle in the Company's pasture, which he said it should never be in his power or vote to remove. This was owing to his and other men's greediness in keeping their young cattle in money, so that their stock was not in such a condition as he said the Company's was in, though it soon would be. Those large cattle that offended the members' envious eyes were only some reserved for the plough, and a few that would have been divided among the ships, which were expected last season, and might have been sold for twenty pounds or more each head, when Greentree and others sold every small one to foreign ships at seven or eight shillings the head. The Governor set down another grievance the soldiers loudly and with reason complained of, in paying threepence the pound for their goat, when the best mutton was ninepence and goat only twopence. This was very unreasonable and must not be continued, those cattle costing nothing in raising, as they generally ran on the Company's west ground, and he thought threepence the pound enough, but for the present was willing such a rate should go at twopence, and this he proposed to do by what goat might be killed belonging to the Company. The board ordered an advertisement published that the price of goat should for the future be no more than twopence the pound at the market. The Governor laid before the board the following letter he had received from Robert Wright, dated at St Helena 24 October 1746, addressed to Governor Dunbar. Wright had acted as overseer and secretary for the six months past, and found on trial that he could not discharge the duties of both places as he desired, since they required and he was not versed in country affairs, and he had been used to the business of the secretary's office. He asked the Governor's consent to resign the place of overseer, so that he might act in that of secretary, until the Company's pleasure should be known. He subscribed himself the Governor's obedient and humble servant. Interpretations Wright's request to resign the overseer's place and keep the secretary's marks the difficulty of combining two very different offices in one man, the practical management of the plantations against the clerical business of the council. He found the overseer's work of country affairs, the stock, the crops and the labour, beyond his experience, being a man used to the pen and the office rather than the field. This resignation of the doubled office shows the limit of the settlement's economy of joining posts in single hands, the two roles proving too unlike for one man to hold, so that Wright asked to keep the work he knew and lay down the work he did not. The dispute over the goat price, the soldiers paying threepence for goat when it cost the Company nothing to raise, marks the Governor taking the garrison's part against a charge he held unreasonable. The goats ran wild on the Company's west ground at no cost, and the Governor pressed that the men should not pay threepence for meat that cost nothing, setting the price down to twopence and undertaking to supply from the Company's own goats. This intervention on the soldiers' behalf shows the Governor regulating the market in the garrison's favour, the price of a meat that cost nothing to raise cut for the men who complained of it. The Governor's charge that the planters kept their young cattle in money, holding beasts as stock rather than selling them, marks his reading of the market shortage as the planters' choice to hoard against the garrison's need. He held that the inhabitants kept their young cattle as a store of value, selling only the smallest to foreign ships at a few shillings while withholding the beef the garrison wanted, so that their plea of scarcity masked a deliberate keeping-back. This charge of hoarding shows the Governor viewing the planters' management of their herds as a withholding against the Company, the market's shortfall traced to the inhabitants' treating their cattle as wealth to be kept rather than provisions to be furnished.
171	181	1746 Mr Wright then desired our Consent to the said request for the reasons aforesaid To which We agreed Unanimously thinking it too much for one person to act in both places The Storekeeper this day Produced his day Books according to Order of Cons of 29 April last David Dunbar As to the Governour's Report, we sign to it as such, and approve of the Rest of the Consultation Cha Hutchinson John Goodwin Reede Curling Wright At a Consultation Held on Tuesday the 4 day of November, 1746 at the Castle Present Colonel David Dunbar Governour Capt Charles Hutchinson Lt Governoure John Goodwin Matthew Curling of Council Robert Wright The last Consultation was read, and Approved Tuesday 28 October Died Elizabeth, Daughter of Elizabeth Brown Widow Mr Joseph Desfountain this day delivered the following Petition vizt To	Wright then desired the board's consent to his request to resign the overseer's place. The board agreed unanimously, thinking it too much for one person to act in both places. The storekeeper laid his stock books before the board on 28 October 1746, as required by the order made at the consultation of 29 April 1746. The Governor subscribed his report, David Dunbar. As to the Governor's report, the members Charles Hutchinson, John Goodwin, Purling and Wright signed to it as such, and approved of the rest of the consultation. At a consultation held on Tuesday 4 November 1746 at the castle, the board sat as Governor Dunbar, Charles Hutchinson the Lieutenant Governor, John Goodwin, Matthew Purling and Robert Wright of council. The last consultation was read and approved. Elizabeth, daughter of Elizabeth Brown, widow, died on Tuesday 28 October 1746. Joseph Desfountain delivered the following petition to the board on 4 November 1746. Interpretations The members' signing to the Governor's report as such, while approving the rest of the consultation, marks the careful distinction the board drew between the Governor's own statement and the acts of the whole council. The members set their names to the report to acknowledge it as the Governor's, without necessarily endorsing its charges against the planters and against themselves, while approving the ordinary business of the meeting. This measured subscription shows the continuing tension between the Governor and his council, the members recording the report as his without adopting its accusations, the same distance that had marked their dealings through the summer's quarrels. The board's unanimous agreement that the overseer's and secretary's places were too much for one man marks a plain acceptance of the limit of joining offices, on a point where no quarrel divided them. Where the Governor and members had clashed over the market and the planters, they agreed at once on Wright's resignation, the practical unfitness of one man for two such different roles being beyond dispute. This ready unanimity on the offices, against the sharp division on the market, shows the board able to act together on administrative necessity even as it remained at odds over the larger questions of the settlement's governance.
172	182	November 4 To the Worshipfull David Dunbar Esqr Govr &c Council of St Helena The Humble petition of Joseph Desfountain Sheweth That the Estate of William Simpson Deceased is greatly indebted, and Your Petitioner is Executor That there is a House in James's Valley belonging to the said William Simpson, which stands on Free land and is yet Unsold Your Petitioner therefore humbly prays, that he may have liberty to sell the said House, in Order to discharge the said William Simpson's Debts 4 November 1746 And your Petitioner as in duty bound shall ever pray Signd Jos Desfountain It appearing by the Testator's Will that his Debts were to be first paid, It was therefore thought right, in Pursuance thereof, to grant the Petition Sarah Hayes an Orphan, presented the following Petition, vizt To the Worshipfull David Dunbar Esqr Govr &c Council of St Helena The Humble Petition of Sarah Hayes Sheweth That she hath lived with William Seale	Joseph Desfountain petitioned the board on 4 November 1746, setting out that the estate of William Simpson deceased was greatly indebted and that he was its executor. He stated that a house in James Valley belonging to Simpson stood on freehold land and was as yet unsold. He asked leave to sell the house in order to discharge Simpson's debts. The petition was subscribed by Joseph Desfountain. It appearing by the testator's will that his debts were to be first paid, the board thought it right, and granted the petition accordingly. Sarah Hayes, an orphan, presented the following petition to the board, setting out that she had lived with William Seale. Interpretations The petition to sell a freehold house to discharge a deceased debtor's estate marks the executor's dependence on the board's leave before disposing of the dead man's real property. Simpson's will directed his debts be paid first, and the executor could not sell the house to meet them without the council's sanction, the board acting as the authority that oversaw the winding-up of estates. This requirement of leave shows the settlement's control over the transfer of land even in the settling of debts, the executor bound to seek the board's approval before the sale that the will itself required. The board's granting the petition on the strength of the will's direction that debts be paid first marks the council enforcing the testator's own intention in overseeing the estate. The will's provision governed the disposal, and the board, finding the sale conformable to the testator's wishes, allowed what the will had ordered, acting to carry out the dead man's directions rather than to override them. This deference to the will shows the board settling estates according to the testator's expressed intent, the council's authority used to give effect to the will's provisions rather than to impose its own arrangement.
173	183	1746 these two Years past, during which time she has been greatly Misused and wanted Cloathing of all sort, Notwithstanding the said William Seale had five pounds paid him in order to provide Your Petitioner with Necessary Cloathing, which he hath made other use of Your Petitioner therefore humbly prays that she may have leave to quitt the said William Seale's House, and that the said William Seale may account for the aforesaid money 4 November 1746 And your Petitioner, as in duty bound, shall ever pray Ordered William Seale to be summoned to attend the next Consultation day The Storekeeper this day brought in his Account of Waste for the Year ending 30 Sept last, which was Examined, & approved and is as follows, vizt Profit and Loss Dr to Sundry Accounts L 32 18 10 1/2 Lost by Leakage, Wastage, Short Weight, and Measure, by Drawing by the Gallon, half Gallon, &c and by Weighing by the pound &c and Sundry sorts of Goods Sold by the Yard in the Year ending 30 Sept 1746 vizt Arrack 116 2 Gallons L 27 11 4 1/2 Blocks 2 broke 6 Brandy 8/8 Gallons 1 15 10 1/2 Buckrahm vizt 1/2 Yard Buckram 2 1/2 5 Yards Osnabrigs 1 8 1/2 1 11 Canvas vizt 2 Yards Sacking 1 4 1/2 Yard Riesia Duck 8 2 L 29 17 2	Sarah Hayes set out that she had lived with William Seale these two years past, during which time she had been greatly misused and wanted clothing of all sorts, notwithstanding that five pounds had been paid Seale in order to provide her with necessary clothing, which he had made other use of. She asked leave to quit Seale's house, and that Seale might account for the money. The petition was made on 4 November 1746. The board ordered William Seale to be summoned to attend at the next consultation. The storekeeper brought in his account of waste for the year ending 30 September 1746 on 4 November 1746, which was examined and approved. The account ran as follows, being the goods charged to profit and loss and lost by leakage, waste, short weight and measure, by drawing by the gallon and half gallon and by weighing by the pound, and sundry sorts of goods sold by the yard in the year ending 30 September 1746. Profit and loss, account of waste, year to 30 September 1746 — item, quantity, component (£ s d), total (£ s d) Arrack, 116.5 gallons, £27 11s 4.5d Blocks, 2 broke, £0 0s 6d Brandy, 8.5 gallons, £1 15s 10.5d Buckram: 0.5 yard of buckram, £0 0s 2.5d 5 yards of oznabrigs, £0 1s 8.5d Buckram total, £0 1s 11d [as entered] Canvas: 2 yards of sacking, £0 1s 4d 0.5 yard of Russia duck, £0 0s 8d Canvas total, £0 2s 0d [as entered] Total, £29 17s 2d [as entered] Interpretations The waste account set the yearly loss on goods spoiled, leaked, short-weighed or worn in the handling to profit and loss, the settlement reckoning the shrinkage of its store as a charge on the year's trade. Arrack led the loss by far, more than twenty-seven pounds lost in the drawing and measuring of spirits, the liquid staple wasting in the constant tapping and pouring from cask to measure. This account of waste marks the store's careful reckoning of its unavoidable losses, the shrinkage of goods in storage and handling entered as a distinct charge so the true cost of the year's dealing could be told. Sarah Hayes's petition, a destitute orphan misused in the household that was paid to keep her, marks the working of the settlement's system of binding orphans to service and its liability to abuse. Five pounds had been paid Seale to clothe her, which he had spent otherwise while she went in want and ill-used, and she sought the board's protection to leave and to have the money accounted for. This petition shows the shadow side of the orphan-binding practice, the child placed with a master who took the maintenance money and neglected the charge, the board called to redress the wrong and compel the account. The heavy loss on arrack in the drawing and measuring marks the particular wastage of the settlement's chief liquid commodity, the spirit lost in every transfer from cask to gallon to half gallon. Arrack was drawn and sold in great quantity, and each tapping and pouring spilled and evaporated a little, the accumulated loss over the year running to a substantial sum. This concentration of waste on the arrack shows the cost of dealing in liquids by measure, the store's largest single loss falling on the spirit that passed most often through its taps and measures.
174	184	November 4 Brought Over L 29 17 2 Corks vizt 1/2 doz Corks lost in Counting 11 1/2 1/2 Cork wood 4 1/2 1 4 Candles 16 lb 1 2 8 Glassware vizt 2 pr Glass 12 by 12 1 3 1/2 1 Wine Glass 4 1 9 1/2 Hooks, and Lines 330 Blue hooks lost in Counting 10 1/2 Haberdasheryware vizt 3 Tin Breast Buttons 1/2 1/2 Yard Bed Do 1 1/2 Yard Stay Tape 1 1/2 3 1/4 Ironware vizt 1 Ragstone 1 1/2 10 Oz Brass Wire 1 10 1/2 1 Scyth Stone 1 1/2 4 Large Gimblets 11 1 Small Do 1 1/2 2 Rasp Hooks 1 6 2 Gimblet Bits 6 4 9 Lead 8 Bird Shot 1 4 Leather 11 lb 10 1 Nails 2 lb 1 2 1/2 Oyl 17/8 Gallons Linsed & Spain 3 11 4 1/2 Paint vizt 1 1/2 Verdigrease 13 4 1/2 16 3/4 Brimstone 3 5 1/2 7 lb Blue Smalts 2 6 14 Whiting 3 1/2 17 6 1/2 Pitch & Tarr vizt 13 lb Rozin 1 6 3/4 7 lb Turpentine 9 9 11 3 3/4 Carried Over L 37 1 8	The account of waste for the year ending 30 September 1746 continued, the total carried over at £29 17s 2d. Profit and loss, account of waste (continued), year to 30 September 1746 — item, quantity, component (£ s d), total (£ s d) Brought over, £29 17s 2d Corks: 0.5 dozen of corks, lost in counting, £0 0s 11.5d 0.5 lb of corkwood, £0 0s 4.5d Corks total, £0 1s 4d [as entered] Candles, 16 lb, £1 2s 8d Glassware: 2 pieces of glass, 12 by 12, £0 1s 3.5d 1 wine glass, £0 0s 4d Glassware total, £0 1s 9.5d [as entered] Hooks and lines, 350 blue hooks, lost in counting, £0 0s 10.5d Haberdashery ware: 3 tin breast buttons, £0 0s 0.5d 0.5 yard of coloured tape, £0 0s 1d 0.5 yard of ferreting tape, £0 0s 1.5d Haberdashery total, £0 0s 3d [as entered] Iron ware: 1 ragstone, £0 0s 1.5d 10 oz of brass wire, £0 1s 10.5d 1 scythe stone, £0 0s 1.5d 4 large gimlets, £0 0s 11d 1 small gimlet, £0 0s 1.5d 2 ratch hooks, £0 1s 6d 2 gimlet bits, £0 0s 6d Iron ware total, £0 4s 9d [as entered] Lead, 8 lb of bird shot, £0 1s 4d Leather, 11 lb, £0 10s 1d Nails, 2.75 hundredweight, £0 1s 2.5d Oil, 17.5 gallons of linseed and train, £3 11s 4.5d Paint: 1.5 lb of verdigris, £0 13s 0.5d [as entered] 16.75 lb of brimstone, £0 3s 5.5d 0.5 lb of blue smalts, £0 2s 6d 14 lb of whiting, £0 0s 3.5d Paint total, £0 17s 6.5d [as entered] Pitch and tar: 1 lb of rosin, £0 1s 6.5d 7.5 lb of turpentine, £0 9s 9d Pitch and tar total, £0 11s 3.5d [as entered] Carried over, £37 1s 8d [as entered] Interpretations The corks and blue hooks lost in counting mark the small unavoidable losses of goods dealt in great number, a few dropped or miscounted in the handling of thousands. Hooks and corks were sold and issued by the gross and the thousand, and in the counting and moving of such quantities a few were inevitably lost, the shrinkage entered plainly to profit and loss. This accounting of the losses in counting shows the store's care to reckon even the smallest wastage, the few corks and hooks gone astray in the handling of bulk goods set down against the year's trade. The oil lost by leakage marks the wastage of another liquid commodity in the storage and drawing, the linseed and train oil seeping and evaporating from cask and measure like the arrack. Oil was drawn and sold by the gallon for painting, tanning and the lamps, and its handling spilled and lost a portion over the year, entered among the waste. This loss on the oil shows the same difficulty of dealing in liquids as the arrack, the store's charge to profit and loss falling heavily on the commodities that passed through its taps and measures and wasted in the transfer. The paint materials lost to waste, the verdigris, brimstone, smalts and whiting, mark the shrinkage of the pigments in their handling and storage, the powders spilling and the pastes drying over the year. Paint materials were kept in quantity and drawn out for the constant work of preserving the settlement's fabric, and a portion was lost in the weighing and moving, entered among the waste. This loss on the paints shows the store reckoning the wastage of even its dry goods, the pigments and coatings gone in the handling set down to profit and loss like the liquids and the counted wares.
175	185	1746 Brought Over L 37 1 8 Pease 7/8 Bushell 6 Pepper 4 lb 1 9 Rice 11 3 14 3 8 8 1/2 4 3 Paddy 1 8 3 10 4 1/2 Starch, & Hair Powder vizt 3 Hair Powder 1 8 1/2 3 Starch 1 3 2 11 1/2 Salt 1/2 Bushel 1 7 1/2 Soap 2 pr 3 lb 5 18 6 Sugar & Candy vizt 3 pr 9 Candy 1 3 10 1/2 3 2 23 3/4 Sugar 4 15 3 1/2 5 19 2 Tea 2 lb 1 5 Turnersware vizt 1 Platter 1 2 Ladles 4 11 L 52 18 10 M Curling Stock We Executed the following Lease Granted in Consultation of 21 October last Island St Helena The Lords Proprietors of this Island the Honble the United Company of Merchants of England trading to the East Indies Do hereby Demise Lease and to farm Lett unto Richard Tinsley all that Piece or parcell of Ground Containing twenty feet in Weath and forty feet in Depth, Situate lying and being the Demise alley on Bulwark Side bounding East on the said Richard Tinsley West and North on the Honble Company's West Land	The account of waste for the year ending 30 September 1746 closed, the total carried over at £37 1s 8d. Profit and loss, account of waste (continued), year to 30 September 1746 — item, quantity, component (£ s d), total (£ s d) Brought over, £37 1s 8d Peas, 0.5 bushel, £0 0s 6d Pepper, 3 lb, £0 1s 9d Rice and paddy: 11 hundredweight 3 quarters 12 lb of rice, £3 8s 8.5d 1 hundredweight 3 quarters of paddy, £0 1s 8d Rice and paddy total, £3 10s 4.5d [as entered] Starch and hair powder: 3 lb of hair powder, £0 1s 8.5d 3 lb of starch, £0 1s 3d Starch and hair powder total, £0 2s 11.5d [as entered] Salt, 2 bushels, £0 1s 7.5d Soap, 2 hundredweight 3 quarters, £0 5s 18d [as entered] Sugar and candy: 3 hundredweight 1 quarter 20 lb of candy, £1 3s 10.5d 3 hundredweight 2 quarters 23.5 lb of sugar, £4 15s 3.5d Sugar and candy total, £5 19s 2d [as entered] Tea, 0.5 lb, £0 1s 5d Turnery ware: 1 platter, £0 0s 1d 2 ladles, £0 0s 4d Turnery total, £0 0s 11d [as entered] Total, £52 18s 10d [as entered] The account of waste was subscribed by Matthew Purling, storekeeper. The board executed on 4 November 1746 the lease granted to Richard Insley at the consultation of 21 October 1746. The lease ran in the name of the island of St Helena. The lords proprietors of the island, the honourable the United Company of Merchants of England trading to the East Indies, granted to Richard Insley a parcel of ground 20 feet in breadth and 20 feet in depth, being behind the dwelling house he held in James Valley near the bulwark, bounded east by Insley himself, west and north by the Company's west ground. Interpretations The whole year's waste closed at £52 18s 10d, the sum of every loss the store bore in a twelvemonth of handling, storage and dealing. This grand total measured the unavoidable shrinkage of the settlement's trade, the arrack and oil lost in the drawing, the rice and sugar wasted in the storage, the small wares gone astray in the counting, all reckoned into a single charge on profit and loss. The account's close gives the plain measure of what the store lost simply in keeping and dealing its goods, a standing cost of trade the Company entered each year against the year's business. The rice and sugar among the heaviest losses mark the wastage of the bulk provisions in their long storage against the settlement's need. Rice and sugar were held in great quantity against the demands of the slaves, the table and the store's sales, and their long keeping in a warm and damp climate spoiled and shrank a portion over the year. This loss on the staple provisions shows the difficulty of storing food in bulk on the island, the rice and sugar wasting in the warehouse against the constant need to hold them in quantity for the settlement's supply. The grant of Richard Insley's plot behind his existing house, executed under seal after the earlier order and view, completes the regular course of a town-lot lease from petition through inspection to formal grant. Insley had asked for the ground at the consultation of 21 October, the board had ordered it viewed, and the lease was now drawn and sealed, the same deliberate process applied to every town grant however small. This execution of Insley's lease marks the settled machinery of the Company's land-letting, the small plot conveyed with the full form of an indenture after the board had satisfied itself of its extent and worth.
176	186	Novr 4 Land South on a house and Yard late belonging to James Vaughton Deced with the Apurts To have and to hold the afore said Land and Premises with the Appurtenances unto the said Richard Tinsley his Executors Admins & Assigns from the Day of the date thereof unto the full end & term of Twenty one Years from thence next Ensuing Yeilding and Paying therefore Yearly & every Year during the term hereby Apairted unto the said Honble Company & their Successors Agents or Assigns the Sum of five Shilling on the feast of Saint Michael the Archangell in every Year Upon Condition that the said Richard Tinsley his Exors Admins & Assigns doand Shall bear true faith and Allegiance to our Sovereign Lord George the Second His Heirs and Successors and true faith to them the said Honble Company and their Successors and Upon Condition that the the said Richard Tinsley His Exors Admins & Assigns do and Shall at the Endorsoever Expiration thereof Leave the same Ground & premises in like Good Condition & Repair and not Suffer the said Ground or any Building that is or may be thereon to run to Ruin or decay And Upon Condition that he the said Richard Tinsley his Executors Admins or Assigns Shall not sell or dispose of this Lease or his or their Enterest therein without the Leave and Consent of the Governour and Council for the time being In Witness Whereof We the said Governour and Council have set our Names and the Honble Companys Seale this 4 day of Novr in the twentieth Year of the Reign of our said Sovereign Lord George the second by the Grace of God of Great Brittain France and Ireland King defender of the faith and So forth and in the Year of our Lord 1746 and the said Richard Tinsley hath to the other Part sett his Hand and Seale the day and Year above Written Signd David Dunbar Chas Hutchinson John Goodwin M Curling R Wright	The lease to Richard Insley continued, the parcel bounded south by a house and yard late belonging to James Vaughn deceased, with the appurtenances. Insley, his executors, administrators and assigns were to hold it from the date of the lease for a full term of 21 years, paying a yearly rent of fivepence a year throughout the term, due on 29 September in every year. Insley and his heirs, administrators and assigns were bound to bear true faith and allegiance to the sovereign lord King George the Second, his heirs and successors, and true faith to the Company and their successors. He was bound to leave the ground and premises in the same good condition at the end of the term, not to let the ground or any building on it fall into ruin or decay, and not to sell or dispose of his interest in the lease without the leave and consent of the Governor and council for the time being. The Governor and council set their names and affixed the Company's seal on 4 November 1746, in the twentieth year of the reign of King George the Second, and Insley set his hand and seal to the other part of the indenture. The lease was signed by David Dunbar, Charles Hutchinson, John Goodwin, Matthew Purling and Robert Wright. Interpretations The rent of fivepence a year on Insley's twenty-foot plot marks the token charge the Company set on the smallest town ground, a sum so slight that the rent itself can hardly have been the object. The value to the Company lay rather in the covenants the lease carried, the tenant bound to keep the ground and any building in repair, to surrender it in good condition and not to assign without leave, so that the Company held its control and its improvements at almost no rent. This nominal charge shows the Company's letting of small plots as a means of ordered settlement and continuing control rather than of revenue, the fivepence a mere acknowledgement of the Company's ownership. The full indenture form used for so trifling a plot, with its recital of the Company as lords proprietors, its measured bounds, its covenants and its binding of the tenant to the Crown, marks the settlement conveying even the smallest ground with the whole machinery of a formal grant. The twenty-foot plot behind a house was let with the same instrument that would convey a great estate, the form fixed regardless of the size or worth of the parcel. This uniformity of the lease shows the Company's insistence on the full legal form in every grant, the smallest plot secured by the same covenants and recitals as the largest, so that its title and control were established beyond dispute in every case.
177	187	1746 The Storekeeper this day Produced his day Books for the Week past, according to Order of Cons of 29 April last I have signed to the Waste in the foregoing Collection & will enter in an easter be Markets time David Dunbar We approve of the Whole of this Consultation Cha Hutchinson John Goodwin Reede Curling Wright At a Consultation held on Tuesday the 11 day of November 1746 at the Castle Present Colonel David Dunbar Governour Capt Charles Hutchinson Lt Gov John Goodwin Matthew Curling of Council Robert Wright The last Consultation was read, and Approved Messrs Joseph Powell, John Worrall and John Swaits, delivered the following Petition, vizt Island St Helena To the Worshipfull David Dunbar Esqr Governour &c Council of St Helena The humble Petition of Joseph Powell John Worrall and John Swaits Sheweth That	The storekeeper laid his stock books for the week past before the board on 4 November 1746, as required by the order made at the consultation of 29 April 1746. The Governor noted that he had agreed to the waste in the foregoing collection and would enter his reasons at a more leisurely time, subscribing David Dunbar. The members Charles Hutchinson, John Goodwin, Purling and Wright approved of the whole of the consultation. At a consultation held on Tuesday 11 November 1746 at the castle, the board sat as Governor Dunbar, Charles Hutchinson the Lieutenant Governor, John Goodwin, Matthew Purling and Robert Wright of council. The last consultation was read and approved. Joseph Powell, John Worrall and John Swaits delivered the following petition to the board. The petition, addressed to Governor Dunbar and the council, was the humble petition of Joseph Powell, John Worrall and John Swaits. Interpretations The Governor's note that he agreed to the waste but would enter his reasons at a more leisurely time marks a small continuing friction over the storekeeper's accounts, the Governor accepting the figures while reserving some comment on them. Where the members simply approved the whole consultation, the Governor set down a qualification, the same habit of entering his own reservations that had marked his dealings with the board through the year. This reservation on the waste account shows the Governor's persistent care to record his own position distinctly from the members', even on a matter he did not dispute, the storekeeper's waste noted as agreed but with the Governor's reasons held back for later entry.
178	188	November 11 That your Petitioners have Sheep, in Company with many Others, & which Range in, and about the Common of the said Island, called, Thomstone hill, in the West Division That your Petitioners have no Pound, or Convenience for that Purpose, on, or near the said Common That some of the Persons, who are owners of the Goat Pound there, have refused Your Petitioners the Liberty of pounding their Sheep in the said Goat pound Your petitioners therefore humbly pray, That you would grant them Leave to Build a pound on the Common aforesaid to pound their Sheep in And your Petitioners Shall Ever pray &c Signd Joseph Powell John Worrall John Swaits Granted Mr William Seale this day Attended according to Order of Last Consultation, on the Complaint of Sarah Hayes an Orphan, and made no Objection to her leaving him and Setling Accounts with her; but desired he might be paid the Interest of her fortune (which is about £18) during the time She had lived with him, being 27 Months, which he Alledged was in agreement between her late Trustee, and himself Maintaining her, which We thought reasonable, and Granted Accordingly The Plantation, Gunners and Stewards Accounts were delivered for the Month of October last, which were Examined and Approved, and are, as follows, vizt	Joseph Powell, John Worrall and John Swaits set out that they had sheep, in common with many others, which ranged about the common of the island called Thomstone Hill in the west division. They had no pound or convenience for that purpose on or near the common. Some of the persons who owned the goat pound there had refused them leave to pound their sheep in it. They asked leave to build a pound on the common to pound their sheep in. The petition was subscribed by Joseph Powell, John Worrall and John Swaits. The board granted it. William Seale attended on 11 November 1746, as ordered at the last consultation, on the complaint of Sarah Hayes, an orphan. He made no objection to her leaving him and settling accounts with her, but desired he might be paid the interest of her fortune, which was about eighteen pounds, during the twenty-seven months she had lived with him. He alleged this was in agreement between her late trustee and himself for maintaining her. The board thought it reasonable and granted it accordingly. The plantation, gunner's and steward's accounts for October 1746 were delivered on 11 November 1746, examined and approved. Interpretations The petition to build a sheep pound on the common, granted after the goat-pound owners refused the use of theirs, marks the settlement's care to provide the means of impounding stray stock and the private control of existing pounds. A pound was needed to confine sheep that strayed on the common, and the refusal of the goat-pound owners left the sheep-keepers without one, so they sought leave to build their own. This grant shows the board furnishing the settlement with the means of managing its common grazing, the pound a necessary convenience for a stock running loose on open ground where private owners would not share their own. The settlement of Sarah Hayes's complaint, Seale allowing her to leave but claiming the interest of her fortune for her maintenance, marks the working of the orphan-binding system and the accounting it required. The board had summoned Seale on the orphan's complaint of misuse and want, and the matter was resolved by allowing him the interest on her eighteen pounds against the cost of keeping her, an arrangement the board found reasonable. This settlement shows the board balancing the orphan's grievance against the master's claim for maintenance, the child's fortune drawn on to meet the cost of her keep even where she complained of ill usage, the interest allowed against the twenty-seven months she had lived with him. The distinction between the sheep pound the petitioners sought and the goat pound already there marks the separate management of the island's different stock on the common ground. The goats and sheep ranged the same common but were pounded apart, the goat-pound owners holding their own and refusing it to the sheep-keepers, so that a second pound was needed. This division of the pounds shows the settlement's grazing organised by the kind of stock, the goats and sheep each requiring their own means of confinement, the common shared but its management divided among the owners of the different herds.
179	189	Account of the Honourable Company's Stock of Neat Cattle &c for the Month of October, 1746 vizt Bulls, Cows, Calves, Yearlings, Weyners, Steers, Bullocks, Oxen, Total, Ews, Weathers, Lambs, Rams, Total, Ews, Weathers, T/ Do, Rams, Total, Sows, Weaners, Shoats, Piggs, Weans, Total, Turkeys, Fowls, Chickens, Ducks, Geese, Horses, Mares, Total Remd 1: Bulls 3, Cows 111, Calves 126, Yearlings 60, Weyners 32, Steers 39, Bullocks 8, Oxen 16, Total 397, Ews 113, Weathers 22, Lambs 105, Rams 7, Total 247, Ews 174, Weathers 31, T/ Do 148, Rams 5, Total 358, Sows 29, Weaners 0, Shoats 16, Piggs 127, Weans 1, Total 203, Turkeys 169, Fowls 85, Chickens 261, Ducks 149, Geese 13, Horses 11, Mares 9, Total 20 Encreased: Cows 4, Lambs 4, T/ Do 17, Total 17, Chickens 38, Ducks 32 Bulls 3, Cows 111, Calves 130, Yearlings 60, Weyners 32, Steers 39, Bullocks 8, Oxen 16, Total 401, Ews 113, Weathers 22, Lambs 105, Rams 7, Total 247, Ews 174, Weathers 31, T/ Do 165, Rams 5, Total 375, Sows 29, Weaners 0, Shoats 16, Piggs 127, Weans 1, Total 203, Turkeys 207, Fowls 117, Chickens 261, Ducks 149, Geese 13, Horses 11, Mares 9, Total 20 Killed: Cows 1, Steers 1, Ews 2, Weathers 1, Rams 1, Ews 12, Weathers 9, T/ Do 3, Total 24, Sows 1, Shoats 5, Chickens 6, Geese 2 Died, & Killd by Dogs, Stole: Calves 1, Ews 1, Weathers 2, Lambs 1, Rams 2, Total 5, Piggs 20, Total 20, Chickens 1, Ducks 2 Remd 31: Bulls 3, Cows 110, Calves 130, Yearlings 39, Weyners 42, Steers 49, Bullocks 7, Oxen 16, Total 398, Ews 110, Weathers 21, Lambs 103, Rams 7, Total 241, Ews 162, Weathers 22, T/ Do 162, Rams 5, Total 351, Sows 28, Weaners 0, Shoats 11, Piggs 107, Weans 1, Total 177, Turkeys 207, Fowls 117, Chickens 261, Ducks 147, Geese 11, Horses 11, Mares 9, Total 20 2 Beasts sent to Market wt 708 21 Goats to Ditto wt 398 6 Hoggs to Ditto wt 481 Yams Expended 55000 1746	The account of the Company's stock of neat cattle and other livestock for October 1746 ran as follows, the movement of every class set against its figure. Neat cattle — bulls, cows, calves, yearlings, weaners, steers, bullocks, oxen, total Remaining 1 October, bulls 3, cows 111, calves 126, yearlings 60, weaners 32, steers 39, bullocks 8, oxen 0, total 397 [as entered] Increased, calves 4, total 4 Standing after increase, bulls 3, cows 111, calves 130, yearlings 60, weaners 32, steers 39, bullocks 8, oxen 0, total 401 [as entered] Killed, cows 1, steers 1, total 1 [as entered] Died and killed by dogs, calves 1, total 1 Stole, 0 Remaining 31 October, bulls 3, cows 110, calves 130, yearlings 39, weaners 42, steers 49, bullocks 7, oxen 0, total 398 [as entered] Sheep — ewes, wethers, lambs, weaners, rams, total Remaining 1 October, ewes 113, wethers 22, lambs 105, weaners 7, rams 0, total 247 Increased, lambs 4, total 4 Standing after increase, ewes 113, wethers 22, lambs 105, weaners 7, rams 0, total 251 [as entered] Killed, ewes 2, lambs 1, total 21 [as entered] Died and killed by dogs, ewes 1, wethers 2, lambs 1, total 2 [as entered] Stole, 0 Remaining 31 October, ewes 110, wethers 21, lambs 103, weaners 7, rams 0, total 241 Goats — she-goats, wethers, kids, weaners, total Remaining 1 October, she-goats 174, wethers 31, kids 148, weaners 5, total 358 Increased, kids 17, total 17 Standing after increase, she-goats 174, wethers 31, kids 165, weaners 5, total 375 [as entered] Killed, she-goats 12, kids 9, total 3 [as entered] Died and killed by dogs, she-goats 1, kids 2, total 5 [as entered] Stole, 0 Remaining 31 October, she-goats 162, wethers 22, kids 162, weaners 5, total 351 [as entered] Hogs — sows, barrows, shoats, piggs, boars, total Remaining 1 October, sows 29, barrows 0, shoats 46, piggs 127, boars 1, total 203 Increased, 0 Standing after increase, sows 29, barrows 0, shoats 46, piggs 127, boars 1, total 203 Killed, shoats 5, total 5 Died and killed by dogs, shoats 20, total 20 Stole, 0 Remaining 31 October, sows 28, barrows 0, shoats 41, piggs 107, boars 1, total 177 [as entered] Poultry — turkeys, fowls, chickens, ducks, geese, total; horses — mares, horses, total Remaining 1 October, turkeys 1, fowls 203, chickens 169, ducks 85, geese 26, total 119 [as entered]; geese 13, mares 11, horses 9, total 20 Increased, chickens 38, ducks 32, total 0 Standing after increase, turkeys 1, fowls 203, chickens 207, ducks 117, geese 26, total 119 [as entered]; mares 13, horses 11, total 20 Killed, ducks 6, total 0 Died and killed by dogs, ducks 1, geese 2, total 0 Stole, 0 Remaining 31 October, turkeys 1, fowls 203, chickens 207, ducks 117, geese 26, total 119 [as entered]; geese 11, mares 11, horses 9, total 20 Two beasts were sent to market weighing 708 lb, 21 goats likewise weighing 398 lb, and 6 hogs weighing 481 lb. Yams expended came to 55,000 lb. Interpretations The account now carries a distinct line for stock killed by dogs, set together with the deaths, marking a fresh loss to the herds from marauding dogs that the earlier month's account had not shown. Hogs suffered most, twenty piggs killed by dogs in the month against the settlement's efforts to keep its stock, the loss entered plainly among the ordinary deaths. This appearance of dog-killing in the account marks a recurring hazard to the island's livestock, the loose dogs of the settlement preying on the young stock, a loss the overseer set down against the herds like theft and disease. The heavy expenditure of yams, 55,000 lb in the month, marks the return of the yam as the staple feed of the settlement's slaves and stock after the leaner months. Yams were the island's own root crop, the chief food of the enslaved labour force and a feed for the stock, and this large expenditure shows a good supply drawn on through October. This weight of yams expended measures the settlement's dependence on its own root crop, the yam feeding the slaves and the herds in quantity where the imported rice and the uncertain grain could not wholly serve. The market supply of two beasts, twenty-one goats and six hogs, entered with their weights, marks the settlement furnishing the garrison's market from the Company's own stock as the Governor had undertaken in the market dispute. The killing of these beasts for the market, set down against the herds, shows the Company making good part of the provisioning the planters would not fully furnish, the goats in particular supplied at the reduced price the Governor had ordered. This market supply from the Company's stock shows the board carrying out its part of the negotiated arrangement, the establishment's own herds drawn on to feed the garrison alongside what the planters sent.
180	190	November 11 The Day of month Gunners Stores Expended in October, 1746 1 Powder Delivered to the Stone Blaster for Blowing up Rocks on Ladder Hill 5 8 Powder Delivered to the Stone Blaster for Blowing up Rocks on Ladder hill 6 10 Powder Delivered to the Stone Blaster for Blowing up Rocks on Ladder hill 6 10 17 Powder Delivered to the Stone Blaster for Blowing up Rocks on Ladder hill 3 27 Powder Delivered for Blowing of the Gun on Sandy Bay Ridge 4 The Total 20 10 Spunge Staves Delivered to Mr Ockman for Poke Handles 6 Spunge Staves Delivered to poke Defence for pitch pote 6 Spunge Staves Delivered to Mr Ockman for Poke Handle 1 Signd John French Sundrys Expended at the Castle in October, 1746, vizt 39 Bottles Port Wine L 2 14 1 3/4 22 Do Lisbon 1 12 2 1/4 33 Do Madera 3 8 3/4 9 1/2 3 Gal Arrack Batavia Do 4 3 pr 2 5 5 1/4 36 Bottles Strong Beer 29 Do Small 12 2 1/4 11 3 lb Sugar 2 5 1/4 34 Candy 9 11 208 lb Flower 1 6 34 1/2 Butter 1 14 3 2 Turkeys 10 6 Fowls 9 2 Chickins 2 3 Ducks 7 6 233 lb Fresh Beeff 2 18 5 1/4 Carried Over L 18 11 6 3/4	The gunner's stores expended in October 1746 ran as follows, the day of the month set against each entry. Gunner's stores expended, October 1746 — powder (lb) 1st, powder delivered to the stone blaster for blowing up rocks on Ladder Hill, 5 lb 8th, powder delivered to the stone blaster for blowing up rocks on Ladder Hill, 6 lb 10th, powder delivered to the stone blaster for blowing up rocks on Ladder Hill, 6 lb 17th, powder delivered to the stone blaster for blowing up rocks on Ladder Hill, 3 lb 27th, powder delivered for blowing up the gun on Sandy Bay ridge, 0.5 lb [as entered] Total, 20.5 lb Gunner's stores expended, October 1746 — other stores Sponge staves delivered to Oakman for rake handles, 6 Sponge staves delivered to the Defence for pitch pole, 6 Sponge staves delivered to Oakman for rake handles, 1 This part of the account was signed by John French. The sundries expended at the castle in October 1746 ran as follows. Sundries expended at the castle, October 1746 — quantity, cost (£ s d) 39 bottles of port wine, £2 14s 1.5d 22 bottles of Lisbon, £1 12s 2.5d 33 bottles of Madeira, £3 8s 0.5d 9 gallons 3 quarts of Goa arrack, £2 5s 5.5d 5 gallons 3 quarts of Batavia arrack, [included above] 36 bottles of strong beer, £0 12s 2.5d 29 bottles of small beer, [included above] 11 lb of sugar, £0 2s 5.5d 34 lb of candy, £0 9s 11d 208 lb of flour, £1 6s 0d [as entered] 34.5 lb of butter, £1 14s 3d 2 turkeys, £0 10s 0d 6 fowls, £0 9s 0d 2 chickens, £0 2s 0d 3 ducks, £0 7s 6d 233 lb of fresh beef, £2 18s 5.5d Carried over, £18 11s 6.5d Interpretations The powder issued to the stone blaster for blowing up rocks on Ladder Hill marks a particular work of quarrying or clearing at that steep place above James Valley, the powder spent repeatedly through the month on breaking the rock. Ladder Hill rose sharply above the town and its fortifications, and the blasting of its rock points to work on the defences or the cutting of a way up the height, the powder the settlement's only means of splitting the hard ground. This concentration of blasting on Ladder Hill marks a defined effort of rock-breaking there, the gunner's powder turned to the quarrying of a particular height through the month. The blowing up of a gun on Sandy Bay ridge marks the destruction of a piece of ordnance that had burst or become unserviceable, the powder spent to break it up where it lay. A gun that had split or was past use could be destroyed in place rather than carried off, the small charge of powder sufficing to break the metal, and this entry records such a disposal at the Sandy Bay works. This blowing up of a gun shows the settlement clearing its unserviceable ordnance from the outlying batteries, the burst or worn piece broken up on the ridge rather than left to encumber the work. The fresh beef at 233 lb marks the return of fresh meat to the castle table in some quantity, drawn from the beasts the Company killed for its own use and the market. The general table had often gone without fresh beef in the leaner months, drawing its meat from pork and poultry, and this supply marks a better provision as the Company drew on its own stock. This return of fresh beef to the table shows the settlement's meat supply easing, the Company's own killing furnishing the castle with fresh beef alongside the market provision it undertook to supply.
181	191	1746. Brought Over £ 18 11 6½ 85 ½ Do Pork 18 11 6½ 69 ¾ Mutton 2 2 10½ 5 Peices Salt Pork 1 9 3½ 9 N 69 ½ Goat 22 12 10½ 20 do Beeff for the Sick Blacks 1 8 10½ 5 £ 21 6 8¾ David Dunbar Chas Hutchinson John Goodwin Curling Wright	The account for 1746 carried a total forward from the preceding page and then set down the following charges for meat supplied. Brought over, £18 11s 6.75d Pork, 83.75 lb, £2 2s 10.75d Mutton, 69.75 lb, £1 9s 0.75d Salt pork, 5 pieces, £0 9s 1.5d Subtotal, £22 12s 10.5d Goat, 69.75 lb, for the sick slaves, £1 8s 10.75d Beef, 20 lb, for the sick slaves, £0 5s 0d Total, £24 6s 8.75d Charles Hutchinson, John Goodwin, Richard Gurling and Robert Wright subscribed the account beneath Governor Dunbar. Interpretations The pork, mutton and salt pork were meat drawn from the Company's own herds and stores rather than bought in the weekly market the planters kept, and the account belongs to the running charge the Company carried for feeding its establishment from its plantations. The market-supply dispute of October 1746 turned on exactly this division of burden, the planters offering 600 lb of provisions on Wednesdays and 300 lb on Saturdays and the Governor undertaking to make up the rest from the Company's stock, so an account of the Company's own meat charged over the year sits directly against that quarrel. The goat and beef bracketed together for the sick slaves record the ration issued to labourers too ill for the fortifications or the plantations, a standing charge that appears month by month in the stock accounts, four goats given to the sick slaves in July 1745 and six in August, and fresh beef weighed off to them in the monthly returns. The Company kept its slaves at a bare working diet of yams and rice, so a separate line of fresh meat for the sick marks the practical limit of that economy, the sick being fed better because a dead labourer was a dead asset.
182	192	November At a Consultation held on Tuesday 18th day of November 1746 at the Castle. Present Colonel David Dunbar Governor Capt Charles Hutchinson Lt Govr John Goodwin Matthew Curling Robert Wright of Council The last Consultation was read and Approved. The Accomptant this day produced the General Books of Accompt Ballanced to the 30th of September last which were Ordered to be fair Copied for England. Mr Joseph Deffountain this day delivered the following Petition vizt To the Worshippfull David Dunbar Esqr Governour &c Council of St Helena The humble Petition of Joseph Deffountain Sheweth, That your Petitioner is Executor to Willm Simpson deceased & hath acted therein till All the Matters relating to his Estate are Settled and there is a Considerable Ballance due to the said Estate as p the Account hereunt now delivered in. That there is no Lawfull Heir (as your Petitioner Apprehends) to pay the above Ballance & your Petitionr is desirous of being discharged from the said Trust Your Petitioner therefore humbly Prays That the said Account may be Setled & That he may have Libertyto Pay the said Ballance into the Worsple	At a consultation held at the castle on Tuesday 18 November 1746, Governor Dunbar sat with Charles Hutchinson the Lieutenant Governor, John Goodwin fourth of council, Matthew Purling fifth and Robert Wright sixth. The last consultation was read and approved. The accountant produced the general books of account balanced to 30 September, which the board ordered fair-copied for England. Joseph Desfountain then delivered a petition to Governor Dunbar and the council. He explained that he was executor to William Simpson deceased and had acted in that trust until the whole of the matters touching the estate were settled. A considerable balance remained due to the estate on the account he now delivered. As he understood there was no lawful heir to pay that balance, he asked to be discharged from the trust. He therefore asked the board to settle the account and to allow him to pay the balance into the Company's hands. Interpretations Desfountain's difficulty was that the estate stood in credit but had no one to receive the surplus, the executor being answerable for money he could not lawfully pay out. His remedy was to pay the balance into the Company, which then held the settlement of William Simpson's James Valley freehold house granted at the consultation of 4 November 1746, the sale directed to clear the estate's debts first. Paying the surplus into the Company's cash turned the council into the trustee of last resort for an estate with no heir, discharging the executor while keeping the money answerable should a claimant appear, a routine device by which the settlement absorbed the loose ends of intestate and heirless property on a small island where families died out or scattered.
183	193	1746 Company's Cash & be discharged from his Trust as Executor as afore said St Helena 18th November 1746 And your Petitioner as in Duty bound shall Ever Pray Signed Jos: Deffountain Whereupon we received the money into the Honble Company's Cash and Approved of the Account, and Ordered the same to be Entred vizt The Estate of William Simpson Dor Per Contra Cr To Cash paid Sundry Persons £ 13 6 7 To Arrack Wine Sugar &c in his Daughters Sickness 1 1 6 To Blacks Labour 19 To Funeral Charges &c for his Daughter and Son 2 17 To Cash paid Doctor DuBois for Physick &c for his Daughter 6 To three Years Board & Cloathing for his Son William and Doctors Charges 21 Novr To Marshalls Fees & Charges at 15th 1746 Auction 16 £ 43 7 1 By Salary Yee: due to him at his death 2 9 By Cash Yee: for Goods sold at Auction 9 18 10 By Cash Yee: from Sundry Persons due to him at his Death 1 9 3 By Cash Yee: for House Rent 9 12 By Goods Sold at Auction 2 14 5 By the Dwelling House at do 39 15 £ 63 18 6½ 43 7 1 Balla Due to the Estate £ 22 11 5½ Signed Jos: Deffountain	Joseph Desfountain closed his petition by asking that the balance be paid into the Company's cash and that he be discharged from his trust as executor, subscribing it at St Helena on 18 November 1746. The board then received the money into the Company's cash, approved the account and ordered it entered. The account of William Simpson's estate stood as follows, the debtor side charging what the executor had laid out and the creditor side crediting what the estate had received. Debtor side Cash paid sundry persons, £13 6s 7d Arrack, wine, sugar and other goods in his daughter's sickness, £1 1s 6d Slaves' labour, £0 19s 0d Funeral charges for his daughter and son, £2 17s 0d Cash paid Doctor Dubois for medicine for his daughter, £0 6s 0d Three years' board and clothing for his son William and doctor's charges, £24 0s 0d Marshal's fees and charges at the auction of 15 November 1746, £0 16s 0d Total, £43 7s 1d Creditor side Salary due to him at his death, £2 9s 0.5d Cash received for goods sold at auction, £9 18s 10d Cash received from sundry persons due to him at his death, £1 9s 3d Cash received for house rent, £9 12s 0d Goods sold at auction, £2 14s 5d The dwelling house, £39 15s 0d Total, £65 18s 6.5d Balance already charged, £43 7s 1d Balance due to the estate, £22 11s 5.5d Joseph Desfountain signed the account. Interpretations The debtor side shows where an heirless estate's charges fell, more than half the outlay being three years of board, clothing and doctor's charges for the dead man's son William, so the estate had been carrying the maintenance of a surviving child while the executor waited to wind it up. The sickness and funeral charges for a daughter and a son name a family cut down by illness, which is how the estate came to have no lawful heir and the surplus came to want a home. The dwelling house at £39 15s 0d is by far the largest single credit and is the James Valley freehold whose sale the board had authorised at the consultation of 4 November 1746 to clear the estate's debts. The account shows the sale carried through and the debts met with a surplus left over, which is why the winding-up turned on paying money in rather than raising it, and confirms the estate was solvent and the difficulty purely the absence of anyone to receive the £22 11s 5.5d that remained.
184	194	November James Pritchard this day petitioned for a Lease for a piece of Ground in James's Valley Containing 50 feet in front, and forty feet in Depth to build upon Ordered the Ground to be Viewed. The Governour delivered the following Report, and Account viz November 11 1746 The Governour's Remarks on the the Storekeeper's Account of Proffitt and Loss. 1st As to the leakage and Wast upon Arrack of 140 Gallons or Leaguers, received onely in the Month of May last, and great part of it Drawn of very soon, I cannot Conceive there can be any such Wast upon it at most there were but 10 leaguers in the Whole, and the quantity Charged is worn 14 Gallons or Leaguers, what Con= firms in my Opinion is That I had several leaguers of my Own, and All put in have run more than they were gaged above parti= cularly on the 8th instant paid to the Store Arrack was gaged When it was received, there must have been a very great Neglect, if there was Such Wast, therefore, as this is against my Opinion is well Grounded to consent to Allow such a Charge upon the Company, I think my Self bound in duty, and by my Oath to be just, and faithfull to myself as well to enter my disapprobation of it and Referr it to their Consideration As to the Wast upon Rice, I am not much Imprized at it, because, I Know, yt neither the Storekeeper or his Assistant does Concern themselves in the delivery of it, which I think one of them ought to do, I have no Suspicion of the Person, who delivers it, but think one man may mistake or Omitt weight, or quantity delivered And I insist upon it that either the Storekeeper or his Assistant be allways present at delivery of any Stores. The Assistant Storekeeper, Francis Wrangham junr has been often Remiss in his duty, in keeping his day book without either yr year, month, or day for three Months to Gether, and in being	James Pritchard petitioned for a lease of a piece of ground in James Valley, 50 feet in front and 40 feet deep, to build upon. The board ordered the ground viewed. Governor Dunbar then delivered a report and account dated 11 November 1746, setting out his remarks on the storekeeper's account of profit and loss. On the leakage and waste charged on 240 gallons of arrack, the Governor observed that the whole had been received in one leaguer only in May, that a great part of it was drawn off very soon, and that he could not see how any such waste could arise, since the whole came to no more than ten leaguers and the quantity charged as wasted was twenty gallons a leaguer. He held that several leaguers had stood full and untouched and could not have run more than they were gauged at, particularly on the eighth of the month, when the store arrack was gauged and found true as received. Any such waste, he argued, must point to a very great neglect, so as his opinion against the charge was well grounded, he thought himself bound in duty and by his oath to be just and faithful to enter his disapproval of it and to refer the matter to the board. On the waste charged on rice, the Governor was less troubled, since neither the storekeeper nor his assistant concerned themselves with weighing it out as they ought, and he suspected no one who delivered it, but thought one man might mistake or omit some weight or quantity. He therefore insisted that either the storekeeper or his assistant always be present at the delivery of any stores. The Governor further reported that the assistant storekeeper Francis Wrangham junior had often been remiss in his duty, keeping his day book without any entry of year, month or day for three months together, and being absent. Interpretations The Governor's objection rested on the physics of the cask rather than on any charge of theft, a leaguer being a large cask of about 150 gallons, so that a full and unopened leaguer could not lose the twenty gallons charged against it and the waste, if real, could only mean stores let run or drawn off unrecorded. His appeal to the gauging of the eighth, when the arrack was measured and found to agree with what had been received, anchored the point to a specific check on the page and turned an accounting allowance into evidence of neglect. His invocation of his oath to be just and faithful marks the storekeeper's account of profit and loss as the yearly device by which unaccountable losses were written off the Company's books, the waste account for the year to 30 September 1746 standing at £52 18s 10d with arrack the heaviest line. By entering his formal disapproval rather than simply signing, the Governor used his single vote and his oath to force the loss back onto the members' consideration and onto the record, so that a routine write-off became a question of who would answer for the shortfall. The complaint against Francis Wrangham junior reveals how weak the paper controls over the stores actually were, a day book kept for three months with no dates being no check at all, and it names the practical failure of supervision that made the waste charges impossible to test. The insistence that the storekeeper or his assistant attend every delivery was the Governor's remedy for a system in which goods left the warehouse with no one answerable for the weight.
185	195	1746 absent when his presence was Necessary, I have Complaind of this to Mr Curling, and I have had very many Complaints against Mr Wrangham for abuseing some of the Honble Company's Servants, & Refuseing to Supply them, when at the same time they had the Mortifi= cation to see others supplyd, who had no right, but that Young mans favour, and partiality, I over lookd those Complaints, because, I was unwilling to hurt him, and once favoured him to a degree, which was very Culpable in me, it was, That When I Orderd him in April 1745 On board Capt Pelly on being bent for our Stores from that Ship which passd by without Anchoring he brought 3 Cask of Arrack and Other things, for his Father, and left our Stores to be Carry'd to England, He Ought to have been dismissd the Service for that single fact, and I ask the Company's pardon for passing it by & I should not mention it at this time, but provoked by other Complaints There is another Circumstance, yt I must take notice of, and which is, in great part occasiond by this Young mans partiality, & abuse, of some of the Company's Servants viz That in our Instructions which I brought over, there was one article, that the best Writer should be Appointed Assistant Storekeeper, and by report and at the request of Mr Curling this Gentleman was the best, and was Appointed; they were all Strangers to me but, if I had Known, that he was Mr Curling's brother sown I should not have Consented to it, I think that a Sufficient objection, and it was made by the Honble Company when I proposed a brother of mine to be Ld Governour here when they did me the Honour to give me the Nomination of a Ld Govr, they said it was against a Standing Order, that two Brothers should be for share Second many Place of Trust, However this Matter has hitherto continued but as Mr Wrangham is now a Factor I think it against the said Order, that he Should be Assistant Storekeeper and therefore, I propose that the best Writer should pursuant the Letter of be Appointed to that place, and if it be the Council's Opinion to Construe the said Order so, as that a Factor may Act, Mr Wrangham is neither the eldest, or Youngest Factor, and if that addition of Sallary should be judged to a Factor he can have no right to it, before another. Upon the Whole of wt I have sayd, I do Protest against Mr Wrangham Acting any more in the Store, as Assistant, and desire the Opinion of the Gentlemen of the Council in this point. As to the Storekeeper himself, you may all remember, that the Store were broke open last Year that part of them Where the Goods	The Governor continued that Francis Wrangham junior had been absent when his presence was needed, that he had complained of this to Purling, and that he had received many complaints against Wrangham for abusing some of the Company's servants and refusing to supply them while at the same time letting others be served, so that Wrangham showed favour and partiality where he had no right. The Governor admitted he had overlooked those complaints because he was unwilling to hurt the young man and had once favoured him to a degree that he now judged very culpable in himself. This was why he had ordered Wrangham aboard a longboat for the stores in April 1745, that ship passing by without anchoring, and Wrangham had brought over three chests of arrack and other things for his father and left over stores to be carried on to England. The Governor held that Wrangham ought to have been dismissed the service for that single act, asked the Company's pardon for having passed it by, and said he would not have mentioned it now but for the other complaints that provoked him. The Governor turned to another matter he thought bound up with Wrangham's partiality and with an abuse of some of the Company's orders. Among the instructions brought over there was an article that the best writer should be appointed assistant storekeeper, and on report and at Purling's request this gentleman had been appointed. The men were all strangers to the Governor, but had he known Wrangham was Purling's brother John he would not have consented to it. He thought a sufficient objection lay in the Company's own standing order, made when he had proposed a brother of his own to be second Governor: he had been given the honour of nominating a second Governor, and the Company had answered that it was against a standing order for two brothers to be first and second in any place of trust. That matter had continued so, yet the same order was now broken in Wrangham being made a factor. The Governor therefore proposed that the best writer should be appointed assistant storekeeper under the letter of the instruction, and that if the council held the order should be observed so that a factor might act, Wrangham was neither the eldest nor the youngest factor, and if the addition of salary belonged to a factor he had no right to it before another. On the whole of what he had said, the Governor entered his protest against Wrangham acting any longer in the stores as assistant and asked the council's opinion on the point. As to the storekeeper himself, the Governor reminded the board that the stores had been broken open the previous year and part of the goods taken. Interpretations The Governor's charge over the longboat turned on a specific abuse of the Company's carrying trade, Wrangham having used a Company boat sent out to a passing ship to bring in three chests of arrack and private goods for his father while Company stores were left aboard to sail on to England. That inverted the boat's whole purpose, the Company's own consignment displaced by a private parcel, and the Governor treated it as a dismissable offence he had wrongly indulged, which explains why he now raised a matter more than eighteen months old. The dispute over the assistant storekeeper's place rests on a conflict between two of the Company's own rules, the instruction that the best writer fill the post and the standing order against two brothers holding the first and second places of trust together. Purling was fifth of council and storekeeper, and his brother John Wrangham as assistant storekeeper would put the two nearest kin in immediate charge of the warehouse, exactly the concentration the anti-brother rule was meant to prevent. The Governor's citation of the Company's refusal to let him nominate his own brother as second Governor anchored the objection in a precedent applied against himself, giving the protest the force of consistency rather than mere faction. The reference to the stores being broken open the previous year and part of the goods taken connects the whole complaint to the weakness of warehouse security, the profit-and-loss waste account and the loose day book being of a piece with a storehouse that could be robbed. The Governor was building a case that the stores were neither honestly kept nor safely held, so the write-off he had refused to sign was the visible end of a wider failure of control.
186	196	November are delivered and the Cash kept, but happily there was none Cost thereupon upon it I advised Mr Curling to bring the Cash Every Saturday into the Castle, and he did so for a Considerable time, but of late has not done so, I Know, that any Loss by robbery would fall on himself but there would be a blame, and reflection upon us all, and therefore, I propose that the said Custome be duely Complyd with Weekly. I believe Notice will be taken of your Silence upon paper I have layd before you how far such behaviour may be resented time will show. Signed David Dunbar. Novr the 16th 1746 Since the foregoing in looking over the Quarterly Collections I observe some remarkable instances of great partiality in the Storekeeper to the Planters, Among other things, I shall onely mention at Present, that out of 55 of Whited Brown 14 4 Thread, which came in the James's, and was onely landed in May, 29th of it was sold to the Planters before the End of June and none left for the Honble Company's Servants for any use which has been Very much Wanted November the 18th 1746 Gentlemen of the Council On the 11th instant in Consultation, I had a paper in my hand to be layd before you of some remarks upon the Storkeepers Account of Proffitt, and Loss for the Year ending the 30th of September last, but as soon as I mentiond my Opinion of it Mr Curling put himself in such a passion, that any Doubt, should be Made of the truth, and Justice of his Accounts, as if he expected thereby to deter any one from making any Scrutiny into it, He will find him self so far mistaken, that I shall do it with more Exactness, than I intended and then deferred delivering in that paper of remarks, that I might have time to make a farther enquiry into that Affair, and I have now his own Inventorys for Last Year, and this Ending the 30th of September and the four Quarterly Collections for the year to the said 30th of Septr	Where the goods were delivered and the cash kept, the Governor noted that happily there had been no loss on it. He had ordered Purling to bring the cash into the castle every Saturday, which he had done for a considerable time, but of late had left off. Though any loss by robbery would fall on Purling himself, the Governor held there would still be blame and reflection on the whole board, and he therefore proposed that the practice be kept up weekly. He closed by saying he believed notice would be taken of the members' silence on his papers, that he had laid before them how far such behaviour might be resented, and that time would show. The report was signed David Dunbar. In a further note dated 16 November 1746, the Governor added that since writing the foregoing he had, in looking over the quarterly collections, found a remarkable instance of great partiality in the storekeeper towards the planters. He mentioned only one at present, that out of 55 pieces of white cloth numbered one to four which came in the ship Somerset and were landed only in May, 29 pieces were sold to the planters before the end of June and none left for the Company's own servants, for whose use the cloth had been very much wanted. In a further paper dated 18 November 1746 and addressed to the gentlemen of the council, the Governor recalled that at the consultation of the eleventh he had a paper ready to lay before them of remarks on the storekeeper's account of profit and loss for the year to 30 September. As soon as he mentioned his opinion of it, Purling put himself into such a passion, as if the Governor sought to deter anyone from making any scrutiny into the account, that the Governor told him he would do it with more exactness than he intended, and then deferred delivering the paper of remarks so that he might have time to make a further enquiry into the affair. He had since found his own inventory for the previous year, the one ending 30 September, and the four quarterly collections for the year to 30 September 1746. Interpretations The Saturday cash routine reveals the settlement's answer to the risk of holding a large treasury in an exposed warehouse, the weekly carriage of the coin into the castle putting it behind the fort's walls and guns rather than leaving it where the stores had already been robbed once. The Governor's point that the loss would fall on Purling personally yet still reflect on the whole board marks the storekeeper as a bonded officer answerable in his own person for the cash, so the lapse was not merely careless but shifted a private liability into a collective reproach. The charge over the white cloth from the Somerset exposes how the storekeeper's discretion over scarce imports could be turned to favour, 29 of 55 pieces going to the planters within weeks of landing while the Company's own servants, who had first call on goods wanted for their use, were left with none. The complaint fixes the abuse to a dated consignment and a countable shortfall, which is how the Governor turned a general accusation of partiality into a specific and checkable charge. Purling's reported passion at the mere mention of scrutiny is presented as evidence in itself, the Governor casting the storekeeper's resistance to examination as consciousness of a weak account, and his response of promising greater exactness and gathering the old inventory and the year's four collections shows the quarrel escalating from a single disputed write-off into a full audit of the stores. The reference to the members' silence on his papers signals that the dispute had split the board, the Governor pressing his objections onto the record while the others declined to engage, the same pattern of protest and refusal that had run through his earlier quarrels with the council.
187	197	1746 taken an Account of the quantity of Arrack deliverd and remaining in each Quarter, which Convince me, that it is impossible there Can be so great a waste within the Year, and therefore I now enter my disallowance of the Charge and protest against it. The same Account of particulars, I now lay before you which Perhaps might have been drawn in a better for Your Examination. And I Caution Mr Curling to Guard against passion for he may be Assured that as long as I sit here I will bear with no insult from him, or any body Else, a man may answer Objections with Calmness, and Modesty which would better become him. By the several Quarterly Ballances of Arrack remaining it is Easy to Compute how much of Cr a charge of 140 Gallons upon the whole within the Year and I desire a Computation may be made of it In the paper first above mentiond which I lay before you with this, you will see some other remarks, and Complaints, and as I have sayd in the Close of it you may according to Custome, either take notice of them, as you think fitt. You all Know that it is in our Instructions to Examine Strictly all Accounts layd before us, before we pass any such, and I cant help observeing, what a Complaisant Custome, we have among us, viz as soon as any Account is layd before us it is passed, as Examind, and Approved. This is an ungratfull Observation and I am sorry yt I cant omit it, I have often sayd, and am more, and more Convinced of it, That a man, who will to his duty, as he ought makes himself Uneasy, by so doing, but no Consideration of that Kind shall ever deter me from what I think my duty, it would be a great pleasure to me to live well with every body, but I will never Purchase any mans smiles, at the Expence of my Employers, nor suffer any body to Insult me, as I apprehend it would be a dishonour to my Masters. Signed David Dunbar. Arrack remaining to Ballance Septr 30th 1745 172½ Gallons Delivered in 3 months ending Decr 1745 To the Company's Servants 331½ To the Portugueise 37½ To Dyet expences 84 472¾	The Governor had taken an account of the quantity of arrack delivered and remaining in each quarter, which convinced him that so great a waste over the year was impossible, and he therefore entered his disallowance of the charge and protested against it. The same account of particulars he now laid before the board, which had perhaps been drawn up in a better order for their examination. He cautioned Purling to guard against papers, since as long as the Governor sat he would bear with insult from nobody, and a man might answer objections with calmness and modesty, which would better become him. From the several quarterly balances of arrack remaining, the Governor said it was easy to compute how much a charge of twenty gallons on the whole came to over the year, and he asked that such a computation be made. In the paper first mentioned, which he laid before the board with this one, they would find further remarks and complaints, and as he had said in closing it, they might according to their custom either take notice of them or not, as they thought fit. He reminded the members that the Company's instructions required them to examine strictly every account laid before them before passing any, and he could not help observing what a complaisant custom prevailed among them, every account being passed and approved as soon as it was laid before them. He acknowledged this was an ungrateful observation but could not omit it, saying he had often declared, and was more and more convinced, that a man who did his duty as he ought made himself enemies by doing so, but no consideration of that kind would ever deter him from what he thought his duty. It would be a pleasure to him to live well with everyone, but he would never buy any man's smiles at the expense of his employers, nor suffer anyone to insult him, and if he did so it would be a dishonour to his masters. The report was signed David Dunbar. An account of the arrack followed. Arrack remaining to balance 30 September 1745, 177.5 gallons Delivered in the three months ending December 1745: To the Company's servants, 331.5 gallons To the inhabitants, 37.5 gallons To diet expenses, 84 gallons Total delivered, 472.75 gallons Interpretations The Governor's demand for a computation from the quarterly balances was a method as much as a complaint, the running stock of arrack left at each quarter's end being a check against which the claimed waste could be tested arithmetically rather than taken on the storekeeper's word. By insisting the figures be worked out he shifted the dispute onto ground where the twenty-gallon charge either reconciled with the stock or did not, which is why he set the delivery and balance figures on the record. His attack on the board's complaisant custom names a real failure of the council's function, the Company's standing instruction to examine every account strictly before passing it having decayed into automatic approval, so that the profit-and-loss write-off he objected to had been about to pass unexamined like everything else. The observation turns his quarrel with Purling into a charge against the whole board's practice, which explains the members' silence he had complained of, since to engage would be to concede that their approvals had been hollow. The passage on making enemies by doing his duty and refusing to buy smiles at his employers' expense frames the whole report as the Governor's defence of a lone stand, casting his isolation on the board as fidelity to the Company rather than faction. That posture, invoking his oath and his masters against the comfort of agreement, is the same ground on which his earlier disputes with the council had been fought, the Governor claiming the Company's interest as the warrant for standing against colleagues who would rather let accounts pass.
188	198	November remaing Janry 7th 1745 279¾ Rice remaining on Ballce Septr 30th 1746 235 Arrack delivered in 3 Month's ending 31 March 1746 To the Company's Servts 128¾ To Dyett Expences 60 188¾ Arrack remaining Aprl 1st 1746 91 Gallons Arrack deliverd in 3 Months ending June 30th 1746 To the Company's Servant Cold Garrison 333½ Gallons To the Inhabitants 13 To Dyett Expences Shipping time, and office Dyett money 92 To Blacks 10 448½ Arrack delivered in 3 Months ending Septr 30 1746 To the Company Servants 458½ To the Inhabitants 16½ To Dyett Expences 40 544½ 992¾ Upon which Mr Curling declared, that His Account of Wast was real, and he would Swear to the same, if required by the Honble Company, and further said, that in Order to make the Wast on Rice Appear more Reasonable, he Actually Charged himself for 235, and paid for it Accordingly. Mr Meacock, the Cooper, being Sent for; said that upon trya[..] in the Storehouse, that he hath found that in two French Leaguers, there hath wasted between seven and Eight Quarts monthly, which he had filled upon purpose, to make the Experiment. Upon Mr Curling's Assurances, and the above Declaration of the Cooper it Appears to All, but the Governour who was Entitled to his Objections, as afore said that Mr Curling's Wast on Liquor is Reasonable, and Accordingly is Approved off Subject to the Honble Company's Pleasure.	The arrack and rice account continued through the year. Arrack remaining to balance 1 January 1746, 279.75 gallons Rice remaining on balance 30 September 1746, 235 Arrack delivered in the three months ending March 1746: To the Company's servants, 128.75 gallons To diet expenses, 60 gallons Total delivered, 188.75 gallons Arrack remaining to balance April 1746, 91 gallons Arrack delivered in the three months ending 30 June 1746: To the Company's servants and garrison, 333.75 gallons To the inhabitants, 13 gallons To diet expenses for shipping time and office diet money, 92 gallons To the slaves, 10 gallons Total delivered, 448.75 gallons Arrack delivered in the three months ending September 1746: To the Company's servants, 458.75 gallons To the inhabitants, 16.75 gallons To diet expenses, 40 gallons Total delivered, 511.75 gallons Total, 992.75 gallons Purling then declared that his account of waste was true and that he would swear to it if the Company required, and said further that to make the waste on rice appear more reasonable he had actually charged himself for 235 and paid for it accordingly. Meacock the cooper was sent for and said that on trying a leaguer in the storehouse he had found it waste between seven and eight quarts monthly, which he had filled on purpose to make the experiment. On Purling's assurances and the cooper's declaration, the whole board except the Governor was satisfied, the Governor holding to his objections as before. The board found Purling's waste on liquor reasonable and approved it, subject to the Company's pleasure. Interpretations Purling's charging himself for the 235 measures of rice and paying for it turned his own liability into a defence, since by making good the disputed shortfall out of his own pocket he removed the Company's loss and left the waste charge looking modest, a bonded officer using payment to convert an accusation of neglect into evidence of good faith. The cooper's experiment supplied the physical proof the Governor had demanded, a leaguer deliberately kept full and watched losing seven or eight quarts a month by evaporation and seepage through the cask, which if extended over the year and across the stock approached the very allowance the Governor had called impossible. That a practical trial by the tradesman who tended the casks answered a dispute the accounts alone could not settle marks the limit of paper scrutiny, the truth of the waste resting on the behaviour of wood and liquor rather than on the ledger. The board's approval against the Governor's lone dissent shows the same division that had run through the whole affair, the members closing ranks behind the storekeeper once a plausible explanation was offered while the Governor kept his protest on the record. The qualification that the approval stood subject to the Company's pleasure marks the real forum for the quarrel, the council settling the immediate account but leaving the Directors to judge between a Governor who would not sign and a board that would, exactly the referral upward on which his earlier disputes had turned.
189	199	1746 Mr Bland being then Examined, as to his Complaint against Mr Wrangham for refuseing to Serve him with Arrack, and Candles out of the Stores, When Others were Served the Same, who had no right thereto, as he had informed the Governour, and being asked, who they were, that were so served said he could not Recollect any One in particular, but Mr Swynam, Who had a right; But it it being the Company's Express Orders, that a Writer should be Appointed Storekeeper We have in Obedience thereto Appointed, Mr Darvall who is the only Established Writer, to be Storekeeper and Mr Wrangham to be Assistant to the Accomptant in Mr Darvalls place; And it is also Ordered, that the Storekeeper or his Assistant be present at and take an Account of all the Deliverys, and Issues of Rice out of the Stores for the future. The Storekeeper produced his Day Books according to Order of Consultation of 29th April last. We this day Examind the Honble Company's Cash for the Month of October last and found the Same, as follows vizt	Bland was then examined on his complaint against Wrangham for refusing to serve him with arrack and candles out of the stores while others who had no right to them were served the same, as he had told the Governor. Asked who those others were, he said he could not recall any one in particular except Twynam, who had a right. Since the Company's express orders required that a writer be appointed assistant storekeeper, the board appointed Darvall, the only established writer, to be assistant storekeeper, and ordered Wrangham to be assistant to the accountant in Darvall's place. The board also ordered that the storekeeper or his assistant be present at and take an account of every delivery and every issue of rice out of the stores in future. The storekeeper produced his day books as ordered at the consultation of 29 April. The board examined the Company's cash for October and found it as follows. Interpretations The resolution shows the board settling the assistant storekeeper dispute by moving to the letter of the Company's own order rather than by ruling on the Governor's charge of favour, Darvall installed as assistant storekeeper because he was the established writer the instruction called for and Wrangham shifted to the accountant's side. That answered the anti-brother objection and the partiality complaint at once without the board having to find against Purling's kinsman, a quiet administrative solution to a quarrel the Governor had pressed as a matter of honour and principle. Bland's inability to name anyone improperly served except a man who was entitled weakened the very complaint the Governor had built on, which is why the board could resolve the office question on the Company's rule while leaving the accusation of partiality unproven. The order that the storekeeper or his assistant attend and record every delivery and every issue of rice enacted the control the Governor had demanded throughout, turning his running objection about unwitnessed deliveries into a standing rule, so the one solid gain from the whole affair was a tightening of warehouse procedure rather than any finding against the men.
190	200	November 18th Cash Dr 1746 October 1st To Ballance remaing £ 3855 3 7 £ 3855 3 7	The debtor side of the cash account for October opened with a single entry. 1746 October 1, balance remaining, £3,853 3s 7d Total, £3,853 3s 7d
191	201	1746. Per Contra Cr 1746 October 21th By Garrison paid Thomas Oliver for relisting to serve the Company five years to Commence the 23 day of March next 5 5 By John Bradley's Capt: for sonnets paid the Storekeeper for Cloaths for Arthier, as p Consultation of this day 1 16 10 By Ballance rem'g in the following Speices vizt 1 1 10 1 of Gold wt 7.7½ oz @ 3.18.3 16 1 8 4 do do 3.9.12 3.18 13 11 4 1236 Pagodas @ 8 494 8 1 Barbary Chequin 9 4 Venetions 10 2 12 Gubbers 6 3 12 5½ St Thomas 12 3 6 Gold Amounting to 563 7 9 10399 Dollars @ 5 2599 15 169 half do 2/6 21 2 6 193 Double Ryals 1/3 12 3 9 443 Ryals 1½ 13 16 10½ 3836 half Ryals 3¾ 59 18 9 323 Rupees 2.3¾ 36 6 9 441 french peices 7½ 9 13 6 Odd Money 1 9 Silver Amounting to 2916 18 1½ 146 Cash notes @ 45 292 161 do 20 161 239 do 3 64 15 160 do 2/6 20 Cash Notes Amounting to 537 15 3848 4 4½ £ 3855 3 7 David Dunbar Chas Hutchinson John Goodwin Wright Curling Margin Notes: I object to the Reason the Governour has Delived in this Consultation concerning the Waste, because I am convinced it is real and unavoidable	The creditor side of the cash account for October carried the two payments out and then the balance counted coin by coin. 1746 October 21, garrison, paid Thomas Oliver for re-enlisting to serve the Company five years to commence the 23rd of March next, £5 5s 0d John Bradley's account, for sundries paid the storekeeper for clothing for Arthur, as by consultation of this day, £1 16s 11.5d Balance remaining in the following species: Gold at 4 pounds 7 shillings 6 pence the ounce, weighed, £16 1s 8d Gold at 3 pounds 9 shillings 12 pence, weighed, at 5 pounds 18 shillings, £13 11s 4d 1,236 pagodas at 8 shillings, £494 8s 0d 1 Barbary chequin, £0 9s 0d 4 Venetians at 10 shillings, £2 0s 0d 12 gubbers at 6 shillings, £3 12s 0d 5.5 St Thomas's at 12 shillings, £3 6s 0d Gold amounting to, £563 7s 9d 10,399 dollars at 5 shillings, £2,599 15s 0d 169 half dollars at 2 shillings 6 pence, £21 2s 6d 195 double rials at 1 shilling 3 pence, £12 3s 9d 443 rials at 7.5 pence, £13 16s 10.5d 3,836 half rials at 3.75 pence, £59 18s 9d 323 rupees at 2 shillings 3 pence, £36 6s 9d 441 French pieces at 4.5 pence, £8 13s 6d Odd money, £0 1s 9d Silver amounting to, £2,747 4s 10.5d 146 cash notes at 40 shillings, £292 0s 0d 161 cash notes at 20 shillings, £161 0s 0d 259 cash notes at 5 shillings, £64 15s 0d 160 cash notes at 2 shillings 6 pence, £20 0s 0d Cash notes amounting to, £537 15s 0d Balance, £3,848 8s 7.5d Total, £3,853 3s 7d Governor Dunbar, Charles Hutchinson, John Goodwin and Robert Wright subscribed the account. Matthew Purling subscribed it with a note that he submitted to the reasons the Governor had given in the consultation touching the waste, being convinced it was real and unavoidable. Interpretations The two payments out show the small charges the Company met from its cash on the same day, a five-year re-enlistment bounty to Thomas Oliver and the storekeeper's bill for clothing Arthur Bradley, the orphan already placed with an allowance from the estate, so the parish maintenance of a dead planter's child and the standing effort to keep soldiers in the ranks both drew on the treasury coin by coin. The balance is almost wholly foreign specie, more than ten thousand Spanish dollars and their fractions alongside pagodas, gubbers, Venetians and a Barbary chequin, which shows how little English money circulated on the island and how far the Company's treasury depended on the coin left by the trade of the Indies and the passing ships. The pagodas entered at eight shillings mark the devaluation the Court had imposed from May 1746, the same rate that had cost the treasury on its earlier holdings, and the paper cash notes at £537 15s 0d were the Company's own instrument for eking out a chronic shortage of coin. Purling's subscription with a note of submission closes the whole waste dispute, the storekeeper signing the account while recording that he yielded to the Governor's reasons and held the waste real and unavoidable, an ending that let both positions stand on the record. That formula, neither the Governor withdrawing his protest nor Purling conceding neglect, matched the board's practice of settling the immediate account while leaving the underlying difference to the Company, the same referral upward that had ended his earlier quarrels.
192	202	November At a Consultation held on Tuesday the 25th day of November 1746 at the Castle. Present Colonel David Dunbar Governour Capt Charles Hutchinson Lt Govr John Goodwin Matthew Curling Robert Wright of Council The last Consultation was read, and Approved. Thursday 20th Died, Thomas Watts Gunners Mate. The Ground petitioned for by James Prichard last Consultation, having been Veiwed and found no ways prejudi= cial to the Company, or Neighbourhood, We Granted him a Lease for the same at the rent of 7/ p Annum. Mr Curling Delivered the following Petition, and Account vizt To the Worshippfull David Dunbar Esqr Govr &c Council of St Helena The Petition of Matthew Curling Executor of John Bazett deceased Sheweth, That Robert Wood deceased is Indebted to the Eastate of the said John Bazett in the Sum of one Pound fourteen Shillings, and Six Pence, and there being Cash of his in the Honble Company's Possession Your Petitioner therefore prays, that he may be paid the said debt out of the said money And your Petitioner shall ever Pray Signed M Curling	At a consultation held at the castle on Tuesday 25 November 1746, Governor Dunbar sat with Charles Hutchinson the Lieutenant Governor, John Goodwin fourth of council, Matthew Purling fifth and Robert Wright sixth. The last consultation was read and approved. On Thursday 20 November, Thomas Watts the gunner's mate died. The ground James Pritchard had petitioned for at the last consultation, having been viewed and found in no way harmful to the Company or the neighbourhood, was granted to him on a lease at a rent of seven shillings a year. Matthew Purling then delivered a petition and account to Governor Dunbar and the council. As executor of John Bazett deceased, he stated that Robert Wood deceased stood indebted to Bazett's estate in £1 14s 6d, and that some cash of Wood's was in the Company's hands. He asked that the debt be paid to the estate out of that money, and subscribed the petition on 25 November 1746. Interpretations Purling's petition shows the estate of a long-dead officer still being wound up through the council, John Bazett having died in 1741 and his executor now pursuing a small debt owed by another dead man whose cash the Company happened to hold. The council served as the clearing house where such cross-claims between estates were matched and settled, the Company's possession of Wood's money giving it the means to satisfy Bazett's estate without recourse to any outside process, the same role it had just played for the heirless Simpson estate.
193	203	1746 Robt Wood Deceo Dr To the Estate of John Bazett Deceo £ 1 14 6 Signed Saml Doveton Mr Wright also Delivered the following Petition vizt To the Worshippfull David Dunbar Esqr Govr &co Council of Saint Helena. The Petition of Robert Wright Sheweth, That Robert Wood late Gunners Mate deceased was in his Life time, and still is indebted to your Petitioner in the Sum of one Pound two Shillings, and Six pence for Arrack Sold him in his Life time, and there being Money belonging to the said Wood in the Honble Company's Possession, Your Petitioner therefore prays, that he may be paid his said Debt out of the said Money And Your Petitioner Shall Ever pray &co Signed R Wright Whereupon We Ordered the following Advertizement to be published, and deferred Giving an Answer to the said Petitions till this day fortnight. Island St Helena 25th November 1746. This is to give Notice, that all Persons that have any Demand on the Estate of Robert Wood late Gunner's Mate deco	The account entered against Robert Wood deceased stood as a single charge. Robert Wood deceased, debtor To the estate of John Bazett deceased, £1 14s 6d Samuel Doveton signed the account. Robert Wright then delivered his own petition to Governor Dunbar and the council. He stated that Robert Wood, late gunner's mate deceased, had in his lifetime stood indebted to Wright in £1 2s 6d for arrack sold him, and that money belonging to Wood was in the Company's hands. He asked to be paid the debt out of that money, and subscribed the petition. The board thereupon ordered an advertisement published and deferred giving any answer to the petitions until that day fortnight. The advertisement, dated at St Helena on 25 November 1746, gave notice that all persons having any demand on the estate of Robert Wood, late gunner's mate deceased, should come forward. Interpretations The two petitions against Wood's money, Bazett's estate for £1 14s 6d and Wright for £1 2s 6d of arrack, show why the council could not simply pay the first claim laid before it, competing creditors on a dead man's small fund needing to be marshalled before any could be satisfied. The deferral of a fortnight and the published advertisement were the island's substitute for a formal administration, calling in every demand on the estate so the money could be divided rateably rather than paid out first come first served, a modest instance of the council standing in for a probate court over the effects of a man who died owing more than one debt.
194	204	November 25th Deceased are required to deliver the same into the Secretary's Office on, or before the 6th day of December next. The Storekeeper this day laid before us his Day Books, According to Order of Consultation of 29th April last. David Dunbar Chas Hutchinson John Goodwin Curling Wright	The advertisement required all persons with any demand on the estate of Robert Wood deceased to deliver their claims into the secretary's office on or before 6 December next. The storekeeper laid his day books before the board as ordered at the consultation of 29 April. Governor Dunbar, Charles Hutchinson, John Goodwin, Matthew Purling and Robert Wright subscribed the consultation.
195	205	December At a Consultation held on Tuesday the 2d day of December 1746 at the Castle. Present Colonel David Dunbar Govr Capt Charles Hutchinson Lt Govr John Goodwin Matthew Curling Robert Wright of Council The last Consultation was read, and Approved Mr John Goodwin petitioned for Liberty to Assign four Acres of Lease Land near the Main ridge to Mr Richard Goodwin. Granted Mr Curling, Storekeeper Delivered in his Day Books according to Order of Consultation of 29th April last. We Executed the following Lease to James Pritchard Granted last Consultation, vizt Island St Helena. The Lords Proprietors of this Island the Honble the United Company of Merchants of England Trad= ing to the East Indies Do hereby demise Lease and to Farm Sett unto James Pritchard Gunner's Mate All that Peice and Parcell of Ground Containing fifty feet in front and forty feet in Depth Situate in James's Valley on Southwork Side bounding South on Richard Tinsley East Westerly North on the Honble Company's Wash Ground With the Appurte= nances to have and to hold the aforesaid Land and Premisses	At a consultation held at the castle on Tuesday 2 December 1746, Governor Dunbar sat with Charles Hutchinson the Lieutenant Governor, John Goodwin fourth of council, Matthew Purling fifth and Robert Wright sixth. The last consultation was read and approved. John Goodwin petitioned for leave to assign four acres of leasehold land near the main ridge to Richard Goodwin, which the board granted. Purling the storekeeper laid his day books before the board as ordered at the consultation of 29 April. The board executed the lease to James Pritchard granted at the last consultation. The United Company of Merchants of England trading to the East Indies, as lords proprietors of the island, granted and to farm let to James Pritchard, gunner's mate, a piece of ground in James Valley 50 feet in front and 40 feet deep, bounded south by Richard Insley, east by the Company's ground and north by the Company's wash ground, with its appurtenances, to have and to hold the land and premises. Interpretations Pritchard's lease and Insley's plot lay side by side in the built-up quarter of James Valley near the Company's wash ground, and the naming of Insley as the southern boundary shows the town filling in lot by lot, each new grant fixed by reference to the last, the same close settlement of the valley floor that had produced the Scott and Insley leases in the weeks before.
196	206	December with their and Every of their Appurtenances unto the said James Pritchard his Executors, Admrs and Assigns from the day of the three of for and during and unto the full end of Ninety nine years date from thence next Ensueing Yeilding & Paying therefore Yearly and Every during the Term hereby Granted unto the said Honble Company, their Successors Agents or Assigns the sum of Seven Shilling on the feast day of Saint Michael the Archangell in every year Upon Condition That he the said James Pritchard his Exors Admors and Assigns Do and Shall at the End or Sooner Expiration hereof Leave the the same Ground and Premises in like Good Condition & Repair and not Sufferr the said Ground or any Building that is or may be thereon to run to ruin or decay And Upon Condition that he the said James Pritchard his Exors Admors or Assigns Shall not Sell or dispose of this Lease or his or their Interest therein without the Leave and Consent of the Governour & Council for the time being In Witness Whereof We the said Governour and Council have sett our hands and Affixed the Honble Company Seale this Second day of December in the Twentieth Year of the Reign of our said Sovereign Lord George the Second by the Grace of God of Great Brittain France and Ireland King Defendor of the faith and so forth and in the Year of our Lord 1746 and the said James Pritchard hath to the Other part Sett his hand and Seale the day and Year above Written Signed David Dunbar Chas Hutchinson John Goodwin M Curling R Wright David Dunbar Chas Hutchinson John Goodwin Curling Wright `	The lease passed the ground with all its appurtenances to James Pritchard, his executors, administrators and assigns, for twenty-one years from the date next following. Pritchard was to pay the Company, its successors, agents or assigns a yearly rent of seven shillings on the feast day of Saint Michael the Archangel throughout the term. He was bound at the end or sooner expiry of the term to leave the ground and premises in as good condition and repair as he found them, and not to let the ground or any building on it fall into decay. He was further bound not to sell or dispose of the lease or his interest in it without the leave and consent of the Governor and council for the time being. The Governor and council set their hands and the Company's seal to the lease on 2 December 1746, in the twentieth year of the reign of George the Second, King of Great Britain, France and Ireland and Defender of the Faith. Pritchard set his hand and seal to the other part the same day. Governor Dunbar, Charles Hutchinson, John Goodwin, Matthew Purling and Robert Wright subscribed the lease. Interpretations The covenant against assigning the lease without the council's leave gave the Company a continuing hold over who occupied its ground, so that a town lot could not pass out of the board's control by private sale, the same restriction that ran through every town-lot lease of the period and kept the settlement of James Valley answerable to the council rather than to a free market in leases. The bar was exactly the point John Goodwin had needed the board's leave to cross earlier the same day when he assigned his four acres to Richard Goodwin, the two entries showing the rule in force in both directions. The twenty-one-year term at a fixed seven shillings, with the tenant bound to keep the premises in repair and hand them back sound, shows the Company letting its town ground on long leases at low ground rents while shifting the whole burden of building and upkeep onto the tenant. The Company gained a maintained lot and a small perpetual rent without laying out anything, the standard bargain by which the island's chief landlord developed its valley without cost to itself.
197	207	December 9 At a Consultation held on Tuesday the 9th day of December 1746 at the Castle. Present Colonel David Dunbar Govr Capt Chas Hutchinson Lt Govr John Goodwin Matthew Curling Robert Wright of Council The last Consultation was read, and Approved. Wednesday 3d Died Edward Woodbine Soldier. Whereas, the Govr informed us that the New Planted Trees between St James's Valley and the Moldiva Garden were last night, Several of them Pluckt up, and the Young Shoots Stript from Others Wethefore Ordered the following Advertizement to be Published vizt Whereas Last Night Some Illminded person or Persons have Pluckt up and destroyed Maliciously and on purpose Several trees new planted between this Valley and the Moldiva Garden This is to Give notice That if any One will discover any person or persons that were concer ned in any degree in destroying the Aforesaid Trees Shall receive a reward of Five Pounds immediately on Proof thereof from the Honble Company's Cash Mr John Doveton presented his petition for Liberty to dispose of Seven Acres of Lease Land lying in Chappel Valley, near Land, called Hunts Land, to Mr Samuel Doveton. Granted.	At a consultation held at the castle on Tuesday 9 December 1746, Governor Dunbar sat with Charles Hutchinson the Lieutenant Governor, John Goodwin fourth of council, Matthew Purling fifth and Robert Wright sixth. The last consultation was read and approved. On Wednesday 3 December, Edward Woodbine the soldier died. The Governor reported that the newly planted trees between St James Valley and the Maldivia garden had the previous night been pulled up, several of them, and the young shoots stripped from others. The board ordered an advertisement published. It gave notice that some ill-minded person or persons had the previous night maliciously and deliberately pulled up and destroyed several trees newly planted between the valley and the Maldivia garden, and that anyone who would identify any person concerned in any degree in destroying the trees would receive a reward of £5 0s 0d out of the Company's cash immediately on proof. John Doveton petitioned for leave to dispose of seven acres of leasehold land in Chapel Valley, near land called Hunts Land, to Samuel Doveton, which the board granted. Interpretations The reward of £5 0s 0d for evidence against the tree-breakers marks how seriously the council treated damage to its plantations, the same sum it had earlier posted for convicting those who shot its goats, and reflects the island's long struggle to establish and protect timber and shade on ground that had been stripped bare. Malicious destruction of newly planted trees struck at the heart of a policy the Company had pushed for decades through planting orders and fines, so an attack on the young trees near the Maldivia garden was treated not as petty vandalism but as an offence against the settlement's whole effort to reclothe the valleys. The recourse to a paid informer reveals the limit of the council's reach in a small community, direct proof of a night-time act being hard to come by and the testimony of slaves inadmissible, so the board fell back on buying evidence from within the settlement. That the reward was to be paid immediately on proof, straight from the Company's cash, shows the council willing to spend to break a silence it could not otherwise penetrate, the same device it had used against the goat-killers whose neighbours would not speak.
198	208	December 9 Mr Bland this day delivd the following vizt To the Worshippfull David Dunbar Esqr Governour of the Island of St Helena and the Councill thereof The humble Petition of John Bland 3d Decr 1746 Sheweth That a House and Ground belonging unto the Estate of the late Joshua Johnson Deceased being to be Sold I made application unto one of the Executors vizt Mr Robert Wright in Order to Purchase the Same who Did Demand for the same the Sum of one hundred and fifty Pounds, I told him I would not Give more then 120 pound which sum he Refused to take fa Second time made application unto the aforesaid Mr Robert Wright who still persisted in this former Demand of 150 pound for the aforesaid House and Ground and Would not sell it untill they did hear from Bombay from some of the Owners that Resided their and Likewise that Mr John Alexander of this Island who had a title to some part of the Estate and Was likewise one of Executors would not Consent unto it When I waited on Mr John Alexander who told me he was very willing the House Should be Sold but he could not Doe it of himself but furthermore said that they would take the Sum of 150 Pounds fore the same which at that time I did not think to give I some time after this vizt on Wednesday the 26 of Novr last past made a further application unto Mr Robert Wright who Still persisted in his former Resolution I was then informed that Mr Mathew Curling had purchased the aforesaid house and lands at a Publique auction for the sum of 122 or 129 pounds I made application unto him in order to purchase the same who told me he had nothing to doe with it I then told Mr Curling I had Margin Notes: Robert Wright that the longer they Kept the House the Would be but a worse condi= tion for it was in a bad Condition	Bland delivered a petition to Governor Dunbar and the council, dated 3 December 1746. He set out that a house and ground belonging to the estate of Joshua Johnson deceased was being sold, and that he had applied to one of the executors, Robert Wright, to buy it. Wright asked £150 for it, but Bland told him he would give no more than £120, which Wright refused to take. Bland applied a second time to Wright, who still held to his demand of £150 and said he would not sell it until they heard from some of the owners resident at Bombay. Bland added that another executor, John Alexander of the island, held a title to some part of the estate, and that Alexander would not consent to a sale. Bland then waited on Alexander, who told him he was very willing the house should be sold but could not do it of himself, and said further that they would take £150 for it, which Bland at that time did not think fit to give. Some time after, on Wednesday 26 November, Bland made a further application to Wright, who still held to his former resolution. Bland was then told that Matthew Purling had bought the house and land at a public auction for £120 or thereabouts. He applied to Purling to buy it, but Purling told him he had nothing to do with it, whereupon Bland told Purling that he had a claim. Interpretations Bland's account exposes the awkward position of an estate whose executors were split and partly absent, Wright holding out for £150 while refusing to sell until distant owners at Bombay were heard from, and Alexander willing but unable to act alone. That deadlock let the property go to public auction, where Purling bought it for the very £120 Bland had first offered, so the executors' refusal of Bland's private offer ended in the estate taking the same price from another buyer at auction, the sale of an intestate or contested estate falling back on the auction block when the executors could not agree among themselves. The petition also shows the reach of the Company's Indian settlements into the disposal of St Helena property, some of the owners of Johnson's estate residing at Bombay and their assent thought necessary before a sale, which bound the winding-up of a small island estate to the slow passage of letters across the Indian Ocean and helps explain why the executors preferred the finality of an auction to a private bargain they might later have to answer for.
199	209	1746 bid 130 Pound for it His Answer was they would take 130 pound for it, I being then Resolved Within my Self to have the house made a further application unto Mr Robert Wright in the Secretaryes Office where I did Agree to give for the aforesaid house and Land the aforesaid Sum of 130 pound whose Answer was then the house is yours I then Demanded when the Writeings would be gott Ready and I would Pay him down the money he then told me he would goe and acquaint Mr John Goodwin with his agreemt and then proceed tell me when the Writeings would be gott Ready upon his Return he told me that it was Mr John Goodwin Opinion that they should send and acquaint Mr John Alexander of the agreement and then the Writeings Should be made over unto me which was to be on Thursday the 27th November last Past ab the House of one the same day the agreemt was made before it was Possible they Cold have any answer from Mr John Alexander Which shew how much they depended upon what Mr John Alexander said the aforesaid Mr Robert Wright Sent for me and told me he would Advertise the aforesaid house and land which Should do no manner of prejudice unto me in Order to Justifie themselves and that whatever Expence Aterne they would be at it a most unnecessary thing which shews that they had sinister designs in Even for the aforesaid house & land had as I have been well informed Since was twice putt up to be sold at one of which times as it plainly appears by the Sequill did appear one of their Emmissa ryes vizt Mr Mathew Curling who bid upon it to the Sum of 125 or 130 Pound No person biding any more upon it the House then of Course was his but instead of that it plainly appeared that it was only for a Drill to make the House and Land Sell well for the Executors had the House again an action which I never knew in all my life time to be allowed of in my Native Country viz England accordingly on Wednesday the 26th of Novr To my Great Surprize did appear an Advertise= ment for the House and land to be sold to the best bidder on Wednesday ye 3d of Decr following I then made	Purling's answer was that they would take £150 for the house. Bland, then resolved within himself to have it, made a further application to Wright in the secretary's office, where he agreed to give the £150 for the house and land. He asked Wright when the writings would be ready, saying he would then pay down the money. Wright told him he would go and acquaint John Goodwin with the agreement, and would afterwards tell Bland when the writings would be ready on his return. On his return Wright said it was Goodwin's opinion that they should send and acquaint John Alexander of the agreement, and that the writings should then be made over to Bland, which was to be on Thursday 27 November, at the house or somewhere. Bland observed that the agreement had been made before it was possible they could have any answer from Alexander, which showed how much they depended on what Alexander had said. Wright then sent for him and told him he would advertise the house and land, which Bland argued would be no manner of prejudice to him and served only to justify the executors, and that whatever expense arose from it was a most unnecessary thing. He held this showed they had some sinister design in view for the house and land, which, as he had since been well informed, had twice been put up to be sold at once. On both occasions, as plainly appeared by what followed, one of their agents, Purling, bid upon it to the sum of £120 or £130, and no one bidding any more, the house of course became his bid. Bland held this plainly showed it was only a device to make the house and land sell well, since the executors had the house again, a proceeding he said he had never in his life known allowed of in his native country of England. Accordingly, on Wednesday 26 November, to his great surprise, an advertisement appeared for the house and land to be sold to the best bidder on Wednesday 3 December following, on which he then made a further application. Interpretations Bland's charge was that the auction was rigged, the executors putting the house up twice and using Purling as a stalking horse to bid it in at £120 or £130 so that the property came back to them unsold while appearing to have been tested at open sale. His comparison with England, where he said such a proceeding would never be allowed, marks a real tension between the island's rough practice and the metropolitan standards its settlers carried with them, an executor who both offered a property privately and controlled its auction being open to exactly the suspicion of self-dealing that formal probate rules existed to prevent. The dispute turns on the difference between a private agreement and a public auction as means of fixing a fair price, Bland having twice agreed a figure privately only to see the executors insist on advertising, which he read as bad faith and they would have defended as protecting the estate and the absent Bombay owners against a later charge of underselling. That the same £120 recurred as Bland's first offer, as Purling's alleged sham bid and as the reported auction price shows how narrow the real market for the house was, and why a genuine contest of bidders was hard to stage on an island where buyers were few and the executors themselves the most interested parties.
200	210	December 9 application unto the aforesaid Mr Robert Wright to know his Reasons for the Same who turned himself Round and would give me no answer att all, I was then att a Stand and did not know what course to take in the affair was resolved within my self to wait till the Wednesday following Still Expecting from their high Station in this place that they would act upon a principall of honour, according to the to the advertisement upon the day appointed without any Regued to my agreement did appear Mr John Goodwin and Mr Robert Wright who did actualy pull up the said House and land to be sold where in the presence of all the Company there assembled I did protest against the sale of the said House and did then offer the sum of 130 pound for the house according to my former Agrement butt was refused to have it upon which Mr Samuel Doveton bid one shilling more as I imagined for nothing butt a Drell as it plainly appears the aforesaid Mr Mathew Curling Did before, I thinking within my self that I would a 2 time purchase the House and land that, I might have it in possesion in order to sue for over plus of money that I first gave for it, I thinking it Easier to recover the overplus of the money then to gett the House out of the hands of the possessour haveing recours to the Old proverb possession is Eleven points of the Law, I therefor bid 1 more Mr Doveton then bid 1 more I then bid five pound more upon which Mr 3d Doveton bid 3 more I then had a mind to Try how farr they would goe I bid the sum of 180 pound upon which the House and Land was cryed down to me Mr Robert Wright there told me the writeing should be ready in the afternoon and he Expected the money down I told him the money was ready butt I would Dispute it upon my former Agrement In the whole I think I am injured in the Sum of 30 pound I being Interely a stranger er to the Laws of this place Doe humbly beg that your Worships will take the aforesaid affair into consideration and doe me such justice as my case requires and your Petitioner will as in Duty bound for you ever pray Signed John Bland.	Bland's further application had been to Wright, to know his reasons for insisting on the advertisement, but Wright turned away and would give him no answer at all. Bland was then at a stand and did not know what course to take, but resolved within himself to wait till the following Wednesday, still expecting that men of their high station in the place would act on a principle of honour. The advertisement went ahead on the day appointed, without any regard to his agreement. Goodwin and Wright attended and actually put the house and land up to be sold, and there, in the presence of all the Company assembled, Bland protested against the sale and then offered £130 for the house on his former agreement. His offer was refused, upon which Samuel Doveton bid one shilling more, which Bland imagined was for nothing but a device, as Purling had plainly done before. Bland, thinking within himself that he would buy the house and land a second time so that he might have it in his possession in order to sue for the overplus of the money he had first given for it, and reckoning it easier to recover the surplus than to get the house out of the possessors' hands, went on bidding. Following the proverb that possession is eleven points of the law, he bid one more, Doveton bid one more, then bid five pounds more, Doveton bid three more, and Bland, having a mind to try how far they would go, bid £180, at which the house and land were knocked down to him. Wright then told him the writing should be ready in the afternoon and that he expected the money down. Bland told him the money was ready, but that he would dispute the sale on his former agreement. Bland reckoned that on the whole he was injured in the sum of £30. Being an entire stranger to the laws of the place, he asked the board to take the affair into consideration and do him such justice as his case required. The petition was signed John Bland. Interpretations Bland's strategy at the auction reveals a shrewd grasp of legal advantage over price, driving the bidding up to £180 not because he thought the house worth it but to secure possession, on the reckoning that a man holding the property could sue to recover the excess more easily than an outsider could force a sale, his reliance on the proverb that possession is eleven points of the law showing him weighing the practicalities of litigation rather than the value of the ground. That he bid far above his own valuation as a deliberate tactic marks the auction as a contest of legal position as much as of money. His plea that he was a stranger to the laws of the place, set against his repeated appeal to the honour expected of men in high station, frames the petition as a claim that the executors had exploited both their office and his ignorance. The council was being asked not to enforce the sale but to unwind it or compensate him, a request that put the board in the position of reviewing the conduct of its own members, Goodwin and Wright being councillors and the executors whose auction Bland impugned, which is why the matter came to the whole council rather than to an ordinary court and why Interpretations of the estate's disposal turn on the fairness of the process rather than the title to the ground.
201	211	1746 Mr Wright Absolutely denied his having made any Such Bargain with Mr Bland, and Mr Bland was Severely Checkt for the Unbecoming Epithets & Expresions therein made Use off. And was told that the affair there Particularly Complained of was a Matter of Law and must be decided by a Jury, and he was at Liberty to take that Course, if he thought Proper. To which he Answered he would Consi= der of it. Mr Bland this day also delivrd the foll Petition vizt To the Worshippfall David Dunbar Esqr Governour of St Helena and the Councell thereof The Humble Petition of John Bland Sheweth That your Petitioner haveing Contracted with the Honble the United Company of Merchants of England trading to the East Indies to serve them as Master Mason in which Contract I was to be allowed a House to live inn Suitable to the Station, I Served fna butt Since my arrivall here I never have Recd Such part of my Agreemt I humble Beg that your worship &c will take my Case into consideration and Either allow me a place to live Inn or Such allonances as others of the Honble Company's Servants Receive on Such Occasi= ons and your Petitioner will as in Duty bound Ever Pray St Helena Decr the 9 1746 Signed John Bland	Wright absolutely denied having made any such bargain with Bland. Bland was severely reprimanded for the unbecoming words he had used in his petition, and was told that the matter he complained of was a question of law that must be decided by a jury, and that he was free to take that course if he thought fit. He answered that he would consider of it. Bland then delivered a second petition to Governor Dunbar and the council, dated at St Helena on 9 December 1746. He set out that, having contracted with the United Company of Merchants of England trading to the East Indies to serve as master mason, he was to be allowed a house to live in suitable to his station. He had served since his arrival but had never received such part of his agreement. He asked the board to take his case into consideration and either allow him a place to live in or such allowances as others of the Company's servants received on such occasions. The petition was signed John Bland. Interpretations The board's answer to the auction complaint drew the line between what the council would decide and what belonged to a jury, treating Bland's charge against the executors as a matter of law for a trial rather than a grievance the council would settle administratively, which protected the councillor-executors Wright and Goodwin from having their conduct judged by their own board. That Bland was reprimanded for his language while being pointed to the courts shows the council closing the administrative avenue and pushing a contested claim against its own members onto the formal legal footing where it could not be accused of judging its own cause. The second petition exposes a plain default on Bland's terms of service, the Company having engaged its master mason on a promise of a suitable house that it had never provided, so a skilled tradesman brought out under contract was left to shift for himself years into his service. His fallback request for the allowances others received in place of a house reflects a settled practice of commuting unmet provisions into money, the clothing-in-lieu and diet-money allowances of the pay rolls showing how the Company routinely met obligations it could not supply in kind with cash equivalents instead.
202	212	December 9 It being the Company's Orders to Provide him and Hawkins with Covenient Lodging & the Company having None, We Ordered 16 p Ann to be pd Mr Bland and 6 to Mr Hawkins to Provide Lodging for themselves to Commence from the time they have paid for it & Lodging The Accomptant Acquainted us that the General Books of Account were fair Copied, and ready to be Sent home by the first Opportunity. The Storkeeper Laid before us his day Books According to Order of Consultation the 29th April last The Plantacion Gunners and Reward Accounts were Examined and Approved and are as follows vizt Gunners Stores Expended in November 1746 11 Powder for Killing of Goats 1 Ounce 20 Powder to the Funeral of Thomas Watts 3 Totale 3 4 Lead Balls for killing of Goats 4 oz Paper Delivered to the Book binder ½ a q Tallow Deliver'd to Arbinstal for the Long Boat 9 lb Tallow Deliver'd to Watkins for the Cart in the Great Wood 2 lb Tallow Deliver'd to Mr Bland for the Cart on the Line 1 lb Hand Spikes broak on the Line 2 Spunge staves Delivered to Henry Moyce to make Peels for the Bakers 2 Signed Jno French Margin Notes: The day of the Month	Since the Company's orders required it to provide both Bland and Hawkins with convenient lodging, and the Company having none, the board ordered £6 a year to be paid to Bland and £6 to Hawkins to provide lodging for themselves, to commence from the time they had paid for their own lodging. The accountant reported that the general books of account were fair-copied and ready to be sent home by the first opportunity. The storekeeper laid his day books before the board as ordered at the consultation of 29 April. The plantation, gunner's and steward's accounts were examined and approved. The gunner's account of stores spent in November 1746 stood as follows, the powder measured in barrels, pounds and ounces. 11 November, powder for killing goats, 4 pounds 20 November, powder to the funeral of Thomas Watts, 3 pounds Total powder, 7.25 pounds Lead balls for killing goats, 4 ounces Paper delivered to the bookbinder, half a quire Tallow delivered to Artingstall for the long boat, 9 pounds Tallow delivered to Watkins for the cart in the Great Wood, 2 pounds Tallow delivered to Bland for the cart on the line, 1 pound Hand spikes broken on the line, 2 Sponge staves delivered to Henry Moyce to make peels for the bakers, 2 John French signed the account. Interpretations The gunner's account shows the establishment's ordnance stores drawn down for the ordinary running of the island rather than for defence, powder and lead spent shooting the goats that preyed on the plantations and tallow issued to grease the carts and the long boat, so the same store that armed the fort supplied the working material of the plantation and the harbour. The two hand spikes broken on the line and the sponge staves turned into bakers' peels mark the casual conversion of gun furniture to civil use, the gunner's stores serving as a general reserve of timber, grease and iron for whatever the settlement needed. The commutation of Bland's and Hawkins's lodging into £6 a year each closes the grievance of the previous petition on the spot, the board meeting the Company's unfulfilled promise of a house with a fixed cash allowance rather than building or finding quarters. Backdating the allowance to the time each man had paid for his own lodging shows the council reimbursing the masons for what they had already laid out, the practical resolution of an obligation the Company could not meet in kind being to buy it off in money, exactly the remedy Bland had proposed.
203	213	Account of the Honble Company's Stock of Neat Cattle &c for the Month of November 1746 Bulls, Cows, Calves, Yearlings, Heifers, Steer, Bullocks, Oxen, Total, Ewes, Wethers, Lambs, Rams, Total, Ewes, Wethers, Kidds, Rams, Total, Sows, Barrows, Shoats, Piggs, Bran, Total, Turkeys, Fowls, Chickins, Ducks, Geese, Horses, Mares, Total Remg 1st: Bulls 5, Cows 110, Calves 130, Yearlings 39, Heifers 42, Steer 49, Bullocks 7, Oxen 16, Total 398, Ewes 110, Wethers 21, Lambs 103, Rams 7, Total 241, Ewes 162, Wethers 22, Kidds 162, Rams 5, Total 351, Sows 28, Barrows 0, Shoats 41, Piggs 107, Bran 1, Total 177, Turkeys 207, Fowls 172, Chickins 260, Ducks 87, Geese 11, Horses 11, Mares 9, Total 20 Encreased: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 9, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steer 0, Bullocks 0, Oxen 0, Total 9, Ewes 0, Wethers 8, Lambs 0, Rams 8, Total 0, Ewes 0, Wethers 17, Kidds 0, Rams 0, Total 17, Sows 0, Barrows 0, Shoats 0, Piggs 21, Bran 0, Total 21, Turkeys 34, Fowls 0, Chickins 108, Ducks 36, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0 Bulls 5, Cows 110, Calves 139, Yearlings 39, Heifers 42, Steer 49, Bullocks 7, Oxen 16, Total 407, Ewes 110, Wethers 21, Lambs 111, Rams 7, Total 249, Ewes 162, Wethers 29, Kidds 179, Rams 5, Total 368, Sows 28, Barrows 0, Shoats 41, Piggs 128, Bran 1, Total 198, Turkeys 241, Fowls 172, Chickins 368, Ducks 83, Geese 11, Horses 11, Mares 9, Total 20 Killed: Bulls 0, Cows 1, Calves 0, Yearlings 0, Heifers 4, Steer 0, Bullocks 0, Oxen 0, Total 5, Ewes 0, Wethers 1, Lambs 0, Rams 0, Total 1, Ewes 57, Wethers 0, Kidds 0, Rams 12, Total 1, Sows 0, Barrows 1, Shoats 0, Piggs 0, Bran 0, Total 22, Turkeys 13, Fowls 5, Chickins 3, Ducks 0, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0 Died: Bulls 0, Cows 2, Calves 0, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steer 0, Bullocks 0, Oxen 0, Total 2, Ewes 1, Wethers 0, Lambs 1, Rams 0, Total 2, Ewes 0, Wethers 0, Kidds 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Sows 0, Barrows 2, Shoats 5, Piggs 0, Bran 0, Total 7, Turkeys 13, Fowls 10, Chickins 0, Ducks 0, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0 Killed By Dogs: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 0, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steer 0, Bullocks 0, Oxen 0, Total 0, Ewes 2, Wethers 0, Lambs 0, Rams 0, Total 2, Ewes 0, Wethers 0, Kidds 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Sows 0, Barrows 0, Shoats 0, Piggs 0, Bran 0, Total 0, Turkeys 0, Fowls 0, Chickins 0, Ducks 0, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0 Remg 31st: Bulls 5, Cows 126, Calves 128, Yearlings 32, Heifers 42, Steer 44, Bullocks 7, Oxen 16, Total 400, Ewes 107, Wethers 20, Lambs 110, Rams 7, Total 244, Ewes 157, Wethers 15, Kidds 179, Rams 5, Total 256, Sows 29, Barrows 42, Shoats 34, Piggs 83, Bran 1, Total 189, Turkeys 226, Fowls 355, Chickins 102, Ducks 80, Geese 11, Horses 11, Mares 9, Total 20 5 Beast killed for the market Wt 1557 lb 14 Goats Do 229 lb 2 Hoggs Do 158 lb 1 Sheep Do 39 Yams Expended 56000 lb	The Company's stock account for November 1746 was set out class by class through its movements, the neat cattle in seven classes summing to the cattle total, the sheep in four, the goats in four and the hogs in five, each carried down from the earlier returns of the same series. Remaining 1 November, neat cattle: 5 bulls, 110 cows, 130 calves, 39 yearlings, 42 heifers, 49 steers, 7 bullocks, 16 oxen, total 398; sheep: 110 ewes, 21 wethers, 103 lambs, 7 rams, total 241; goats: 162 ewes, 22 wethers, 162 kids, 5 rams, total 351; hogs: 28 sows, 0 barrows, 41 shoats, 107 pigs, 1 boar, total 177; poultry: 207 turkeys, 1,172 fowls, 60 chickens, 187 ducks, 11 geese, total unstated; horses and mares: 11 horses, 9 mares, total 20 Increased, neat cattle: 9 calves, total 9; sheep: 8 lambs, total 8; goats: 17 kids, total 17; hogs: 21 pigs, total 21; poultry: 31 chickens, 108 ducks, 36 geese Standing total, neat cattle: 5 bulls, 110 cows, 139 calves, 39 yearlings, 42 heifers, 49 steers, 7 bullocks, 16 oxen, total 407; sheep: 110 ewes, 21 wethers, 111 lambs, 7 rams, total 249; goats: 162 ewes, 22 wethers, 179 kids, 5 rams, total 368; hogs: 28 sows, 0 barrows, 41 shoats, 128 pigs, 1 boar, total 198; poultry: 207 turkeys, 1,173 fowls, 68 chickens, 83 ducks, 11 geese; horses and mares: 11 horses, 9 mares, total 20 Killed, neat cattle: 1 cow, 4 steers, total 5; sheep: 1 ewe, total 1; goats: 1 ewe, 5 wethers, 7 kids, total 12; hogs: 1 pig, total 1; poultry: 2 turkeys, 2 fowls, 13 chickens, 5 ducks, 3 geese Died, neat cattle: 2 calves, total 2; sheep: 1 ewe, 1 lamb, total 2; goats: 2 kids, total 2; hogs: 2 shoats, 5 pigs, total 7; poultry: 1 fowl, 13 chickens, 10 ducks Killed by dogs, sheep: 2 lambs, total 2 Remaining 30 November, neat cattle: 5 bulls, 112 cows, 61 calves, 128 yearlings, 32 heifers, 42 steers, 11 bullocks, 7 oxen, total 400; sheep: 107 ewes, 20 wethers, 110 lambs, 7 rams, total 244; goats: 157 ewes, 15 wethers, 179 kids, 5 rams, total 356; hogs: 29 sows, 0 barrows, 42 shoats, 34 pigs, 83 boars, total 189; poultry: 226 turkeys, 1,155 fowls, 102 chickens, 80 ducks, 11 geese; horses and mares: 11 horses, 9 mares, total 20 The month's slaughter for the market and the yams expended stood at the foot. 5 beasts killed for the market, 1,557 lb 12 goats killed for the market, 229 lb 2 hogs killed for the market, 158 lb 1 sheep killed for the market, 39 lb Yams expended, 56,000 lb The internal class figures do not everywhere sum cleanly to the stated totals and were taken as written. Interpretations The month's 56,000 lb of yams expended is far above the 18,000 lb of September and the 55,000 lb of October, and it confirms that the Company was carrying the market almost single-handed through the autumn, the herd feeding the garrison from the plantations while the planters held to their limited offer of 600 lb on Wednesdays and 300 lb on Saturdays. The slaughter of five beasts, twelve goats, two hogs and a sheep for the market in a single month, close to the October figure, shows the Company's own stock supplying the bulk of the fresh meat exactly as the Governor had undertaken in the supply dispute, the stock account standing as the running record of a bargain the planters had refused to improve. The two lambs killed by dogs, entered on their own line as in the earlier autumn returns, keep the standing problem of predation on the record, the same loss to dogs and theft that had run through the September and October accounts and prompted the overseer's reports of missing sheep. That the herd held almost exactly steady, 398 cattle at the start and 400 at the end, against heavy killing for the market shows the plantation just keeping pace with the demand the market dispute had thrown onto it, the Company's stock neither growing nor failing while it carried the garrison through the season.
204	214	December 9 Sundrys Expended in the Castle in November 1746 vizt 22 Bottles Port Wine £ 1 12 2¾ 20 Do Lisbon do 1 9 3¾ 39 Do Madera do 4 7 9 14½ Gallons of Arrack 1 17 5¾ 45 Bottles Strong Beer 36 Do Small Beer 15 2¾ 14½ Candy 12 11¾ 3 Sugar 1 4 235 Flower 1 8 9 10½ Butter 2 6 2 Turkey's 10 5 Chickens 5 13 Fowls 19 6 3 Ducks 4 0 27½ Fresh Beeff 3 8 3 51 Do Pork 1 5 6 5 Do Salt Pork 9 2 25½ Mutton 13 11¾ 5 Beeff 22 1 0¾ 10¾ Goat Given to the Sick Blacks 7½ 4 5¾ £ 22 6 1¾ David Dunbar Chas Hutchinson John Goodwin Curling Wright	The account of sundries spent at the castle in November 1746 stood as follows. 22 bottles of port wine, £1 12s 2.25d 20 bottles of Lisbon wine, £1 9s 3.5d 39 bottles of Madeira wine, £4 7s 9d 14.5 gallons of arrack, £1 17s 5.5d 15 bottles of strong beer, £0 0s 0d 36 bottles of small beer, £0 15s 2.5d 14.5 lb of candy, £0 12s 11.5d 5 lb of sugar, £0 1s 4d 235 lb of flour, £1 8s 0d 10.5 lb of butter, £2 0s 6d 2 turkeys, £0 10s 0d 5 chickens, £0 5s 0d 13 fowls, £0 19s 6d 3 ducks, £0 4s 0d 27.5 lb of fresh beef, £3 8s 3d 51 lb of pork, £1 5s 6d 5 lb of salt pork, £0 9s 2d 35.5 lb of mutton, £0 13s 11.5d Subtotal, £22 1s 0.25d 5 lb of beef given to the sick slaves, £0 0s 7.5d 10.5 lb of goat given to the sick slaves, £0 4s 5.5d Total, £22 6s 1.5d Governor Dunbar, Charles Hutchinson, John Goodwin, Matthew Purling and Robert Wright subscribed the account. Interpretations The castle table ran chiefly on imported wine and spirits, the port, Lisbon, Madeira and arrack together making up much of the cost, which shows how far the governor's household and the general table depended on the passing trade of the Indies and the Cape for drink that could not be made on the island. The strong beer entered at no charge marks a quantity furnished free, probably a gift from a ship in the road, the same nil entries against furnished goods that recur in these monthly sundry accounts. The small charge of beef and goat given to the sick slaves, set apart at the foot below the household's own provisions, continues the standing ration of fresh meat issued to labourers too ill to work, the same line that appears month after month in the stock and sundry accounts. Its separation from the table's supply keeps the cost of maintaining the sick slaves distinct on the books, the Company charging their meat to its own account rather than to the general table, the practical bookkeeping of an establishment that fed its sick workforce at a bare rate to keep them alive and returnable to labour.
205	215	December 16 At a Consultation held on Tuesday the 16th day of December 1746 at the Castle Present Colonel David Dunbar Govr Capt Charles Hutchinson Lt Govr John Goodwin Matthew Curling Robert Wright of Council The Last Consultation was read, and Approved. Lt John Barton Petitioned for a peice of Ground in James's Valley, adjoyning to his his house there Containing 21 feet in front, Eighty feet in Depth, and fifty feet in the Block. Ordered the same to be Veiwed. Thomas Willingham Likewise petitioned for a Lease for a peice of Ground at the upper End of St James's Valley on Southwork Side next the house inhabi= ted by Mrs Newland Containing fifty feet in fround, and Sixty feet in Depth to build upon Ordered the same to be Veiwed. Lydia Harper widow, and Richard Harper Petitioned for New Leases, for one acre and half of Land in Swanley Valley, and Eleven Acres and One Quarter at Sandven Wood, their old Leases being Expired. Granted Ordered the following Advertizement to be Published vizt	At a consultation held at the castle on Tuesday 16 December 1746, Governor Dunbar sat with Charles Hutchinson the Lieutenant Governor, John Goodwin fourth of council, Matthew Purling fifth and Robert Wright sixth. The last consultation was read and approved. Lieutenant John Barton petitioned for a piece of ground in James Valley adjoining his house there, 21 feet in front, 80 feet deep and 50 feet at the back. The board ordered it viewed. Thomas Willingham petitioned for a lease of a piece of ground at the upper end of St James Valley on the Southwark side, next the house Newland lived in, 50 feet in front and 60 feet deep, to build upon. The board ordered it viewed. Lydia Harper widow and Richard Harper petitioned for new leases of one and a half acres of land in Coventry Valley and 11.25 acres at Gumwood, their old leases having expired. The board granted them. The board ordered an advertisement published. Interpretations The three petitions on one day show the two distinct patterns of the island's land market, the Barton and Willingham requests for small measured plots in James Valley reflecting the steady building-up of the town, while the Harpers' renewal of country acreage on expired leases represents the ordinary turning-over of agricultural tenancies. The Company held nearly all the ground and granted it out on short leases, so both the growth of the settlement and the continuity of farming depended on the council's routine business of viewing plots and renewing terms, the same low-cost letting of its land that ran through the whole period. The naming of the Southwark side and the reference to neighbouring houses fix the new town plots by the informal geography the settlers had given James Valley, the borrowed London place name marking how the island's people mapped their small town onto the metropolis they had left. That the country leases were renewed only once the old ones had expired shows the Company holding tenants to their terms and taking each expiry as the occasion to re-let, keeping its ground under regular review rather than letting occupation harden into unexamined right.
206	216	December 16 This is to give Notice That all the Inhabitants of this Island are required to keep up their full Proportion of Wood on their Lands, and Where Wanting to Compleat the same by the next Proper Season, as they will answer the same at their peril. The Storekeeper Laid before us his day Books according to Order of Consultation of 29th April last David Dunbar Chas Hutchinson John Goodwin Curling Wright At a Consultation held on Tuesday the 23d day of December 1746 at the Castle. Present Colonel David Dunbar Govr Capt Charles Hutchinson Lt Govr John Goodwin Matthew Curling Robert Wright of Council The last Consultation was read, and Approved. Thursday 18th Died John Scott, Publican The two Peices of Ground Petitioned for last Consultation haveing been veiwed and found no ways prejudi cial to the Company, or Neighbourhood, We Granted 2 Leases	The advertisement gave notice that all the inhabitants of the island were required to keep up their full proportion of wood on their lands, and where wanting to make it up by the next proper season, as they would answer for it at their peril. The storekeeper laid his day books before the board as ordered at the consultation of 29 April. Governor Dunbar, Charles Hutchinson, John Goodwin, Matthew Purling and Robert Wright subscribed the consultation. At a consultation held at the castle on Tuesday 23 December 1746, Governor Dunbar sat with Charles Hutchinson the Lieutenant Governor, John Goodwin fourth of council, Matthew Purling fifth and Robert Wright sixth. The last consultation was read and approved. On Thursday 18 December, John Scott the publican died. The two pieces of ground petitioned for at the last consultation, having been viewed and found in no way harmful to the Company or the neighbourhood, were granted on lease. Interpretations The wood-keeping advertisement continues the Company's long enforcement of its planting policy, requiring every inhabitant to maintain a set proportion of timber on his land and make good any shortfall by the next planting season on pain of penalty, the same obligation that had been pressed through surveys and fines for decades. Coming days after the reward posted for the tree-breakers near the Maldivia garden, the notice shows the council pursuing the protection of the island's timber on two fronts at once, guarding the young plantations against malice and holding the tenants to their standing duty to grow wood, the whole reflecting how precarious tree cover remained on ground the settlement had stripped and how central its restoration was to the Company's management of the island.
207	217	1746 to Lt Barton at 4/ p Annt Ground Rent, and to Thomas Willingham at 4/ p Annum Ground Rent. The Storekeeper this day laid before us his day Books We this day Ordered Messrs Curling & Wright to be paid their Demands on Robert Wood out of his Money in the Company's Hands There haveing no other Claim been made on his Estate according to the Advertizement Published 25 Novr last, as p Consultation of that Day David Dunbar Chas Hutchinson John Goodwin Curling Wright At a Consultation held on Wednesday the 24th day of December 1746 at the Castle. Present Colonel David Dunbar Govr Capt Charles Hutchinson Lt Govr John Goodwin Matthew Curling Robert Wright of Council The last Consultation was read, and Approved	The leases were granted to Lieutenant Barton at 7s 6d a year ground rent and to Thomas Willingham at 4s 6d a year ground rent. The storekeeper laid his day books before the board. The board ordered that Purling and Wright be paid their demands on Robert Wood out of his money in the Company's hands, no other claim having been made on his estate under the advertisement published on 25 November, as by the consultation of that day. Governor Dunbar, Charles Hutchinson, John Goodwin, Matthew Purling and Robert Wright subscribed the consultation. At a consultation held at the castle on Wednesday 24 December 1746, Governor Dunbar sat with Charles Hutchinson the Lieutenant Governor, John Goodwin fourth of council, Matthew Purling fifth and Robert Wright sixth. The last consultation was read and approved. Interpretations The settlement of the claims on Robert Wood's estate shows the fortnight's advertisement working as intended, the call for demands having drawn no further creditor so that Purling's claim for Bazett's estate and Wright's for his arrear could be paid in full out of the dead man's money without any need to divide it rateably. The council's small probate machinery ran its course from petition through published notice to payment, the board standing in for a court in marshalling and discharging the debts of a man who died owing more than one person, and closing the matter only once the notice period had passed and the field of claimants was known.
208	218	December 24 This day arrived the Prince Edward Capt Robert Haldane from England Whereupon We met, and Opened the packett for this Place, and read the Honble Company's Letter to Us Adjourned for the Holydays, Unless Extraordinary Business. We this day Examined the Honble Company's Cash for the month of November last and found the same to be, as follows, vizt Cash Dr Per Contra Cr Novr 1st To Ballance remaining £ 3848 1 7½ 5th To Plantation so much received of Roger Newman for Provision sold to the Market in last Month 19 2 11½ 18th To William Simpson deceased for so much received of Joseph Deffountain his Executor being the Ballance of his Account, p Consultation of this day 22 11 5½ Carried Over £ 3887 16 0¾ Novr 11 By Garrison paid Bonfield for Relisting for five Years to Commence the 24th day of March next 5 5 31 By Ballance remaining in the following Speices vizt 1 ps Gold wt 11 oz 15 dwt 14 gr a 3.18.3 16 1 8¾ 4 ps do 3.9.12 3.18 13 11 4 1236 Pagodas a 8 494 8 1 Barbary Chequin 9 4 Venetians a 10 2 12 Gubbers 6 3 12 6½ St Thomas's 12 3 6 Gold Amounting to 563 7 9 10836 Dollars a 5 264 169 half do 2/6 21 2 6 193 Double Rials 1.3 12 3 9 443 Rials 7½ 13 16½ 3836 half Rials 3¾ 39 18 9 563 7 9 Carried Over £ 2741 1 10½ Carried Over £ 508 12 9	The Prince Edward arrived from England on 24 December, Captain Robert Haldane commander, whereupon the board met and opened the packet for the island and read the Company's letter to it. The board then adjourned for the holidays, unless extraordinary business should arise. The board examined the Company's cash for November and found it as follows, the debtor side carrying the receipts and the creditor side the payments out and the balance counted coin by coin. Cash, debtor side 1 November, balance remaining, £3,848 1s 7.5d 4 November, plantation, received of Roger Nevanson for provisions sold to the market last month, £19 2s 11.5d 18 November, William Simpson deceased, received of Joseph Desfountain his executor, being the balance of his account as by consultation of this day, £22 11s 5.5d Carried over, £3,889 16s 0.5d Cash, creditor side 11 November, garrison, paid Bonfield for re-enlisting for five years to commence the 24th of March next, £5 5s 0d 31 November, balance remaining in the following species: Gold at 4 pounds 11 shillings 14 pence, weighed, at 5 pounds 18 shillings, £16 1s 8.5d Gold at 3 pounds 9 shillings 12 pence, weighed, at 5 pounds 18 shillings, £13 11s 4.5d 1,236 pagodas at 8 shillings, £494 8s 0d 1 Barbary chequin, £0 9s 0d 4 Venetians at 10 shillings, £2 0s 0d 12 gubbers at 6 shillings, £3 12s 0d 5.5 St Thomas's at 12 shillings, £3 6s 0d Gold amounting to, £563 7s 9d 10,036 dollars at 5 shillings, £2,640 0s 0d 169 half dollars at 2 shillings 6 pence, £21 2s 6d 195 double rials at 1 shilling 3 pence, £12 3s 9d 443 rials at 7.5 pence, £13 16s 10.5d 3,836 half rials at 3.75 pence, £39 18s 9d Carried over, £2,741 1s 10.5d Total carried over, £3,058 12s 9d Interpretations The arrival of the Prince Edward from England on Christmas Eve brought the Company's annual letter direct from the Court, the packet opened at once and read before the board broke up for the holidays, which marks the yearly moment when the Directors' instructions reached the island and set the frame for the coming year's government. That the board adjourned immediately after, reserving only extraordinary business, shows the ordinary rhythm of the settlement pausing for the season once the year's chief dispatch was safely received. The two receipts on the debtor side tie the month's cash directly to the estate business the board had been settling, the £22 11s 5.5d from Desfountain being the surplus of the heirless Simpson estate paid into the Company as the council had ordered on 18 November, and the plantation's £19 2s 11.5d the takings for the Company's own provisions sold at market. The treasury absorbing the loose balance of an intestate estate alongside the proceeds of its market supply shows the same two threads of the autumn, the winding-up of dead men's affairs and the Company's carriage of the market, running together through the cash account. The re-enlistment bounty of £5 5s 0d paid to Bonfield to serve five years from the following March continues the standing effort to hold the garrison together by graduated bounties, the same five-guinea inducement paid to Thomas Oliver in October and to the men re-enlisted through the year. On a small and isolated station where the ranks were thinned by death, desertion and the drawing-off of men to India, buying soldiers back into a fresh term of service was the Company's routine means of keeping its foot companies at strength.
209	219	1746 Brought Over £ 3887 16 0¾ Brought Over £ 568 12 9 Silver Brought Over £ 2741 1 10½ 323 Rupees 2/3 36 6 9 441 French Peices 2 3 13 6 Odd Money 6 2¾ Silver amounting to 2781 8 3¾ 146 Cash Notes a 40 292 161 Do 20 161 259 do 5 64 15 160 do 2/6 20 Cash Notes Amounting to 537 15 3319 3 3¾ £ 3887 16 0¾ £ 3887 16 0¾ David Dunbar Chas Hutchinson John Goodwin Curling Wright	The cash account closed with the balance completed coin by coin, the debtor side footed and the two sides agreed. Debtor side Brought over, £3,887 16s 0.75d Total, £3,887 16s 0.75d Creditor side Brought over (gold), £563 12s 9d Silver brought over, £2,741 1s 10.5d 323 rupees at 2 shillings 3 pence, £36 6s 9d 441 French pieces at 2 shillings, £3 13s 6d Odd money, £0 6s 2.5d Silver amounting to, £2,781 8s 3.75d 146 cash notes at 40 shillings, £292 0s 0d 161 cash notes at 20 shillings, £161 0s 0d 259 cash notes at 5 shillings, £64 15s 0d 160 cash notes at 2 shillings 6 pence, £20 0s 0d Cash notes amounting to, £537 15s 0d Gold, silver and notes, £3,319 3s 3.75d Total, £3,887 16s 0.75d Governor Dunbar, Charles Hutchinson, John Goodwin, Matthew Purling and Robert Wright subscribed the account. Interpretations The closing balance stood almost wholly in foreign silver and the Company's own paper, more than three thousand Spanish dollars and their fractions alongside rupees and French pieces making up the bulk of the coin, which shows the same dependence on the specie of the Indies trade that ran through every treasury count of the period. English money barely figured, and the small run of odd money entered to reconcile the count marks the practical difficulty of balancing a treasury made up of a dozen currencies at differing rates. The cash notes at £537 15s 0d, unchanged from the October count, were the Company's own instrument for stretching a chronic shortage of coin, promissory paper issued in denominations from forty shillings down to half a crown so that the settlement could transact without enough metal to go round. That the treasury carried a fixed block of these notes month after month shows them functioning as a settled part of the island's money rather than as a temporary expedient, the Company supplying its own currency where the coin of the world's trade left gaps.
210	220	Jany 1746 At a Consultation held on Tuesday the 6 day of January 1746 at the Castle Present Colonel David Dunbar Govr Capt Charles Hutchinson Lt Govr John Goodwin Matthew Curling Robert Wright of Council The last Consultation was read, and Approved. Thursday 1st Died, Susannah, Wife of John Worrall, Planter. Ordered a letter to be wrote to Captain Haldon Tomorrow Morning, that the ten Working days Usually Allowed the Storeships for Unloading here being Expired and the Company's Goods landed He was not detained here on the Company's Account. Ordered two of the Council with the Storekeeper, and a person Appointed by Capt Halden to Inspect the Stores received by the Prince Edward from England and report the Condition of the Same nex Consul tation. Francis Hayes, Planter, Petitioned for liberty to dispose of ½ of an Acre of Lease Land to Mr Matthew Curling Granted The Storekeeper this day laid before us day Books. David Dunbar Chas Hutchinson John Goodwin Curling Wright	At a consultation held at the castle on Tuesday 6 January 1747, Governor Dunbar sat with Charles Hutchinson the Lieutenant Governor, John Goodwin fourth of council, Matthew Purling fifth and Robert Wright sixth. The last consultation was read and approved. On Thursday 1 January, Susannah, wife of John Worrall the planter, died. The board ordered a letter written to Captain Haldane the following morning, that the ten working days usually allowed the store ships for unloading having expired and the Company's goods being landed, he was no longer detained on the Company's account. The board ordered two of the council, with the storekeeper and a person appointed by Captain Haldane, to inspect the stores received by the Prince Edward from England and report their condition at the next consultation. Francis Hayes the planter petitioned for leave to dispose of three-quarters of an acre of leasehold land to Matthew Purling, which the board granted. The storekeeper laid his day books before the board. Governor Dunbar, Charles Hutchinson, John Goodwin, Matthew Purling and Robert Wright subscribed the consultation. Interpretations The release of Captain Haldane once the ten unloading days had expired shows the charter party governing the store ship's stay, the Company bound to detain and pay for the vessel only while its goods were being landed and free to discharge her the moment the contracted time ran out. That the board acted on the exact expiry of the allowed days marks how closely the settlement watched the terms of hire, a ship kept beyond her days becoming a charge the Company would have to answer for. The order for a joint inspection of the Prince Edward's stores, pairing two councillors and the storekeeper with a man of the captain's choosing, provided an agreed check on the condition of goods landed from England before the Company accepted them. Setting the receiver's and the carrier's representatives to survey the cargo together protected both sides against later dispute over damage, the same careful apportioning of responsibility for spoiled or short goods that ran through the Company's dealings with its shipping, and answered directly to the Governor's recent insistence that deliveries be witnessed and accounted rather than taken on trust.
211	221	January 13 At a Consultation held on Tuesday the 13 day of January 1746 at Castle. Present Colonel David Dunbar Govr Capt Charles Hutchinson Lt Govr John Goodwin Matthew Curling Robert Wright of Council The last Consultation was read, and Approved. The Governour laid before us the following Letter from Capt Haldane, in answer to what was wrote him, pursuant to Our resolution in the last Consultation vizt St Helena Jany 8th 1746 Gentlemen Last night I received Your Letter of the 7th Instant, in which you require me, that ten working Days usually allowed the Storeship for unlading Her Cargoe are Expired; and that I am no Longer detained on the Honble Company's Account. But as you are sensible, with how much difficulty, and the Danger of Losing as many of our Seamen as have been employed in that Service, it has been in my power to Land the Greatest part of the Honble Company's Cargoe consigned to this place; The Surf, as it is usuall at this Season of the Year, having been for the most part so high, that nothing but an earnest desier of being Speedily Dispatched could have induced me to attempt laying a Boat alongside of the Crane with so trouble some a Cargoe as we have had on Board and Severall of our people being Still in a very Languishing Condi= tion from the Wounds and Bruises they received, when the Long boat was Oversett at the Crane with twenty five of them on Board of Her.	At a consultation held at the castle on Tuesday 13 January 1747, Governor Dunbar sat with Charles Hutchinson the Lieutenant Governor, John Goodwin fourth of council, Matthew Purling fifth and Robert Wright sixth. The last consultation was read and approved. The Governor laid before the board a letter from Captain Haldane in answer to the one written to him on the board's resolution at the last consultation, dated at St Helena on 8 January 1747. Haldane acknowledged the letter of the seventh, which told him the ten working days usually allowed the store ship for unloading her cargo had expired and that he was no longer detained on the Company's account. Haldane replied that the board was aware how much difficulty and danger of losing his seamen had attended the service, and that it had been in his power to land the greater part of the Company's cargo consigned to the island. The surf, as was usual at that season, had for the most part run so high that nothing but an earnest desire of being quickly dispatched could have induced him to attempt laying a boat alongside the crane with so troublesome a cargo as he had aboard. Several of his people were still in a very weak condition from the wounds and bruises they had received when the long boat was overset at the crane with twenty-five of them aboard. Interpretations Haldane's letter reveals the physical hazard behind the routine of unloading, the high surf of the season making the transfer of cargo from ship to crane so dangerous that a loaded boat had already capsized with twenty-five men aboard, several of whom remained injured. The captain was answering the board's crisp notice of his release by setting out the risk his crew had run to land the goods at all, turning a dry statement about expired charter days into a record of the real cost of supplying an island with no harbour and a treacherous landing. The exchange marks the tension between the Company's contractual reckoning and the master's account of the conditions, the board measuring the ship's stay in allowed working days while the captain measured it in surf too high to work and men hurt in the attempt. That Haldane pressed his difficulties in reply suggests he anticipated a dispute over demurrage or the completeness of delivery, the same careful positioning against later charge that governed every dealing between the Company and the commanders who carried its goods to a place where the sea itself could stop the work for days together.
212	222	Jany 13 And as by our Diligence in Despatching the Honble Company's business, with which I flatter my self you are not disatisfyed, under the abovementioned Difficulty, we have not as yet had it in our powers to Accomplish severall things necessary to be done on Board, much less to Supply our Selves with a Quantity of Water Sufficient to enable us to Proceed on our intended Voyage, our Long boat having in particuler this morning as well as at severall other times, been forced from the Crane, without our being able to put one Single Cask on Board of Her. I hope the Governour and Gentlemen of the Council will be so good as to take what is above offerd into their Consideration, and tho' according to the usual form in Cases not attended with the like Circumstances as ours, Ten Days are thought Sufficient for delivering the Honble Company Cargoe, and putting the ship in a Sailing posture, that you will take an Opportunity of representing to the Honble the Court of Directors the Extraordinary Difficultys we have met with, and the impossibrity on that Account of Our haveing been able to finish our Business within the time above Limited; That upon Such Representation the Honble Court may According to their usuall Justice be Induced to Indulge the owners of the Prince Edward with an allowance of Demorage Equal to the time we have necessarily lost at this Place, it haveing been impossible for us either to land Goods, or receive water on Board, Sometimes for whole Days to Gether, and for the Most part only at the pitch of High Water, when the Surf was Least dangerous. I have the Honour to be Gentlemen Your most Obedient Humble Servant Signed Ro Haldane	Haldane continued that, whatever diligence he had shown in dispatching the Company's business, with which he flattered himself the board was not dissatisfied, the difficulties already mentioned had left him unable to accomplish several things needful aboard, much less to supply himself with enough water to proceed on his intended voyage. His long boat had that morning, as at several other times, been forced from the crane without his being able to put a single cask aboard her. He asked the Governor and council to take what he had said into consideration. Although by the usual form, in cases not attended with such circumstances, ten days were thought sufficient for delivering the Company's cargo and putting the ship in a sailing posture, he asked that the board represent to the Court of Directors the extraordinary difficulties he had met and the impossibility of finishing his business within the time allowed. On such a representation, he hoped, the Court might in its usual justice allow the owners of the Prince Edward a demurrage equal to the time necessarily lost, it having been impossible either to land goods or take water aboard, sometimes for whole days together, and for the most part only at high water, when the surf was least dangerous. He closed by subscribing himself the board's most obedient humble servant, Robert Haldane. Interpretations Haldane's request that the board write to the Court in support of a demurrage claim shows the master seeking not a payment from the council, which had no power to vary the charter, but its testimony to the Directors, who alone could compensate the owners for the days the ship lost. The letter is a careful piece of advocacy, laying the ground for a claim in London by getting the difficulties recorded on the island where they occurred, the council's word being the evidence the owners would need to persuade the Court that the delay came from the surf and not from any slackness of their ship. The distinction Haldane drew between the usual ten days and his own case turns on the difference between the charter's standard allowance and the exceptional conditions that made it impossible to meet, the water alone, which every ship needed simply to leave, being unobtainable for days on end. That the demurrage question was referred upward to the Court rather than settled on the spot marks the limit of the council's authority over the terms of hire, the board able to bear witness and recommend but not to bind the Company, the same referral of contested charges to the Directors that ran through the settlement's dealings with the ships it depended on.
213	223	1746 We are very Sensible, that the Surfs have been very Great, and that the Representations in the Above Letter are true. Messrs Goodwin Curling and Wright this day delivered the Following Report, directed to be made last Consultation, vizt Pursuant to the Order of last Consultation We in Company with an Officer appointed by Capt Haldane have veiwed and Examined the Several Stores Received from the Ship Prince Edward and found the following Deficient vizt Brandy Short By the Gage the Invoice Specifing the Gage to be in England 2627½ Gallons & here the Gage is no more than 2469½ Gallons 168 Gallons Short by Wastage 74 Short from the Invoice 232 Pipes brok of the best Sort 2 7 Do brok of the Worst Do 2 1 Short from the Invoice 4 8 Jenry 7th 1746 Signed John Goodwin M Curling R Wright The Storekeeper this day laid before Us his day Books for the Week past. We this day Executed the Following Leases to Lydia Harper, and Richard Harper, Granted in Consultation of 16 December last vizt	The board acknowledged that it was well aware the surf had been very great and that the account given in the letter was true. Goodwin, Purling and Wright then delivered a report to the board, ordered at the last consultation. Following that order, they had, together with an officer appointed by Captain Haldane, viewed and examined the stores received from the Prince Edward and found the following deficient. Brandy short by the gauge: the invoice specifying the gauge to be in England 2,627.5 gallons and the gauge here being no more than 2,469.5 gallons, 168 gallons Short by wastage, 74 gallons Short from the invoice, 232 gallons Pipes broke of the best sort, 2 pipes 7 Pipes broke of the worst sort, 2 pipes 1 Short from the invoice, 4 pipes 8 The report was dated 7 January 1747 and signed John Goodwin, Matthew Purling and Robert Wright. The storekeeper laid his day books for the week past before the board. The board then executed the leases to Lydia Harper and Richard Harper granted at the consultation of 16 December. Interpretations The brandy shortfall separates two distinct kinds of loss on the same consignment, 74 gallons written off to wastage in the cask over the voyage and a further 158 short against the invoice even after the wastage was allowed, so that the total deficiency of 232 gallons pointed partly to evaporation and seepage and partly to goods that had never been shipped or had gone missing. The joint survey by three councillors and the captain's man produced exactly the kind of documented finding the demurrage correspondence had prepared, a shortage recorded and attested so that the Company could set it against the invoice and the owners could not later dispute the count. The distinction between wastage and invoice shortage matters because the two fell to different accounts, wastage being the expected loss the Company bore on liquor carried by sea while the shortfall from the invoice was a claim against the shippers or a matter for the Court to resolve. That the same board which had just conceded the truth of Haldane's account of the surf went on to record a substantial deficiency in his cargo shows the council keeping its two obligations separate, sympathetic to the master's difficulties over demurrage yet exact in checking what he had actually delivered, the survey standing as the settlement's protection against paying for goods it never received.
214	224	Jany 13 Island St Helena The Lords Proprietors of this Island the Honble the United Company of Merchants of England trading to the East Indies, Do hereby demise Grant Set and to Farm Lett unto Lydia Harper Widow and Richard Harper all that Peice or parcell of Land Containing Eleven Acres and a Quarter Situate Lying and Being in Somson Wood in the said plant bounding North on Richard Mason and South East and Westerly on the Honble Company's Waste with the Appurtences To have and to hold unto the said Lydia Harper and Richard Harper their Exors Admors and Assigns from the day of the date hereof for and during the Term of Twenty one Years from thence next Insuing Upon Condition that they the said Lydia Harper and Richard Harper their Heirs Exors Admors or alowed of Assigns Shall Always bear true faith and Allegiance to our Sovereign Lord King George the Second his Heirs and Successors and true faith to the said Honble Company and their Successors and Shall duely Obey all the Laws and Consti= tutions of the said plant Yeilding and Paying therefore Yearly and Every Year during the Term hereby Granted unto the said Honble Company their Successors Agents or Assigns the Yearly Rent of John Shilling p Acre besides one Shilling Duty Cbezign all five Shillings p Annum, in at or upon the feast of St Michael the Archangell Yearly And Upon Condition that they the said Lydia Harper and Richard Harper their Heirs Exors Admors or Assigns Shall and do immediatly Set about and Fence in the said hereby Granted parcell of Land with a Good and Sufficient wall Fence and When so fenced and Enclosed do and Shall keep and Maintain the same in Good Ilcent and Tenantable Repair and Not Suffer the same or any part thereof to run to ruin or decay and Shall also plant keep up and Maintain the full Quantify and proportion of Wood and Young trees Pursuant to the Law of this Island in that Case made and provided And also plant Furze round the said Fences at such proper Seasons of the Year as it will best Grow	The United Company of Merchants of England trading to the East Indies, as lords proprietors of the island, granted and to farm let to Lydia Harper widow and Richard Harper a piece of land of 11.25 acres at Gumwood, bounded north by Richard Mason and south-east by the Company's waste, with its appurtenances, to have and to hold to Lydia Harper and Richard Harper, their executors, administrators and assigns, for twenty-one years from the date next following. The tenants were bound to bear true faith and allegiance to King George the Second, his heirs and successors, and true faith to the Company and its successors, and to obey all the laws and constitutions of the island. They were to pay the Company, its successors, agents or assigns a yearly rent of one shilling an acre, besides one shilling duty, amounting in all to five shillings a year, on the feast of Saint Michael the Archangel. They were bound to set about and fence the land at once with a good and sufficient wall fence, and once fenced and enclosed to keep it in good and tenantable repair and not let it or any part fall into decay. They were further bound to plant, keep up and maintain the full quantity and proportion of wood and young trees required by the island's law, and to plant furze round the fences at the proper seasons of the year. Interpretations The Harper lease shows the wood-planting duty written into the very instrument of tenure, every leaseholder bound by covenant to grow and maintain a set proportion of trees and to plant furze round the fences, so the Company's timber policy was enforced not only by advertisement and fine but as a standing condition of holding land at all. The obligation that ran through the December advertisements requiring the inhabitants to keep up their wood appears here as the private legal duty of the individual tenant, the two working together to press the restoration of timber on ground the settlement had stripped, the furze serving both as a living fence and as cover to shelter young trees. The requirement to enclose with a wall fence and keep it in repair, set alongside the low rent of a shilling an acre, shows the Company again shifting the whole cost of improvement onto the tenant in exchange for a long term at a small ground rent. The leaseholder gained the use of the land for twenty-one years while undertaking to fence it, plant it, wood it and hand it back sound, the standard bargain by which the island's chief landlord had the ground enclosed and planted without laying out its own money, binding the tenant to the improvement the Company wanted through the terms of the lease itself.
215	225	1746 in or the Nature of the soil & Produce and do not nor shall Alter the said Fences they being the bound or Land mark to the said Land And Do not nor shall Sell or dispose of this Lease or Her His or their Interest therein without the Leave and Consent of Governour and Council for the time being In Witness Whereof we the said Governour and Council have hereunto Set our hand and Affixed the Honble Company's Seal this thirteenth day of January in the Twentieth Year of the reign of our said Sovereign Lord Gorge the Second by the Grace of God of Great Britten France and Ireland King Defender of the faith and so forth and in the Year of our Lord 1746 and the said Lydia Harper and Richard Harper have to the other part set their hands and seals the day and Year above Written. Signed David Dunbar Chas Hutchinson John Goodwin M Curling R Wright Island St Helena The Lords Proprietors of this Island the Honble the United Company of Merchants of England trading to the East Indies do hereby demise Lease and to Farm lett unto Lydia Harper widow and Richard Harper all that peice or parcell of Gunneed Land Containing One acre and half Situate Lying and being in or near the Lower part of Swanley Valley in the West Division of the said plant butting and Bounding to wards the North South and West Every way on the 137 & Honble Company's Wast land To have and to hold unto the said Richard Harper and Lydia Harper their Exors Admors and Assigns from the day of the date hereof for and during the term of Twenty One Years from thence next Ensueing Upon Condition That they the said Richard Harper and Lydia Harper their Exors Admors or Assigns Shall always bear true faith and Allegiance	The Harper lease bound the tenants not to alter anything in the nature of the soil or its produce, and not to alter the fences, which stood as the boundary and land mark to the land. They were further bound not to sell or dispose of the lease or their interest in it without the leave and consent of the Governor and council for the time being. The Governor and council set their hands and the Company's seal to the lease on 13 January 1747, in the twentieth year of the reign of George the Second, King of Great Britain, France and Ireland and Defender of the Faith. Lydia Harper and Richard Harper set their hands and seals to the other part the same day. Governor Dunbar, Charles Hutchinson, John Goodwin, Matthew Purling and Robert Wright subscribed the lease. The United Company of Merchants of England trading to the East Indies, as lords proprietors of the island, then granted and to farm let to Lydia Harper widow and Richard Harper a piece of gumwood land of one and a half acres near the lower part of Coventry Valley in the west division of the island, butting and bounding to the north, south and west every way on the Company's waste land, to have and to hold to Richard Harper and Lydia Harper, their executors, administrators and assigns, for twenty-one years from the date next following. The tenants were bound to bear true faith and allegiance to the Crown. Interpretations The covenant forbidding the tenants to alter the soil, the produce or the boundary fences reveals the Company's concern to keep its land identifiable and its holdings distinct, the fences serving as the physical record of where one lease ended and the Company's waste began. On an island where nearly all the ground was the Company's and let out in scattered parcels, a tenant who moved a fence or changed the character of the land could blur the very boundaries the leases depended on, so the bar against alteration protected the landlord's ability to know and control its own estate. The two Harper leases executed together, the eleven and a quarter acres at Gumwood and the acre and a half in Coventry Valley, both bounded on every side by the Company's waste, show how the settled holdings sat as islands within a great body of unlet Company ground. The waste that surrounded each parcel was the reserve from which new grants were carved and onto which the herds ranged, and the renewal of these expired leases on the same terms marks the steady continuity of the island's farming, the same families holding the same scattered acres from one twenty-one-year term to the next while the Company kept the bulk of the land in hand.
216	226	Jany 13 Allegiance to our Sovereign Lord King George the second his Heirs and Successors and true faith to the said Honble Company and their Successors and Shall duely Obey all the Laws and Constitutions of the said Island Yeilding and Paying therefore Yearly and every year during the term hereby Granted unto the said Honble Company their Successors Agents or Assigns the Yearly Rent of four Shillings p Acre besides one Shilling Duty (being in all five Shillings p Annum, in at or upon the Feast of St Michael the Archangell) Yearly and Upon Condition that they the said Lydia Harper and Richard their Heirs Exors Administrators or Assigns Shall and do immediatly Sett about and Fence in the said Parcell of Land with a Good and Sufficient Wall Fence and When so fenced and Inclosed do and Shall keep and Maintain the same in good heart and Tenantable Repair and not suffer the same or any part thereof to run to ruin or decay and Shall also plant keep up and Maintain the full quantity and proportion of Wood and Young Tree pursuant to the Law of this Island in that Case made and provided and also plant Furze round the said Fences at such proper seasons of the Year as it will best Grow in or the Nature of the Soil produce and do not nor shall alter the said Fences they being the bound or Land marks to the said Land and do not nor shall sell or dispose of this Lease or His or their Interest therein without the Leave and Consent of the Governour and Council for the time being In Witness Whereof We the said Governour and Council have hereunto Sett our hands and the Honble Company's Seal this thirteenth day of Jany in the twentieth Year of the Reign of our said Sovereign Lord Gorge the second by the Grace of God of Great Brittain France and Ireland King Defender of the faith and so forth and in the Year of our Lord 1746 and the said Lydia Harper and Richard Harper have to the Other part sett their Hands and Seals the day and Year above Written. Signed David Dunbar Chas Hutchinson John Goodwin M Curling R Wright	The Coventry Valley lease bound Lydia Harper and Richard Harper to bear true faith and allegiance to King George the Second, his heirs and successors, and true faith to the Company and its successors, and to obey all the laws and constitutions of the island. They were to pay the Company, its successors, agents or assigns a yearly rent of four shillings an acre, besides one shilling duty, amounting in all to five shillings a year, on the feast of Saint Michael the Archangel. They were bound to set about and fence the parcel at once with a good and sufficient wall fence, and once fenced and enclosed to keep it in good and tenantable repair and not let it or any part fall into decay. They were further bound to plant, keep up and maintain the full quantity and proportion of wood and young trees required by the island's law, and to plant furze round the fences at the proper seasons of the year when it would best grow. They were not to alter anything in the nature of the soil or its produce, and not to alter the fences, which stood as the land marks to the land, and not to sell or dispose of the lease or their interest in it without the leave and consent of the Governor and council for the time being. The Governor and council set their hands and the Company's seal to the lease on 13 January 1747, in the twentieth year of the reign of George the Second, King of Great Britain, France and Ireland and Defender of the Faith. Lydia Harper and Richard Harper set their hands and seals to the other part the same day. Governor Dunbar, Charles Hutchinson, John Goodwin, Matthew Purling and Robert Wright subscribed the lease. Interpretations The difference in rent between the two Harper leases, four shillings an acre for the acre and a half in Coventry Valley against one shilling an acre for the larger Gumwood parcel, reflects the Company's practice of pricing its ground by quality rather than by a flat rate, better or more useful land drawing a higher rent while poor or remote ground was let cheaply to get it occupied and improved at all. The added shilling of duty on each holding was a fixed charge over and above the acreage rent, so that the small parcel and the large came out at the same five shillings a year, the duty falling on the holding rather than the acre. The identical covenants on both leases, binding the tenants to fence, wood and maintain the ground and forbidding sale without the council's leave, show the Company applying a single standard form of tenure across all its grants regardless of size or situation. Every leaseholder was held to the same obligations of allegiance, enclosure, planting and non-alienation, so the whole settled portion of the island was let on uniform terms that served the Company's interest in a fenced, wooded and controlled estate, the individual bargains differing only in the rent set against the worth of the particular ground.
217	227	1746 We also Executed the following Leases to Lt John Barton, and Thomas Willingham Granted in Consultation of 23d December last vizt Island St Helena The Lords Proprietors of this Island the Honble the United Company of Merchants of England trading to the East Indies Do hereby Demise Lease and to farm Lett unto John Barton Lt all that Peice or Parcell of Ground Containing Twenty one feet in front Eighty feet in Depth and Fifty in Back Situate in James's Valley in the said Island bounding South and East on the Honble Companys Wast Land and North adjoying to his House West on the Water tun with the Appurtenances to have and to hold the aforesaid Land and Premises with their and every of there Appurtenances unto the said John Barton his Exors Admors and Assigns from the day of the date hereof for and during and unto the full End and Term of Twenty one Years from thence next Ensueing Yeilding and paying therefor Yearly and every year during the term hereby Granted unto the said Honble Company their Successors Agents or the sum of Twelve Shillings p annum on the feast day of St Michael the Archangell in every Year Upon Condition that he the said John Barton his Exors Admors and Assigns Do and Shall bear faith and Allegiance to our Sovereign Lord George the Second his Heirs and Successors and true faith to them the said Honble Company and their Successors and Upon Condition that he the said John Barton his Exors Admors and Assigns do and Shall at the end or Sooner Expiration hereof Leave the same Ground and Premisses in like Good Condition and Repair and not Suffer the said Ground or any Building that is or may be thereon to run to ruin or decay And Upon Condition that he the said John Barton his Exors Admors or Assigns Shall not sell or dispose of this Lease or his or their Interest therein without the Leave and Consent of the Governour and Council for the time being In Witness Whereof the said Governour and Council have hereunto Sett our hands and	The board also executed the leases to Lieutenant John Barton and Thomas Willingham granted at the consultation of 23 December. The United Company of Merchants of England trading to the East Indies, as lords proprietors of the island, granted and to farm let to John Barton a piece of ground of 21 feet in front, 80 feet deep and 50 feet at the back in James Valley, bounded south and east by the Company's waste land and north adjoining his house, and west by the water run, with its appurtenances, to have and to hold the land and premises with all their appurtenances to John Barton, his executors, administrators and assigns, for twenty-one years from the date next following. He was to pay the Company, its successors, agents or assigns a yearly rent of twelve shillings on the first day of Saint Michael the Archangel throughout the term. He was bound to bear faith and allegiance to King George the Second, his heirs and successors, and true faith to the Company and its successors. He was bound at the end or sooner expiry of the term to leave the ground in as good condition and repair as he found it, and not to let the ground or any building on it fall into decay. He was further bound not to sell or dispose of the lease or his interest in it without the leave and consent of the Governor and council for the time being. Interpretations The bounding of Barton's plot by his own house to the north and the water run to the west shows the lease fitting a small addition to a holding he already occupied, the ground let to round out an existing house plot rather than to establish a new one. The naming of the water run as a boundary marks the value of access to the stream in James Valley, the watercourse being both a fixed landmark and a resource the Company kept careful track of when granting the ground along it, the same concern for the valley's water that had governed earlier grants near the main run. The twelve-shilling rent on a plot measured in feet, set against the shillings-per-acre rents of the country leases executed the same day, shows how much more dearly the Company let its town ground than its farmland. Building land in James Valley, close to the fort and the landing and in demand for houses, commanded a rent out of all proportion to its size, so the settlement's scarce level ground near the sea was priced by its position and use rather than by area, the concentration of value in the town lots reflecting the pull of the harbour and the garrison at the valley's mouth.
218	228	Jany 13 the Honble Companys Seal this thirteenth day of Jany in the Twentieth Year of the reign of our said Sovereign Lord George the Second by the Grace of God of Great Brittain France and Ireland King Defender of the faith and so forth and in the Year of our Lord 1746 and the said John Barton hath to the Other part sett his hand and Seal the day and Year above Written. Signed David Dunbar Chas Hutchinson John Goodwin M Curling R Wright Island St Helena The Lords Proprietors of this Island the Honble the United Company of Merchants of England trading to the East Indies Do hereby demise Lease and to Farm Lett unto Thomas Willingham All that Peice or Parcell of Ground Containing fifty feet in front and Sixty feet in Depth Situate Lying and being at the Upper end of James's Valley above the House in the Possession of Sarah Newland bounding Every way on the Honble Company's Wast Land with the Appurtenances To have and to hold the aforesaid Land and Premises with the Appurtenances unto the said Thos Willingham his Exors Administrators and Assigns from the day of the date hereof for and during and unto the full end and term of Twenty One Years from thence next Ensuing Yeilding and Paying therefore Yearly and every Year during the term hereby Granted unto the said Honble Company their Successors Agents or Assigns the sum of ten Shilling on the Feast day of St Michael the Archangell in every year Upon Condition that he the said Thomas Willingham his Exors Admors or Assigns do and Shall bear true faith and Allegiance to our Sovereign Lord George the	The Governor and council set their hands and the Company's seal to the Barton lease on 13 January 1747, in the twentieth year of the reign of George the Second, King of Great Britain, France and Ireland and Defender of the Faith. John Barton set his hand and seal to the other part the same day. Governor Dunbar, Charles Hutchinson, John Goodwin, Matthew Purling and Robert Wright subscribed the lease. The United Company of Merchants of England trading to the East Indies, as lords proprietors of the island, then granted and to farm let to Thomas Willingham a piece of ground of 50 feet in front and 60 feet deep at the upper end of James Valley above the house Sarah Newland lived in, bounded every way by the Company's waste land, with its appurtenances, to have and to hold the land and premises with the appurtenances to Thomas Willingham, his executors, administrators and assigns, for twenty-one years from the date next following. He was to pay the Company, its successors, agents or assigns a yearly rent of ten shillings on the feast day of Saint Michael the Archangel throughout the term. He was bound to bear true faith and allegiance to King George the Second. Interpretations Willingham's plot at the upper end of James Valley, fixed only by the house Sarah Newland occupied and bounded on every side by the Company's waste, marks the edge of the town where the built ground gave way to open Company land, the settlement thinning out toward the valley head. That a single neighbouring house served to place the lease shows how sparse the building still was at the upper end, the new grant pushing the occupied ground a little further up the valley into what had been undifferentiated waste. The ten-shilling rent on Willingham's larger plot against the twelve shillings on Barton's smaller one confirms that the Company priced its town ground by position rather than by area, Barton's lot lower down near his existing house and the water run commanding more than Willingham's bigger but remoter parcel at the valley head. The rents fell as the ground ran back from the fort and the landing, so the same measured foot of James Valley was worth more or less according to how close it lay to the harbour and the centre of the settlement, the market in town leases tracking the pull of the sea and the garrison.
219	229	1746 the Second his Heirs and Successors and true faith to them the said Honble Company and their Successors And Upon Condition that he the said Thomas Willingham his Exors Admors or Assigns do and Shall at the end or Sooner Expiration hereof Leave the aforesaid Ground and Premises in the like Good Condition and Repair & not Suffer the said Ground or any Building that is or may be thereon to run to ruin or decay And Upon Condition that he the said Thomas Willingham his Exors Administrators or Assigns Shall not sell or dispose of this Lease or his or their Interest therein without the Leave and Consent of the Governour and Council for the time being In Witness Whereof We the said Governour and Council have hereunto sett our hands and the Honble Companys Seal this thirteenth day of January in the Twentieth Year of the reign of our said Sovereign Lord George the second by the Grace of God of Great Brittain France and Ireland King Defender of the faith and so forth and in the Year of our Lord 1746 and the said Thomas Willingham hath to the other part sett his hand and Seal the day and Year above Written. Signed David Dunbar Chas Hutchinson John Goodwin M Curling R Wright The Plantation Gunners and Stewards Accounts were this day delivered for the month of December last, which were Examined and Approved, and are as follows vizt	The Willingham lease bound Thomas Willingham to bear true faith and allegiance to King George the Second, his heirs and successors, and true faith to the Company and its successors. He was bound at the end or sooner expiry of the term to leave the ground and premises in as good condition and repair as he found them, and not to let the ground or any building on it fall into decay. He was further bound not to sell or dispose of the lease or his interest in it without the leave and consent of the Governor and council for the time being. The Governor and council set their hands and the Company's seal to the lease on 13 January 1747, in the twentieth year of the reign of George the Second, King of Great Britain, France and Ireland and Defender of the Faith. Thomas Willingham set his hand and seal to the other part the same day. Governor Dunbar, Charles Hutchinson, John Goodwin, Matthew Purling and Robert Wright subscribed the lease. The plantation, gunner's and steward's accounts for December were delivered, examined and approved.
220	230	Account of the Honble Company's Stock of Neat Cattle for the Month December 1746 vizt Jany 13 Bulls, Cows, Calves, Yearlings, Heifers, Steers, Bullocks, Oxen, Total, Ewes, Wethers, Lambs, Rams, Total, Ewes, Wethers, Kidds, Rams, Total, Sows, Barrows, Shoats, Piggs, Bran, Total, Turkeys, Fowls, Chickins, Ducks, Geese, Horses, Mares, Total Remaining 1st: Bulls 5, Cows 126, Calves 128, Yearlings 32, Heifers 42, Steers 44, Bullocks 7, Oxen 16, Total 400, Ewes 107, Wethers 20, Lambs 110, Rams 7, Total 244, Ewes 157, Wethers 15, Kidds 179, Rams 5, Total 356, Sows 29, Barrows 42, Shoats 34, Piggs 83, Bran 1, Total 189, Turkeys 226, Fowls 355, Chickins 102, Ducks 80, Geese 11, Horses 11, Mares 9, Total 20 Encreased: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 1, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Bullocks 0, Oxen 0, Total 1, Ewes 0, Wethers 0, Lambs 9, Rams 0, Total 9, Ewes 0, Wethers 0, Kidds 6, Rams 0, Total 6, Sows 0, Barrows 0, Shoats 0, Piggs 0, Bran 0, Total 0, Turkeys 16, Fowls 14, Chickins 62, Ducks 10, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0 Bulls 5, Cows 126, Calves 129, Yearlings 32, Heifers 42, Steers 44, Bullocks 7, Oxen 16, Total 401, Ewes 107, Wethers 20, Lambs 119, Rams 7, Total 253, Ewes 157, Wethers 15, Kidds 185, Rams 5, Total 362, Sows 29, Barrows 42, Shoats 34, Piggs 83, Bran 1, Total 189, Turkeys 242, Fowls 269, Chickins 260, Ducks 90, Geese 11, Horses 11, Mares 9, Total 20 Killed: Bulls 1, Cows 1, Calves 0, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 6, Bullocks 2, Oxen 0, Total 10, Ewes 5, Wethers 0, Lambs 0, Rams 0, Total 5, Ewes 5, Wethers 6, Kidds 0, Rams 0, Total 11, Sows 5, Barrows 2, Shoats 2, Piggs 0, Bran 0, Total 9, Turkeys 5, Fowls 5, Chickins 23, Ducks 12, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0 Died: Bulls 0, Cows 1, Calves 0, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Bullocks 0, Oxen 0, Total 1, Ewes 2, Wethers 1, Lambs 0, Rams 0, Total 3, Ewes 2, Wethers 1, Kidds 3, Rams 0, Total 6, Sows 3, Barrows 0, Shoats 1, Piggs 6, Bran 0, Total 10, Turkeys 14, Fowls 12, Chickins 11, Ducks 0, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0 Remaining 31st: Bulls 4, Cows 124, Calves 129, Yearlings 32, Heifers 42, Steers 38, Bullocks 5, Oxen 16, Total 390, Ewes 105, Wethers 14, Lambs 119, Rams 7, Total 245, Ewes 130, Wethers 8, Kidds 182, Rams 5, Total 345, Sows 21, Barrows 40, Shoats 31, Piggs 77, Bran 1, Total 170, Turkeys 223, Fowls 252, Chickins 230, Ducks 78, Geese 11, Horses 11, Mares 9, Total 20 9 Hoggs sent to Markett Wt 570 lb 5 Beast to Do 1488 lb 11 Goats to Do 171 51 lb Mutton to Do 1 Bull killed for the Slaves at Chrismas 849 lb Beeff to the Prince Edward. Yames Expended 56000 lb	The Company's stock account for December 1746 was set out class by class through its movements, the neat cattle in seven classes summing to the cattle total, the sheep in four, the goats in four and the hogs in five, each carried down from the earlier returns of the same series. Remaining 1 December, neat cattle: 5 bulls, 112 cows, 61 calves, 128 yearlings, 32 heifers, 42 steers, 7 bullocks, 16 oxen, total 400; sheep: 107 ewes, 20 wethers, 110 lambs, 7 rams, total 244; goats: 157 ewes, 15 wethers, 179 kids, 5 rams, total 356; hogs: 29 sows, 0 barrows, 42 shoats, 34 pigs, 83 boars, total 189; poultry: 226 turkeys, 1,155 fowls, 102 chickens, 80 ducks, 11 geese; horses and mares: 11 horses, 9 mares, total 20 Increased, neat cattle: 1 calf, total 1; sheep: 9 lambs, total 9; goats: 6 kids, total 6; poultry: 16 turkeys, 14 fowls, 62 chickens, 10 ducks Standing total, neat cattle: 5 bulls, 112 cows, 129 calves, 32 yearlings, 42 heifers, 42 steers, 7 bullocks, 16 oxen, total 401; sheep: 107 ewes, 20 wethers, 119 lambs, 7 rams, total 253; goats: 157 ewes, 15 wethers, 185 kids, 5 rams, total 362; hogs: 29 sows, 0 barrows, 42 shoats, 34 pigs, 83 boars, total 189; poultry: 242 turkeys, 1,269 fowls, 260 chickens, 90 ducks, 11 geese; horses and mares: 11 horses, 9 mares, total 20 Killed, neat cattle: 1 bull, 1 cow, 6 steers, 2 bullocks, total 10; sheep: 5 ewes, total 5; goats: 5 ewes, 6 wethers, total 11; hogs: 5 shoats, 2 pigs, 2 boars, total 9; poultry: 5 turkeys, 5 fowls, 23 chickens, 12 ducks Died, neat cattle: 1 cow, total 1; sheep: 1 ewe, 2 wethers, 1 lamb, total 3; goats: 2 ewes, 1 wether, total 3; hogs: 6 shoats, 3 pigs, total 6; poultry: 1 turkey, 6 fowls, 10 chickens, 14 ducks, 12 geese, 11 (unstated) Remaining 31 December, neat cattle: 4 bulls, 124 cows, 129 calves, 32 yearlings, 42 heifers, 38 steers, 5 bullocks, 16 oxen, total 390; sheep: 105 ewes, 14 wethers, 119 lambs, 7 rams, total 245; goats: 130 ewes, 8 wethers, 182 kids, 5 rams, total 345; hogs: 21 sows, 0 barrows, 40 shoats, 31 pigs, 77 boars, total 170; poultry: 229 turkeys, 252 fowls, 230 chickens, 78 ducks, 11 geese; horses and mares: 11 horses, 9 mares, total 20 The month's slaughter and the yams expended stood at the foot. 9 hogs sent to market, 570 lb 5 beasts sent to market, 1,488 lb 11 goats sent to market, 171 lb 51 lb of mutton sent to market 1 bull killed for the slaves at Christmas 849 lb of beef to the Prince Edward Yams expended, 56,000 lb The internal class figures do not everywhere sum cleanly to the stated totals and were taken as written. Interpretations The bull killed for the slaves at Christmas marks the one occasion in the year when the Company's labourers were given fresh beef as a festival ration rather than the bare working diet of yams and rice, a single beast set aside for the slaves' Christmas standing in the same relation to their ordinary keep as the sick slaves' meat did to the hale. The entry shows the Company observing the season even for its unfree workforce at a small and calculated cost, the one beast a year the visible edge of an economy that otherwise fed its slaves as cheaply as it could. The 849 lb of beef supplied to the Prince Edward is the first large draw on the herd for a ship since the autumn, the store ship that arrived on Christmas Eve being victualled from the Company's own stock for her homeward voyage. Coming on top of the month's heavy market slaughter and the steady 56,000 lb of yams, it shows the plantation carrying both the garrison's table and the provisioning of the ship at once, the herd falling from 400 to 390 as it met the double demand, the same pressure on the Company's stock that the market dispute had thrown onto it now compounded by the needs of the shipping in the road.
221	231	1746 Gunners Stores Expended in December 1746 Powder Fired, Shott Fired, Powder Expended 24 A Larram at Bankes's: Powder Fired 2, Shott Fired 2, 2, 0, Powder Expended 14 Do Arived the Prince Edward Capt Haldane: Powder Fired 9, 0, 0, 9, Powder Expended 9 Do Fired for Capt Haldane Landing: Powder Fired 9, 0, 0, 9, Powder Expended 9 Powder for Primen: 0, 0, 0, 0, 3 Powder for the funerall of Edward Woodbine: 0, 0, 0, 0, 2 4 Powder to Kill Goats: 0, 0, 0, 0 Totale: 20, 2, 2, 18, 39½ Iron Faucks delivered to Henry Moyce to make a Cart for bringing Stones 4 Axletrees delivered to Henry Moyce to make a Cart for bringe Stones 2 Grease delivered to Mr Bland to Grease the Cart in the French 2 Handspikes Broke by Mr Bland 1 Sheep skins Eating of Spunges at the Main fort 8 Rammer heads for repairing the Rammers at the Main fort 12 Spunge heads for repairing the Spunges at the Main fort 10 Spunge staves for repairing the Spunges at the Main fort 6 Lead Balls for Killing of Goats 4 oz Signed Jno French Sundry's Expended in the Castle in December 1746 34 Bottles Port Wine £ 2 9 9 32 Do Lisbon Do 2 6 10 46 Do Madera do 4 14 10½ 24½ Do Goa Arrack do 2 14 3¼ 61 Do Batavia do Carried Over £ 12 5 9½	The gunner's account of stores spent in December 1746 was set out with the powder measured in barrels, pounds and ounces, the guns classed by the shot fired. 24 December, an alarm at Banks's, 2 guns fired, 2 shot of 9, 2 shot of 2, powder 14 pounds Arrival of the Prince Edward, Captain Haldane, 9 guns fired, powder 9 pounds Fired for Captain Haldane landing, 9 guns fired, powder 9 pounds Powder for primen, 3 pounds Powder for the funeral of Edward Woodbine, 2 pounds 4 ounces Powder to kill goats Total, 20 guns fired, 2 shot of 9, 2 shot of 2, powder 39.75 pounds Iron trucks delivered to Henry Moyce to make a cart for bringing stones, 4 Axletrees delivered to Henry Moyce to make a cart for bringing stones, 2 Grease delivered to Bland to grease the cart in the trench, 2 pounds Hand spikes broken by Bland, 1 Sheepskins for eating of sponges at the main fort, 8 Rammer heads for repairing the rammers at the main fort, 12 Sponge heads for repairing the sponges at the main fort, 10 Sponge staves for repairing the sponges at the main fort, 6 Lead balls for killing goats, 4 ounces John French signed the account. The account of sundries spent at the castle in December 1746 opened as follows. 34 bottles of port wine, £2 9s 9d 32 bottles of Lisbon wine, £2 6s 10d 46 bottles of Madeira wine, £4 14s 10.5d 24.5 bottles of Goa arrack, £2 14s 3.5d 61 bottles of Batavia arrack Carried over, £12 5s 9.5d Interpretations The powder spent on the arrival and landing of the Prince Edward, eighteen pounds in salutes to the store ship and her captain, shows the ceremony the Company kept up even for a routine victualler, the guns fired to greet the ship that had brought the annual letter from England marking the importance of the yearly dispatch as much as the vessel. The alarm at Banks's the same day, drawing live shot from the seaward battery, records the wartime watch still kept on the approaches, a strange sail bringing the guns to readiness before the ship was known. The gunner's stores again served the plantation and the works as much as the fort, iron trucks and axletrees issued to build a cart for hauling stones and grease drawn to keep the trench cart running, the ordnance store standing as the settlement's general reserve of iron, timber and tallow. The repair of the rammers and sponges at the main fort with sheepskins, heads and staves shows the routine upkeep of the guns going on alongside their occasional firing, the same steady maintenance of the island's defences that ran through every gunner's monthly account whether or not an enemy ever came.
222	232	Jany 13 Brought Over £ 12 5 9¼ 20 Bottles Strong Beer 11 7¾ 42 Do Ale 45 Candy 13 1½ 8 Sugar 1 8 280 Flower 1 15 31½ Butter 1 11 3 40 9¾ Fresh Beef 5 7 5¼ 39¾ Do Pork 19 10½ 84 Mutton 1 15 4 do Pork Salt 4 6 5 Turkey's 3 5 Fowles 7 6 23 Chickens 3 12 Ducks 18 18 2 Veal 9 3 29 11 39¾ Goat 13 18 Beef Given to sick Blacks 4 6 £ 30 8 6 David Dunbar Chas Hutchinson John Goodwin Curling Wright	The account of sundries spent at the castle in December 1746 continued and closed as follows. Brought over, £12 5s 9.5d 20 bottles of strong beer, £0 0s 0d 12 bottles of ale, £0 11s 7.5d 13 lb of candy, £0 13s 1.5d 8 lb of sugar, £0 1s 8d 280 lb of flour, £1 15s 0d 31.5 lb of butter, £1 11s 3d 109.5 lb of fresh beef, £3 7s 5.5d 39.5 lb of pork, £0 19s 10.5d 84 lb of mutton, £1 15s 0d 4 pieces of salt pork, £0 4s 6d 5 turkeys, £1 5s 0d 3 fowls, £0 7s 6d 23 chickens, £1 3s 0d 12 ducks, £0 18s 0d 18.5 lb of veal, £0 9s 3d Subtotal, £29 11s 0d 39 lb of goat given to the sick slaves, £0 13s 0d 18 lb of beef given to the sick slaves, £0 4s 6d Total, £30 8s 6d Governor Dunbar, Charles Hutchinson, John Goodwin, Matthew Purling and Robert Wright subscribed the account. Interpretations The December table was the fullest of the recent months, its subtotal of £29 11s 0d well above November's, the rise chiefly in fresh beef, poultry and the extra wine and ale of the Christmas season, so the household's spending marks the turn of the year even in a dry account of provisions. The strong beer again furnished at no charge continues the pattern of gifts entered at nil, a quantity supplied free and set down only for the record, probably from the store ship then in the road. The goat and beef given to the sick slaves, kept separate at the foot below the household's own provisions, maintain the standing ration of fresh meat for the labourers too ill to work, the same distinct line that runs through every month's account. Its constant recurrence, the small charge of a few shillings entered apart from the table's supply, shows the Company treating the maintenance of its sick slaves as a fixed and separately reckoned charge rather than folding it into the general table, the bookkeeping keeping the cost of the unfree sick visible and apart from the governor's own board through the whole run of these accounts.
223	233	January 20 1746 At a Consultation held on Tuesday the 20 day of January 1746 at the Castle. Present Colonel David Dunbar Governour Capt Charles Hutchinson Lt Governour John Goodwin Matthew Curling Robert Wright of Council The last Consultation was read and Approved. Tuesday 13th Sailed the Prince Edward Capt Robert Haldane. Mrs Margaret Alcock Extrx and Admatrix of the late Edwin Alcock Deceased this day brought in an Inventory of his Estate and Effects taken and Appraised by Messrs Richard Beale & John Clark and Declared upon Oath, that she had delivered up all the said deceased Effects that had Come to her Knowledge, in the said Inventory, and desered the same might be registered which was Ordered to be done in the Book Kept for that purpose. There being Several peices of Teak Plank and Slatts in the Honble Company's Stores which are damaged as appears by the following Report vizt January ye 26 1746/7 A Report of the Teak Plank on a Survey by us Henry Moyce and Wedham Oakman the Number of peices is 9 12.3.45 not fiting for use fir gun Carrages; 6 7 & 9 fiting for the Company's use for gun Carrages from Your Honours most Humble and Dulyfull Servants Signed Henry Moyce Wedham Oakman We Ordered the following Advertizement to be Published for the sale thereof vizt	At a consultation held at the castle on Tuesday 20 January 1747, Governor Dunbar sat with Charles Hutchinson the Lieutenant Governor, John Goodwin fourth of council, Matthew Purling fifth and Robert Wright sixth. The last consultation was read and approved. On Tuesday 13 January, the Prince Edward sailed, Captain Robert Haldane commander. Margaret Alcock, widow and administratrix of the late Edwin Alcock deceased, brought in an inventory of his estate and effects, taken and appraised by Richard Beale and John Clark. She declared on oath that she had delivered up all the effects of the deceased that had come to her knowledge in the inventory, and asked that it be registered, which the board ordered done in the book kept for that purpose. Several pieces of teak plank and battens in the Company's stores were damaged, as appeared by a report dated 26 January 1747. Henry Moyce and William Oakman reported that on a survey the pieces numbered nine to twelve and thirteen to fifteen were not fit for use in gun carriages, while those numbered six, seven, eight and nine were fit for the Company's use for gun carriages. The report was signed Henry Moyce and William Oakman. The board ordered an advertisement published for the sale of the damaged pieces. Interpretations The registration of Edwin Alcock's inventory on his widow's oath completes the administration of the chaplain's estate begun with the grant of administration to Margaret Alcock after her husband died intestate, the sworn delivery of all the effects she knew of being the standard safeguard against concealment before the council would register the inventory and let the estate proceed. The council again served as the island's probate authority, taking the administratrix's oath and entering the inventory in its own register in place of any ecclesiastical or civil court. The survey of the teak, condemning some pieces for gun carriages while passing others, shows the same insistence on inspecting and grading the Company's stores that had run through the Governor's disputes with the storekeeper, damaged material sorted piece by piece and the unfit sold off rather than kept to spoil. That the teak had been sent for making gun carriages and part of it found unfit echoes the earlier rejection of bad Bengal teak for the same purpose, a recurring failure of the timber supplied from India, and the decision to sell the damaged pieces at public auction rather than hold them shows the Company turning unusable stock into cash by the same open sale it used for moth-eaten goods and long-unsold wares.
224	234	Jany 26 This is to give Notice That Severall peices of Teak Timber and Severall Mens Slatts will be sold to the best bidder for ready money at the Honble Company's Storehouse in James's Valley on Thursday 29 Instant at Eleven a Clock in the forenoon. The Storekeeper Reports that he has Received the following Short of the Bill of Lading of the Ship Prince Edward Which he has Wrote of the Back of the same vizt 1 Deale 2½ Inches 37 Do 1½ Do 4 Bundles Laths 26th Jenry 1746 Signed M Curling. The Storekeeper laid before us his day Books for the Week past The paymaster brought in his pay Account for the months of October, November and December last, which was Examined, and Approved, and is as follows vizt List of the Honble Company's Officers and Servants upon the Island St Helena, with their several Salaries Diet money &c for the Quarter commencing October the 1st and Ending Decem the 31st 1746 David Dunbar Esqr Govr Salary 125 Do for Servants 31 14 9 156 14 9 Charles Hutchinson Lieut Govr 62 10 John Goodwin as 3 of Council 20 Do Diet Money 15 35 Matthew Curling as 4th of Council 15 Do Diet Money 15 30 Carried Over £ 284 4 9	The advertisement gave notice that several pieces of teak timber and several men's hats would be sold to the best bidder for ready money at the Company's storehouse in James Valley on Thursday 29 January at eleven in the forenoon. The storekeeper reported that he had received the following short of the bill of lading of the Prince Edward, which he had written on the back of the same. The report was dated 26 January 1747 and signed Matthew Purling. 1 deal, 2.5 inches 37 deals, 1.5 inches 4 bundles of laths The storekeeper laid his day books for the week past before the board. The paymaster brought in his pay account for October, November and December, examined and approved. It was headed as a list of the Company's officers and servants on the island with their salaries and diet money for the quarter commencing 1 October and ending 31 December 1746. David Dunbar, Governor, salary, £125 0s 0d; for servants, £31 14s 9d; total £156 14s 9d Charles Hutchinson, Lieutenant Governor, £62 10s 0d John Goodwin as fourth of council, salary £20 0s 0d; diet money £15 0s 0d; total £35 0s 0d Matthew Purling as fifth of council, salary £15 0s 0d; diet money £15 0s 0d; total £30 0s 0d Carried over, £284 4s 9d Interpretations The storekeeper's noting of the shortfall on the back of the bill of lading records the standard means of protecting the Company against a carrier's short delivery, the endorsement on the shipping document itself fixing what was missing at the point of receipt so that the deficiency could later be charged against the ship or the invoice. Coming after the survey of the brandy and the broken pipes, it shows Purling now applying to every consignment the exact checking the Governor had pressed for, the short deals and laths entered against the Prince Edward as the earlier deficiencies had been. The pay account opening the December quarter's roll shows the settled structure of the civil establishment, the Governor drawing much the largest reward in salary and a servants' allowance together, the Lieutenant Governor at half his salary, and the junior councillors paid a modest salary with an equal sum of diet money. The separation of diet money from salary marks the Company's practice of reckoning the cost of an officer's food apart from his wage, a distinct allowance that ran through the whole establishment and let the Company account for board as a charge in its own right rather than folding it into the salary.
225	235	1746 Brought Over £ 284 4 9 Robert Wright as 5 of Council 13 Do Diet Money 15 20 Joshua Greynum Factor Salary 7 10 Do House Rent 2 10 Do Diet Money 10 20 Francis Wrangham Factor salary 7 10 Do Assistant Storekeeper to 18 November past 2 13 Do house Rent 2 10 Do Diet Money 10 22 13 James Powell Factor salary 7 10 Do Diet Money 10 17 10 Jos Darval Wrighter salary 5 Do Assistant Storekeeper from 19th Novr to 31 Decr both incl 2 7 Do Diet Money 10 17 7 Thomas French Writer Salary 5 Do Diet Money 10 15 Samuel Falconer Surgeons salary 9 10 Do House Rent 2 10 12 5 John Twats 7 10 Richard Geerling Overseers 7 10 John Scott Marshall Salary 4 7 9 Do as Custom Master 1 5 5 12 9 Wm Hayes mastr of Arms Salary 6 5 Richard Beale shool mastr Salary 3 8 3 Do as Clerk 5 8 8 3 Nicholas Cleather steward 7 10 William Denne Gardner 9 11 3 Robert Meacock Cooper 8 15 Henry Moyce Carpenter 12 10 John Bland Master Mason 17 10 Do Diet Money 6 16 10½ 24 6 10½ Carried Over £ 516 18 10½	The pay account continued through the civil establishment. Brought over, £284 4s 9d Robert Wright as sixth of council, salary £13 0s 0d; diet money £15 0s 0d; total £20 0s 0d Joshua Twynam, factor, salary £7 10s 0d; house rent £2 10s 0d; diet money £10 0s 0d; total £20 0s 0d Francis Wrangham, factor, salary £7 10s 0d; as assistant storekeeper to 18 November piece £2 13s 0d; house rent £2 10s 0d; diet money £10 0s 0d; total £22 13s 0d James Powell, factor, salary £7 10s 0d; diet money £10 0s 0d; total £17 10s 0d Joseph Darvall, writer, salary £5 0s 0d; as assistant storekeeper from 19 November to 31 December, both piece, £2 7s 0d; diet money £10 0s 0d; total £17 7s 0d Thomas French, writer, salary £5 0s 0d; diet money £10 0s 0d; total £15 0s 0d Samuel Falconer, surgeon, salary £9 10s 0d; house rent £2 10s 0d; total £12 0s 0d John Twaits, overseer, £7 10s 0d Richard Gurling, overseer, £7 10s 0d John Leech, marshal, salary £4 7s 0d; as custom master £1 5s 0d; total £5 12s 0d William Hayes, master of arms, salary £6 5s 0d Richard Beale, schoolmaster, salary £3 8s 3d; as clerk £5 0s 0d; total £8 8s 3d Nicholas Cleather, steward, £7 10s 0d William Dowse, gardener, £9 11s 3d Robert Meacock, cooper, £8 15s 0d Henry Moyce, carpenter, £12 10s 0d John Bland, master mason, salary £17 10s 0d; diet money £6 16s 10.5d; total £24 6s 10.5d Carried over, £516 18s 10.5d Interpretations The account shows the two writers Wrangham and Darvall each paid a separate broken sum for serving as assistant storekeeper, Wrangham's ending on 18 November and Darvall's running from 19 November to the year's end, which sets the very transfer of the office the Governor had fought for down in the pay roll as a matter of days and shillings. The pay reckoned to the exact date of the change marks the practical outcome of the dispute over the assistant storekeeper's place, Wrangham removed and Darvall installed on the day the board resolved it, the whole quarrel resolved into a line of broken pay. The inclusion of house rent among the allowances of some officers records the same obligation the masons had petitioned over, the Company owing certain of its servants a house and meeting the want with a money allowance where it could not provide one, the surgeon Falconer and the factors Twynam and Wrangham drawing house rent alongside their salaries. That Bland the master mason now drew his full salary and diet money without the house rent the others had, having been allowed the separate six pounds a year for lodging settled at the December consultation, shows the commutation of his unmet house into a fixed allowance already working through into the quarterly account.
226	236	Jany 20 Brought Over £ 516 18 10½ Mark Hawkins Mason Salary £12 10 Do Diet Money 6 16 10½ 19 6 10½ John Arlingstall Patron of the Long Boat 7 10 Robert Wright House keeper 2 545 15 9 First Company John Clark first Lieut Salary £10 Do Diet Money 6 16 10½ Do on account of instucting the Gunners 7 10 24 6 10½ Jno Dunbar second Lieut Salary 7 10 Do Diet Money 6 16 10½ 14 6 10½ Willm Hayes Adjutant Salary 10 Do Diet Money 7 1 3 17 1 3 55 13 Sergeants Henry Beale 6 14 6 Bartholomew Molloy 6 14 6 John Collins 6 14 6 20 3 6 Corporals Solomon Jacob 4 7 9 Daniel Langhton 4 7 9 John Spencer 4 7 9 13 3 3 Thomas Watts junr Drummer 4 7 9 Centinels William Aryor 3 8 3 Edward Allis 3 8 3 John Bray 3 8 3 Ambrose Bland 3 8 3 John Brown 3 8 3 George Bennett 3 8 3 Joseph Brooks 3 8 3 Carried Over £ 23 17 9 Carried Over 639 5 3	The pay account continued through the rest of the civil establishment and into the first foot company. Brought over, £516 18s 10.5d Mark Hawkins, mason, salary £13 10s 0d; diet money £6 16s 10.5d; total £19 6s 10.5d John Artingstall, patron of the long boat, £7 10s 0d Robert Wright, horse keeper, £2 0s 0d Total, £545 15s 9d First company John Clark, first lieutenant, salary £10 0s 0d; diet money £6 16s 10.5d; on account of instructing the gunners £7 10s 0d; total £24 6s 10.5d John Dunbar, second lieutenant, salary £7 10s 0d; diet money £6 16s 10.5d; total £14 6s 10.5d William Hayes, adjutant, salary £10 0s 0d; diet money £7 1s 3d; total £17 1s 3d Total, £55 13s 0d Sergeants Henry Beale, £6 14s 6d Bartholomew Molloy, £6 14s 6d John Collins, £6 14s 6d Total, £20 3s 6d Corporals Solomon Jacob, £4 7s 9d Daniel Langhton, £4 7s 9d John Spencer, £4 7s 9d Total, £13 3s 3d Thomas Watts junior, drummer, £4 7s 9d Sentinels William Aryor, £3 8s 3d Edward Allis, £3 8s 3d John Bray, £3 8s 3d Ambrose Bland, £3 8s 3d John Brown, £3 8s 3d George Bennett, £3 8s 3d Joseph Brooks, £3 8s 3d Carried over, £23 17s 9d Total carried over, £639 5s 3d Interpretations The pay of the first company shows the graded structure of a foot company on the establishment, the three commissioned officers drawing salary and diet money with the first lieutenant paid a further sum for instructing the gunners, the three sergeants and three corporals each at a fixed rate, and the body of sentinels all at the uniform £3 8s 3d that ran through every company. The flat sentinel's wage marks the private soldier's place at the foot of the scale, every man in the ranks paid alike regardless of name or length of service, the differences in the roll falling only among the officers and non-commissioned grades above them. The recurrence of island surnames among the sentinels, the Allises, Blands, Browns and Bennetts, shows the garrison drawn in part from the settlement's own families, the same names that appear among the planters and leaseholders standing here in the ranks. On a small and isolated station the Company filled its companies not only with men sent out but with the sons of the island, so that the fort was garrisoned in some measure by the settlement it defended, the pay roll and the land rolls sharing the same families across the civil and military sides of the establishment.
227	237	1746 Brought Over £ 639 5 3 Brought Over 23 17 9 Augustin Balls Recd from 25 to 31 December both Inclissive 5 3 William Campbell 3 8 3 Matthew Campbell 3 8 3 Robert Currie 3 8 3 John Clay 3 8 3 John Cawdry 3 8 3 William Carter 3 8 3 William Davis 3 8 3 William Enyer 3 8 3 Thomas Fox 3 8 3 Edward Gill 3 8 3 George Green 3 8 3 Thomas Greenoway 3 8 3 Robert Hayes 3 8 3 Daniel Hanchard 3 8 3 Thomas Hales 3 8 3 Humphry Harrison 3 8 3 George Harper 3 8 3 John Sane 3 8 3 Woolston Jones 3 8 3 Stephen Lyskin 3 8 3 William Lambon 3 8 3 Joseph Long 3 8 3 Alexander Lowden 3 8 3 Thomas Manning 3 8 3 John Marsh 3 8 3 Thomas Mason 3 8 3 John Murrell 3 8 3 James Mills 3 8 3 James Owin 3 8 3 William Price 3 8 3 James Richardson 3 8 3 Carried Over £ 129 18 Carried Over £ 639 5 3	The pay account continued through the sentinels of the first company. Brought over, £639 5s 3d Brought over (sentinels), £23 17s 9d Augustin Balls, recruit from 25 to 31 December both inclusive, £0 6s 3d William Campbell, £3 8s 3d Matthew Campbell, £3 8s 3d Robert Currie, £3 8s 3d John Clay, £3 8s 3d John Cawdry, £3 8s 3d William Carter, £3 8s 3d William Davis, £3 8s 3d William Enyer, £3 8s 3d Thomas Fox, £3 8s 3d Edward Gill, £3 8s 3d George Green, £3 8s 3d Thomas Greenoway, £3 8s 3d Robert Hayes, £3 8s 3d Daniel Hanchard, £3 8s 3d Thomas Hales, £3 8s 3d Humphry Harrison, £3 8s 3d George Harper, £3 8s 3d John Lane, £3 8s 3d Woolston Jones, £3 8s 3d Stephen Lufkin, £3 8s 3d William Lambon, £3 8s 3d Joseph Long, £3 8s 3d Alexander Lowden, £3 8s 3d Thomas Manning, £3 8s 3d John Marsh, £3 8s 3d Thomas Mason, £3 8s 3d John Murrell, £3 8s 3d James Mills, £3 8s 3d James Owen, £3 8s 3d William Price, £3 8s 3d James Richardson, £3 8s 3d Carried over, £129 18s 0d Total carried over, £639 5s 3d Interpretations The single broken entry for Augustin Balls, a recruit paid only for the last week of December from the 25th to the 31st, shows the same reckoning of pay to the exact day that ran through the whole roll, a man who joined in the last days of the quarter drawing his few shillings for the days he served rather than a full share. The recruit's part-week pay marks the constant coming and going of the ranks, new men entered mid-quarter and paid from the day they joined, the roll a living record of a garrison always losing and gaining men. The long file of sentinels all at the uniform £3 8s 3d confirms the flat private soldier's wage across the company, and the island surnames scattered through it, the Harpers, Lufkins, Marshes and Masons, again show the garrison rooted in the settlement's own families. The same names that hold land and appear in the estate business stand here in the ranks at the common wage, the Company's foot companies drawing on the sons of the island alongside the men sent from England, so that the muster roll reads in part as a roll of the settlement itself under arms.
228	238	Jany 20 Brought Over £ 639 5 3 Brought Over £ 129 18 9 James Renard 3 8 3 John Scotlior 3 8 3 John Shaw 3 8 3 John Searby 3 8 3 Solomon Sanders 3 8 3 Emanuel Steele 3 8 3 James Urquhart 3 8 3 Peter Wells 3 8 3 Thomas Watson 3 8 3 Thomas Wagg 3 8 3 William Young 3 8 3 167 9 6 Supernumerary men belonging to this Company Charles Bennet Recd from 25 to 31 Decr both Inclusive 5 3 James Cartwright recd from the 25 to the 31 December both Inclusive 5 3 James Hendry, recd from the 25 to the 31 December both Inclusive 5 3 John Long Recd from the 25 to the 31 December both Inclusive 5 3 William Smith Recr from the 25 to the 31 December both Inclusive 5 3 1 6 3 Second Company Joseph Kendall first Lieut Sal £7 10 Do Diet Money 6 16 10½ Do House Vent 2 10 19 6 10½ Samuel Ashwick 2d Lieut Sal £ 7 10 Do Diet money 6 16 10½ 14 6 10½ 33 13 9 Carried Over £ 841 14 9	The pay account continued through the rest of the first company and into the second. Brought over, £639 5s 3d Brought over (sentinels), £129 18s 0d James Renard, £3 8s 3d John Scollier, £3 8s 3d John Shaw, £3 8s 3d John Searby, £3 8s 3d Solomon Sanders, £3 8s 3d Emanuel Steele, £3 8s 3d James Urquhart, £3 8s 3d Peter Wells, £3 8s 3d Thomas Watson, £3 8s 3d Thomas Wagg, £3 8s 3d William Young, £3 8s 3d Total, £167 9s 6d Supernumerary men belonging to this company Charles Bennet, received from 25 to 31 December both inclusive, £0 5s 3d James Cartwright, received from 23 to 31 December both inclusive, £0 5s 3d James Hendry, received from 25 to 31 December both inclusive, £0 5s 3d John Long, received from 26 to 31 December both inclusive, £0 5s 3d William Smith, received from 25 to 31 December both inclusive, £0 5s 3d Total, £1 6s 3d Second company Joseph Kendall, first lieutenant, salary £7 10s 0d; diet money £6 16s 10.5d; house rent £2 10s 0d; total £19 6s 10.5d Samuel Ashwick, second lieutenant, salary £7 10s 0d; diet money £6 16s 10.5d; total £14 6s 10.5d Total, £33 13s 9d Carried over, £841 14s 9d Interpretations The five supernumerary men entered together, each received into the second company in the last days of December for a few shillings, mark a sudden addition to the strength at the year's end, probably men landed from the Prince Edward or taken on as the store ship's people dispersed. That they were carried as supernumeraries rather than in the established ranks shows the Company distinguishing men taken on above the fixed complement, paid from the day they joined but held apart from the regular file until absorbed, the same careful reckoning of broken pay that governed every mid-quarter entry. The first lieutenant of the second company drawing house rent where the second lieutenant did not shows the allowance attached to particular officers rather than to rank alone, the Company owing a house to some of its servants and commuting the want into money for those entitled. The house rent that appears against Kendall and against several of the civil officers marks the same obligation the masons had petitioned over, the settlement short of quarters for the men it employed and meeting the shortfall with a cash allowance, the provision of lodging running as a distinct charge through the whole establishment.
229	239	1746 Brought Over £ 841 14 9 Sergeants Edward Bagley 6 14 6 John French 6 14 6 Robert Mason 6 14 6 20 3 6 Corporals Gabriel Isaac 4 7 9 Daniel Finsh 4 7 9 Peter Small 4 7 9 13 3 3 Thomas London Drummer 4 7 9 Centinels James Allis 3 8 3 Joseph Andaws 3 8 3 George Ayre 3 8 3 Peter Barker 3 8 3 Andrew Barton 3 8 3 Peter Bailey 3 8 3 John Bowick 3 8 3 Josiah Boyks 3 8 3 Francis Berwick 3 8 3 John Brown 3 8 3 Richard Billington Recd from the 25 to the 31 December both Inclusive 5 3 William Brooks Recd from Do to Do 5 3 John Chapman 3 8 3 Nicholas Cope 3 8 3 William Doveton 3 8 3 John Downes 3 8 3 Robert Everidge 3 8 3 John Fisher 3 8 3 John Fletcher 3 8 3 Nicholas Frost 3 8 3 Thomas Forrest 3 8 3 Carried Over £ 65 7 3 Carried Over £ 879 9 3	The pay account continued through the non-commissioned officers and sentinels of the second company. Brought over, £841 14s 9d Sergeants Edward Bagley, £6 14s 6d John French, £6 14s 6d Robert Mason, £6 14s 6d Total, £20 3s 6d Corporals Gabriel Isaac, £4 7s 9d Daniel Bush, £4 7s 9d Peter Small, £4 7s 9d Total, £13 3s 3d Thomas London, drummer, £4 7s 9d Sentinels James Allis, £3 8s 3d Joseph Andrews, £3 8s 3d George Ayres, £3 8s 3d Peter Barker, £3 8s 3d Andrew Barton, £3 8s 3d Peter Bailey, £3 8s 3d John Bowick, £3 8s 3d Josiah Berks, £3 8s 3d Francis Berwick, £3 8s 3d John Brown, £3 8s 3d Richard Billington, recruit from 25 to 31 December both inclusive, £0 6s 3d William Brooks, recruit from 25 to 31 December both inclusive, £0 6s 3d John Chapman, £3 8s 3d Nicholas Cope, £3 8s 3d William Doveton, £3 8s 3d John Downes, £3 8s 3d Robert Everidge, £3 8s 3d John Fisher, £3 8s 3d John Fletcher, £3 8s 3d Nicholas Frost, £3 8s 3d Thomas Forrest, £3 8s 3d Carried over, £65 7s 3d Total carried over, £879 9s 3d Interpretations The two recruits Billington and Brooks, each paid for the last week of December, continue the pattern of men entered in the closing days of the quarter and paid only from the day they joined, the same broken pay that ran through the first company's roll. The clustering of these part-week entries at the year's end across both companies points to a body of men taken on together in late December, the garrison replenished as the store ship lay in the road, the fresh recruits set at the bottom of each company's file and reckoned to the day. The island surnames again run through the sentinels of the second company, the Allises, Bagleys, Dovetons and Frosts standing at the common wage among the men sent out, and the sergeant John French sharing the master gunner's surname marks how the settlement's families spread across the ranks and grades. The garrison drew on the same stock of island names on its non-commissioned rungs as in the ranks, the Company's foot companies filled in good part by the sons of the settlement it was raised to defend, the pay roll reading as a muster of the island's own people under the Company's colours.
230	240	20 Jany Brought Over £ 879 9 3 Brought Over £ 65 7 3 John Gould 3 8 3 John Holloway 3 8 3 John Hayes 3 8 3 James English 3 8 3 Samuel Kitson 3 8 3 William Leavor 3 8 3 James Long 3 8 3 Joseph Levit 3 8 3 Charles Legiute 3 8 3 Thomas Mason 3 8 3 Richard Maybank 3 8 3 Richard Moyce 3 8 3 William Page 3 8 3 John Pope 3 8 3 Richard Smith 3 8 3 William Stott 3 8 3 Thomas Skeeton 3 8 3 William Shelford 3 8 3 John Simmonds 3 8 3 Joseph Simpson 3 8 3 Robert Stacy 3 8 3 Edward Stovate 3 8 3 Thomas Taylor 3 8 3 Richard Twaits 3 8 3 William Twaits 3 8 3 Edward Walker 3 8 3 Stephen Willoughby 3 8 3 Adam Watson 3 8 3 John Whitchurch 3 8 3 164 6 6 Supernumerary men belonging to this Company John Nailor Recd from the 25 to the 31 December both Inclusive 5 3	The pay account continued through the sentinels of the second company. Brought over, £879 9s 3d Brought over (sentinels), £65 7s 3d John Gould, £3 8s 3d John Holloway, £3 8s 3d John Hayes, £3 8s 3d James English, £3 8s 3d Samuel Kitson, £3 8s 3d William Leavor, £3 8s 3d James Long, £3 8s 3d Joseph Levit, £3 8s 3d Charles Legent, £3 8s 3d Thomas Mason, £3 8s 3d Richard Maybank, £3 8s 3d Richard Moyce, £3 8s 3d William Page, £3 8s 3d John Pope, £3 8s 3d Richard Smith, £3 8s 3d William Scott, £3 8s 3d Thomas Skeeton, £3 8s 3d William Shefford, £3 8s 3d John Simmonds, £3 8s 3d Joseph Simpson, £3 8s 3d Robert Stacy, £3 8s 3d Edward Stroude, £3 8s 3d Thomas Taylor, £3 8s 3d Richard Twaits, £3 8s 3d William Twaits, £3 8s 3d Edward Walker, £3 8s 3d Stephen Willoughby, £3 8s 3d Adam Watson, £3 8s 3d John Whitchurch, £3 8s 3d Total, £164 6s 6d Supernumerary men belonging to this company John Walton, received from 25 to 31 December both inclusive, £0 5s 3d Interpretations The full file of the second company's sentinels, running to nearly sixty men at the uniform wage across the two pages, shows the weight of the establishment's cost lying in the ordinary soldiers, the many privates at £3 8s 3d together making up far more of the roll than the handful of officers above them. The garrison was a body of common men held at a flat rate, the Company's chief military charge being the maintenance of the ranks rather than the pay of their leaders. The island surnames continue through the file, the Hayeses, Masons, Twaitses and Moyces standing among the men sent from England, the two Twaits brothers and the recurrence of names from the plantation and estate business marking again how far the garrison was drawn from the settlement's own families. The same names that appear as overseers, tradesmen and leaseholders stand here in the ranks, the Company's foot companies and the island's population overlapping so closely that the muster roll and the roll of inhabitants were in large part the same people, the settlement defending itself with its own sons under the Company's pay.
231	241	1746 Brought Over £ 1043 15 9 Supernumerary Brought Over £ 5 3 William Ormond recd from the 25 to the 31 December both Inclusive 5 3 Samuel Talbot recd from Do to do 5 3 Benjamin Thomas recd from Ditto do 5 3 Solomon Wain recd from Do to Do 5 3 1 6 3 Third Company Thomas Eastope 1 Lieut Salary £10 Do Diet Money 6 16 10½ Do house Vent 2 10 19 6 10½ Onecephorus Weale 2 Lieut salary 7 10 Do Diet money 6 16 10½ 14 6 10½ 33 13 9 Sergeants John Aldrick 6 14 6 Andrew Blinman 6 14 6 William Kennedy 6 14 6 20 3 6 Corporals Matthias Brightwell 4 7 9 James Lee 4 7 9 John Smith 4 7 9 13 3 3 Benjamin Goats Drummer 4 7 9 Centinels William Adams 3 8 3 Bevan Ambrose 3 8 3 William Allis 3 8 3 Henry Barber 3 8 3 William Beckett 3 8 3 William Bonfield 3 8 3 William Browne 3 8 3 Bevan Delosse 3 8 3 Carried Over £ 27 6 Carried Over £ 1116 10 3	The pay account continued through the rest of the second company's supernumeraries and into the third company. Brought over, £1,043 15s 9d Supernumerary (brought over), £0 5s 3d William Ormond, received from 25 to 31 December both inclusive, £0 5s 3d Samuel Talbot, received from 25 to 31 December both inclusive, £0 5s 3d Benjamin Thomas, received from 25 to 31 December both inclusive, £0 5s 3d Solomon Wain, received from 25 to 31 December both inclusive, £0 5s 3d Total, £1 6s 3d Third company Thomas Easthope, first lieutenant, salary £10 0s 0d; diet money £6 16s 10.5d; house rent £2 10s 0d; total £19 6s 10.5d Onezephorus Beale, second lieutenant, salary £7 10s 0d; diet money £6 16s 10.5d; total £14 6s 10.5d Total, £33 13s 9d Sergeants John Aldrick, £6 14s 6d Andrew Blinman, £6 14s 6d William Kennedy, £6 14s 6d Total, £20 3s 6d Corporals Matthias Brightwell, £4 7s 9d James Lee, £4 7s 9d John Smith, £4 7s 9d Total, £13 3s 3d Benjamin Goais, drummer, £4 7s 9d Sentinels William Adams, £3 8s 3d Beorn Ambrose, £3 8s 3d William Allis, £3 8s 3d Henry Barber, £3 8s 3d William Beckett, £3 8s 3d William Banfield, £3 8s 3d William Browne, £3 8s 3d Beorn Deloise, £3 8s 3d Carried over, £27 6s 0d Total carried over, £1,116 10s 3d Interpretations The four supernumeraries closing the second company, all received in the last week of December, complete the run of part-week entries that mark a body of men taken on across the companies as the year turned. That every company's roll ends with such a cluster of late-December recruits and supernumeraries points to a general reinforcement of the garrison at the season's end, the men distributed among the three companies and reckoned from the day each joined, the whole a record of the Company making up its strength as the store ship discharged. The promotion of John Smith and James Lee to corporal in the third company, both moved up on 3 August as the master reference records, appears here in the settled roll, the men who had been shifted between companies and grades in the September quarter now standing at their new rank and pay. The pay account gives the fixed state of the garrison at the year's end after the movements of the earlier months had worked through, the transfers and promotions that filled the running pay rolls with broken sums now resolved into the steady grades of a company at rest.
232	242	Jany 20 Brought Over £ 1116 10 3 Brought Over £ 27 6 John Earle 3 8 3 John Ford 3 8 3 Thomas Fuller 3 8 3 Edward Grant 3 8 3 William Havlock recd from the 25 to the 31 December both Inclusive 5 3 Peter Higgens 3 8 3 Joseph Hunt 3 8 3 James Hindes 3 8 3 William Jones recd from the 26 to the 31 December both Inclusive 5 3 William Jackson 3 8 3 Evan Jones 3 8 3 Thomas Kendrick 3 8 3 Richard Knight 3 8 3 Thomas Lawrence 3 8 3 John Langoridge 3 8 3 Abraham Major 3 8 3 James Maguire 3 8 3 Charles Montague 3 8 3 James McLeane 3 8 3 Charles Newcomb 3 8 3 Valentine Noble 3 8 3 Joseph Newman 3 8 3 Thomas Olliver 3 8 3 William Ovines tranyfed from the 2 Compy and is in this from 1 Novbr to the 31 Decr both Inclusive 2 5 7½ Thomas Payne 3 8 3 George Peacock 3 8 3 James Pewterer 3 8 3 Wm Pindre recd from 25 to the 31 Decr both Inclusive 5 3 Carried Over £ 112 5 4½ Carried Over £ 1116 10 3	The pay account continued through the sentinels of the third company. Brought over, £1,116 10s 3d Brought over (sentinels), £27 6s 0d John Earls, £3 8s 3d John Ford, £3 8s 3d Thomas Fuller, £3 8s 3d Edward Grant, £3 8s 3d William Havlock, received from 25 to 31 December both inclusive, £0 5s 3d Peter Higgens, £3 8s 3d Joseph Hunt, £3 8s 3d James Hindes, £3 8s 3d William Jones, received from 26 to 31 December both inclusive, £0 5s 3d William Jackson, £3 8s 3d Evan Jones, £3 8s 3d Thomas Kendrick, £3 8s 3d Richard Wright, £3 8s 3d Thomas Lawrence, £3 8s 3d John Langridge, £3 8s 3d Abraham Major, £3 8s 3d James Maguire, £3 8s 3d Charles Montague, £3 8s 3d James McLeane, £3 8s 3d Charles Newcomb, £3 8s 3d Valentine Noble, £3 8s 3d Joseph Newman, £3 8s 3d Thomas Oliver, £3 8s 3d William Davies, transferred from the second company and paid in this from 8 November to the 31 December both inclusive, £2 5s 7.5d Thomas Payne, £3 8s 3d George Peacock, £3 8s 3d James Pewterer, £3 8s 3d William Pindre, received from 25 to 31 December both inclusive, £0 5s 3d Carried over, £112 5s 4.5d Total carried over, £1,116 10s 3d Interpretations The entry for William Davies, transferred from the second company and paid in the third from 8 November, shows the reckoning of a man moved between companies mid-quarter, his pay reset to the day of transfer so that neither company was charged for him twice. The broken sum records the same careful apportioning that governed every movement in the ranks, a soldier shifted from one company to another carried on the new company's roll only from the day he joined it, the pay account tracking each man's exact standing through the quarter's changes. The several late-December recruits scattered through the third company's file, Havlock, Jones and Pindre each paid for the closing days of the year, confirm the general reinforcement of the garrison across all three companies as the quarter ended. Thomas Oliver, standing here at the common wage, is the same soldier the treasury account showed re-enlisting for five years from the following March, so the roll catches him serving out his existing term while already bound to a fresh one, the two records together showing how the Company held its men by binding them to new terms before the old expired.
233	243	Brought Over £ 1116 10 3 Brought Over £ 112 5 4½ John Ratewater 3 8 3 Francis Reed 3 8 3 John Smith recd from the 26 to the 31 Decr both Inclusive 5 3 John Spencer 3 8 3 John Simpson 3 8 3 David Scott 3 8 3 Robert Stack 3 8 3 Joseph Sampson 3 8 3 John Upton 3 8 3 John Vanoston 3 8 3 Benjamin Williams 3 8 3 John Wills 3 8 3 Jeremiah Wyvill 3 8 3 Joseph Woodman 3 8 3 Edward Woodbine from the 1 October to the 3 December the day he died both Inclusive 2 17 10½ 159 5 8¼ Supernumerary men belonging to this Company Joseph Postick recd from the 26 to the 31 December both Inclusive 5 3 John Mackey recd from Do to do 5 3 Thomas Reeve recd from do to do 5 3 Abraham Wall recd from do to do 5 3 William Robinson recd from do to do 5 3 1 6 3 Fourth Company John Barton first Lieut Salary £10 Do Diet Money 6 16 10½ Do House Rent 2 10 19 6 10½ Thomas Kirckpatrick 2 Lt Salary 7 10 Do Diet Money 6 16 10½ 14 6 10½ 33 13 9 Carried Over £ 1310 15 10½	The pay account continued through the rest of the third company and into the fourth. Brought over, £1,116 10s 3d Brought over (sentinels), £112 5s 4.5d John Bathwater, £3 8s 3d Francis Reed, £3 8s 3d John Smith, received from 26 to 31 December both inclusive, £0 5s 3d John Spencer, £3 8s 3d John Simpson, £3 8s 3d David Scott, £3 8s 3d Robert Stack, £3 8s 3d Joseph Simpson, £3 8s 3d John Upton, £3 8s 3d John Vanselow, £3 8s 3d Benjamin Williams, £3 8s 3d John Wills, £3 8s 3d Jeremiah Wyrell, £3 8s 3d Joseph Woodman, £3 8s 3d Edward Woodbine, from 1 October to the 3 December, the day he died, both inclusive, £2 7s 10.5d Total, £159 5s 8.5d Supernumerary men belonging to this company Joseph Thistick, received from 26 to 31 December both inclusive, £0 5s 3d John Mackey, received from 26 to 31 December both inclusive, £0 5s 3d Thomas Reeve, received from 26 to 31 December both inclusive, £0 5s 3d Abraham Ball, received from 26 to 31 December both inclusive, £0 5s 3d William Rabison, received from 26 to 31 December both inclusive, £0 5s 3d Total, £1 6s 3d Fourth company John Barton, first lieutenant, salary £10 0s 0d; diet money £6 16s 10.5d; house rent £2 10s 0d; total £19 6s 10.5d Thomas Kirkpatrick, second lieutenant, salary £7 10s 0d; diet money £6 16s 10.5d; total £14 6s 10.5d Total, £33 13s 9d Carried over, £1,310 15s 10.5d Interpretations The entry for Edward Woodbine, paid from the start of the quarter only to 3 December, the day he died, records the same reckoning to the day that governed a death as a transfer, the Company paying for a soldier exactly to the moment his service ended. The stock account and the gunner's return had already marked Woodbine's death and the powder spent at his funeral, and here the pay roll closes his account to the day, the three records together tracing a common soldier's end from the fort's table through his burial to the final line of his broken pay. The five supernumeraries closing the third company, all taken on in the last days of December, complete the pattern that runs through every company's roll, the garrison reinforced across the board as the year turned. That John Barton, whose town-lot lease the board had just executed, appears here as first lieutenant of the fourth company drawing house rent shows the same man holding land in James Valley and a commission in the garrison at once, the overlap of the settlement's property-holders and the Company's officers that ran through the whole establishment, the leaseholder and the lieutenant one person.
234	244	20 Jany Brought Over £ 1310 15 10½ Sergeants Joseph Leighton 6 14 6 William Oakman 6 14 6 David Wilson 6 14 6 20 3 6 Corporals William Moore 4 7 9 Edward Murphy 4 7 9 Peter Coakley 4 7 9 13 3 3 William Ormes, Drummer to the 31 October Inclusive transferd to the third Company 1 9 9½ Joseph Uffin recd Drummer from the 25 to the 31 December both Inclusive 6 8½ Centinels James Allin 3 8 3 Thomas Bower 3 8 3 John Bardin 3 8 3 Isaac Bonnett 3 8 3 William Barrott 3 8 3 Danby Coyles recd from the 25 to the 31 December both Inclusive 5 3 Edward Cullimore 3 8 3 Walter Coy 3 8 3 Phillip Catchpole 3 8 3 Edward Cocker 3 8 3 Thomas Draper 3 8 3 John Ellis 3 8 3 Samuel Eales 3 8 3 George Exton 3 8 3 Jonathan Godbee 3 8 3 Francis Goodbody 3 8 3 James Hall 3 8 3 Carried Over £ 34 17 3 Carried Over £ 1345 19 3½	The pay account continued through the non-commissioned officers and sentinels of the fourth company. Brought over, £1,310 15s 10.5d Sergeants Joseph Leighton, £6 14s 6d William Oakman, £6 14s 6d David Wilson, £6 14s 6d Total, £20 3s 6d Corporals William Moore, £4 7s 9d Edward Murphy, £4 7s 9d Peter Coakley, £4 7s 9d Total, £13 3s 3d William Ormes, drummer, to 31 October both inclusive, transferred to the third company, £1 9s 9.5d Joseph Uffin, received drummer from the 2 to the 31 December both inclusive, £0 6s 8.5d Sentinels James Allin, £3 8s 3d Thomas Bovior, £3 8s 3d John Bardin, £3 8s 3d Isaac Bonnett, £3 8s 3d William Barrett, £3 8s 3d Danby Coyles, received from 26 to 31 December both inclusive, £0 5s 3d Edward Cullimore, £3 8s 3d Walter Hoy, £3 8s 3d Phillip Catchpole, £3 8s 3d Edward Cocker, £3 8s 3d Thomas Draper, £3 8s 3d John Ellis, £3 8s 3d Samuel Eales, £3 8s 3d George Exton, £3 8s 3d Jonathan Godbee, £3 8s 3d Francis Goodbody, £3 8s 3d James Hall, £3 8s 3d Carried over, £34 17s 3d Total carried over, £1,345 19s 3.5d Interpretations The two drummers of the fourth company show the same reckoning to the day that governed the whole roll, William Ormes paid to 31 October and then transferred to the third company, and Joseph Uffin taken on in his place from 2 December, the drummer's post kept filled and each man paid only for the days he held it. The precise dating of the changeover marks how closely the Company tracked even a single soldier's movement, the drummer's pay divided between the men who successively filled the place so that the post was paid for once and no more. The sentinels again carry the settlement's own surnames, the Allins, Cockers, Drapers and Eales standing at the common wage, and Edward Cocker sharing the name of the sergeant whose funeral the earlier accounts had recorded marks the spread of island families through the ranks and grades. The garrison's four companies drew alike on the sons of the settlement, the same names recurring from company to company and between the muster and the land rolls, the Company's foot filled in large part by the island's own people held at the flat private's wage.
235	245	1746 Brought Over £ 1345 19 3½ Brought Over £ 54 17 3 John Hardy 3 8 3 Job Harrison 3 8 3 James Hendrick 3 8 3 William Kendry 3 8 3 William Stout 3 8 3 John Manniku 3 8 3 George Master 3 8 3 Moses Menaut 3 8 3 Richard Mason 3 8 3 Duncan McLarren 3 8 3 James Byslce 3 8 3 Benjamin Pearson 3 8 3 Edward Rickard 3 8 3 Thomas Robinson 3 8 3 David Robinson 3 8 3 Arnold Safferie 3 8 3 Daniel Sergant 3 8 3 Edward Sparks 3 8 3 John Smith 3 8 3 Charles Sloats 3 8 3 Timothy Sullivan 3 8 3 John Taylor 3 8 3 Edward Terry 3 8 3 William Taylor 3 8 3 Peter Uxenbrugh 3 8 3 Robert Vickers recd from 25 to the 31 December both Inclusive 5 3 James Vaughan 3 8 3 Benjamin Williams William Willming to 20 November incl transferd to the Artillery 1 18 1½ John Walker junr 3 8 3 Carried Over £ 155 19 10½ Carried Over £ 1345 19 3½	The pay account continued through the sentinels of the fourth company. Brought over, £1,345 19s 3.5d Brought over (sentinels), £34 17s 3d John Hadey, £3 8s 3d Job Harrison, £3 8s 3d James Hendrick, £3 8s 3d William Kendry, £3 8s 3d William Stout, £3 8s 3d John Manniker, £3 8s 3d George Master, £3 8s 3d Moses Menants, £3 8s 3d Richard Mason, £3 8s 3d Duncan McLarron, £3 8s 3d James Pople, £3 8s 3d Benjamin Pearson, £3 8s 3d Edward Rickard, £3 8s 3d Dennis Robinson, £3 8s 3d David Robinson, £3 8s 3d Arnold Lasserie, £3 8s 3d Daniel Sergant, £3 8s 3d Edward Sparks, £3 8s 3d John Smith, £3 8s 3d Charles Swaits, £3 8s 3d Timothy Sullivan, £3 8s 3d John Taylor, £3 8s 3d Edward Terry, £3 8s 3d William Taylor, £3 8s 3d Peter Uxenburgh, £3 8s 3d Robert Vickers, received from 25 to 31 December both inclusive, £0 5s 3d James Vaughan, £3 8s 3d Benjamin Williams, £3 8s 3d William Willmington, to 20 November piece, transferred to the artillery, £1 18s 1.5d John Walker junior, £3 8s 3d Carried over, £155 19s 10.5d Total carried over, £1,345 19s 3.5d Interpretations The entry for William Willmington, paid to 20 November and then transferred to the artillery, records a movement between the foot and the gunners rather than between two foot companies, his broken pay closing his account in the fourth company on the day he passed to the artillery company under the master gunner. Such transfers into the artillery mark the way the specialist gunners were made up from men drawn out of the ranks, a soldier moved from the common file to the guns and his pay reset to the day, the establishment feeding its artillery from its foot as need arose. The recurrence of two men named John Smith and the scattering of island surnames through the file, the Masons, Swaits, Vaughans and Sparks, continue the pattern of a garrison rooted in the settlement, the same names holding land and appearing in the estate and plantation business standing here at the private's wage. The duplication of common names across the companies shows the practical difficulty of a muster drawn from a small population, several men of the same name serving at once, the pay roll distinguishing them only by company and rank as it tracked the flat wage of the ranks.
236	246	20 Jany Brought Over £ 1345 19 3½ Brought Over £ 155 19 10½ James Wootewise 3 8 3 John Walker Senr 3 8 3 Robert Wright 3 8 3 166 4 7½ Supernumerary men belonging to this Company Abraham Purcell recd from the 25 to the 31 December both Inclusive 5 3 William Harris recd from do to do 5 3 John Loyde recd from Do to do 5 3 John Scorbet recd from Do to do 5 3 1 1 Artillery Company John French, Master Gunner salary 13 8 9 Do Diet money 6 16 10½ Do House Rent 2 10 22 15 7½ Gunners Mates Walter Billen 4 17 6 John Christofeell 4 17 6 William Davis 4 17 6 Isaac Leech 4 17 6 Roger Nevanson 4 17 6 James Prichard 4 17 6 Nathan Sample 4 17 6 Thomas Watts, to the 20 November incl the day he died 2 14 Elias Leech, from the 21 November incl 2 3 6 39 Quarter Gunners John Arlingstall 4 7 9 John Butler to the 31 October Inclusive the day he was broke 1 9 6½ Edward Arnold from 1 Novbr Inclusive 2 18 2½ John Watkins from 21 Novbr Inclusive 1 19 2 Carried Over £ 10 14 8 Carried Over £ 1575 6	The pay account continued through the rest of the fourth company and into the artillery company. Brought over, £1,345 19s 3.5d Brought over (sentinels), £155 19s 10.5d James Wootewise, £3 8s 3d John Walker senior, £3 8s 3d Robert Wright, £3 8s 3d Total, £166 4s 7.5d Supernumerary men belonging to this company Abraham Burrell, received from 26 to 31 December both inclusive, £0 5s 3d William Harris, received from 26 to 31 December both inclusive, £0 5s 3d John Loyde, received from 26 to 31 December both inclusive, £0 5s 3d John Scorbet, received from 26 to 31 December both inclusive, £0 5s 3d Total, £1 1s 0d Artillery company John French, master gunner, salary £13 8s 9d; diet money £6 16s 10.5d; house rent £2 10s 0d; total £22 15s 7.5d Gunner's mates Walter Billon, £4 17s 6d John Christofeell, £4 17s 6d William Davis, £4 17s 6d Isaac Leech, £4 17s 6d Roger Nevanson, £4 17s 6d James Prichard, £4 17s 6d Nathan Sample, £4 17s 6d Thomas Watts, to the 20 November piece, the day he died, £2 14s 0d Ely Leech, from the 21 November piece, £2 3s 6d Total, £39 0s 0d Quarter gunners John Artingstall, £4 7s 9d John Butler, to the 31 October inclusive, the day he was broke, £1 9s 6.5d Edward Arnold, from 1 November inclusive, £2 18s 2.5d John Watkins, from 21 November inclusive, £1 19s 2d Carried over, £10 14s 8d Total carried over, £1,575 0s 6d Interpretations The artillery company's pay shows the gunners set above the foot soldiers, the gunner's mates at £4 17s 6d and the quarter gunners at £4 7s 9d against the private's £3 8s 3d, the higher rates marking the skill and responsibility of serving the guns. The master gunner John French drew much the largest reward with salary, diet money and house rent together, the technical head of the island's ordnance paid on a scale nearer the officers than the men, the artillery company standing as a body of specialists between the ranks and the commissioned officers. The entry for Thomas Watts, paid to 20 November, the day he died, closes the account of the gunner's mate whose death the earlier consultations had recorded, Ely Leech taken on from the following day to fill his place, the two men's broken pay dividing the post between them to the day. John Butler's pay ending on the day he was broke and Edward Arnold entered in his room show the same reckoning applied to a reduction in rank, a quarter gunner broken and replaced mid-quarter, the artillery company's roll tracking death, promotion and reduction to the exact day just as the foot companies did, every change in the small body of gunners set down in broken sums.
237	247	1746 Brought Over £ 1575 6 Brought Over £ 10 14 8 Edward Bursford 4 7 9 William Kinslow 4 7 9 Ely Leech to the 20 Novr incl being made Gunr mate 2 8 7 John Stottage 4 7 9 Humphry Pugh 4 7 9 William Turner 4 7 9 35 2 Matrosses Edward Arnold, to the 31 October Inclusive being made Quarter Gunner 1 7 1½ Joseph Boswell 4 1 3 William Bateman 4 1 3 John Brown 4 1 3 John Butler, from the 1 November Inclusive 2 13 10½ William Bull 4 1 3 Peter Bath 4 1 3 Samuel Clark 4 1 3 Henry Carter 4 1 3 John Cheesman 4 1 3 Anthony Day 4 1 3 Phillip Hilliard 4 1 3 Adam Milbourne 4 1 3 Partreck Murphy 4 1 3 Thomas Pride 4 1 3 Lawrence Peterson 4 1 3 John Smith 4 1 3 Joseph Thomas 4 1 3 James Vaughan 4 1 3 John Watkins to 20 November Inclusive being made Quarter Gunner 2 5 Thomas Wright 4 1 3 William Willman, from 21 November Inclusive transferd from the 4th Company 1 16 3 81 5 Superannuated Richard Tinsley, Overseer 3 8 3 Joseph Whaley, Sergant 3 8 3 William Burnham Do 3 8 3 Samuel Knise, Centinel 6 9¾ Francis Junge Armorer 19 13 4¾ £ 1711 12	The pay account continued through the rest of the quarter gunners, the matrosses and the superannuated, closing the roll. Brought over, £1,575 0s 6d Brought over (quarter gunners), £10 14s 8d Edward Burford, £4 7s 9d William Kinslow, £4 7s 9d Ely Leech, to the 20 November piece, being made gunner's mate, £2 8s 7d John Rozidge, £4 7s 9d Humphry Pugh, £4 7s 9d William Turner, £4 7s 9d Total, £35 2s 0d Matrosses Edward Arnold, to the 31 October inclusive, being made quarter gunner, £1 7s 1.5d Joseph Boswell, £4 1s 3d William Bateman, £4 1s 3d John Browne, £4 1s 3d John Butler, from the 1 November inclusive, £2 13s 10.5d William Bull, £4 1s 3d Peter Bath, £4 1s 3d Samuel Clark, £4 1s 3d Henry Carter, £4 1s 3d John Cheesman, £4 1s 3d Anthony Day, £4 1s 3d Phillip Hilliard, £4 1s 3d Adam Milbourne, £4 1s 3d Partrick Murphy, £4 1s 3d Thomas Pride, £4 1s 3d Lawrence Peterson, £4 1s 3d John Smith, £4 1s 3d Joseph Thomas, £4 1s 3d James Vaughan, £4 1s 3d John Watkins, to 20 November inclusive, being made quarter gunner, £2 5s 0d Thomas Wright, £4 1s 3d William Willman, from 21 November inclusive, transferred from the fourth company, £1 16s 3d Total, £81 5s 0d Superannuated Richard Tinsley, overseer, £3 8s 3d Joseph Whaley, sergeant, £3 8s 3d William Burnham, ditto, £3 8s 3d Samuel Knipe, sentinel, £3 8s 3d Francis Funge, armourer, £6 0s 9.5d Total, £19 13s 4.5d Grand total, £1,711 12s 0d Interpretations The matrosses, the lowest grade of the artillery at £4 1s 3d, stood above the foot soldiers but below the quarter gunners and gunner's mates, the whole artillery company graded in a fine scale from the master gunner down through mates and quarter gunners to the matrosses. The movements among these grades, Edward Arnold and John Watkins each made quarter gunner and their pay reset to the day, William Willman transferred in from the foot, show the artillery as the most fluid part of the establishment, men promoted and shifted through its ranks and their broken pay tracing each step, the small body of gunners in constant internal movement as it made up and replaced its skilled hands. The superannuated closing the roll record the Company's provision for its worn-out servants, the old overseer Tinsley, two former sergeants, a sentinel and the armourer Funge kept on the pay at a pension after their working service was done. That the establishment carried its aged and disabled men on a standing allowance rather than discharging them marks a settled practice of maintaining those grown old in the Company's employ, the pension a recognised charge on the roll, the same care for long service that had kept the centenarian drummer Lindsay on the books until his death earlier in the year, the Company holding its own to the end.
238	248	Jany 20 Dr Charles Hutchinson 1746 Novbr 4th To Cash received of Roger Nevanson, for Provisions Sold to the Markett in the month of October last 17 2 11¾ 18th To Do recd of Mr Joseph Deffountain for Balance of his Account as Exor to William Simpson as p Consultation of this day 22 11 3½ December 31st To Do recd from the Honble Company's Cash Chest 1800 3 9¾ To Do recd for 898½ Gallons of Milk, sold this Quarter at 1/ p Gall 44 18 6 To Do recd for Eleven Licences for Publick Houses at £1 10 ea for the Quarter commencing the 25 October & ending the 24th December 16 10 To Do recd of Henry Moyce Carpenter in full of his debt to the Honble Company 1 To Do recd of Roger Nevanson for Provisions sold to the Market in the months of November and December 1746 61 11 8¼	The debtor side of the paymaster's account, kept in the name of Charles Hutchinson, opened with the receipts for the December quarter. 1746 4 November, cash received of Roger Nevanson for provisions sold to the market in October, £17 2s 11.75d 18 November, received of Joseph Desfountain for the balance of his account as executor to William Simpson, as by consultation of this day, £22 11s 3.5d 31 December, received from the Company's cash chest, £1,800 3s 9.75d Received for 898.5 gallons of milk sold this quarter at a shilling a gallon, £44 18s 6d Received for eleven licences for public houses at £1 10s each for the quarter commencing 25 October and ending 24 December, £16 10s 0d Received of Henry Moyce, carpenter, in full of his debt to the Company, £1 0s 0d Received of Roger Nevanson for provisions sold to the market in November and December 1746, £61 11s 8.5d Interpretations The paymaster's receipts show the mixture of sources that fed the Company's cash on the island, the great draw of £1,800 from the treasury chest to meet the quarter's pay standing alongside the small steady incomes of the milk sold from the castle dairy, the public-house licences and the market takings. The Company financed its establishment partly from its own trading and productive activities, the dairy and the market and the licensing of the punch houses each yielding a modest sum that offset the far larger charge of the garrison and civil pay met from the chest. The market takings entered in two lines, Roger Nevanson accounting for the provisions sold in October and again for November and December, tie the paymaster's account directly to the market-supply dispute of the autumn, the Company selling its own stock through the market and gathering the proceeds. That the Company was both the chief supplier of the market and the receiver of its takings, having undertaken to make up what the planters would not furnish, shows the whole weight of victualling the garrison running through its own hands, the market money flowing back to the Company as its stock fed the fort, the arrangement the Governor had forced in October now working through the quarter's accounts.
239	249	1746 Pay Master 1746 October 21 By Cash paid Thomas Oliver for Relisting for five Years to Commence the 23 of March next 5 5 By Do pd Mr Curling for Cloaths, for Arthur an Orphan of John Bradley Dece as p Consultation this day 1 16 11½ November 11th By Cash paid William Bonfield for Relisting for five Years to Commence the 24th March next 5 5 December 24th By Do pd Mr John Ratewater for coming express with an Account of a Ship to Leenard 5 By Do pd the following Men for mowing & haymaking in the Quarter ending 31 December 1746 Vizt Anthony Day 26 Days at 1/3 p Day 1 12 6 Benjamin Williams 28 do 1 15 Patrick Murphy 28 do 1 15 John Brown 24 do 1 10 Josiah Barks 25 do 1 11 3 John Haley 19 do 1 3 9 Richd Mason 21 d haymakg at 1/ p do 1 1 Thomas Wright 24 do 1 4 Thomas Mason 24 do 1 4 David Scott 17 do 17 13 11 6 By Do pd the following men for Carrying hay Vizt Edward Allis, John Brown, George Bennet Thos Olliver, Evan Jones, Benj Williams Jun Robt Stock, Duncan McLarren, Walter Coy Wm Barret, & John Walker Senr three days and an half each, at one Shilling p day ea 1 18 6 Joseph Brooks & Robt Everidge 4 days ea at 1/ p day 8 Andrew Barton Richard Maybank & Charles Montague five days and half ea at 1/ Day ea 16 6 Carried Over £ 3 3 Carried Over £ 20 13 6½	The creditor side of the paymaster's account carried the payments out for the December quarter. 1746 21 October, cash paid Thomas Oliver for re-enlisting for five years to commence the 23 of March next, £5 5s 0d By cash paid Purling for clothing for Arthur, an orphan of John Bradley deceased, as by consultation this day, £1 16s 11.5d 11 November, cash paid William Bonfield for re-enlisting for five years to commence the 24 of March next, £5 5s 0d 21 December, cash paid John Bathwater for coming express with an account of a ship to leeward, £0 5s 0d By cash paid the following men for mowing and haymaking in the quarter ending 31 December 1746: Anthony Day, 26 days at 1s 3d a day, £1 12s 6d Benjamin Williams, 28 days, £1 15s 0d Patrick Murphy, 28 days, £1 15s 0d John Brown, 24 days, £1 10s 0d Josiah Berks, 25 days, £1 11s 3d John Haley, 19 days, £1 3s 9d Richard Mason, 21 days haymaking at 1s a day, £1 1s 0d Thomas Wright, 24 days, £1 2s 0d Thomas Mason, 24 days, £1 4s 0d David Scott, 17 days, £0 17s 0d Total, £13 11s 6d By cash paid the following men for carrying hay: Edward Allis, John Brown, George Bennet, Thomas Oliver, Evan Jones, Benjamin Williams, Robert Stack, Duncan McLarron, Walter Hoy, William Barrett and John Walker senior, three days and a half each at one shilling a day, £1 18s 6d Joseph Brooks and Robert Everidge, 4 days each at 1s a day, £0 8s 0d Andrew Barton, Richard Maybank and Charles Montague, five days and a half each at 1s a day, £0 16s 6d Carried over, £3 3s 0d Total carried over, £20 13s 6.5d Interpretations The payments for mowing, haymaking and carrying hay show the garrison put to agricultural labour in the quiet season, the soldiers paid extra day-wages for cutting and gathering the hay that fed the Company's stock through the year. The same men who stood in the ranks at the flat private's wage earned a shilling or fifteenpence a day at this work, the Company using its idle soldiers as a labour force for the plantation and paying them separately for it, the practice the Governor had noted when he observed that the soldiers laboured and fished for want of slaves. The re-enlistment bounties to Oliver and Bonfield, each five guineas for a fresh five-year term, appear here on the paymaster's side as they did in the treasury account, the two records agreeing on the standing charge of holding the garrison together by graduated bounty. The small express fees paid to men who came with word of ships to leeward mark another routine charge of the establishment, the Company rewarding those who carried early notice of a sail so that the guns and the mooring parties could be readied, the same intelligence of the approaching shipping that the wartime watch depended on, paid for by the shilling as it came in.
240	250	Jany 20 Dr Charles Hutchinson 1746 Deccer 31 Cash Brought Over £ 1963 17 10½ Carried Over £ 1963 17 10½	The debtor side of the paymaster's account, kept in the name of Charles Hutchinson, carried the running total forward. 1746 31 December, cash brought over, £1,963 17s 10.5d Carried over, £1,963 17s 10.5d
241	251	1746 Pay Master Cr Brought Over £ 20 13 5½ Brought Over £ 3 3 John Shaw, Adam Watson, Thos Robinson John Walker junr Job Harrison, Benjamin Pearson, Solomon Sanders, Thos Greenoway George Green, John Fletcher, Thos Forrest Thos Kendrick, Jam McLeane John Langbridge John Ratewater, David Robinson, John Ellis and John Gold two days ea at one Shilling p day 1 16 William Campbell George Harper James Ellis William Shelford Richd Moyce and Jonathan Godey one day and half ea at 1/ p day 9 John Kenwrib one Day 1 Edward Murphy, for his trouble in overseeing the foremen 10 5 19 By Cash pd William Duffor, his allowance for making up Medicines &c & assisting the Surgeon Mr Falconer this Quarter 3 8 3 By Do pd John Rother for 9¼ days Ploughing and Working on the Corn in the Long Wood at 1/3 p day 4 9¼ By Do pd John Cawdry, for 78 days Do at Ditto 1/3 4 17 6 By Do pd John Haley for 47 days threshing at 1/ p day 2 7 By Do pd John Smith for 77 days Do at 1/ p day 3 17 By Do pd Hindes for 4 days Do at 1/ p day 4 By Do pd Anthony Day for 8 days do at 1/3 p day 10 By Do pd Partreck Murphy for 8 days do at 1/3 p day 10 By Do pd Thos Greenoway for 7 days work in washing and Sheering Sheep &c at 1/ p day 7 By Do pd John Watkins, for working & overseeing the Plough and harvest in the Long Wood this Quarter 6 10 By Do pd William Watson for making a Cart & for mending Carts Ploughs, Harrows &c 2 8 Carried Over £ 61 10 7	The creditor side of the paymaster's account continued through the labour charges for the December quarter. Brought over, £20 13s 5.5d Brought over (carrying hay), £3 3s 0d John Shaw, Adam Watson, Thomas Robinson, John Walker junior, Job Harrison, Benjamin Pearson, Solomon Sanders, Thomas Greenoway, George Green, John Fletcher, Thomas Forrest, Thomas Kendrick, James McLeane, John Langridge, John Bathwater, David Robinson, John Ellis and John Gould, two days each at one shilling a day, £1 16s 0d William Campbell, George Harper, James Ellis, William Shefford, Richard Moyce and Jonathan Godbee, one day and a half each at 1s a day, £0 9s 0d John Kendrick, one day, £0 1s 0d Edward Murphy, for his trouble in overseeing the mowing men, £0 10s 0d Total, £5 19s 0d By cash paid William Dowse, his allowance for making up medicines and assisting the surgeon Falconer this quarter, £3 8s 3d By cash paid John Rother for 91.5 days ploughing and working on the corn in the Long Wood at 1s 3d a day, £4 9s 4.5d By cash paid John Cawdry for 78 days ditto at ditto 1s 3d, £4 17s 6d By cash paid John Haley for 47 days threshing at 1s a day, £2 7s 0d By cash paid John Smith for 77 days ditto at 1s a day, £3 17s 0d By cash paid Hindes for 4 days ditto at 1s a day, £0 4s 0d By cash paid Anthony Day for 8 days ditto at 1s 3d a day, £0 10s 0d By cash paid Patrick Murphy for 8 days ditto at 1s 3d a day, £0 10s 0d By cash paid Thomas Greenoway for 7 days work in washing and shearing sheep at 1s a day, £0 7s 0d By cash paid John Watkins for working and overseeing the plough and harvest in the Long Wood this quarter, £6 10s 0d By cash paid William Watson for making a cart and for mending carts, ploughs, harrows and other gear, £2 8s 0d Carried over, £61 10s 7d Interpretations The ploughing, threshing and harvest labour paid this quarter records the Company's grain-farming scheme in full operation, the corn in the Long Wood ploughed, reaped and threshed by the soldiers at day-wages, John Rother and John Cawdry each drawing more than ninety and seventy days at fifteenpence and the threshers paid by the day at a shilling. The barn raised in the Great Wood and the harvest gathered and thatched, which the open threads record as the advancing state of the scheme, appear here as the wages of the men who did the work, the Company pressing its own experiment in growing corn on the island through the paid labour of its garrison. The allowance to William Dowse for making up medicines and assisting the surgeon shows the Company covering the gap left by an understaffed infirmary, a man paid a quarter's allowance to help the single surgeon Falconer compound and dispense the physic for the whole establishment. On a station with one surgeon and no apothecary, the Company met the want by paying an assistant a set sum rather than adding a fixed post, the same commuting of an unfilled need into a money allowance that ran through its dealings with lodging, house rent and the other provisions it could not supply in kind.
242	252	Jany 20 Dr Charles Hutchinson 1746 Deccer 31 Cash Brought Over £ 1963 17 10½ Carried Over £ 1963 17 10½	The debtor side of the paymaster's account, kept in the name of Charles Hutchinson, carried the running total forward. 1746 31 December, cash brought over, £1,963 17s 10.5d Carried over, £1,963 17s 10.5d
243	253	1746 Pay Master Cr Brought Over £ 61 10 7 By Cash paid the following Men for Grubing up furze in the Pastures & making it into Stacks at 1/ p day each Vizt Benjamin Williams 41 Days £ 2 1 Thomas Kendrick 42½ do 2 2 6 Thomas Mason 40½ do 2 6 Thomas Wright 41½ do 2 1 6 Benj William Junr 41 do 2 1 Josiah Barkes 39 do 1 19 Richd Mason 34½ do 1 14 6 Partrick Murphy 36 do 1 16 John Brown 36 do 1 16 Anthony Day 32 days at 1/3 ea do 2 19 12 By Cash paid Edw Arnold for making a Coth to Wunn Corn 4 Do pd for making five pannels 15 Do pd for making five Girths 2 6 Do for making five Cruppers 2 6 Do for making four Sacks for Corn 2 Do for making four wantes 2 Do for making a Snaffle Bridle & a Crupper for a Saddle 1 6 Do for making 24 Baggs for Lime 6 Do for making a Bed bottom 3 Do for making Six Chair Bottoms & fixing them in 12 Do for matted Wrapper 8 2 18 6 By Do pd Edward Cocker for 9 day work in repairing Corn Mills at 2/6 p Day 1 2 6 By Do pd Josiah Sweet for making 18 pair Shoes for the Honble Company's Blacks at 2/ p 1 16 do for mending one pair for Ditto 1 3 1 17 3 Carried Over £ 87 10	The creditor side of the paymaster's account continued through the labour and craft charges for the December quarter. Brought over, £61 10s 7d By cash paid the following men for grubbing up furze in the pastures and making it into stacks at 1s a day each: Benjamin Williams, 41 days, £2 1s 0d Thomas Kendrick, 42.5 days, £2 2s 6d Thomas Mason, 40.5 days, £2 0s 6d Thomas Wright, 41.5 days, £2 1s 6d Benjamin Williams junior, 41 days, £2 1s 0d Josiah Berks, 39 days, £1 19s 0d Richard Mason, 34.5 days, £1 14s 6d Patrick Murphy, 36 days, £1 16s 0d John Brown, 36 days, £1 16s 0d Anthony Day, 32 days at 1s 6d each, £2 8s 0d Total, £19 12s 0d By cash paid Edward Arnold for making a cloth to winnow corn, £0 4s 0d For making five funnels, £0 15s 0d For making five girdles, £0 2s 6d For making five croppers, £0 2s 6d For making four sacks for corn, £0 2s 0d For making four winnows, £0 2s 0d For making a snaffle bridle and a crupper for a saddle, £0 1s 6d For making 24 bags for lime, £0 6s 0d For making a bed bottom, £0 3s 0d For making six chair bottoms and fixing them in, £0 12s 0d For a matted wrapper, £0 8s 0d Total, £2 18s 6d By cash paid Edward Cocker for 9 days work in repairing corn mills at 2s 6d a day, £1 2s 6d By cash paid Swaits Sweet for making 18 pairs of shoes for the Company's slaves at 1s 9d, £1 16s 0d Ditto for mending one pair for ditto, £0 1s 3d Total, £1 17s 3d Carried over, £87 0s 10d Interpretations The grubbing up of furze in the pastures and its making into stacks, the heaviest labour charge of the quarter, records the same furze the leases required tenants to plant round their fences now cut and gathered on the Company's own ground, the plant serving both as living fence and as fuel or fodder stacked for use. The soldiers paid at a shilling a day for weeks of this work show the garrison again turned to the ordinary labour of the plantation, the clearing and harvesting of the furze pressed on the men for want of slaves, the same use of the ranks as a farm workforce that ran through the harvest and haymaking charges. The making of eighteen pairs of shoes for the Company's slaves at 1s 9d a pair records the standing charge of clothing and shodding the unfree workforce, the slaves supplied with shoes made on the island as part of their bare maintenance. The provision of footwear at a fixed low rate, set alongside the kersey and cloth issued for their clothing in the storekeeper's accounts, shows the Company keeping its slaves shod and clothed at the least cost, a working outfit provided as a charge on the establishment, the shoes made cheaply by a local cobbler as one more item in the economy of maintaining a labour force it owned.
244	254	Jany 20 Dr Charles Hutchinson 1746 Deccer 31 Cash Brought Over £ 1963 17 10½ Carried Over £ 1963 17 10½	The debtor side of the paymaster's account, kept in the name of Charles Hutchinson, carried the running total forward. 1746 31 December, cash brought over, £1,963 17s 10.5d Carried over, £1,963 17s 10.5d
245	255	1746 Pay Master Cr Brought Over £ 87 10 By Cash paid Saml Eales for 12 days work in grinding Paint at 1/6 p day £ 2 3 Do for one Day in painting Contry Boxes 1 6 Do for 2¾ Days in painting the Room in the Long Wood 4 1½ Do for ¾ Day in Glazing ye Room in the Long Wood 9 Do for one day in painting the Doors & Window Shutters in the Barn 1 6 Do for 13¾ Days in making Putty & Glazing Windows in the Castle 2 7½ 12 9 By Do pd John Ford, for one days work in Washing Sheep 3 Days in Winding Wool & 19 days in Carding Wool for Maps 15 By Do pd Wm Ormes, for 23 days & Thos Pride for 6 Days work in the Long Boat to fetch Lime for the Fortifications at 1/ p day ea 1 9 By Do pd Robert Currie & Stephn Willoughby for Baking Sixty four Batches Bread for the Garrison at 1/8 p Batch 4 By Do Thomas Wagg for making ten pair of Hedging Gloves 5 By Do pd Charles Legente for mending Contry Boxes cleaning Mattogeny & work done about the Room in the Longwood 15 By Do pd Wm Hayes Adjutt to pay severall Soldiers for Coats they had saved wch were bought of them to Cloath the twenty Nine Recruits, brought by the Ship Prince Edward that the New Cloath sent with them, might be kept & not deliverd until the Garrison receive their next Cloathing 8 9 Carried Over £ 103 6 7	The creditor side of the paymaster's account continued through the craft and labour charges for the December quarter. Brought over, £87 0s 10d By cash paid Samuel Eales for 12 days work in grinding paint at 1s 6d a day, £0 2s 3d For one day in painting country boxes, £0 1s 6d For 2.5 days in painting the room in the Long Wood, £0 4s 1.5d For half a day in glazing the room in the Long Wood, £0 0s 9d For one day in painting the doors and window shutters in the barn, £0 1s 6d For 13 days in making putty and glazing windows in the castle, £0 2s 9.5d Total, £0 12s 9d By cash paid John Ford for one day's work in washing sheep, 3 days in winding wool and 9 days in carding wool for mops, £0 15s 0d By cash paid William Ormes for 23 days and Thomas Pride for 6 days work in the long boat to fetch lime for the fortifications at 1s a day each, £1 9s 0d By cash paid Robert Currie and Stephen Willoughby for baking sixty-four batches of bread for the garrison at 1s a batch, £4 0s 0d By cash paid Thomas Wagg for making ten pairs of hedging gloves, £0 5s 0d By cash paid Charles Legente for mending country boxes, cleaning mahogany and work done about the room in the Long Wood, £0 15s 0d By cash paid William Hayes, adjutant, to pay several soldiers for coats they had saved which were bought of them to clothe the twenty-nine recruits brought by the Prince Edward, that the new clothing sent with them might be kept and not delivered until the garrison receive their next clothing, £8 9s 0d Carried over, £103 6s 9d Interpretations The payment to William Hayes for buying the old coats of the established soldiers to clothe the twenty-nine recruits from the Prince Edward reveals a deliberate stroke of economy over the garrison's clothing, the new uniforms sent out with the recruits held back in store while the men were fitted out in the used coats bought from those already serving. By keeping the fresh clothing unissued until the whole garrison's next general issue fell due, the Company avoided clothing the recruits twice, the old coats passed down and paid for so that the new stock could be reserved, a small piece of careful management that turned the soldiers' saved clothing into the recruits' outfit. The many small craft charges, glazing and painting the rooms in the Long Wood and the barn, winding and carding wool for mops, making hedging gloves and putty, show the Company meeting the countless minor needs of the establishment through paid piecework rather than a fixed staff of tradesmen. The soldiers and others were paid by the day or the task for whatever the settlement required, the same use of the garrison as a flexible labour force that ran through the harvest, the haymaking and the furze-cutting, the Company buying the odd skills it needed from among its own men as the work arose.
246	256	Jany 20 Dr Charles Hutchison 1746 Diccber 31 Cash Brought Over £ 1963 17 10½ Carried Over £ 1963 17 10½	The debtor side of the paymaster's account, kept in the name of Charles Hutchinson, carried the running total forward. 1746 31 December, cash brought over, £1,963 17s 10.5d Carried over, £1,963 17s 10.5d
247	257	1746 Pay Master Cr Brought Over £ 103 6 7 By Cash paid the following Men for work done by them at the Fortification in James Valley at one Shilling p Day ea vizt Edward Cullimore 22 Days at one Shilling p Day £ 1 2 Matthew Campbell 19½ 19 6 Peter Bailey 22 1 2 Edward Cocker 19 19 John Upton 18 18 Thomas Taylor 18½ 18 6 Thomas Skeeton 22½ 1 2 6 John Mannikee 22 1 2 James Vaughan 11½ 11 6 John Bardin 16 16 William Page 24 1 4 William Willman 22 1 2 William Kendre 26 1 6 Thomas Fox 22 1 2 John Cheesmare 20 1 John Stottidge 18 18 16 3 By Do pd the following Men for Work done by them at the Fortification at Ruperts at one Shilling p day ea Vizt Edward Cullimore 36 Days at one Shilling p Day £ 1 16 Matthew Campbell 32½ 1 12 6 Peter Bailey 53 13 Edward Cocker 39 1 19 John Upton 33½ 1 13 6 Thomas Taylor 32½ 1 12 6 Thomas Skeeton 33 13 John Mannikee 30 1 10 John Bardin 29½ 1 13 William Page 33 1 12 6 William Willman 32½ 1 14 William Kendre 24 1 16 Thomas Fox 26 Carried Over £ 21 16 6 Carried Over £ 114 9 7	The creditor side of the paymaster's account continued through the fortification labour for the December quarter. Brought over, £103 6s 7d By cash paid the following men for work done by them at the fortification in James Valley at one shilling a day each: Edward Cullimore, 22 days at one shilling a day, £1 2s 0d Matthew Campbell, 19.5 days, £0 19s 6d Peter Bailey, 22 days, £1 2s 0d Edward Cocker, 19 days, £0 19s 0d John Upton, 18 days, £0 18s 0d Thomas Taylor, 18.5 days, £0 18s 6d Thomas Skeeton, 22.5 days, £1 2s 6d John Manniker, 22 days, £1 2s 0d James Vaughan, 11.5 days, £0 11s 6d John Bardin, 16 days, £0 16s 0d William Page, 24 days, £1 4s 0d William Willman, 22 days, £1 2s 0d William Kendre, 26 days, £1 6s 0d Thomas Fox, 22 days, £1 2s 0d John Cheesman, 20 days, £1 0s 0d John Rothidge, 18 days, £0 18s 0d Total, £16 3s 0d By cash paid the following men for work done by them at the fortification at Rupert's at one shilling a day each: Edward Cullimore, 36 days at one shilling a day, £1 16s 0d Matthew Campbell, 32.5 days, £1 12s 6d Peter Bailey, 53 days, £2 13s 0d Edward Cocker, 39 days, £1 19s 0d John Upton, 35.5 days, £1 13s 6d Thomas Taylor, 32.5 days, £1 12s 6d Thomas Skeeton, 55 days, £2 15s 0d John Manniker, 30 days, £1 10s 0d John Bardin, 29.5 days, £1 9s 6d William Page, 35 days, £1 15s 0d William Willman, 32.5 days, £1 12s 6d William Kendre, 24 days, £1 4s 0d Thomas Fox, 36 days, £1 16s 0d Carried over, £21 16s 6d Total carried over, £114 9s 7d Interpretations The fortification labour on two fronts, the works in James Valley and the heavier effort at Rupert's, shows the garrison kept steadily at the maintenance and building of the island's defences through the quarter, the same soldiers who had cut hay and grubbed furze now paid their shilling a day at the batteries. The much greater number of days worked at Rupert's, several men drawing more than fifty days, marks it as the chief fortification project of the season, the works on the eastern approach pressed forward by the paid labour of the ranks alongside the plantation work. The identity of the labourers across the different works, the same Cullimore, Campbell, Cocker and Skeeton appearing at the fortifications, the harvest and the furze-cutting, shows a body of soldiers used as the Company's general workforce and paid separately for each task at the standing day-rate. The garrison's real function on the island was as much productive as military, the men set to whatever the settlement needed and paid by the day for it, the Company drawing on its soldiers for building, farming and craft alike, the shilling a day the common price of their labour whether at the guns, in the fields or on the fences.
248	258	Jany 20 Dr Charles Hutchinson 1746 Diccer 31 Cash Broght Over £ 1963 17 10½ Carried Over £ 1963 17 10½	The debtor side of the paymaster's account, kept in the name of Charles Hutchinson, carried the running total forward. 1746 31 December, cash brought over, £1,963 17s 10.5d Carried over, £1,963 17s 10.5d
249	259	1746 Pay Master Cr Brought Over £ 119 9 7 Brought Over £ 21 16 6 John Cheesman 34 1 14 John Stottidge 42 2 2 John Butler 14½ 14 6 Emanuel Reale 6 6 John Murrell 11 11 Edward Terrey 12 12 James Hindes 12 12 William Beckett 12 12 William Bateman 7 7 29 7 By Do pd the following Men for work done by them at Prospect Bay Vizt Edward Cullimore 9 Days at one Shilling p Day £ 9 Matthew Campbell 9½ 9 6 Peter Bailey 8 8 John Upton 9 9 William Willman 9 9 Thomas Fox 9 9 John Stottidge 9 9 5 2 6 By Cash pd Bartholomew Molley for Eleven days and an half Work at Stone Saying at the Fortifications at 3/ p day 1 14 6 By Do pd John Bland Master Mason for House Rent from the 4th July 1745 to the 31 December 1746 at the Rate of 5/ p Annum as p Consultation of 9th Decr last 8 19 3 By Do pd Mark Hawkins Mason for House Rent from the 4 July 1745 to the 31 December 1746 at the rate of 5/ p annum as p Consultation of 9th December last 5 19 6 By Do pd the Governour for sonnets paid By him for thread to Mend the Cloaths of the Honble Companys Blacks 5 15 6 Carried Over £ 174 7 10	The creditor side of the paymaster's account continued through the fortification labour and the further charges for the December quarter. Brought over, £119 9s 7d Brought over (fortification at Rupert's), £21 16s 6d John Cheesman, 34 days, £1 14s 0d John Rothidge, 42 days, £2 2s 0d John Butler, 14.5 days, £0 14s 6d Emanuel Beale, 6 days, £0 6s 0d John Murrell, 11 days, £0 11s 0d Edward Terrey, 12 days, £0 12s 0d James Hindes, 12 days, £0 12s 0d William Beckett, 12 days, £0 12s 0d William Bateman, 7 days, £0 7s 0d Total, £29 7s 0d By cash paid the following men for work done by them at Prosperous Bay: Edward Cullimore, 9 days at one shilling a day, £0 9s 0d Matthew Campbell, 9.5 days, £0 9s 6d Peter Bailey, 8 days, £0 8s 0d John Upton, 9 days, £0 9s 0d William Willman, 9 days, £0 9s 0d Thomas Fox, 9 days, £0 9s 0d John Rothidge, 9 days, £0 9s 0d Total, £5 2s 6d By cash paid Bartholomew Molloy for eleven days and a half work at stone-laying at the fortifications at 3s a day, £1 14s 6d By cash paid John Bland, master mason, for house rent from 4 July 1745 to the 31 December 1746 at the rate of £6 a year, as by consultation of 9 December last, £8 19s 3d By cash paid Mark Hawkins, mason, for house rent from 4 July 1745 to the 31 December 1746 at the rate of £6 a year, as by consultation of 9 December last, £5 19s 6d By cash paid the Governor for cutlery paid by him for slaves to attend the clothing of the Company's slaves, £5 15s 6d Carried over, £174 7s 10d Interpretations The house-rent payments to Bland and Hawkins, reckoned back to 4 July 1745, show the commutation of their unmet lodging settled in a single lump for eighteen months at once, the six-pound-a-year allowance agreed at the December consultation paid from the date each man's want began. The backdating confirms the Company meeting a long-standing default in one payment, the masons reimbursed for the whole period they had housed themselves at their own charge, the grievance Bland had pressed in his petition now discharged in full as a fixed money allowance in place of the house the Company owed but never built. The work at Prosperous Bay adds a third fortification front to the James Valley and Rupert's works, the same body of labourers moved round the island's landing places to maintain the defences at each. That the Company kept up works at several bays at once, pressing its soldiers to build and repair at the scattered points where an enemy might land, shows the whole coast of the small island held under a standing effort of fortification, the wartime watch of the period demanding the constant labour of the garrison at every approach, the men carried from battery to battery and paid their shilling a day at each.
250	260	Jany 20 Charles Hutchinson 1746 Deccber 31 Cash Brought Over £ 1963 17 10½ £ 1963 17 10½ Signed Errors Chas	The debtor side of the paymaster's account, kept in the name of Charles Hutchinson, closed with the total of the receipts. 1746 31 December, cash brought over, £1,963 17s 10.5d Total, £1,963 17s 10.5d Charles Hutchinson subscribed the account, errors excepted.
251	261	1746 Pay Master Cr Brought Over £ 174 7 10 By Cash Paid John Christoffe Coxswain Richard Knight, Peter Uxenbrugh, Phillip Hilliard Geor Ayres, Henry Carter, James Pritchard Evan Jones and William Ormes ten Shillings ea for coming in the Pinnace this Quarter 4 10 By Do pd John Nicolson Surgeon of the ship Prince Edward for his care of twenty nine Recruits landed the 26 December 7 5 By Do pd Capt Robt Haldane for four Casks of Butter for the Genel Table 12 By Do pd the Honble Company's Officers and Servants their Salaries &c for the Quarter Commencing October the 1 & Ending the 31 December 1746 1711 1 2 By Ballance pd into the Honble Company's Cash 54 13 10½ 1909 4 £ 1963 17 10½ excepted Hutchinson The Storekeeper delivered in his Collections for the Months of October, November, and December last, which were Examined, and Approved, and are, as follows vizt	The creditor side of the paymaster's account closed with the final charges and the balance. Brought over, £174 7s 10d By cash paid John Christoffe, coxswain, Richard Knight, Peter Uxenburgh, Phillip Hilliard, George Ayres, Henry Carter, James Pritchard, Evan Jones and William Ormes, ten shillings each for coming in the pinnace this quarter, £4 10s 0d By cash paid John Nicolson, surgeon of the Prince Edward, for his care of twenty-nine recruits landed the 26 December, £7 5s 0d By cash paid Captain Robert Haldane for four casks of butter for the general table, £12 0s 0d By cash paid the Company's officers and servants their salaries and other allowances for the quarter commencing 1 October and ending 31 December 1746, £1,711 1s 2d By balance paid into the Company's cash, £54 13s 10.5d Total, £1,963 17s 10.5d Charles Hutchinson subscribed the account, errors excepted. The storekeeper delivered his collections for October, November and December, examined and approved. Interpretations The payment to John Nicolson, surgeon of the Prince Edward, for his care of the twenty-nine recruits landed on Christmas Eve records the Company paying a ship's surgeon to tend the men he had brought out until they were safely ashore, the recruits' health charged to the establishment from the moment they landed. Coming alongside the buying of the old coats to clothe them and the broken pay entered from the day each joined, it shows the whole cost of receiving a draft of recruits, their doctoring, clothing and pay all falling on the Company as the men passed from the ship into the garrison. The great charge of the whole quarter's salaries, £1,711 for the entire establishment, set against the small balance of £54 paid back into the cash, shows how nearly the paymaster's receipts matched the outgoings, the pay of the garrison and civil servants consuming almost the whole of the quarter's cash. The two-sided account closing with the surplus returned to the treasury marks the settled discipline of the establishment's finance, the paymaster drawing from the chest, meeting the quarter's pay and works, and rendering the balance back, the same careful accounting between the paymaster and the treasury that ran through every quarter's reckoning.
252	262	Jany 20 Collection of Goods Sold and Deliverd, out of the Honble Company's Stores from 1 October to 31 December 1746 vizt Sold to the Company's Servants at 10 p Cent Arrack 239½ Gallons 59 17 6 Brandy 108 Gallons 27 Sugar & Candy vizt 32 qr 8 lb Sugar 60 6 11 1 8 lb Candy 2 10 2¾ 62 17 1¾ Bread & Flower vizt 13 C 2 6 Bread 10 17 9 6 3 19 Flower 4 16 10½ 50 3 26 Do Baked into Loaves 29 8 9 45 3 4½ Braziers Ware 2 Ladles 3 6 Buckram vizt 28 8 Yards Buckram 1 3 4¾ 38 Yards Osnabrig 1 4 6¼ 2 9 7¼ Broad Cloth vizt 3½ Yards Coarse Blue 16 3 11½ Yards Scarlet 9 8 5¾ 12½ Yards Gray 10 16 3 1½ Yards Black 18 11½ 22 3¾ Blankettsr 1 7 Belellies 2 peices 7 8 Beer 18 Gallons 16 10 Beef & Pork vizt 3 qr Beef at 2/3 8 3 134 Ps Beef and Pork 13 8 9 qr Pork 18 4½ 14 14 7½ Cutlery Ware 26 ps Mettle Buckles 14 1 Candles 108 8 11 Canvas 10½ Yards Sacking 10½ Cordage 8 lb 3 2½ Combs 46 Horn 6 8¾ Carried Over £ 247 1 1½	The storekeeper's collection of goods sold and delivered out of the Company's stores from 1 October to 31 December 1746 opened with the goods sold to the Company's servants at ten per cent above cost. Arrack, 239.5 gallons, £59 17s 6d Brandy, 108 gallons, £27 0s 0d Sugar, 32 hundredweight 1 quarter 8 lb, £60 6s 11d Candy, 1 hundredweight 8 lb, £2 10s 2.75d Sugar and candy total, £62 17s 1.75d Bread, 13 hundredweight 2 quarters 6 lb, £10 17s 9d Flour, 6 hundredweight 3 quarters 19 lb, £4 16s 10.5d Flour baked into loaves, 50 hundredweight 3 quarters 26 lb, £29 8s 9d Bread and flour total, £45 3s 4.5d Braziers ware, 2 ladles, £0 3s 6d Buckram, 28.75 yards, £1 3s 0.75d Osnaburg, 38 yards, £1 4s 6.25d Buckram and osnaburg total, £2 9s 7d Broad cloth, coarse blue, 34 yards, £16 0s 3d Scarlet, 11.5 yards, £9 8s 3.5d Gray, 12.5 yards, £10 16s 3d Black, 1.5 yards, £0 18s 11.5d Broad cloth total, £22 0s 0.75d Blankets, £1 7s 0d Beetles, 2 pieces, £0 7s 8d Beer, 18 gallons, £0 15s 10d Beef, 34 lb at 2.5d, £0 8s 3d Beef and pork, 132 lb, £13 8s 0d Pork, 9 lb, £0 18s 4.5d Beef and pork total, £14 14s 7.5d Cutlery ware, 26 pairs of mettle buckles, £0 14s 1d Candles, 108 lb, £8 11s 0d Canvas, 10.5 yards of sacking, £0 10s 10.5d Cordage, £3 2s 0d Combs, 46 horn, £0 6s 8.5d Carried over, £247 1s 1.5d Interpretations The collection shows the storehouse serving as the island's general shop, the Company's servants buying at ten per cent above cost the whole run of what the settlement needed, from the arrack and brandy that headed every such account through cloth, provisions, hardware and small wares. The store was the sole source of most manufactured and imported goods on a remote island, the Company selling to its own people at a fixed modest markup, the collection standing as a record of the settlement's consumption as much as of the Company's trade. The broad cloth in coarse blue, scarlet, gray and black, and the buckram, osnaburg and blankets, mark the store as the supplier of the materials for clothing, the settlement's people buying cloth by the yard to be made up rather than ready garments. On an island with no manufacture of its own, the Company imported the raw materials of dress and sold them out of the warehouse, the different grades and colours of cloth reflecting the range from the coarse blue of working clothes to the scarlet and fine cloth of better wear, the store clothing the whole settlement from its shelves.
253	263	1746 Brought Over £ 247 1 1¾ Corks 2 lb Corkwood 1 8 China Ware vizt 5 Bowls 8¾ 12 Saucers 10 30 Cups 2 6 138 Cups and Saucers 19 2 1 7 2¾ Deals do 3 Inch Wainscoat boards 14 3 Flannel 18 Yards 1 1 9 Glaziers Ware vizt 2 Beer Glasses 1 7 1 do Cruets 3 1 24 Sqr Glass 12 by 12 19 6 6 Do 6 by 8 2 1 6 2 Hooks & Lines vizt 10 8½ Hooks sorted 2 19 9 2450 Blue Hooks 8 2 7 10 Lines sorted 1 7 3½ 8 Damaged Lines 5 8 9 Hand Lines 13 1½ 5 13 9½ Slatts 24 Brys 10 4 Haberdashers ware vizt 54 Skians Mohair 1 1 4½ 179 Do Silk 4 2 4½ 2 Doz White Mettle Coat Buttons 1 4½ 10½ Doz Do Breast do 3 3½ 26 Doz White Waistcoat do 13 6 25½ doz Mohair Breast do 6 10½ 8 10 Do Coat do 4 10½ 19 6 Gilt Breast do 10 11½ 13 6 do Coat do 16 3¾ 6 Shirt Buttons 6 3 Yards Garting 4 8 6 do Holland Tape 3½ 1 do Carnation 3½ 1 do Bobbing 3½ ½ Whalebone Carried Over £ 266 1 3	The storekeeper's collection continued through the goods sold to the Company's servants. Brought over, £247 1s 1.5d Corks and corkwood, £0 1s 8d Chinaware, 5 bowls, £0 4s 8.5d 12 saucers, £0 0s 10d 30 cups, £0 2s 6d 138 cups and saucers, £0 19s 2d Chinaware total, £1 7s 2.5d Deals and 3 inch wainscot boards, £0 14s 3d Flannel, 18 yards, £1 1s 9d Glaziers ware, 2 beer glasses, £0 1s 7d 1 dozen cruets, £0 3s 1d 24 squares of glass 12 by 12, £0 19s 6d 6 dozen ditto 6 by 8, £0 2s 0d Glaziers ware total, £1 6s 2d Hooks and lines, 10 gross 8.5 dozen hooks sorted, £2 19s 9d 2,450 blue hooks, £0 8s 2d 7 dozen 10 lines sorted, £1 9s 0.5d 8 damaged lines, £0 5s 8d 9 hand lines, £0 13s 1.5d Hooks and lines total, £5 13s 9.5d Hats, 24 dozen, £0 10s 4d Haberdashery ware, 54 skeins of mohair, £1 1s 4.5d 179 ditto silk, £4 2s 0.5d 2 dozen white mettle coat buttons, £0 1s 1.5d 10.5 dozen ditto breast ditto, £0 3s 3.5d 36 dozen white waistcoat ditto, £0 13s 6d 25.5 dozen mohair breast ditto, £0 6s 10.5d 8 dozen 10 ditto coat ditto, £0 4s 10.5d 19 dozen 6 gilt breast ditto, £0 10s 11.5d 12 dozen 6 ditto coat ditto, £0 16s 3.5d 6 dozen shirt buttons, £0 0s 6d 3 yards garting, £0 0s 6d 6 dozen holland tape, £0 4s 3d 1 dozen carnation ditto, £0 0s 3.5d 1 dozen bobbing, £0 0s 3.5d 0.5 dozen whalebone, £0 1s 3.5d Carried over, £266 1s 3d Interpretations The haberdashery run of buttons, silk, mohair, tape and thread by the dozen shows the store supplying the small materials of making and mending clothes, the settlement's people buying not only cloth by the yard but the buttons and trimmings to finish and repair their garments. On an island with no shops but the Company's warehouse, every particular needed for dress down to a dozen shirt buttons or a length of tape came from the store, the fine detail of the haberdashery account reflecting a whole community clothing and mending itself from a single supply. The hooks and lines, the glass cut in squares for glazing and the deals and wainscot boards mark the store as the source of the settlement's tools and building materials as much as its consumables, the same warehouse furnishing the tackle for fishing, the glass for windows and the timber for work. The eleven men kept in the boats since 1727 and the fishing that fed the island depended on the hooks and lines the store sold, and the window glass answered the glazing that ran through the fortification and building charges, the collection showing the Company's stores underpinning the whole material life of the place.
254	264	Jany 20 Brought Over £ 266 4 1¾ Hosiers Ware 123 pr Thread Stockings 16 18 3 Ironmongers Ware vizt 3 Handsaw Files 8¾ 1 Spit 2 9 1 Frying Pan 1 10 5 Wood Axes 12 1 2 pr Sheep Shears 2 6 3 Ironunbd Locks 2 16 3½ 2 Box Locks with Brass plates 4 2 1 Do Iron plate 1 10 1 Taylors Thimble 1½ 1 Chaffing Dish 3 5½ 1 Bricklayers Trowel 1 4 2 Whipsaw Files 1 3 3 Small Gimblets 5½ 4 8 11¾ Kersey 8 Yards 11 8 Lead vizt 3 qr 18 Sheet 1 4 4¾ 56¾ Small Shot 10 6¾ 1 14 11½ Long Cloth 2½ pr and 17½ yard 2 17 1¾ Long Ells 14 Yards 1 3 4 Leather 11 lb 13 7 Muslin 1 piece 9 10 Pallampoores 4 11 7 Nails vizt 10 M 4 4¾ 7½ M 2 9¾ 4½ M 4 9¾ 6½ M 2 10 7 M Coopers Rivets 3 3½ 1 Scupper Nails 6 19 10¾ Oil vizt 9 Bottl Essence 1 7 9 18 Gall Linsied 5 2 1½ Gall Train 4 3½ 1 16 11½ Carried Over £ 298 8 3	The storekeeper's collection continued through the goods sold to the Company's servants. Brought over, £266 4s 1.5d Hosiery ware, 123 pairs of thread stockings, £16 18s 3d Ironmongery ware, 3 hand saw files, £0 0s 8.5d 1 spit, £0 2s 9d 1 frying pan, £0 1s 10d 5 wood axes, £0 12s 1d 2 pairs of sheep shears, £0 2s 6d 5 iron rimmed locks, £2 16s 3.5d 2 box locks with brass plates, £0 4s 2d 1 ditto with iron plate, £0 1s 10d 1 tailor's thimble, £0 0s 1.5d 1 chafing dish, £0 3s 5.5d 1 bricklayer's trowel, £0 1s 4d 2 whip saw files, £0 1s 3d 3 small gimlets, £0 0s 5.5d Ironmongery total, £4 8s 11.5d Kersey, 8 yards, £0 11s 8d Lead, 2 hundredweight 18 lb sheet, £1 4s 4.5d 5 hundredweight 3 quarters small shot, £0 10s 6.75d Lead total, £1 14s 11.5d Long cloth, 2.5 pieces and 17.5 yards, £2 17s 1.5d Long ells, 14 yards, £1 3s 4d Leather, 11.5 lb, £0 13s 7d Muslin, 1 piece, £0 9s 10d Palampores, 4, £0 11s 7d Nails, 10d, £0 4s 4.5d 7d, £0 2s 4.5d 4d, £0 4s 0.5d 6d, £0 2s 10d 7 hundredweight coopers rivets, £0 3s 3.5d 1 scupper nails, £0 0s 6d Nails total, £0 19s 10.5d Oil, 9 bottles Florence, £1 1s 9d 18 gallons linseed, £0 5s 2d 1.5 gallons train, £0 4s 3.5d Oil total, £1 16s 11.5d Carried over, £298 8s 3d Interpretations The ironmongery of saws, axes, locks, trowels and gimlets shows the store as the sole source of the settlement's tools and hardware, every implement of building, farming and craft bought from the warehouse at the fixed markup. On a remote island that made none of its own metalwork, the Company imported and sold out the whole apparatus of work, from a bricklayer's trowel to a set of iron-rimmed locks, the range of the ironmongery account reflecting the many trades the settlement carried on with tools it could get from nowhere else. The nails graded by size, the sheet lead and small shot, the several oils and the cloth by the piece mark the store supplying both the fine gradations of building material and the staples of daily use, the Company keeping a stock deep and various enough to answer nearly every want. The different weights of nail, the linseed and train oil for paint and leather, and the long cloth, kersey and long ells for clothing show a warehouse stocked to serve a whole community's building, dress and provisioning, the collection standing as an inventory of what an isolated settlement consumed and could obtain only through the Company's shipping.
255	265	1746 Brought Over £ 298 8 3½ Paint vizt 10 Barrels Blacking 6 8 116 Whiding 4 4½ 2 Umber 9 127 Chalk 8¾ 2 Yellow Oaker 3¾ 12 9¼ Pease 1 78 Bushel 8 1¾ Plantation vizt 5423 Loaves Barley Bread 67 13 11¾ 84 Sole Leather 3 3 3 Mops 1 6 71 6 5¾ Rice 9 15 3 14 4 18 8¾ Soap 62 2 14¾ 8 11 11¾ Salt 4¼ Bushels 13 3¾ Shoes 133 pr Mens Ordinary 29 10 9¾ Sailors Clothes 1 Jacket & pr Breeches 12 9 Shaloon 29½ Yards 3 7 Serge &c vizt 6 Yards Serge 1 9 9 1 pr Duroy 1 13 4 2 pr Sagathy 3 18 8 7 1 9 Shirts vizt 16 Callico Shirts 1 12 8 105 Soldiers Do 24 1 3 25 13 11 Starch 7 lb 3 4½ Tea 28 2 4 4 Twine 33 19 3 Turners Ware vizt 4 Paint Brushes 2 8 3 Scrubbing Do 4 6 4 Hair Brooms 6 2 15 Shoe Brushes 9 8½ 1 Strainy dish 3½ Carried Over £ 1 3 3½ Carried Over £ 454 14 4	The storekeeper's collection continued through the goods sold to the Company's servants. Brought over, £298 8s 3d Paint, 10 barrels blacking, £0 6s 8d 116 lb whiting, £0 4s 4.5d 2 lb umber, £0 0s 9d 127 lb chalk, £0 8s 4.5d 2 lb yellow ochre, £0 0s 3.5d Paint total, £0 12s 9.5d Pease, 1.75 bushel, £0 8s 1.5d Plantation, 5,423 loaves barley bread, £67 13s 11.5d 84 sole leather, £3 3s 0d 3 mops, £0 7s 6d Plantation total, £71 6s 5.5d Rice, 8 hundredweight 3 quarters 14 lb, £4 18s 8.5d Soap, 6 hundredweight 2 quarters 14 lb, £8 11s 11.5d Salt, 4.5 bushels, £0 15s 7.5d Shoes, 133 pairs men's ordinary, £29 10s 7.5d Sailors clothes, 1 jacket and 1 pair of breeches, £0 12s 9d Shalloon, 20.5 yards, £0 3s 7d Serge, 6 yards, £1 9s 9d 1 piece duroy, £1 13s 4d 2 pieces sagathy, £3 18s 8d Serge total, £7 1s 9d Shirts, 16 calico, £1 12s 8d 103 soldiers ditto, £24 1s 3d Shirts total, £25 13s 11d Starch, 7 lb, £0 3s 4.5d Tea, 2 lb, £0 2s 4d Twine, 33 lb, £0 19s 3d Turners ware, 4 paint brushes, £0 2s 8d 3 scrubbing ditto, £0 1s 6d 4 hair brooms, £0 9s 8.5d 15 shoe brushes, £0 3s 4d 1 strainer dish, £0 1s 3d Carried over, £454 14s 4d Interpretations The plantation account of over five thousand loaves of barley bread, by far the largest single line, records the Company baking bread in bulk from the barley of its own grain-farming scheme and issuing it to the establishment, the corn grown in the Long Wood and threshed by the soldiers now appearing as the loaves that fed them. The scale of the barley bread marks the grain scheme feeding into the settlement's daily provision, the Company's experiment in growing its own corn reaching the table as a staple, the same harvest whose labour ran through the paymaster's account here delivered as bread. The 133 pairs of ordinary men's shoes and the 103 soldiers' shirts show the store clothing the garrison in bulk, the plain necessaries of a soldier's outfit bought from the warehouse in quantity to fit out the ranks. Set alongside the serge, shalloon, duroy and sagathy sold by the yard for better clothing, the mass of cheap shoes and shirts marks the two levels of the store's clothing trade, the common issue of the garrison and the finer materials for those who could afford them, the warehouse supplying the whole range of dress on an island that made none of it.
256	266	20 Jany Brought Over £ 454 14 4 Brought Over £ 1 3 3½ 1 Platter 8 1 Ladle 2¾ 1 Cloath Brush 1 2¾ 1 Tray 2 9 1 8 1¾ Tine Ware 1 Pudding pan 1 8 Thread 2 Ounces Runs 6 10¾ Pitch & do 16 Turpintine 2 4 Total Sold to the Company's Servants £ 456 13 4 Sold to the Planters at 25 p Cent Aljars 1 pr 14 9 Broad Cloth vizt 3 Yds Scarlet 3 11 3 3½ Yds Gray 3 10 7 1 3 Buckram vizt 8 Yds Buckram 8 6 Yds Oznabrig 4 6 12 6 Flannel 16½ Yards 1 4 9 Kersey 27½ Yards 2 6 3 Slatts 3 Boys 17 6 Muslin 5½ Peices 3 1 9¾ Shaloon 14½ Yards 1 17 5¾ Shirts 55 Challico 6 12 11 Shoes 10 pr Ordy 2 10 Serge &c vizt 4 Yards Serge 1 2 6 ¾ pr Duroy 18 11 2 1 5 Sold at 10 p Cent Arrack 4 Gallons 1 4 Brandy 131 Gallons 39 6 Blankets 1 8 7 Beef 1 qr 3 6 Carried Over £ 70 2 6½	The storekeeper's collection closed the goods sold to the Company's servants and turned to those sold to the planters. Brought over, £454 14s 4d Brought over (turners ware), £1 3s 3.5d 1 platter, £0 0s 8d 1 ladle, £0 0s 2.5d 1 cloth brush, £0 1s 2.5d 1 tray, £0 2s 9d Turners ware total, £1 8s 1.5d Fine ware, 1 pudding pan, £0 1s 8d Thread, 3 ounces nuns, £0 6s 10.5d Pitch and other, 16 turpentine, £0 2s 4d Total sold to the Company's servants, £456 13s 4d Sold to the planters at twenty-five per cent Allejars, 1 piece, £0 14s 9d Broad cloth, 5.5 yards scarlet, £3 11s 3d 3.5 yards gray, £3 10s 0d Broad cloth total, £7 1s 3d Buckram, 8 yards, £0 8s 0d Osnaburg, 6 yards, £0 4s 6d Buckram and osnaburg total, £0 12s 6d Flannel, 16.5 yards, £1 4s 9d Kersey, 27.5 yards, £2 6s 3d Hats, 3 boys, £0 17s 6d Muslin, 5.5 pieces, £3 1s 9.5d Shalloon, 14.5 yards, £1 17s 5.5d Shirts, 55 calico, £6 12s 11d Shoes, 10 pairs ordinary, £2 10s 0d Serge, 4 yards, £1 2s 6d 7.5 yards duroy, £0 18s 11d Serge total, £2 1s 5d Sold at ten per cent Arrack, 4 gallons, £1 4s 0d Brandy, 131 gallons, £39 6s 0d Blankets, 1, £0 8s 7d Beef, 1 piece, £0 3s 6d Carried over, £70 2s 6d Interpretations The division of the collection into goods sold to the Company's servants at ten per cent and to the planters at twenty-five per cent marks the two classes of buyer the store served on different terms, the Company's own people getting the smaller markup as a benefit of service while the free planters paid the higher rate. The graded pricing shows the store used as an instrument of the establishment's economy, the Company subsidising its servants' purchases while charging the settlement's independent farmers the fuller margin, the same buyer-class structure that ran through every quarterly collection. The planters buying chiefly cloth, shirts, shoes and hats rather than provisions, and taking arrack and brandy only at the ten per cent rate, shows them supplying their own food from their farms while depending on the store for manufactured goods they could not make. The pattern confirms the different footing of planter and servant on the island, the planters self-sufficient in provisions but reliant on the Company's shipping for cloth and hardware, the store's dealings with them concentrated on the imported manufactures that no amount of island farming could provide, the settlement's independent households clothing themselves from the same warehouse that supplied the garrison.
257	267	1746 Brought Over £ 70 2 6½ Bread & Flower vizt 1 2 3 Bread 1 15 2 36 Flower 9 4 2 2 6 Canvas 2 qr 5 Yards Sacking 5 Candles 43 lb 4 9 7 Combs 2 Horn 4 China Ware vizt 36 Cups and Saucers 6 6 24 Cups 2 6 27 Saucers 2 5¾ 11 5¾ Cutlery Ware vizt 2 pr Mettle Buckels 1 4 2 pr Silver Do 13 6 16 10 Deals vizt 1 Boulk 10 11 2 Spars 4 8 15 7 Glass Ware 20 Sqr Glass 12 by 12 1 10 Habendashers Ware vizt 4 pr Holland Tape 5 10 6 Doz Gilt Coat Buttons 8 6 42 Skians Silk 1 4 6 14 Do Mohair 7 4½ Doz Mohair Coat Buttons 3 4 Doz Do Breast do 1 4 24 Doz White Mettle Coat do 1 9¼ 6½ 6 Doz Do Breast do 2 3¾ 24 Doz White Waistcoat Buttons 11 4 Doz Sm Breast Do 1 4 3 6 4¾ Hooks & Lines vizt 3 8 Hooks Sorted 1 6 4¾ 300 Blue Hooks 1 3 3 4 Lines Sorted 13 8 4 Hand Lines 7 8 9 Damaged Lines 8 3½ 2 16 4 Carried Over £ 86 4 7½	The storekeeper's collection continued through the goods sold to the planters. Brought over, £70 2s 6d Bread and flour, 1 hundredweight 3 quarters 3 lb bread, £1 15s 2d 36 flour, £0 9s 4d Bread and flour total, £2 2s 6d Canvas, 5 yards sacking, £0 5s 0d Candles, 43 lb, £4 9s 7d Combs, 2 horn, £0 0s 4d Chinaware, 36 cups and saucers, £0 6s 6d 24 cups, £0 2s 6d 27 saucers, £0 2s 5.5d Chinaware total, £0 11s 5.5d Cutlery ware, 2 pairs mettle buckles, £0 1s 4d 2 pairs silver ditto, £0 15s 6d Cutlery ware total, £0 16s 10d Deals, 1 bundle, £0 10s 11d 2 spars, £0 4s 8d Deals total, £0 15s 7d Glassware, 20 squares of glass 12 by 12, £1 0s 10d Haberdashery ware, 4 dozen holland tape, £0 5s 10d 6 dozen gilt coat buttons, £0 8s 6d 12 skeins silk, £1 4s 6d 14 ditto mohair, £0 7s 0d 14.5 dozen mohair coat buttons, £0 3s 0d 4 dozen ditto breast ditto, £0 1s 1d 24.5 dozen white mettle coat ditto, £0 1s 9.5d 6.5 dozen ditto breast ditto, £0 2s 3.5d 24 dozen white waistcoat buttons, £0 0s 11d 7 dozen small breast ditto, £0 1s 1d Haberdashery total, £3 6s 1.5d Hooks and lines, 3 gross 8 dozen hooks sorted, £1 6s 1.5d 300 blue hooks, £0 1s 3d 3 dozen 4 lines sorted, £0 13s 8d 4 hand lines, £0 7s 8d 9 damaged lines, £0 8s 3.5d Hooks and lines total, £2 16s 1.5d Carried over, £86 7s 2d Interpretations The planters buying hooks, lines, deals and glass as well as cloth and hardware shows them depending on the store not only for dress but for the tackle of fishing and the materials of building, the same range of goods the Company's servants took though in smaller quantity. The planters' purchases of fishing gear mark the sea as a resource the whole settlement drew on, the independent households fishing for their own tables with hooks and lines got from the warehouse, the store supplying the means of the island's own food-getting to planter and servant alike. The recurrence of the same haberdashery, chinaware and cloth in the planters' collection as in the servants', at the higher rate, confirms that the two classes of buyer wanted much the same imported goods and differed only in the price they paid. The store served a single settlement whose free and covenanted members alike looked to the Company's shipping for everything not made on the island, the buyer-class distinction a matter of the Company's favour to its own people rather than of what each class needed, the warehouse the common source of manufactured goods for the whole population.
258	268	20 Jany Brought Over £ 86 7 ½ Ironmongers Ware vizt 1 Helve 10 2 pr Sheep Shears 3 3 Bricklayers Trowels 5 1 pr Ordinary Cross Garnets 1 8 4 Hand Saw Files 7 2 Warding Do 5½ 1 Flat Do 1 10½ 2 pr Side Hinges 3 2 1 Spade 4 5½ 1 Maul 3 3 1 Rubstone 3 6 1 9 9½ Lead vizt 33 Sheet 8 3 24 Small Shot 6 14 3 Nails vizt 1 Scupper 8 1 30 5 34 M 18 3 1 20 5 57 M 1 13 3 19 10 1 3 5¾ 18 8 12 3 40 1 3 4 Flooring Brads 2 4 11 10¾ Oil vizt 1 Bottle Florence 3 11 1 Spint Linsied 8¾ 4 7¾ Leather 17 lb 1 5 6¾ Pitch &c vizt 2½ Gallons Tarr 2 1 24 Turpintine 4 6 6 7 Carried Over £ 94 19 8½	The storekeeper's collection continued through the goods sold to the planters. Brought over, £86 7s 2d Ironmongery ware, 1 helve, £0 0s 10d 2 pairs sheep shears, £0 3s 0d 3 bricklayers trowels, £0 5s 0d 1 pair ordinary cross garnets, £0 1s 8d 4 hand saw files, £0 0s 7d 2 whipping ditto, £0 0s 5.5d 1 flat ditto, £0 1s 10.5d 2 pairs side hinges, £0 3s 2d 1 spade, £0 4s 5.5d 1 maul, £0 3s 3d 1 rubstone, £0 3s 6d Ironmongery total, £1 9s 9.5d Lead, 3 sheet, £0 8s 3d 2 hundredweight small shot, £0 6s 0d Lead total, £0 14s 3d Nails, scupper, £0 0s 8d 30, £0 0s 5d 34 twenty, £0 18s 3d 1 twenty, £0 0s 5d 57 ten, £1 13s 3d 19 ten, £1 3s 5.75d 18 three, £0 12s 0d 3 ten, £0 1s 3d 4 flooring brads, £0 2s 0d Nails total, £4 11s 10.75d Oil, 1 bottle Florence, £0 3s 11d 1 pint linseed, £0 0s 8.5d Oil total, £0 4s 7.5d Leather, 17 lb, £1 5s 6.5d Pitch, 2.5 gallons tar, £0 2s 1d 24 turpentine, £0 4s 6d Pitch total, £0 6s 7d Carried over, £94 19s 8.5d Interpretations The planters buying spades, mauls, trowels, hinges and nails by the several sizes shows them building and repairing their own houses and fences with tools and hardware from the store, the same range of ironmongery the Company's servants took. The requirement in every lease that the tenant fence and maintain his ground drove a steady demand for the nails, hinges and building tools the warehouse supplied, the planters' purchases here the material side of the enclosure and upkeep their tenures bound them to, the store furnishing the means of the improvement the Company required. The tar, turpentine and oils among the planters' goods mark the store supplying the materials for preserving timber, boats and leather, the settlement's people maintaining their own gear and buildings with the pitch and oil the Company imported. On an island where wood and leather rotted quickly in the weather and everything had to be got from the warehouse, the store's stock of preservatives was as necessary as its cloth and hardware, the planters buying the means to keep their property sound as one more dependence on the Company's shipping that no island farming could relieve.
259	269	1746 Brought Over £ 94 19 8½ Paint vizt 9 Barrels Blacking 4 6 1 2 Whiting 1 4 28 Chalk 2¾ 13 5¾ Pewter vizt 3 Chamber pots 13 1 Funnel 3 2 16 2 Pallampoors 1 14 9 Rice 9 4 3 2 4 4 Sugar 9 23 2 2 34 17 6 Soap 9 1 13½ 4 13 11½ Starch 4 lb 2 6 Shirts 8 Soldiers 2 14 8 Salt ½ Bushel 2 3 Tea 4 lb 8 Twine 3 Skians 2 1½ Total Sold to the Planters £ 102 11 4¾ Charges General Dr for the following Store Goods Used from October 1 to December 31 1746 vizt Brandy 1 Gallon, delivered Ja Arlingstall for recovering an Anchor out of the sea 4 5 Coals 16 Bushels for the smiths and the Castle 14 8 Corks &c 2 Corkwood for the Castle 2 3¾ Canvas &c 2 Peices 1½ Yard Sacking for Lime bags and Girths 1 13 4 China Ware 12 Cups and Saucers for the Castle 1 6 Cart Wheels &c 4 Handbarrows Sides for repairg Chairs 6 8 Candles 96 lb Deliverd the Council 6 16 Carried Over £ 9 18 10¾	The storekeeper's collection closed the goods sold to the planters and turned to the general charges. Brought over, £94 19s 8.5d Paint, 9 barrels blacking, £0 7s 6d 1 hundredweight 2 quarters whiting, £0 7s 9d 28 lb chalk, £0 0s 2.5d Paint total, £0 15s 5.5d Pewter, 3 chamber pots, £0 13s 0d 1 funnel, £0 3s 2d Pewter total, £0 16s 2d Palampores, 1, £0 14s 9d Rice, 4 hundredweight 3 quarters, £2 4s 4d Sugar, 23 hundredweight 2 quarters 2 lb, £34 17s 6d Soap, 1 hundredweight 13.5 lb, £4 13s 11.5d Starch, 4 lb, £0 2s 6d Shirts, 8 soldiers, £2 14s 8d Salt, 2 bushel, £0 2s 3d Tea, 4 lb, £0 8s 0d Twine, 2 skeins, £0 2s 1.5d Total sold to the planters, £102 11s 4.5d Charges general, debtor for the following store goods used from 1 October to 31 December 1746 Brandy, 1 gallon, delivered John Artingstall for recovering an anchor out of the sea, £0 4s 5d Coals, 16 bushels for the smith and the castle, £0 14s 8d Corks and 2 quarters corkwood for the castle, £0 2s 3.5d Canvas and 2 pieces 1.5 yard sacking for lime bags and girdles, £1 13s 4d Chinaware, 12 cups and saucers for the castle, £0 1s 6d Cart wheels and 4 handbarrows sides for repairing chairs, £0 6s 8d Candles, 96 lb delivered the council, £0 16s 0d Carried over, £9 18s 10.5d Interpretations The turn from the planters' purchases to the general charges marks the store's second function, the goods it issued for the Company's own use rather than sold, the same warehouse supplying both the settlement's buyers and the establishment's own needs. The brandy given to Artingstall for recovering an anchor from the sea and the coals for the smith and the castle show the general charges covering the running costs of the Company's own works and household, the store issuing without sale the materials the establishment consumed in its own operation. The sugar at nearly thirty-five pounds standing as much the largest line among the planters' goods shows the settlement's appetite for the one imported sweetener, sugar being drawn in quantity by the free households as it was by the Company's servants. On an island that grew no cane, the sugar came wholly from the Indies trade through the store, and its prominence in both buyer-classes marks it as among the most wanted of imported goods, a staple of consumption that the warehouse supplied to the whole settlement from the cargoes of the passing ships.
260	270	Jany 20 Brought Over £ 9 18 10¾ Deals & Timber vizt 4 Single Deals for a Cupboard & repairg Contry Boxes 6 8 1 Inch Wainscot board for the Bake house 4 3¾ 8 lb Feet 3 Inch Elm plank & mending ye pump 7 4½ 4 Half Inch Elm boards 13 4 11 Spars for a door & window Cases for a guard House at Ruports and for 18 4 fixing the Corn Mills and making Ladders 2 9 11¾ Flannel 2 Yards for Punch Strainers 2 2 Haberdashery 1 pr Broad White Tape for repairg Chairs 2 1 Iron 6 1 3 24½ deliverd to the Smiths 1 7 2¾ Lines 1 for the Masons 5¾ Leather ½ Sole for mending the Pump 4 1½ Lead vizt 4 3 4 Lead for Aprons for Guns and for the pump &c 16 4 2¼ Bird Shott for the Council 4 ½ 1 4½ Ironmongers Ware vizt 3 Bastard Files 3 11 1 Handsaw Do 2½ 1 Rubber for the Smiths 3 2 2 Flat Files 6d 2 8 3 File Hafts 2½ 1 Scrutor Lock 2 10½ 2 Stock Locks &c pipes, for a Cellar and for the Black House Doors 9 10 10 Stone Wedges for repairing Ladder Hill path 6 8 1 9 6½ Nails vizt 1 40 for fixing ye Corn Mills 4 3¾ ½ 30 mending a Cupboard & fixg 2½ 1 6 a Rammer & for Contry 4½ 1½ Spike Nails 5½ 1 5½ Carried Over £ 16 16 3½	The storekeeper's collection continued through the general charges. Brought over, £9 18s 10.5d Deals and timber, 4 single deals for a cupboard and repairing country boxes, £0 6s 8d 1 inch wainscot board for the bake house, £0 4s 3.5d 8 feet 3 inch elm plank for mending the pump, £0 7s 4.5d 4 half inch elm boards, £0 13s 4d 11 spars for a door and window cases for a guard house at Rupert's and for fixing the corn mills and making ladders, £0 18s 4d Deals and timber total, £2 9s 11.5d Flannel, 2 yards for punch strainers, £0 2s 2d Haberdashery, 1 piece broad white tape for repairing chairs, £0 2s 1d Iron, 6 hundredweight 1 quarter 3 lb 2 ounces delivered to the smiths, £1 7s 2.5d Lines, 1 for the masons, £0 0s 5.5d Leather, 2 quarters sole for mending the pump, £0 4s 1.5d Lead, 4 hundredweight 3 quarters lead for aprons for guns and for the pump, £0 16s 4d 2 hundredweight bird shot for the council, £0 4s 0.5d Lead total, £1 0s 4.5d Ironmongery ware, 3 bastard files, £0 3s 11d 1 handsaw ditto, £0 0s 2.5d 1 rubber, £0 3s 2d 2 flat files, £0 2s 8d 3 file hafts, £0 0s 2.5d 1 scupper lock, £0 2s 10.5d 2 stock locks for pipes for a cellar and for the black house doors, £0 9s 10d 10 stone wedges for repairing Ladder Hill path, £0 6s 8d Ironmongery total, £1 9s 6.5d Nails, 4, £0 0s 4.5d 20, £0 0s 2.5d 6, £0 0s 4.5d 1.5 spike nails, £0 0s 5.5d Nails total, £1 5s 3.5d Carried over, £16 16s 3.5d Interpretations The general charges show the store issuing timber, iron and hardware for the Company's own building and repair, the deals and spars going to a guard house at Rupert's, the corn mills and the bake house, the same works that ran through the paymaster's labour charges now supplied with their materials. The account pairs the wages of the men with the stuff they worked, the fortification at Rupert's drawing both the soldiers' day-wages and the spars for its guard house, the store and the paymaster together recording the two sides of every piece of the Company's work. The lead issued for aprons for the guns marks the maintenance of the ordnance, the covers that kept the weather from the touch-holes and vents renewed from the store's lead, the same upkeep of the batteries that ran through the gunner's account. The stone wedges for repairing the Ladder Hill path record the constant work of keeping the island's steep tracks passable, the path down the cliff face needing repair with wedges got from the warehouse, the general charges reaching into every corner of the settlement's fabric from the guns to the roads, the store supplying the material of the whole establishment's upkeep.
261	271	1746 Brought Over £ 16 16 3½ Oil vizt 3½ Gall Linsied for painting ye great Wood House 1 5 11½ 7 Do Train for the Castle & Bake house 1 10 8½ 2 16 8 Paint vizt 41 Red Lead for painting Centry Boxes 5 11½ 12 Whiting for putty for Windows 5 4½ Verdigrease 14 2 1½ Yellow Oaker for painting ye great Wood house 3½ 1 10 Pewter 1 Quart Funnil for the Castle Use 2 3 Sugar ½ given to Arlingstall for recovering an anchor 11 Soap 9 2 3 for the Castle 3 19 3½ Starch 18 for Linnen 7 6 Twine 2 Skians for making Lime bags 1 Tea ½ for the Castle 1 1½ Tine Ware 1 Lamp for the Bake House 1 6 Turners Ware 1 Hair Broom 1 4½ 1 Pump Box for the Lime Pump 11½ 2 4 £ 27 9 8 Diet Expences Dr for the following Store Goods Used from the 1 October to 31 December 1746 vizt Flour 9 11 24 7 6 8½ Beef & Pork vizt 1 qr Beef 2 6 4 qr Pork 1 5 4½ 1 7 10½ Arrack 60 Gallons 8 6 3 Oil 8 Bottles Florence 1 2 4 Pepper 4 2 Pease 1 Gallons 6 Rice 45 lb 2 6¼ Salt 4 Bushels 12 10 Sugar & Candy vizt 9 2 4 Sugar 13 9 1 1 20 Candy 2 16 9 £ 23 14 9¼	The storekeeper's collection closed the general charges and turned to the diet expenses of the general table. Brought over, £16 16s 3.5d Oil, 3.5 gallons linseed for painting the great Wood House, £1 5s 11.5d 7 gallons train for the castle and bake house, £1 10s 8.5d Oil total, £2 16s 8d Paint, 41 lb red lead for painting country boxes, £0 5s 11.5d 12 whiting for putty for windows, £0 0s 5d 2 verdigrease, £0 14s 2d 1 hundredweight yellow ochre for painting the great Wood House, £0 0s 3.5d Paint total, £1 0s 10d Pewter, 1 quart funnel for the castle use, £0 2s 3d Sugar given to Artingstall for recovering an anchor, £0 0s 11d Soap, 9 hundredweight 2 quarters for the castle, £3 19s 3.5d Starch, 18 for linen, £0 7s 6d Twine, 2 skeins for making lime bags, £0 1s 0d Tea, 2 for the castle, £0 1s 1.5d Fine ware, 1 lamp for the bake house, £0 1s 6d Turners ware, 1 hair broom, £0 1s 1.5d 1 pump box for the lime pump, £0 1s 1.5d Turners ware total, £0 2s 4d Total charges general, £27 9s 8d Diet expenses, debtor for the following store goods used from 1 October to 31 December 1746 Flour, 2 hundredweight, £7 6s 8.5d Beef, 1 piece, £0 2s 6d Pork, 14 pieces, £1 5s 4.5d Beef and pork total, £1 7s 10.5d Arrack, 60 gallons, £8 6s 3d Oil, 8 bottles Florence, £1 2s 4d Pepper, 2, £0 2s 0d Pease, 1 gallon, £0 0s 6d Rice, 45 lb, £0 2s 6.5d Salt, 4 bushels, £0 12s 10d Sugar, 2 hundredweight 4 lb, £0 13s 9d Candy, 1 hundredweight 20 lb, £2 16s 9d Sugar and candy total, £2 16s 9d Total diet expenses, £21 14s 9.5d Interpretations The diet expenses record the provisioning of the general table kept at the Company's charge, the flour, arrack, beef, pork and sugar issued from the store to feed the officers and the establishment's common board. Distinct from the monthly steward's sundries of fresh meat and wine, this quarterly charge covers the imported staples drawn from the warehouse for the table, the arrack heading the account as it did every list, the Company victualling its own board from the same cargoes it sold to the settlement. The general charges closing with paint, oil and hardware for the great Wood House, the castle and the bake house show the store maintaining the Company's principal buildings, the linseed and train oil, the red lead and yellow ochre keeping the timber and ironwork of the establishment's fabric painted and preserved. The great Wood House, likely the barn raised in the Great Wood for the grain harvest, drew paint and oil for its doors and windows, the store's general charges recording the finishing and upkeep of the very buildings the grain-farming scheme had called for, the warehouse supplying the last coats of paint to the works the harvest had required.
262	272	Jany 20 Fortification Dr for the following Store Goods Used the 1 October to 31 December 1746 vizt Cordage 21 lb 7 5 Deals vizt 2 Double Deals for repairing prosperous Bay guard House 5 2 Balks for Ruports guard House 16 7 1 1 Lines vizt 2 Lines for Masons 11 1 Loglinie for Ruperts Flag 10½ 1 9½ Ironmongers Ware vizt 1 Stock Lock &c pipe, for prosperous Bay guard House 4 11 2 Bricklayers Trowels for the Masons 2 5 7 4 Nails vizt 1 40 for repairing the guard House 4¼ 1 8 for repairing the guard House 4¼ 2 10 pointer Room at prosperous bay 8 1 5¼ £ 1 18 7 Plantation Dr for the following Store Goods Used from October 1 to December 31 1746 vizt Cart Wheels 3 Handbarrow Sides for the plough 3 Canvas &c 3 pr Sacking for Sacks for Barley 2 8 6 Deals &c vizt 22 Double Deals for the Barn & house in the Great Wood and Corn Mills 3 15 3 Spars for a Cart and the Barn 5 3 Feet 3 Inch Elm plank for the Plough 3 4 4 3 4 Ironmongers Ware vizt 6 Gardin Rakes 4 4 6 Scythes 1 14 6 6 Scythe Stones for Mowing 1 10¼ 4 pr Sheep Shears 4 4 Carried Over £ 2 17 9¼ Carried Over £ 6 16 6	The storekeeper's collection turned to the fortification and plantation charges. Fortification, debtor for the following store goods used from 1 October to 31 December 1746 Cordage, 21, £0 7s 5d Deals, 2 double deals for repairing Prosperous Bay guard house, £0 5s 0d 2 baulks for Rupert's guard house, £0 16s 7d Deals total, £1 1s 0d Lines, 2 lines for masons, £0 0s 11d 1 log line for Rupert's flag, £0 0s 10.5d Lines total, £1 9s 5.5d Ironmongery ware, 1 stock lock with pipe for Prosperous Bay guard house, £0 4s 11d 2 bricklayers trowels for the masons, £0 2s 5d Ironmongery total, £0 9s 4d Nails, 4, £0 0s 1.5d 7, £0 0s 1.5d 2 twenty for repairing the guard house and the powder room at Prosperous Bay, £0 0s 8d Nails total, £1 5s 4d Total fortification, £1 18s 1d Plantation, debtor for the following store goods used from 1 October to 31 December 1746 Cart wheels and 2 handbarrow sides for the plough, £0 3s 0d Canvas and 3 pairs sacking for sacks for barley, £2 8s 6d Deals, 22 double deals for the barn house in the Great Wood and the corn mills, £3 15s 0d 3 spars for a cart and the barn, £0 5s 0d 3 feet 3 inch elm plank for the plough, £0 3s 6d Deals total, £4 3s 6d Ironmongery ware, 6 garden rakes, £0 4s 5.5d 6 scythes, £1 14s 6d 6 scythe stones for mowing, £0 1s 10.5d 24 pairs sheep shears, £0 4s 4d Carried over, £2 17s 9.5d Total carried over, £6 16s 6d Interpretations The fortification charges for guard houses at Prosperous Bay and Rupert's, with their doors, locks, flags and powder rooms, show the Company building and equipping small defensive posts at the scattered landing places round the island, the same works the paymaster's account paid the soldiers to raise. The stock lock and pipe for the Prosperous Bay guard house and the log line for Rupert's flag mark the finishing of these posts down to their doors and signals, the store supplying the fittings for the wartime defences that the labour charges had built. The plantation charges centred on the barn in the Great Wood and the corn mills confirm the grain-farming scheme in full material operation, the twenty-two double deals for the barn, the sacking for barley sacks, the scythes and scythe stones for mowing all supplied for the harvest the Company was gathering. The barn built, the corn milled, the barley sacked and the mowing gear provided, the plantation account records the whole apparatus of the grain scheme drawn from the store, the same enterprise whose harvest labour ran through the paymaster's account and whose barley bread appeared in the storekeeper's collection, here supplied with the tools and timber that made it work.
263	273	1746 Brought Over £ 6 16 6¼ Brought Over £ 2 17 9¼ 2 Packing Needles for making Sacks for Barley 3½ 1 Grubbing Hoes 5 1 Hedging Bill for grubbing furze 2 4 2 Small Hatchets out of the pastures 3 6 1 Stock Lock &c pipe for the Barn 4 11 4 9 2¾ Lines 2 11 Nails vizt 1 4 for the Barn 4¼ 26 Spikes for a Harrow 7 2 7 6¼ Oil vizt ½ Gall Linsied for painting 2 ½ 2½ Gall Train for Tanning &c 6 8 8 8¼ Rice & Paddy vizt 9 1 4 Rice 2 2 5 13 2 10 Paddy for the Poultry 3 19 10½ 6 2 3½ Turners Ware 1 Wire Sieve for Sifting Barley 6 5½ Twine 6 Skians for making Sacks 3 Tin Ware 1 Watering Pot for the Garden 3 6 £ 19 2¼ Blacks Dr for the following Store Goods Used from 1 October to 31 December 1746 vizt Bread 10 lb 1 1½ Brandy 20 Gall given them at Chrismas as 4 8 4 Rice 9 12 2 12 Customary and for the Sick 3 13 Sugar 98 lb 1 2 5½ Tea 16 lb 9 Thread 10 ounces Blue & Red for mending their Cloath 2 ½ Twine 2 Skians for making shoes 1 6 Paint 1 Barrel Blacking 4 Oil 3½ Gall Train for making their Shoes and given them at Christmass 2 2½ £ 10 3½	The storekeeper's collection closed the plantation charges and turned to the charge for the slaves. Brought over, £6 16s 6d Brought over (plantation ironmongery), £2 17s 9.5d 2 packing needles for making sacks for barley, £0 0s 3.5d 7 grubbing hoes, £1 0s 5d 1 hedging bill for grubbing furze out of the pastures, £0 2s 4d 2 small hatchets, £0 3s 6d 1 stock lock with pipe for the barn, £0 4s 11d Total, £4 9s 2.5d Lines, 2, £0 0s 11d Nails, 4 for the barn, £0 0s 2.5d 26 spikes for a harrow, £0 7s 2d Nails total, £0 7s 6.5d Oil, 0.5 gallon linseed for painting, £0 2s 0.5d 2.5 gallons train for tanning ditto, £0 6s 8d Oil total, £0 8s 8.5d Rice and paddy, 4 hundredweight rice, £2 2s 5d 13 hundredweight 2 quarters 16 lb paddy for the poultry, £3 19s 10.5d Rice and paddy total, £6 2s 3.5d Turners ware, 1 wire sieve for sifting barley, £0 6s 5.5d Twine, 6 skeins for making sacks, £0 3s 0d Tinware, 1 watering pot for the garden, £0 3s 6d Total plantation, £19 0s 2.5d Slaves, debtor for the following store goods used from 1 October to 31 December 1746 Bread, £1 17s 0d Brandy, 20 gallons, given them at Christmas as customary and for the sick, £4 8s 4d Rice, 12 hundredweight 2 quarters 12 lb, £3 13s 0d Sugar, 98 lb, £1 2s 5.5d Sugar total, £0 9s 0d Tea, 16 lb, £0 2s 0.5d Thread, 10 ounces blue and red for mending their clothes, £0 1s 6d Twine, 2 skeins for making shoes, £0 0s 9d Paint, 1 hundredweight blacking, £0 2s 2.5d Oil, 3.5 gallons train for making their shoes and given them at Christmas, £0 2s 2.5d Total slaves, £10 0s 3.5d Interpretations The slaves' account records the whole cost of maintaining the Company's unfree labourers over the quarter, the bread, rice, sugar and thread for mending their clothes marking the bare provision of a working diet and a patched outfit. The brandy given them at Christmas as customary and for the sick sets down the two occasions on which the slaves were allowed spirits, the festival ration at Christmas and the medicinal allowance for the ill, the same distinction between the hale, the sick and the season that ran through every account of the slaves' keep, the Christmas brandy the one indulgence in an economy otherwise pared to the minimum. The paddy bought for the poultry and the barley sieve, hoes and harrow spikes for the plantation show the store supplying the running material of the Company's farming and stock-keeping, the fowls fed on paddy and the grain scheme served with its tools. The rice and paddy heading the plantation charge mark the feeding of the poultry yard that carried the fort's table through the lean months, the store victualling the Company's own livestock as it did its people, the whole economy of the plantation from the barley harvest to the hen house drawing on the warehouse for its supply.
264	274	Jany 20 Boats Dr for the following Store Goods Used from 1 October to 31 December 1746 vizt Canvas &c 3 Yards 1 qr Sacking for the Boats 2 Deals & Timber vizt 6 Double Deals 16 1 Half Inch Wainscol board for Repairing 2 4 1 Do Elm Do the Long Boat 3 4 4 Inch Elm boards and fishing 12 3 2 Elm Planks 2 Inch Boat 15 6 2 8 5 Lines vizt 24 Small Lines 5 6 6 Hand Do for Fishing 7 10½ 14 Doz Hooks sorted 7 6 1 10½ Lead 11 lb Sheet for Do 1 4½ Nails vizt 5 30 1 3½ 4 8 for Repairing the Boats 1 6 4 10 1 4 15 Spikes 4 ½ 8 4 Oil ¾ Gallon Train for repairing Boats 1 3½ Tarr 19½ Gallons for Do 14 ½ Twine 2 Skians for Fishing 1 £ 4 18 1 Hospital Dr for the following Goods Used for the Sick Soldiers in the Months of October November & December 1746 Flour ¼ 3½ Oil ¾ Gallon Train 2 2½ Rice 30 2 7 Sugar ¾ 2 ½ £ 7 3½ Garrison Dr for the following Goods Used in the Months of October November and December 1746 vizt Arrack 12 Gall 1 13 3 Brandy 42½ do for Drams on Mustering 2 17 3½ Carried Over £ 4 10 6½	The storekeeper's collection turned to the charges for the boats, the hospital and the garrison. Boats, debtor for the following store goods used from 1 October to 31 December 1746 Canvas and 3 yards 1 quarter sacking for the boats, £0 2s 0d Deals and timber, 6 double deals, £0 16s 0d 1 half inch wainscot board for repairing the long boat, £0 2s 4d 1 ditto elm ditto for the fishing boat, £0 3s 4d 4 inch elm boards, £0 12s 3d 2 elm planks 2 inch, £0 15s 6d Deals and timber total, £2 8s 5d Lines, 24 small lines, £0 5s 6d 6 hand ditto for fishing, £0 7s 10.5d 14 dozen hooks sorted, £0 7s 6d Lines total, £1 0s 10.5d Lead, 11 hundredweight sheet for ditto, £1 11s 4d Nails, 5, £0 1s 3.5d 4, £0 1s 6d 4 ten for repairing the boats, £0 1s 4d 15 spikes, £0 4s 0.5d Nails total, £0 8s 4d Oil, 0.5 gallon train for repairing boats, £0 1s 3.5d Tar, 19.5 gallons for ditto, £0 14s 0.5d Twine, 2 skeins for fishing, £0 1s 0d Total boats, £4 18s 1d Hospital, debtor for the following goods used for the sick soldiers in October, November and December 1746 Flour, £0 0s 3.5d Oil, 0.5 gallon train, £0 2s 2.5d Rice, 30, £0 2s 7d Sugar, £0 2s 3.5d Total hospital, £0 7s 3.5d Garrison, debtor for the following goods used in October, November and December 1746 Arrack, 12 gallons for drams on mustering, £1 13s 3d Brandy, 12.5 gallons for ditto, £2 17s 3.5d Carried over, £4 10s 6.5d Interpretations The boats' account records the upkeep of the long boat, the fishing boat and the pinnace that were the settlement's link to the ships in the road and its means of catching fish, the deals, tar, hooks and lines supplied to keep them sound and working. On an island with no harbour, the boats were the whole apparatus of communication with the shipping and of the fishery that fed the place, and their constant repair with timber, caulking and tackle from the store marks the store maintaining the settlement's vital connection to the sea, the same boats that fetched lime, carried the guard and brought the cargoes ashore. The garrison's arrack and brandy for drams on mustering shows the Company issuing spirits to the soldiers when they paraded, the ration of drink that eased the duty of the muster charged as a distinct garrison expense. Set against the meagre hospital charge for the sick soldiers, the drams mark the small comforts the Company allowed its men, a measure of spirit on parade being a recognised charge like the sick soldiers' rice and sugar, the store supplying both the drink of the muster and the diet of the infirmary as parts of the garrison's keep.
265	275	1746 Brought Over £ 4 10 6½ Bread 29 given to the Recruits p ye Prince 4 2 Pork 67 qr Edward as Customary 10 10½ Rice 30 1 7 Soldiers Clothes 29 pr Breeches 9 13 6 Shoes 29 pr Mens Ordinary 5 14 4¼ Shirts 29 Soldiers 6 10 Hosiers Ware vizt 29 pr Thread Stockings given to the Recruits p ye 3 11 3¼ 29 Scotch Bonnets Prince Edward 1 14 4 5 10 7½ Oil vizt 38¾ Gallons Train for the Guards & out forts 5 4 7½ ¼ Gall Linsied 1 ½ 1 Bottle Florence for Cleaning Arms 2 9½ 5 8 5½ Tea 3 lb for the Guards and out Forts 1 11 3¾ Iron Ware 2 Frying Pans for Sandy Bay and Prosperous Bay Guards 3 4 Iron Pots 1 6 7½ Deals vizt 3 Double 7 6 1 Single for Soldiers Coffins 1 8 9 2 £ 40 6 7½ Signed 31 Decr 1746 Errors Excepted p M Curling Storekr We Examined the Honble Company's Cash for the Month of December last and found the same as follows vizt	The storekeeper's collection closed the garrison charge and the whole account. Brought over, £4 10s 6.5d Bread, 29, £0 4s 2d Pork, 67 pieces, given to the recruits at 6 pence, £0 10s 10.5d Rice, 30, given Edward as customary, £0 1s 7d Soldiers clothes, 29 pairs breeches, £9 13s 6d Shoes, 29 pairs men's ordinary, £5 14s 4.5d Shirts, 29 soldiers, £6 0s 10d Hosiery ware, 29 pairs thread stockings, given to the recruits of the Prince Edward, £3 11s 3.5d 29 Scotch bonnets, £1 14s 4d Hosiery total, £5 10s 7.5d Oil, 38.5 gallons train for the guards and out forts, £5 4s 7.5d 0.5 gallon linseed, £0 1s 3.5d 1 bottle Florence for cleaning arms, £0 2s 9.5d Oil total, £5 8s 5.5d Tea, 3 lb for the guards and out forts, £1 11s 3.5d Ironware, 2 frying pans for Sandy Bay and Prosperous Bay guards, £0 3s 4d Iron pots, 1, £0 6s 7.5d Deals, 3 double for soldiers coffins, £0 7s 6d 1 single for soldiers coffins, £0 1s 8d Deals total, £0 9s 2d Total garrison, £40 6s 7.5d The account was dated 31 December 1746 and subscribed, errors excepted, by Matthew Purling as storekeeper. The board examined the Company's cash for December and found it as follows. Interpretations The garrison charge shows the twenty-nine recruits of the Prince Edward newly clothed from the store, the breeches, shoes, shirts, thread stockings and Scotch bonnets fitting out the whole draft, the same recruits whose old coats had been supplied by buying the established soldiers' saved clothing. The full outfit issued to the recruits marks the cost of bringing a body of new men into the garrison, the store clothing them from the skin out while the new uniforms sent with them were held back, the recruits' clothing and the bought coats together the two halves of the careful economy the paymaster's account had recorded. The train oil for the guards and out forts and the frying pans and iron pots for the Sandy Bay and Prosperous Bay guards show the store equipping the scattered defensive posts round the island for the men who watched in them, the oil for their lamps and the pans for their cooking supplied to each fort. The deals for soldiers' coffins close the account on the plainest charge of the garrison's keep, the Company burying its dead soldiers in coffins made from store timber, the same provision for death that ran through the gunner's powder for funerals and the pay reckoned to the day a man died, the store furnishing the last necessary of a soldier's service.
266	276	Jany 20 Cash Dr 1746 Decr 31 To Ballance remaining £ 3882 11 3¾ To Matthew Curling recd of him for Store Goods Sold this Quarter 619 4 9 To Licences received for Eleven Publick Houses at £1 10 each for the Quarter ending this day 16 10 To Henry Moyce for so much received of him in full of his Debt to the Honble Company 1 To Plantation vizt received 898½ Gallons Milk Sold this Quarter at 1/ p Gallon 44 18 6 Received of Roger Nevanson for Provisions Sold to the Market in the Months of November and December 61 11 8¼ Carried Over £ 4626 16 1¼	The debtor side of the treasury cash account for December opened with the receipts. 1746 31 December, balance remaining, £3,882 11s 3.75d Received of Matthew Purling for store goods sold this quarter, £619 4s 9d Received for eleven public-house licences at £1 10s each for the quarter ending this day, £16 10s 0d Received of Henry Moyce in full of his debt to the Company, £1 0s 0d Plantation, received for 898.5 gallons of milk sold this quarter at a shilling a gallon, £44 18s 6d Received of Roger Nevanson for provisions sold to the market in November and December, £61 11s 8.5d Carried over, £4,626 16s 1.75d Interpretations The treasury account gathers the same incomes that fed the paymaster's cash, the storekeeper's retail of £619, the public-house licences, the milk from the castle dairy and the market takings, showing the two accounts drawing on a common pool of the Company's island receipts. The storekeeper's collection paid over as a single sum marks the warehouse trade as much the largest of these regular incomes, the whole quarter's sales to servants and planters flowing back into the treasury as one payment, the store both the settlement's shop and a chief source of the Company's cash. The market provisions again entered from Roger Nevanson tie the treasury directly to the market-supply dispute, the Company selling its own stock through the market and gathering the proceeds into the chest. That the milk, the licences and the market money came in as steady quarterly sums shows the Company financing part of its establishment from the productive and regulatory activities it controlled on the island, the dairy, the punch houses and the market each yielding a fixed income that offset the great charge of the pay met from the balance, the same mixed economy of trade, farming and licensing that ran through every quarter's cash.
267	277	1746 Per Contra Cr 1746 December 31 By Plantation vizt Paid Sundrys for 234 days Work for mowing & hay making in this Quarter 13 11 6 Paid Sundrys 109 Days Work for carrying hay 5 9 Paid Edward Murphy for his trouble in Overseeing the Men yt were Carrying hay 10 Paid John Scotcher and John Cawdry 74 days Work at 1/3 p day for Ploughing & Working on the Corn in the Long Wood 9 6 10½ Paid Sundrys 128 days Working at 1/ p day for threshing 6 8 Paid Sundrys 16 Days Work at 1/3 p day for threshing 1 Paid Thomas Greenoway 7 days Work in Washing & Sheering Sheep 7 Paid John Watkins for Working & Overse= eing the Ploughing & harvest in the Long Wood this Quarter 6 10 Paid Wm Mason for making a Cart & for mending Carts, ploughs Harrows &c 2 8 Paid Sundrys 332 Days Work at half day for Grubing up furze in the Pastures and Making it into Stacks 17 12 Paid Anthony Day 32 Days Work a 1/3 p day for do 2 Paid Edward Arnold vizt for making 6 pannels 15 for making a Cloth to winnow Corn 4 for making 5 Girths 2 6 for making 5 Cruppers 2 6 for making 4 Sacks for Corn 2 for making 4 Wantees 2 for making a Snaffle Bridle & Crupper for a Sadle 1 6 1 9 6 Plantation Carried Over £ 66 11 10½	The creditor side of the treasury cash account for December carried the plantation labour charges. 1746 31 December, plantation Paid sundry persons for 234 days work for mowing and haymaking this quarter, £13 11s 6d Paid sundry persons 109 days work for carrying hay, £5 9s 0d Paid Edward Murphy for his trouble in overseeing the men who were carrying hay, £0 10s 0d Paid John Scotcher and John Cawdry 169 days work at 1s 3d a day for ploughing and working on the corn in the Long Wood, £9 6s 10.5d Paid sundry persons 128 days working at 1s a day for threshing, £6 8s 0d Paid sundry persons 16 days work at 1s 3d a day for threshing, £1 0s 0d Paid Thomas Greenoway 7 days work in washing and shearing sheep, £0 7s 0d Paid John Watkins for working and overseeing the ploughing and harvest in the Long Wood this quarter, £6 10s 0d Paid William Mason for making a cart and for mending carts, ploughs, harrows and other gear, £2 8s 0d Paid sundry persons 332 days work at 1s a day for grubbing up furze in the pastures and making it into stacks, £17 12s 0d Paid Anthony Day 32 days work at 1s 3d a day for ditto, £2 0s 0d Paid Edward Arnold for making 5 funnels, £0 15s 0d For making a cloth to winnow corn, £0 4s 0d For making 5 girdles, £0 2s 6d For making 5 croppers, £0 2s 6d For making 4 sacks for corn, £0 2s 0d For making 4 winnows, £0 2s 0d For making a snaffle bridle and a crupper for a saddle, £0 1s 6d Total, £1 0s 6d Plantation carried over, £66 11s 10.5d Interpretations The treasury account repeats on its own side the plantation labour the paymaster's account had carried, the mowing, haymaking, ploughing, threshing and furze-grubbing all entered again as the Company's own charge, the two accounts recording the same work from the treasury and the paymaster's separate books. The grain-farming scheme dominates the plantation charge, the ploughing and threshing of the corn in the Long Wood and the making of funnels, sacks and winnowing cloth for the harvest showing the whole apparatus of growing and processing the barley run through paid labour, the Company's experiment in island corn met by the day-wages of its men. The furze-grubbing at 332 days, the single heaviest labour charge, marks the clearing of the pastures as a major effort of the quarter, the same furze the leases required tenants to plant now cut and stacked in quantity on the Company's ground. The scale of the work, weeks of labour by many hands, shows the Company managing its pastures and its grain scheme through a large deployment of paid labour drawn from the garrison and the settlement, the plantation account standing as the record of an establishment that farmed on its own account with hired hands, the treasury paying out for the harvest and the pasture as it paid for the works and the guns.
268	278	Jany 20 Brought Over £ 4626 16 1¼ Carried Over £ 4626 16 1¼	The debtor side of the treasury cash account for December carried the running total forward. Brought over, £4,625 16s 1.75d Carried over, £4,625 16s 1.75d
269	279	1746 Decr 31 Plantation Broy Over £ 66 11 10½ Paid Edward Cocker 9 Days Work in repairing Corn Mills at 2/6 p day 1 2 6 Paid Samuel Eales 4½ days Work at 1/6 p day for painting Glazing &c the Room and Barn Doors & Windows in the Long Wood 6 4½ Paid John Ford for one days Work in Washing Sheep, 3 days in Winding Wool & 19 days in Carding Wool for Mops 15 Paid Thomas Wagg for making 10 pr of Hedging Gloves 5 69 9 By Garrison vizt Paid John Ratewater for Coming Express wth an Acct of a Ship to Leward the 24th Instant 5 Paid Wm Hayes Adjutant, to pay several Soldiers, for Coats they had saved wch were bought of them, to Cloth the 29 Recruits brought by the Ship Prince Edward that the New Cloths sent wth them, might be kept, until the Garrison receive their next Cloathing 8 9 Paid John Nicholson Surgeon of the Ship Prince Edward for his Care of 29 Recruits Landed here 7 5 Paid Robert Currie and Stephen Willoughby for Baking 64 Batches Bread at 1/8 p Batch 4 19 19 By Charges General vizt Paid Samuel Eales for 3½ days Work in Grinding paint & for Glazing & putying the Windows in the Castle and one day painting Contry Boxes 6 4½ Carried Over £ 6 4½ Carried Over £ 88 19 9	The creditor side of the treasury cash account for December continued through the plantation, garrison and general charges. 1746 31 December, plantation brought over, £66 11s 10.5d Paid Edward Cocker 9 days work in repairing corn mills at 2s 6d a day, £1 2s 6d Paid Samuel Eales 12 days work at 1s 6d a day for painting, glazing and other work on the room and barn doors and windows in the Long Wood, £0 6s 1.5d Paid John Ford for one day's work in washing sheep, 3 days in winding wool and 9 days in carding wool for mops, £0 15s 0d Paid Thomas Wagg for making 10 pairs of hedging gloves, £0 5s 0d Total plantation, £69 0s 9d Garrison Paid John Bathwater for coming express with an account of a ship to leeward the 24 instant, £0 5s 0d Paid William Hayes, adjutant, to pay several soldiers for coats they had saved which were bought of them to clothe the 29 recruits brought by the Prince Edward, that the new clothing sent with them might be kept until the garrison receive their next clothing, £8 9s 0d Paid John Nicolson, surgeon of the Prince Edward, for his care of 29 recruits landed here, £7 5s 0d Paid Robert Currie and Stephen Willoughby for baking 64 batches of bread at 1s a batch, £4 0s 0d Total garrison, £19 19s 0d Charges general Paid Samuel Eales for 3.5 days work in grinding paint and for glazing and puttying the windows in the castle and one day painting country boxes, £0 6s 1.5d Carried over, £0 6s 1.5d Total carried over, £88 19s 9d Interpretations The treasury account carries on its own side the same garrison charges the paymaster's book had entered, the buying of the recruits' coats, the ship surgeon's care of the draft and the bread baked for the garrison all repeated here, the two accounts recording the identical payments from the treasury and the paymaster's separate reckonings. The buying of the established soldiers' saved coats to clothe the twenty-nine recruits, while the new clothing was held back, appears again as the deliberate economy it was, the same careful management of the garrison's clothing entered on both sides of the Company's books. The corn mills repaired, the barn doors and windows in the Long Wood painted and glazed, and the wool washed and carded for mops show the treasury paying for the finishing and upkeep of the grain scheme's buildings and the running material of the plantation, the same works the storekeeper's general charges had supplied with their timber and paint. The corn mills in particular, repaired by Cocker over nine days, mark the machinery of the grain scheme kept in order for the harvest, the treasury and the storekeeper's account together recording the whole cost of the Company's island corn from the ploughing to the milling.
270	280	Jany 20 Brought Over £ 4626 16 1¼ Carried Over £ 4626 16 1¼	The debtor side of the treasury cash account for December carried the running total forward. Brought over, £4,625 16s 1.75d Carried over, £4,625 16s 1.75d
271	281	1746 Brought over £ 88 19 9 Brought over £ - 6 N.o Paid Charles Logent for mending Centry Boxes, cleaning Mahogany &c.a 0 15 0 Paid Wm Duffton, his allowance for asisting the Surgeon this Quarter. 3 8 3 By Blacks viz.t 8 paid Joseph Loveit for 18 pr Shoes at 2/1 pr pair & mending 1 pr d 1/3 1 17 3 paid the Governour for so much paid by him for thread to mend their Cloaths 5 15 6 7 12 9 By Fortification viz.t paid Sundrys for rowing in the Pinnace this Quarter 1 10 0 paid Bartholomew Molloy for 11 days d.o Work at the fortification in stone laying at 3/ p day 1 13 6 paid Sundrys 62¼ days Labour at Prosperous Bay at 1.d p day 3 2 6 paid Sundrys 587 days Labour at Ruperts at 1.d p day 29 7 0 paid Sundrys 323 days Labour on the Line in James Valley at 1.d p day 16 3 0 paid Sundrys for 24 days Labour in fetching Lime from Sandy Bay in the Long Boat at 1.d p day 1 9 0 paid Edward Arnold for making 24 Lime bags 0 6 0 56 12 0 House Furniture viz.t Paid Edward Arnold for making a Bed Bottom, & for making 6 Chair bottoms & fixing them in, and for a Matted Wrapper 1 3 0 Diet Expence paid Cap.t Holdane for a firkin & Butter for the use of the General Table 0 12 0 0	By Blacks: Paid Joseph Loveit for 18 pairs of shoes at 2s, and for one pair mended at 1s 3d, £1 17s 3d. Paid the Governor for the amount he laid out for thread to mend the slaves' clothes, £5 13s 6d. Total for this head, £7 10s 9d. By Fortification: Paid various people for weeding in the summer this quarter, £4 10s 0d. Paid Bartholomew Molloy for 11 days three-quarters working at the fortification in stone, cutting at 3s the day, £1 11s 6d. Paid various people for 62 days one-quarter labour at Prosperous Bay at 1s the day, £3 2s 6d. Paid various people for 587 days labour at Rupert's at 1s the day, £29 7s 0d. Paid various people for 202 days three-quarters labour on the line in James Valley at 1s the day, £10 3s 0d. Paid various people for 29 days labour fetching lime from Sandy Bay in the long boat at 1s the day, £1 9s 0d. Paid Edward Arnold for making 24 [...], £0 6s 0d. Total for this head, £56 12s 0d. House Furniture: Paid Edward Arnold for making a bed bottom, and for making six chair bottoms and fixing them in, and for a wattled washer, £1 3s 0d. Diet Expenses: Paid Captain Holtane for one firkin of butter for the use of the general table, £0 12s 0d. Carried over, £170 17s 1.5d. The earlier lines of this account, above the slaves head, ran: brought over £88 19s 9d at the head of the page; a payment to Charles Legent for cleaning the sentry boxes and cleaning mahogany and the like; and a payment to William Dufton for his allowance for assisting the surgeon this quarter, £3 8s 3d. Interpretations The heading By Blacks covered work and materials charged against the Company's slaves rather than the free establishment. The 18 pairs of shoes and the thread bought to mend clothing were the routine annual clothing charge for the Company's slaves, whose upkeep the treasury met directly. Buying the thread through the Governor and then reimbursing him was the ordinary way small quantities of a needed material reached the stores when none was in hand. The fortification account priced every task by the day at a flat rate, mostly 1s, with skilled stone-cutting at 3s. The three heaviest lines, 587 days at Rupert's, 202 three-quarters on the line in James Valley and 62 one-quarter at Prosperous Bay, show where the labour of the quarter was concentrated: the northern anchorage works at Rupert's above all, then the defensive line running through the main valley. Lime for the mortar had to be fetched by sea in the long boat from Sandy Bay, the ass path over the mountains being the alternative when the surf made a landing impossible. A day here counts a single labourer's day, so the totals stand for the pooled work of many hands over the quarter. A firkin was a small cask holding about nine gallons, the standard unit for butter and soap. Wattled work was made of interwoven twigs or rods, so a wattled washer was a rough basket-like fitting rather than anything turned or joined. Speculations do not arise here, the page being a routine quarterly account carrying no decision where an obvious course was passed over.
272	282	Jan.ry 25.th Brought over £ 402 16 4½ £ 402 16 4½	Under the date of 20 January, the account carried the balance forward from the previous page. Brought over, £4,625 16s 1.5d. Total, £4,625 16s 1.5d. The body of the page was left blank, ruled through with a single diagonal line, the figure at the head repeated unchanged at the foot to close it.
273	283	1746 Brought Over £ 170 17 1½ John Bland. Master Mason paid him for House lent from the 1.st July 174.5 to the 31.st Dec.r 174.5 at the Rate of Six pounds p ann as p Consultation of 8 Dec.r 1746 0 0 8 19 8 Mark Hawkins Mason paid him for House lent as above at the Rate of 4 pound p ann as p the said Consultation 0 0 5 19 6 By Garrison paid the Honble Company's Officers and Servants their Salarys &c.t for the Quarter ending this day 0 0 1711 1 2 1896 17 3½ By Cash rem.g in the following Species viz.t 5 p.o Gold £ 39 12 0 9 1407 Pagodas 569 16 0 10 Venetians 5 0 0 9 Guebers 2 2 0 2 St Thomas 0 6 629 16 9 5751 Dollars 1437 15 0 98 half d.o 12 5 0 197 Double Rials 19 6 3 3932 half Rials 61 8 9 141 French Species 3 13 6 Money not Current 19 6 Bad Money 2 2½ 292 Rupees 32 17 0 1361 7 2¾ Cash Notes Amounting to 539 15 0 2728 18 10¾ £ 402 16 4½ David Dunbar Cha Hutchinson John Goodwin Owfling Bought	Brought over, £170 17s 1.5d. John Bland, master mason, was paid for house rent from 4 July 1745 to 31 December 1746 at the rate of six pounds a year, as settled in the consultation of 9 December 1746, £8 19s 0d. Mark Hawkins, mason, was paid for house rent on the same footing at the rate of six pounds a year, under the same consultation, £5 19s 6d. By Garrison: paid the Honourable Company's officers and servants their salaries and the like for the quarter ending this day, £1,711 1s 2d. Total, £1,896 17s 1.5d. The cash remaining ran in the following coin: 5 pieces of gold, £39 12s 9d 1,407 pagodas, £562 16s 0d 10 Venetians, £5 0s 0d 9 gubbers, £2 2s 0d 2 St Thomas, £0 12s 6d Total gold, £629 16s 9d 3,751 dollars, £1,137 15s 0d 98 half dollars, £12 5s 0d 197 double rials, £19 6s 3d 3,932 half rials, £61 8s 9d 141 French pieces, £3 13s 6d Money at current, £19 6s 0d Odd money, £2 2s 6d 292 rupees, £32 17s 0d Total silver, £1,361 7s 2.25d Cash notes amounting to, £537 15s 0d Total, £2,728 18s 10.25d Grand total, £4,625 16s 1.5d The account was subscribed by David Dunbar, Charles Hutchinson, John Goodwin, Purling and Wright. Interpretations This closes the two-sided treasury cash account for the December 1746 quarter, whose debtor side reached £4,625 16s 1.5d in the previous working. The credit side sets out the whole balance held in the chest, first the two house-rent allowances and the garrison pay, then a coin-by-coin count of what remained. The two masons Bland and Hawkins were paid £6 a year each in place of the houses their contracts had promised but which the Company could not supply, the allowance backdated to 4 July 1745, a decision the board reached on 9 December 1746 after Bland pressed his claim. The count itself measures how little English money circulated at St Helena. The chest held almost wholly foreign silver and gold, drawn from every trade that touched the island: Spanish dollars and their fractions the bulk of it, Indian pagodas and rupees from the Coromandel and Bombay shipping, French pieces, Venetian and Dutch gold, and small Portuguese St Thomas coin. A gubber was a Dutch or German gold coin passing in the Indian trade, and a double rial and half rial were fractions of the Spanish dollar, the everyday small change of the road. The £537 15s 0d in cash notes were the Company's own paper, standing in for coin the treasury did not hold. Each foreign coin was entered at a fixed island rate, the pagoda now at eight shillings following the Court's devaluation of 1 May 1746, so that the whole miscellany could be reckoned into a single sterling total.
274	284	Jan.ry 27.th At a Consultation held on Tuesday the 27.th day of January 1746 at the Castle Present Colonel David Dunbar Governour Cap.t Charles Hutchinson S.d Gov.r John Goodwin 3 Matthew Owling 4 of Council Robert Wright 5 The last Consultation was read, and Approved. Saturday 24.th Passed by a Ship under Dutch Colours, which did not send her Boat on Shore, but only saluted the Fort The Accomptant this day laid before us the several Parcells for the Months of October November and December last, which were Examined and Approved, and Ordered to be Entred The Storekeeper laid before us his day Books for the Week past. David Dunbar Cha Hutchinson John Goodwin Owling Wright	The council met at the castle on Tuesday 27 January 1747. Present were Governor David Dunbar, Captain Charles Hutchinson the Lieutenant Governor, John Goodwin, Matthew Purling and Robert Wright of council. The previous consultation was read and approved. On the Saturday a ship under Dutch colours passed the island. She did not send her boat ashore but only saluted the fort. The accountant laid before the board the journal parcels for October, November and December, which were examined, approved and ordered to be entered. The storekeeper laid before the board the day books for the previous week. The consultation was subscribed by David Dunbar, Charles Hutchinson, John Goodwin, Purling and Wright.
275	285	3.d February At a Consultation held on Tuesday the 3.d day of February 1746 at the Castle Present Colonel David Dunbar Gov.r Cap.t Charles Hutchinson S.d Gov.r John Goodwin 3 Matthew Owling 4.th of Council Robert Wright 4.th The last Consultation was read, and Approved. Pursuant to Advertizement on Thursday the 29.th Jan.ry last, were sold at Publick Auction the following Goods out of the Honble Company's Stores, and at the Prices following viz.t 5 Teak Planks received damaged from India p Royall George £ 8 2 0 5 Halts damaged 2 3 2 Pallampores d.o 1 4 £ 11 9 Joseph Whaley Jun.r Petitioned for a new Lease for 2 Acres of Land in Youngs Valley the old Lease being Expired. Granted The Storekeeper laid before us his day Books for the Week past. David Dunbar Cha Hutchinson John Goodwin Owling Wright	The council met at the castle on Tuesday 3 February 1747. Present were Governor David Dunbar, Captain Charles Hutchinson the Lieutenant Governor, John Goodwin, Matthew Purling and Robert Wright of council. The previous consultation was read and approved. Following the advertisement of Thursday 29 January, the board sold at public auction the following goods out of the Honourable Company's stores at the prices set against them: 5 teak planks received damaged from India by the Royal George, £8 2s 0d 5 hats damaged, £2 3s 0d 2 palempores damaged, £1 0s 0d Total, £11 0s 9d Joseph Whaley junior asked for a new lease of two acres of land in Young's Valley, the old lease having expired. The board granted it. The storekeeper laid before the board the day books for the previous week. The consultation was subscribed by David Dunbar, Charles Hutchinson, John Goodwin, Purling and Wright. Interpretations The teak came into store as timber for gun carriages but was condemned on survey by Henry Moyce and William Oakman on 20 January 1747, and this present sale turned the rejected wood and some spoiled goods into ready cash by open auction. Selling unfit stock rather than holding it followed the Company's usual practice, the Royal George being named as the ship that had carried out the damaged planks. The stated line figures do not sum to the total struck at the foot, which is left as it stands on the page. Palempores were painted or printed cotton bed-covers from the Coromandel coast, a regular line of the India trade, here damaged and sold off cheaply.
276	286	4.th Feb.ry At a Consultation held on Wednesday the 4.th February 1746 at the Castle Present Colonel David Dunbar Gov.r Cap.t Charles Hutchinson S.d Gov.r John Goodwin 3 Matthew Owling 4.th of Counal Robert Wright 5.th The last Consultation was read and Approved. Arrived the Portobello, Cap.t Flock, from Fort St Davids, by Whom we rec.d the following Letters, viz.t To The W.m David Dunbar Esq.r Gov.r &c.a Council at St Helena W.o Sir, & Sirs, We wrote you last under the 1.st Feb.ry p Ship Prince of Orange, since which your Advices of the 1.st May, 1745, 15.th August, & 1.th Octo.r 1745, are come to hand. The London arrived at Madrass the 1.th May, and the three Deserters you sent thither on her belonging to this Presidency, will be duly returned us by the first oppor tunity. We have intended to Sirat for the Chelloes you desired Which shall be sent you by the first Ship after we receive them. The usual Quota of Tonnage for your place by this Ship consists of Arrack, and Rice, amounting as p Invoice, and Bell of Lading enclosed to Rupees 1387 2 79 The Arrack is the best we can procure & is such as we use for the H.o Company's Service there, and hope it will Arrive	The council met at the castle on Wednesday 4 February 1747. Present were Governor David Dunbar, Captain Charles Hutchinson the Lieutenant Governor, John Goodwin, Matthew Purling and Robert Wright of council. The previous consultation was read and approved. The Portobello, Captain Flock, arrived from Fort St David, and by her the board received the following letter. The Presidency at Fort St David wrote to Governor David Dunbar and the council at St Helena. It recalled that their last had gone under cover of 1 February by the Prince of Orange, and acknowledged that the island's letters of 16 May, 15 August and 14 October 1745 had since come to hand. The London had reached Madras on 19 May, and the three deserters sent there aboard her, who belonged to the Fort St David Presidency, would be returned by the first opportunity. The Presidency had ordered the chelloes the council wanted to be woven, and would send them by the first ship after they were received. The usual quota of tonnage for St Helena by this ship was arrack and rice, coming by invoice and bill of lading to 3,872 rupees 78 [...]. The arrack was the best that could be procured and was such as the Presidency used for the Company's service, and it was hoped it would arrive [...]. Interpretations Chelloes were a coarse blue-and-white striped or checked cotton cloth woven on the Coromandel coast, one of the plainer India piece-goods, wanted at St Helena for slave clothing and everyday use. That the council had to order them woven at Fort St David and wait for the next ship shows how the island depended wholly on the Indian settlements for its cloth, iron and provisions, holding no stock it could not draw from the homeward and country shipping that touched the road. The tonnage quota was the fixed allowance of cargo each Company ship was bound to land at St Helena on passing, the mechanism by which a settlement with almost no productive trade of its own was kept supplied. Reckoning the consignment in rupees marks it as a Coromandel lading, and the Presidency's assurance that the arrack matched what it used for its own service answered the island's standing complaint about the quality of the spirit sent it.
277	287	1746 with you without any Leakage. Nine French Ships under the Command of Mons.r Labourdinais Gov.r of Mauritius imported at Pondicherry the 26.th of June, which Ships in their Passage thither had an Engagement with our Squadron off Negapatam, after which the Latter keeping their Wind, the French made off, the Loss on either side is not yet known, tho' we are in daily expectation of receiving a further Acco.t of the Action from the President and Council at Madrass, who, when they wrote us last, had not rec.d any advices from our Men of War, We are, W.o Sir, & Sirs, Bombay Castle Your Most humble Servants, Sept.r the 15.th 1746 (Sign'd) W. Wake M. Seaywick Tho Marsh P. Munro R Trawden Rich Sanders George Scott. To the Worshipfull Dunbar Esq.r Governour of St Helena &c.a Council Worshipfull Sir & Sirs We have thought proper to send home to our Honble Masters the Porto bello Ship, Walter Flook Commander, to advise them of the Loss of their Settlement of Fort St George, who will deliver you a Packett directed to the Honble the Court of Directors, which is a Duplicate of What we send by the Ship, and request you will forward by the first opportunity that offers	A fresh account taken up the report of the arrack, which the Presidency hoped would reach the island without any leakage. Nine French ships under the command of Monsieur Labourdonnais, Governor of Mauritius, had come in to Pondicherry on 26 June. On their passage there they had fought an action against the English squadron off Negapatam, after which the English kept their wind and the French drew off. The loss on either side was not yet known, though the Presidency expected a further account of the action from the President and council at Madras, who had received no advices from the English men of war when they last wrote. The letter closed as from the writers at Bombay Castle on 19 September 1746, signed by W Wake, M Seawick, Thomas Marsh, J Munro, R Lawson, Richard Sanders and George Scott, addressed to Governor Dunbar and the council at St Helena. A second letter followed, written to Governor Dunbar and the council at St Helena. The writers had thought it proper to send home to the Honourable masters the Portobello, Walter Flock commander, to advise them of the loss of the settlement of Fort St George. Flock would deliver a packet directed to the Honourable Court of Directors, being a duplicate of what the writers were sending by the ship, and they asked the council to forward it by the first opportunity that offered. Interpretations The action off Negapatam and the fall of Fort St George were the opening blows of the French war on the Coromandel coast. Labourdonnais brought his Mauritius squadron to Pondicherry in the summer of 1746, fought the indecisive engagement reported here against the English squadron under Peyton, and then took Madras, the Company's chief settlement in India, whose loss the second letter carries to St Helena on its way home. The island's place in this was as a relay: a remote but reliable link on the sea road where duplicate dispatches could be lodged and forwarded, so that news of a disaster in India reached the Court by more than one hand should a ship be taken. Sending the news home by the Portobello with a duplicate packet, rather than trusting a single vessel, was the standing practice for important advices in wartime, when any one ship might be captured or lost. The council at St Helena was asked only to speed the duplicate on, its harbour and its regular homeward traffic making it the natural clearing point for correspondence between the Indian presidencies and London.
278	288	17.th February to Great Brittain. We are Fort St David Worshipf.l Sir & Sirs the 17.th October 1746 Your Most humble Servants (Sign'd) John Hinde Edw Croke Charles Floyer Will.m Slott L.t Wynch Thom Cooke Jun.r David Dunbar Cha Hutchinson John Goodwin Owling Wright At a Consultation held on Tuesday the 17.th day of February 1746 at the Castle Present Colonel David Dunbar Gov.r Cap.t Charles Hutchinson S.d Gov.r John Goodwin 3 Matthew Owling 4.th of Council Robert Wright 5.th The last Consultation was read and Approved.	The letter to the Court in London, dated at Fort St David 17 October 1746, was subscribed by John Hinde, Edward Croke, Charles Floyer, William Mott, Edward Wynch and Thomas Cooke junior. The consultation on which these letters were read was subscribed by David Dunbar, Charles Hutchinson, John Goodwin, Purling and Wright. The council met at the castle on Tuesday 17 February 1747. Present were Governor David Dunbar, Captain Charles Hutchinson the Lieutenant Governor, John Goodwin, Matthew Purling and Robert Wright of council. The previous consultation was read and approved.
279	289	1746 Tuesday 10.th Sailed the Portsbellello Sloop, Cap.t Walter Hook, for England, by whom We Sent the General Books of accounts for the Year, 1746, With all the other necessary Papers. This day, died Thomas Forrester, Soldier. We this day Executed the following Lease to Joseph Whaley Jun.r Granted in Consultation of the 3.d instant viz.t Island St Helena The Lords Proprietors of this Island the Honble the United Company of Merchants of England trading to the East Indies, Do hereby demise Lease and to Farm Lett unto Joseph Whaley Jun.r of the said Island Planter all that Peice or Parcell of Gunwood Land Containing two Acres Situate lying and being in and near the Lower end or part of Youngs Valley in the East Divesion of the said Island and at the Bottom of Woodgedge Butting and bounding towards the East West North and South every way upon the said Honble Company's Wast Land Situate in and near the said Lower end or part of Youngs Valley before named lying East Ward to the Land of Arthur Bradley of the said Island Planter To have and to hold unto the said Joseph Whaley Jun.r his Ex.ors Adm.ors and Assigns from the day of the date hereof for and during the term of Twenty One Years from thence next Ensuing Upon Condition that he the said Joseph Whaley Jun.r his Ex.ors Adm.ors or Assigns Shall always bear True Faith and Allegiance to our Soveraign Lord King George the second his Heirs and Successors and true Faith to the said Honble Company and their Successors and Shall duely obey all the Laws and Constitutions of the said Island Yeilding and paying therefore Yearly and every Year during the term hereby Granted unto the said Honble Company their Successors agents or Assigns the Yearly Rent of Four Shillings p Acre besides one Shilling Duty being in all five	On Tuesday 10 February the Portobello, Captain Walter Flock, sailed for England, and by her the board sent the general books of account for the year 1746 together with all the other necessary papers. The same day Thomas Forrester, soldier, died. The board executed the lease to Joseph Whaley junior granted in the consultation of 3 February. By the lease the United Company of Merchants of England trading to the East Indies, lords proprietors of the island, let to Joseph Whaley junior, planter, two acres of gumwood land at the lower end of Young's Valley in the eastern division of the island, at the bottom of Woodgrudge. The plot was bounded on every side by the Company's own waste land near that lower end of the valley, and lay to the east of the land of Arthur Bradley, planter. Whaley, his heirs, executors, administrators and assigns were to hold it for twenty-one years from the date of the lease. He was bound to bear true faith and allegiance to King George the Second and his successors, to keep faith with the Company and its successors, and to obey the laws of the island. He was to pay a yearly rent of four shillings the acre together with one shilling duty, coming in all to five shillings. Interpretations The lease sets out in full the standard twenty-one-year tenure by which the Company let its waste ground to the island's planters. The rent had two parts, a ground rate reckoned by the acre and a flat shilling of duty, the duty being the token payment that marked the Company's continuing lordship over land it never sold outright but only let. Binding the tenant to allegiance to the Crown and to obedience to the island's laws turned the lease into an instrument of governance as much as of property, every holding tying its occupier into the settlement's order. Gumwood land took its name from the native gumwood tree, and such ground was among the poorer sort on the island, which is reflected in the low rate. The requirement that the tenant hold of the Company alone, with the plot ringed entirely by Company waste, kept the whole eastern division under a single proprietor and prevented the growth of any freehold interest the Company did not control.
280	290	17.th February Five Shilling p annum fin at or upon the feast of St Michael the Archangll Yearly And Upon Condition that he the said Joseph Whaley Jun.r his Heirs Executors Adm.ors or Assigns shall and do immediately set about and fence in the said Parcell of Land with a good and Sufficient wall Fence and When so Fenced and inclosed do and Shall also plant keep up and Maintain the full Quantity and Proportion of Wood and Young Trees pursuant to the Law of this Island in that Case made and Provided and Also plant Furze round the said Fences at such proper Seasons of the Year as it will best grow in or the Nature of the Soil produce and do not nor Shall alter the said Fences they being the bounds or Land marks to the said Land and do not nor shall sell or dispose of this Lease or his or their Interest therein without the Leave and Consent of the Governour and Council for the time being In Witness Whereof we the said Governour and Council have hereunto Sett our hands and affixed the Honble Company's seal this Seventeenth day of February in the Twentieth Year of the reign of our said Soveraign Lord George the second by the Grace of God of Great Brittain France and Ireland King Defender of the Faith and so forth and in the Year of our Lord 1746 and said Joseph Whaley Jun.r hath to the other part set his hand and seal the day and Year above Written (Sign'd) David Dunbar Cha.s Hutchinson John Goodwin M. Owling R. Wright The attorneys of George Gabriel Powell Esq.r this day Petitioned for Liberty to dispose of Five Acres of Lease Land called Taylors, to M.r Jn.o Goodwin, & nine Acres on peak Hill to Onesiphorus Yearling Granted The Storekeeper laid before us his day Books for the Week past	The rent of five shillings a year was payable at the feast of St Michael the Archangel. The lease bound Whaley, his heirs, executors, administrators and assigns to fence the plot at once with a good and sufficient wall, and once it was enclosed to plant, keep up and maintain the full quantity and proportion of wood and young trees required by the island's law, and to plant furze along the fences at whatever season of the year the soil would best grow it. He was never to alter the fences, since they served as the boundary marks to the land, and he was not to sell or dispose of the lease or his interest in it without the leave of the governor and council. The Company sealed the lease on 17 February in the twentieth year of the reign of King George the Second, in the year 1747, Whaley setting his own hand and seal to the counterpart. It was subscribed by David Dunbar, Charles Hutchinson, John Goodwin, Matthew Purling and Robert Wright. The attorneys of George Gabriel Powell asked leave to dispose of five acres of lease land called Taylor's to John Goodwin, and nine acres on Peak Hill to Onesiphorus Gurling. The board granted it. The storekeeper laid before the board the day books for the previous week. Interpretations The covenants carry the whole of the Company's land policy in miniature. The duty to plant and keep up a fixed proportion of wood answered the island's chronic shortage of fuel and timber, every tenant made responsible by his lease for growing the wood the settlement could not otherwise supply, with furze along the fences serving both as a quick-growing hedge and as further fuel. The bar on altering the fences rested on their doubling as boundary marks, so that moving a fence would unsettle the record of who held what. Forbidding assignment without the council's leave kept the Company in control of who occupied its ground, the same restriction written into the Whaley lease itself and into every country lease of this run, so that land could not pass into unapproved hands. Requiring Powell's attorneys to come to the board before conveying Taylor's and the Peak Hill ground shows that bar working in practice: even a substantial planter's holdings could not change hands by private bargain but only by the council's consent entered on the record.
281	291	1746 The plantation, Gunner's, and Steward's accounts were delivered for the Month of January last, which were Examined, and Approved, and are, as follows, viz.t Gunner's Stores Expended in January 1746/7 Guns Fired, lb 4, lb 2, lb 1, Powder Expended lb qr 15.th Fired to Salute Cap.t Haldane & Supracargoes going on board: Guns Fired 9, lb 4 0, lb 2 0, lb 1 0, Powder Expended lb 9 qr 0 D.o Departed the Prince Edward Cap.t Haldane: Guns Fired 9, lb 4 0, lb 2 0, lb 1 0, Powder Expended lb 9 qr 0 17 Powder Delivered to the Stone Blower: Guns Fired 0, lb 4 0, lb 2 0, lb 1 0, Powder Expended lb 50 qr 0 24 An Allarum for a Ship that went by: Guns Fired 6, lb 4 4, lb 2 0, lb 1 2, Powder Expended lb 13 qr 0 D.o Fired to Salute the said Ship: Guns Fired 9, lb 4 0, lb 2 0, lb 1 0, Powder Expended lb 9 qr 0 Powder for Priming: Guns Fired 0, lb 4 0, lb 2 0, lb 1 0, Powder Expended lb 3 qr ½ Powder for Killing Goats: Guns Fired 0, lb 4 0, lb 2 0, lb 1 0, Powder Expended lb 4 qr 0 Total: Guns Fired 33, lb 4 4, lb 2 27, lb 1 2, Powder Expended lb 93 qr 4½ Handspikes broke by moving timber from the Beach 1 Match burnt at the Main fort 7 Sheep Skins for Coating the Spunges at Ruperts 3 Paper for making Great Gun Cartridges 1 Grease for the Great Wood 3 Lead Balls for killing Goats 1 Sheep Skins for Coating Spunges at Sanday Bay 3 (Sign'd) Jn. French	The plantation, gunner's and steward's accounts were delivered for the previous month of January, examined and approved, and ran as follows. The gunner's stores expended in January 1747 stood under the columns of guns fired, hundredweight, quarters, pounds and ounces of powder, the heading row being partly obscured and the identities carried down from the earlier returns of the same series. 13 January, fired to salute Captain Haldane and the supercargoes going on board, 9 guns fired, 0cwt 0qr 9lb powder 13 January, departed the Prince Edward, Captain Haldane, 9 guns fired, 0cwt 0qr 9lb powder 17 January, powder delivered to the stone blower, 0 guns fired, 0cwt 0qr 50lb powder 24 January, an alarm for a ship that went by, 6 guns fired, 0cwt 1qr 13lb powder 24 January, fired to salute the same ship, 9 guns fired, 0cwt 0qr 9lb powder Powder for priming, 0 guns fired, 0cwt 0qr 3oz powder Powder for killing goats, 0 guns fired, 0cwt 0qr 4lb powder Total, 33 guns fired, 0cwt 2qr 93.75lb powder Besides the powder and shot, the following stores were expended: Handspikes broke by moving timber from the beach, 1 Match burnt at the main fort, 7 Sheep skins for coating the sponges at Rupert's, 3 Paper for making great gun cartridges, 1.5 quire Grease for the great wood, 3 Lead balls for killing goats, 4 Sheep skins for coating sponges at Sandy Bay, 3 The account was subscribed by John French. Interpretations The month's firing was light and wholly ceremonial or defensive, all of it explained by the departure of the store ship. Nine guns each went to salute Captain Haldane and the supercargoes aboard and to mark the Prince Edward clearing the road on 13 January, and the alarm of 24 January was the standard response to an unidentified sail passing, answered by six guns to bring her to and nine more to salute her once she proved friendly. Fifty pounds of powder went to the stone blower, the largest single charge, spent blasting rock rather than fired from a gun. A handspike was a stout wooden lever for shifting and training the heavy guns, here broken hauling timber up from the beach. Sponges were the rammer-tools that cleared and swabbed a gun's bore between rounds, their heads covered in sheepskin with the wool left on to hold the wet, so fresh skins were a routine wearing charge. The stated column figures and the struck totals do not everywhere reconcile, and they are left as they stand on the page.
282	292	Account of the Honble Company's Stock of Neat Cattle &c for the Month of January 1746 viz.t Bulls, Cows, Calves, Yearlings, Heifers, Steers, Bullocks, Oxen, Total, Ewes, Weathers, Lambs, Rams, Total, Ewes, Weathers, Kidds, Rams, Total, Sows, Barrows, Shoats, Piggs, Boars, Total, Turkeys, Fowls, Chickens, Ducks, Geese, Horses, Mares, Total Rem.g 1.st: Bulls 4, Cows 124, Calves 149, Yearlings 32, Heifers 12, Steers 38, Bullocks 5, Oxen 16, Total 390, Ewes 105, Weathers 14, Lambs 119, Rams 7, Total 245, Ewes 130, Weathers 8, Kidds 182, Rams 5, Total 345, Sows 21, Barrows 40, Shoats 31, Piggs 77, Boars 1, Total 170, Turkeys 22, Fowls 32, Chickens 39, Ducks 230, Geese 78, Horses 11, Mares 11, Total 9 20 Encreased: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 3, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Bullocks 0, Oxen 0, Total 3, Ewes 0, Weathers 0, Lambs 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Ewes 0, Weathers 0, Kidds 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Sows 0, Barrows 0, Shoats 0, Piggs 7, Boars 0, Total 7, Turkeys 0, Fowls 0, Chickens 93, Ducks 36, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0 Bulls 4, Cows 124, Calves 132, Yearlings 32, Heifers 12, Steers 38, Bullocks 5, Oxen 16, Total 393, Ewes 105, Weathers 14, Lambs 119, Rams 7, Total 245, Ewes 130, Weathers 8, Kidds 182, Rams 5, Total 345, Sows 21, Barrows 40, Shoats 31, Piggs 84, Boars 1, Total 177, Turkeys 22, Fowls 32, Chickens 52, Ducks 258, Geese 111, Horses 11, Mares 11, Total 9 20 Killed: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 0, Yearlings 3, Heifers 7, Steers 0, Bullocks 0, Oxen 0, Total 10, Ewes 1, Weathers 0, Lambs 0, Rams 0, Total 1, Ewes 5, Weathers 1, Kidds 0, Rams 0, Total 6, Sows 3, Barrows 1, Shoats 0, Piggs 0, Boars 0, Total 4, Turkeys 8, Fowls 24, Chickens 3, Ducks 12, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0 Dyed: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 1, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Bullocks 0, Oxen 0, Total 1, Ewes 0, Weathers 0, Lambs 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Ewes 3, Weathers 0, Kidds 0, Rams 0, Total 3, Sows 0, Barrows 3, Shoats 7, Piggs 0, Boars 0, Total 10, Turkeys 6, Fowls 12, Chickens 11, Ducks 2, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0 Remaining 31.st: Bulls 4, Cows 124, Calves 132, Yearlings 31, Heifers 39, Steers 31, Bullocks 5, Oxen 16, Total 382, Ewes 104, Weathers 14, Lambs 119, Rams 7, Total 244, Ewes 122, Weathers 7, Kidds 182, Rams 5, Total 336, Sows 18, Barrows 39, Shoats 28, Piggs 77, Boars 1, Total 163, Turkeys 9, Fowls 15, Chickens 21, Ducks 62, Geese 242, Horses 97, Mares 11, Total 11 9 20 4 Hoggs sent to the Market p W.t 221 lb 9 Beast to D.o 1961 lb 6 Goats to D.o 80 lb 10 lb Mutton to D.o 271 lb Beef to the Prince Edward. Yams Expended 56000 lb	The account of the Honourable Company's stock of neat cattle and the like for the previous month of January 1747 ran under the headings of neat cattle (bulls, cows, calves, yearlings, heifers, steers, bullocks, oxen and total), sheep (ewes, wethers, lambs, rams and total), goats (ewes, wethers, kids, rams and total), hogs (sows, barrows, shoats, pigs, boars and total), poultry (turkeys, fowls, chickens, ducks, geese and total) and horses (horses, mares and total). Remaining 1 January: neat cattle 4 bulls, 124 cows, 49 calves, 32 yearlings, 42 heifers, 38 steers, 5 bullocks, 16 oxen, 390 total; sheep 105 ewes, 14 wethers, 119 lambs, 7 rams, 245 total; goats 130 ewes, 8 wethers, 182 kids, 5 rams, 345 total; hogs 21 sows, 40 barrows, 31 shoats, 77 pigs, 1 boar, 170 total; poultry 223 turkeys, 259 fowls, 230 chickens, 78 ducks, 11 geese, total; horses 11 horses, 9 mares, 20 total Increased: neat cattle 3 calves, 3 total; hogs 7 pigs, 7 total; poultry 93 chickens, 36 ducks Carried down: neat cattle 4 bulls, 124 cows, 132 calves, 32 yearlings, 42 heifers, 38 steers, 5 bullocks, 16 oxen, 393 total; sheep 105 ewes, 14 wethers, 119 lambs, 7 rams, 245 total; goats 130 ewes, 8 wethers, 182 kids, 5 rams, 345 total; hogs 21 sows, 40 barrows, 31 shoats, 84 pigs, 1 boar, 177 total; poultry 223 turkeys, 259 fowls, 258 chickens, 111 ducks, 11 geese, total; horses 11 horses, 9 mares, 20 total Killed: neat cattle 3 calves, 7 [...], 10 total; sheep 1 ewe, 1 lamb, 5 [...], 1 [...]; goats 6 [...], 3 [...], 1 [...]; poultry 1 fowl, 8 chickens, 24 ducks, 3 geese, 12 [...] Died: neat cattle 1 calf, 1 total; goats 3 kids, 3 total; hogs 3 shoats, 7 [...]; poultry 10 [...], 6 fowls, 12 chickens, 11 ducks, 2 geese Remaining 31 January: neat cattle 4 bulls, 124 cows, 132 calves, 31 yearlings, 39 heifers, 31 steers, 5 bullocks, 16 oxen, 382 total; sheep 104 ewes, 14 wethers, 119 lambs, 7 rams, 244 total; goats 129 ewes, 7 wethers, 182 kids, 5 rams, 336 total; hogs 18 sows, 39 barrows, 28 shoats, 77 pigs, 1 boar, 163 total; poultry 91 turkeys, 5 fowls, 216 chickens, 242 ducks, 97 geese; horses 11 horses, 9 mares, 20 total Besides the stock, 4 hogs were sent to the market weighing 221 lb, 9 beasts to the market weighing 1,961 lb, 6 goats to the market weighing 80 lb, 10 lb of mutton to the market, and 271 lb of beef to the Prince Edward. Yams expended, 56,000 lb. Interpretations The herd stood almost level across the month, closing at 382 neat cattle against 390 at the start, the loss falling almost entirely on the beasts sent to the market and to the departing store ship rather than on any failure of the stock. Nine beasts and four hogs went to the market and 271 lb of beef victualled the Prince Edward on her sailing, the same pattern of drawing down the herd to provision an outbound ship and carry the island's meat supply that runs through the winter returns. The 56,000 lb of yams expended held steady at the level of the preceding months, the yam plantations still carrying the whole garrison while the store's rice and paddy stood exhausted. Several of the internal class figures do not sum cleanly to the struck totals, and the poultry and goat rows in particular are entered inconsistently across the movement lines. They are taken as written. A barrow was a castrated boar and a shoat a young weaned pig, the hog classes set out in the same order the series had used through the season.
283	293	1746 Sundrys Expended in the Castle in January 1746 viz.t 26 Bottles port Wine £ 1 18 3 38 d.o Lisbon d.o 2 15 9¼ 31 d.o Madera d.o 3 3 11¼ 22 ½ Gallons Arrack 2 16 6¾ 18 Bottles Strong Beer 0 10 6 38 D.o Ale 22 lb Sugar 0 4 7 15 ½ Candy 0 13 3¼ 299 Flower 1 17 4¼ 47 ¾ Butter 2 7 9 2 Peices Salt Beff 0 6 10¾ 3 D.o Salt pork 0 6 9¾ 61 Mutton 1 5 5 93 ¾ lb fresh Beef 1 3 3¼ 78 lb D.o Pork 1 19 0 8 Turkeys 2 0 0 24 Fowls 1 16 0 12 Ducks 0 18 0 5 Chickens 0 5 0 £ 26 5 11¼ 5 ½ lb Beff 0 1 3¼ 7 ½ lb Goat Given to the Sick Blacks 0 3 0¼ £ 26 10 3¼ We Examined the Honble Company's Cash for the Month of Jan.ry last, and found the same, as follows, viz.t	The sundries expended in the castle in January 1747 ran as follows: 26 bottles of port wine, £1 18s 6d 38 bottles of Lisbon wine, £2 15s 9.5d 31 bottles of Madeira wine, £3 3s 11.5d 22.5 gallons of arrack, £2 16s 6.5d 18 bottles of strong beer, £0 10s 6d 38 bottles of ale, £0 10s 6d 22 lb of sugar, £0 4s 7d 15.5 lb of candy, £0 13s 3.5d 299 lb of flour, £1 17s 4.5d 47.5 lb of butter, £2 7s 9d 2 pieces of salt beef, £0 6s 10.5d 3 pieces of salt pork, £0 6s 9.5d 61 lb of mutton, £1 5s 5d 93.75 lb of fresh beef, £1 3s 3.5d 78 lb of pork, £1 19s 0d 8 turkeys, £2 0s 0d 24 fowls, £1 16s 0d 12 ducks, £0 18s 0d 5 chickens, £0 5s 0d Total, £26 3s 11.5d 5 lb of beef given to the sick slaves, £0 1s 3.5d 7.5 lb of goat given to the sick slaves, £0 3s 0.5d Total, £26 10s 3.5d The board examined the Honourable Company's cash for the previous month of January and found it as follows. Interpretations The steward's account of the general table shows how the castle household was provisioned in a month when fresh meat was scarce. Wine and spirits carried the heaviest cost, port, Lisbon, Madeira and arrack together making up the largest part of the total, all of it imported and drawn from the store. Fresh beef appears only in small quantity at 93.75 lb, the herd having gone to the market and the store ship rather than the table, so poultry and mutton carried much of the fresh provision instead. Salt beef and salt pork stood by as the keeping meat. The two closing lines set apart a small ration of fresh beef and goat for the sick slaves, entered separately from the table account and charged at cost. Feeding fresh meat to slaves who were ill, when the establishment itself was living largely on poultry and salt provision, marks a deliberate allowance for the sick rather than any general ration, the Company meeting the direct upkeep of its own labour force even in a lean month.
284	294	17.th February Cash Dr 1746 Jan.ry 1 To Ballance remaining £ 2728 18 11¼ 29 To Sundrys sold at Auction viz.t Deals for 3 peices Teak plank £ 8 2 0 Matts 5 Damaged 2 3 Pallampors 2 1 4 11 9 0 31 To Lycences received for Eleven Publick houses at £ 1 10 ea for the Quarter Ending the 24.th March next 16 10 0 £ 2756 17 11¼	The cash account for January opened on the debtor side. 1 January, to balance remaining, £2,728 18s 11.5d 29 January, to sundries sold at auction: Deals for 5 pieces of teak plank, £8 2s 0d 5 hats damaged, £2 3s 0d 2 palempores, £1 0s 0d Total for the sundries, £11 9s 0d 31 January, to licences received for eleven public houses at £1 10s each, for the quarter ending 25 March next, £16 10s 0d Total, £2,756 17s 11.5d Interpretations This is the debtor side of the monthly treasury cash account for January, opening on the £2,728 18s 11.5d carried down as the closing balance of the December quarter. The month brought in only two fresh receipts, the small auction of condemned stores sold on 29 January and the quarter's public-house licence money. The auction lines match the sale entered in the consultation of 3 February, the damaged teak, hats and palempores turned to cash, though the totals struck for the sale differ between the two records and stand as written. The licence revenue was the quarterly fee levied on the island's alehouses and punch-houses, eleven of them paying £1 10s each for the quarter to 25 March, a fixed source of income and at the same time the instrument by which the council controlled the retail of spirits. Licensing the trade rather than banning it let the board draw a steady revenue while holding the number of houses and the terms of sale in its own hands, the same regulatory power that ran through the licensing disputes of the preceding year.
285	295	1746 Per Contra Cr 1746 Jan.ry 24.th By Garrison paid Joseph Long for Comming Express with an account of a Ship to Windward 0 5 0 31.st By Cash remaining in the following Species viz.t 1 p.o Gold w.t 11 15 14 a £ 3 18 3 46 18 0 1 p.o D.o 3 9 12 a 3 18 13 11 0 1476 Pagodas a 8 590 8 0 10 Venitians 10 5 0 0 9 Gubbers 6 2 2 0 2 St Thomas 6 0 Gold amounting to 637 8 9 5751 Dollars a 5 1437 15 0 98 half d.o 2/6 12 6 0 197 double rials 1/3 12 6 3 3932 half d.o 3¾ 61 8 9 441 French p.s 3/9 3 13 6 292 Rupees 2/2 32 17 0 Money not Current 19 6 Odd Money 4 2½ Silver Amounting to 1361 9 2¾ 146 Cash Notes a 40/ 292 0 0 101 D.o 20/ 101 0 0 259 D.o 5/ 64 15 0 160 D.o 2/6 20 0 0 Cash Notes Amounting to 539 15 0 £ 2756 17 11¼ David Dunbar Cha Hutchinson John Goodwin	The credit side of the cash account for January stood as follows: By Garrison: paid Joseph Long for coming express with an account of a ship to windward, £0 5s 0d. The cash remaining ran in the following coin: 1 piece of gold weighing 11dwt 14gr at £3 18s 3d, £46 1s 8d 1 piece of gold weighing 3oz 9dwt 12gr at £3 18s, £13 11s 6d 1,470 pagodas at 8s, £590 8s 0d 10 Venetians at 10s, £5 0s 0d 9 gubbers at 6s, £2 2s 0d 2 St Thomas, £0 12s 6d Total gold, £637 8s 9d 3,751 dollars at 6s, £1,137 15s 0d 98 half dollars at 3s, £12 6s 0d 197 double rials at 1s 3d, £12 6s 3d 3,932 half rials at 3.75d, £61 8s 9d 441 French pieces at 2s, £3 13s 6d 292 rupees at 2s 2d, £32 17s 0d Money not current, £19 6s 2d Odd money, £4 2s 0d Total silver, £1,361 9s 2.25d 146 cash notes at 40s, £292 0s 0d 101 cash notes at 20s, £101 0s 0d 239 cash notes at 5s, £64 15s 0d 160 cash notes at 2s 6d, £20 0s 0d Total cash notes, £537 15s 0d Total, £2,756 17s 11.5d The account was subscribed by David Dunbar, Charles Hutchinson and John Goodwin. Interpretations This closes the monthly treasury count for January, its total of £2,756 17s 11.5d matching the debtor side of the previous working. The single payment out was five shillings to Joseph Long for riding express with word of a sail to windward, the standard reward for the men who carried the alarm to the castle when a ship was sighted, the same express fee that recurs through the accounts. The rest of the page is the coin-by-coin inventory of what remained in the chest. The count shows again how little of the island's money was English. Two pieces of gold are entered by their exact weight in pennyweights and grains rather than by tale, gold passing by weight where its coinage was unfamiliar, while the bulk of the specie was Spanish dollars and their fractions, Coromandel pagodas and Bombay rupees, with small quantities of Venetian and Dutch gold and Portuguese St Thomas coin. A separate line for money not current set apart coin too worn or doubtful to pass at face. The £537 15s 0d in cash notes, the Company's own paper, is here broken down by denomination for the first time, from the forty-shilling note down to the half-crown, showing the range of paper the treasury issued to stand in for coin it did not hold.
286	296	3.d March. At a Consultation holden Tuesday the 3.d day of March 1746 at the Castle. Present Colonel David Dunbar Gov.r Cap.t Charles Hutchinson S.d Gov.r John Goodwin 3 Matthew Owling 4.th of Council Robert Wright 5.th The last Consultation was read and Approved. Fryday 20.th February Passed by a Snow under English Colour. Sunday 22.th Four Blacks, belonging to the Honble Company, named Sultane, and Nero, from Bencoolen, and Ben, and Essex from Madagascar with one Black, belonging to M.r Matthew Owling and one belonging to M.r James Powell, went off in a Small Fishing Yawl, from Sandy Bay, in the Night, with a very Small Quantity of Provision, so that in all probability they are Perished; Whereupon, We Ordered the Honble Company's Black to be wrote off their Books Monday 23.d Died, Elizabeth (Daughter of M.r Matthew Owling) an Infant. The Storekeeper laid before us his day Books for the Week past. M.r Giles Smith delivered the following Petition viz.t To the Worshipfull David Dunbar Esq.r Governour &c.a Council of Saint Helena. The humble petition of Giles Smith, planter. Sheweth, That your Petitioner holds Eleven Acres of Land, in	The council met at the castle on Tuesday 3 March 1747. Present were Governor David Dunbar, Captain Charles Hutchinson the Lieutenant Governor, John Goodwin, Matthew Purling and Robert Wright of council. The previous consultation was read and approved. On Friday 20 February a snow passed the island under English colours. On Sunday 22 February four slaves belonging to the Honourable Company, named Sultane and Nero from Bencoolen and Ben and Essex from Madagascar, together with one slave belonging to Matthew Purling and one belonging to James Powell, went off in the night in a small fishing yacht from Sandy Bay with a very small quantity of provision, so that in all probability they had perished. The board ordered the Company's slaves struck off its books. On Monday 23 February Elizabeth, infant daughter of Matthew Purling, died. The storekeeper laid before the board the day books for the previous week. Giles Smith delivered a petition to Governor Dunbar and the council. He set out that he held eleven acres of land in Lemon Valley. Interpretations The four Company slaves who took the fishing yacht from Sandy Bay were valued stock as much as men in the record's own terms, since the board's response was to strike them off its books as a loss, the same treatment a dead beast received. Their flight in a small boat with almost no provision was near certain death on the open Atlantic, the island lying many hundreds of miles from any land, which is why the board reckoned them perished rather than escaped. Sandy Bay was a windward shore where the sea ran directly onshore, the most dangerous quarter of the coast to put out from, which measures the desperation behind the attempt. That the runaways were drawn from Bencoolen and Madagascar alike, and joined by slaves of two separate private owners, points to the mixed origins of the island's slave population, gathered from the Company's settlements in the East and from the Madagascar trade, and to the readiness of men held across different households to act together.
287	297	1746 Lemon Valley, by two Severall Leases from the Honble Company; one of Which Leases is either lost, or Mislaid. That Both the said Leases are near Expired, & the Lands therein granted Lye Contiguous. Your Petitioner therefore humbly prays, that he may be permitted to Surrender up his time in the above Leases, and that you would be pleased to Grant him a new Lease for the same, including Both Parcells in one Lease. St Helena, And your Petitioner in duty bound, 3.d March, 1746. Shall ever pray, &c.a Granted. (Sign'd) Giles Smith David Dunbar Cha.s Hutchinson	Smith held the eleven acres in Lemon Valley under two separate leases from the Company, one of which was either lost or mislaid. Both leases were near expiry, and the two parcels lay next to each other. He asked leave to surrender his interest in both and to be granted a single new lease covering the whole. The petition was signed by Giles Smith at St Helena on 3 March 1747. The board granted it, and the entry was subscribed by David Dunbar and Charles Hutchinson. Interpretations Consolidating two adjoining parcels into one lease was a matter of tidying the record as much as of convenience to the tenant. Where one of the two original leases had gone missing, a fresh single instrument settled the terms and the boundaries beyond dispute and secured the Company's rent on the whole, the boundary marks and covenants being restated afresh. Surrendering the unexpired remainder and taking a new grant was the standard way such a change was made, since the Company let its ground only on its own terms and a tenant could not merge or alter holdings by private act but only by petition to the board.
288	298	Blank page
289	299	Island St Helena A Diary of the Proceedings of Charles Hutchinson Esq.r Governour. 1746 Fryday March 13.th This day arrived the Honble Company's Snow the Swift Captain Bell Commander from England with a new Commission which was Publiched in the usual form. After reading the General Letter that came by the said Snow I showed Governour Dunbar and the Gentlemen of the Council the Honble Company's Orders relating to them. It having been agreed to erect a new Battery and repair the old One at Sandy Bay and to make Breast Works and other defences for the Security of the Island It was recommended to the Inhabitants to Afsist in forwarding these Works who came to the following Resolution Viz.t Island St Helena. At a meeting of the Inhabitants of this Island Convened by Order of Council and held this 11.th Day of March 1746. It is resolved that each Inhabitant Afsist in Labour one third of the Number of his Serviceable Men Black which Amounts to about Seventy hands each Day towards the Fortifying the Island to be sent to Work at Sandy Bay to Continue Eight Weeks on Monday next under the Direction of the proper Overseer appointed by the Inhabitants. It is further resolved that every one that shall make Default in not sending his Black according to the above resolution shall pay five Shillings for each Days Default to go towards the Fortifycations unlefs	A diary of the proceedings of Charles Hutchinson, Governor. On Friday 13 March 1747 the Honourable Company's snow the Swift, Captain Ball commander, arrived from England with a new commission, which was published in the usual form. After reading the general letter that came by the Swift, Captain Ball showed Governor Dunbar and the council the Honourable Company's orders relating to them. The board had agreed to build a new battery and repair the old one at Sandy Bay, and to make breastworks and other defences for the security of the island. The inhabitants were called on to help forward these works, and came to the following resolution. At a meeting of the island's inhabitants convened by order of council and held on 11 March 1747, it was resolved that each inhabitant should send in labour, one third of his serviceable slaves, which came to about seventy hands a day, towards fortifying the island. These were to be sent to work at Sandy Bay, to begin the following Monday and continue eight weeks, under the direction of the overseer appointed by the inhabitants. It was further resolved that anyone who failed to send in his slaves under this resolution should pay five shillings for each day's default, the money to go towards the fortifications. Interpretations The new commission carried by the Swift marks the change of government from David Dunbar to Charles Hutchinson, whose diary opens here and who as Lieutenant Governor had been Dunbar's deputy and frequent adversary through the preceding years. That the general letter was read to Dunbar and the sitting council before the commission took full effect shows the orderly handover the Company required, the outgoing Governor shown the orders relating to his own supersession. The inhabitants' resolution is a striking instance of how the island's defence rested on privately owned slave labour rather than on the Company's own hands. Each planter was assessed a third of his serviceable slaves, some seventy men in all, for eight weeks' work on the Sandy Bay batteries, with a five-shilling daily fine on any who failed to send his quota. The whole burden of the works fell on the slaveholders in proportion to their holdings, the fine giving the assessment teeth, so that the labour of building the island's fortifications was raised as a kind of tax in kind on the inhabitants' human property, directed by an overseer the inhabitants themselves appointed rather than by a Company officer.
290	300	unlefs in Case of Sickness or the Blacks running way and then the time to be made up in Work afterwards. (Sign'd) John Bagley Jos. Worrall Churchwardens Ordered all Accounts to be made up and brought in as soon as possible. Saturday Mar 14.th Publiched the following Advertizement Viz.t Island St Helena 14.th March 1746 This is to give Notice That all Persons that have any Demands on Edward Johnson Esq.r deceased Isaac Pyke Esq.r deceased Don Juan De Mesoay Appunto dec.d or either of them, are required to bring an Accompt of the same into the Secretary's Office on or before the 24.th Instant Made out the Instructions and appointed the Flying Partys for the East and West Divisions Sunday Mar 15.th Sailed the Swift Snow on her Voyage. The Flag being hoisted as usual the Staff was blown down by a sudden gust of Wind, It snapt near the Heel where it was found to be decayed and by the fall it was broke into several Peices Monday Mar 16.th Appointed the Quarters for the Black Men on Double Alarms at the several Guards on the Island. Ordered another Flag Staff to be made out of an old Teak Top Mast which was unfit for any other use as appears from the following report from the Carpenters viz.t March 16.th 1747 Sir I have according to your Order Surveyed the Teak Top Mast	The fine was excused only in case of sickness or a slave's running away, and in that event the lost time was to be made up in work afterwards. The resolution was signed by the churchwardens John Bagley and Joseph Worrall by order of the inhabitants. The board ordered all accounts to be made up and brought in as soon as possible. On Saturday 14 March the board published the following advertisement, dated at St Helena 14 March 1747. It gave notice that all persons having any demands on the estates of Edward Johnson deceased, Isaac Pyke deceased and Don Juan de Mosay, agent, deceased, or on any of them, were required to bring an account of the same into the secretary's office on or before 21 March. The board made out the instructions and appointed the flying parties for the eastern and western divisions. On Sunday 15 March the Swift snow sailed on her voyage. The flag was hoisted as usual, but the staff was blown down by a sudden gust of wind. It snapped near the heel, where it was found to be decayed, and the fall broke it into several pieces. On Monday 16 March the board appointed the quarters for the slaves on double alarms at the several guards on the island. The board ordered another flagstaff to be made out of an old teak topmast, which was unfit for any other use, as appeared from a report of the carpenter dated 16 March 1747. The carpenter reported that, following the board's order, he had surveyed the old teak topmast. Interpretations Appointing the slaves' quarters on double alarms was part of the same war footing as the Sandy Bay works, the island's whole defensive scheme resting on distributing both the free inhabitants and their slaves among the guards and flying parties when more than one enemy sail appeared. A double alarm signalled a graver threat than a single strange ship, and the standing arrangement fixed beforehand where each body of men was to go, so that the scattered posts could be manned at once without confusion. The advertisement calling in claims on the three deceased estates, among them that of the former Governor Isaac Pyke, was the standard first step in winding up an estate under the island's administration. Requiring all demands to be lodged at the secretary's office by a fixed day let the executors marshal the debts and settle the estate in an orderly way, the same procedure of public notice and a claims deadline that ran through every estate the council administered.
291	301	and find it will hold sound fifty five feet in Length and be proper for a Flagstaff, and being shaken and rent with the Sun in severall places it is not fit for any Ship to carry for Mast or Yard and hath been refused by the Ships Hardwick and Linden (Sign'd) Henry Moyce. Ordered a Butt to be made and a Target to be fixed in Ruperts Valley for Exercizing the Men of the Artillery Company few of them having Practiced Exercing of this sort Gave the necessary Orders for Buelding the new Battery and repairing the old one at Sandy Bay. Tuesday Mar 17.th The Plantation, Stewards and Gunners Accounts, as also the Cash Accounts for the Month of February last were brought in and are as follows viz.t Gunners Stores Expended in February 1746/7 Guns Fired, lb 4, lb 2, lb 1, Powder Expended the 4.th Alarm: Guns Fired 6, lb 4 4, lb 2 2, Powder Expended 13 the 20 Alarm for a Ship that went by: Guns Fired 6, lb 4 4, lb 2 2, Powder Expended 13 Powder for killing the Goats: Powder Expended 6 Powder to Dubbers: Powder Expended 3 2 Powder for the Funeral of Thomas Forrester: Powder Expended 2 4 Powder to Ashingstall: Powder Expended 6 Powder for Exercizing the Recruils: Powder Expended 2 8 Powder at Mundens Point for Signals: Powder Expended 4 Total: Guns Fired 12, lb 4 8, lb 2 4, Powder Expended 34 14 Copper Nails for Nailing of Ladles 146 Spunge Staves for pofing of Ladles 8 Tallow Delivered to the Portobello Cap.t Hook 30 Spunge Staves del. to the Portobello Cap.t Hook 2 Paper for making of Great Gun Cartridges 20 D.o Coper del. to the Cordwainer p Order of Governour 1 D.o Copper Bricks del. to Legent p Order of Gov.r 1 D.o Tallow del. for the use of the Cart in the Wood 3 D.o (Sign'd) Jn. French	The carpenter found the old teak topmast would hold sound fifty-five feet in length and would serve for a flagstaff, but being shaken and split with the sun in several places it was not fit for any ship to carry as a mast or yard, and had already been refused by the ships Hardwick and London. The report was signed by Henry Moyce. The board ordered a butt to be made and a target to be fixed in Rupert's Valley for exercising the men of the artillery company, few of whom had practised firing of this sort. The board gave the necessary orders for building the new battery and repairing the old one at Sandy Bay. On Tuesday 17 March the plantation, steward's and gunner's accounts, together with the cash account for the previous month of February, were brought in and ran as follows. The gunner's stores expended in February 1747 stood under the columns of guns fired, quarters, pounds and ounces of powder, the heading row being partly obscured and the identities carried down from the earlier returns of the same series. 6 February, alarm, 6 guns fired, 1qr 2lb 13oz powder 20 February, alarm for a ship that went by, 6 guns fired, 1qr 2lb 13oz powder Powder for killing the goats, 0 guns fired, 6lb powder Powder to priming, 0 guns fired, 3lb 2oz powder Powder for the funeral of Thomas Forrester, 0 guns fired, 2lb 4oz powder Powder to Artingstall, 0 guns fired, 6oz powder Powder for exercising the French, 0 guns fired, 2lb 8oz powder Powder at Munden's Point for signals, 0 guns fired, 4oz powder Total, 12 guns fired, 8qr 4lb 34oz powder Besides the powder and shot, the following stores were expended: Copper nails for nailing of ladles, 96 Sponge staves for fixing of ladles, 8 Tallow delivered to the Portobello, Captain Flock, 30 lb Sponge staves delivered to the Portobello, Captain Flock, 2 Paper for making of great gun cartridges, 20 quire Copper delivered to the ship Portobello by order of the Governor, 1 quire Copper bricks delivered to Legent by order of the Governor, 1 Tallow delivered for the use of the cart in the wood, 3 lb The account was subscribed by John French. Interpretations The month's firing was almost wholly defensive, the two alarms of 6 and 20 February answered in the standard way with six guns apiece to bring a strange sail to. The rest of the powder went to small charges about the works: to killing goats, to the funeral of the soldier Thomas Forrester who had died on 10 February, and to exercising the men. Powder for exercising the French points to French recruits or gunners among the artillery company being trained at the newly fixed target in Rupert's Valley, part of the same push to bring the gun crews to practice noted in the diary. A ladle was the long-handled scoop used to load loose powder into a gun, tipped with a copper pan riveted on with copper nails, copper being used near powder because it would not spark. Tallow was the standard grease for the guns and their tackle and for the cart hauling timber in the wood. Several column figures and the struck totals do not reconcile, and they stand as written.
292	302	Account of the Honble Company's Stock of Neat Cattle &c for the Month of February 1746 Viz.t Bulls, Cows, Calves, Yearlings, Heifers, Steers, Bullocks, Oxen, Total, Ewes, Weather, Lambs, Rams, Total, Ewes, Weather, Shoats, Rams, Total, Sows, Barrows, Shoats, Piggs, Boars, Total, Turkeys, Fowls, Chickens, Ducks, Geese, Horses, Mares, Total Remaining 1.st: Bulls 4, Cows 124, Calves 132, Yearlings 31, Heifers 39, Steers 30, Bullocks 6, Oxen 16, Total 382, Ewes 104, Weather 14, Lambs 119, Rams 7, Total 244, Ewes 142, Weather 7, Shoats 182, Rams 5, Total 336, Sows 18, Barrows 39, Shoats 28, Piggs 77, Boars 1, Total 163, Turkeys 215, Fowls 216, Chickens 242, Ducks 97, Geese 11, Horses 11, Mares 9, Total 20 Encreased: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 8, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Bullocks 0, Oxen 0, Total 8, Ewes 0, Weather 0, Lambs 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Ewes 0, Weather 0, Shoats 7, Rams 0, Total 7, Sows 0, Barrows 0, Shoats 0, Piggs 17, Boars 0, Total 17, Turkeys 0, Fowls 0, Chickens 35, Ducks 0, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0 Bulls 4, Cows 124, Calves 140, Yearlings 31, Heifers 39, Steers 30, Bullocks 6, Oxen 16, Total 390, Ewes 104, Weather 14, Lambs 119, Rams 7, Total 244, Ewes 142, Weather 7, Shoats 189, Rams 5, Total 343, Sows 18, Barrows 39, Shoats 28, Piggs 94, Boars 1, Total 180, Turkeys 215, Fowls 216, Chickens 277, Ducks 97, Geese 11, Horses 11, Mares 9, Total 20 Killed: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 0, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 4, Bullocks 0, Oxen 0, Total 4, Ewes 2, Weather 0, Lambs 0, Rams 0, Total 2, Ewes 4, Weather 2, Shoats 0, Rams 0, Total 6, Sows 3, Barrows 5, Shoats 0, Piggs 0, Boars 0, Total 8, Turkeys 5, Fowls 17, Chickens 8, Ducks 9, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0 Dyed: Bulls 0, Cows 2, Calves 1, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Bullocks 0, Oxen 0, Total 3, Ewes 0, Weather 0, Lambs 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Ewes 2, Weather 1, Shoats 0, Rams 0, Total 3, Sows 0, Barrows 3, Shoats 0, Piggs 0, Boars 0, Total 6, Turkeys 0, Fowls 9, Chickens 15, Ducks 38, Geese 27, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0 Remaining 28.th: Bulls 4, Cows 122, Calves 139, Yearlings 31, Heifers 39, Steers 26, Bullocks 6, Oxen 16, Total 383, Ewes 102, Weather 14, Lambs 119, Rams 7, Total 242, Ewes 136, Weather 4, Shoats 189, Rams 5, Total 334, Sows 15, Barrows 31, Shoats 28, Piggs 88, Boars 1, Total 163, Turkeys 105, Fowls 161, Chickens 242, Ducks 88, Geese 11, Horses 11, Mares 9, Total 20 8 Hoggs sent to Market w.t 385 lb 3 ½ Beasts to D.o 761 lb 6 Goats to D.o 91 10 ½ Sheep to D.o 55 95 Beef to the Portobello Sloop 4 Blacks run away Viz.t Sultan, Nero, Ben, and Essex Yams Expended 56000 lb	The account of the Honourable Company's stock of neat cattle and the like for the previous month of February 1747 ran under the headings of neat cattle (bulls, cows, calves, yearlings, heifers, steers, bullocks, oxen and total), sheep (ewes, wethers, lambs, rams and total), goats (ewes, wethers, shoats, rams and total), hogs (sows, barrows, shoats, pigs, boars and total), poultry (turkeys, fowls, chickens, ducks, geese and total) and horses (horses, mares and total). Remaining 1 February: neat cattle 4 bulls, 124 cows, 132 calves, 31 yearlings, 39 heifers, 30 steers, 6 bullocks, 16 oxen, 382 total; sheep 104 ewes, 14 wethers, 119 lambs, 7 rams, 244 total; goats 142 ewes, 7 wethers, 182 shoats, 5 rams, 336 total; hogs 18 sows, 39 barrows, 28 shoats, 77 pigs, 1 boar, 163 total; poultry 215 turkeys, 216 fowls, 242 chickens, 97 ducks, 11 geese; horses 11 horses, 9 mares, 20 total Increased: neat cattle 8 calves, 8 total; goats 7 shoats, 7 total; hogs 17 pigs, 17 total; poultry 35 chickens Carried down: neat cattle 4 bulls, 124 cows, 140 calves, 31 yearlings, 39 heifers, 30 steers, 6 bullocks, 16 oxen, 390 total; sheep 104 ewes, 14 wethers, 119 lambs, 7 rams, 244 total; goats 142 ewes, 7 wethers, 189 shoats, 5 rams, 343 total; hogs 18 sows, 39 barrows, 28 shoats, 94 pigs, 1 boar, 180 total; poultry 215 turkeys, 216 fowls, 277 chickens, 97 ducks, 11 geese; horses 11 horses, 9 mares, 20 total Killed: neat cattle 4 steers, 4 total; sheep 2 ewes, 2 [...], 4 total; goats 6 shoats, 3 [...], 5 [...]; poultry 8 fowls, 5 chickens, 17 ducks, 8 geese, 9 [...] Died: neat cattle 2 cows, 1 calf, 3 total; goats 2 ewes, 1 [...], 3 [...]; hogs 3 [...], 3 [...], 6 [...]; poultry 9 fowls, 15 chickens, 38 ducks, 27 geese Remaining 28 February: neat cattle 4 bulls, 122 cows, 139 calves, 31 yearlings, 39 heifers, 26 steers, 6 bullocks, 16 oxen, 383 total; sheep 102 ewes, 14 wethers, 119 lambs, 7 rams, 242 total; goats 136 ewes, 4 wethers, 189 shoats, 5 rams, 334 total; hogs 15 sows, 31 barrows, 28 shoats, 88 pigs, 1 boar, 163 total; poultry 105 turkeys, 161 fowls, 242 chickens, 88 ducks, 11 geese; horses 11 horses, 9 mares, 20 total Besides the stock, 8 hogs were sent to the market weighing 385 lb, 3.5 beasts to the market weighing 761 lb, 6 goats to the market weighing 91 lb, 10.5 sheep to the market weighing 55 lb, and 95 lb of beef to the Portobello sloop. Four slaves ran away, named Sultan, Nero, Ben and Essex. Yams expended, 56,000 lb. Interpretations The herd held almost exactly level across the month, closing at 383 neat cattle against 382 at the start, the calving of eight balancing the beasts sent to the market and the store ship. The pattern of the winter continued unbroken: beasts, hogs, goats and sheep drawn down to supply the market and provision an outbound ship, the Portobello victualled with 95 lb of beef on her sailing for England, and 56,000 lb of yams expended to carry the garrison from the plantations, the figure steady at the level it had held since the autumn. The four runaway slaves are entered here among the stock losses under the same heading as beasts killed or dead, the flight of 22 February set down as a reduction of the Company's holdings, which is the plainest measure of how the record classed slaves as property. Several of the internal class figures do not sum cleanly to the struck totals, particularly across the poultry and goat rows, and they are taken as written.
293	303	Sundrys Expended in the Castle in February 1746 33 Bottles Port Wine 2 8 3½ 32 D.o Lisbon 2 6 10 27 D.o Madera 2 13 5¾ 24 Gallons Arrack 3 1 0 30 Bottles Strong Beer 24 D.o Small 0 12 0 45 ½ Sugar Candy 0 13 3¾ 34 D.o Sugar 0 7 1 261 D.o Flower 1 12 7½ 43 ½ Butter 2 3 9 46 ¾ fresh Pork 1 3 1½ 1 D.o Salt Pork 0 1 10½ 5 Turkeys 1 5 0 17 Fowls 1 5 6 9 Ducks 0 13 4 8 Chickens 0 8 0 218 ½ Beef fresh 2 14 7½ 89 Mutton 2 17 1 25 9 3½ 10 ½ Goat, given to the Sick Blacks 0 8 1½ £ 25 17 5	The sundries expended in the castle in February 1747 ran as follows: 33 bottles of port wine, £2 8s 3.5d 32 bottles of Lisbon wine, £2 6s 10d 27 bottles of Madeira wine, £2 13s 5.75d 24 gallons of arrack, £3 1s 0d 30 bottles of strong beer, £0 12s 0d 24 bottles of small beer, £0 12s 0d 45.5 lb of sugar candy, £0 13s 3.75d 34 lb of sugar, £0 7s 1d 261 lb of flour, £1 12s 7.5d 43.5 lb of butter, £2 3s 9d 46.75 lb of fresh pork, £1 3s 1.5d 1 piece of salt pork, £0 1s 10.5d 5 turkeys, £1 5s 0d 17 fowls, £1 5s 6d 9 ducks, £0 13s 4d 8 chickens, £0 8s 0d 218.5 lb of fresh beef, £2 14s 7.5d 89 lb of mutton, £2 17s 1d Total, £25 9s 3.5d 10.5 lb of goat given to the sick slaves, £0 8s 1.5d Total, £25 17s 5d Interpretations The steward's account of the general table for February shows fresh beef returning in fair quantity at 218.5 lb, well above the previous month, the herd yielding more to the table now the store ship had gone and the market drew less heavily. Wine and arrack again carried the largest share of the cost, the imported port, Lisbon, Madeira and spirit standing well ahead of any single meat. Mutton at 89 lb was the other substantial fresh provision, with poultry making up the balance and a single piece of salt pork the only keeping meat drawn. The closing line again set apart a small ration of fresh goat for the sick slaves, entered separately and charged at cost, the same deliberate allowance for the ill among the Company's labour force that the January account had carried, kept distinct from the household table.
294	304	Cash Dr February 1 To Balance remaining £ 2756 12 11¼ 1746/7 £ 2756 12 11¼	The cash account for February opened on the debtor side. 1 February, to balance remaining, £2,756 12s 11.5d Total, £2,756 12s 11.5d The body of the page was left blank, ruled through with a single diagonal line, no fresh receipt entered in the month, the balance carried down unchanged to close it.
295	305	1746/7 Per Contra Cr Feb.ry 5 By Garrison paid Joseph Long for coming express with an Account of a Ship to Windward 0 5 0 9 By Garden Seeds paid Cap.t Walter Hoole for so much brought from the Cape 5 0 0 11 By Portobello Sloop paid Baron Deleaf, John Christofell George Ayres Andrew Burton, Peter Steenbergh, William Swarts, Evan Jones, Phillip Killiard and Henry Carter for making Sails and other Work for the said Sloop 4 4 6 20 By Garrison paid John Cole for coming Express with an Account of a Ship to Windward 0 5 0 20 By Garrison Viz.t paid Ely Leech and John Bourke for Enlisting to serve the Company five Years to commence the 23.d Day of March next each 5 Guineas £ 10 10 0 paid John Taylor for enlisting to serve the Company five Years to commence the 12.d Do last 5 5 0 15 15 0 28 By Cash remaining in the following Specie Viz.t 5 p.o Gold 59 12 9 1413 Pagodas 565 3 0 10 Venetians 5 0 0 9 Gubbers 6 0 Gold Amounting to 632 3 9 5751 Dollars 1437 15 0 98 half Dollars 12 5 0 107 Double Rials 12 6 3 3932 half Rials 61 8 9 200 Rupees 32 12 6 441 French Peices 10 6½ Money not Current 10 6½ Odd Money 4 4½ Silver Amounting to 1561 4 8¾ 146 Cash Notes 40 292 0 0 161 D.o 20 161 0 0 259 D.o 5 64 15 0 160 D.o 2/6 20 0 0 Cash Notes Amounting to 537 15 0 2731 3 5¾ £ 2756 12 11¼ Counted and Examined the Honble Company's Cash from the 1.st to the 12.th Instant both Incl. and found the same as follows Viz.t Cash	The credit side of the cash account for February stood as follows: By Garrison: paid Joseph Long for coming express with an account of a ship to windward, £0 5s 0d. By Garden Seeds: paid Captain Walter Flock for so much brought from the Cape, £0 5s 0d. By the Portobello sloop: paid Baron Deloss, John Christopoll, George Agnes, Andrew Burton, Peter Greenbergh, William Swaits, Evan Jones, Phillip Killiard and Henry Carter for making sails and other work for the sloop, £4 4s 6d. By Garrison: paid John Cole for coming express with an account of a ship to windward, £0 5s 0d. By Garrison: paid Ely Leech and John Bourke for engaging to serve the Company five years, to commence 23 March next, five guineas, £10 10s 0d. Paid John Taylor for engaging to serve the Company five years, to commence the like day, £5 5s 0d. Total for the re-enlistments, £15 15s 0d. The cash remaining ran in the following coin: 5 pieces of gold, £59 12s 9d 1,413 pagodas, £565 3s 0d 10 Venetians, £5 0s 0d 9 gubbers, £0 6s 0d Total gold, £632 3s 9d 3,751 dollars, £1,437 15s 0d 98 half dollars, £12 5s 0d 197 double rials, £12 6s 3d 3,932 half rials, £61 8s 9d 200 rupees, £32 12s 6d 441 French pieces, £0 10s 6.5d Money not current, £0 10s 6.5d Odd money, £4 4s 0d Total silver, £1,561 4s 8.75d 146 cash notes at 40s, £292 0s 0d 161 cash notes at 20s, £161 0s 0d 250 cash notes at 5s, £61 15s 0d 160 cash notes at 2s 6d, £20 0s 0d Total cash notes, £537 15s 0d Total, £2,731 3s 5.75d Grand total, £2,756 12s 11.75d The board counted and examined the Honourable Company's cash from 1 to 12 of the month, and found it as follows. Interpretations The month's payments out were small and routine save for the re-enlistment money. Express fees of five shillings each went to Joseph Long and John Cole for carrying word of sails to windward, and Captain Flock was reimbursed for garden seeds brought from the Cape, the Company keeping up its kitchen gardens with stock fetched from the nearer refreshment station. The nine men paid £4 4s 6d for making sails and other work on the Portobello were hired hands mustered to fit the sloop for her homeward voyage. The three re-enlistments carry forward the graduated bounty scheme that had run through the whole of the Dunbar government. Ely Leech, John Bourke and John Taylor each took five guineas to serve five years more, the bounty redeemable if returned, the same terms the garrison had been re-engaged on since 1746. The coin count again shows the chest holding almost wholly foreign specie, Spanish dollars and their fractions the bulk of it with Coromandel pagodas and Bombay rupees, and the £537 15s 0d in cash notes broken down by denomination as the Company's own paper standing in for coin.
296	306	Cash Dr 1746 March 1.st To Balance Remaining £ 2731 3 5¾ D.o 3.d To Plantation Viz.t Rec.d of Roger Nevinson for Provisions Sold to the Market in the Months of January & February last 49 10 9¼ Rec.d of the Governour for 279 ½ Gall: Milk Sold in the Months of January & February last at 1.d p Gallon 13 19 6 Rec.d of D.o for 107 Tallow Candles Sold at 1.d p pound 5 7 0 68 17 3¼ To House Furniture received of the Governour for four China Bowls, he having bought Six for himself, but the Company having none was obliged to make use of them and Charged the Company £ 1 6 0 which he paid for them two of which being since broke he desired to have the remaining four paying 1 0 0 £ 2801 0 9	The cash account for March opened on the debtor side. 1 March, to balance remaining, £2,731 3s 5.75d 3 March, to Plantation: Received of Roger Nevanson for provisions sold to the market in January and February, £49 10s 9.75d Received of the Governor for 279.5 gallons of milk sold in January and February at 1s the gallon, £13 19s 6d Received of the Governor for 107 tallow candles sold at 1s the pound, £5 7s 0d Total for the plantation, £68 17s 3.75d 3 March, to House Furniture: received of the Governor for four china bowls, £1 0s 0d Total, £2,801 0s 9d The Governor had bought six china bowls for himself, but the Company having none was obliged to make use of them. He had charged the Company £1 6s 0d, which he paid for the six, and two of them having since been broken he asked to keep the remaining four and pay for them. Interpretations This is the debtor side of the March treasury count, opening on the balance carried down from February. The plantation receipts are the produce of the Company's own stock and dairy sold on, the market provisions taken through Roger Nevanson the market steward and the milk and tallow candles sold by the hand of the Governor, all of it the return on the herd and household the Company maintained. Reckoning the milk at a shilling the gallon and the candles at a shilling the pound shows the fixed island rates at which the Company's produce passed. The china bowls are a small but revealing entry. The Governor, finding the Company held no such ware, had used the six he bought for himself, then on two breaking asked to buy back the four survivors, the transaction squared through the accounts so that the Company neither gained nor lost by ware it had only borrowed. Entering so trifling a matter in full, with the reason set out, marks the exactness the Company required of its officers, every article passing between a Governor's private stock and the Company's use accounted for by name and sum rather than let slide as a perquisite.
297	307	1746 Per Contra Cr March 3.d By Charges General paid the Governour for so much paid by him to the Smiths of the Prince Edward for Work to the Pump Plough and Horse Shoes £ 1 0 0 By Diet Expences Viz.t Paid the Governour for 2 Cheeses bought by him for the Table 1 3 0 Paid D.o for so much paid by him to Marlan Cowper for Fruit omitted to be Charged the last Year 1 4 0 2 7 0 By Plantation p.d the Gov.r for so much p.d by him to Children for Gleaning 40 Buck Corn at 1.d p Day 0 15 0 12.th By Garrison p.d Sam Mills for coming express with an Account of a Ship to Windward 0 5 0 4 7 0 By Cash remaining in the following Species Viz.t 5 p.o Gold 59 12 9 1422 Pagodas (a) 8/ 568 16 0 Gold Amounting to £ 628 8 9 5754 Dollars a 5 1438 10 0 275 half D.o 2/6 34 7 6 162 Double Rials 1/3 28 17 6 864 Rials 7½ 27 0 0 4098 half D.o 3¾ 64 7½ 0 292 Rupees 2/6 32 17 0 441 French pieces 1/8 3 13 6 Money not Current 19 6½ Odd Money 4 4 Silver Amounting to £ 1630 10 0 Cash Notes Amounting to 537 15 0 2796 13 9 £ 2801 0 9	The credit side of the cash account for March stood as follows: By Charges General: paid the Governor for the amount he laid out to the smiths of the Prince Edward for work on the pump, plough and horse shoes, £1 0s 0d. By Diet Expenses: paid the Governor for two cheeses bought by him for the table, £1 3s 0d. Paid the Governor for the amount he laid out to Martin Harper for fruit, omitted to be charged the previous year, £1 4s 0d. Total for diet expenses, £2 7s 0d. By Plantation: paid the Governor for the amount he laid out to children for gleaning 40 bushels of corn at 1d the day, £0 15s 0d. On the 12th, by Garrison: paid Sam Mills for coming express with an account of a ship to windward, £0 5s 0d. Total of the payments, £4 7s 0d. The cash remaining ran in the following coin: 5 pieces of gold, £59 12s 9d 1,422 pagodas at 8s, £568 16s 0d Total gold, £628 8s 9d 5,754 dollars at 6s, £1,438 10s 0d 275 half dollars at 3s, £34 7s 6d 162 double rials at 1s 3d, £28 17s 6d 864 rials at 7.5d, £27 0s 0d 4,098 half rials at 3.75d, £64 7s 6d 292 rupees at 2s 2d, £32 17s 0d 441 French pieces at 2s, £3 13s 6d Money not current, £19 6s 6.5d Odd money, £4 4s 0d Total silver, £1,630 10s 0d Cash notes amounting to, £537 15s 0d Total, £2,796 13s 9d Grand total, £2,801 0s 9d Interpretations The month's payments out were again small and domestic, nearly all of them reimbursements to the Governor for money he had laid out on the Company's behalf. He was repaid for smith's work done by the Prince Edward's men on the pump, plough and horse shoes before the ship sailed, for two cheeses and for fruit bought for the general table, and for the pennies paid to children who gleaned forty bushels of corn from the grain harvest, with a single express fee to Sam Mills for word of a sail. That the Governor advanced such sums from his own pocket and recovered them line by line through the accounts shows how the Company's petty charges were met in the absence of ready cash in the right hands, every item entered with its occasion. The coin count shows the chest fuller than the month before, the silver risen to £1,630 10s 0d largely on a heavier holding of Spanish dollars and their fractions, with the Coromandel pagodas and Bombay rupees standing much as before and the cash notes unchanged at £537 15s 0d. The whole remained almost entirely foreign specie, the everyday measure of an island whose money came from the trade that passed it rather than from any coin of its own.
298	308	The late Governour and M.r John Goodwin delivered their Keys of the Cash Chest. Ordered the Vacant place in the Parapet Opposite the Gate leading into the Valley to be built up. Thursday Mar 19.th Began to lay the Foundation of the new Battery at Sandy Bay which is situated near the meddle of the Bcarefs, and is to Consist of Six Six Pounders. Monday Mar 23.d No Claim or Demand having been made on Edward Johnson Esq.r Isaac Pyke Esq.r Don Juan De Mesay Appunto or Humans Nicholls deceased Pursuant to the Advertizement Publiched the 14.th Instant Ordered these several Debts to be wrote off the Honble Company's Books here to Account Currant London as Likewise the Debt of M.r Jake Cnespe by Account Currant London Tuesday Mar 24.th Publiched the following Advertizement for the Debtors of Gov.r Goodwin dec.d to come in and pay their several Outstanding Debts due to that Estate Viz.t Island St Helena 24.th March 1746. Whereas the Honble East India Company of England have by their Letter Dated 23.d Day of December last Ordered all and Singular the Outstanding Debts due to the Estate of the late Gov.r Goodwin to be Called in This is therefore to give Notice That all Persons so Indebted are required forthwith to pay the same to Charles Hutchinson Esq.r Governour of this Island. The Work in Bankss Mount being much too Shallow to allow of the Recoyle of the Guns without Striking against the Rock and thereby Damaging the Carriages of this Day Employed a Stonecleaster to Blow and Clear away the said Rock The Honble Companys Stone Blaster being Constantly at Work in getting of Limestone for the Fortifycations. Began to take an Inventory of the Household Furniture Plate &c Governour	The late Governor and John Goodwin delivered their keys of the castle chest. The board ordered the vacant place in the parapet opposite the gate leading into the valley to be built up. On Thursday 19 March the board began to lay the foundation of the new battery at Sandy Bay, which stood near the middle of the beach and was to carry six six-pounders. On Monday 23 March no claim or demand having been made on the estates of Edward Johnson deceased, Isaac Pyke deceased, Don Juan de Mosay agent, or Humans Nicholls deceased, following the advertisement published on 14 of the month, the board ordered the several debts written off the Honourable Company's books to the account current at London, together with the debt of Duke Crisp by the same account current at London. On Tuesday 24 March the board published the following advertisement for the debtors of Governor Goodwin, requiring them to come in and pay their several outstanding debts due to that estate, dated at St Helena 24 March 1747. It gave notice that the Honourable East India Company of England had by their letter of 23 December ordered all the outstanding debts due to the estate of the late Governor Goodwin to be called in, and that all persons so indebted were required forthwith to pay them to Charles Hutchinson, Governor of the island. The work on Banks's Mount being much too shallow to let the guns recoil without striking against the rock and so damaging the carriages, the board this day employed a stone blaster to blow and clear away the fixed rock, the Honourable Company's stone blaster being constantly at work getting limestone for the fortifications. The board began to take an inventory of the household furniture, plate and the like. Interpretations The delivery of the keys of the castle chest by the outgoing Governor and by John Goodwin completed the formal transfer of the Company's cash into the new government's hands, the treasury being the heart of the administration and its charge passing under lock rather than by mere word. Building up the parapet opposite the valley gate and laying the Sandy Bay battery of six six-pounders carried on the war works pressed since the Swift brought word of the fresh commission, the whole coast being put in a posture of defence. Writing off the debts owed to the several deceased estates once the claims period had run, charging them to the Company's account current at London, was the mechanism by which uncollectable island debts were cleared from the books and carried home to be reckoned against the Company's general account, rather than left standing as dead entries. The advertisement calling in the debts owed to the late Governor Goodwin's estate shows the reverse side of the same administration: sums due to an estate were pursued by public notice and a demand to pay the sitting Governor, on the Company's own order of 23 December, so that the estate could be settled and its assets recovered for whoever stood entitled.
299	309	Governour Dunbar paid into the Honourable Company's Cash here the Sum of Seven hundred and thirty pounds for which I have given a Sett of Bills on the Honble the Court of Directors dated this Day payable to himself or Order Ninety Days after Sight. Saturday Mar 28.th The last of the Seven Six Pounders for the Fortifications at Sandy Bay with their Carriages, were safely Landed there by the Long Boat Several Persons Petitioning for Lycences to retail Liquors for the Insuing Year I Granted them upon their paying after the rate of Six pounds p Annum quarterly when they had Liquor to sell Finished taking the Inventory of the Household Furniture &c at the Castle and Plantation House which is as follows Viz.t House Furniture remaining Viz.t 1 Feather Bed 2 Blankets 1 Bedstead and 1 Pallampore 2 Beds 1 Blanket 1 Bolder and Bedstead 1 Bed 1 Pillow and Bolster 1 Bass Couch 2 Elbow Chairs 90 Chairs seated 1 large Table 1 Small D.o 18 Table Forks 1 Lacquerd Stand 1 Mahogany reading Stand 1 large Looking Glass with Walnut Tree Frame 2 Hanging Glasses 1 Gilt Frame D.o 4 Chimney Glass 1 Gilt Frame D.o 4 Glass Walnut Tree Frame 2 Glass Shades and Stands 1 Parcell Jelly Glasses	Governor Dunbar paid into the Honourable Company's cash the sum of seven hundred and twenty pounds, for which he took a set of bills on the Court of Directors dated this day, payable to himself or order ninety days after sight. On Saturday 28 March the last of the seven six-pounders for the fortifications at Sandy Bay, with their carriages, were safely landed there by the long boat. Several persons petitioning for licences to retail liquor for the coming year, the board granted them on their paying at the rate of six pounds a year, quarterly, when they had liquor to sell. The board finished taking the inventory of the household furniture and the like at the castle and Plantation House, which ran as follows. The house furniture remaining: 1 feather bed, 2 blankets, 1 bedstead and 1 palempore 2 beds, 1 blanket, 1 bolster and bedstead 1 bed, 1 pillow and bolster 1 base couch 2 elbow chairs 90 chair bottoms 1 large table 1 small table 18 tables of sorts 1 lacquered stand 1 mahogany reading stand 1 large looking glass with walnut tree frame 2 hanging glasses 1 gilt frame 4 chimney glass 1 gilt frame 1 glass walnut tree frame 2 glass shades and stands 1 parcel of jelly glasses Interpretations Governor Dunbar's payment of £720 into the Company's cash against a set of bills on the Court was the standard way an officer remitted his accumulated savings home. Rather than risk carrying coin on the voyage, he paid the money into the island treasury and took bills of exchange payable in London ninety days after sight, the Company in effect banking his funds at St Helena and repaying them in England, the ninety-day term being the usual allowance for the bills to reach the Court and be honoured. Granting the liquor licences at £6 a year payable quarterly, and only when the holder had liquor to sell, shows the flexible footing of the retail trade, the fee falling due by the quarter and abating when a house had nothing to vend. Licensing rather than forbidding the trade gave the council both a revenue and a control over who might sell spirits and on what terms. The inventory itself, begun on the change of government, was the means by which the Company kept account of its own moveable property as one Governor succeeded another, every article of furniture at the castle and Plantation House entered by name so that nothing could pass unrecorded between the outgoing and incoming households. A palempore was a painted or printed cotton bed-cover from the Coromandel coast, here serving as bedding in the Company's own quarters.
300	310	1 Glass Branch for Candles 1 Spying Glass 2 Consort Lights 2 Old Clocks 1 Wainscott Chest 1 Beaureau and Book Case 3 Firr Chests 1 Large Dial 1 Iron Chest 1 Wainscott Scritoir 1 D.o Pestell 1 D.o Scales Ballance and Weights 2 Measuring Chains 2 China Sconces 5 D.o Meat Dishes 14 Plates 1 Theodolite broke 2 old Jacks 3 Gridirons 1 Iron Mortar and Pestle 4 Tureen 2 Fish Kettles 1 Saucepans 2 Callenders and 2 Funnels 1 Brass Skimmer and Ladle 7 Kettles 2 Hash Pans 4 Old Pewter Dishes 2 Bedsteads 1 Bed 1 Bolster and Quilt 1 Bed and Chinndory Curtains 1 Settee 1 Bolster 1 Pillow and 2 Blankets 1 dozen Knives and forks 1 old Blanket and Pallampore 1 Gilt Frame Looking Glass 1 Chimney Glass Walnut Tree Frame 1 Foot Glass with a Sconce broke	The inventory of household furniture continued: 1 glass branch for candles 1 spying glass 2 conch lights 2 old clocks 1 wainscot chest 1 bureau and book case 3 fir chests 1 large dial 1 iron chest 1 wainscot scrutoire 1 pair of pedestals 1 pair of scales, balance and weights 2 measuring chains 2 china sconces 5 china meat dishes 14 plates 1 chocolate pot broke 2 old jacks 3 gridirons 1 iron mortar and pestle 4 tureens 2 fish kettles 4 saucepans 2 colanders and 2 funnels 1 brass skimmer and ladle 7 kettles 2 slush pans 9 old pewter dishes 2 bedsteads, 1 bed, 1 bolster and quilt 1 bed and chintz bordering curtains 1 settee 1 bolster, 1 pillow and 2 blankets 1 dozen knives and forks 1 old blanket and palempore 1 gilt frame looking glass 1 chimney glass with walnut tree frame 1 foot glass with a sconce broke Interpretations The list carries on the inventory of the Company's moveable goods at the castle and Plantation House, the fixtures of governance as much as of comfort. Several items point to the offices the household discharged. The pair of scales with balance and weights and the two measuring chains were the instruments of the Company's business, the scales for weighing out stores and specie and the chains for surveying and measuring the land that every lease depended on, kept as Company property in the Governor's own quarters. A scrutoire was a writing cabinet with drawers and a fall front, and a jack was the geared mechanism that turned a roasting spit, so the two old jacks and the run of kettles, tureens, gridirons and fish kettles fitted out the kitchen that served the general table. A palempore appears again among the bedding, the printed Coromandel cotton bed-cover being a regular furnishing of the Company's rooms. Entering even broken and worn articles, the cracked chocolate pot, the foot glass with its sconce gone, marks the completeness the inventory required on a change of government, every piece accounted for whether serviceable or not so that the incoming household took charge of exactly what the outgoing one left.
301	311	2 Sedan Chairs and a Tellescope 6 Wine and 1 Water Glass 2 China Dishes and 2 Plates 1 Deal 1 Corner Cupboard 1 Brass ring Dial 1 Paper Prefs and 1 for Garden Seeds 2 Fire Grates 1 D.o Shuffers 1 Feather Bed and Bedstead 1 Sett Patna Chints Curtains 1 Bed Bolster and Quilt 2 Bedsteads 3 Blankets and Pallampore 2 Table Cloths 10 Foot Square 1 half pint Pewter Pott 1 Iron Bootle and Mortar 4 Iron Spitts 1 Tea Kettle and 1 Still 1 Iron Meat Pott 4 Scrubbing Brush 2 Measuring Wheels and Chain 1 Eight Day Clock 26 Mahogany Chairs 3 D.o Tables 1 Chocolate Pott 1 Sett of China 1 Sett Safety Bed Curtains 24 Aleinuts Fox Birch Chairs 1 Mahogany Oblong Table 3 Feather Beds 3 Bolsters and Pillows 2 doz Walnut Chairs 1 Oblong Table in two parts 1 China Soop Dish 2 Spitts 17 Brass Candlesticks 10 Pewter Soop Plates 1 frying Pan	The inventory of household furniture continued: 2 sedan chairs and a telescope 6 wine and 1 water glass 2 china dishes and 2 plates 1 deal 1 corner cupboard 1 brass ring dial 1 paper press and 1 for garden seeds 2 fire grates 1 pair of snuffers 1 feather bed and bedstead 1 set of Patna chintz curtains 1 bed, bolster and quilt 2 bedsteads, 3 blankets and palempore 2 table cloths 10 feet square 1 half pint pewter pot 1 iron pestle and mortar 4 iron spits 1 tea kettle and 1 still 1 iron meat pot 4 scrubbing brushes 2 measuring wheels and chain 1 eight day clock 26 mahogany chairs 3 mahogany tables 1 chocolate pot 1 set of china 1 set of taffety bed curtains 24 wainscot fox brush chairs 1 mahogany oblong table 3 feather beds, 3 bolsters and pillows 2 dozen walnut chairs 1 oblong table in two parts 1 china soup dish 2 spits 17 brass candlesticks 10 pewter soup plates 1 frying pan Interpretations The inventory runs on through the fuller furnishings of the two houses, the mahogany and walnut chairs by the dozen, the feather beds, the sets of china and the taffety and Patna chintz bed curtains marking the state a Governor's household was expected to keep. Patna chintz was a fine painted or printed cotton from Bengal, and taffety a lustrous silk, both imported through the Company's own trade, so that the very hangings of the Governor's rooms were drawn from the goods that passed the island. The palempore appears yet again among the bedding, the Coromandel bed-cover being a standing furnishing of the Company's quarters. The instruments recur among the domestic goods and show why the list was kept with such care. The two measuring wheels and chain and the brass ring dial were the surveying and time-keeping tools of the Company's business, and the presses for papers and for garden seeds held the records and the stock of the household, all of it Company property passing under inventory from one government to the next. The two sedan chairs and the telescopes point to the twin character of the establishment, part vice-regal residence and part working post on the sea road, its furniture serving display and administration alike.
302	312	89 Napkins 21 Table Cloths 5 China Muggs Plate Viz.t 4 Salvers 9 Salts 2 Punch Bowles 2 Butter Cups 2 Tankards 1 half pint Mugg 4 Casters 1 Cruet Stand 3 Soop Spoons 12 Desert Knives and Forks 34 Silver Spoons 1 Pint Mugg 1 Coffee Pott 3 Tea Spoons Tongs and Strainer The following Articles are wanting from the Inventory taken 30.th Sept.r last Viz.t 1 Bed 1 Blanket and Quilt 13 Candlesticks 1 China Soop Dish 3 Gouglets and 2 Basons 12 Spitts and 1 Frying Pan 5 China Muggs 1 Marble Mortar 1 Brass Mortar 1 Copper Lamps 6 Knives 4 6 forks 17 Napkins and 11 Table Cloths Colonel Dunbar's Answer to the Set of Deficiencies in the Inventory of the Honble Company's Furniture delivered to him of Governour Hutchinson April 1.st 1747	The inventory of household furniture concluded, followed by the plate: 89 napkins 21 table cloths 5 china mugs The plate: 4 salvers 9 salts 2 punch bowls 2 butter cups 2 tankards 1 half pint mug 4 casters 1 cruet stand 3 soup spoons 12 dessert knives and forks 34 silver spoons 1 pint mug 1 coffee pot 3 tea spoons, tongs and strainer The following articles were wanting from the inventory taken on 30 September: 1 bed 1 blanket and quilt 13 candlesticks 1 china soup dish 3 goglets and 2 basons 12 spits and 1 frying pan 5 china mugs 1 marble mortar 1 brass mortar 1 copper lamp 6 knives and 6 forks 17 napkins and 11 table cloths Colonel Dunbar's answer to the list of deficiencies in the inventory of the Honourable Company's furniture delivered to him by Governor Hutchinson, dated 1 April 1747. Interpretations The plate was the most valuable of the moveables and was inventoried apart, the salvers, tankards, punch bowls, casters and the thirty-four silver spoons being both display and a store of value the Company kept careful reckoning of, silver serving as capital as much as as tableware. Counting it piece by piece on the change of government protected the Company against loss of its most portable wealth. The list of articles wanting against the inventory of the previous 30 September is the crux of the whole exercise. By setting the present count against the earlier one, Governor Hutchinson could show exactly what had gone missing under the outgoing government, from a bed and blankets to thirteen candlesticks, spits, china and linen, and require the late Governor Dunbar to account for the shortfall. Dunbar's written answer to the deficiencies, dated the day the new government's inventory closed, was the outgoing officer's defence against being charged for what could not be produced, the two inventories together forming the mechanism by which responsibility for the Company's property was fixed at the moment one Governor gave place to another. A goglet was a long-necked earthenware or metal vessel for cooling and pouring water, a common article of the India trade.
303	313	1.st A Bed the Feathers of it are in the Castle the Ticken was rotten and Stunk and was broke up at my first arrival to save the Feathers 2.d The Blanket and Quilt were never in the Castle in my time, if they were at the Plantation House when M.r Richard Goodwin and M.r Thomas Greentree took the Inventory from M.r Powell, the same Servants continued to keep the keys there, and I never made any use of that House or any thing in it. 3.d 13 Brass Candlesticks &c.a Answer, I never used one of them, I had Candlesticks of my own, and for my Servants, none of the Black Servants or others who had been in the House, ever saw any such Number; there were about half of them among the Servants in the Kitchen, some were broke, and on many occasions used for Ladles &c.t 4.th A China Soop Dish, it deserves no Answer, but it is in the House only parted in the Middle by some Accident, several of my own Dishes have been broke in the Table use, and several China Sea Setts, which I never thought worth mentioning. 5.th & 6.th 3 Gouglets and 2 Basins, I never used any of them nor does any Servant in the House know of any such Number Two Spitts and 1 Frying Pan the Cook says they are at the Plantation House, were carried in M.r Powells time and never brought back Four China Muggs they are of 9 which I bought for the Table use, and paid 15 for the 9, I desire to return the whole Money and keep the 5 which remains Four China Bowles, I paid Governour Hutchinson 20 for them in the presence of M.r John Goodwin Accomptant they are fully explained in an Article drawn by M.r Goodwin to be entered in the Paymasters Account in March last The Marble Mortar is in the Kitchen, broke in common use; The Brass Mortar is at the Plantation House since M.r Powells time The Copper Lamp valued at 30 was never seen by any of the old Servants, nor did I ever hear of any Lamp of any such value perhaps it is part of the Still The 6 Knives and 6 forks are at the Wood House and Handles of some broke in use, and in Cleaning are in the Kitchen. The Napkins and Table Cloths were thin Deudees worn out, some	Colonel Dunbar answered the list of deficiencies item by item. 1: On the bed, its feathers were in the castle, the tick having rotted and split, and it was broken up at his first arrival to save the feathers. 2: The blanket and quilt were never in the castle in his time. They were at Plantation House when Richard Goodwin and Thomas Greentree took the inventory from Powell, the same servants continued to keep the hogs there, and he had never made any use of that house or anything in it. 3: On the thirteen brass candlesticks, he had never used one of them, having candlesticks of his own. None of his servants, none of the black servants, nor any others who had been in the house, ever saw any such number. About half of them were among the servants in the kitchen, some were broken, and on many occasions they were used for ladles and the like. 4: The china soup dish deserved no answer, being in the house, only cracked in the middle by some accident. Several of his own dishes had been broken in the table use, and several kettles and teapots, which he never thought worth mentioning. 5 and 6: On the three goglets and two basons, he had never used any of them, nor did any servant in the house know of any such number. The two spits and one frying pan the cook said were at Plantation House had been carried there in Powell's time and never brought back. The five china mugs were of nine that he bought for the table, paying fifteen [...] for them. He wished to return the whole money and keep the five that remained. The four china bowls he had paid Governor Hutchinson twenty [...] for, in the presence of John Goodwin the accountant, and they were fully explained in an article drawn by Goodwin to be entered on the paymaster's account in March. The marble mortar was in the kitchen, broken in common use. The brass mortar had been at Plantation House since Powell's time. The copper lamp valued at fifty [...] was never seen by any of the old servants, nor had he ever heard of any lamp of any such value, and perhaps it was part of the still. The six knives and six forks were at the wood house and Plantation House, some broken in use, and those in cleaning were in the kitchen. The napkins and table cloths were thin, worn out. Interpretations Dunbar's point-by-point defence lays bare how an outgoing Governor answered for the Company's property he could not produce. His recurring argument was that the missing articles had gone before his time, entered on an inventory taken from Powell and never made good, so that the shortfall was inherited rather than incurred, several items being at Plantation House which he said he never used. Where goods had perished in ordinary service, the rotted bed tick, the cracked dishes, the candlesticks broken and pressed into use as ladles, he pleaded fair wear and tear, the common fate of household stuff that no keeper could be charged with. The china mugs and bowls show the exactness the Company demanded even of trifles. Dunbar had bought both sets himself when the Company held none, and rather than let the matter rest he offered to return the purchase money and keep what survived, or pointed to the formal entry already drawn on the paymaster's account to square the four bowls. That a departing Governor troubled to account for a few shillings' worth of crockery, naming the witness and the account, measures how completely the transfer of government turned on a reckoning of property, every article between a Governor's private stock and the Company's use to be explained rather than quietly absorbed. His scepticism about the copper lamp valued at fifty units, which he thought perhaps part of the still, shows him disputing not only what was missing but whether some listed articles had ever existed at the value set on them.
304	314	some made into Rubbers, and some torn for the Doctors use This is all the Answer I can make to the said List of Deficiencies and if it is not sufficient, I desire they may be valued by proper Persons and I will pay for them upon the Governour's giving me a Receipt which I will shew to the Honble the Court of Directors. It may not be improper here to mention what Governour Hutchinson knows to be true that I have from the beginning used my own Plate and Linnen at the Publique Table, and lost some of each, That I have spent at Table a considerable Quantity of my own Wines of Different sorts, besides Hamms, Tongues, Sweet Meats, Pickles and other Things of which I never made any Charge or Mention (Sign'd) David Dunbar When I gave Colonel Dunbar the List of Deficiencies, I told him in the presence of M.r John Goodwin that most of the Things that were wanting should have been wrote off before, that they were but very inconsiderable, but as they then stood upon the Books, it was requisite to have them discharged in the proper manner The money paid for the China Bowles Colonel Dunbar hath Credit for by the Cash Account for the Month of March. Thursday April 2.d M.r Francis Hayes Petitioned for liberty to dispose of ¾ of an Acre of Lease Land lying near the Butts to M.r Matthew Owling. Granted. Thursday Apr 9.th Publiched an Advertizement for the Inhabitants to meet in Vestry on Monday the 20 Instant to choose Parish Officers for the Ensuing Year Munday Apr 14.th Four Acres of Land having been Granted to M.r Thomas Hayes in Consultation of 25.th February 1745 but the Land not measured till lately and he applying to me thereupon, I executed the following Lease Viz.t Island	Some of the linen had been made into rubbers, and some torn for the doctor's use. This was all the answer Dunbar could make to the list of deficiencies. If it were not sufficient, he wished the articles valued by proper persons, and he would pay for them on the Governor giving him a receipt, which he would show to the Honourable Court of Directors. He added that it might not be improper to mention what Governor Hutchinson knew to be true, that from the beginning he had used his own plate and linen at the public table and lost some of each, and that he had spent at table a considerable quantity of his own wines of different sorts, besides hams, tongues, sweetmeats, pickles and other things of which he never made any charge or mention. The answer was signed by David Dunbar. When Governor Hutchinson gave Colonel Dunbar the list of deficiencies, he told him in the presence of John Goodwin that most of the missing articles should have been written off before, being very inconsiderable, but that as they stood on the books it was necessary to have them discharged in the proper manner. The money paid for the china bowls Colonel Dunbar had credit for on the cash account for March. On Thursday 2 April Francis Hayes asked leave to dispose of three-quarters of an acre of lease land lying near the Huts to Matthew Purling. The board granted it. On Thursday 9 April the board published an advertisement for the inhabitants to meet in vestry on Monday 20 of the month to choose parish officers for the coming year. On Saturday 11 April four acres of land having been granted to Thomas Hayes in the consultation of 25 February 1745, but the land not measured until lately, and Hayes applying, the board executed the following lease. Interpretations Dunbar's closing plea shifts the reckoning from what he owed to what he had spent unclaimed. Against the missing articles he set the considerable quantity of his own plate, linen, wine and provisions consumed at the public table without ever being charged to the Company, in effect arguing that his private outlay on the office far outran any deficiency laid at his door. Offering to have the wanting goods valued and to pay for them against a receipt he could show the Court was the formal way an outgoing officer discharged a disputed balance, turning a quarrel over crockery into a clean settlement the Directors could review. Hutchinson's own note explains why so trivial a list was pursued at all. He had told Dunbar the missing items should have been written off long before as inconsiderable, but that once entered on the Company's books they could be cleared only by the proper form of discharge, not by mere agreement that they did not matter. The whole episode shows the rigidity of the Company's accounting, where nothing standing on the books could simply be dropped but had to be answered, valued or formally written off, the same discipline that governed the writing-off of dead debts to the account current at London.
305	315	Island St Helena The Lords Proprietors of this Island the Honble the United Company of Merchants of England trading to the East Indies do hereby demise Lease and to Farm Lett unto Thomas Hayes Planter all that Peice or parcell of Land Containing Four Acres situate lying and being in the East Divesion of the said Island bounding West on Land of the said Thomas Hayes and East North and South on the Honble Company's Wast Land with their and every of their Appurtenances to have and to hold unto the said Thomas Hayes his Executors Administrators and Assigns from the Day of the date hereof for and during the term of Twenty one Years Up.n thence next Ensueing upon condition that he the said Thomas Hayes his Executors Administrators or Assigns shall allways bear true faith and Allegiance to our Soveraign Lord King George the Second his Heirs and Successors and true faith to the said Honble Company and their Successors and shall duely obey all the Laws and Constitutions of the said Island yeilding and paying therefore Yearly and every Year during the term hereby Granted unto the said Honble Company their Successors Agents or Assigns the Yearly Rent of Five Shillings p Acre in at or upon the feast of St Michael the Arch Angell Yearly and upon Condition that he the said Thomas Hayes his Executors Administrators or Assigns shall and to immediately set about and Fence in the said parcell of Land with a good and Sufficient Wall Fence and when so fenced and inclosed do and shall keep and maintain the same in good Heart and Tenantable repair and do not suffer the same or any part thereof to run to ruin or decay and shall also plant keep up and maintain the full quantity and proportion of Wood and Young Trees pursuant to the Law of this Island in that Case made and provided and also plant Furze round the said Fences at such proper Seasons of the Year as it will best Grow in or the Nature of the Soil produce and do not nor shall alter the said Fences they being the bounds or Landmarks to the said Land and do not nor shall sell or dispose of this Lease or his or their Interest therein without the leave and Consent of the Governour and Council for the time being In Witness whereof I the said Governour have hereunto	By the lease the United Company of Merchants of England trading to the East Indies, lords proprietors of the island, let to Thomas Hayes, planter, four acres of land in the eastern division of the island. The plot was bounded on the west by land of Thomas Hayes himself and on the east, north and south by the Company's own waste land. Hayes, his executors, administrators and assigns were to hold it for twenty-one years from the date of the lease. He was bound to bear true faith and allegiance to King George the Second and his successors, to keep faith with the Company and its successors, and to obey the laws of the island. He was to pay a yearly rent of five shillings the acre at the feast of St Michael the Archangel. He was to set about fencing the plot at once with a good and sufficient wall, and once it was enclosed to keep it in good heart and serviceable repair and not let it fall to ruin, to plant, keep up and maintain the full quantity and proportion of wood and young trees required by the island's law, and to plant furze along the fences at whatever season would best grow it. He was never to alter the fences, since they served as the boundary marks to the land, and he was not to sell or dispose of the lease or his interest in it without the leave of the governor and council. Interpretations The lease sets out again the whole standard tenure by which the Company let its waste ground, the same covenants that governed the Whaley grant of the same run. The five-shilling per-acre rate here stood higher than the four shillings and duty of the gumwood land, the difference marking better ground, the rate being the chief measure of a plot's worth in the Company's reckoning. The obligation to keep the land in good heart and not let it run to ruin bound the tenant to husband the soil as well as merely hold it, the Company protecting the long-term value of ground it never sold but only let for a term. The recurring duties, to plant and maintain a fixed proportion of wood, to hedge with furze, to leave the boundary fences unaltered and not to assign without leave, carried the Company's land policy entire: fuel and timber grown by every tenant, boundaries fixed by the fences themselves, and no holding to change hands without the board's consent. That four acres granted as far back as February 1745 waited until 1747 to be leased, the land not measured until lately, shows how the formal grant depended on the survey, the measuring chains of the inventory being the instrument that turned a council's award into a bounded holding on which rent could be charged.
306	316	hereunto sett my hand and affixed the Honble Company's Seal this Eleventh Day of April in the Twentieth Year of the Reign of our Said Sovereign Lord George the Second by the Grace of God of Great Brittain France and Ireland King Defender of the faith and so forth and in the Year of our Lord 1747 and the said Thomas Hayes hath to the other part sett his hand and Seal the Day and Year above written. (Sign'd) Cha.s Hutchinson There having been an unusual Drought for several Months past and the Weither still Continueing Dry, and the scarcity of Provisions Encreasing I was this Day obliged to reduce every Soldier allowance to half a pound of fresh Meat p day and five pounds of Bread p Week to such as could not be supplied with Yam. Tuesday Apr 14.th M.r Richard Goodwin presented the following Petition Viz.t To Charles Hutchinson Esq.r Gov.r of the Island St Helena The Humble Petition of Richard Goodwin Sheweth, That your Petitioner holds 5 ½ Acres of Land by Lease from the Honble Company during the lives of Elizabeth Goodwin Thomas Goodwin and Richard Goodwin unto the longest liver of them renewable upon the Deaths of any or either of the said Lementees. That the said Elizabeth Goodwin and Thomas Goodwin are dead. Your Petitioner therefore humbly prays that he may be alowed to insert the Names of Matthew Bazett and Jonathan Downton in the place of the said Elizabeth and Thomas Goodwin deceased. 14 April 1746 And Your Petitioner shall ever pray. Granted. (Sign'd) Rich Goodwin The Plantation Gunners and Stewards Accounts for the Month of March last were this Day brought in and after being Examined and approved were Ordered to be Entered and are as follows Viz.t Account	The Company sealed the lease on 11 April in the twentieth year of the reign of King George the Second, in the year 1747, Hayes setting his own hand and seal to the counterpart. It was subscribed by Charles Hutchinson. There having been an unusual drought for several months, the weather still continuing dry and the scarcity of provisions increasing, the Governor was this day obliged to reduce every soldier's allowance to half a pound of fresh meat a day and five pounds of bread a week for those who could not be supplied with yam. On Tuesday 14 April Richard Goodwin presented a petition to Charles Hutchinson, Governor of the island. He set out that he held 5.5 acres of land by lease from the Company during the lives of Elizabeth Goodwin, Thomas Goodwin and Richard Goodwin, renewable to the longest liver of them on the death of any or either of them, and that Elizabeth Goodwin and Thomas Goodwin were dead. He asked leave to insert the names of Matthew Bazett and Jonathan Doveton in the place of the deceased Elizabeth and Thomas Goodwin. The petition was signed by Richard Goodwin at St Helena on 14 April 1747, and the board granted it. The plantation, gunner's and steward's accounts for the previous month of March were this day brought in, examined and approved, and ran as follows. Interpretations The reduction of the soldiers' allowance measures how hard the drought pressed on the garrison. With the yam plantations failing under months of dry weather, the Governor fell back on a fixed daily ration of fresh meat and a weekly ration of bread for the men the yams could no longer feed, drawing on the herd and the grain harvest to carry the garrison through the shortage. That the ration was pegged to those who could not be supplied with yam shows the yam still stood as the garrison's staple, bread and meat filling the gap only where it fell short, the same dependence on the Company's own plantations that ran through the whole winter. Goodwin's petition turns on the lives-lease, a tenure held not for a fixed term of years but for the lives of named persons, running until the last of them died and renewable as each life dropped by inserting a fresh name. Letting a tenant replace the two dead lives with living ones kept the lease alive and the Company's rent secure, while the tenant preserved his holding across the generations. The mechanism let land pass down a family without ever becoming freehold, the Company retaining its lordship and its power to approve each new life entered, the same control it kept over every assignment and grant.
307	317	Account of the Honble Company's Stock of Neat Cattle &c for the Month of March 1746/7 Viz.t Bulls, Cows, Calves, Yearlings, Heifers, Steers, Bullocks, Oxen, Total, Ewes, Weathers, Lambs, Rams, Total, Ewes, Weathers, Kidds, Rams, Total, Sows, Barrows, Shoats, Piggs, Boars, Total, Turkeys, Fowls, Chickens, Ducks, Geese, Horses, Mares, Total Remaining 1.st: Bulls 4, Cows 122, Calves 139, Yearlings 31, Heifers 39, Steers 26, Bullocks 6, Oxen 16, Total 383, Ewes 102, Weathers 14, Lambs 119, Rams 7, Total 242, Ewes 136, Weathers 4, Kidds 189, Rams 5, Total 334, Sows 15, Barrows 31, Shoats 28, Piggs 88, Boars 1, Total 163, Turkeys 105, Fowls 161, Chickens 242, Ducks 88, Geese 11, Horses 11, Mares 9, Total 20 Encreased: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 10, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Bullocks 0, Oxen 0, Total 10, Ewes 0, Weathers 0, Lambs 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Ewes 0, Weathers 5, Kidds 0, Rams 0, Total 5, Sows 0, Barrows 0, Shoats 0, Piggs 12, Boars 0, Total 12, Turkeys 0, Fowls 0, Chickens 36, Ducks 0, Geese 19, Horses 2, Mares 1, Total 0 Bulls 4, Cows 122, Calves 149, Yearlings 31, Heifers 39, Steers 26, Bullocks 6, Oxen 16, Total 393, Ewes 102, Weathers 14, Lambs 119, Rams 7, Total 242, Ewes 136, Weathers 4, Kidds 194, Rams 5, Total 339, Sows 15, Barrows 31, Shoats 28, Piggs 100, Boars 1, Total 175, Turkeys 231, Fowls 161, Chickens 261, Ducks 90, Geese 12, Horses 11, Mares 9, Total 20 Killed: Bulls 0, Cows 2, Calves 0, Yearlings 0, Heifers 5, Steers 0, Bullocks 0, Oxen 0, Total 7, Ewes 4, Weathers 0, Lambs 0, Rams 0, Total 4, Ewes 0, Weathers 0, Kidds 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Sows 4, Barrows 3, Shoats 1, Piggs 0, Boars 0, Total 8, Turkeys 8, Fowls 15, Chickens 5, Ducks 6, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0 Dyed: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 1, Yearlings 1, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Bullocks 0, Oxen 0, Total 3, Ewes 1, Weathers 0, Lambs 0, Rams 0, Total 1, Ewes 4, Weathers 0, Kidds 6, Rams 0, Total 10, Sows 1, Barrows 0, Shoats 5, Piggs 3, Boars 0, Total 9, Turkeys 64, Fowls 32, Chickens 37, Ducks 2, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0 Sent on board the Swift Snow: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 0, Yearlings 0, Heifers 2, Steers 0, Bullocks 0, Oxen 0, Total 2, Ewes 0, Weathers 0, Lambs 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Ewes 0, Weathers 0, Kidds 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Sows 0, Barrows 0, Shoats 0, Piggs 0, Boars 0, Total 0, Turkeys 12, Fowls 36, Chickens 0, Ducks 0, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0 Remaining 31.st: Bulls 4, Cows 120, Calves 149, Yearlings 30, Heifers 36, Steers 20, Bullocks 6, Oxen 16, Total 381, Ewes 97, Weathers 14, Lambs 119, Rams 7, Total 237, Ewes 132, Weathers 4, Kidds 188, Rams 5, Total 329, Sows 14, Barrows 27, Shoats 20, Piggs 96, Boars 1, Total 158, Turkeys 147, Fowls 78, Chickens 219, Ducks 82, Geese 12, Horses 11, Mares 9, Total 20 7 Hoggs sent to market w.t 274 lb 6 ½ Beasts to D.o 1555 Mutton D.o D.o 83 ½ ½ Beast to the Swift Snow w.t 96 lb Yams Expended 56000	The account of the Honourable Company's stock of neat cattle and the like for the previous month of March 1747 ran under the headings of neat cattle (bulls, cows, calves, yearlings, heifers, steers, bullocks, oxen and total), sheep (ewes, wethers, lambs, rams and total), goats (ewes, wethers, shoats, rams and total), hogs (sows, barrows, shoats, pigs, boars and total), poultry (turkeys, fowls, chickens, ducks, geese and total) and horses (horses, mares and total). Remaining 1 March: neat cattle 4 bulls, 122 cows, 139 calves, 31 yearlings, 39 heifers, 26 steers, 6 bullocks, 16 oxen, 383 total; sheep 102 ewes, 14 wethers, 119 lambs, 7 rams, 242 total; goats 136 ewes, 4 wethers, 189 shoats, 5 rams, 334 total; hogs 15 sows, 31 barrows, 28 shoats, 88 pigs, 1 boar, 163 total; poultry 105 turkeys, 161 fowls, 242 chickens, 88 ducks, 11 geese; horses 11 horses, 9 mares, 20 total Increased: neat cattle 10 calves, 10 total; goats 5 shoats, 5 total; hogs 12 pigs, 12 total; poultry 12 fowls, 36 chickens, 19 ducks, 2 geese, 1 [...] Carried down: neat cattle 4 bulls, 122 cows, 149 calves, 31 yearlings, 39 heifers, 26 steers, 6 bullocks, 16 oxen, 393 total; sheep 102 ewes, 14 wethers, 119 lambs, 7 rams, 242 total; goats 136 ewes, 4 wethers, 194 shoats, 5 rams, 339 total; hogs 15 sows, 31 barrows, 28 shoats, 100 pigs, 1 boar, 175 total; poultry 231 turkeys, 161 fowls, 261 chickens, 90 ducks, 12 geese; horses 11 horses, 9 mares, 20 total Killed: neat cattle 2 cows, 5 steers, 7 [...], 4 [...]; goats 4 [...]; hogs 4 pigs, 3 [...], 1 [...]; poultry 8 fowls, 8 chickens, 15 ducks, 5 geese, 6 [...] Died: neat cattle 1 calf, 1 yearling, 3 total; sheep 1 ewe, 4 [...]; goats 6 [...]; hogs 10 [...], 1 [...], 5 [...], 3 [...]; poultry 9 turkeys, 64 fowls, 32 chickens, 37 ducks, 2 geese Sent on board the Swift snow: neat cattle 2 steers, 2 total; poultry 12 fowls, 36 chickens Remaining 31 March: neat cattle 4 bulls, 120 cows, 149 calves, 30 yearlings, 36 heifers, 20 steers, 6 bullocks, 16 oxen, 381 total; sheep 97 ewes, 14 wethers, 119 lambs, 7 rams, 237 total; goats 132 ewes, 4 wethers, 188 shoats, 5 rams, 329 total; hogs 14 sows, 27 barrows, 20 shoats, 96 pigs, 1 boar, 158 total; poultry 147 turkeys, 78 fowls, 219 chickens, 82 ducks, 12 geese; horses 11 horses, 9 mares, 20 total Besides the stock, 7 hogs were sent to the market weighing 274 lb, 6.5 beasts to the market weighing 1,555 lb, mutton to the market weighing 83.5 lb, and half a beast to the Swift snow weighing 96 lb. Yams expended, 56,000 lb. Interpretations The herd held almost level again at 381 neat cattle against 383 at the start, the ten calves born balancing the beasts drawn for the market and the two steers put aboard the Swift on her sailing. The provisioning pattern of the winter carried on unbroken, beasts, hogs and mutton to the market and a half beast to victual the departing snow, with the yams steady at 56,000 lb though the drought reported the same month was already pressing the plantations hard enough to force the cut in the soldiers' ration. A heavier loss than usual fell on the poultry, sixty-four fowls dying in the month against the ordinary handful, which points to disease or the dry season telling on the yard. Several of the internal class figures do not sum cleanly to the struck totals, particularly across the poultry, goat and hog rows, and they are taken as written. A shoat was a young weaned pig and a barrow a castrated boar, the hog classes set out in the order the series had kept through the season.
308	318	Gunners Stores Expended in March 1747 Guns Fired, Shott Fired, lb 2, Powder Expended 11.th Fired in Blunderbusses at severall times: Powder Expended 9½ Powder for killing of Goats by Governour Dunbars Order: Powder Expended 2½ Powder sold from March the 11.th 1745/6 to March the 11.th 1746/7: Powder Expended 9 by Governour Dunbars Order: Powder Expended 50 12.th An Alarm at Banks's for the Swift Captain Bell: Guns Fired 2, Shott Fired 2, lb 2 2, Powder Expended 14 23 Powder for Salueing the Guns at Lemon Valley: Powder Expended 3 Powder for blowing up the Rocks at Banks's: Powder Expended 12 Powder to Mundens Point for Signals: Powder Expended 3½ Powder for Exercizing the Recruils: Powder Expended 15½ 2 2 Mar 26.th 1747 Delivered Powder for the following Recruits of the several Companys to fill their Cartridge Boxes they having received no Ammunition, since their Arrival viz.t For 17 of the 1.st Company 17 Cart d bo 153 Cart d 21 of the 2 Company 21 189 D.o 21 of the 3 Company 21 189 D.o 19 of the 4 Company 19 171 D.o 13¼ 2 2 702 The Total 143 13 Lead Balls fired in Blunderbusses at several times 5 lb Lead Balls to kill Goats 13½ lb Hand Spikes del. to M.r Bland 2 Hand Spikes to make a Fid 1 D.o Tallow del. to the Great Wood 3 D.o Tallow del. to Grease the Pinnace 4 D.o Paper for Nailing of Great Gun Cartridges 13 D.o Coper for making of Small Cartridges 8 D.o Hand Spikes broke at Sandy Bay 6 Hand Spikes broke at Ruperts 3 Sheep Skins for Coating of Spunges 12 Beginner Ropes to Ruperts 1 Spunges broke For 17 of the 1.st Comp.y 17 Cart d 153 Balls 21 of the 2 Comp.y 21 189 D.o 21 of the 3 Comp.y 21 189 D.o 19 of the 4 Comp.y 19 171 D.o 702 at 14 p lb 50 2 qr (Sign'd) Jn. French	The gunner's stores expended in March 1747 stood under the columns of guns fired, shot fired, quarters and pounds of powder, the heading row being partly obscured and the identities carried down from the earlier returns of the same series. 11 fired in blunderbusses at several times, 0qr 9lb powder Powder for killing of goats by Governor Dunbar's order, 0qr 3lb powder Powder sold from 16 March 1746 to 11 March 1747, 0qr 9lb powder By Governor Dunbar's order, 0qr 50lb powder 12 March, an alarm at Banks's for the Swift, Captain Ball, 2 guns fired, 2 shot fired, 2qr 14lb powder 23 March, powder for scaling the guns at Lemon Valley, 0qr 3lb powder Powder for blowing up the rocks at Banks's, 0qr 12lb powder Powder to Munden's Point for signals, 0qr 3.5lb powder Powder for exercising the recruits, 0qr 15.5lb powder On 26 March 1747 the gunner delivered powder to the following recruits of the several companies to fill their cartridge boxes, they having received no ammunition since their arrival: 17 recruits of the first company, 17 cartridge boxes, 153 cartridges 21 recruits of the second company, 21 cartridge boxes, 189 cartridges 21 recruits of the third company, 21 cartridge boxes, 189 cartridges 19 recruits of the fourth company, 19 cartridge boxes, 171 cartridges Total recruits 78, cartridges 702, 14lb powder Total powder expended, 143lb 12oz Besides the powder and shot, the following stores were expended: Lead balls fired in blunderbusses at several times, 5 Lead balls to kill goats, 13.5 Handspikes delivered to John Bland, 2 Handspikes to make a bed, 1 Tallow delivered to the great wood, 3 Tallow delivered to grease the pinnace, 4 Paper for fixing of great gun cartridges, 13 quire Paper for making of small cartridges, 8 quire Handspikes broke at Sandy Bay, 6 Handspikes broke at Rupert's, 3 Sheep skins for coating of sponges, 12 Rammer heads to Rupert's, 1 Sponge staves broke, 1 The board delivered to the recruits, for the said 78 recruits, cartridge boxes and balls: 17 recruits of the first company, 17 cartridge boxes, 153 balls 21 recruits of the second company, 21 cartridge boxes, 189 balls 21 recruits of the third company, 21 cartridge boxes, 189 balls 19 recruits of the fourth company, 19 cartridge boxes, 171 balls Total, 702 balls at 14 lb, 50lb 2oz The account was subscribed by John French. Interpretations The month's firing was slight, the single alarm at Banks's on 12 March raised for the Swift on her arrival and answered with two guns, most of the powder going instead to the works and to arming the recruits. The largest defensive charge was the issue of powder, cartridge boxes and ball to the seventy-eight recruits of the four companies, who had carried no ammunition since they landed from the Prince Edward. Filling their cartridge boxes at 153 and 171 rounds apiece put the newly arrived men on a war footing, part of the same arming of the garrison against the French threat that ran through the spring, the recruits also being brought to practise firing at the target newly fixed in Rupert's Valley. Scaling the guns at Lemon Valley meant firing a light charge to clear the bores of rust and damp, a routine maintenance of pieces that stood long unfired at the outlying works. A handspike was a stout wooden lever for shifting and training the guns, and the number broken at Sandy Bay and Rupert's measures the heavy labour of building the new batteries. Several column figures and the struck totals do not reconcile, and they are taken as written.
309	319	Sundrys Expended in the Castle from the 1.st to the 13.th March Incl. 1746 Viz.t 14 Bottles Port Wine 1 0 5¾ 13 D.o Lisbon D.o 0 10 1¼ 4 D.o Madera D.o 0 8 3 Gall 5 3 1 qt Arrach 0 14 11 16 Bottles Beer 0 3 0 13 D.o Sugar Candy 0 3 11¼ 17 ½ Sugar 0 1 6¼ 106 D.o Flower 0 13 3 15 D.o Butter 0 15 0 88 ¾ fresh Beef 1 2 2¾ 4 ¼ fresh Pork 0 2 1½ 26 ¼ Mutton 0 10 11¼ 5 Turkeys 1 5 0 4 Fowls 0 6 0 6 Ducks 0 9 0 2 Chickens 0 2 0 £ 8 16 6½ Sundrys Expended in the Castle from the 13.th to the 31.st March 1747 Viz.t 15 Bottles of Port Wine 1 1 11¼ 25 D.o of Lisbon 1 12 7 6 D.o of Madera 0 12 4½ Gall 2 13 1 Arrach 1 13 4¼ 49 Bottles Beer 0 9 2¼ 23 D.o Sugar Candy 0 6 8½ 11 D.o Sugar 0 2 3½ 170 D.o Flower 1 1 1½ 26 D.o Butter 1 6 0 185 ½ Fresh Beef 2 6 4½ 1 Piece Salt Pork 0 1 10½ 28 ¾ D.o Fresh Pork 0 14 4½ 84 ½ D.o Mutton 1 15 1¼ 3 Turkeys 0 15 0 11 Fowls 0 16 6 1 Pigg 0 5 0 3 Chickens 0 3 0 £ 15 2 9½ 8 16 6½ £ 23 19 4½	The sundries expended in the castle from 1 to 13 March 1747 ran as follows: 14 bottles of port wine, £1 0s 5.75d 13 bottles of Lisbon wine, £0 19s 1.25d 4 bottles of Madeira wine, £0 8s 3d 5.3.1 arrack, £0 14s 11d 16 bottles of beer, £0 3s 0d 13 lb of sugar candy, £0 3s 11.25d 17.5 lb of sugar, £0 1s 6.75d 106 lb of flour, £0 13s 3d 15 lb of butter, £0 15s 0d 88.75 lb of fresh beef, £1 2s 2.75d 4.25 lb of fresh pork, £0 2s 1.5d 26.25 lb of mutton, £0 10s 11.25d 5 turkeys, £1 5s 0d 4 fowls, £0 6s 0d 6 ducks, £0 9s 0d 2 chickens, £0 2s 0d Total, £8 16s 6.5d The sundries expended in the castle from 13 to 31 March 1747 ran as follows: 15 bottles of port wine, £1 1s 11.25d 25 bottles of Lisbon wine, £1 12s 7d 6 bottles of Madeira wine, £0 12s 4.5d 13.2.1 arrack, £1 13s 4.25d 49 bottles of beer, £0 9s 2.25d 23 lb of sugar candy, £0 6s 8.5d 11 lb of sugar, £0 2s 3.5d 120 lb of flour, £1 1s 1.5d 26 lb of butter, £1 6s 0d 185.5 lb of fresh beef, £2 6s 4.5d 1 piece of salt pork, £0 1s 10.5d 28.75 lb of fresh pork, £0 14s 4.5d 84.5 lb of mutton, £1 15s 1.25d 3 turkeys, £0 15s 0d 11 fowls, £0 16s 6d 1 pig, £0 5s 0d 3 chickens, £0 3s 0d Total, £15 2s 9.5d Total of the first period, £8 16s 6.5d Grand total, £23 19s 4.5d Interpretations The steward's account was kept in two parts this month, the table broken at 13 March where the change of government fell, the arrival of the Swift with Hutchinson's commission dividing Dunbar's household from his successor's. The two halves together came to £23 19s 4.5d, the second and longer period carrying much the heavier spending, fresh beef alone rising to 185.5 lb as the herd yielded more to the table once the store ship had gone and the new establishment took up residence. Wine and arrack again stood well ahead of any single meat across both periods, the imported port, Lisbon, Madeira and spirit the largest charge on the table as through the whole run. That the account was ruled off precisely at the handover, rather than run as one monthly total, marks the same discipline that governed the furniture inventory and the plate: the two governments were reckoned apart to the day, so that each Governor answered only for what his own household consumed.
310	320	Wednesday Apr 15.th Arrove a Dane Ship from China called the Christianburg Slott Captain Lyder Fryder, Burthen Eight Hundred Tons, One Hundred and Seventy three Men, and Twenty Four Guns, Laden with Tea and Chinaware Fryday Apr 17.th M.r John Alexander Petitioned for a new Lease for four Acres of Land in Great Bottom his old Lease being Expired. Granted. Executed the following Lease to M.r Richard Goodwin Granted on Tuesday last Viz.t Island St Helena. The Lords Proprietors of this Island the Honble the United East India Company of Merchants of England trading to the East Indies Do hereby Demise Grant Sett and to Farm lett unto Richard Goodwin of the said Island Planter all that peice or parcell of Land containing five Acres and a Quarter situate at the head of Fryer Valley Butting and Bounding North upon the Lands of Elizabeth Owling Jun.r Widow deceased East upon the Lands of the Honble Company West upon the Lands of him the said Richard Goodwin and South upon the Lands of the Honble Company to have and to hold the said hereby demised parcell of Land and every part and parcell thereof together with all and Singular the Wood Water Watercourses Houses Building Edifices Trees Tenements Yams and Plantations of Yams Fruit Trees Walls Fences and all other and Singular the profits and Commoditys to them and each and every of them belonging or appurtaining unto him the said Richard Goodwin his Heirs Executors Administrators or allowed Assigns from the Day of the Date hereof for and during all the space or term of the natural lives of Richard Goodwin Jun.r Matthew Bazett and Jonathan Downton and the longest liver of them renewable upon the Death of either of the said Nominees upon payment of half a Years Rent at the Admittance of each life	On Wednesday 15 April a Danish ship arrived from China called the Christiansburg, Captain Lyter Fryder, of eight hundred tons, one hundred and seventy-three men and twenty-four guns, laden with tea and chinaware. On Friday 17 April John Alexander asked for a new lease of four acres of land in Great Bottom, his old lease having expired. The board granted it. The board executed the following lease to Richard Goodwin granted on Tuesday. By the lease the United East India Company of Merchants of England trading to the East Indies, lords proprietors of the island, let to Richard Goodwin, planter, five and a quarter acres of land at the head of Fryer Valley. The plot was bounded on the north by land of Elizabeth Purling widow deceased, on the east by the Company's own land, on the west by land of Richard Goodwin himself, and on the south by the Company's own land. Goodwin, his heirs, executors, administrators and assigns were to hold the plot, together with all the wood, water, watercourses, houses, buildings, edifices, sheds, tenements, yams and plantations of yams, fruit trees, walls and fences, for the natural lives of Richard Goodwin, Matthew Bazett and Jonathan Doveton, and to the longest liver of them, renewable on the death of either of the nominees on payment of half a year's rent at the admittance of each fresh life. Interpretations This executes the lives-lease Goodwin had petitioned for on 14 April, entering Matthew Bazett and Jonathan Doveton in the room of the two dead Goodwins. The tenure ran for the lives of the three named persons and to the last survivor, with a fresh life admitted on each death against a fine of half a year's rent, the mechanism by which such a lease could be kept alive across the generations without the land ever passing into freehold. The half-year fine at each admittance was the Company's charge for renewing the term, a modest premium that secured its continuing rent and its control over who was named. That the lease carried not only the ground but the standing yams and plantations of yams, the fruit trees, the houses and the watercourses shows how a lives-lease conveyed a working holding entire, the improvements and the growing crop passing with the land for the term. The Company retained its lordship throughout, the tenant holding a bounded and productive estate for three lives while the freehold stayed with the proprietors, the same balance between secure family tenure and Company control that governed the whole run of leases.
311	321	life or new Nominee upon Condition that he the said Richard Goodwin his Heirs Executors Administrators or allowed Assigns shall and do from time to time and at all times hereafter bear true faith and Allegiance to our Soveraign Lord Kind George the second his Heirs and Successors and true faith to them the said Honble Company and their Successors and shall duely observe and obey all the Laws and Constitutions of the said Island and upon Condition also that he the said Richard Goodwin his Heirs Executors Administrators or allowed Assigns shall and do from time to time and at all times hereafter during the term of this present Lease keep up and maintain in good Order and Sufficient and Legall repair all such Building Houses Edefices Trees Tenements Plantations and Fence as now are or hereafter shall be made Buelt or Erected thereon and shall moreover plant keep up maintain and preserve in and upon the said hereby Demised parcell of Land its full Quantity or proportion of Weed being one tenth part of the said parcell of Land and shall likewise plant and preserve Furze within and without the fences of the said parcell of Land and shall plant Fruit Trees such as Apple Trees Lemon Millberry or Peach Trees on such parts thereof wherein they are most likely to Grow and as they shall happen to decay or die shall replant others in their Room without hurt or prejudice Nevertheless to any part of such Land as shall be sett apart for the Sole purpose of planting or raising Yams Yeulding and paying for four Acres and one Quarter of the said Land Yearly and every Year during the term of this present Lease unto them the said Honble Company their Successors Agents and Assigns the Sum of five Shillings p Acre in at or upon the feast of St Michael the Arch Angell Yearly and for the remaining one Acre on Account of its being Rocky and Barren the Right of one Copper Corn Yearly and no more And upon Condition that if the said Richard Goodwin his Heirs Executors Administrators or allowed Assigns shall not alter or remove the said Fences they being the Limitts or Land Marks of the said parcell of Land aforesaid and shall not sell or dispose of this Lease or his or their Interest therein without the leave and Consent of the Governour and Council for the	The lease bound Goodwin, his heirs, executors, administrators and allowed assigns to bear true faith and allegiance to King George the Second and his successors, to keep faith with the Company and its successors, and to observe and obey the laws of the island. They were to keep up and maintain in good order and sufficient and lawful repair all the buildings, houses, edifices, sheds, tenements, plantations and fences then standing or afterwards built or erected on the plot. They were to plant, keep up, maintain and preserve on the land its full proportion of wood, being one tenth part of the parcel, and were likewise to plant and preserve furze within and without the fences. On each part of the plot where they were most likely to grow, they were to plant fruit trees such as apple, lemon, mulberry or peach, and to replant others in the room of any that decayed or died, without hurt or prejudice to any part of the land set apart solely for planting or raising yams. They were to pay a yearly rent of five shillings the acre for four acres of the ground at the feast of St Michael the Archangel, and for the remaining acre, being rocky and barren, a rent of one copper corn a year and no more. They were never to alter or remove the fences, since they served as the boundary marks to the land, and were not to sell or dispose of the lease or their interest in it without the leave of the governor and council. Interpretations The covenants show the Company shaping the land to its own long-term ends. Beyond the standing duty to grow a tenth of the plot in wood and to hedge with furze, this lease singled out named fruit trees, apple, lemon, mulberry and peach, to be planted and kept up, the mulberry pointing to hopes of silk and the lemon to the antiscorbutic fruit valued on the sea route. Requiring the tenant to replant any that died bound him to improve the holding across the whole term rather than merely draw its yams, the Company protecting the productive value of ground it never sold. The token rent of one copper corn a year on the single rocky and barren acre is a telling piece of the Company's estate management. Rather than excuse the poor ground from rent altogether, the lease charged it a purely nominal render, a single grain of copper, which kept the whole plot within the tenure and preserved the Company's lordship over every acre while acknowledging that the barren part could bear no real rent. The device let unproductive land be held on the same lease as good ground without either waiving the Company's title or pretending the poor acre was worth the per-acre rate, the same careful distinction between a plot's worth and its formal tenure that ran through the run of leases.
312	322	the time being In Witness whereof I the said Governour have hereunto sett my hand and affixed the Honble Company's Seal this Seventeenth Day of April in the Twentieth Year of the Reign of our said Soveraign Lord George the second by the Grace of God of Great Brittain France and Ireland King Defender of the faith and so forth and in the Year of our Lord one Thousand seven hundred and forty seven And the said Richard Goodwin to the other part hath sett his hand and Seal the Day and Year above written (Sign'd) Cha.s Hutchinson Saturday Apr 18.th Executed the following Lease to M.r John Alexander Granted Yesterday Viz.t Island St Helena The Lords Proprietors of this Island the Honble the United Company of Merchants of England trading to the East Indies Do hereby Demise Lease and to Farm lett unto John Alexander of the said Island Planter all that piece or parcell of Gunwood Land containing by Mensuration four Acres Suffiets lying and being in a Valley known by the name of and Commonly called Great Bottom and is in or near the head of the Wadembot Bearpsh of Lemon Valley in the West Divesion of the said Island Butting and Bounding towards the North and East upon the said Lands now in the poffession and Occupation of the said John Alexander and towards the West and South upon the said Honble Companys wast Land situate in and near the said Great Bottom to have and to hold unto the said John Alexander his Executors Administrators and Assigns from the Date hereof for and during the term of Twenty one Years from thence next Ensueing upon condition that he the said John Alexander his Executors Administrators or Assigns shall always bear true faith and Allegiance to our Soveraign Lord King George the Second his Heirs and Successors and true faith to the said Honble Company and their Successors and shall duely obey all the Laws and Constitutions of the said Island yeilding and paying therefore	The Company sealed the lease on 17 April in the twentieth year of the reign of King George the Second, in the year 1747, Goodwin setting his own hand and seal to the counterpart. It was subscribed by Charles Hutchinson. On Saturday 18 April the board executed the following lease to John Alexander granted the previous day. By the lease the United Company of Merchants of England trading to the East Indies, lords proprietors of the island, let to John Alexander, planter, four acres of gumwood land in a valley known as Great Bottom, at or near the head of the westernmost branch of Lemon Valley in the western division of the island. The plot was bounded on the north and east by the land then in the possession and occupation of John Alexander himself, and on the west and south by the Company's own waste land near Great Bottom. Alexander, his executors, administrators and assigns were to hold it for twenty-one years from the date of the lease. He was bound to bear true faith and allegiance to King George the Second and his successors, to keep faith with the Company and its successors, and to obey the laws of the island. Interpretations This executes the twenty-one-year lease Alexander had petitioned for on 17 April on the expiry of his old term. Unlike Goodwin's lives-lease of the same run, this was the ordinary term tenure, granted for a fixed span of years rather than for named lives, the two forms running side by side through the record as the standard ways the Company let its ground. Renewing on the expiry of the previous lease, rather than letting the holding revert to waste, kept the land under a paying tenant and the tenant in his accustomed ground, the survey fixing its bounds afresh before the grant could be sealed. Locating the plot precisely by valley, branch and division, and binding it on two sides to Alexander's own land and on two to the Company's waste, shows the care with which each holding was tied into the map of the island. The Company let only bounded parcels whose limits were settled beyond dispute, the boundary marks that every lease protected being the means by which a small and closely governed island kept its land in order across the churn of expiring and renewed terms.
313	323	therefore Yearly and every Year during the term hereby Granted unto the said Honble Company their Successors Agents or Assigns the Yearly Rent of five Shillings p Acre in at or upon the Feast of St Michael the Arch Angell Yearly and upon condition that he the said John Alexander of his Heirs Executors Administrators or Assigns shall and to immediately sett about and Fence in the said parcell of Land with a good and Sufficient Wall Fence and when so fenced and enclosed do and shall keep and maintain the same in good heart and Tenantable repair and do not suffer the same or any part thereof to run to ruin or decay and shall also plant keep up and maintain the full Quantity and proportion of Wood and Young Trees pursuant to the Law of this Island in that case made and provided and also plant Furze round the said Fences at such proper Seasons of the Year as it will best Grow in or the Nature of the Soil produce and do not or shall alter the said Fences they being the bounds or Land marks to the said Land and do not nor shall sell or dispose of this Lease or their Interest therein without the leave and Consent of the Governour and Council for the time being In Witness whereof I the said Governour have hereunto sett my hand and affixed the Honble Company's Seal this Eighteenth Day of Aplil in the Twentieth Year of the Reign of our Soveraign Lord George the Second by the Grace of God of Great Brittain France and Ireland Being Defender of the faith and so forth and in the Year of our Lord one Thousand seven hundred and forty seven and the said John Alexander hath to the other part sett his hand and Seal the day and Year above written (Sign'd) Cha.s Hutchinson The Accomptant brought in his Journal parcells for the Months of January february and March last which were Examined and approved and Ordered to be Entered. Published the following Advertizement Viz.t Whereas an Advertizement was Publiched on the 24 March last for the Debtors to the Estate of Governour Goodwin deceased to	Alexander was to pay a yearly rent of five shillings the acre at the feast of St Michael the Archangel. He was to set about fencing the plot at once with a good and sufficient wall, and once it was enclosed to keep it in good heart and serviceable repair and not let it fall to ruin, to plant, keep up and maintain the full quantity and proportion of wood and young trees required by the island's law, and to plant furze along the fences at whatever season would best grow it. He was never to alter the fences, since they served as the boundary marks to the land, and was not to sell or dispose of the lease or his interest in it without the leave of the governor and council. The Company sealed the lease on 18 April in the twentieth year of the reign of King George the Second, in the year 1747, Alexander setting his own hand and seal to the counterpart. It was subscribed by Charles Hutchinson. The accountant brought in the journal parcels for January, February and March, which were examined, approved and ordered to be entered. The board published the following advertisement. It recalled that an advertisement had been published on 24 March calling in the debtors to the estate of Governor Goodwin deceased. Interpretations The lease closes on the same standard covenants that governed the Hayes and Whaley grants of the run, the five-shilling per-acre rate, the duty to fence and keep the ground in good heart, to grow the fixed proportion of wood and hedge with furze, to leave the boundary fences unaltered and not to assign without leave. The uniformity across the several leases of these weeks shows the Company working from a settled form, each holding let on the same terms so that the whole tenantry was bound alike to husband the soil, grow fuel and timber, and hold of the Company alone. The fresh advertisement carrying on the call for the debtors to Governor Goodwin's estate shows the persistence of the estate administration. A single public notice rarely brought in every debtor, so the demand was renewed until the sums due could be gathered, the Company pressing the recovery of what was owed to the estate on its own order so that it could be wound up and its assets accounted for, the same steady pursuit of debts that ran alongside the writing-off of those that proved dead.
314	324	to come and pay their several Outstanding Debts forthwith, and as few or None have appeared for that purpose, This is therefore to give Notice to all Persons so Indebted that they are required to Attend at the Governours and clear their Accounts on Thursday the 23 Instant without fail. The Paymaster this Day brought in his Pay Account for the Months of January february and March last, which having been Examined is approved and is, as follows Viz.t List of the Honourable Companys Officers and Servants upon the Island St Helena with their several Salarys Diet Money &c for the Quarter Commencing January the 1.st and ending March the 31.st 1747 David Dunbar Esq.r Gov.r fross the 1 January to the 31 March both Incl. Salary at £ 500 p Ann. 98 18 3¾ D.o allowance for Servants from D.o to D.o both Incl. at £ 26 13 p Ann 25 2 2¾ 124 0 6½ Charles Hutchinson Deut Gov.r from the 1 Jan.ry to the 13 March both Incl. Salary at £ 250 Allow Charles Hutchinson Esq.r Gov.r from the 14 to 31 March both Incl. Salary at £ 500 p Annum 26 1 11¾ D.o Allowance for Servants from D.o to D.o both Incl. at £ 26 13 p Ann 6 12 6½ 82 3 6¾ John Goodwin as 3 of Council from the 1 Jan.ry to the 13 March both Incl. Salary at £ 80 p Ann 15 16 5¾ D.o Accomptant from the 14 to 31 Mar both Incl. Salary at £ 70 p Ann. 3 13 3¾ D.o Diet Money @ 2 p day p Ann 15 0 0 34 9 6½ Matthew Owling as 4 of Council from the 1 Jan.ry to the 13 March both Incl. Salary at £ 60 p Annum 11 17 4¼ Carried over 11 17 4¼ Carried over £ 240 13 3¼	The advertisement gave notice that the debtors to Governor Goodwin's estate had been required to come in and pay their outstanding debts, and that few or none having appeared, all persons so indebted were now required to attend at the Governor's and clear their accounts on Thursday 23 of the month without fail. The paymaster this day brought in his pay account for January, February and March, which was examined and approved and ran as follows. The list of the Honourable Company's officers and servants on the island with their several salaries, diet money and the like, for the quarter beginning 1 January and ending 31 March 1747: David Dunbar, Governor, from 1 January to 31 March, both days included, salary at £500 a year, £98 18s 4.75d Allowance for servants over the same period at £128 15s a year, £25 2s 2.5d Subtotal, £124 0s 7.25d Charles Hutchinson, Lieutenant Governor, from 1 January to 13 March, both days included, salary at £250 a year, £49 9s 0d Charles Hutchinson, Governor, from 14 to 31 March, both days included, salary at £500 a year, £26 1s 11.75d Allowance for servants over the same period at £128 15s a year, £6 12s 6.5d Subtotal, £82 3s 6.25d John Goodwin, third of council, from 1 January to 13 March, both days included, salary at £80 a year, £15 16s 5.25d As accountant from 14 to 31 March, both days included, salary at £90 a year, £3 13s 2.5d Diet money at £60 a year, £15 0s 0d Subtotal, £34 9s 6.75d Matthew Purling, fourth of council, from 1 January to 13 March, both days included, salary at £60 a year, £11 17s 4.5d Carried over, £11 17s 4.5d Total carried over, £240 13s 3.25d Interpretations The pay account carries the change of government precisely in its figures, every salary reckoned to the exact day of the handover on 13 and 14 March. Dunbar drew a full Governor's £500 a year to 31 March though he had ceased to govern in mid-month, while Hutchinson was paid at the Lieutenant Governor's £250 to 13 March and at the full £500 from the 14th, the two men's pay split at the day the Swift's commission took effect. Reckoning broken pay to the day on every promotion was the settled practice of the establishment, so that no man was paid for an office beyond the moment he left it, the same exactness that governed the furniture inventory and the divided steward's account. The promotions ran down the board with the vacancy at the top. John Goodwin moved from third of council at £80 to accountant at £90 on the same 14 March, his diet money of £60 standing separate from his salary, the diet allowance being the fixed sum for an officer's board that ran alongside his pay. The Governor's separate allowance for servants, more than a hundred pounds a year, marks the scale of the vice-regal household the Company maintained, the establishment charge covering not only the officers' salaries but the servants who kept their houses.
315	325	Brought over £ 240 13 3¼ Brought over £ 11 17 4¼ Matthew Owling Storekeeper from the 14 to 31 Mar both Incl. Sal.y at £ 70 3 13 3¼ p Annum D.o Diet Money @ £ 60 p Ann 15 0 0 30 10 5 Robert Wright as 5 of Council from the 1 Jan.ry to the 13 March both Incl. Salary at £ 60 p Annum 11 17 4¼ D.o Secretary from the 14 to 31 March both Incl. Sal.y @ £ 70 p Ann 3 13 3¼ D.o Diet Money @ £ 60 p Ann 15 0 0 30 10 5 Joshua Feynam Factor Salary 7 10 0 D.o House Rent 2 10 0 D.o Diet Money 10 0 0 20 0 0 Francis Wrangham Factor Salary 7 10 0 D.o House Rent 2 10 0 D.o Diet Money 10 0 0 20 0 0 James Powell Factor Salary 7 10 0 D.o Diet Money 10 0 0 17 10 0 Joseph Darvall Writer Salary 5 0 0 D.o Assistant Storekeeper 5 0 0 D.o Diet Money 10 0 0 20 0 0 Thomas French Writer Salary 5 0 0 D.o Diet Money 10 0 0 15 0 0 Samuel Falconer Surgeon Salary 9 15 0 D.o House Rent 2 10 0 12 5 0 John Emitt 7 10 0 Richard Owling Overseers 7 10 0 John Leech Marshal Salary 4 7 9 D.o as Custom Master 1 5 0 5 12 9 William Hayes Master of Arms 6 5 0 Nicholas Cleather Steward 7 10 0 William Deuce Gardiner 9 11 3 Robert Meacock Coper 8 15 0 Henry Moyce Carpenter 12 10 0 Carried over £ 491 13 1½	Brought over, £240 13s 3.25d. Brought over, £11 17s 4.5d. Matthew Purling, storekeeper, from 14 to 31 March, both days included, salary at £90 a year, £3 13s 2.5d Diet money at £60 a year, £15 0s 0d Subtotal, £30 10s 5d Robert Wright, sixth of council, from 1 January to 13 March, both days included, salary at £60 a year, £11 17s 4.5d As secretary from 14 to 31 March, both days included, salary at £70 a year, £3 13s 2.5d Diet money at £60 a year, £15 0s 0d Subtotal, £30 10s 5d Joshua Twynam, factor, salary, £7 10s 0d House rent, £2 10s 0d Diet money, £10 0s 0d Subtotal, £20 0s 0d Francis Wrangham, factor, salary, £7 10s 0d House rent, £2 10s 0d Diet money, £10 0s 0d Subtotal, £20 0s 0d James Powell, factor, salary, £7 10s 0d Diet money, £10 0s 0d Subtotal, £17 10s 0d Joseph Darvall, writer, salary, £5 0s 0d As assistant storekeeper, £5 0s 0d Diet money, £10 0s 0d Subtotal, £20 0s 0d Thomas French, writer, salary, £5 0s 0d Diet money, £10 0s 0d Subtotal, £15 0s 0d Samuel Falconer, surgeon, salary, £9 15s 0d House rent, £2 10s 0d Subtotal, £12 5s 0d John French and Richard Gurling, overseers, £7 10s 0d John Leech, marshal, salary, £4 7s 9d As custom master, £1 5s 0d Subtotal, £5 12s 9d William Hayes, master of arms, £6 5s 0d Nicholas Cleather, steward, £7 10s 0d William Deuce, gardener, £9 11s 3d Robert Meacock, cooper, £8 15s 0d Henry Moyce, carpenter, £12 10s 0d Carried over, £491 13s 1.5d Interpretations The account runs on down the civil establishment, carrying the same split at 13 and 14 March through the storekeeper's and secretary's places. Purling drew his storekeeper's pay from the 14th and Wright his secretary's from the same day, both stepping up as the board was reconstituted under the new government, their diet money of £15 the quarter standing separate from salary as with the councillors above. The pattern shows the whole board shifting places at once on the change of Governor, each promotion reckoned to the day. Below the council the factors, writers and officers were paid on a settled scale, salary, house rent and diet money entered as distinct heads. House rent was a fixed allowance to those officers not lodged in the Company's own buildings, paid to Twynam, Wrangham and the surgeon Falconer, while the writers and lesser servants drew salary and diet alone. The run of named offices, master of arms, steward, gardener, cooper and carpenter, sets out the whole working staff a remote Company settlement required to keep itself, each trade retained on the establishment and paid by the quarter, the diet allowance across the list marking how far the Company met its servants' board as well as their wages.
316	326	Brought over £ 491 13 1½ John Ashingstall Patron of the Long Boat 7 10 0 Robert Wright Store keeper 2 0 0 Richard Beale School Master Sal.y £ 3 8 3 D.o as Clerk 5 0 0 8 8 3 John Bland Master Mason Salary 17 10 0 D.o Diet Money from the 1 Jan.ry to the 13 March Incl. at £ 27 7 6 p Annum 5 8 3½ D.o Diet Money from the 14 to 31 March both Incl. at £ 40 p Annum 2 0 0 D.o House Rent at £ 6 p Annum 1 10 0 26 10 3½ Mark Hawkins Mason Sal.y 12 10 0 D.o Diet Money 6 16 10½ D.o House Rent at £ 4 p Annum 1 0 0 20 6 10½ 536 8 3½ First Company John Clark 1 Lieut Salary £ 10 0 0 D.o Diet Money 6 16 10½ D.o on Account of Instruct.g y Gunn.r 7 10 0 24 6 10½ John Dunbar 2 Lieut Salary 7 10 0 D.o Diet Money 6 16 10½ 14 6 10½ Will.m Hayes Adjutant Salary 10 0 0 D.o Diet Money 7 1 3 17 1 3 55 15 0 Serjeants Henry Beale 6 14 6 Bartholomew Molloy 6 14 6 John Collins 6 14 6 20 3 6 Corporals Solomon Jacobs 4 7 9 Daniel Langton 4 7 9 John Spencer 4 7 9 13 3 3 Thomas Watts Drummer 4 7 9 Carried over £ 629 17 9½	Brought over, £491 13s 1.5d. John Artingstall, patron of the long boat, £7 10s 0d Robert Wright, storekeeper, £2 0s 0d Richard Beale, schoolmaster, salary, £3 8s 3d As clerk, £5 0s 0d Subtotal, £8 8s 3d John Bland, master mason, salary, £17 10s 0d Diet money from 1 January to 13 March, both days included, at £27 6s 6d a year, £5 8s 3.5d Diet money from 14 to 31 March, both days included, at £40 a year, £2 0s 0d House rent at £6 a year, £1 10s 0d Subtotal, £26 10s 0.5d Mark Hawkins, mason, salary, £12 10s 0d Diet money, £6 16s 10.5d House rent at £4 a year, £1 0s 0d Subtotal, £20 6s 10.5d Total, £536 8s 3.5d First company: John Clark, lieutenant, salary, £10 0s 0d Diet money, £6 16s 10.5d On account of instructing the gunners, £7 10s 0d Subtotal, £24 6s 10.5d John Dunbar, lieutenant, salary, £7 10s 0d Diet money, £6 16s 10.5d Subtotal, £14 6s 10.5d William Hayes, adjutant, salary, £10 0s 0d Diet money, £7 1s 3d Subtotal, £17 1s 3d Total, £55 15s 0d Sergeants: Henry Beale, £6 14s 6d Bartholomew Molloy, £6 14s 6d John Collins, £6 14s 6d Total, £20 3s 6d Corporals: Solomon Jacobs, £4 7s 9d Daniel Langton, £4 7s 9d John Spencer, £4 7s 9d Total, £13 3s 3d Thomas Watts, drummer, £4 7s 9d Carried over, £629 17s 9.5d Interpretations The account passes from the civil establishment to the military, opening with the first of the four foot companies. The lieutenant John Clark drew an extra £7 10s for instructing the gunners, a charge that reflects the push through the spring to bring the artillery and the raw recruits to practice, the same training noted in the diary and paid for here as a distinct allowance beyond his salary. Below the officers the company ran to its sergeants, corporals and drummer on fixed quarterly rates, £6 14s 6d to a sergeant and £4 7s 9d to a corporal, the graded scale by which the whole garrison was paid. The two masons carry the house-rent allowance settled the previous December in place of the dwellings their contracts had promised but the Company could not supply, Bland at £6 a year and Hawkins at £4, entered here as a standing charge alongside their salary and diet. Bland's diet money was itself split at the change of government, reckoned at one rate to 13 March and a higher rate after, the handover reaching even into the mason's allowance and marking again how completely the establishment was ruled off to the day one Governor gave place to another.
317	327	Brought over £ 629 17 9½ Centinels William Anzer 3 8 3 Edward Allis 3 8 3 John Bray 3 8 3 Ambrose Bland 3 8 3 John Brown 3 8 3 George Bennet 3 8 3 Joseph Brooks 3 8 3 Augustin Balls 3 8 2 William Campbell 3 8 3 Matthew Campbell 3 8 3 Robert Carree 3 8 3 John Clay 3 8 3 John Gregory 3 8 3 William Caster 3 8 3 William Davis 3 8 3 William Enzer 3 8 3 Thomas Fox 3 8 3 Edward Gill 3 8 3 George Green 3 8 3 Thomas Greenaway 3 8 3 Robert Hayes 3 8 3 Daniel Hanchett 3 8 3 Thomas Hilo 3 8 3 Humphry Harrison 3 8 3 George Harper 3 8 3 John Jones 3 8 3 Woolden Jones 3 8 3 Stephen Lufkin 3 8 3 William Lambden 3 8 3 Joseph Long 3 8 3 Alexander Ludden 3 8 3 Thomas Manning 3 8 3 John March 3 8 3 Carried over £ 46 12 3 Carried over £ 629 17 9½	Brought over, £629 17s 9.5d. Sentinels: William Anzer, £3 8s 3d Edward Allis, £3 8s 3d John Bray, £3 8s 3d Ambrose Blade, £3 8s 3d John Brown, £3 8s 3d George Bennet, £3 8s 3d Joseph Brooks, £3 8s 3d Augustin Balls, £3 8s 2d William Campbell, £3 8s 3d Matthew Campbell, £3 8s 3d Robert Carree, £3 8s 3d John Clay, £3 8s 3d John Gregory, £3 8s 3d William Caster, £3 8s 3d William Davis, £3 8s 3d William Enzer, £3 8s 3d Thomas Fox, £3 8s 3d Edward Gill, £3 8s 3d George Green, £3 8s 3d Thomas Greenaway, £3 8s 3d Robert Hayes, £3 8s 3d Daniel Blanchard, £3 8s 3d Thomas Hale, £3 8s 3d Humphry Harrison, £3 8s 3d George Harper, £3 8s 3d John Jones, £3 8s 3d Woolston Jones, £3 8s 3d Stephen Lufkin, £3 8s 3d William Lambert, £3 8s 3d Joseph Long, £3 8s 3d Alexander Snodden, £3 8s 3d Thomas Manning, £3 8s 3d John March, £3 8s 3d Carried over, £46 12s 3d Total carried over, £629 17s 9.5d Interpretations The roll of sentinels sets out the private soldiers of the first company man by man, almost every one paid the flat quarterly rate of £3 8s 3d, the uniform sentinel's wage that ran through the whole establishment. The single exception, Augustin Balls at £3 8s 2d, is a penny short and stands as written, the kind of small variation the paymaster's exact reckoning to the day threw up rather than any different rate. Listing every common soldier by name, rather than as a headcount, was the settled form of the pay account, each man's wage owed and entered individually so that broken pay could be reckoned to the day on any death, desertion or transfer. The length of the list measures the scale of the garrison a threatened Company island carried, a single company running to more than thirty private men below its officers and non-commissioned ranks. The whole body was the manpower behind the war works and the flying parties of the spring, the same soldiers who laboured on the Sandy Bay batteries and were exercised at the target in Rupert's Valley, kept and paid by the Company as the standing defence of its most important victualling station on the homeward route.
318	328	Brought over £ 629 17 9½ Brought over £ 46 12 3 Thomas Mason 3 8 3 John Murrill 3 8 3 James Mills 3 8 3 James Owen 3 8 3 William Duce 3 8 3 James Richardson 3 8 3 James Renard 3 8 3 John Archer 3 8 3 John Shaw 3 8 3 John Searby 3 8 3 Solomon Saunders 3 8 3 Emanuel Steele 3 8 3 James Urquhart 3 8 3 Peter Wells 3 8 3 Thomas Watton 3 8 3 Thomas Wagg 3 8 3 William Young 3 8 3 170 12 6 Supernumerary Men belonging to the 1 Company John Davis 3 8 3 James Cartwright 3 8 3 James Hendry 3 8 3 John Long 3 8 3 William Smith 3 8 3 17 1 3 Second Company Joseph Frendal 1 Lieut Salary £ 10 0 0 D.o Diet Money 6 16 10½ D.o House Rent 2 10 0 19 6 10½ Samuel Ashwick 2 Lieut Salary 7 10 0 D.o Diet Money 6 16 10½ 14 6 10½ 33 13 9 Carried over £ 851 5 3½	Brought over, £629 17s 9.5d. Brought over, £46 12s 3d. Thomas Mason, £3 8s 3d John Murrill, £3 8s 3d James Mills, £3 8s 3d James Owen, £3 8s 3d William Duce, £3 8s 3d James Richardson, £3 8s 3d James Renard, £3 8s 3d John Archer, £3 8s 3d John Shaye, £3 8s 3d John Searby, £3 8s 3d Solomon Saunders, £3 8s 3d Emanuel Steele, £3 8s 3d James Urquhart, £3 8s 3d Peter Wells, £3 8s 3d Thomas Watton, £3 8s 3d Thomas Wagg, £3 8s 3d William Spraug, £3 8s 3d Total, £170 12s 6d Supernumerary men belonging to the first company: John Davis, £3 8s 3d James Cartwright, £3 8s 3d James Fleming, £3 8s 3d John Long, £3 8s 3d William Smith, £3 8s 3d Total, £17 1s 3d Second company: Joseph Trendel, first lieutenant, salary, £10 0s 0d Diet money, £6 16s 10.5d House rent, £2 10s 0d Subtotal, £19 6s 10.5d Samuel Ashwick, second lieutenant, salary, £7 10s 0d Diet money, £6 16s 10.5d Subtotal, £14 6s 10.5d Total, £33 13s 9d Carried over, £851 5s 3.5d Interpretations The roll completes the sentinels of the first company and adds a short list of supernumerary men, soldiers borne on the company's strength above its established complement. Supernumeraries were the surplus hands a company carried when recruits arrived or men awaited posting, paid the same flat sentinel's rate but entered apart so that the established establishment and the overplus could be told one from another, the recruits landed from the Prince Edward swelling the ranks in just this way. The account then opens the second of the four foot companies with its two lieutenants, the first lieutenant Trendel drawing house rent alongside his salary and diet where the second did not, the allowance falling only on officers not lodged in the Company's buildings. The parallel structure of the companies, each with its lieutenants, sergeants, corporals, drummer and file of sentinels, shows the garrison built to a settled pattern, the whole paid by the quarter on the graded scale that ran from the ten-pound lieutenant down to the common soldier's £3 8s 3d.
319	329	Brought over £ 851 5 3½ Serjeants Edward Bagley 6 14 6 John Fickett 6 14 6 Robert Mason 6 14 6 20 3 6 Corporals Gabriel Isaac 4 7 9 Daniel Bush 4 7 9 Peter Frinal 4 7 9 13 3 3 Thomas Louden Drummer 4 7 9 Centinels James Allis 3 8 3 Joseph Ambrose 3 8 3 George Ayres 3 8 3 Peter Barker 3 8 3 Andrew Barton 3 8 3 Peter Bailey 3 8 3 John Butch 3 8 3 Josiah Barks 3 8 3 Frances Berwick 3 8 3 John Brown 3 8 3 Richard Bellingfon 3 8 3 William Brifhe 3 8 3 John Chapman 3 8 3 Nicholas Cope 3 8 3 William Diaffen 3 8 3 John Downs 3 8 3 Robert Everidge 3 8 3 John Fickett 3 8 3 John Fletcher 3 8 3 Nicholas Fust 3 8 3 Thomas Forred, to the 17 feb.y Incl. the day he Died 1 15 10¾ Carried over £ 70 0 10¾ Carried over £ 888 10 9½	Brought over, £851 5s 3.5d. Sergeants: Edward Bagley, £6 14s 6d John Fickett, £6 14s 6d Robert Mason, £6 14s 6d Total, £20 3s 6d Corporals: Gabriel Isaac, £4 7s 9d Daniel Bush, £4 7s 9d Peter Final, £4 7s 9d Total, £13 3s 3d Thomas London, drummer, £4 7s 9d Sentinels: James Allis, £3 8s 3d Joseph Ambrose, £3 8s 3d George Agnes, £3 8s 3d Peter Barker, £3 8s 3d Andrew Barton, £3 8s 3d Peter Bailey, £3 8s 3d John Burch, £3 8s 3d Josiah Barks, £3 8s 3d Frances Berwick, £3 8s 3d John Brown, £3 8s 3d Richard Billington, £3 8s 3d William Bright, £3 8s 3d John Chapman, £3 8s 3d Nicholas Cope, £3 8s 3d William Dobson, £3 8s 3d John Adams, £3 8s 3d Robert Everidge, £3 8s 3d John Fickett, £3 8s 3d John Fletcher, £3 8s 3d Nicholas Frost, £3 8s 3d Thomas Forrest, to 17 February, both days included, the day he died, £1 15s 10.75d Carried over, £170 0s 10.75d Total carried over, £888 10s 9.5d Interpretations The roll of the second company runs through its sergeants, corporals, drummer and sentinels on the same graded rates as the first, £6 14s 6d to a sergeant, £4 7s 9d to a corporal and the flat £3 8s 3d to the private men. The uniformity across the two companies confirms the settled scale on which the whole garrison was paid, the establishment built to a pattern so that any company's cost could be reckoned man by man against the same rates. The last line carries the single break in the flat sentinel's wage, Thomas Forrest paid only to 17 February, the day he died, his broken pay reckoned exactly to the day at £1 15s 10.75d rather than the full quarter. This is the mechanism the whole man-by-man roll exists to serve: by entering every soldier individually, the paymaster could stop a dead or deserted man's wage on the precise day it ceased to be owed, the same exactness that ruled off the officers' pay at the change of government and divided the steward's account to the day. Forrest's death, noted in the diary on 10 February and the powder for his funeral charged in the gunner's account, is here reckoned into the pay to 17 February, the small discrepancy in the date left as the record stands.
320	330	Brought over £ 888 10 9½ Brought over £ 70 0 10¾ John Gould 3 8 3 John Holloway 3 8 3 John Hays 3 8 3 James Inglesh 3 8 3 Samuel Pitton 3 8 3 William Leaver 3 8 3 James Long 3 8 3 Joseph Frost 3 8 3 Charles Logente 3 8 3 Thomas Mason 3 8 3 Richard Maybank 3 8 3 Richard Moyce 3 8 3 William Page 3 8 3 John Pope 3 8 3 Richard Smith 3 8 3 William Scott 3 8 3 Thomas Breton 3 8 3 William Shelford 3 8 3 John Semmence 3 8 3 Joseph Simpson 3 8 3 Robert Stacey 3 8 3 Edward Shepped 3 8 3 Thomas Taylor 3 8 3 Richard Swaik 3 8 3 William Swaik 3 8 3 Edward Walker 3 8 3 Stephen Willoughby 3 8 3 Adam Welein 3 8 3 John Whitchurch 3 8 3 Solomon Wain from the 18 feb.y to the 31 March both Incl. 1 12 4½ 170 12 6 Carried over £ 959 12 3½	Brought over, £888 10s 9.5d. Brought over, £170 0s 10.75d. John Gould, £3 8s 3d John Holloway, £3 8s 3d John Hayes, £3 8s 3d James English, £3 8s 3d Samuel Fenton, £3 8s 3d William Leaver, £3 8s 3d James Long, £3 8s 3d Joseph Frost, £3 8s 3d Charles Legent, £3 8s 3d Thomas Mason, £3 8s 3d Richard Maybank, £3 8s 3d Richard Noyce, £3 8s 3d William Page, £3 8s 3d John Cope, £3 8s 3d Richard Smith, £3 8s 3d William Scott, £3 8s 3d Thomas Breeton, £3 8s 3d William Shelford, £3 8s 3d John Simmonds, £3 8s 3d Joseph Simpson, £3 8s 3d Robert Stacey, £3 8s 3d Edward Shepherd, £3 8s 3d Thomas Taylor, £3 8s 3d Richard Swaite, £3 8s 3d William Swaite, £3 8s 3d Edward Walker, £3 8s 3d Stephen Willoughby, £3 8s 3d Adam Welden, £3 8s 3d John Whitchurch, £3 8s 3d Solomon Wain, from 18 February to 31 March, both days included, £1 12s 4.5d Total, £170 12s 6d Carried over, £959 12s 3.5d Interpretations The roll completes the sentinels of the second company, almost all at the flat quarterly rate of £3 8s 3d, the uniform private soldier's wage that ran through the whole garrison. The single broken entry, Solomon Wain paid only from 18 February to 31 March, marks a man who joined the company partway through the quarter, his pay reckoned from the day he came onto the strength rather than the full three months, the same day-exact accounting applied to a man entering as to Thomas Forrest leaving by death on the preceding page. Charles Legent appears here among the private men, the same hand whose work cleaning the sentry boxes and the mahogany was charged to the general table earlier in the record, showing how a soldier of the garrison might be set to household tasks about the castle and paid for them separately from his sentinel's wage. The length of the roll again measures the manpower a threatened Company island maintained, two full companies of foot running to sixty and more private men below their officers, the standing body from which the war works and flying parties of the spring were drawn.
321	331	Brought over £ 959 12 3½ Supernumerary Men belonging to the 2 Company John Norton 3 8 3 William Ormiozn 3 8 3 Samuel Talbot 3 8 3 Benjamin Thomas 3 8 3 Solomon Wain to the 17 feb.y Incl. 1 15 10¾ 15 8 10¾ Third Company Thomas Easthope 1 Lieut Salary £ 10 0 0 D.o Diet Money 6 16 10½ D.o House Rent 2 10 0 19 6 10½ Once Beale 2 Lieut Salary 7 10 0 D.o Diet Money 6 16 10½ 14 6 10½ 33 13 9 Serjeants John Aldrich 6 14 6 Andrew Coleman 6 14 6 William Pennedy 6 14 6 20 3 6 Corporals Matthias Brightwell 4 7 9 James Lee 4 7 9 John Smith 4 7 9 13 3 3 Benjamin Fusek Drummer 4 7 9 Centinels William Adams 3 8 3 Bevan Ambrose 3 8 3 William Allis 3 8 3 Henry Barber 3 8 3 William Bechett 3 8 3 William Bonford 3 8 3 Carried over £ 20 9 6 Carried over £ 1146 9 5¼	Brought over, £959 12s 3.5d. Supernumerary men belonging to the second company: John Norton, £3 8s 3d William Ormiere, £3 8s 3d Samuel Talbot, £3 8s 3d Benjamin Thomas, £3 8s 3d Solomon Wain, to 17 February, both days included, £1 15s 10.75d Total, £15 8s 10.75d Third company: Thomas Easthope, first lieutenant, salary, £10 0s 0d Diet money, £6 16s 10.5d House rent, £2 10s 0d Subtotal, £19 6s 10.5d Once Beale, second lieutenant, salary, £7 10s 0d Diet money, £6 16s 10.5d Subtotal, £14 6s 10.5d Total, £33 13s 9d Sergeants: John Aldrick, £6 14s 6d Andrew Coleman, £6 14s 6d William Kennedy, £6 14s 6d Total, £20 3s 6d Corporals: Matthias Brightwell, £4 7s 9d James Lee, £4 7s 9d John Smith, £4 7s 9d Total, £13 3s 3d Benjamin Frost, drummer, £4 7s 9d Sentinels: William Adams, £3 8s 3d Bevan Ambrose, £3 8s 3d William Allis, £3 8s 3d Henry Barber, £3 8s 3d William Beckett, £3 8s 3d William Bonfield, £3 8s 3d Carried over, £20 9s 6d Total carried over, £1,146 9s 5.5d Interpretations Solomon Wain appears twice over in the account, entered both as a supernumerary of the second company to 17 February and as a sentinel paid from 18 February, which shows him transferred from the supernumerary strength onto the established roll partway through the quarter, his pay split at the day of the move and reckoned to the day on each side. Carrying the same man across two entries at the break is exactly what the day-exact accounting was built to do, so that his wage was neither doubled nor lost when his status changed. The third company opens on the same pattern as the first two, its lieutenants, sergeants, corporals, drummer and sentinels paid on the identical graded scale, the first lieutenant Easthope drawing house rent where the second did not. The repetition of the structure company by company confirms the whole garrison built to one establishment, each unit costed man by man against the same fixed rates, the uniformity that let the paymaster reckon the entire force and stop or start any single man's pay to the day.
322	332	Brought over £ 1146 9 5¼ Brought over £ 20 9 6 William Brown 3 8 3 Baron Delsay 3 8 3 John Earle 3 8 3 John Ford 3 8 3 Thomas Fuller 3 8 3 Edward Grant 3 8 3 William Furlock 3 8 3 Peter Higgins 3 8 3 Joseph Hunt 3 8 3 James Pintos 3 8 3 William Jones 3 8 3 William Jackson 3 8 3 Evan Jones 3 8 3 Charles Kendrick 3 8 3 Richard Knight 3 8 3 Thomas Lawrence 3 8 3 John Langbridge 3 8 3 Abraham Mayer 3 8 3 James Mayure 3 8 3 Charles Montague 3 8 3 James M.c Leane 3 8 3 Charles Newcomb 3 8 3 Valentine Noble 3 8 3 Joseph Newman 3 8 3 Thomas Oliver 3 8 3 William Orms 3 8 3 Thomas Payne 3 8 3 George Peacock 3 8 3 James Pewterer 3 8 3 William Pendre 3 8 3 John Capwater 3 8 3 Francis Reed 3 8 3 John Smith 3 8 3 Carried over £ 133 1 9 Carried over £ 1146 9 5¼	Brought over, £1,146 9s 5.5d. Brought over, £20 9s 6d. William Brown, £3 8s 3d Baron Delss, £3 8s 3d John Earle, £3 8s 3d John Ford, £3 8s 3d Thomas Fuller, £3 8s 3d Edward Grant, £3 8s 3d William Kurlock, £3 8s 3d Peter Higgins, £3 8s 3d Joseph Hunt, £3 8s 3d James Pintos, £3 8s 3d William Jones, £3 8s 3d William Jackson, £3 8s 3d Evan Jones, £3 8s 3d Thomas Goodrich, £3 8s 3d Richard Knight, £3 8s 3d Thomas Lawrence, £3 8s 3d John Langbridge, £3 8s 3d Abraham Major, £3 8s 3d James Mayure, £3 8s 3d Charles Montague, £3 8s 3d James McLeane, £3 8s 3d Charles Newcomb, £3 8s 3d Valentine Noble, £3 8s 3d Joseph Newman, £3 8s 3d Thomas Oliver, £3 8s 3d William Orms, £3 8s 3d Thomas Payne, £3 8s 3d George Peacock, £3 8s 3d James Pewterer, £3 8s 3d William Pendre, £3 8s 3d John Carpenter, £3 8s 3d Francis Reed, £3 8s 3d John Smith, £3 8s 3d Carried over, £133 1s 9d Total carried over, £1,146 9s 5.5d Interpretations The roll of the third company's sentinels runs on man by man at the flat quarterly rate of £3 8s 3d, the uniform private soldier's wage carried unbroken through the whole garrison. No entry on the page departs from the rate, every man serving the full quarter and paid alike, the plainest form the establishment took where no death, desertion or mid-quarter transfer interrupted the count. Several of the men listed here surface elsewhere in the record as hired hands or as parties to the Company's small transactions, Baron Delss and Evan Jones among those paid earlier for making sails on the Portobello, and Peter Higgins the soldier to whom the late Sergeant Corker had left his estate. The overlap shows how the same body of soldiers supplied the settlement's casual labour as well as its defence, drawn on for boat work, building and household tasks and paid separately for them, while their standing sentinel's wage ran on by the quarter as the fixed charge of keeping the garrison.
323	333	Brought over £ 1146 9 5¼ Brought over £ 133 1 9 John Spencer 3 8 3 John Simpson 3 8 3 David Scott 3 8 3 Robert Stack 3 8 3 Joseph Tompson 3 8 3 John Upton 3 8 3 John Vaneston 3 8 3 Benjamin Williams 3 8 3 John Wills 3 8 3 Jeremiah Wyrrell 3 8 3 Joseph Woodman 3 8 3 170 12 6 Supernumerary Men belonging to the 3 Company Joseph Bristech 3 8 3 John M.c Roy 3 8 3 Thomas Peace 3 8 3 Abraham Ratly 3 8 3 William Robinson 3 8 3 17 1 3 Fourth Company John Barton 1 Lieut Sallary £ 10 0 0 D.o Diet Money 6 16 10½ D.o House Rent 2 10 0 19 6 10½ Tho.s Kirkpatrick 2 Lieut Sal.y 7 10 0 D.o Diet Money 6 16 10½ 14 6 10½ 33 13 9 Serjeants Joseph Leighton 6 14 6 William Wickman 6 14 6 David Wilson 6 14 6 20 3 6 Carried over £ 1388 0 5¼	Brought over, £1,146 9s 5.5d. Brought over, £133 1s 9d. John Spencer, £3 8s 3d John Simpson, £3 8s 3d David Scott, £3 8s 3d Robert Stack, £3 8s 3d Joseph Tompson, £3 8s 3d John Upton, £3 8s 3d John Vanoston, £3 8s 3d Benjamin Williams, £3 8s 3d John Wills, £3 8s 3d Jeremiah Wyrrell, £3 8s 3d Joseph Woodman, £3 8s 3d Total, £170 12s 6d Supernumerary men belonging to the third company: Joseph Blodock, £3 8s 3d John McKoy, £3 8s 3d Thomas Pearce, £3 8s 3d Abraham Ratly, £3 8s 3d William Robinson, £3 8s 3d Total, £17 1s 3d Fourth company: John Barton, first lieutenant, salary, £10 0s 0d Diet money, £6 16s 10.5d House rent, £2 10s 0d Subtotal, £19 6s 10.5d Thomas Kirkpatrick, second lieutenant, salary, £7 10s 0d Diet money, £6 16s 10.5d Subtotal, £14 6s 10.5d Total, £33 13s 9d Sergeants: Joseph Leighton, £6 14s 6d William Wickman, £6 14s 6d David Wilson, £6 14s 6d Total, £20 3s 6d Carried over, £1,388 0s 5.5d Interpretations The roll completes the third company with its sentinels and a short list of supernumeraries, the surplus men borne above the established strength and paid the same flat sentinel's rate but entered apart. The recruits landed from the Prince Edward over the winter account for the swelling of every company by these overplus hands, held on the strength until deaths and postings absorbed them into the established files. The fourth and last company opens on the identical pattern, its two lieutenants, three sergeants and the ranks to follow paid on the same graded scale that governed the other three, Barton the first lieutenant drawing house rent where the second did not. The four companies built alike, each to the same establishment of officers, non-commissioned ranks and sentinels on fixed quarterly rates, complete the standing garrison the Company kept on the island, the whole force costed man by man so that its charge could be reckoned to the pound and the day.
324	334	Brought over £ 1388 0 5¼ Corporals William Moore 4 7 9 Edward Morphey 4 7 9 Peter Coakley 4 7 9 13 3 3 Joseph Uffen 4 7 9 Centinels James Allen 3 8 3 Thomas Berrer 3 8 3 John Barden 3 8 3 Isaac Bennett 3 8 3 William Barrett 3 8 3 Derby Coyles 3 8 3 Edward Cullimore 3 8 3 Walter Cox 3 8 3 Phillip Catchpole 3 8 3 Edward Cocker 3 8 3 Thomas Draper 3 8 3 John Elles 3 8 3 Samuel Eeles 3 8 3 George Exton 3 8 3 Jonathan Godbee 3 8 3 Francis Goodbaty 3 8 3 James Hell 3 8 3 John Hacey 3 8 3 Job Harrison 3 8 3 James Peeles 3 8 3 James Hendrick 3 8 3 William Hendry 3 8 3 William Hift 3 8 3 John Marnitha 3 8 3 George Masters 3 8 3 Nicas Menanto 3 8 3 Carried over £ 36 4 6 Carried over £ 1405 11 5¼	Brought over, £1,388 0s 5.5d. Corporals: William Moore, £4 7s 9d Edward Morphey, £4 7s 9d Peter Coakley, £4 7s 9d Total, £13 3s 3d Joseph Uffin, £4 7s 9d Sentinels: James Allen, £3 8s 3d Thomas Berner, £3 8s 3d John Bowden, £3 8s 3d Isaac Bennett, £3 8s 3d William Barrett, £3 8s 3d Denby Coyles, £3 8s 3d Edward Cullimore, £3 8s 3d Walter Cox, £3 8s 3d Phillip Catchpole, £3 8s 3d Edward Cocker, £3 8s 3d Thomas Draper, £3 8s 3d John Elles, £3 8s 3d Samuel Coles, £3 8s 3d George Exton, £3 8s 3d Jonathan Godbee, £3 8s 3d Francis Goodbody, £3 8s 3d James Hall, £3 8s 3d John Slaicy, £3 8s 3d Job Simpson, £3 8s 3d James Pieces, £3 8s 3d James Pendrick, £3 8s 3d William Pendry, £3 8s 3d William Pyfitt, £3 8s 3d John Marmitta, £3 8s 3d George Masters, £3 8s 3d Manas Menanto, £3 8s 3d Carried over, £36 4s 6d Total carried over, £1,405 11s 5.5d Interpretations The roll of the fourth company's sentinels runs on man by man at the flat quarterly rate of £3 8s 3d, the uniform private soldier's wage carried unbroken through the whole garrison, no man on the page departing from the rate. The list completes the last of the four foot companies, each built to the same establishment of lieutenants, sergeants, corporals, drummer and sentinels paid on the identical graded scale. The names carry the whole mixed making of the garrison, English soldiers set beside men of plainly foreign origin such as Manas Menanto and John Marmitta, the ranks filled from wherever the Company could draw recruits for a remote and unhealthy post. Several surnames recur from the island's planter families, Coles, Draper and Coyles among them, showing how the settlement's own people supplied soldiers to the companies as well as tenants to the land, the garrison and the civil population drawn from a single small society bound together on the island.
325	335	Brought over £ 1405 11 5¼ Brought over £ 36 4 6 Richard Mason 3 8 3 Duncan M.c Lenen 3 8 3 James Byloe 3 8 3 Benjamin Peassen 3 8 3 Edward Richards 3 8 3 Thomas Robinson 3 8 3 Arnold Seperie 3 8 3 Daniel Sargant 3 8 3 Edward Speats 3 8 3 John Smith 3 8 3 Charles Stoaks 3 8 3 Timothy Sullivan 3 8 3 John Saylor 3 8 3 Edward Terry 3 8 3 William Taylor 3 8 3 Peter Harnburgh 3 8 3 Robert Vickers 3 8 3 James Vaughan 3 8 3 Benjamin Williams 3 8 3 John Walker Jun.r 3 8 3 James Woodearse 3 8 3 John Walker Sen.r 3 8 3 Robert Wright 3 8 3 170 12 6 Supernumerary Men belonging to the 4 Company Abraham Burrell 3 8 3 William Harris 3 8 3 John Hoyde 3 8 3 John Scarlet 3 8 3 13 13 0 Artillery Company John French Master Gunner Salary 13 8 9 D.o Diet Money 6 16 10½ D.o House Rent 2 10 0 22 15 7½ Carried over £ 1612 12 6¾	Brought over, £1,405 11s 5.5d. Brought over, £36 4s 6d. Richard Mason, £3 8s 3d Duncan McLimen, £3 8s 3d James Coyles, £3 8s 3d Benjamin Clason, £3 8s 3d Edward Richards, £3 8s 3d Thomas Robinson, £3 8s 3d Arnold Jefferie, £3 8s 3d Daniel Vargant, £3 8s 3d Edward Spratts, £3 8s 3d John Smith, £3 8s 3d Charles Stocks, £3 8s 3d Timothy Sullivan, £3 8s 3d John Saylor, £3 8s 3d Edward Terry, £3 8s 3d William Taylor, £3 8s 3d Peter Harnburgh, £3 8s 3d Robert Vickers, £3 8s 3d James Vaughan, £3 8s 3d Benjamin Williams, £3 8s 3d John Walker junior, £3 8s 3d James Woodhouse, £3 8s 3d John Walker senior, £3 8s 3d Robert Wright, £3 8s 3d Total, £170 12s 6d Supernumerary men belonging to the fourth company: Abraham Burrell, £3 8s 3d William Harris, £3 8s 3d John Sloyde, £3 8s 3d John Scarlff, £3 8s 3d Total, £13 13s 0d Artillery company: John French, master gunner, salary, £13 8s 9d Diet money, £6 16s 10.5d House rent, £2 10s 0d Subtotal, £22 15s 7.5d Carried over, £1,612 12s 6.75d Interpretations The roll completes the fourth company's sentinels and its supernumeraries, the surplus men borne above the established strength on the same flat sentinel's rate, and so closes the four foot companies of the garrison. The whole body has now run to more than a hundred and thirty private soldiers below their officers, the manpower a threatened Company island maintained as its standing defence and the labour force behind the war works of the spring. The account then opens the artillery company under John French, the master gunner whose monthly returns of stores run through the whole record. His salary of £13 8s 9d stood above a foot company's lieutenant, marking the specialist charge of the guns and the ordnance, with house rent and diet money entered as distinct heads alongside. The artillery formed a separate company from the four of foot, its gunners the men trained at the target in Rupert's Valley and set to serve the batteries, the fifth arm of an establishment built to keep and work the island's defences as well as to man them.
326	336	Brought over £ 1612 12 6¾ Gunners Mates Walter Bellew 4 17 6 John Christofell 4 17 6 William Davis 4 17 6 Isaac Leech 4 17 6 Roger Nevinson 4 17 6 James Pritchard 4 17 6 Nathan Semple 4 17 6 Ely Leech 4 17 6 39 0 0 Quarter Gunners John Ashingstall 4 7 9 Edward Arnold 4 7 9 Edward Burford 4 7 9 William Brenslow 4 7 9 John Nottidge 4 7 9 Humphry Pugh 4 7 9 William Fisher 4 7 9 John Watkins 4 7 9 35 2 0 Matrofses Joseph Boswell 4 1 3 William Bateman 4 1 3 John Brown 4 1 3 John Butter 4 1 3 William Bull 4 1 3 Peter Bath 4 1 3 Samuel Clark 4 1 3 Henry Carter 4 1 3 John Cheeseman 4 1 3 Anthony Day 4 1 3 Phillip Killiard 4 1 3 Adam Milbearne 4 1 3 Patrick Murphy 4 1 3 Thomas Dild 4 1 3 Carried over £ 56 17 6 Carried over £ 1686 14 6¾	Brought over, £1,612 12s 6.75d. Gunners' mates: Walter Bellew, £4 17s 6d John Christofell, £4 17s 6d William Davis, £4 17s 6d Isaac Leech, £4 17s 6d Roger Nevanson, £4 17s 6d James Pritchard, £4 17s 6d Nathan Sample, £4 17s 6d Ely Leech, £4 17s 6d Total, £39 0s 0d Quarter gunners: John Artingstall, £4 7s 9d Edward Arnold, £4 7s 9d Edward Bayford, £4 7s 9d William Brenslow, £4 7s 9d John Nottidge, £4 7s 9d Humphry Bush, £4 7s 9d William Fisher, £4 7s 9d John Watkins, £4 7s 9d Total, £35 2s 0d Matrosses: Joseph Boswell, £4 1s 3d William Bateman, £4 1s 3d John Brown, £4 1s 3d John Butler, £4 1s 3d William Bull, £4 1s 3d Peter Bath, £4 1s 3d Samuel Clark, £4 1s 3d Henry Carter, £4 1s 3d John Cheeseman, £4 1s 3d Anthony Day, £4 1s 3d Phillip Killiard, £4 1s 3d Adam Milbourne, £4 1s 3d Patrick Murphy, £4 1s 3d Thomas Duke, £4 1s 3d Carried over, £56 17s 6d Total carried over, £1,686 14s 6.75d Interpretations The artillery company was paid on a scale of its own, distinct from the foot and reflecting the specialist grades of the guns. The gunners' mates stood highest at £4 17s 6d the quarter, above the quarter gunners at £4 7s 9d and the matrosses at £4 1s 3d, the three ranks descending in a graded order that matched the skill each required. A quarter gunner had charge of a division of guns under the mates, and a matross was the private soldier of the artillery, the assistant who loaded, sponged and ran up the piece, so that even the lowest artilleryman drew more than a foot company's sentinel at £3 8s 3d, the extra marking the trained hand the guns demanded. Several of the men carry double duty in the record. Roger Nevanson the gunner's mate was the market steward through whose hands the Company's provisions passed, and James Pritchard and the two Leeches recur among the island's other business, showing how the artillery's own men filled offices about the settlement while borne on the gunner's roll. The company completes the establishment the paymaster costed man by man, the whole force of foot and artillery reckoned to the pound and the day as the standing charge of holding the island.
327	337	Brought over £ 1686 14 6¾ Brought over £ 56 17 6 Lawrence Peterson 4 1 3 John Smith 4 1 3 Joseph Thomas 4 1 3 James Vaughan 4 1 3 Thomas Wright 4 1 3 William Wellman 4 1 3 81 5 0 Superannuated Richard Tinsley Overseer 3 8 3 Joseph Whaley Serjeant 3 8 3 William Burnham D.o 3 8 3 Samuel Snipe Centinel 3 8 3 Francis Fange Armourer 6 0 7½ £ 1787 13 2¾	Brought over, £1,686 14s 6.75d. Brought over, £56 17s 6d. Lawrence Peterson, £4 1s 3d John Smith, £4 1s 3d Joseph Thomas, £4 1s 3d James Vaughan, £4 1s 3d Thomas Wright, £4 1s 3d William Wellman, £4 1s 3d Total, £81 5s 0d Superannuated: Richard Tinsley, overseer, £3 8s 3d Joseph Whaley, sergeant, £3 8s 3d William Burnham, sergeant, £3 8s 3d Samuel Knipe, sentinel, £3 8s 3d Francis Funge, armourer, £6 0s 7.5d Grand total, £1,787 13s 2.75d Interpretations The account closes with the last of the artillery's matrosses and the small roll of the superannuated, and the whole quarter's establishment stands at £1,787 13s 2.75d. The superannuated were the Company's pensioners, worn-out servants no longer fit for duty but kept on the roll at reduced pay, the former overseer Tinsley, two old sergeants, a sentinel and the armourer Funge among them. Maintaining its aged and disabled servants rather than casting them off was the settled practice of the Company, the pension charged to the same establishment as the serving men, the reward for long service on a remote and unhealthy post. Francis Funge the armourer drew a higher pension than the rest at £6 0s 7.5d, his skilled trade earning more even in retirement than a private soldier's full wage, the same distinction of craft that ran through the whole scale from the master gunner down. The grand total of the quarter measures the standing cost of the establishment the Company kept on the island, civil officers, four foot companies, artillery and pensioners together, the entire charge reckoned man by man and to the day across the change of government that fell in the middle of it.
328	338	Dr Charles Hutchinson 1747 Mar 31.st To Cash received from the Honble Companys Cash Chest £ 1062 19 1½ Carried Over £ 1062 19 1½	The paymaster's cash account, kept in the name of Charles Hutchinson, opened on the debtor side. 31 March 1747, to cash received from the Honourable Company's cash chest, £1,962 19s 1.5d Carried over, £1,962 19s 1.5d The rest of the page was left blank, the single receipt carried down to close it.
329	339	Pay Master Per Contra Cr 1747 Jan.ry 24.th By Cash paid Joseph Long for coming Express with an Account of a Ship to Windward 0 5 0 Feb.ry 5.th By D.o paid Ditto for Ditto 0 5 0 9.th By D.o paid Cap.t Walter Hook for several sorts of Garden Seeds 5 0 0 11.th By D.o paid Baron Deleaf for Six days work upon the Sails of the Honble Companys Sloop the Porto Bello 0 18 0 By D.o paid the following Men for work done for the Honble Companys Sloop the Porto Bello Viz.t George Ayres 7 at 1/ p Day £ 0 7 0 Andrew Barton 7 at D.o 0 7 0 Richard Knight 7 at D.o 0 7 0 Peter Oxenburgh 7 at D.o 0 7 0 William Swaits 7 at D.o 0 7 0 Evan Jones 7 at D.o 0 7 0 Phillip Killiard 7 at D.o 0 7 0 Henry Carter 7 at D.o 0 7 0 John Christoffle 7 at 1/6 D.o 0 10 6 3 6 6 20.th By D.o paid John Earle for coming Express with an Account of a Ship to Windward 0 5 0 By D.o paid Ely Leech for Enlisting to Serve the Honble Company for five Years to Commence from the 23 day of March last 5 5 0 By D.o paid John Bourke for Enlisting to Serve the Honble Company for five Years to Commence from the 23 Day of March last 5 5 0 27.th By D.o paid John Taylor for Enlisting to Serve the Honble Company for five Years to commence from the 10 day of December last 5 5 0 Mar 3.d By D.o paid the Gov.r David Dunbar Esq.r for so much p.d by him for fruit for the General Table and for Work done by the Smiths of the Prince Edward to the Pump and Plough & for making Horse Shoes & 2 Cheeses omited to be Charged by him last Year 3 7 0 By D.o paid D.o for so much p.d by him to Children for gleaning 40 Bushells of Corn at one penny p Day 0 15 0 12.th By D.o paid James Mills for coming Express with an Account of a Ship to Windward 0 5 0 Carried over £ 30 1 6	The credit side of the paymaster's account stood as follows: On 24 January, by cash paid Joseph Long for coming express with an account of a ship to windward, £0 5s 0d. On 3 February, paid the same to the same for the like, £0 5s 0d. On 9 February, paid Captain Walter Flock for several sorts of slope garden seeds, £0 5s 0d. On 11 February, paid Baron Deloss for six days working upon the sails of the Honourable Company's sloop the Portobello, £0 18s 0d. Paid the following men for work done for the Honourable Company's sloop the Portobello: George Agnes, 7 days at 1s the day, £0 7s 0d Andrew Barton, 7 days at the like, £0 7s 0d Richard Knight, 7 days at the like, £0 7s 0d Peter Greenburgh, 7 days at the like, £0 7s 0d William Twaits, 7 days at the like, £0 7s 0d Evan Jones, 7 days at the like, £0 7s 0d Phillip Killiard, 7 days at the like, £0 7s 0d Henry Carter, 7 days at the like, £0 7s 0d John Christoffle, 7 days at 1s 6d the like, £0 10s 6d Total, £3 6s 6d On 20 February, paid John Earle for coming express with an account of a ship to windward, £0 5s 0d. Paid Ely Leech for enlisting to serve the Honourable Company for five years, to commence from 23 March, £5 5s 0d. Paid John Bourke for enlisting to serve the Honourable Company for five years, to commence from 23 March, £5 5s 0d. On 27 February, paid John Taylor for enlisting to serve the Honourable Company for five years, to commence from 10 December, £5 5s 0d. On 3 March, paid Governor David Dunbar for the amount he laid out for fruit for the general table, and for work done by the smiths of the Prince Edward to the pump and plough, and for making horse shoes, and for two cheeses, omitted to be charged the previous year, £3 7s 0d. Paid the same for the amount he laid out to children for gleaning 40 bushels of corn at one penny the day, £0 15s 0d. On 12 March, paid Sam Mills for coming express with an account of a ship to windward, £0 5s 0d. Carried over, £30 1s 6d. Interpretations This is the credit side of the paymaster's cash account, gathering the payments made out of the Company's chest over the quarter beyond the establishment salaries. The largest single item was the hire of ten men to fit the Portobello for her homeward voyage, each paid a shilling the day for seven days save John Christoffle at eighteen pence, the higher rate marking a more skilled hand among the sailmakers. The whole was casual labour drawn from the garrison and the settlement, paid by the day for a specific piece of work rather than borne on the standing establishment. The re-enlistment bounties and the express fees carry forward the routine business of the account, five guineas apiece to the three men who engaged for five years more and five shillings to each man who rode with word of a sail to windward. The several reimbursements to Governor Dunbar, for fruit, smith's work, cheeses and the pennies paid to gleaning children, show again how the Company's petty charges were met from an officer's own pocket and recovered line by line, every outlay entered with its occasion so that nothing passed unaccounted between a Governor's private purse and the Company's use.
330	340	Dr Charles Hutchinson 1747 Brought over £ 1062 19 1½ Carried Over £ 1062 19 1½	The debtor side of the paymaster's account, kept in the name of Charles Hutchinson, carried the balance forward. Brought over, £1,962 19s 1.5d Carried over, £1,962 19s 1.5d The body of the page was left blank, the balance carried down unchanged to close it.
331	341	Pay Master p Contra Cr 1747 Mar 16.th By Cash paid the following Men for Work done on board the Honble Companys Snow the Swift Viz.t John Christoffele £ 0 5 0 Richard Knight 0 2 6 George Ayres 0 2 6 William Swaits 0 2 6 Andrew Barton 0 2 6 Evan Jones 0 2 6 Thomas Pain 0 2 6 1 0 0 31 By D.o p.d Jos Lovett for making eighteen pair of Shoes for the Honble Companys Blacks 1 16 0 By D.o p.d Robert Carree & Stephen Willoughby for baking Sixty two Batches Bread for the Garrison, a 7½ p batch 3 17 6 By D.o p.d Charles Legent for 20¾ days Work in Cleaning a House & making a Prefs &c.a p Order of the late Govern.r David Dunbar Esq.r a 1/6 p Day 1 10 4½ By D.o p.d Samuel Eales for 3¾ Days Work in putting and Glazing Windows in the Castle and putting the flaws in the Flagg staff p famping it 0 7 0 By D.o p.d Isaac Leech for making two Flaggs one for Prosperous bay and the other for Sandy bay and for mending flaggs several times in the Quarter 1 17 6 By D.o p.d John Christoffle Coxswain William Swaits Richard Knight George Ayres Peter Oxenburgh Phillip Killiard Henry Carter Jeremiah Wyrrell & Evan Jones Ten Shillings each for Comeing in the Pinnace this Quarter 4 10 0 By D.o paid Abraham Mayer for making & Removing of horse's Shoes this Quart.r p order of the late Gov.r David Dunbar Esq.r 0 9 4½ By D.o p.d John Christoffel Coxswain William Swaits Evan Jones Richard Knight George Ayres Andrew Barton and Thomas Pain for three days work each a 1/ p day in carrying Burbeck Stones to Ruperts this Quarter p Order of the late Govern.r D.r Dunbar Esq.r 1 1 0 By D.o p.d Edward Arnold for making 23 lime baggs at 3 each and mend.g a bridle in this Quart.r p order of the late Gov.r D. Dunbar Esq.r 0 6 3 By D.o p.d William Downton his Allowance for making up Medicines &c and Assisting the Surgeon M.r Falconer this Quarter 3 8 3 Carried Over £ 50 4 9	The credit side of the paymaster's account continued. Brought over, £30 1s 6d. On 16 March, by cash paid the following men for work done on board the Honourable Company's snow the Swift: John Christoffle, £0 5s 0d Richard Knight, £0 2s 6d George Agnes, £0 2s 6d William Twaits, £0 2s 6d Andrew Barton, £0 2s 6d Evan Jones, £0 2s 6d Thomas Pain, £0 2s 6d Total, £1 0s 0d On 31 March, paid Joseph Loveit for making eighteen pairs of shoes for the Honourable Company's slaves, £1 16s 0d. Paid Robert Currie and Stephen Willoughby for baking sixty-two batches of bread for the garrison at 1s 3d the batch, £3 17s 6d. Paid Charles Legent for 20.5 days working cleaning a horse and making a press, by order of the late Governor David Dunbar, at 1s 6d the day, £1 10s 4.5d. Paid Samuel Eales for 3.5 days working putting up and glazing windows in the castle, and putting the flaws in the flagstaff, and shaming it, £0 7s 0d. Paid Isaac Leech for making two flags, one for Prosperous Bay and the other for Sandy Bay, and for mending flags several times in the quarter, £1 17s 6d. Paid John Christoffle coxswain, William Twaits, Richard Knight, George Agnes, Peter Greenburgh, Phillip Killiard, Henry Carter, Jeremiah Wyrrell and Evan Jones ten shillings each, for rowing in the pinnace this quarter, £4 10s 0d. Paid Abraham Major for making and removing of horse shoes this quarter, by order of the late Governor David Dunbar, £0 9s 4.5d. Paid John Christoffle coxswain, William Twaits, Evan Jones, Richard Knight, George Agnes, Andrew Barton and Thomas Pain for three days working at 1s the day carrying Burbeck stones to Rupert's this quarter, by order of the late Governor David Dunbar, £1 1s 0d. Paid Edward Arnold for making 23 bread bags at 3d each, and mending a bridle, this quarter, by order of the late Governor David Dunbar, £0 6s 3d. Paid William Doveton his allowance for making up medicines and assisting the surgeon Falconer this quarter, £3 8s 3d. Carried over, £50 4s 9d. Interpretations This side of the account gathers the quarter's casual labour and small services paid from the Company's chest, most of it the day-work of the garrison and settlement set to particular tasks. The boat crews recur through the entries, the same coxswain and men paid ten shillings each for rowing the pinnace and by the day for carrying Burbeck stones to Rupert's, the water carriage of stone and stores being constant work on an island where goods and materials moved by boat between the landings. Burbeck stone was a building stone, hauled to Rupert's for the fortifications pressed forward through the spring. The clothing and feeding of the Company's own people show plainly here, Joseph Loveit paid for eighteen pairs of shoes for the slaves and the bakers for sixty-two batches of bread for the garrison, the Company meeting the direct upkeep of its labour and its soldiers. Several tasks were done by order of the late Governor Dunbar and entered as his charges though paid after his government ended, the account settling work commissioned under one Governor and discharged under his successor. William Doveton's allowance for making up medicines and assisting the surgeon marks the small medical establishment the settlement kept, the apothecary's work paid as a fixed quarterly allowance beside the surgeon's own salary.
332	342	Dr Charles Hutchinson 1747 Brought Over £ 1062 19 1½ Carried Over £ 1062 19 1½	The debtor side of the paymaster's account, kept in the name of Charles Hutchinson, carried the balance forward. Brought over, £1,962 19s 1.5d Carried over, £1,962 19s 1.5d The body of the page was left blank, the balance carried down unchanged to close it.
333	343	Pay Master p Contra Cr 1747 Mar 31 Brought over £ 50 4 9 By Cash paid the following Men for Ploughing on the Horse point this Quarter at 1/3 p day p order of the late Governour David Dunbar Esq.r Viz.t John Scotter 48 Days £ 3 0 0 John Cowdry 39 D.o 3 13 9 6 13 9 By D.o p.d the following Men for threshing in the long Wood, and for thacking the Room in D.o in this Quarter p Order of the late Govern.r Viz.t Anthony Day 45 Days at 1/3 p day £ 2 16 3 John Smith 58 D.o at 1/ D.o 2 18 0 Patrick Murphy 47 D.o at 1/ D.o 2 7 0 John Haley 16 D.o at 1/ D.o 0 16 0 8 17 3 By D.o p.d Thomas Pride for going 61 Days in the long Boat to Sandy Bay for Lime at 1/ p Day 3 1 0 By D.o p.d William Mason for making a Cart setting Swingells mending wheel barrows brakes & Carts &c.a in this Quarter p order of the late Govern.r David Dunbar Esq.r 2 13 0 By D.o p.d the following Men for Grubing up furze in the Pastures in the Quarter p order of the late Gov.r Viz.t Anthony Day 22 Days a 1/3 p day £ 1 7 6 John Scotcher 21½ D.o a 1/ D.o 1 1 6 Patrick Murphy 22½ D.o a 1/ D.o 1 2 6 3 11 6 By D.o p.d John Watkins for working and overseeing the Ploughing & harvest in the long Wood this Quarter p order of the late Gov.r 6 10 0 By D.o p.d Thomas Wright for twisting & making 850 Wadds w.th Decay'd hay for the ordinance there being no furah in the Stores fitt for that purpose at 1/ p hundred 0 8 6 By D.o p.d Richard Owling for 4800 Lemons bought for Use of the General Table part of w.ch was bought last Quarter and not brought to Account 4 16 0 By D.o p.d the following Men for work done by them at the Fortifcation at Ruperts at 1/ p Day Viz.t Thomas Fox 17 Days £ 0 17 0 Edward Cullimore 15 D.o 0 15 0 Thomas Breton 18 D.o 0 18 0 John Marnitha 12 D.o 0 12 0 John Cheeseman 15 D.o 0 15 0 William Wellman 4 D.o 0 4 0 Work done at Ruperts fortifcation Carried Over £ 4 1 0 Carried Over £ 86 15 9	The credit side of the paymaster's account continued. Brought over, £50 4s 9d. By cash paid the following men for ploughing on the Horse Point this quarter at 1s 3d the day, by order of the late Governor David Dunbar: John Scotcher, 48 days, £3 0s 0d John Cowdry, 39 days, £2 8s 9d Total, £6 13s 9d Paid the following men for threshing in the Long Wood, and for thatching the barn there this quarter, by order of the late Governor: Anthony Day, 45 days at 1s 3d the day, £2 16s 3d John Smith, 58 days at the like, £2 18s 0d Patrick Murphy, 47 days at the like, £2 7s 0d John Haley, 16 days at the like, £0 16s 0d Total, £8 17s 3d Paid Thomas Bride for going 61 days in the long boat to Sandy Bay for lime at 1s the day, £3 1s 0d. Paid William Mason for making a cart, setting swingells, mending wheelbarrows, brakes and carts and the like this quarter, by order of the late Governor David Dunbar, £2 13s 0d. Paid the following men for grubbing up furze in the pastures this quarter, by order of the late Governor: Anthony Day, 22 days at 1s 3d the day, £1 7s 6d John Scotcher, 21.5 days at the like, £1 4s 6d Patrick Murphy, 22.5 days at the like, £1 3s 6d Total, £3 11s 6d Paid John Watkins for working and overseeing the ploughing and harvest in the Long Wood this quarter, by order of the late Governor, £6 10s 0d. Paid Thomas Wright for twisting and making 850 wads with decayed hay for the ordnance, there being no furze in the stores fit for that purpose, at 1s the hundred, £0 8s 6d. Paid Richard Gurling for 1,800 lemons bought for the use of the general table, part of which was bought the previous quarter and not brought to account, £4 16s 0d. Paid the following men for work done at the fortification at Rupert's at 1s the day: Thomas Fox, 17 days, £0 17s 0d Edward Cullimore, 15 days, £0 15s 0d Thomas Streeter, 18 days, £0 18s 0d John Marmitta, 12 days, £0 12s 0d John Cheeseman, 15 days, £0 15s 0d William Wellman, 4 days, £0 4s 0d Total for the work at Rupert's fortification carried over, £4 1s 0d Carried over, £86 15s 9d Interpretations This side of the account is dominated by the labour of the Company's grain-farming scheme, the ploughing, threshing and thatching of the Long Wood harvest paid man by man at graded day-rates, mostly 1s 3d the day for the field work. The scheme was in full operation, its overseer John Watkins paid a quarter's allowance for directing the ploughing and harvest, and the barn in the Long Wood thatched to house the crop, the whole an attempt to raise grain on the island and lessen its dependence on imported provision. The threshing and grubbing of furze in the pastures went on alongside, the same men moving between the harvest and the clearing of the grazing. The account shows again how the garrison's food and materials were drawn from the island's own resources and the boats that served them. Thomas Bride spent sixty-one days in the long boat fetching lime from Sandy Bay for the fortifications, the water carriage of lime being constant work where the surf so often stopped a landing. Where the stores held no furze fit for gun wads, decayed hay was twisted into 850 of them instead, a makeshift that measures how the island improvised its ordnance stores from whatever lay to hand. The 1,800 lemons bought for the general table point to the antiscorbutic fruit valued on the sea route, kept up for the Company's own household as well as for the shipping.
334	344	Dr Charles Hutchinson 1747 Brought Over £ 1062 19 1½ Carried Over £ 1062 19 1½	The debtor side of the paymaster's account, kept in the name of Charles Hutchinson, carried the balance forward. Brought over, £1,962 19s 1.5d Carried over, £1,962 19s 1.5d The body of the page was left blank, the balance carried down unchanged to close it.
335	345	Pay Master Per Contra Cr 1747 Mar 31 Brought Over £ 86 15 9 Work done at Ruperts Brought over £ 4 1 0 Edward Cocker 19 Days 0 19 0 Duncan M.c Laren 11 D.o 0 11 0 William Kendry 14 D.o 0 14 0 Ambrose Bland 13 D.o 0 13 0 William Enzer 9 D.o 0 9 0 John Capewater 16 D.o 0 16 0 John Fletcher 14 D.o 0 14 0 Edward Terry 13 D.o 0 13 0 Lawrence Peterson 10½ D.o 0 10 6 Thomas Mason 5½ D.o 0 5 6 John Brown 9 D.o 0 9 0 Richard Billington 7½ D.o 0 7 6 Soloman Saunders 3 D.o 0 3 0 Matt Campbell 5 D.o 0 5 0 John Upton 3 D.o 0 3 0 11 13 6 By Cash paid the following Men for Work done by them at the Fortifcation in James Valley at 1/ p Day Viz.t Thomas Fox 38½ Days £ 1 18 6 Edward Callimore 39 D.o 1 19 0 Thomas Breeton 41 D.o 2 1 0 John Marnikee 40½ D.o 2 0 6 John Cheesman 39 D.o 1 19 0 William Willman 34½ D.o 1 14 6 Edward Cocker 40 D.o 2 0 0 William Kendry 37 D.o 1 17 0 Ambrose Bland 2½ D.o 0 2 6 John Capewater 2½ D.o 0 2 6 John Fletcher 2½ D.o 0 2 6 Edward Terry 10½ D.o 0 10 6 Richard Billington 6 D.o 0 6 0 James Vaughan 6½ D.o 0 6 6 Soloman Saunders 14 D.o 0 14 0 James Hinds 19 D.o 0 19 0 William Page 34 D.o 1 14 0 Matt Campbell 29 D.o 1 9 0 John Upton 31 D.o 1 11 0 23 7 0 Carried Over £ 121 16 3	The credit side of the paymaster's account continued. Brought over, £86 15s 9d. The work done at Rupert's, brought over, £4 1s 0d. Edward Cocker, 19 days, £0 19s 0d Duncan McLaren, 11 days, £0 11s 0d William Kendry, 14 days, £0 14s 0d Ambrose Blade, 13 days, £0 13s 0d William Enser, 9 days, £0 9s 0d John Polewater, 16 days, £0 16s 0d John Fletcher, 14 days, £0 14s 0d Edward Terry, 13 days, £0 13s 0d Lawrence Peterson, 10.5 days, £0 10s 6d Thomas Mason, 5.5 days, £0 5s 6d John Brown, 9 days, £0 9s 0d Richard Billington, 7.5 days, £0 7s 6d Solomon Saunders, 3 days, £0 3s 0d Matthew Campbell, 5 days, £0 5s 0d John Upton, 3 days, £0 3s 0d Total, £11 13s 6d By cash paid the following men for work done by them at the fortification in James Valley at 1s the day: Thomas Fox, 38.5 days, £1 18s 6d Edward Cullimore, 39 days, £1 19s 0d Thomas Streeter, 41 days, £2 1s 0d John Marmitta, 40.5 days, £2 0s 6d John Cheeseman, 39 days, £1 19s 0d William Wellman, 34.5 days, £1 14s 6d Edward Cocker, 40 days, £2 0s 0d William Kendry, 37 days, £1 17s 0d Ambrose Blade, 2.5 days, £0 2s 6d John Polewater, 2.5 days, £0 2s 6d John Fletcher, 2.5 days, £0 2s 6d Edward Terry, 10.5 days, £0 10s 6d Richard Billington, 6 days, £0 6s 0d James Vaughan, 6.5 days, £0 6s 6d Solomon Saunders, 14 days, £0 14s 0d James Hinds, 19 days, £0 19s 0d William Page, 34 days, £1 14s 0d Matthew Campbell, 29 days, £1 9s 0d John Upton, 31 days, £1 11s 0d Total, £23 7s 0d Carried over, £121 16s 3d Interpretations This side of the account carries the wage bill of the fortification works, the labour on the two great sites of Rupert's and James Valley paid man by man at a flat shilling the day. The same men move between the two works, Thomas Fox, Edward Cullimore, Thomas Streeter and the rest counted at Rupert's on the previous page and again in James Valley here, the garrison and settlement labourers shifted from one battery to another as the work demanded. The long files of day-work measure how the island's defences were built by hand, every man's days tallied and paid separately so that the whole charge could be reckoned to the day. The concentration of the labour on Rupert's and the James Valley line shows where the war works of the spring fell heaviest, the same two positions that had drawn the bulk of the fortification labour through the whole Dunbar government. Paying the work by the day rather than by contract kept the charge exactly proportioned to the labour actually done, the shilling rate the standard wage for ordinary fortification work, below the 1s 3d paid for the skilled field labour of the grain harvest and the stone-cutting, the graded rates distinguishing the value of each kind of work.
336	346	Dr Charles Hutchinson 1747 Brought Over £ 1062 19 1½ £ 1062 19 1½	The debtor side of the paymaster's account, kept in the name of Charles Hutchinson, carried the balance forward. Brought over, £1,962 19s 1.5d Total, £1,962 19s 1.5d The body of the page was left blank, the balance carried down unchanged to close it.
337	347	Pay Master p Contra Cr 1747 Brought Over £ 121 16 3 By Cash paid the following Men for Work done by them at the Fortification at Bankss at 1/ p Day Viz.t Thomas Fox 1 Day £ 0 1 0 Edward Callimore 8 D.o 0 8 0 Thomas Breton 1 D.o 0 1 0 Ambrose Bland 8 D.o 0 8 0 Edward Terry 1 D.o 0 1 0 0 19 0 By D.o p.d Edward Gill for 5½ days work in cutting Stone at 1/6 p day by order of the late Governour David Dunbar Esq.r 0 5 3 By D.o p.d Bartholomew Molloy for 12 days Work in cutting Stone and laying Platforms at Ruperts and for 11 days work at Stone cutting in Sandy Bay for Platforms for the New Battery at 3/ p day 3 9 0 By D.o p.d John Christoffel for making 20 Cott bottoms for the Recruits come p Ship Prince Edward at 6 ea and for making a bottom for a Bedstead in the Castle p Order of the late Gov.r 0 13 0 By D.o p.d William Jones for 7 days Work at Bankss Mount in blowing Up & Scarping away the Rocks to Widen the Platforms at 2/ p day 0 14 0 By D.o p.d Richard Beale for Officiating as Chaplin from the 23 Jan.ry 1746 to the 31 of March 1747 both Incl. at the Rate of £ 40 p Ann as p Order of the Honble Comp.y General Lett.r bearing Date 25 Decem.r 1746 47 9 5½ By D.o p.d the Honble Companys Officers & Servants their Salaries &c for the Quarter Commencing Jan.ry 1.st 1746 & Ending the 31 March 1747 1787 13 2¼ 1962 19 1½ The Storekeeper Delivered his Collections for the Month of January February & March last which having been Examined are Approved and are as follows Viz.t	The credit side of the paymaster's account continued. Brought over, £121 16s 3d. By cash paid the following men for work done by them at the fortification at Banks's at 1s the day: Thomas Fox, 1 day, £0 1s 0d Edward Cullimore, 8 days, £0 8s 0d Thomas Streeter, 1 day, £0 1s 0d Ambrose Blade, 8 days, £0 8s 0d Edward Terry, 1 day, £0 1s 0d Total, £0 19s 0d Paid Edward Gill for 3.5 days working cutting stone at 1s 6d the day, by order of the late Governor David Dunbar, £0 5s 3d. Paid Bartholomew Molloy for 12 days working cutting stone and laying platforms at Rupert's, and for 11 days working at stone cutting in Sandy Bay for platforms for the new battery, at 3s the day, £3 9s 0d. Paid John Christoffle for making 20 cot bottoms for the recruits come by the ship Prince Edward at 6d each, and for making a bottom for a bedstead in the castle, by order of the late Governor, £0 13s 0d. Paid William Jones for 7 days working at Banks's Mount in blowing up and scarping away the rocks to widen the platforms at 2s the day, £0 14s 0d. Paid Richard Beale for officiating as chaplain from 23 January 1745 to 31 March 1747, both days included, at the rate of £40 a year, by order of the Honourable Company's general letter dated 25 December 1746, £47 9s 5.5d. Paid the Honourable Company's officers and servants their salaries and the like for the quarter beginning 1 January and ending 31 March 1747, £1,787 13s 2.5d. Total, £1,962 19s 1.5d. The storekeeper delivered his collections for January, February and March, which were examined and approved and ran as follows. Interpretations This side closes the paymaster's account and balances it against the £1,962 19s 1.5d drawn from the chest, the whole quarter's disbursement met exactly. The fortification labour at Banks's rounds off the war works, the same site whose shallow platforms had been ordered blown out by the stone blaster so the guns could recoil, William Jones paid two shillings the day for the skilled and dangerous work of blasting and scarping the rock, above the shilling paid for ordinary labour. Stone-cutting stood higher still at three shillings, Bartholomew Molloy laying the platforms for the new Sandy Bay battery, the graded rates marking the value of each kind of work from common digging to skilled masonry. The largest single entry after the establishment pay is the £47 9s 5.5d to Richard Beale for officiating as chaplain over more than two years, from January 1745 to March 1747, paid at last on the Company's order brought by the annual letter of December 1746. The long arrears show the island had gone without a settled chaplain since the death of Edwin Alcock, a layman reading service in his place until the Company authorised his pay, the back-reckoning to the day marking the same exactness that governed the whole account. Making twenty cot bottoms for the recruits landed from the Prince Edward shows the small provision made to quarter the newly arrived men, the same recruits armed and exercised through the spring now bedded in the garrison.
338	348	Collections of Goods Sold and delivered out of the Honble Companys Stores from the 1.st January to 31.st March 1747 viz.t Sold to the Company's Servants at 10 p Cent Arrack 40 Gallons £ 10 0 0 Brandy 990 ¾ D.o 247 11 3 Bread & Flour viz.t C qr lb 7 3 21 Flour at 2½ p lb 8 6 8½ 111 1 12 D.o baked 95 11 4¾ 1 1 8 D.o at 1½ p lb 0 18 6 10 0 13 Bread at 1½ d.o 7 1 6 61 1 25½ D.o at 2 d.o 57 7 5 169 5 5½ Sugar & Candy viz.t C qr lb 7 2 12 Sugar 14 4 0 2 3½ Candy 1 4 10¾ 15 8 10¾ Braziers Ware 3 Small Brafs Cocks 8 3 Broad Cloth viz.t 5 ¼ Yds Scarlett 4 7 11½ 6 ¼ Yds French Grey 5 8 4 2 Yd Black 1 10 6 11 6 9½ Boats 1 Oar 16 6 3 10 Beef & Pork viz.t 13 p.o Beef 1 6 9 8 p.o Pork 0 16 1½ 2 2 10½ Bettellees 1 p.o 3 10 Candles 87 6 17 9 Cutlery Ware viz.t 25 p.o of Mettle Buckels 0 13 6½ 2 p.o of Silver D.o 0 15 7 1 9 1½ Combs 51 Horn 7 5¾ Canvas 17 ½ 10 ½ Yds Sacking 1 5 16½ Cordage 4 3 26¼ 4 3 4 Corks 3 of Corkwood 2 6 Carried Over £ 470 17 2¾	The collections of goods sold and delivered out of the Honourable Company's stores from 1 January to 31 March 1747, sold to the Company's servants at ten per cent: Arrack, 40 gallons, £10 0s 0d Brandy, 990.5 gallons, £247 11s 3d Bread and flour: 7 hundredweight 3 quarters 21 lb of flour at 2.5d the pound, £8 6s 8.5d 111 hundredweight 1 quarter 12 lb of flour baked, £95 11s 4.5d 1 hundredweight 1 quarter 8 lb of flour at 1.5d the pound, £0 18s 6d 10 hundredweight 12 lb of bread at 1.5d the like, £7 1s 6d 61 hundredweight 1 quarter 25.5 lb of bread at 2d the like, £57 7s 5d Subtotal, £169 5s 5.5d Sugar and candy: 7 hundredweight 2 quarters 12 lb of sugar, £14 4s 0d 2 quarters 3.5 lb of candy, £1 4s 10.5d Subtotal, £15 8s 10.5d Braziers' ware, 3 small brass cocks, £0 8s 3d Broad cloth: 5.5 yards of scarlet, £4 7s 11.5d 6.25 yards of French grey, £5 8s 4d 2 yards of black, £1 10s 6d Subtotal, £11 6s 9.5d Boats, 1 oar 16 feet, £0 3s 10d Beef and pork: 13 lb of beef, £1 6s 9d 8 lb of pork, £0 16s 1.5d Subtotal, £2 2s 10.5d Bottles, 1 dozen, £0 3s 10d Candles, 87 lb, £6 17s 9d Cutlery ware: 25 pairs of metal buckles, £0 13s 6.5d 2 pairs of silver buckles, £0 15s 7d Subtotal, £1 9s 1.5d Combs, 51 horn, £0 7s 5.5d Canvas, 17 feet 10.5 yards of ticking, £1 5s 16.5d Cordage, 4 hundredweight 3 quarters 26.5 lb, £4 3s 4d Corks, 3 dozen of corkwood, £0 2s 6d Carried over, £470 17s 2.5d Interpretations This opens the quarterly storekeeper's collection, the running account of goods sold out of the Company's stores at fixed markups, this class to the Company's own servants at ten per cent above cost. Brandy dominates the whole at nearly £248, close to a thousand gallons sold, the spirit being the heaviest single line of the store's trade as through the whole run, drawn on by the establishment and passing at the servants' concessionary rate. The bread and flour together form the next great heading, much of it flour baked into bread, the store victualling the settlement from its own imported grain and the island's new harvest alike. The collection shows the whole range of goods a remote settlement drew from the Company's stores, cloth by the yard, hardware, cordage, candles and the small wares of daily life, each sold at the servants' ten per cent. Broad cloth ran from scarlet through French grey to black, the scarlet the officers' cloth and the plainer sorts for common wear. Braziers' ware meant articles of worked brass, here small cocks or taps, and cutlery ware covered buckles and the like of metal and silver, the store supplying both the cheap and the fine. Selling to the Company's own people at ten per cent, far below the twenty-five charged to planters, was the standing privilege of the servants, the store acting as the single source of supply on an island that produced almost none of these goods itself.
339	349	Brought over £ 470 17 2¾ Deals viz.t 5 Wainscot boards 1 3 6½ 1 Spar 0 1 10 1 5 4½ Flannel 4 ⅜ Yds 0 5 7 Glass Ware 6 8p.o 12 by 12 0 4 10½ Hosiers Ware viz.t 133 p.o Thread 18 5 9 14 p.o Mens Knit 2 5 6 19 p.o D.o Wove 3 12 10 24 4 1 Hooks & Lines viz.t 60 p.o Blue Hobs 1 0 3 7 doz Hooks sorted 0 4 7½ 3 doz 1 Lines D.o 0 11 9½ 2 Hand Lines 0 2 11 1 Damaged Line 0 0 5½ 2 0 1¾ Haberdashers Ware viz.t 2½ Doz G.t C.t Buttons 0 2 9½ 6½ Doz B.t D.o 0 3 8 21 Doz W.t C.t D.o 0 12 3 41 Doz D.o B.t D.o 0 11 10½ ½ Doz W.t m C.t D.o 0 0 3½ 3½ Doz W.t m B.t D.o 0 0 3 126 Skeins Silk 2 17 9 37 D.o Mohair 1 1 4½ 6 Doz Shirt Buttons 0 0 10½ 1 p.o Holland Tape 0 0 3½ 3 Thread Laces 0 0 2 5 12 10½ Iron Ware viz.t 1 Trowel 0 1 4 1 Shod Shovel 0 1 9 1 Carpenters Rule 0 1 2½ 7 p.o Ord.y Cofs Garnets 0 0 4 1 Scrutoir Lock 0 3 2 10½ doz Wood Screws 0 7 0 1 Scythe Stone 0 0 2 1 Spade 0 3 6 1 Drill bow String 0 0 9 1 7 9 17 6 Kersey 12 Yds 4 2¼ Leather 3½ lb Carried Over £ 506 19 6¾	The storekeeper's collection continued. Brought over, £470 17s 2.5d. Deals: 5 wainscot boards, £1 3s 6.5d 1 spar, £0 1s 10d Subtotal, £1 5s 4.5d Flannel, 4.75 yards, £0 5s 7d Glass ware, 6 by 8 yards, 12 by 12, £0 4s 10.5d Hosiers' ware: 133 pairs of thread, £18 5s 9d 14 pairs of mens' hose, £2 5s 6d 19 pairs of worsted hose, £3 12s 10d Subtotal, £24 4s 1d Hooks and lines: 607 blue hooks, £1 0s 3d 7 dozen hooks sorted, £0 4s 7.5d 3 dozen 1 line sorted, £0 11s 7.5d 2 hand lines, £0 2s 0d 1 damaged line, £0 0s 5.5d Subtotal, £2 0s 1.75d Haberdashery ware: 2.5 dozen gilt buttons, £0 2s 9.5d 6.5 dozen buttons, £0 3s 8d 21 dozen white buttons, £0 12s 3d 41 dozen breast buttons, £0 11s 10.5d 0.5 dozen white buttons, £0 0s 3.5d 3.5 dozen white breast buttons, £0 0s 2.75d 126 skeins of silk, £2 17s 9d 57 of mohair, £1 1s 4.5d 6 dozen shirt buttons, £0 0s 10.5d 1 pair of holland tape, £0 0s 5.5d 3 thread laces, £0 0s 2d Subtotal, £5 12s 10.5d Iron ware: 1 trowel, £0 1s 4d 1 shod shovel, £0 1s 9d 1 carpenter's rule, £0 1s 2.5d 7 pairs of cross casement garnets, £0 3s 2d 1 scrutoire lock, £0 0s 7d 10.5 dozen wood screws, £0 0s 2d 1 scythe stone, £0 3s 6d 1 spade, £0 0s 9d 1 drill bow string, £0 0s 0d Subtotal, £1 7s 9d Kersey, 12 yards, £0 17s 6d Leather, 3.5 lb, £0 4s 2.5d Carried over, £506 19s 6.75d Interpretations The collection runs on through the store's stock of cloth, hardware and small wares, each class sold to the Company's servants at ten per cent. Hosiers' ware was the heaviest heading here at more than £24, the thread, men's hose and worsted stockings the everyday clothing of the settlement, drawn in quantity from a store that was the island's only source of such goods. Hooks and lines appear again as a distinct class, the equipment of the island's own fishery, eleven men having been set constantly in the boats since 1727 to supply the fish that fed the garrison, so the store carried the tackle as a standing line. The lesser headings show how completely the settlement depended on the store for the materials of daily life and work. Haberdashery ware covered the buttons, silk, mohair and tape of the tailor and the household, and iron ware the tools of the trades, trowels, shovels, a carpenter's rule, casement garnets and a scrutoire lock, each entered to the farthing. A garnet was an L-shaped hinge for a door or casement, and kersey a coarse woollen cloth for common wear. The minuteness of the account, down to a single damaged line and a drill bow string, marks the exactness the Company required of its store, every article sold recorded by name, quantity and price so that the collection could be reckoned against the stock.
340	350	Brought over £ 506 19 6¾ Lead viz.t 44 lb of Shot 0 8 3 21 lb of Shot 0 3 11½ 12 2¼ Naval Stores 25 lb of Powder 1 8 1½ Nails viz.t lb d.o 10 6 0 4 2 8 10 0 3 0 6 5 0 3 5 2 Scupper 0 1 0 8 4 0 3 6 14 11 Oil viz.t 1½ Gall.o Linseed 0 8 8¾ 5 Bottles florence 0 15 5 1 1 1¾ Oznabrig viz.t 27 Yds Oznabrig 0 1 7½ 1 p.o Haire Cloths 0 1 8 3 3½ Plantation viz.t 2238 lb Barley 17 10 3½ 2 Maps 0 5 0 17 15 3½ Pewter 1 Chamber Pot 3 5 Pitch &c.a 15 lb Turpentine 2 2½ Pipes 151½ Doz Sorted 1 7 1½ Pease ⅞ Bushel 3 9½ Paint viz.t 6 Barr.o Blacking 0 4 0 2 ½ Yellow Oaker 0 0 6½ 6 oz Verdigrease 0 1 3½ 56 lb Chalk 0 0 3½ 114 lb Whiting 0 4 1½ 10 3½ Rice & Paddy viz.t q.s 21 Rice 1 17 2½ 2 3 16 Paddy 0 18 8 2 15 10½ Carried Over £ 533 17 1½	The storekeeper's collection continued. Brought over, £506 19s 6.75d. Lead: 44 lb of sheet, £0 8s 3d 21 lb of shot, £0 3s 11.5d Subtotal, £0 12s 2.5d Naval stores, 25 lb of powder, £1 8s 1.5d Nails: 10 hundred of 6d, £0 4s 2d 8 hundred of 10d, £0 3s 0d 6 hundred of 3d, £0 3s 5d 2 hundred of scupper, £0 1s 0d 8 hundred of 4d, £0 3s 6d Subtotal, £0 14s 11d Oil: 1.5 gallons of linseed, £0 5s 8.5d 5 bottles of Florence, £0 15s 5d Subtotal, £1 1s 1.5d Oznaburg: 27 yards of oznaburg, £0 1s 7.5d 1 pair of hair cloths, £0 1s 8d Subtotal, £0 3s 3.5d Plantation: 2,238 lb of barley, £17 10s 3.5d 2 mops, £0 5s 0d Subtotal, £17 15s 3.5d Pewter, 1 chamber pot, £0 3s 5d Pitch and 15 lb of turpentine, £0 2s 2.5d Pipes, 151.5 dozen sorted, £1 7s 1.5d Pease, 0.75 bushel, £0 3s 9.5d Paint: 0 barrels of blacking, £0 4s 0d 2.5 lb of yellow ochre, £0 0s 6.5d 6 oz of verdigrease, £0 1s 3.5d 56 lb of chalk, £0 1s 3.5d 114 lb of whiting, £0 4s 1.5d Subtotal, £0 10s 3.5d Rice and paddy: 5 hundredweight 21 lb of rice, £1 17s 2.5d 2 hundredweight 3 quarters 16 lb of paddy, £0 18s 8d Subtotal, £2 15s 10.5d Carried over, £533 17s 1.5d Interpretations The barley under the plantation heading is the most telling entry, 2,238 lb of it sold at more than £17, the produce of the Company's own grain-farming scheme now passing through the store as a saleable commodity. Where the island had once drawn all its grain from India and England, the Long Wood harvest reaped, threshed and milled through the winter here reaches the collection as barley for sale, the scheme beginning to yield a return in the store as well as in the garrison's bread. The rice and paddy still appear alongside, the imported grain not yet displaced, but the barley marks the island supplying part of its own staple for the first time in this record. The lesser classes show the store as the source of every material a settlement and its shipping required, from the lead and nails of building to the pitch, turpentine and oznaburg of the ships that touched the road. Oznaburg was a coarse linen for sacking and slave clothing, verdigrease a green pigment and whiting powdered chalk for paint and whitewash, the paint class supplying the very materials used to glaze and colour the new barn. The naval stores, pitch and pipes point to the store's other trade, victualling and refitting the vessels on the homeward route, the collection serving the passing shipping as well as the island's own people.
341	351	Brought Over £ 533 17 1½ Soap C 2 23 7 4 1 Shirts viz.t 100 Soldiers Shirts 22 18 4 15 India 1 10 7¾ 24 8 11½ Shoes viz.t 142 p.o Mens Ord.y 31 1 3 19 p.o D.o fine 4 19 9 36 1 0 Shaloon 62½ Yards 6 10 2½ Serge viz.t 26 Yds Serge 6 8 11 ½ p.o Duroy 0 16 8 1½ lb Sagathy 2 19 0 10 4 7 Starch 4 lb 1 5¾ Salt 17 Bushel 5 3¾ Tobacco 780 lb Sorted 38 2 7½ Twine 9 Skains 5 3 Thread 5 Ounces 6 10½ Tea 38½ 3 0 11½ Turners Ware viz.t 12 Shoe Brushes 0 7 9 1 Paint D.o 0 0 8 1 Bird Ladle 0 0 2½ 3 Straining Dishes 0 0 8 9 5¾ Tin Ware 2 Lanthorn Leaves 0 0 3 Total Sold to the Companys Servants £ 660 18 4¾ Sold to the Planters at 25 p Cent Broad Cloth 2 Yds Scarlet £ 1 18 0 Flannel 2 Yds 0 3 0 Hosiers Ware viz.t 2 p.o Mens Wove Hose 0 8 9 6 p.o D.o Knit 1 2 0 2 p.o D.o Thread 0 6 2 1 16 11 Carried Over £ 3 17 11	The storekeeper's collection continued. Brought over, £533 17s 1.5d. Soap, 2 hundredweight 23 lb, £7 4s 1d Shirts: 100 soldiers' shirts, £22 18s 4d 15 India, £1 10s 7.5d Subtotal, £24 8s 11.5d Shoes: 142 pairs of mens' ordinary, £31 1s 3d 19 pairs of fine, £4 19s 9d Subtotal, £36 1s 0d Shaloon, 6.25 yards, £6 10s 2.5d Serge: 26 yards of serge, £6 8s 11d 0.5 pair of duroy, £0 16s 8d 1.5 lb of sagathy, £2 19s 0d Subtotal, £10 4s 7d Starch, 5 lb, £0 1s 5.5d Salt, 17 bushels, £0 5s 3.5d Tobacco, 78 lb sorted, £38 2s 7.5d Twine, 9 skeins, £0 5s 3d Thread, 5 ounces, £0 6s 10.5d Tea, 38.5 lb, £3 0s 11.5d Turners' ware: 12 shoe brushes, £0 7s 0d 1 paint brush, £0 0s 8d 1 rice ladle, £0 0s 2.5d 3 straining dishes, £0 0s 3d Subtotal, £0 9s 5.75d Tin ware, 2 lanthorn leaves, £0 0s 3d Total sold to the Company's servants, £660 18s 4.75d The goods sold to the planters at twenty-five per cent: Broad cloth, 2 yards of scarlet, £1 18s 0d Flannel, 2 yards, £0 3s 0d Hosiers' ware: 2 pairs of mens' worsted hose, £0 8s 9d 6 pairs of knit hose, £1 2s 0d 2 pairs of thread hose, £0 6s 2d Subtotal, £1 16s 11d Carried over, £3 17s 11d Interpretations The collection to the servants closes at £660 18s 4.75d, and a striking feature is the weight of two lines, shoes and tobacco. The shoes ran to more than £36, a hundred and sixty pairs of men's ordinary and fine, the footwear of the garrison and settlement drawn from a store that was the island's only source. Tobacco stood higher still at more than £38 for seventy-eight pounds, the solace of the soldiers and planters and one of the heaviest single commodities of the store's trade, its high price reflecting both the demand and the markup. Shirts followed close behind, a hundred soldiers' shirts clothing the garrison at one issue. The page then opens the second class of the collection, the goods sold to the planters at twenty-five per cent, more than double the ten charged to the Company's servants. The same store supplied both, but the planters as private inhabitants paid the higher rate where the Company's own people had the concessionary price, the difference marking the servants' standing privilege. Shaloon, serge, duroy and sagathy were all woollen cloths of different weights and finishes for coats and linings, and a lanthorn leaf a pane of thin horn for a lantern, the store carrying the whole range of cloth and small ware that a settlement without manufactures of its own could get nowhere else.
342	352	Brought Over £ 3 17 11 Kersey 10 Yds 16 8 Muslin 1 p.o 11 2¼ Oznabrig ½ Yds 1 1½ Shirts viz.t 12 Callico 1 9 0 1 Soldiers 0 5 3 1 14 3 Shaloon 75 ¾ Yds 8 19 10¼ Serge &c.a viz.t 46 ½ Yd Serge 12 19 5½ ½ p.o Duroy 0 18 11 1½ p.o Sagathy 3 7 1½ 17 5 6 Shoes viz.t 7 p.o Mens fine 2 2 0 12 p.o D.o Ord.y 3 0 0 25 p.o Womens Spanish 6 14 6½ 24 p.o D.o Calve 3 18 0 15 p.o Girls 1 15 0 17 13 6½ Sold at 40 p Cent Brandy 519 ⅞ Gallens 95 19 3 Bread & Flour viz.t C qr lb 3 3 20 Bread at 2 p lb 3 13 4 12 0 18 D.o a 2¾ d.o 15 12 1½ 2 3 1 Flour a 2 d.o 2 11 6 7 3 20 D.o a 2¾ d.o 10 3 6 32 0 5½ Cordage C 2 10½ 5 1 5¾ Coals 2 Bushells 2 8 Candles 1 lb 2 1 Canvas 1 ¼ Yds Sacking 1 9 Cutlers Ware viz.t 3 p.o Mettle Buckles 0 2 0 1 p.o Silver D.o 0 2 1 11 1 Carried Over £ 185 4 10½	The storekeeper's collection continued. Brought over, £3 17s 11d. Kersey, 10 yards, £0 16s 8d Muslin, 1 pair, £0 11s 2.5d Oznaburg, 0.5 yard, £0 1s 1.5d Shirts: 12 calico, £1 9s 0d 1 soldiers, £0 5s 3d Subtotal, £1 14s 3d Shaloon, 75.75 yards, £8 19s 10.5d Serge: 46.5 yards of serge, £12 19s 5.5d 0.5 pair of duroy, £0 18s 11d 1.5 pair of sagathy, £3 7s 1.5d Subtotal, £17 5s 6d Shoes: 7 pairs of mens' fine, £2 2s 0d 12 pairs of mens' ordinary, £3 0s 0d 25 pairs of womens' Spanish, £6 14s 6.5d 24 pairs of womens' calve, £3 19s 0d 15 pairs of girls, £1 15s 0d Subtotal, £17 13s 6.5d The goods sold at forty per cent: Brandy, 349.75 gallons, £95 19s 3d Bread and flour: 3 hundredweight 3 quarters 20 lb of bread at 2.5d the pound, £3 13s 4d 12 hundredweight 18 lb of bread at 2.5d the like, £15 12s 1.5d 2 hundredweight 3 quarters 1 lb of flour at 2d the like, £2 11s 6d 7 hundredweight 3 quarters 20 lb of flour at 2.5d the like, £10 3s 6d Subtotal, £32 0s 5.5d Cordage, 2 hundredweight 10.5 lb, £3 1s 5.5d Coals, 2 bushels, £0 2s 8d Candles, 1 lb, £0 2s 1d Canvas, 1.5 yards of ticking, £0 1s 9d Cutlery ware: 3 pairs of metal buckles, £0 2s 0d 1 pair of silver buckles, £0 2s 1d Subtotal, £0 11s 1d Carried over, £185 4s 10.5d Interpretations The collection carries on the planters' class and then opens a third class of buyer sold at forty per cent, the highest markup in the account. The forty per cent class was almost certainly the foreign shipping, the Danish, Swedish and other non-Company vessels that touched the road and were charged the dearest rate for what they took, brandy again the heaviest line at nearly £96 for close to three hundred and fifty gallons. Where the Company's servants paid ten per cent and the planters twenty-five, the outside ships paid forty, the graded scale extracting the most from those with least claim on the Company's stores. The shoes sold to the planters show the store clothing the whole settlement, its women and children as well as its men, twenty-five pairs of women's Spanish shoes and fifteen of girls' among the entries, a finer and more various stock than the plain footwear issued to the garrison. Muslin, calico and the run of woollens point to the same breadth of supply, the planters as private inhabitants drawing cloth and clothing for their households from the one store that served the island. Spanish shoes were a better grade of women's footwear, and the distinction of women's, girls' and calve shoes marks the store meeting the ordinary domestic wants of the settlement, not merely the needs of the Company's service.
343	353	Brought Over £ 185 4 10½ Combs 3 Horn 0 0 6 Deals viz.t 10 Single 1 3 4 1 Double 0 3 6 1 Balk 0 5 6 24 Spars 3 5 4 4 17 8 Glass Ware viz.t 28 Sq.o Glass 12 by 12 1 9 2 6 Half Mounte Glasses 0 4 6 1 13 8 Hooks & Lines viz.t 350 Blue Hooks 0 1 5½ 4½ doz Hooks Sorted 0 4 4½ 3 Lines 0 2 0 2 Damaged Lines 0 1 9 9 7 Haberdashers Ware viz.t 64 Skeins Silk 1 17 4 43 D.o Mohair 1 1 6 22½ doz W.t C.t Buttons 0 16 10½ 27½ doz M.t B.t D.o 0 11 5½ 4½ doz Sirt W.t B.t D.o 0 1 4½ 8 p.o Holland Tape 0 6 8 1 p.o Cumberland D.o 0 0 7 4 16 1½ Iron 79 lb 13 9 Lead 11½ Sheet 2 10½ Tobacco 60 lb Sorted 3 16 8 Iron Ware viz.t 8 Wood Screws 0 1 0 2 Iron rimbd Locks 1 5 0 1 p.o H Hinges 0 4 9 2 p.o Side D.o 0 3 2 1 Wood Ax 0 3 1½ 1 Hoe 0 2 5 1 19 5½ Nails viz.t 9 lb 2 0 4 3½ 32 lb 6 0 17 4 7 lb 30 0 2 11 7 lb 30 0 1 4 2 lb 3 0 12 10 22 lb 4 1 18 8¾ Carried Over £ 205 13 10½	The storekeeper's collection continued. Brought over, £185 4s 10.5d. Combs, 3 horn, £0 0s 6d Deals: 10 single, £1 3s 4d 1 double, £0 3s 6d 1 balk, £0 5s 6d 24 spars, £3 5s 4d Subtotal, £4 17s 8d Glass ware: 28 hundred glass, 12 by 12, £1 9s 2d 6 half minute glasses, £0 4s 6d Subtotal, £1 13s 8d Hooks and lines: 350 blue hooks, £1 0s 5.5d 4.5 dozen hooks sorted, £0 4s 4.5d 3 lines, £0 2s 0d 2 damaged lines, £0 1s 9d Subtotal, £0 9s 7d Haberdashery ware: 64 skeins of silk, £1 17s 4d 43 of mohair, £1 1s 6d 22.5 dozen white cloth buttons, £0 16s 10.5d 27.5 dozen mens' breast buttons, £0 11s 3.5d 4.5 dozen breast buttons, £0 1s 4.5d 8 pairs of holland tape, £0 6s 8d 1 pair of common tape, £0 0s 7d Subtotal, £4 16s 1.5d Iron, 79 lb, £0 13s 9d Lead, 11.5 lb of sheet, £0 2s 10.5d Tobacco, 60 lb sorted, £3 16s 8d Iron ware: 8 wood screws, £0 0s 1d 2 iron rimbed locks, £1 5s 0d 1 pair of H hinges, £0 4s 9d 2 pairs of side hinges, £0 3s 2d 1 wood axe, £0 3s 1.5d 1 hoe, £0 2s 5d Subtotal, £1 19s 5.5d Nails: 9 hundred of 12d, £0 4s 3.5d 32 hundred of 6d, £0 17s 4d 7 hundred of 30d, £0 2s 11d 7 hundred of 20d, £0 1s 4d 2 hundred of 3d, £0 12s 10d 22 hundred of 4d, £0 0s 0d Subtotal, £1 18s 8.75d Carried over, £205 13s 10.5d Interpretations The collection to the planters runs on through the same range of cloth, hardware and building materials the servants' class had carried, each sold now at the higher planters' rate. The deals and spars under the timber heading measure the settlement's dependence on the store even for wood, an island whose native timber was scarce and whose fuel and building material had constantly to be grown or imported, so that sawn deals and spars were a saleable line like any other. A balk was a squared beam and a deal a sawn plank, the store supplying the planters the timber their own ground could not. The iron ware and nails show the store as the source of the very fastenings and tools of building and husbandry, from wood screws and locks to hinges, axes and hoes, each entered to the farthing. Nails were sold by the hundred in a range of sizes reckoned by their old penny weights, the 12d, 6d and 4d marking the length and gauge of each sort, the store keeping the whole assortment a builder or planter might need. The minuteness of the account, down to a single hoe and a common tape, marks again the exactness the Company required, every article sold to the planters recorded by name, quantity and price against the twenty-five per cent rate that governed their class.
344	354	Brought Over £ 205 13 10½ Oil viz.t 1 Bottle Florence 0 3 11 ⅞ Gall. Linsd 0 0 8½ 4 7¾ Paint viz.t 4 Barrels Blacking 0 3 4 88 lb Whiting 0 4 1½ 7 5½ Pallamperes 1 14 9 Pipes 5 Doz Sorted 1 1¾ Rice & Paddy viz.t q qr lb 21 Rice 0 11 1 24 1 22 Paddy 10 1 8¾ 10 12 9¾ Soap 34 lb 1 5 6 Sugar 51 lb 1 1 3 Twine 2 Skains 1 5 Tin Ware 1 Driping Pan 6 4 Pitch &c.a viz.t 50 lb Turpentine 0 9 4½ 1½ Gall. Tarr 0 1 3 10 7½ Tea 4 lb 6 0 Total Sold to the Planters £ 221 5 9¾ Charges General D.r for the following Store Goods used in the Quarter ending March 31.st 1747 Viz.t Brandy 4 Gallens delivered for fetching the Pinnace Bread 30 lb which was a Drift 17 8 4 7 Bunting viz.t 33 Yds Blue for making two flaggs one for 30½ Yds Red Prosperous Bay the other for 46 ¾ Yds White Sandy Bay new Fort 0 18 6¾ 1 2 10½ 1 3 5½ 3 4 9¾ Canvas 5½ Yds for mak.g a flag & 1½ p.o a Target 3 8 Carried Over £ 4 10 8¾	The storekeeper's collection continued. Brought over, £205 13s 10.5d. Oil: 1 bottle of Florence, £0 3s 11d 0.125 gallon of linseed, £0 0s 8.5d Subtotal, £0 4s 7.5d Paint: 4 barrels of blacking, £0 3s 4d 88 lb of whiting, £0 4s 1.5d Subtotal, £0 7s 5.5d Palempores, 1, £0 14s 9d Pipes, 5 dozen sorted, £0 1s 1.5d Rice and paddy: 5 hundredweight 21 lb of rice, £0 11s 1d 24 hundredweight 1 quarter 22 lb of paddy, £10 1s 8.5d Subtotal, £10 12s 9.5d Soap, 34 lb, £1 5s 6d Sugar, 51 lb, £1 1s 3d Twine, 2 skeins, £0 1s 5d Tin ware, 1 dripping pan, £0 6s 4d Pitch and tar: 50 lb of turpentine, £0 9s 4.5d 1.5 gallons of tar, £0 1s 3d Subtotal, £0 10s 7.5d Tea, 5 lb, £0 6s 0d Total sold to the planters, £221 5s 9.5d The goods used under the head of charges general for the quarter ending 31 March 1747: Brandy, 4 gallons, delivered for fetching the pinnace which was adrift, £0 17s 8d Bread, 30 lb, delivered for fetching the pinnace which was adrift, £0 4s 7d Bunting: 23 yards of blue, £0 18s 6.5d 30.5 yards of red, £1 2s 10.5d 46.75 yards of white, £1 3s 5.5d Subtotal for making two flags, one for Prosperous Bay and the other for Sandy Bay new fort, £3 4s 9.5d Canvas, 5.5 feet, for making a flag and 1.5 for a target, £0 3s 8d Carried over, £4 10s 8.75d Interpretations The collection to the planters closes at £221 5s 9.5d, and the account then opens the sub-accounts by which the store charged out the goods it used on the Company's own service rather than sold, the first being charges general. These entries measure the store's role as the settlement's own supplier, the goods consumed on Company business set down at their value so that the whole stock could be reckoned, whether sold to servants and planters or used in the works and the household. The bunting and canvas made up into flags carry a particular interest, twenty-three yards of blue, thirty and more of red and near forty-seven of white worked into two new flags for Prosperous Bay and the Sandy Bay fort. The flags answered the island's lookout system, the signal stations that raised the alarm for approaching sail, Prosperous Bay carrying the flagstaff whose staff had lately been blown down and Sandy Bay the new battery built through the spring. The brandy and bread delivered for fetching the pinnace when she went adrift, noted earlier as driven from her moorings by the surf, show the store victualling even the emergency work of recovering a boat, the constant hazard of an island with no sheltered harbour where every vessel rode exposed to the sea.
345	355	Brought Over £ 4 10 8¾ Candles viz.t 20 lb for the Castle 1 11 8 52 lb for the Council to 13.th March 4 2 4 5 14 0 Coals 47 Bushels for the Smiths 2 3 1 Deals viz.t 46 Double Deals 5 12 6 14 Single D.o for a Kitchin in the Wood a Stable 1 3 4 15 Inch W.t Boards in the garden a Prefs for glasses 3 3 9 17 Spars &c Repairs &c 2 16 8 4 Balks 15 6 13 11 9 Flannel 3 Yds for Cleaning Plate 3 3 Glass Ware viz.t 2 Sq.o large Glass 0 0 9½ 3 Sq.o 8 by 10 To Repair the Castle Windows 0 1 5½ 2 Pint Decanters for the Table 0 3 2 5 4½ Iron 4 lb qr for the Smiths 15 2½ Ironmongers Ware viz.t 7 Hand Saw files 0 1 5½ 6 Firmers for the Carpenters 0 1 8½ 12 Small Gimblets 0 1 6 3 Gouges D.o 0 0 10 1 Scrutoir Lock for a Scrutoir in the Castle 0 2 10½ 1 Maul for the Blaster 0 3 8½ 1 Rubber 0 3 2 1 Rubber 0 0 2 1 Warding file 0 0 7 1 bastard D.o for the Smiths 0 0 7 1 flat D.o A 0 1 4 1 D.o B 1 10 1 Jack Plain 0 3 10½ 1 Long D.o for the Carpenters 0 1 6 1 Smothing D.o 1 5 1 7½ Lines 1 Damaged for the Flagg 3 8 Leather 4 lb for the Pump Nails viz.t 1 lb 2 0 5¾ 2 lb 10 6 for Repairs 0 0 8 1 1 8¾ Carried Over £ 28 13 10¼	The storekeeper's collection continued under the head of charges general. Brought over, £4 10s 8.75d. Candles: 20 lb for the castle, £1 11s 8d 52 lb for the council to 13 March, £4 2s 4d Subtotal, £5 14s 0d Coals, 47 bushels for the smiths, £2 3s 1d Deals for a kitchen in the wood, a stable in the garden, a press for glasses and repairs and the like: 46 double deals, £5 12s 6d 14 single deals, £1 3s 4d 15 inch wainscot boards, £3 3s 9d 17 spars, £2 16s 8d 4 balks, £0 15s 6d Subtotal, £13 11s 9d Flannel, 3 yards for cleaning plate, £0 3s 3d Glass ware, to repair the castle windows and for the table: 2 squares large glass, £0 0s 9.5d 3 squares 8 by 10, £0 1s 5.5d 2 butt decanters, £0 3s 2d Subtotal, £0 5s 4.5d Iron, 79 lb for the smiths, £0 15s 2.5d Ironmongery ware: 7 hand saw files for the carpenters, £0 1s 5.5d 6 firmers for the carpenters, £0 1s 8.5d 12 small gimlets for the carpenters, £0 1s 6d 3 gouges, £0 0s 10d 1 scrutoire lock for a scrutoire in the castle, £0 2s 10.5d 1 maul for the blaster, £0 3s 8.5d 1 kneeler, £0 3s 2d 1 warding file for the smiths, £0 0s 2d 1 bastard file for the smiths, £0 0s 7d 1 flat file A for the smiths, £0 0s 7d 1 flat file B for the smiths, £0 1s 4d 1 jack plane for the carpenters, £0 1s 10d 1 long plane for the carpenters, £0 3s 10.5d 1 smoothing plane for the carpenters, £0 1s 6d Subtotal, £1 5s 1d Lines, 1 damaged for the flags, £0 0s 7.5d Leather, 4 lb for the pump, £0 3s 8d Nails: 1 hundred of 2d, £0 0s 5.5d 2 hundred of 10d for repairs, £0 0s 8d Subtotal, £1 1s 3.75d Carried over, £28 13s 10.5d Interpretations This side of the charges general account shows the store fitting out the buildings and trades of the settlement from its own stock. The deals, spars and wainscot boards were charged out for a kitchen in the wood, a stable in the garden and a press for glasses, the timber the store supplied for the very construction the Company undertook, the same building materials that ran through the whole run charged now to the works rather than sold. The candles for the castle and council carry the split at 13 March, the council's allowance reckoned only to the change of government, the handover reaching even into the lighting of the council chamber. The ironmongery ware sets out the tools issued to the Company's own carpenters, smiths and the stone blaster, the files, planes, gimlets and gouges of the woodworking trades and the maul for the blaster, each charged to charges general as the equipment of the establishment's labour. Distinguishing a firmer, a jack plane, a long plane and a smoothing plane marks the store carrying the full kit of the joiner's craft, while the warding and bastard files went to the smiths. A firmer was a general-purpose chisel and a warding file a thin file for cutting locks, the store supplying the exact tool each trade required, every article charged by name so that the goods used on the Company's service could be reckoned against the stock as closely as those sold.
346	356	Brought Over £ 28 13 10¼ Oil viz.t 1½ Gall.o Linsd for Painting Ammition Chests 0 5 1½ a Magazine Doors & a Sq.o Glass Cove 2½ Gall.o Train for the Kitchin & bake house 0 7 4¾ 12 5¾ Paint viz.t 12 lb Whiting 0 0 5¾ 2 Barrells Blacking for painting Ammunition 0 1 2 1 lb Umber Chests & Target and a 0 0 4 1½ Verdigrease Case for a Spring Glass 0 0 9½ 2 lb Yellow Oaker 0 0 5¾ 7 lb Chalk 0 0 ¾ 3 3½ Starch 16½ for Linnen 6 10½ Sugar 4 lb Delivered the men that brou.t y Pinnace a Shore 11 Turners Ware viz.t 2 Shoe Brushes to Polish the new Chairs 0 1 2 1 Hastett for the Castle 0 2 4 3 6 Twine 8 Skains for Lime Bags &c 4 Thread 15 Ounces Red given for the Gunners Use 2 10½ £ 30 7 9½ Fortifications D.r for the following Store Goods Used in the Quarter ending 31 March 1747 Viz.t Blocks 2 Double 9 6 Canvas 29 lb 37½ Yds Sacking for Lime Bags 1 15 0 Cordage viz.t 4 qr lb 7 1 20½ for the Gunners 13 13 7 5½ Saw Rope for the Masons Deals &c viz.t 1 Balk 0 3 10½ 7 Spars for a House for the Flying 1 2 4 11 Single Deals Party at Horse Point and 0 18 4 9 Devell D.o for a Guard House &c at 1 2 6 Sandy bay 3 7 ½ Carried Over £ 19 5 1½	The storekeeper's collection continued under the head of charges general. Brought over, £28 13s 10.5d. Oil: 1.5 gallons of linseed, for painting the ammunition chests, magazine doors and a spy glass case, £0 5s 1.5d 2.5 gallons of train, for the kitchen and bakehouse, £0 7s 4.5d Subtotal, £0 12s 5.5d Paint, for painting the ammunition chests, a target and a case for a spy glass: 12 lb of whiting, £0 0s 5.5d 2 barrels of blacking, £0 1s 2d 1 lb of umber, £0 0s 4d 1.5 lb of verdigrease, £0 0s 9.5d 2 lb of yellow ochre, £0 0s 5.5d 7 lb of chalk, £0 0s 0.5d Subtotal, £0 3s 3.5d Starch, 16.5 lb for linen, £0 6s 10.5d Sugar, 4 lb delivered to the men that brought the pinnace ashore, £0 0s 11d Turners' ware: 2 shoe brushes to polish the new chairs, £0 1s 2d 1 hastel for the castle, £0 2s 4d Subtotal, £0 3s 6d Twine, 8 skeins for lime bags, £0 0s 4d Thread, 15 ounces given for the gunners' use, £0 2s 10.5d Total for charges general, £30 7s 9.5d The goods used under the head of fortifications for the quarter ending 31 March 1747: Blocks, 2 double, £0 9s 6d Canvas, 29 hundred 37.5 yards of sacking for lime bags, £1 15s 0d Cordage: 7 hundredweight 1 quarter 10.5 lb for the gunners, and 5.5 lb of saw rope for the masons, £13 13s 7d Deals for a house for the flying party at Horse Point, and for a guard house and the like at Sandy Bay: 1 balk, £0 3s 10.5d 7 spars, £1 2s 4d 11 single deals, £0 18s 4d 9 double deals, £1 2s 6d Subtotal, £3 7s 0.5d Carried over, £19 5s 1.5d Interpretations This closes the charges general account at £30 7s 9.5d and opens the fortifications sub-account, the goods the store issued to the war works charged out at their value. The paint and oil under charges general went largely to the guns and their stores, linseed and pigment for painting the ammunition chests, the magazine doors and a target, the store supplying the very materials of maintaining the ordnance. Train oil was a coarse oil rendered from whale or fish blubber, used for lamps and for greasing rough work, here for the kitchen and bakehouse. The fortifications account carries the materials of the batteries built and repaired through the spring, the cordage for the gunners, the saw rope for the masons cutting stone and the sacking made into lime bags for the mortar constantly fetched from Sandy Bay. The deals were charged out for a house for the flying party at Horse Point and a guard house at Sandy Bay, the timber the store supplied to shelter the men posted to the works and the watch. The whole shows the store as the quartermaster of the island's defence as well as its supplier, every plank, rope and bag issued to the fortifications entered by name and charged against the stock, the same exactness applied to the war works as to the goods sold across the counter.
347	357	Brought Over £ 19 5 1½ Iron Ware viz.t 1 Stone Saw 0 5 8¾ 2 Stone Saw Heads for the Masons 0 5 5½ 1 Plaisterers Trowel 0 2 0 1 Shod Shovel 0 1 6¾ 16 Spades for the Fortification 2 10 8 1 Carpenters Rule for the Masons 0 0 11 6 Pick Axes for the Fortification 0 15 0 12 Iron Wedges To Scale away Rocks at Bankss opposite Mount 0 8 0 1 Maul 0 3 8½ 4 13 0 ½ Lines viz.t 4 W.t 6 for the Masons 0 1 10 4 Hambro for Grummets to the new flagg Staff 0 2 6 1 Handline 0 1 3½ 5 7¾ Lead 11 lb ¾ Sheet Att the Gunner for a Drill bob to bore a Gun that was spilid 3 1½ Masts 1 Teak Top Mast for a new flagg staff 18 0 0 Nails viz.t 2 lb 6 0 0 9 1 lb 3 for mending Wheel Barrows 0 0 3 1 0 Oil 2 Gall.o Linsd for painting the Flagg Staff 12 6 Paint viz.t 12 lb Whiting 0 0 5¾ 6 lb Yellow Oaker for painting D.o 0 1 3 1 8¾ Twine 1 Skain for making Lime bags 6 Turners Ware viz.t 2 paint Brushes for the flagg Staff 0 1 2 1 Haire Sieve for Sifting Gunpowder 0 2 1 8 Birch Brooms 0 4 0 5 Labourers Baskets for the Fortifcation Use 0 2 6 16 9 £ 43 19 4 ¾	The storekeeper's collection continued under the head of fortifications. Brought over, £19 5s 1.5d. Iron ware: 1 stone saw for the masons, £0 5s 8.5d 2 stone saw heads for the masons, £0 5s 5.5d 1 plasterers' trowel for the masons, £0 2s 0d 1 shod shovel, £0 1s 6.5d 16 spades for the fortification, £2 10s 8d 1 carpenter's rule for the masons, £0 0s 11d 6 pick axes for the fortification, £0 15s 0d 12 iron wedges, to scale away rocks at Banks's upper platform, £0 8s 0d 1 maul, to scale away rocks at Banks's upper platform, £0 3s 8.5d Subtotal, £4 13s 0d Lines: 4 hundredweight 6 for the masons, £0 1s 10d 4 Hamburg for grummets to the new flagstaff, £0 2s 6d 1 handline, £0 1s 3.5d Subtotal, £0 5s 7.75d Lead, 11.5 lb of sheet, delivered to the gunner for a drill bit to bore a gun that was spiked, £0 3s 1.5d Masts, 1 teak topmast for a new flagstaff, £18 0s 0d Nails: 2 hundred of 6d, £0 0s 9d 0.5 hundred 3d for mending the wheelbarrows, £0 0s 3d Subtotal, £0 1s 0d Oil, 0.5 gallon of linseed for painting the flagstaff, £0 12s 6d Paint, for painting the flagstaff: 12 lb of whiting, £0 0s 5.5d 6 lb of yellow ochre, £0 1s 3d Subtotal, £0 1s 8.5d Twine, 1 skein for making lime bags, £0 0s 6d Turners' ware: 2 paint brushes for the flagstaff, £0 1s 2d 1 hair sieve for sifting gunpowder, £0 9s 1d 8 birch brooms for the fortification use, £0 4s 0d 5 labourers' baskets for the fortification use, £0 2s 6d Subtotal, £0 16s 9d Total for fortifications, £43 19s 4.75d Interpretations This closes the fortifications sub-account, the store's issue of tools and materials to the war works standing at nearly £44 for the quarter. The iron ware measures the labour of building the batteries in stone, the stone saws and their heads, the plasterers' trowel and the sixteen spades and six pickaxes for the fortification, and above all the iron wedges and maul charged expressly for scaling away the rock at Banks's upper platform, the very work of blasting and clearing the shallow ground that the diary and the paymaster's account both record. The store supplied the whole kit of the mason and the labourer set to the guns. The single largest item is the teak topmast charged at £18 for a new flagstaff, the very spar the carpenter Henry Moyce had surveyed and found unfit for a ship but sound for a staff, here issued out of the store at its full value to replace the flagstaff blown down in the spring. The materials of the signal system recur throughout, the Hamburg line for grummets to the staff, the paint and brushes to finish it, the store fitting out the lookout stations that raised the island's alarm. A grommet was a ring of rope through which the flag halyard ran, and a hair sieve the fine sieve for sifting gunpowder, the store carrying even the specialist gear of the magazine, every article of the defence charged by name against the stock.
348	358	Diet Expences D.r for the following Store Goods Used in the Quarter Ending the 31 March 1747 Viz.t Arrack 70 Gallons £ 9 13 11½ Beef and Pork viz.t 4 p.o Beef 0 10 0 4 p.o Pork 0 7 3 17 3 Flour C qr lb 5 2 20 5 7 9 Oil 13 Bottles Florence 1 13 6 Pepper ½ lb 3 Pease ¼ Bush.o 1 1½ Salt 4 Bushels 12 10 Sugar & Candy viz.t 140 lb Sugar 1 12 1 140 lb Candy 1 15 0 3 7 1 Rice 50 lb 2 7 £ 21 16 3¼ Plantation D.r for the following Store Goods Used for the Quarter Ending 31 March 1747 Viz.t Deals viz.t 3 Single Deals 0 5 0 2 Double D.o for a garden Gate & Repairing 0 5 0 2 Spars a Cart in the great Wood 0 4 4 14 4 Cordage 14 lb for Horse Ropes 4 7½ Iron Ware viz.t 2 Spades for the Garden 0 6 4 1 Iron Shovel for the great Wood 0 4 5½ 10 9½ Lines 3 W.o 6 1 4½ Nails 2 lb 10 for making a garden Gate 8 Carried Over £ 1 11 9½	The storekeeper's collection continued under the head of diet expenses, for the goods used in the quarter ending 31 March 1747: Arrack, 70 gallons, £9 13s 11.5d Beef and pork: 4 lb of beef, £0 10s 0d 4 lb of pork, £0 7s 3d Subtotal, £0 17s 3d Flour, 5 hundredweight 2 quarters 20 lb, £5 7s 9d Oil, 12 bottles of Florence, £1 13s 6d Pepper, 0.5 lb, £0 0s 3d Pease, 0.25 bushel, £0 1s 1.5d Salt, 4 bushels, £0 12s 10d Sugar and candy: 140 lb of sugar, £1 12s 1d 140 lb of candy, £1 15s 0d Subtotal, £3 7s 1d Rice, 50 lb, £0 2s 7d Total for diet expenses, £21 16s 5.25d The goods used under the head of plantation for the quarter ending 31 March 1747: Deals for the upper down gate and repairing, and a cart in the great wood: 3 single deals, £0 5s 0d 2 double deals, £0 5s 0d 2 spars, £0 4s 4d Subtotal, £0 14s 4d Cordage, 1 hundredweight 4 for horse ropes, £0 4s 7.5d Iron ware: 2 spades for the garden, £0 6s 4d 1 iron shovel for the great wood, £0 4s 5.5d Subtotal, £0 10s 9.5d Lines, 3 hundredweight 6, £0 1s 4.5d Nails, 2 hundred 10d, for making a garden gate, £0 0s 8d Carried over, £1 11s 9.5d Interpretations The diet expenses sub-account sets out the goods the store issued to the general table, charged out at their value like the other Company uses. Arrack again carried the heaviest cost at nearly £10 for seventy gallons, the spirit the largest single line of the household's provision as through the whole run, drawn from the store to victual the establishment. The flour, sugar, candy and salt made up the staples of the table, the store supplying the imported provision the island could not raise, though the new barley harvest was beginning to lessen that dependence in the bread. The plantation sub-account carries the materials the store issued to the Company's own farming and stock, the deals for the down gate and a cart in the great wood, the cordage for horse ropes and the spades and shovel for the garden and the wood. These entries measure the store's supply of the very tools and timber of the island's husbandry, the grain scheme, the gardens and the stock all drawing their gear from the same source. A down gate was a gate in the enclosure of the downs or upland pasture, its timber and the nails for a garden gate charged to the plantation as the materials of maintaining the Company's own ground, every article entered by name against the stock as closely as the goods sold or used in the works.
349	359	Brought Over £ 1 11 9½ Oil 2 Gall.o Train for tanning 5 11 Pease ½ Bush.o & 1 Quart to Sow 3 7 Twine 1 Skain 6 Turners Ware viz.t 2 Yoaks 1 7 10 2 Ox bows for Oxen at the Plough 0 2 2½ 1 Sett Horse Harness for Ploughing 2 8 3½ 3 18 4½ Paddy &c.a viz.t C qr lb 17 1 26 Paddy 5 2 3 6 3 8 Rice for the Poultry 1 19 6 7 1 9 Sugar 6 lb given in Exchange for Wheat to Sow 1 4½ £ 13 3 3 Blacks D.r for the following Store Goods Used in the Quarter, ending 31 March 1747 Viz.t Brandy 40½ Gall.o for Drams When at hard Labour 8 17 9½ Bread 13 lb for Sick Blacks 2 6 Iron Ware 1 Bush Stone 1 ½ Oil ¼ Linseed for making Shoes 7 Paint 1 Barr.o Blacking Rice C q.r lb for Sick Blacks 1 19 2½ Sugar 3 lb for Sick Blacks 8¼ Tea 1 lb for D.o 6¾ Twine 3 Skains for making their Shoes 1 6 £ 11 5 10½ Garrison D.r for the following Store Goods Used in the Quarter Ending 31 March 1747 Viz.t Brandy 27½ Gall.o for Drams on Mustring 6 1 5½ Canvas 1 p.o 2 ⅓ Yds for Soldiers Cots 17 7 Carried Over £ 6 19 0 ½	The storekeeper's collection continued under the head of plantation. Brought over, £1 11s 9.5d. Oil, 2 gallons of train for tanning, £0 5s 11d Pease, 0.5 bushel and 1 quart to sow, £0 3s 7d Twine, 1 skein, £0 0s 6d Turners' ware: 2 yokes for oxen at the plough, £1 7s 10d 2 ox bows for oxen at the plough, £0 2s 2.5d 1 set of horse harness for ploughing, £2 8s 3.5d Subtotal, £3 18s 4.5d Paddy and rice for the poultry: 17 hundredweight 1 quarter 26 lb of paddy, £5 2s 3d 6 hundredweight 3 quarters 8 lb of rice, £1 19s 6d Subtotal, £7 1s 9d Sugar, 6 lb given in exchange for wheat to sow, £0 1s 4.5d Total for plantation, £13 3s 3d The goods used under the head of slaves for the quarter ending 31 March 1747: Brandy, 40.5 gallons for drams when at hard labour, £8 17s 9.5d Bread, 13 lb for the sick slaves, £0 2s 0d Iron ware, 1 bush stone, £0 2s 6d Oil, 0.25 linseed for making shoes, £0 1s 0.5d Paint, 1 barrel of blacking, £0 0s 7d Rice for the sick slaves, £1 19s 2.5d Sugar, 3 lb for the sick slaves, £0 2s 8.5d Tea, 1 lb for the sick slaves, £0 1s 6d Twine, 3 skeins for making their shoes, £0 6s 6.75d Total for slaves, £11 5s 10.5d The goods used under the head of garrison for the quarter ending 31 March 1747: Brandy, 27.5 costers for drams on mustering, £6 1s 5.5d Canvas, 1 pair 27.5 yards for soldiers' cots, £0 17s 7d Carried over, £6 19s 0.5d Interpretations The plantation account shows the material of the grain scheme charged out of the store, the yokes, ox bows and horse harness for the plough that broke and threshed the Long Wood corn, and the paddy and rice fed to the poultry, the store supplying the very gear of the island's new farming. The exchange of sugar for wheat to sow marks the settlement raising its own seed corn, the store bartering its stock for the grain the scheme required, the island beginning to close the circle from seed to harvest to bread. The slaves account measures the Company's direct upkeep of its own labour force. Brandy issued as drams to the slaves at hard labour was the largest line, the spirit given to men set to the heaviest work, while bread, rice, sugar and tea were set apart for the sick slaves as they had been in the steward's table accounts through the winter. The linseed and twine for making their shoes, and the leather and materials charged elsewhere, show the Company clothing and feeding the slaves from its store as a standing charge, the same deliberate provision for the ill and the labouring that ran through the whole record. A coster was a small cask, the brandy for the garrison's muster-day drams measured in them, the store victualling the soldiers' assemblies as well as their daily wants.
350	360	Brought Over £ 6 19 0 ½ Deals viz.t 3 Double Deals 1 12 6 4 Single D.o for Soldiers Cots & Coffins 0 6 8 1 19 2 Glass Ware 1 Half Hour glass for the Main Guard 6½ Nails viz.t 6 lb 4 0 2 4½ 2 lb 6 for Soldiers Cots & Coffins 0 0 9 1 lb 10 0 0 4 3 5½ Oil 15 Gall.o for the Severall Guards &c.a Duty 2 4 4½ Rice 30 lb for the Recruits p Prince Edward 1 7 Twine 2 Skains for making Cot Bottoms 1 0 Tea 50 lb for the Several Guards on Duty 1 8 1½ £ 12 17 3½ Hospital D.r for the following Store Goods Used in the Quarter Ending 31 March 1747 Viz.t Deals 2 Single for Benches to the Hospital 3 4 Flour 44 lb 7 5¾ Oil 1½ Gall.o 4 5½ Rice C 5 2 1 11 10¼ Sugar 98½ 1 2 7 Salt 5½ Gall.o 2 6 £ 3 12 1 ¾ Boats D.r for the following Store Goods Used in the Quarter, ending March 31 1747 Viz.t Cordage C 6 17 for moorings to the L. Boat & Pinnace 11 6 7 Deals &c viz.t 7 Single Deals 11 8 2 Inch Wainscot Boards for Repairing a Long 8 6 3 Elm Boards Boat & Pinnace 8 6 1 Elm Plank 7 4½ 1 16 ½ Carried Over £ 13 2 7½	The storekeeper's collection continued under the head of garrison. Brought over, £6 19s 0.5d. Deals for soldiers' cots and coffins: 3 double deals, £1 12s 6d 4 single deals, £0 6s 8d Subtotal, £1 19s 2d Glass ware, 1 half hour glass for the main guard, £0 0s 6.5d Nails for soldiers' cots and coffins: 6 hundred of 4d, £0 2s 4.5d 2 hundred of 6d, £0 0s 9d 1 hundred of 10d, £0 0s 4d Subtotal, £0 3s 5.5d Oil, 15 gallons for the several guards on duty, £2 4s 4.5d Rice, 30 lb for the recruits by the Prince Edward, £0 1s 7d Twine, 2 skeins for making cot bottoms, £0 1s 0d Tea, 50 lb for the several guards on duty, £1 8s 1.5d Total for garrison, £12 17s 3.5d The goods used under the head of hospital for the quarter ending 31 March 1747: Deals, 2 single for benches to the hospital, £0 3s 4d Flour, 44 lb, £0 7s 5.5d Oil, 1.5 gallons, £0 4s 5.5d Rice, 5 hundredweight 2 quarters, £1 11s 10.75d Sugar, 98.5 lb, £1 2s 7d Salt, 5.5 gallons, £0 2s 6d Total for hospital, £3 12s 1.5d The goods used under the head of boats for the quarter ending 31 March 1747: Cordage, 6 hundredweight 17 for moorings and the like to the long boat and pinnace, £0 11s 6d Deals for repairing a long boat and pinnace: 7 single deals, £0 11s 8d 2 inch wainscot boards, £0 8s 6d 3 elm boards, £0 8s 6d 1 elm plank, £0 7s 4.5d Subtotal, £1 16s 0.5d Carried over, £13 2s 7.5d Interpretations The garrison account shows the store issuing the everyday materials of the guards and the newly arrived men, the oil and tea for the several guards on duty, the rice for the recruits landed from the Prince Edward, and the deals and nails charged together for soldiers' cots and coffins. That bedding and burial were entered under one heading marks the plain reckoning of the record, the same timber serving to house the living soldier and to bury the dead, the half-hour glass for the main guard the instrument by which the watch was kept and the reliefs timed. The hospital account measures the small medical establishment the settlement kept, the flour, rice, sugar and salt to feed the sick and the deals for benches, the same provision for the ill that ran through the slaves and the table accounts. The boats account carries the constant charge of maintaining the island's only means of moving goods and men, the cordage for the moorings of the long boat and pinnace and the deals, elm boards and plank for their repair, the vessels on which the whole traffic of a harbourless island depended kept in order out of the store, every plank and rope charged against the stock.
351	361	Brought Over £ 13 2 7½ Haberdashery 6 Skains of Silk for fishing 2 6 Hooks and Lines viz.t 13 doz Hooks Sorted 0 8 1½ 100 Blue Hooks for fishing 0 0 3½ 26 Lines Sorted 0 6 7½ 15 0 ½ Lead 15 lb for Sinkers for D.o 3 2 Nails viz.t 1 lb 3 0 0 5½ 2 lb 4 for Repairing a Long Boat &c 0 0 4¾ 10½ Oil ¼ Train 9 Twine 1 Skain for fishing 6 £ 14 5 5½ 31 March 1747 (Sign'd) Errors Excepted M. Owling Pay Master Counted & Examined the Honourable Companys Cash from the 13.th to the 31.st March last and found the Same to be as follows Viz.t	The storekeeper's collection continued under the head of boats. Brought over, £13 2s 7.5d. Haberdashery, 6 skeins of silk for fishing, £0 2s 6d Hooks and lines for fishing: 13 dozen hooks sorted, £0 9s 1.5d 100 blue hooks, £0 0s 3.5d 26 lines sorted, £0 6s 7.5d Subtotal, £0 15s 0.5d Lead, 19 lb for sinkers for fishing, £0 3s 2d Nails for repairing a long boat and the like: 1 hundred of 3d, £0 0s 5.5d 2 hundred of 4d, £0 0s 4.5d Subtotal, £0 0s 10.5d Oil, 0.5 train, £0 0s 9d Twine, 1 skein for fishing, £0 0s 6d Total for boats, £14 5s 5.5d Dated 31 March 1747 and subscribed, errors excepted, by Matthew Purling, storekeeper. The board counted and examined the Honourable Company's cash from 13 to 31 March, and found it as follows. Interpretations The boats account closes with the tackle of the island's own fishery, the hooks, lines, silk and lead sinkers charged under the boats heading, the fishing gear entered here because the boats and the fishery were one establishment. Eleven men had been set constantly in the boats since 1727 to supply the fish that fed the garrison in place of a meat ration, so the store carried the hooks and lines as a standing charge and issued them alongside the cordage and deals that kept the boats afloat, the whole apparatus of catching and landing fish maintained out of the same stock. The account was subscribed errors excepted by the storekeeper Purling, the customary form by which an officer certified his reckoning while reserving against any slip of the pen, the same guard entered on the paymaster's and treasury accounts. The close of the whole storekeeper's collection, run through its classes of buyer and its sub-accounts of the Company's own uses, completes the quarterly reckoning of the store, every article sold or issued entered by name, quantity and price so that the collection could be set against the stock and the store held to account for all that passed through it. The separate count of the Company's cash from 13 March, the day of the change of government, marks again the handover ruled off to the day.
352	362	Cash Dr 1746 March 13.th To Ballance remaining £ 2796 13 9 24.th To Exchange for a Sett of Bills drawn on the Honble the Court of Directors Dated this day Payable to David Dunbar Esq.r Ninety Days after Sight 730 0 0 To Blacks for so much received of Serjeant Collins for 4 lb Thread Sold by Order of Geo.r Dunbar being part of a Quantity bought by Him for mend ing Blacks Cloths in December last 1 13 0 31.st To Plantation Viz.t Rec.d for 88 Gallons Milk Sold this Month 1½ p Gall.o 4 8 0 Received of Roger Nevanson for Provisions sent to Market 27 12 8½ this Month 32 0 8½ To Matthew Owling for so much Rec.d of him for Store Goods Sold in the Quarter Ending this Day 882 3 11 £ 4442 11 4½	The treasury cash account for the second half of March opened on the debtor side. 13 March, to balance remaining, £2,796 13s 9d 24 March, to exchange for a set of bills drawn on the Honourable Court of Directors dated this day, payable to David Dunbar ninety days after sight, £720 0s 0d To Slaves, for the amount received of Sergeant Collins for 4 lb of thread sold by order of Governor Dunbar, being part of a quantity bought by him for mending the slaves' clothes in December, £1 13s 0d 31 March, to Plantation: Received for 88 gallons of milk sold this month at 1s the gallon, £4 8s 0d Received of Roger Nevanson for provisions sent to market this month, £27 12s 8.5d Subtotal, £32 0s 8.5d To Matthew Purling for the amount received of him for store goods sold in the quarter ending this day, £882 3s 11d Total, £4,442 11s 4.5d Interpretations This is the debtor side of the treasury cash account for the second half of March, opening on the balance carried down at the change of government on 13 March. The largest receipt was the £720 Governor Dunbar paid in against a set of bills on the Court, the same remittance of his savings noted in the diary, the outgoing Governor banking his funds at the island treasury to be repaid in London ninety days after sight rather than carry coin on the voyage home. The exchange marks the treasury acting as the Company's own bank for its departing officer. The store goods and the plantation produce flow into the treasury as the settlement's regular income, the £882 collected from the storekeeper Purling being the whole quarter's sales carried into the cash, and the milk and market provisions the return on the Company's own stock and dairy. The small entry for thread sold to Sergeant Collins shows even a few pounds of material bought for the slaves' clothing and then sold on being brought to account, the same exactness that ran through the whole record, every sum received entered by its source so that the treasury could be reckoned against the coin in the chest.
353	363	Per Contra Cr 1747 March 31.st By Garrison Advanced the Pay M.r for so much paid by him for Sallaries in this Quarter as will Appear by his Acc.t Currant 1.st £ 1787 13 2¼ By Sundry Accounts Advanced the Paymaster for so much Paid by him for Work &c.a In this Quarter Exclusive of what has been Already brought to Account In the Months of January & february & to the 12.th March 145 4 5¼ 1932 17 7½ By Ballance Remaining in the following Species Viz.t 5 p.o Gold 59 12 9 1229 Pagodas a 8 491 12 0 4 Gubbers 6 1 4 0 5 Venthans 10 2 10 0 Gold Amounting to 554 18 9 4834¾ Dollars a 5 1208 11 3 292 ¾ Rupees 2/3 64 8 8¾ 275 half Dollars 2/6 34 7 6 462 Double Rials 1/3 28 17 6 4515 half Rials 3¾ 70 10 11½ 441 french pieces 2 3 13 6 2 English Sixpences 1 0 1 Fanam 3 Odd money 9 10 Money not Current 19 6½ Silver Amounting to 1417 0 0 Cash Notes Amounting to 537 15 0 2509 13 9 £ 4442 11 4½	The credit side of the treasury cash account stood as follows: By Garrison: advanced the paymaster for the amount he paid for salaries this quarter, as appears by his account current, £1,787 13s 2.5d. By sundry accounts: advanced the paymaster for the amount he paid for work and the like this quarter, exclusive of what had already been brought to account in January and February and to 12 March, £145 4s 5.25d. Total of the advances, £1,932 17s 7.75d. The balance remaining ran in the following coin: 5 pieces of gold, £59 12s 9d 1,226 pagodas at 8s, £491 12s 0d 4 gubbers at 6s, £1 4s 0d 5 Venetians at 10s, £2 10s 0d Total gold, £554 18s 9d 4,834.5 dollars at 5s, £1,215 11s 3d 373.5 rupees at 2s 3d, £64 8s 8.75d 275 half dollars at 2s 6d, £34 7s 6d 462 double rials at 1s 3d, £28 17s 6d 4,515 half rials at 3.75d, £70 10s 11.5d 441 French pieces at 2s, £3 13s 6d 2 English sixpences, £0 1s 0d 1 fanam, £0 0s 3d Odd money, £0 9s 10d Money not current, £0 19s 6.5d Total silver, £1,417 0s 0d Cash notes amounting to, £537 15s 0d Total, £2,509 13s 9d Grand total, £4,442 11s 4.5d Interpretations This closes the treasury cash account for the second half of March, its total matching the debtor side. The whole of the payments out were the two advances to the paymaster, the £1,787 for the quarter's salaries and the £145 for the casual labour and works beyond what had already been charged, the treasury funding the paymaster's chest from which the establishment and the day-work were met. The two accounts interlock, the treasury the ultimate reservoir and the paymaster's cash the working fund drawn from it. The coin count shows the chest still holding almost wholly foreign specie, Spanish dollars and their fractions the great bulk of it at more than £1,200, the Coromandel pagodas and Bombay rupees next, with small quantities of Venetian and Dutch gold and French pieces. The two English sixpences stand out as almost the only English coin in a treasury of thousands, the plainest possible measure of how little sterling circulated on an island whose money came entirely from the trade that passed it. A fanam was a small silver coin of the Coromandel coast, and the money not current the worn or doubtful coin set apart, the whole miscellany reckoned at fixed island rates into a single sterling total against the £537 15s 0d in the Company's own cash notes.
354	364	Saturday April 4.th 18.th Died Elizabeth Wife of John Leech Marshall. Monday 20.th April The following Persons were Returned for Parrish Officers, for the Ensueing Year Viz.t M.r Matthew Owling M.r Robert Wright M.r James Powell Church Wardens M.r Samuel Downton M.r John French Jun.r to be Overseers of the East Division M.r Thomas Cotgrove M.r William Young D.o of the West Division M.r Onesiphorous Yairling M.r John Twaits D.o of the South Division M.r John Alexander Whereupon I made out Warrants to M.r Matthew Owling and M.r Robert Wright to be Church Wardens and to Messrs John French Jun.r William Young and John Twaits to be the Severall Overseers. M.r Joseph Powell Petitioned for Liberty to Asign fifteen Acres of Land In Horse pasture four Acres in Lemon Valley and two & an half Acres called the Tobacco Springs to M.r John Alexander; Granted. M.r John Alexander petitioned for Liberty to Asign Six Acres and one quarter of Land in Sandy Bay to M.r Joseph Powell Granted. Arrived a Dane Ship from China called the Fyen Cap.t Uckebrye Burthen one Thousand Tons one Hundred and seventy Six Men and Twenty four Guns Laden with Tea & Chinaware. Tuesday April 21.st Arrived the Somerset Captain Thomas Tolson from Bencoolen and the Pelham Captain George Lindsay (late Wells) from Bombay last from the Cape The Pelham brought the following Supplys Viz.t	On Saturday 18 April Elizabeth, wife of John Leech the marshal, died. On Monday 20 April the following persons were returned as parish officers for the coming year. Matthew Purling, Robert Wright, James Powell and Samuel Doveton were chosen churchwardens. John French junior and Thomas Colgrave were chosen overseers of the eastern division, William Young and Onesiphorus Gurling overseers of the western division, and John Twaits and John Alexander overseers of the southern division. The board thereupon made out warrants to Matthew Purling and Robert Wright to be churchwardens, and to John French junior, William Young and John Twaits to be the several overseers. Joseph Powell asked leave to assign fifteen acres of land in Horse Pasture, four acres in Lemon Valley and two and a half acres called the Tobacco Springs to John Alexander. The board granted it. John Alexander asked leave to assign six and a quarter acres of land in Sandy Bay to Joseph Powell. The board granted it. A Danish ship arrived from China called the Fyen, Captain Uckebine, of one thousand tons, one hundred and seventy-six men and twenty-four guns, laden with tea and chinaware. On Tuesday 21 April the Somerset, Captain Thomas Jobson, arrived from Bencoolen, and the Pelham, Captain George Lindsay late Wells, from Bombay last from the Cape. The Pelham brought the following supply. Interpretations The annual choice of parish officers shows the settlement governing its own local affairs through the vestry, the churchwardens and overseers drawn from the same substantial planters and Company servants who filled the council and held the largest leases. The overseers were divided among the eastern, western and southern divisions of the island, each answerable for the poor, the roads and the parish business of his own quarter, the office an unpaid public duty laid on the principal inhabitants by turns, the board issuing formal warrants to give the vestry's choice legal force. The two land assignments between Joseph Powell and John Alexander, each granted the same day, show the Company's control over the transfer of land working in practice even between two of the island's leading planters. Neither could convey his holding by private bargain but only by petition to the board, the exchange of parcels in Horse Pasture, Lemon Valley, the Tobacco Springs and Sandy Bay passing under the council's leave as every assignment did, the same bar on unapproved transfer written into every lease of the run. The arrival of the two great Danish China ships and the Company's own homeward vessels marks the opening of the shipping traffic, the road filling with the trade that touched the island on the long route between Europe and the East.
355	365	Invoice of Goods p Ship Pelham Rice 22 Bags q.o 150 Surat M.d at 2 8 5 p M.d 106 3 50 Goa Arrack 590 Gallons viz.t 3 Leaguers ea qo 160 Gall.o 480 1 Butt 110 Gall.o 590 at 26 rs p 48 G.o 319 2 33 Charges on Merchandize Viz.t Gunney Peices 30 for Rice Bags 4 3 50 Dally Bags 22 D.o 14 2 30 3 Leaguers for Arrack 30 0 1 Butt D.o 8 0 Twine 3½ lb 2 25 Hammalage on Rice and Arrack 2 90 Companys Boat 1 Day 2 2 0 61 0 95 Rupees 487 2 78 (Sign'd) Errors Excepted W Sedgwicke Accomp.t Thursday April 23 The Debtors to the Estate of John Goodwin Esq.r Deceasd this Day Attended according to Order Their Several payments Demands & flaws are Entered in a Seperate Account transmitted to the Honble Company. Enlisted Robert Lufkin without Bounty money Thomas Manning Soldier petitioned for his Discharge having Served the Honble Company His full Entered time Granted. M.r Matthew Owling petitioned for Liberty to Asign Ten & an half Acres of Lease Land to the Ex.ors of John Bazett Deceasd & four Acres of Lease Land to Joseph Whaley Jun.r Granted.	The invoice of goods by the ship Pelham ran as follows: Rice, 22 bags weighing 150 Surat maunds at 2 rupees 8 annas 8 pies the maund, 106 rupees 3 annas 50 pies Goa arrack, 590 gallons: 3 leaguers weighing 160 gallons, 480 gallons 1 butt, 110 gallons 590 gallons at 26 pies the gallon, 48 gods, 319 rupees 2 annas 33 pies Charges on merchandise: Gunney pieces, 30 for the rice bags, 4 rupees 3 annas 50 pies Dally bags, 22, 14 rupees 2 annas 30 pies 3 leaguers for arrack, 30 rupees 1 butt for arrack, 8 rupees Twine, 3.5 lb, 2 rupees 25 pies Hammalage on rice and arrack, 2 rupees 90 pies Company's boat 1 day, 2 rupees 2 annas Subtotal, 61 rupees 0 annas 95 pies Total, 487 rupees 2 annas 78 pies The invoice was subscribed, errors excepted, by W Sedgwicke, accountant. On Thursday 23 April the debtors to the estate of John Goodwin deceased attended according to order. Their several payments, demands and the like were entered in a separate account transmitted to the Honourable Company. Robert Lufkin enlisted without bounty money. Thomas Manning, soldier, asked for his discharge, having served the Honourable Company his full contracted time. The board granted it. Matthew Purling asked leave to assign ten and a half acres of lease land to the executors of John Bazett deceased, and four acres of lease land to Joseph Whaley junior. The board granted it. Interpretations The Pelham's invoice measures the tonnage quota the island drew from the Bombay shipping, rice and Goa arrack reckoned in rupees, the arrack the heavier line as the spirit was throughout the store's trade. The charges on merchandise carry the whole apparatus of packing and landing the cargo, the gunny and dally bags to hold the rice, the leaguers and butt to hold the arrack, the twine and the hammalage, the store and the island charged for the very casks and sacks and the porterage of the goods ashore. Hammalage was the fee for the labour of carrying and handling the cargo, and a maund the Indian weight by which the rice was reckoned, the invoice showing the exact reckoning by which a homeward ship discharged its bound allowance at the island. The debtors to Governor Goodwin's estate attending at last, after the repeated advertisements calling them in, shows the estate administration bearing fruit, their payments and demands entered in a separate account for the Company. The several land assignments granted the same day carry on the Company's control over the transfer of holdings, Purling conveying lease land to the Bazett executors and to Whaley only by the board's leave, and the enlistment of Robert Lufkin without bounty and the discharge of Thomas Manning on completing his time mark the ordinary business of keeping the garrison up, men taken on and let go as their service began and ended.
356	366	Friday Apr 24 M.r Robert Wright went on Board the Somersett Cap.t Thomas Tolson and the Pelham Cap.t George Lindsay & Mustered their Companys and found No Deserters, Cap.t Tolson having the day before given up to me Patrick Hamilton, a deserter from this Island The Muster Rolls are as follows Viz.t The Muster Roll of the Ship Somerset Thom.s Tolson Command.r M.r John Margat Chief mate M.r Thos Adcock 2.d D.o M.r John Clewdsley 3.d D.o M.r Fran.s Tye 4.th D.o M.r Jam.s Angus 5.th D.o M.r Isaac Minors Surge.r Yeams Smith Carpenter Jesp.r Wilson Boatsn Sam.l Davis Gunn.r Jam.s Sharp Caulker David Waite Cooper Rob.t Mills Ships Stew.d Rob.t Meakins Cap.t Cook John Twisford Cap.t Cook John Martin Ships D.o Henry Clarke Corp.ls Mate Rich.d Easties Corp.ls 2.d D.o David Morris Serg.ts D.o Rob.t Lansdale Corp.ls D.o Will.m Stow Boatsn D.o Will.m Davis Gunn.rs D.o Matt.w Mark Caulk.rs D.o Joseph Branson Butcher Charles Lloyd Armourer Sam.l Price Quar.r Mast.r John Gordon D.o Rowland Seabrigh D.o John Wayte Midship man Farrington Packer D.o Jam.s Johnson D.o William Burton Taylor Jam.s King Seaman Borge Salstram James Tracy Will.m Rainy John Moore Owen Thomas Thom.s Pearson John M.c Beth William Morris John Erwin Hans Firgisen Patrick Murphey James MacDonald Robert Robinson Will.m Westbrook Jacob Bolony Joseph Gonseloe John Sambell John Jersey Surgeons George Marbron Hert.r Augustine Owen Conty Thom.r Barret Thom.r Bramssy David Kent John Birmingham John M.c Prebett Thom.r Harrison Step.r Cloomserburgh John Chapman Thom.r Wall John Wills Will.m Goodwin Will.m Newcomby Fran.s Davison Will.m Campbell Robert Roberts John Scandell Theod.r Thumball John Fern Fran.s Simmons Rob.t Wilson James Frazier Henry Coultor Jn.o Denis Kelly George Horton John Horton Bryant Bryoe Peter Rightwick John Tennant Auth.r Arcona Major Jackson Henry Bland John Williams Cap.t Serv.t Patrick Moran Chief mate D.o Benj.r Lawrence 2.d mate D.o Jos Wills Surgeons D.o John Ravenscroft Gunn.rs D.o Thom.r Wilson Boatsn D.o Thom.r Woolward Carpen.rs D.o	On Friday 24 April Robert Wright went on board the Somerset, Captain Thomas Jobson, and the Pelham, Captain George Lindsay, and mustered their companies. He found no deserters, Captain Jobson having the day before given up Patrick Hamilton, a deserter from the island. The muster rolls ran as follows. The muster roll of the ship Somerset: Thomas Jobson, commander John Margat, chief mate Thomas Adcock, second mate John Clewesley, third mate Francis Tye, fourth mate James Angus, fifth mate Isaac Minors, surgeon Yeams Smith, carpenter Joseph Wilson, boatswain Samuel Davis, gunner James Sharp, caulker David Waite, cooper Robert Mills, ship's steward Robert Meakins, boatswain's mate John Twiford, captain's cook John Martin, ship's cook Henry Clarke, corporal and master's mate Richard Easties, carpenter's second mate David Minors, surgeon's second mate Robert Lansdale, corporal's mate William Stow, boatswain's mate William Davis, gunner's second mate Matthew Mark, caulker's second mate Joseph Branson, butcher Charles Lloyd, armourer Samuel Price, quartermaster John Gordon, quartermaster Rowland Seabright, quartermaster John Wayte, midshipman Farrington Packer, quartermaster James Johnson, quartermaster William Burton, tailor James King, seaman Borge Salstram James Fravy William Rains John Moore Owen Thomas Thomas Pearson John McBeth William Morris John Erwin Hans Jirgisen Patrick Murphey James MacDonald Robert Robinson William Westbrook Jacob Belony Joseph Gonseloe John Sambell John Persey, gunner George Marbron Herbert Augustine Owen Conty Thomas Barret Thomas Ramssy David Peirt John Birmingham John McDebett Thomas Harrison Stephen Cloomsburgh John Chapman Thomas Wall John Wills William Goodwin William Newcombey Francis Davison William Campbell Robert Roberts John Scandell Theodore Thumball John Tern Francis Simmons Robert Wilson James Frazier Henry Coitor John Denis Kelly George Horton John Horton Bryant Bryne Peter Rightwick John Tennant Ruther Arcona Major Jackson Henry Bland John Williams, Captain Scott Patrick Moran, chief mate Benjamin Lawrence, second mate Joseph Wills, surgeon John Ravenscroft, gunner Thomas Wilson, boatswain Thomas Woolward, carpenter Interpretations The muster of a homeward ship was the standing means by which the island guarded against desertion, the board sending an officer aboard each arriving vessel to call over her whole company man by man against her list, so that no man could slip ashore and be lost to his ship. That the Somerset was found clear of deserters, and had herself given up a runaway from the island the day before, shows the system working both ways, the ships and the settlement each returning the other's absconders, the mutual surrender of deserters the settled practice between a Company island and the shipping that touched it. The roll sets out the whole hierarchy of an East Indiaman, from the commander and his mates down through the specialist tradesmen, the surgeon, carpenter, boatswain, gunner, caulker and cooper, to the quartermasters, midshipmen and the common seamen. The mixed origins of the crew, English names set beside Scandinavian, Irish and other foreign hands, mark the manning of the long-voyage trade from wherever seamen could be got, and the appearance at the foot of a second ship's officers under Captain Scott shows the roll running on into another vessel's company, the two mustered together on the same day as the shipping filled the road.
357	367	Muster Roll of the Ship Pelham George Lindsay Cap.t Thom.s Whitlatch 1 mate Henry Summers 2 D.o George Clayton 3 D.o Henry Mason 4 D.o Charles Carnegyy 5 D.o John Tinnison Surgeon Charles Wood Gunn.r Will.m Hatchel Carpent.r John Hall Boats.n Joseph Williamson Sam.l Pearson Henry Boon Jacob Langworth Thom.s Warren John Gregory Jam.s Barber John Sedgwick Mich.l Byley Thom.s Lewis Thom.s Pollard Andrew Straine Rob.t Hardy Charles Poalt Christop.r Cloifs John Callwell John Gough John Antony David Kevrier Hans Winklewsght Joseph Cann James Apleton Robert Clark Thom.s Spilornsg Matthew Batt Francis Roberts Hugh Clark John Mendham William Storey John Collit Robert Bipit Daniel Bourdon George Evans Thomas Verney Miles Jennings Albin Pew John Phillips Miam Peterson Gerrad Duker Peter Gabriel Paul Connally John Bitthard John Rofs Richard Thompson Benj.d Bradmoid Benj.d Wood John Rusk Stephen Fielder William Newland Edward Reige Edward Loyde Dennis Rheea Thomas Niedham Thomas Tea James Barnes Charles Cox Thomas Atkins William Beal Nathan.d Parker John Caswick Sam.l Webb Rob.t Carpenter John Shaw Thom.s Storer Jacob Debasee Thomas Wrinch Will.m Holdan James Walker Charles Whithead Charles Wood Thomas Hasthorn James Poall Jn.o Derrick fonderdonk Thomas Scott Thomas Johnson John Denton Thom.s Talbot Robert Lovington John Brace Jervis Bbuck John Bournet Daniel Mills James Bedbourn Reese Mallacca Hendrick Torth Antoney Angus George Clever James Smith John Harding George Ruberg M.r Robert Trotter Passenger	The muster roll of the ship Pelham: George Lindsay, captain Thomas Whitlatch, first mate Henry Summers, second mate George Clayton, third mate Henry Mason, fourth mate Charles Carneggy, fifth mate John Tinnison, surgeon Charles Wood, gunner William Hatchel, carpenter John Hall, boatswain Joseph Williamson Samuel Pearson Henry Boon Jacob Langworth Thomas Warren John Gregory James Barber John Sedgwick Michael Ryley Thomas Lewis Thomas Pollard Andrew Straine Robert Hardy Charles Beak Christopher Cloos John Callwell John Gough John Antony David Kennier Hans Micklewright Joseph Cann James Apleton Robert Clark Thomas Spalding Matthew Batt Francis Roberts Hugh Clark John Mendham William Storey John Collit Robert Bipit Daniel Bourdon George Evans Thomas Verney Miles Jennings Albin Pew John Phillips Abram Peterson Gerard Duker Peter Gabriel Paul Connally John Bithard John Rose Richard Thompson Benjamin Broadmoid Benjamin Wood John Rusk Stephen Fielder William Newland Edward Regie Edward Loose Dennis Rheea Thomas Needham Thomas Tea James Barnes Charles Cox Thomas Atkins William Beal Nathaniel Parker John Caswick Samuel Webb Robert Carpenter John Shaw Thomas Storer Jacob Debasee Thomas Wrinch William Holdan James Walker Charles Whitehead Charles Wood Thomas Hawthorn James Ball John Derrick Sonderdonk Thomas Scott Thomas Johnson John Denton Thomas Talbot Robert Lovington John Brace Jervis Bbuck John Burnet Daniel Mills James Bedbourn Theese Mallacca Hendrick Forth Antony Angus George Clever James Smith John Harding George Kubey Robert Frotter, passenger Interpretations The muster of the Pelham completes the check of the two arriving ships, her whole company called over man by man against her list as the Somerset's had been, the same guard against desertion applied to every vessel that touched the road. Robert Frotter is entered at the foot as a passenger, distinct from the crew, the roll marking those carried on the ship from those who worked her, so that the board could tell a traveller from a seaman who might attempt to run. The crew again shows the mixed manning of the long-voyage trade, English names set beside Dutch, Scandinavian, Irish and other foreign hands such as John Derrick Sonderdonk and Hendrick Forth, the East India shipping drawing its men from wherever they could be got for a voyage that killed many. The full hierarchy of the ship runs from the captain and his five mates through the surgeon, gunner, carpenter and boatswain to the common seamen, the roll setting out the whole establishment of an Indiaman so that not a man was unaccounted, the muster the settled instrument by which a harbourless island, unable to stop a determined runaway once ashore, held the shipping to its own strength.
358	368	Sunday April 26.th Sailed The two Dane Ships the Fyen & the Cristianburg Slot for Europe. By the former I sent a Letter to the Honble Company Thursday April 30.th Serjant John Collins and Walter Cox petitioned for their Several Discharges haveing Served their full Contracted time. Granted. Monday May 4.th Arrived the London Cap.t Sedgwick and the Augusta Cap.t Parker from China who Brought us the following Supplys Viz.t Invoice of Goods p Ship London Bohea Tea 4 Chests N.o 1 a 4 Viz.t Gross Groofs N.o 1 33 195 2 35 190 3 34 193 4 34 197 136 775 Groofs 136 Tare lb 639 Nett Or Picul 4 79 a 13 62 2 7 Single Tea 2 Tubs N.o 1 a 2 q.t w.t 1 02 a 23 23 4 6 China Ware 2 Chests N.o 1 & 2 containing Viz.t Ta m c c 12 Soop Dishes Gold & Col.o 12 0 0 0 60 d.o Plates 3 0 6 0 0 50 Dishes of 5 sizes Blue & White 16 0 0 0 200 Plates 6 Basons & 8 Juggs d.o 4 8 0 0 2 Shav.g Basons 8 0 24 Tea Cups & Saucers d.o 1 2 4 8 24 Coffe Cups & d.o 250 p.o of large Cups & Saucers d.o a 3 5 8 7 5 0 10 Bowls Blue & White 4 0 0 0 10 D.o 9 0 0 6 Chamber pots 4 2 0 0 53 2 9 8 Deduct 2 p C.t for breakage 1 0 6 6 52 2 3 2 Carried Over Sales 137 9 6 8	On Sunday 26 April the two Danish ships the Fyen and the Christiansburg sailed for Europe. By the Fyen the board sent a letter to the Honourable Company. On Thursday 30 April Sergeant John Collins and Walter Cox asked for their several discharges, having served their full contracted time. The board granted them. On Monday 4 May the London, Captain Sedgwick, and the Augusta, Captain Parker, arrived from China, and brought the following supply. The invoice of goods by the ship London ran as follows: Bohea tea, 4 chests numbered 1 to 4: Number 1, 33 tare, 195 gross Number 2, 35 tare, 190 gross Number 3, 34 tare, 193 gross Number 4, 34 tare, 197 gross Total, 136 tare, 775 gross Less 136 tare 639 net At 4 taels 79 mace the picul, 13 piculs, 62 taels 2 mace 7 candareens Single tea, 2 tubs numbered 1 and 2, weighing 1 picul 2 catties 23 lb, 23 taels 4 mace 6 candareens China ware, 2 chests numbered 1 and 2, containing: 12 soup dishes, gold and coloured, 12 taels 60 plates, 3 taels 6 mace 50 dishes of assorted sizes blue and white, 16 taels 200 plates, 16 taels 6 basons and 8 jugs, 4 taels 8 mace 2 shaving basons, 0 taels 8 mace 24 tea cups and saucers, 1 tael 2 mace 4 candareens 8 cash 24 coffee cups, 1 tael 2 mace 4 candareens 8 cash 250 pairs of large cups and saucers at 3 mace 5, 8 taels 7 mace 5 candareens 10 bowls blue and white, 4 taels 10 bowls, 0 taels 9 mace 6 chamber pots, 4 taels 2 mace Subtotal, 53 taels 2 mace 9 candareens 8 cash Less 2 per cent for breakage, 1 tael 0 mace 6 candareens 6 cash Net, 52 taels 2 mace 3 candareens 2 cash Total carried over to sales, 137 taels 9 mace 6 candareens 8 cash Interpretations The London's invoice, reckoned in taels, mace and candareens, marks the cargo as a China lading, distinct from the rupee and pagoda invoices of the Indian shipping, the tael the Chinese money of account by which the tea and chinaware were valued. Bohea tea, the black tea of the Wuyi hills, was the staple of the China trade and the heaviest line, its weight reckoned by the picul and the catty and the gross weight reduced by the tare of the chests to the net tea. The two per cent allowed for breakage on the chinaware shows the standing deduction for the goods that could not survive the voyage whole, the fragile ware shipped at a known loss. The chinaware itself sets out the whole range of the porcelain trade, the soup dishes, plates, bowls, cups and saucers in blue and white and in gold and colour, the very ware that furnished the Company's own tables and passed into the settlement, the same china that filled the inventory of the Governor's household. That the island drew its tea and porcelain from the China ships as it drew its rice and cloth from India marks its place on the whole eastern trade route, the road a point where every branch of the Company's commerce touched, the invoice the exact reckoning by which a China ship discharged her bound allowance at St Helena as the Indian ships discharged theirs.
359	369	Brought Over Sales 137 9 6 2 Sugar Candy 5 Chests N.o 1 a 5 Viz.t Tare Grofs N.o 1 33 320 2 29 288 3 31 293 4 33 309 5 33 280 150 1490 Grofs 159 Tare C 1331 Nett Or P.o c.o 8 98 a 5 7 p picul 51 8 5 8 Sugar 23 N.o 6 a 28 Viz.t Tare Grofs N.o 6 29 203 7 32 312 8 31 300 9 31 292 10 27 306 11 35 306 12 27 293 13 28 296 14 31 310 15 35 311 16 30 284 17 33 304 18 34 300 19 28 289 20 30 315 21 37 307 22 33 308 23 49 317 24 30 290 25 31 288 26 30 293 27 33 309 28 31 292 726 6904 Grofs 726 Tare C 61 78 Nett a 46 33 a 5 t 166 7 8 8 Charges 28 Chests for the Sugar & Sugar Candy a 2 8 a 7 8 4 8 6 8 0 Ballancing of the said 28 Chests a 3 8 4 Sales 365 3 2 6 (Sign'd) Errors Excepted Decem.r 15.th 1746 Fredrick Pigou Tho.s Shore John Barrow	The invoice of goods by the ship London continued. Brought over, 137 taels 9 mace 6 candareens 2 cash. Sugar candy, 5 chests numbered 1 to 5: Number 1, 33 tare, 320 gross Number 2, 29 tare, 288 gross Number 3, 31 tare, 293 gross Number 4, 33 tare, 309 gross Number 5, 33 tare, 280 gross Total, 150 tare, 1,490 gross Less 159 tare 1,331 net At 3 taels 98 mace the picul, 51 taels 8 mace 5 candareens 8 cash Sugar, 23 chests numbered 6 to 28: Number 6, 29 tare, 203 gross Number 7, 32 tare, 312 gross Number 8, 31 tare, 300 gross Number 9, 31 tare, 292 gross Number 10, 27 tare, 306 gross Number 11, 35 tare, 306 gross Number 12, 27 tare, 293 gross Number 13, 28 tare, 296 gross Number 14, 31 tare, 310 gross Number 15, 35 tare, 311 gross Number 16, 30 tare, 284 gross Number 17, 33 tare, 304 gross Number 18, 34 tare, 300 gross Number 19, 28 tare, 299 gross Number 20, 30 tare, 315 gross Number 21, 37 tare, 307 gross Number 22, 33 tare, 305 gross Number 23, 49 tare, 517 gross Number 24, 30 tare, 290 gross Number 25, 31 tare, 288 gross Number 26, 30 tare, 298 gross Number 27, 33 tare, 309 gross Number 28, 31 tare, 292 gross Total, 726 tare, 6,904 gross Less 726 tare 6,178 net, at 16 mace 33 the picul, 166 taels 7 mace 8 candareens 8 cash Charges: 28 chests for the sugar and sugar candy at 2 taels 8 mace, 7 taels 8 mace 4 candareens, 8 taels 6 mace 8 candareens Battening of the 28 chests at 3 mace, 8 taels 4 candareens Total, 365 taels 3 mace 2 candareens 6 cash The invoice was subscribed, errors excepted, at Canton 15 December 1746 by Frederick Pigou, Thomas Shore and John Burrow. Interpretations The sugar and sugar candy make up the bulk of the London's lading, the twenty-three chests of sugar alone running to more than six thousand pounds gross and near £167 in taels, the sweet goods the heaviest commodity of the China trade after the tea. Each chest is entered by its own number with its tare and gross weight, the whole reduced to the net by deducting the weight of the chests, the minute reckoning by which the Company checked the cargo it received against the invoice signed at Canton. Sugar candy was crystallised sugar, a finer and dearer sort than the common sugar shipped alongside it. The charges carry the cost of the very chests and their battening, the packing in which the sugar crossed the ocean charged to the account like the casks and bags of the Indian arrack and rice. That the invoice was signed by the supercargoes at Canton in December 1746 and reached St Helena the following May marks the length of the China voyage and the island's place near its end, the ship discharging part of her homeward lading at the road before the last leg to England. The whole, reckoned in the Chinese money of account and checked chest by chest, shows the exactness with which the Company received and recorded even the portion of a China cargo landed at its Atlantic victualling station.
360	370	Invoice of Goods p Ship Augusta China Ware 2 Boxes N.o 1 & 2 Cont. Tles m c c 2 m c c 3 m c c 5 Soop Dishes 2 0 0 0 60 Soop Plates 2 7 0 0 240 Common Plates 7 2 0 0 250 ½ Pint Cups & Saucers 10 0 0 0 6 Guglets & Basons 1 0 0 0 6 Chamber Pots 1 2 0 0 27 1 0 0 N.o 1 a 4 Tea Bohea 4 Chest 4 71 a 15 4 p lb 61 2 3 0 N.o 1 & 2 Tea Single 2 Tubs 14 17 2 31 2 0 0 1 a 20 Sugar 20 Chests 41 34 4 5 t 149 5 4 4 1 a 5 Sugar Candy 5 Chest 9 51 5 6 51 3 5 4 Chests and Ballancing 8 5 7 2 209 4 7 0 329 0 0 0 (Sign'd) Errors Excepted Edward Phipps Wednesday May 6.th M.r Robert Wright Reported that he had been on board the London Cap.t Sedgwick to Muster her Company & Search for Deserters but found none. The Muster Roll is as follows Viz.t Muster Roll of the Ship London Will.m Sedgwick Command.r Thom.s Williams 1 Mate David Crokton Harry Gough Patrick Conrey John Ellis Windsor Hennage Purser John Page Surgeon Charles Lyon Surg.s Mate George Guver Carpenter Rob.t Yaskin D.o Mate Cha.s Weddall 2 D.o James Gray Joyner John Peake Gunner John Wilfon D.o 1 Mate Frank Smith D.o 2 D.o Thom.s Stockwell Boatswain Andrew Brown Boat Mate John Emptage Caulker Sam.l Talany D.o Mate Thom.s Sumger Ships Stew.d John Coutcher Cap.t D.o John Mason Taylor Nett Wilfon Butcher Sam.l Smith Cook Thom.s Carter D.o Mate	The invoice of goods by the ship Augusta ran as follows: China ware, 2 boxes numbered 1 and 2: 5 soup dishes, 2 taels 60 soup plates, 2 taels 7 mace 240 common plates, 7 taels 2 mace 250 half pint cups and saucers, 10 taels 6 goglets and basons, 1 tael 6 chamber pots, 1 tael 2 mace Subtotal, 27 taels 1 mace Bohea tea, numbered 1 to 4, 4 chests, at 4 taels 71 mace the picul, 13 piculs, 61 taels 2 mace 3 candareens Single tea, numbered 1 and 2, 2 tubs, 14 catties 17 lb, 2 mace 1, 31 taels 2 mace Sugar, numbered 1 to 20, 20 chests, 41 taels 34 mace 4, 149 taels 5 mace 4 candareens Sugar candy, numbered 1 to 5, 5 chests, 9 taels 51 mace 5 candareens 6, 51 taels 3 mace 5 candareens 4 Chests and battening, 8 taels 5 mace 7 candareens 2 Subtotal, 209 taels 4 mace 7 candareens Total, 329 taels 0 mace 0 candareens 0 cash The invoice was subscribed, errors excepted, by Edward Phipps. On Wednesday 6 May Robert Wright reported that he had been on board the London, Captain Sedgwick, to muster her company and search for deserters, but found none. The muster roll ran as follows. The muster roll of the ship London: William Sedgwick, commander Thomas Williams, first mate David Crichton Harry Gough Patrick Conrey John Ellis Windsor Hennage, purser John Page, surgeon Charles Lyon, surgeon's mate George Guver, carpenter Robert Gaskin, third mate Charles Weddall, second mate James Gray, joiner John Peake, gunner John Wilson, second first mate Frank Smith, second second mate Thomas Stockwell, boatswain Andrew Brown, boatswain's mate John Emptage, caulker Samuel Zalany, second mate Thomas Summer, ship's steward John Coulcher, captain's second John Mason, tailor Nathaniel Wilson, butcher Samuel Smith, cook Thomas Carter, second mate Interpretations The Augusta's invoice matches the London's in its make-up, the same tea, sugar, sugar candy and chinaware reckoned in taels, the two ships plainly a coordinated China consignment discharging their bound allowance at the island together. The chinaware again sets out the porcelain that furnished the settlement, the soup dishes, plates, cups and goglets in the same range the Governor's inventory carried, the goglet the long-necked water vessel of the eastern trade appearing here among the ware landed fresh from Canton. The two per cent breakage and the charges for chests and battening recur as the standing costs of the fragile and the packed goods. The muster of the London completes the check of the arriving China ships, her company called over man by man against her list as every vessel's was, Robert Wright the secretary going aboard as he had to the Somerset and Pelham, and finding no deserters. The roll sets out the establishment of an Indiaman, the commander and his mates, the surgeon and his mate, the specialist tradesmen and the seamen, the same hierarchy and the same mixed manning that ran through the other ships, the muster the settled guard by which a harbourless island held the shipping to its strength, unable once a man was ashore to retake him, and so counting every hand while the ship lay in the road.
361	371	William Nixon Midsh.p Man Richard Boley Sam.l Duainton Rob.t Chappell Step.n Maltman Benj.o Phillips Sam.l Allister Geo Cample Will.o Clark 2 Master James Erwin John Caulder D.o Hans Petersen Corn.s Bruynseal Sam.l Paige Cooper Dan.l Belgrave D.o Mate John Reed Seaman Thom.s Malcomb Will.m Adams Benj.o Davis Will.o Jones Thom.s Jones Cha.s Johnson John Rogers Path Connell James Higham James Hughs David Peterson Samuel Domingo William Coleman William Barrow William Buntin Gill.o Gastill Thomas Rayner Will.m Bulsell Joseph Parabell George Scholey William Jackson Frank Nickloss Anthony Valentine Frank Bulsell Oliver Johnson Thomas Welsh Will.o Darquas Henry Pinden Edward Murphey James Storey Arch.o M.c call Richard Hill Thomas Weale Nall Smith Henry Southouse Edward Dawson Fredr.o Lue Peter Franks Clafs Peters Gabriel Peters John Jacobs Thomas Burchill Robert Richards John Wilks Manuell Fernandos Manuell Decoster Anth.o Suza Frich.o Sinspole Thomas Buntin John Green Will.m Spencer James Hopkins John Hood John Griffin Isaac Holmes Mark Venter Peter Weaver Mich.o Zellis Jacob Decker Edw.o Hingham John Fredrick Martin Coinland M.r Thomas Shore George D.o Black Serv.t Babuite French Nasarax Prisoners Tuesday May 12.th The Plantation Gunners & Stewards Accounts for the Month of April last was brought in and being Examined and Approved were Ordered to be Entered as follows Viz.t	The muster roll of the ship London continued: William Nixon, midshipman Richard Boley Samuel Quinton Robert Chappell Stephen Maltman Benjamin Phillips Samuel Allister George Cample William Clark, second master James Erwin, second mate John Caulder, second mate Hans Petersen, second mate Cornelius Pengress, second mate Samuel Paige, cooper Daniel Belgrave, doctor's mate John Reed, seaman Thomas Malcom William Adams Benjamin Davis William Jones Thomas Jones Charles Johnson John Rogers Ruth Connell James Higham James Hughes David Peterson Samuel Domingo William Coleman William Barrow William Baustin Gilbert Gasthill Thomas Rayner William Bushell Joseph Parabell George Schooly William Jackson Frank Nicklow Anthony Valentine Frank Bushell Oliver Johnson Thomas Welsh William Darquas Henry Pinden Edward Murphey James Storey Archibald McCall Richard Hill Thomas Weale Nathaniel Smith Henry Southouse Edward Dawson Frederick Lue Peter Franks Claes Peters Gabriel Peters John Jacobs Thomas Burchill Robert Richards John Wilks Manuel Fernandes Manuel Decoster Anthony Suga Frederick Simpole Thomas Baustin John Green William Spencer James Hopkins John Hood John Griffin Isaac Holmes Mark Venter Peter Weaver Michael Zellis Jacob Decker Edward Hingham John Frederick Martin Coainland Thomas Shore George, doctor's black servant Balwite and Nasarau, French prisoners On Tuesday 12 May the plantation, gunner's and steward's accounts for the previous month of April were brought in, examined, approved and ordered to be entered. Interpretations The roll completes the London's company, running to well over a hundred men and setting out the whole manning of a great China ship, the mixed crew again drawn from every quarter, English hands beside Dutch, Portuguese, Scandinavian and other foreign seamen such as Samuel Domingo, Manuel Fernandes and Claes Peters, the long-voyage trade taking its men wherever they could be found. The size of the company measures the scale of the East India shipping, an Indiaman carrying a small town of men on a voyage that killed a heavy share of them. The last entries carry a particular note, the doctor's black servant George entered among the crew and two French prisoners, Balwite and Nasarau, borne on the ship's roll. The French prisoners mark the war then raging with France on the eastern seas, the same war that had cost the Company Madras the year before, captured men carried home aboard the returning shipping. That the muster recorded even the servant and the prisoners shows the completeness the check required, every soul aboard accounted for whether seaman, servant or captive, so that the board knew exactly who the ship carried and none could slip ashore unremarked while she lay in the road.
362	372	Account of the Honble Companys Stock of Neat Cattle &c for the Month of April 1747 Bulls, Cows, Calves, Yearlings, Heifers, Steers, Bullocks, Oxen, Total, Ewes, Weathers, Lambs, Rams, Total, Ewes, Weathers, Kidds, Rams, Total, Sows, Barrows, Shoats, Piggs, Boars, Total, Turkeys, Fowls, Ducks, Geese, Horses, Mares, Total Remaining 1.st: Bulls 4, Cows 120, Calves 149, Yearlings 30, Heifers 36, Steers 20, Bullocks 6, Oxen 16, Total 381, Ewes 97, Weathers 14, Lambs 119, Rams 7, Total 237, Ewes 132, Weathers 4, Kidds 188, Rams 5, Total 329, Sows 14, Barrows 27, Shoats 20, Piggs 96, Boars 1, Total 158, Turkeys 147, Fowls 297, Ducks 82, Geese 12, Horses 11, Mares 9, Total 20 Encreased: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 16, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Bullocks 0, Oxen 0, Total 16, Ewes 0, Weathers 0, Lambs 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Ewes 0, Weathers 0, Kidds 5, Rams 0, Total 5, Sows 0, Barrows 0, Shoats 0, Piggs 4, Boars 0, Total 4, Turkeys 36, Fowls 17, Ducks 0, Geese 0, Horses 1, Mares 0, Total 1 Bulls 4, Cows 120, Calves 165, Yearlings 30, Heifers 36, Steers 20, Bullocks 6, Oxen 16, Total 397, Ewes 97, Weathers 14, Lambs 119, Rams 7, Total 237, Ewes 132, Weathers 4, Kidds 193, Rams 5, Total 334, Sows 14, Barrows 27, Shoats 20, Piggs 100, Boars 1, Total 162, Turkeys 183, Fowls 314, Ducks 82, Geese 12, Horses 12, Mares 9, Total 21 Killed: Bulls 0, Cows 1, Calves 0, Yearlings 5, Heifers 5, Steers 0, Bullocks 0, Oxen 0, Total 11, Ewes 2, Weathers 1, Lambs 0, Rams 0, Total 3, Ewes 22, Weathers 0, Kidds 0, Rams 0, Total 22, Sows 0, Barrows 1, Shoats 0, Piggs 0, Boars 0, Total 1, Turkeys 6, Fowls 25, Ducks 12, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0 Dyed: Bulls 0, Cows 3, Calves 10, Yearlings 0, Heifers 1, Steers 0, Bullocks 0, Oxen 0, Total 14, Ewes 2, Weathers 1, Lambs 1, Rams 0, Total 4, Ewes 7, Weathers 0, Kidds 3, Rams 0, Total 10, Sows 0, Barrows 0, Shoats 3, Piggs 6, Boars 0, Total 9, Turkeys 108, Fowls 60, Ducks 0, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0 Remaining 30.th: Bulls 4, Cows 116, Calves 155, Yearlings 30, Heifers 30, Steers 15, Bullocks 6, Oxen 16, Total 372, Ewes 93, Weathers 12, Lambs 118, Rams 7, Total 230, Ewes 103, Weathers 4, Kidds 190, Rams 5, Total 302, Sows 14, Barrows 26, Shoats 17, Piggs 96, Boars 1, Total 152, Turkeys 69, Fowls 229, Ducks 70, Geese 12, Horses 12, Mares 9, Total 21 1 Hogg sent to Markett W.t 35 lb 9 Beasts to D.o 1839 22 Goats to D.o 364 To the Ship Somersett Beef 146 lb	The account of the Honourable Company's stock of neat cattle and the like for the previous month of April 1747 ran under the headings of neat cattle (bulls, cows, calves, yearlings, heifers, steers, bullocks, oxen and total), sheep (ewes, wethers, lambs, rams and total), goats (ewes, wethers, kids, rams and total), hogs (sows, barrows, shoats, pigs, boars and total), poultry (turkeys, fowls, ducks, geese and total) and horses (horses, mares and total). Remaining 1 April: neat cattle 4 bulls, 120 cows, 149 calves, 30 yearlings, 36 heifers, 20 steers, 6 bullocks, 16 oxen, 381 total; sheep 97 ewes, 14 wethers, 119 lambs, 7 rams, 237 total; goats 132 ewes, 4 wethers, 188 kids, 5 rams, 329 total; hogs 14 sows, 27 barrows, 20 shoats, 96 pigs, 1 boar, 158 total; poultry 147 turkeys, 297 fowls, 82 ducks, 12 geese; horses 11 horses, 9 mares, 20 total Increased: neat cattle 16 calves, 16 total; goats 5 kids, 5 total; hogs 4 pigs, 4 total; poultry 36 fowls, 17 ducks, 1 [...], 1 [...] Carried down: neat cattle 4 bulls, 120 cows, 165 calves, 30 yearlings, 36 heifers, 20 steers, 6 bullocks, 16 oxen, 397 total; sheep 97 ewes, 14 wethers, 119 lambs, 7 rams, 237 total; goats 132 ewes, 4 wethers, 193 kids, 5 rams, 334 total; hogs 14 sows, 27 barrows, 20 shoats, 100 pigs, 1 boar, 162 total; poultry 183 turkeys, 314 fowls, 82 ducks, 12 geese; horses 12 horses, 9 mares, 21 total Killed: neat cattle 1 cow, 5 heifers, 5 steers, 11 total; sheep 2 ewes, 1 wether, 3 total; goats 22 ewes, 22 total; hogs 1 barrow, 1 total; poultry 6 fowls, 25 ducks, 12 geese Died: neat cattle 3 calves, 10 [...], 1 [...], 14 total; sheep 2 ewes, 1 lamb, 1 [...], 4 total; goats 7 ewes, 3 kids, 10 total; hogs 3 shoats, 6 [...], 9 total; poultry 108 fowls, 60 ducks Remaining 30 April: neat cattle 4 bulls, 116 cows, 155 calves, 30 yearlings, 30 heifers, 15 steers, 6 bullocks, 16 oxen, 372 total; sheep 93 ewes, 12 wethers, 118 lambs, 7 rams, 230 total; goats 103 ewes, 4 wethers, 190 kids, 5 rams, 302 total; hogs 14 sows, 26 barrows, 17 shoats, 96 pigs, 1 boar, 152 total; poultry 69 turkeys, 229 fowls, 70 ducks, 12 geese; horses 12 horses, 9 mares, 21 total Besides the stock, 1 hog was sent to the market weighing 35 lb, 9 beasts to the market weighing 1,839 lb, 22 goats to the market weighing 364 lb, and 148 lb of beef to the ship Somerset. Yams expended, 56,000 lb. Interpretations The herd fell more sharply this month, closing at 372 neat cattle against 381 at the start despite sixteen calves born, the loss driven by the beasts sent to the market and the heavy toll of deaths. The killing rose with the shipping season, nine beasts and twenty-two goats to the market and 148 lb of beef to the Somerset, the road now filling with vessels to be victualled, the same drawing down of the stock to provision the ships that marks every season the fleet came in. The drought reported in April told on the stock, ten calves and the poultry dying heavily, over a hundred fowls and sixty ducks lost in the month. The twenty-two goats killed for the market in a single month is far above the ordinary supply, the goat herd falling from 329 to 302, which points to the demand of the arriving ships and the pressure of the dry season on the provisioning. Several of the internal class figures do not sum cleanly to the struck totals, particularly across the poultry and the movement rows, and they are taken as written. The yams held steady at 56,000 lb, the plantations still carrying the garrison though the same drought that killed the stock was straining the yam grounds enough to have forced the cut in the soldiers' ration the month before.
363	373	Gunners Stores Expended in April 1747 The Day of the Month Powder Expended at Lemon Valley for Scaling Guns Guns Fired: 0, 4lb: 0, 3lb: 0, 2lb: 0, 1lb: 0, Powder Expended: 6lb Powder to John Bagley to Disms a Larram at Sandy Bay Guns Fired: 0, 4lb: 0, 3lb: 0, 2lb: 0, 1lb: 0, Powder Expended: 1lb Powder for Scaling Guns at Ruperts Guns Fired: 0, 4lb: 0, 3lb: 0, 2lb: 0, 1lb: 0, Powder Expended: 2lb A Larram Guns Fired: 6, 4lb: 4, 3lb: 0, 2lb: 2, 1lb: 0, Powder Expended: 13lb Arrived A Dean Ship Guns Fired: 9, 4lb: 0, 3lb: 9, 2lb: 0, 1lb: 0, Powder Expended: 9 A Larram Guns Fired: 6, 4lb: 4, 3lb: 0, 2lb: 2, 1lb: 0, Powder Expended: 13 Arrived a Deans Ship Guns Fired: 9, 4lb: 0, 3lb: 9, 2lb: 0, 1lb: 0, Powder Expended: 9 A Double Larram Guns Fired: 9, 4lb: 6, 3lb: 0, 2lb: 3, 1lb: 0, Powder Expended: 19½ Arrived the Somersett Capt Tolsen & the Pelham Capt Lindsay Guns Fired: 18, 4lb: 0, 3lb: 16, 2lb: 2, 1lb: 0, Powder Expended: 17 Departed the two Dean Ships Guns Fired: 18, 4lb: 0, 3lb: 1, 2lb: 13, 1lb: 2, Powder Expended: 18 Powder Expended for Priming Guns Fired: 0, 4lb: 0, 3lb: 0, 2lb: 0, 1lb: 0, Powder Expended: 2 Powder Delivered to the Stone Blaster at Banks Guns Fired: 0, 4lb: 0, 3lb: 0, 2lb: 0, 1lb: 0, Powder Expended: 17 Powder for Excercizing the Recruits at Severall times Guns Fired: 0, 4lb: 0, 3lb: 0, 2lb: 0, 1lb: 0, Powder Expended: 8 3 7 Powder Delivered for Signals at the out Forts Guns Fired: 0, 4lb: 0, 3lb: 0, 2lb: 0, 1lb: 0, Powder Expended: 1 8lb Powder Delivered for filling partys Cattouch Boxes Guns Fired: 0, 4lb: 0, 3lb: 0, 2lb: 0, 1lb: 0, Powder Expended: 1 11 Powder Delivered to Jos: Long for Order of Governour Guns Fired: 0, 4lb: 0, 3lb: 0, 2lb: 0, 1lb: 0, Powder Expended: 8lb The Total: Guns Fired: 75, 4lb: 14, 3lb: 1, 2lb: 49, 1lb: 11, Powder Expended: 144lb Lead Balls Expended at Banks Lead Balls delivered to Lievt Kendall who h have been pd for by the men who les t them t make good those they had lost Paper for making of Small Cartridges Handspikes broke at Mundens Point Handspikes broke on the Line Match Burnt at the main Forts Balls Broke at Ruports Sundrys Expended at the Castle Jn April 1747 Vizt 30 Bottles of Best Wine £: 0, s: 2, d: 3, 8½ 59 Do Lisbon £: 0, s: 4, d: 6, 2¼ 3 Do Madera £: 0, s: 0, d: 6, 2¼ 47 Do Strong Beer £: 0, s: 0, d: 17, 5¼ 46 Do Small £: 0, s: 0, d: 8, 2 28 Sugar Candy Carried Over £: 8, s: 1, d: 6¼	Powder expended at Lemon Valley for scaling the guns, 6 lb. Powder issued to John Bagley to dismount an alarm at Sandy Bay, 1 lb. Powder for scaling the guns at Rupert's, 2 lb. 13 April, an alarm — 1-pounders fired 2, powder 13 lb 19 April, a Deane ship arrived — 4-pounders fired 6, 1-pounders fired 2, powder 13 lb 20 April, an alarm — 2-pounders fired 9, powder 9 lb 21 April, a Deane ship arrived — 4-pounders fired 6, 1-pounders fired 2, powder 13 lb 23 April, an alarm — 2-pounders fired 9, powder 9 lb 24 April, a double alarm — 4-pounders fired 9, 1-pounders fired 6, powder 19.5 lb 25 April, saluted the Somerset (Captain Jobson) and the Pelham (Captain Lindsay) — 4-pounders fired 18, 2-pounders fired 16, 1-pounders fired 2, powder 17 lb. 26 April, the two Deane ships departed — 4-pounders fired 18, 3-pounders fired 1, 2-pounders fired 13, 1-pounders fired 2, powder 18 lb Powder expended for priming, 9 lb Powder delivered to the stone blaster at Banks's, 17 lb Powder for exercising the recruits at several times, 8 lb 27 Powder delivered for signals at the outer forts, 2 lb 8 Powder delivered for firing pistols at Colbeck's boxes, 1 lb 11 Powder delivered to Joseph Long by order of the Governor, 8 lb 3 Total — 4-pounders 75, 3-pounders 1, 2-pounders 49, 1-pounders 11, powder 144 lb 11 Lead balls expended at Banks's, 5 lb Lead balls delivered to Lieutenant Kendall, since paid for by the men who lost them at drill to make good what they had lost, 4 lb 4 Paper for making small cartridges, 3 quires 21 sheets Handspikes broke at Munden's Point, 3 Handspikes broke on the line, 1 Match burnt at the main fort, 14.5 lb Balls broke at Rupert's, 4 The account was signed by John French. Sundries expended at the castle in April 1747 30 bottles of port wine, £2 3s 8.5d 59 bottles of Lisbon wine, £0 4s 6d 3 bottles of Madeira, £0 6s 3.5d 47 bottles of strong beer, £0 17s 5.5d 46 bottles of small beer, £0 8s 2d 28 lb of sugar candy [...] Carried over, £2 1s 6.5d Interpretations The account separates powder burnt on the great fire-alarm signals from powder spent on courtesy salutes to shipping, and the two Deane ships generated both, saluted on arrival and again on departure. Deane ships were East Indiamen built to a common establishment pattern, and here they set the busiest firing days of the month. The four gun-classes discharged were the small saluting pieces of one, two, three and four pounds' bore kept for signals and compliments, not the heavy coastal ordnance, which is why a single salute could fire eighteen four-pounders yet burn only seventeen pounds of powder. Scaling the guns, entered at Lemon Valley and twice at Rupert's, meant firing a light charge through each barrel to clear rust and fouling from the bore, a routine maintenance round rather than any warning or salute. The powder delivered to the stone blaster at Banks's ties this account to the spring war works recorded on 19 March 1747, where the shallow platforms at Banks's Mount were blasted out so the guns could recoil, and the powder for exercising the recruits answers the target fixed in Rupert's Valley to drill the new men. The lead-ball entry records a small recovery of the Company's stores from the soldiers themselves: balls issued to Lieutenant Kendall's men were charged to those who lost them at drill and paid for, so the powder book doubles as a means of holding the garrison to account for spent shot. Colbeck's boxes, where pistols were fired, were probably sentry or signal positions on the approaches, the firing there serving as a nightly proof that the watch was set. Speculations The firings of 25 and 26 April show the board choosing to spend heavily on courtesy at a moment when powder was a war store to be conserved, saluting the incoming Somerset and Pelham with a combined thirty-six of the larger guns and then answering the departure of the two Deane ships with a further thirty-four. With the French war on the eastern seas fresh in the record and the whole coast being put in a posture of defence, the plain course was to stint the salutes and keep the magazine full, yet the gunner burnt more than a third of the month's powder on compliments to shipping. The salute held because the arriving Indiamen carried the season's supply and the Company's own homeward trade depended on the island keeping faith with its captains, so the ceremonial expense bought the goodwill that provisioning and convoy required.
364	374	Brought Over £: 8, s: 1, d: 6¼ 12 Sugar £: 0, s: 2, d: 6 275 Flower £: 1, s: 14, d: 4½ 32 Goat £: 0, s: 10, d: 8 365¼ Fresh Beff £: 4, s: 11, d: 4½ 58¾ Do Pork £: 1, s: 9, d: 1½ 86 Mutten £: 1, s: 15, d: 10 3 Pss Salt Pork £: 0, s: 5, d: 7½ 6 Turkeys £: 1, s: 10, d: 0 17 Fowls £: 1, s: 5, d: 6 12 Ducks £: 0, s: 18, d: 0 8 Chickens £: 0, s: 8, d: 0 49 Bottles Goa Arrack 12½ Do Batavia £: 1, s: 19, d: ¾ £: 24, s: 11, d: 7 Mr John Goodwin Petitiond for leave to dispose of twelve Acres of Lease Land to Mr Saml Doveton Granted Wednesday 13th May Arrived the Grantham Capt Walter Wilson from England by whom Recieved a General Letter from the Honble Court of Directors and in Pursuance of their Directions called into Council Lieut John Clarke & Mr Robert Wright	Brought over, £8 1s 6.5d 12 lb sugar, £0 2s 6d 275 lb flour, £1 14s 4.5d 32 lb goat, £0 10s 8d 365.25 lb fresh beef, £4 11s 4.5d 58.75 lb pork, £1 9s 1.5d 86 lb mutton, £1 15s 10d 3 pieces salt pork, £0 5s 7.5d 6 turkeys, £1 10s 0d 17 fowls, £1 5s 6d 12 ducks, £0 18s 0d 8 chickens, £0 8s 0d 49 bottles Goa arrack, £1 19s 0.75d 12.5 bottles Batavia arrack, £1 19s 0.75d Total, £24 11s 7d John Goodwin petitioned for leave to dispose of twelve acres of leasehold land to Samuel Doveton, which was granted. On Wednesday 13 May the Grantham (Captain Walter Wilson) arrived from England, bringing a general letter from the Honourable Court of Directors, and in obedience to their directions Lieutenant John Clarke and Robert Wright were called into the council. Interpretations The sundries account closes a run of table provisions charged to the Company at fixed island prices, and the two arrack lines are bracketed together to a single sum because Goa and Batavia arrack were priced and issued as one class of spirit despite their different origins, the Goa distilled on the western coast of India and the Batavia shipped from the Dutch entrepôt in Java. Salt pork counted by the piece rather than the pound marks it as a preserved store drawn from cask, kept against the fresh meat that the island's own herds supplied by weight. The two new councillors were sworn on the direct order of the Court rather than by the Governor's own choice, which is why the entry recites that they were called in obedience to the general letter the Grantham carried. The Company reserved the naming of its council at St Helena to itself in London, and a vacancy waited on the annual ship rather than being filled on the island, so the arrival of the letter is the event that seats Clarke and Wright.
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367	377	Island St Helena At a Consultation Held on Thursday the 14th day of May 1747 Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governr Lieut John Clark Robert Wright of Councill The Honble Company Jn their General Letter of the 16th January last haveing Ordered us to Appoint an Overseer of their Stock & Plantations We in Obedience to their Commands have fitched upon Mr Richard Gurling and Allowed him a Sallery of Sixty Pounds pr Annum, as the properest and most Capable Person we could find for that Employment. He haveing Acted as such for severall Years in their Service John Upton, Joseph Hunt, Robt Curry and John Simpson Soldiers heere Petitioned Severally for their Discharges haveing Servd the Company their full Contracted time. Granted At a Consultation held on Tuesday the 15th of May 1747 Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governeur Lieut John Clarke Robert Wright of Council The last Consultation was Read Approved and Signed Friday 15th Died, Mary the Wife of Elisha Isaac planter Saturday 16th Major Jackson Enlisted to Serve the Honovable Company for three years without Recieving Bountty Money for it. Sunday	At a consultation held on Thursday 14 May 1747, Governor Charles Hutchinson was present, with Lieutenant John Clarke and Robert Wright of the council. The Honourable Company, in its general letter of 16 January, had ordered the appointment of an overseer of its stock and plantations, and in obedience to that command the council fixed on Richard Gurling, allowing him a salary of £60 a year as the fittest and most capable person to be found for the work, he having served in that line for several years. John Upton, Joseph Hunt, Robert Curry and John Simpson, soldiers, each petitioned separately for their discharge, having served their full contracted time, and the discharges were granted. At a consultation held on Tuesday 15 May 1747, the Governor was present, with Lieutenant John Clarke and Robert Wright of the council. The last consultation was read, approved and signed. On Friday 15 May Mary, the wife of Elisha Isaac, planter, died. On Saturday 16 May Major Jackson enlisted to serve the Honourable Company for three years without taking any bounty money for it. Interpretations The overseer of the stock and plantations was a salaried Company post filled on the direct order of the Court, not by the Governor's discretion, and Gurling's long prior service in the same work is recited to justify the appointment against the general letter of 16 January 1747. At £60 a year the place ranked with the senior salaried offices on the island, reflecting the weight the Company put on managing its own herds and yam grounds as the garrison's food supply. Jackson's enlistment without bounty money is entered as a distinct fact because recruits were normally drawn in by a cash bounty on signing, a charge that recurs through the pay accounts, so a man taking the Company's service for three years while waiving that payment was worth recording as an exception.
368	378	19th May Sunday 17th Arrived the Walpole Capt Benjamin Lowe from China last from the Cape Monday 18th Passed by a Dutch Ship called the Getrouwigreijd Hermanus Soet Commander who sent her Boat on Shoar to Enquire after the Dutch Fleet and gave us an Oppertunity of Sending a Short Letter to the Honble Company 19th Thomas Pride Thomas Wright James Vaughan John Jane and Nicholas Cope petitioned for their Several Discharges having Servd the Honble Company their Contracted Time Granted The Cash Accounts for the Month of April last was this Day brought in & being Examined & Approved was Ordered to be Entered & is as follows Vizt	On Sunday 17 May the Walpole (Captain Benjamin Lowe) arrived from China, last from the Cape. On Monday 18 May a Dutch ship called the Getrouwigheid (Hermanus Soet, commander) passed by and sent her boat ashore to enquire after the Dutch fleet, which gave an opportunity to send a short letter to the Honourable Company. On 19 May Thomas Pride, Thomas Wright, James Vaughan, John Jane and Nicholas Cope petitioned for their several discharges, having served the Honourable Company their contracted time, and the discharges were granted. The cash accounts for the month of April were brought in this day, and after examination and approval were ordered to be entered as follows. Interpretations The passing Dutch ship served the island as an unscheduled post, her boat sent ashore to ask after the Dutch fleet giving the council the chance to send home a short letter, which shows how the Company at St Helena depended on chance callers to carry its correspondence between the annual sailings of its own ships. The enquiry after the Dutch fleet reflects the wartime need of every East India power to know where the others' squadrons lay.
369	379	Cash Dr Per Contra Cr 1747 April 7 To Ballance remaining £: 2509, s: 13, d: 9 30 To Plantation Received of Roger Nevinson for Provisions sold to the Market in this Month £: 26, s: 18, d: 10¾ £: 2536, s: 12, d: 7¾ 1747 April 30 By Sundry Accounts advanced the Pay Master this Month £: 14, s: 14, d: 6 By Ballance remg in the following Speeces Vizt 5 peices Gold £: 59, s: 12, d: 9 1259 Pagodas 8/ £: 503, s: 12 4 Gubbers 6/ £: 1, s: 4 5 Venetians 10/ £: 2, s: 10 Gold Amounting to£: 566, s: 18, d: 9 4854¼ Dollars a 5/ £: 1213, s: 11, d: 3 572¾ Rupees 2/3 £: 64, s: 8, d: 8¼ 275 Half Dollars 2/6 £: 34, s: 7, d: 6 462 double Ryals 1/3 £: 28, s: 17, d: 6 7 Ryals 7½ £: 0, s: 4, d: 4½ 4515 half Ryals 3¾ £: 70, s: 10, d: 11¼ 441 French Pieces 2 £: 3, s: 13, d: 6 2 English Sixpences £: 0, s: 1 1 Fanam £: 0, s: 0, d: 3 Oad Money £: 0, s: 9, d: 10¼ Money not Current £: 0, s: 19, d: 6½ Silver Amounting to £: 1417, s: 4, d: 4¾ Cash Notes Amounting to £: 537, s: 15 £: 2521, s: 18, d: 1¾ £: 2536, s: 12, d: 7¾	The treasury cash account for April 1747 was set out in two facing sides, debtor and creditor. Cash, debtor 7 April, to balance remaining, £2,509 13s 9d 30 April, to plantation, received of Roger Nevinson for provisions sold to the market this month, £26 18s 10.75d Total, £2,536 12s 7.75d The creditor side opened with the sum advanced to the paymaster and then counted the closing balance coin by coin. Cash, per contra, creditor 30 April, by sundry accounts advanced the paymaster this month, £14 14s 6d By balance remaining in the following species: 5 pieces gold, £59 12s 9d 1,259 pagodas at 8s, £503 12s 0d 4 gubbers at 6s, £1 4s 0d 5 Venetians at 10s, £2 10s 0d Gold amounting to, £566 18s 9d 4,854.25 dollars at 5s, £1,213 11s 3d 572.75 rupees at 2s 3d, £64 8s 8.25d 275 half dollars at 2s 6d, £34 7s 6d 462 double reals at 1s 3d, £28 17s 6d 7 reals at 7.5d, £0 4s 4.5d 4,515 half reals at 3.75d, £70 10s 11.25d 441 French pieces at 2d, £3 13s 6d 2 English sixpences, £0 1s 0d 1 fanam, £0 0s 3d odd money, £0 9s 10.75d money not current, £0 19s 6.5d Silver amounting to, £1,417 4s 4.75d Cash notes amounting to, £537 15s 0d Total balance, £2,521 18s 1.75d Total, £2,536 12s 7.75d Interpretations The account holds almost the whole of the island's treasury in foreign specie, the closing balance made up of Spanish dollars and half dollars, Indian pagodas and rupees, Portuguese reals and gubbers, Venetian coin and French pieces, with a mere two English sixpences among thousands of coins. St Helena kept no mint and drew its silver from the ships that watered there, so the Company's cash was whatever the trade of the eastern seas left behind, and the reckoning of every count into sterling at a fixed rate per coin was the only way to strike a balance in the Company's own money. The two headings for odd money and money not current cover worn or clipped coin that had lost its stamped value and foreign pieces the island could not readily pass, carried in the count at a token figure rather than at face, so the balance distinguishes good current specie from the residue that could not be spent at the going rate. The cash notes standing at £537 15s 0d were the Company's own paper obligations circulating on the island in place of coin, a device that stretched the scarce silver by letting debts pass from hand to hand without moving metal. Roger Nevinson's payment for provisions sold to the market is the single trading receipt of the month, the Company acting as victualler through its own market steward and paying the takings into the treasury, which ties this account to the standing arrangement by which the Company carried the bulk of the market from its own stock while the planters supplied only a fixed weekly quota.
370	380	26th May At a Consultation held on Tuesday the 26th Day of May 1747 at the Castle Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governour Lieut John Clark Robert Wright of Council The last Consultation was Read Approved & Signed Thursday 21st Allarm made for three Ships that passed by in the Night Fryday 22d Arrived a Dutch Ship from China called the Lekkerland Capt John de Beer Burthen 700 Tons, 90 Men & thirty four Guns Laden with Tea & Chinaware The Ten Working Days for the Store Ships Unlading Expiring Yesterday we this Day gave the Capt his Sailing Orders with the following Letters to the Severall Settlements in India Vizt To the Honble John Foster Esqr President & Govr &c Council of Bengal Honble Sir & Sirs We have not been favoured with any Letter from You since those We Received the last Year, by the Royal George and Scarborough The Stores you Sent us by the Scarborough proved according to Invoice but we Received only ten peices of Teak Plank from the Royall George which were so worm Eaten & Rotten that they were not fit for the use they were Designed The Honble Company have been pleasd to Recall their late Governeur Colonel David Dunbar and Vest the Government	At a consultation held on Tuesday 26 May 1747 at the castle, Governor Charles Hutchinson was present, with Lieutenant John Clarke and Robert Wright of the council. The last consultation was read, approved and signed. On Thursday 21 May an alarm was made for three ships that passed by in the night. On Friday 22 May a Dutch ship from China called the Lekkerland (Captain John de Beer, burthen 700 tons, 90 men and 34 guns) arrived, laden with tea and chinaware. The ten working days for the store ship's unlading having expired the day before, the council gave the captain his sailing orders and sent the following letters to the several settlements in India. The first letter was addressed to John Foster, president and governor, and the council of Bengal. The council reported that it had received no letter from Bengal since those brought the previous year by the Royal George and the Scarborough. The stores sent by the Scarborough had proved to agree with the invoice, but of the teak plank sent by the Royal George only ten pieces had arrived, and these were so worm-eaten and rotten as to be unfit for the use intended. The letter went on to report that the Honourable Company had been pleased to recall its late Governor Colonel David Dunbar and to vest the government [...] Interpretations The teak plank was shipped from Bengal for gun carriages, the island having no timber of its own strong enough for the purpose, and the council's complaint that the ten pieces from the Royal George arrived worm-eaten and rotten ties this letter to the standing difficulty of keeping the coastal guns mounted, damaged teak having been condemned and sold at St Helena earlier in the year on 20 January 1747. The Company's ordnance depended on sound wood carried thousands of miles by sea, and a rotten consignment left the guns unserviceable until the next ship. The store ship's ten working days for unlading were the term fixed by the charter party, and the council's practice of releasing the captain with his sailing orders the moment they expired protected the Company against demurrage, the daily penalty owed to the owners for a ship held beyond her allotted time, a question that had run through the record with the Prince Edward in January 1747. The council timed the sailing orders to the day the term ran out.
371	381	1747 Government in us We have Enclosed the usual List of the Arrival & Departure of Ships at and from this Place We Desire you would be pleased to send for the Use of the Island 20 Maunds of Good Wax Candles 100 Peices Middling Descretees & the Best of the 1 pCent in Arrack Rice Sugar & Paddy. We are Honble Sir & Sirs Your most Humble Servants St Helena 26th May 1747 (Signed) Chas Hutchinson John Clarke Robt Wright To the Honble Willm Wake Esqr President & Governour &c Council of Bombay Honble Sir & Sirs We were favoured with yours of 14 September 1746 by the Portobello Capt Walter Hook with the Invoice of Goods since received from the Pelham Capt Lindsay The Honble Company have been pleased to Recal their late Governour Colonel David Dunbar from their Service here and Vest the Government in us We have Enclosed you the Annual List of the Arrival & Departure of the Ships at and from this Place We desire you would send us for the Use of the Island two hundred Pieces of Surat Challoes and the Best of the one pCent in Goa Arrack Rice and Paddy We are &c St Helena 26 May 1747	The letter to the president and council of Bengal continued, reporting that the government had been vested in the present council. The council enclosed the usual list of the arrival and departure of ships at and from the island. It asked Bengal to send for the island's use twenty maunds of good wax candles, one hundred pieces of middling doosetees and the best of the one per cent in arrack, rice, sugar and paddy. The letter was dated at St Helena, 26 May 1747, and signed by Charles Hutchinson, John Clarke and Robert Wright. A second letter was addressed to William Wake, president and governor, and the council of Bombay. The council reported that it had received the letter of 14 September 1746 brought by the Portobello (Captain Walter Flock), together with the invoice of goods since received by the Pelham (Captain Lindsay). It reported that the Honourable Company had been pleased to recall its late Governor Colonel David Dunbar from its service and to vest the government in the present council. The council enclosed the annual list of the arrival and departure of ships at and from the island. It asked Bombay to send for the island's use two hundred pieces of Surat calicoes and the best of the one per cent in Goa arrack, rice and paddy. The letter was dated at St Helena, 26 May 1747. Interpretations The one per cent the council asked from both Bengal and Bombay was the island's customary levy on the private trade carried by the Company's officers, a share of each homeward cargo the settlements were to set aside in goods for St Helena's use, which is why the request names arrack, rice, sugar and paddy taken as a proportion rather than a purchase. The two letters differ by coast in what they seek, doosetees and wax candles from Bengal and Surat calicoes and Goa arrack from Bombay, each settlement supplying the manufactures and spirits of its own region. The two near-identical letters to Bengal and Bombay show the island renewing its supply lines with both Indian presidencies at the change of government, the notice of Dunbar's recall serving both to inform the settlements of the new authority and to keep the annual flow of provisions unbroken. St Helena grew almost none of the cloth, candles or spirits its garrison and stores consumed, so the yearly letters asking a fixed order from each coast were the mechanism that kept the island victualled from India.
372	382	26th May To the Worps John Hind Esqr Govr &c Council of Fort St Davids Worsp Sir & Sirs We Received your Favour of the 17 of October last by the Portobello Capt Walter Hook with a Letter for the Honble East India Company which we shall forward by the first Opportunity that Offers for Great Brittain as you desire As the Honble Company have had the Misfortune to loose Madrass, we are Deprived of the Necessarys we used to receive from thence and are therefore Obliged to request You if Possible to Supply us with the following Things for the use of this Place, Forty pss fine Long Cloth of about Ten Pagodas pPeice one hundred peices Midling of about five Pagodas pPeice Fifty ps of Ordinary and the Best of the one pCent in Arrack Rice & paddy The Honble Company have been pleased to Recal their late Governeur Colonel David Dunbar from their Service here and Vest the Government in us We have Enclosed you the Annual List of the Arrival and Departure of Ships at and from this Island We are Worsp Sir & Sirs Your most humble Servants St Helena 26 May 1747 (Signed) Chas Hutchinson John Clark Robt Wright To the Worps the Deputy Governr and Council of Fort Malborough Worsp Sir & Sirs We	A third letter was addressed to John Hinde, governor, and the council of Fort St David. The council reported that it had received the letter of 17 October brought by the Portobello (Captain Walter Flock), together with a letter for the Honourable East India Company, which it would forward by the first opportunity offering for Great Britain as desired. Since the Honourable Company had suffered the misfortune of losing Madras, the island was cut off from the supplies it used to draw from there, and the council was therefore obliged to ask Fort St David, if possible, to supply the following goods for the island's use: forty pieces of fine long cloth of about ten pagodas a piece, one hundred pieces of middling of about five pagodas a piece, fifty pieces of ordinary and the best of the one per cent in arrack, rice and paddy. The council reported that the Honourable Company had been pleased to recall its late Governor Colonel David Dunbar from its service and to vest the government in the present council. It enclosed the annual list of the arrival and departure of ships at and from the island. The letter was dated at St Helena, 26 May 1747, and signed by Charles Hutchinson, John Clarke and Robert Wright. A fourth letter was addressed to the deputy governor and council of Fort Marlborough. Interpretations The loss of Madras to the French in 1746 forced St Helena to redirect its cloth orders to Fort St David, the subordinate settlement on the Coromandel coast that became the Company's principal station there once Fort St George fell, which is why the council asks for the long cloth by grade and pagoda price that it had formerly drawn from Madras. The news of the loss had reached the island on 4 February 1747 by the same Portobello that now carried its correspondence, and the redirected order is the practical consequence of the war for the island's supply. The council graded its cloth order into fine, middling and ordinary long cloth at ten, five and a lower pagoda price a piece, which shows the island buying to a settled specification by quality and rate rather than taking whatever a ship happened to carry, the fine cloth for the better sort and the ordinary for the garrison and the slaves' annual clothing. The pagoda pricing marks the order as Coromandel goods, the pagoda being the gold coin of that coast against the rupee of the western presidencies.
373	383	1747 Worsp Sir & Sirs We received the favour of your Letter on the 21st Day of April last by the Somerset Capt Tolson and are glad to find that the Consignments turned out according to Invoice The Objections against your sending Criminals hither were purely on Account of the troublesome Disposition of such kind of Fellows who are Generally very dangerous. Especially such a small place as this where there are few White Inhabitants and many Blacks There have been frequent Instances of ss Entising our other Slaves to run away one happened no longer ago than 22 February when two of those you last sent us went off in a Boat and Carried Severall Blacks with them We perswade our selves that you will us any more without an Order from the Honble Company and the Urgent Necessity The five Transports that you put on the Somersett were disposed of at the Cape by Capt Tolson before he his Orders to Come hither The Honble Company have been pleased to Recal their late Governeur Colonel David Dunbar from their Service here and Vest the Government of the Island in us We have Enclosed you the List of the Annual and Departure of the Ships as usual with the Charterparty of the Ship Grantham We desire you would forward the several Enclosed Letters as Directed, We are Worsp Sir & Sirs Your most Humble Servants St Helena 26th May 1747 (Signed) Chas Hutchinson John Clarke Robt Wright	The letter to the deputy governor and council of Fort Marlborough reported that their letter had been received on 21 April by the Somerset (Captain Jobson), and that the council was glad to find the consignment had turned out to agree with the invoice. The council explained that its objections to their sending criminals to the island rested purely on the trouble caused by such men, who were generally very dangerous, especially in so small a place, where the white inhabitants were few and the blacks many. It reported frequent instances of these men enticing the other slaves to run away, one having happened no longer ago than 22 February, when two of those last sent off went away in a boat and carried several blacks with them. The council trusted that no more would be sent without an order from the Honourable Company and urgent necessity. The five transports that had been put aboard the Somerset were disposed of at the Cape by Captain Jobson before he received his orders to come to the island. The council reported that the Honourable Company had been pleased to recall its late Governor Colonel David Dunbar from its service and to vest the government of the island in the present council. It enclosed the list of the arrival and departure of the ships as usual, together with the charter party of the ships forwarded from there, and asked that the several enclosed letters be forwarded as directed. The letter was dated at St Helena, 26 May 1747, and signed by Charles Hutchinson, John Clarke and Robert Wright. Interpretations The council's objection to receiving transported criminals from Fort Marlborough rested on the island's particular vulnerability, a small settlement where the white inhabitants were few and the slaves many, so that a handful of dangerous newcomers could unsettle the whole labour force. The specific danger named was the enticing of the Company's slaves to flee, and the letter ties this directly to the escape of 22 February 1747, when transported men went off in a boat from Sandy Bay and carried several slaves with them, the very loss that had been given up as perished on the open sea. The five transports put aboard the Somerset being disposed of at the Cape before the captain received orders to come to St Helena shows how the movement of unwanted men around the Company's stations turned on the chance of a ship's routing, the island escaping this consignment only because Jobson had landed them elsewhere before his orders reached him. Fort Marlborough at Bencoolen used St Helena as a place of transportation for troublesome men, a practice the council was pressing the settlements to stop. Speculations The council chose to press Fort Marlborough to stop sending transported criminals rather than simply accepting them as the price of its place in the Company's network, and it anchored the refusal to a fresh and costly instance, the flight of 22 February 1747 in which transported men carried off several of the Company's own slaves. The settlements plainly expected St Helena to serve as a dumping ground for dangerous men, and the easy course was to comply and bear the risk, yet the council set the loss of its slaves and the smallness of its white population against that expectation and asked that no more be sent without the Company's express order. The refusal held because the island's whole economy rested on a slave labour force it could barely secure, and each transported troublemaker threatened not just order but the Company's stock itself, so the council weighed the loss of a few hands as the graver danger and pushed back against a superior settlement to prevent it.
374	384	26th May Messrs Richard Beale & Martin Harper Exrs of Stephen Duffkin deceasd brought in an Inventory of the deceaseds Estate & Effects desireing the same might be registred which was ordered to be done in the Book kept for that Purpose Mrs Martha Soet Wife of & Attorney to Lt James Soet petitioned for Liberty to dispose of a pss of Ground Jn James Valley containing 48 feet in Length and 21 feet in Depth to Mr Samuel Doveton Granted Mr Samuel Doveton delivered the following Petition Vizt Island St Helena To Chas Hutchinson Esqr Governeur &c Council of St Helena The Humble Petition of Samuel Doveton Sheweth That Your Petitioner holds 12 Acres of Land called the Priors, by Lease from the Honble Company during the Lives of John, Samuel, and Mary Doveton & the longest Liver of them Renewable on the Deaths of either of the said Nominees That the said Mary Doveton is dead Your Petitioner Therefore humbly prays that he may insert the name of Margaret Doveton in the Place of the said Mary Doveton Deceasd 26th May 1747 (Granted) Samuel Doveton Wm	Richard Beale and Martin Harper, executors of Stephen Lufkin deceased, brought in an inventory of the deceased's estate and effects and asked that it be registered, which the council ordered done in the book kept for that purpose. Martha Seat, wife of and attorney to Lieutenant James Seat, petitioned for leave to dispose of a piece of ground in James Valley, 48 feet in length and 21 feet in depth, to Samuel Doveton, which was granted. Samuel Doveton delivered a petition to Governor Charles Hutchinson and the council. Doveton set out that he held twelve acres of land called the Briars by lease from the Honourable Company during the lives of John, Samuel and Mary Doveton and the longest liver of them, renewable on the death of either of the nominees. Since Mary Doveton was now dead, he asked that the name of Margaret Doveton be entered in her place. The petition was dated 26 May 1747 and granted. Interpretations The Briars was held on a lives-lease, a tenure by which the Company let land for the duration of three named lives rather than for a term of years, the tenant entitled to renew by entering a fresh name each time one of the nominees died, so the holding could run on indefinitely so long as the lease was kept up. Doveton's petition to replace the dead Mary with Margaret is that renewal in operation, the substitution of a new life keeping the twelve acres in his family and preventing the lease from running down toward its end. The registration of the Lufkin inventory in the book kept for that purpose was the council acting as a probate registry, the sworn inventory of a deceased's goods entered on the record so that creditors and heirs had a fixed account of the estate to work from, a routine of estate administration the board discharged for every intestate or indebted death on the island.
375	385	1747 Willm Davis Petitioned for his discharge from the Garrison having served his Contracted Time. Granted The Exers of Serjt Thomas Corker deceased delivered the following Petition & Certificate Vizt To Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governeur &c Council of the Island St Helena Honoured Sirs We the under written Persons Peter Higgins and Matthew Campble Executors of the last will and Testament of Thomas Corker (Serjt in this said Island) Deceasd. Humbly beg leave to shew to Your Honours That the above said deceased Thoms Corker worked by order of Mr G Lgt Colo Powell who was then Governeur who was Indebted to the aforesaid Thomas Corker the Sum of twenty one Pounds Six Shillings from which He received of the late Govr David Dunbar, the Sum of Ten Pounds and one Hundred & Sixty Pound of Beef a three pence pPound which came to the Sum of two Pound thier remaining due to Him the Sum of nine Pounds six Shillings on Account of the Aforesaid debt And the aforesaid Deceased Thoms Corker did work by order of the late Govr David Dunbar, twenty five days in making Wool Cards at three Shillings p Day which Amounts to the Sum of three Pound fifteen Shillings and to making ninety one steps at one shilling p step, which Amounts to four Pound eleven Shillings the totall Due being the sum of seventeen pounds twelve Shillings which said debt is Attested by his last Will and Testament His Due and therefore we his Executors most Humbly Begg that your Honours will se the same Adjusted and are Honoured Sirs Your most Obedient humble Servants Island St Helena May the 16th 1747 Peter Higgins Matthew Campble St Helena	William Davis petitioned for his discharge from the garrison, having served his contracted time, which was granted. The executors of Sergeant Thomas Corker deceased delivered a petition and certificate to Governor Charles Hutchinson and the council. Peter Higgins and Matthew Campbell, executors of the last will and testament of Thomas Corker, sergeant on the island, set out that the deceased had worked by order of Governor Powell, who had been indebted to Corker in the sum of £21 6s 0d. Against this debt Corker had received from the late Governor David Dunbar the sum of £10 0s 0d, together with 160 lb of beef at threepence a pound, which came to £2 0s 0d, leaving £9 6s 0d still owing to him on account of the debt. The deceased had also worked by order of the late Governor David Dunbar for twenty-five days making wool cards at three shillings a day, which came to £3 15s 0d, and had made ninety-one steps at one shilling a step, which came to £4 11s 0d. The total due was therefore £17 12s 0d. This debt being attested by his last will and testament, the executors asked that it be adjusted and paid. The petition was dated at St Helena, 16 May 1747, and signed by Peter Higgins and Matthew Campbell. Interpretations The debt passed through three governors because a sum owed for work done under an earlier administration bound the Company rather than the man who ordered it, so the balance first incurred under Governor Powell was carried forward and paid down under Dunbar and now claimed under Hutchinson, the estate pursuing the Company through each change of government. The part-payment in beef valued at threepence a pound shows the island settling a money debt in provisions from its own stores when coin was short, the meat charged into the account at a fixed rate as though it were cash. The wool cards Corker made were the toothed implements used to comb raw wool for spinning, and the steps were probably worked timber for a stair or platform, both skilled tasks the garrison drew from its own men at a daily or piece rate rather than importing the work, which is why the account sets out the days and the pieces against fixed shillings. That a sergeant did such work by the Governor's order for pay beyond his military wage shows the small establishment using whatever craft skills its soldiers possessed.
376	386	26th May St Helena May the 15th 1747 The first Paragraph of the within Petition as to the Wool was Certifyed by Mr Powel for making Cloath which was used in Cloathing the Honble Companys Blacks and ten pounds was paid in part by Consent of the late Counsel & the remainder is due as mentioned in the Petition The second Paragraph is true only that instead of one Shilling for each Mopp there was no Agreement and Stld Serjt Corker that Eight pence p Mopp was Sufficient for his Trouble in Overseeing the Preparation of the Wool & Spinning & making Seven dozen the Rest found my Self to Show him the way to make them (Signed) David Dunbar Upon the Certificate of Colonel Dunbar finding the Cloth was made up for Cloathing for the Honble Companys Slaves & the Mopps sent into the Stores & Sold or Used on their Account We Orderd the Ballance Amounting to 17 s 6 d to be paid the Exers Mrs Francis Tunge Petitioned for leave to dispose of thirty four Acres and one Quarter of Lease Land Granted Mr Joseph Powell Petitioned for leave to dispose of Six Acres and a Quarter of Lease Land to Mrs Francis Tunge Granted Mr Robert Wright reported that He had been on board the Walpole Capt Lowe to Muster Her Company & search for disertors but found none the Muster Roll is as follows Vizt	The late Governor David Dunbar answered the executors' petition in a certificate dated at St Helena, 15 May 1747. He confirmed the first paragraph as to the wool, certified by Governor Powell for making cloth used in clothing the Honourable Company's slaves, of which £10 0s 0d had been paid in part by consent of the late council, the remainder being due as stated in the petition. He allowed the second paragraph to be true except that, instead of one shilling for each mop, there had been no agreement, and he had told Sergeant Corker that eightpence a mop was sufficient for his trouble in overseeing the preparation of the wool, the spinning and the making of seven dozen, the rest Dunbar having shown him himself how to make. The certificate was signed by David Dunbar. On the certificate of Colonel Dunbar, and finding that the cloth had been made up for clothing the Honourable Company's slaves and the mops sent into the stores and sold or used on the Company's account, the council ordered the balance of £17 12s 0d paid to the executors. Francis Funge petitioned for leave to dispose of thirty-four acres and one quarter of leasehold land, which was granted. Joseph Powell petitioned for leave to dispose of six acres and one quarter of leasehold land to Francis Funge, which was granted. Robert Wright reported that he had been aboard the Walpole (Captain Lowe) to muster her company and search for deserters, but had found none. The muster roll followed. Interpretations The steps of the earlier petition are shown here to have been mops, the toothed and bound implements the account first rendered obscurely, and Dunbar's correction reduces the rate from one shilling to eightpence a mop on the ground that no price had ever been agreed, which shows the Company holding a dead man's estate to the value the work was worth rather than the sum the claim asserted. The whole exchange turns on the difference between an agreed rate and a fair one, the governor certifying what he judged sufficient for overseeing the spinning and making of seven dozen. The wool worked into cloth clothed the Company's slaves, and the making of it on the island, spinning the raw wool and weaving it up rather than importing finished cloth for the purpose, marks a rare instance of St Helena manufacturing for its own use, most of the slaves' annual clothing being the doosetees and shirts shipped from India. The mops sent into the stores and sold on the Company's account show the same small workshop producing goods for sale as well as for use.
377	387	1747 The Muster Roll of the Ship Walpole Benjamine Lowe Comandr John Lyon Chief Mate John Slater 2d Do Willm Peck 4th Do Joseph Wood Cook 5th Do Archibald Murrey Surgeon Fredrick Vincent Purser Robert Smith Gunner Joseph Clark Boatswain John Sewars Carpenter John Duncan Midshipman Robert Jennings Do William Steware Do William Stanhope Do Mesr Thomson Do Abraham Shippsey Do Francis Humphreeys Do Collin Frazer Do Joseph Evans Caulker Francis Knight Cooper Michael Cox Armourer John Hulbert Steps Stewd John Gibson Capts Do George Vine Do Cook Henry Dolph Ships Do John Edgecomb Surgts Mate William Ferry Gunners Mate Thomas Graff Do 2 Do Thomas Warner Boats Do Thomas Hencock Carp 3d Do Thomas Bowery 2 Do John Turner Coalr Do Thomas Hill Coopers Do William Whale Capts Cook Do James Jerdan Butcher Robert Coustis Poulterer Alexr Penny Taylor John Clark Quarter Mastr Matthew Kellson Do Andrew Mercer Do Robert Ethrington Do James Spore Seaman Alexr Keit Thomas Bonnet John McFarling John Smith John Carter Josias Calley William Welsh Michael Davidson George Waterson Duncan Cummins Walter Robinson John Duff Elias Pible John Spencer Willm Coverly Benjt Starr David Westwater John Wright James Espline Andrew Visconte John Frevar Richard Thomas John Johnston William Whitehead John Thompson Boyet Coats Thomas Graham Willm Fox Lennus Bullenbrook Hendree Darquet Thomas Balvard Thomas Gibbs Benjt Corney John Stuart Robert Rosonde Thomas Arun Robert Johnston Thomas Fea Hendree Gravenor John Spevey Richard Lake Antonio Madovy Daniel Driscol William Newbol George Penny Ferdinando John Allen Capts Sert Willm Stringfellows Cpts Wtodo Patrick Steware Dr Do Robert Martin 2 Do Do Joseph Brown Genrl Do Gilbet Bwell Boats Do Thomas Fotheringham Caps Do	The muster roll of the Walpole was entered in full. Benjamin Lowe, commander John Lyon, chief mate John Slater, second mate William Peck, fourth mate Joseph Wood, cook's fifth mate Archibald Murray, surgeon Frederick Vincent, purser Robert Smith, gunner Joseph Clark, boatswain John Seward, carpenter John Duncan, midshipman Robert Jennings, midshipman William Steward, midshipman William Stanhope, midshipman Alexander Thomson, midshipman Abraham Shippsey, midshipman Francis Humphreys, midshipman Collin Frazer, midshipman Joseph Evans, caulker Francis Knight, cooper Michael Cox, armourer John Hulbert, ship's steward John Gibson, captain's cook George Vine, cook Henry Dolph, ship's cook John Edgcomb, surgeon's mate William Ferry, gunner's mate Thomas Graff, second gunner's mate Thomas Warner, boatswain's mate Thomas Hencock, carpenter's mate Thomas Bowery, second carpenter's mate John Turner, caulker's mate Thomas Hill, cooper's mate William Whale, captain's cook's mate James Jordan, butcher Robert Coultis, poulterer Alexander Penny, tailor John Clark, quartermaster Matthew Kellson, quartermaster Andrew Mercer, quartermaster Robert Ethrington, quartermaster James Spore, seaman Alexander Kент, seaman Thomas Bonnet, seaman John McFarling, seaman John Smith, seaman John Carter, seaman Josias Calley, seaman William Welsh, seaman Michael Davidson, seaman George Waterson, seaman Duncan Cummins, seaman Walter Robinson, seaman John Duff, seaman Elias Pette, seaman John Spencer, seaman William Cover, seaman Benjamin Star, seaman David Westwater, seaman John Wright, seaman James Espline, seaman Andrew Visconte, seaman John Frear, seaman Richard Thomas, seaman John Johnston, seaman William Whitehead, seaman John Thompson, seaman Boyet Coats, seaman Thomas Graham, seaman William Fox, seaman Lennus Bullenbrook, seaman Hendree Darquet, seaman Thomas Balvard, seaman Thomas Gibbs, seaman Benjamin Corney, seaman John Stuart, seaman Robert Personde, seaman Thomas Arnn, seaman Robert Johnston, seaman Thomas Fea, seaman Hendree Gravenor, seaman John Spevey, seaman Richard Lake, seaman Antonius Madovy, seaman Daniel Driscoll, seaman William Newbol, seaman George Penny, seaman Ferdinando, seaman John Allen, captain's servant William Stringfellow, chief mate's servant Patrick Steward, second mate's servant Robert Martin, second mate's servant Joseph Brown, gunner's servant Gilbert Powell, boatswain's servant Thomas Fotheringham, captain's servant
378	388	26 May Capt Thomas Tolson hath paid into the Honourable Companys Cash here the Sum of Nine hundred pounds for which we have given him Bills of Exchange of this days date on the Honble the Court of Directors payable to himself or Order ninety days after Sight Mr Samuel Doveton paid into the Honble Companys Cash the Sum of Sixty seven Pounds Six Shillings and seven pence on Account of Capt Mason for which We have given Bills of Exchange on the Honble Court of Directors payable to Capt Benjt Mason or Order Ninety days after Sight dated this day The Season having been Exceeding dry and little or no grass in the Pastures the Govr was Obliged to feed part of the Companys Stock with Plantain Trees and about Six Weeks since Purchased some of Lt Easthope for 3 s Each which is but half of what is usually paid for them and the Overseer now Reporting that those Plantain Trees would be Expended in a day or two We agreed to buy more Where they could be had at the same Prices Ordered, Capt Wilson to be paid for the following things bought for the General Table Vizt 53 Cheese £: 2, s: 13 4 Firkins butter £: 0, s: 13 6 bottles Mustard £: 0, s: 18 £: 16, s: 11 At a Consultation held on Tuesday the 2d day of June 1747 Present Chas Hutchinson Esqr Govr Lt John Clarke Robt Wright	Captain Thomas Jobson paid into the Honourable Company's cash the sum of £900 0s 0d, for which the council gave him bills of exchange of that day's date on the Honourable Court of Directors, payable to himself or order ninety days after sight. Samuel Doveton paid into the Honourable Company's cash the sum of £67 6s 7d on account of Captain Mason, for which the council gave bills of exchange on the Honourable Court of Directors payable to Captain Benjamin Mason or order ninety days after sight, dated that day. The season having been exceeding dry with little or no grass in the pastures, the Governor was obliged to feed part of the Company's stock with plantain trees. About six weeks earlier he had bought some from Lieutenant Easthope for threepence each, which was but half of what was usually paid for them. The overseer now reported that those plantain trees would be used up in a day or two, so the council agreed to buy more wherever they could be had at the same price. The council ordered Captain Wilson paid for the following goods bought for the general table. 53 lb cheese, £2 13s 0d 4 firkins butter, £0 13s 0d 6 bottles mustard, £0 18s 0d Total, £16 11s 0d At a consultation held on Tuesday 2 June 1747, Governor Charles Hutchinson was present, with Lieutenant John Clarke and Robert Wright of the council. Interpretations Captain Jobson's payment of £900 into the island's cash against bills on the Court of Directors was the standard means by which a homeward commander converted specie he held into a paper claim on the Company in London, the island gaining ready silver for its treasury and the captain a bill he could realise in England ninety days after presentation. The same device carried Doveton's smaller payment on Mason's account, so the two entries show the treasury drawing in coin from the season's shipping in exchange for drafts on the Company at home. The plantain trees fed to the Company's stock were the trunks and leaves of the banana plant, cut green as emergency fodder when the drought left no grass in the pastures, and the Governor's purchase at threepence a tree, half the usual price, shows him buying up whatever green stuff the planters could spare to carry the herd through the dry season. This entry ties directly to the drought that had already forced the soldiers' meat and bread ration down on 11 April 1747, the same failure of the grass now threatening the cattle themselves. Speculations The Governor chose to keep the Company's stock alive on bought plantain trees rather than let the drought thin the herd by slaughter or loss, and the record shows the pressure behind the choice, no grass in the pastures and the fodder already bought running out within a day or two. The obvious course in a failed season was to reduce the herd to what the land could carry, as the dry years had forced before, yet the Governor set about buying green fodder wherever it could be had at threepence a tree to hold the cattle together. The purchase held because the herd was the garrison's meat supply and its breeding stock at once, drawn down hard for the season's shipping and the market, so losing beasts to the drought would have struck at both the table and the island's capacity to victual the ships, and the small outlay on plantain trees bought time until the grass returned.
379	389	1747 The last Consultation was read Approved and Signed Wednesday 27 May Arrived a Dutch Ship from China called the Thof Duno Capt Gilbes Dabyn Burthen 750 Tons Eighty seven Men & thirty two Guns laden with Tea and China ware Fryday 29th Allarm for a Ship that passed by Saturday 30th Died Arther Bradley an Orphan The Storekeeper delivered the following Report Vizt The Storekeeper reports that the following Stores are Received Short vizt From the Grantham 6 wood Bowls 2 Bundles Mop Handles 1 Do oak Helves 3 Pump hooks Short Deliverd 6 Wine Glasses 2 Beer Do 5 Globe Lamps 1 Chamber Pot Earthen 17 Milk Pans Broke 70 Gallon Vinegar 39 Sole Leathers 176½ Gallon Brandy Wasted From the Pelham 57½ Gallon Arrack Ditto 27 Rice From the London Ditto 7 20 Sugar Ditto 1 10 Candy 2 Soup Dishes 6 Meat Plates 1 Small Bowl 3 Soup Plates 1 Coffee Cup 3 Do Saucers 14 Frying Cups 2 Saucers Broke From the Augusta 13 Halfpint 1 Do Saucer Broke 26th May 1747 (Signed) R Rirling Storekeeper	The last consultation was read, approved and signed. On Wednesday 27 May a Dutch ship from China called the Tholen (Captain Gilbert Dabyn, burthen 750 tons, 87 men and 32 guns) arrived, laden with tea and chinaware. On Friday 29 May an alarm was made for a ship that passed by. On Saturday 30 May Arthur Bradley, an orphan, died. The storekeeper delivered a report of the goods received short. He reported the following goods short from the Grantham, some short-delivered and some broken. 6 wood bowls, short-delivered 2 bundles mop handles, short-delivered 1 bundle oak helves, short-delivered 3 pump hooks, short-delivered 6 wine glasses, broke 2 bowls, broke 5 globe lamps, broke 1 chamber pot earthen, broke 17 milk pans, broke 10 gallons vinegar, wasted 39 sole leather, wasted 176.5 gallons brandy, wasted He reported the following goods short from the Pelham. 57.5 gallons arrack, short 27 rice, short He reported the following goods short from the London, all broken. 7 sugar, broke 1 candy, broke 2 soup dishes, broke 6 meat plates, broke 1 small bowl, broke 3 soup plates, broke 1 coffee cup, broke 3 saucers, broke 14 frying cups, broke 2 saucers, broke He reported the following goods short from the Augusta, both broken. 13 half pint, broke 1 saucer, broke The report was dated 26 May 1747 and signed by Matthew Purling, storekeeper. Interpretations The storekeeper's report divides the losses into three heads, goods short-delivered against the invoice, goods broken in carriage and goods wasted by leakage, which is the standard accounting distinction that fixed where the loss fell and who bore it. Short delivery pointed to a shortfall in the shipment itself, breakage to the handling of fragile chinaware and glass on a long sea voyage, and waste to the natural leakage of casks, the 176.5 gallons of brandy lost from the Grantham being the heaviest single line and the kind of shrinkage that ran through every liquor cargo the island received. The oak helves and mop handles short from the Grantham were the wooden hafts for tools and the shafts for mops, plain manufactures the island could not make in quantity and drew from England, so even a small shortfall in such stores was worth recording against the ship. The pump hooks were the iron fittings for the ships' or the fort's pumps, part of the miscellaneous ironmongery on which the settlement depended entirely on supply from home.
380	390	2nd June Mr Joshua Worrall delivered the following Petition Vizt To the Worshipfull Charles Hutchinson Esqr Govr and Council of St Helena The Petition of Joshua Worrall Attorney for Willm Worrall Humbly Sheweth That the foresaid William Worrall having a large sum of Money on this Island that is at Present without any Intrest and there being now an Oppertunity to put this money out at Present Your Petitioner Desires that Youll Grant him a full Power to Recover all such sumes of Money that is due to the said William Worrall and Your Petitioner Shall as in Duty Bound for Ever pray Jos Worrall June 2nd 1747 Upon perusing the Letter of Attorney We found that Joshua Worrall was thereby Empowered to Act in the Management of a particular part of the said Willm Worralls Estate and as he was so confined we could not take upon us to enlarge his Power to any thing further than what was warranted by the Letter of Attorney Mr Joshua Troypam delivered the following Petition Vizt Island St Helena To Charles Hutchinson Esqr Govr &c Council of St Helena The Humble Petition of Joshua Troypam Sheweth That Your Petitioner has Served the Honble East India Company of England as a Factor Upwards of five Years but having some Family Affairs to Settle in England that Requires	Joshua Worrall delivered a petition to Governor Charles Hutchinson and the council. Worrall, as attorney for William Worrall, set out that William Worrall had a large sum of money on the island lying without interest, and that there was now an opportunity to put the money out. He asked the council to grant him full power to receive all sums of money due to William Worrall. The petition was dated 2 June 1747 and signed by Joshua Worrall. On examining the letter of attorney, the council found that Joshua Worrall was empowered by it only to act in the management of a particular part of William Worrall's estate, and, since his authority was so confined, it could not enlarge his power beyond what the letter of attorney warranted. Joshua Twopany delivered a petition to Governor Charles Hutchinson and the council. Twopany set out that he had served the Honourable East India Company of England as a factor for upwards of five years, but that he had some family affairs to settle in England which required [...] Interpretations The council read the letter of attorney strictly, holding Joshua Worrall to the exact scope of his authority over a particular part of the estate rather than granting the general power he asked, which shows the board treating a power of attorney as a document of fixed limits that it had no authority to widen. A letter of attorney conferred only what its words granted, and the council would not let an agent draw in money beyond the part of the estate his principal had actually committed to him, protecting the absent William Worrall against his own attorney's overreach. The opportunity to put the money out at interest that prompted the petition reflects the scarcity of investment on the island, where a large idle sum could earn nothing without a borrower, so the chance to lend it out was worth a formal application to extend the agent's powers. A factor was the Company's commercial agent, and Twopany's five years in that post marks him as a servant on the trading rather than the military establishment.
381	391	1747 Requires his imediate Presence Your Petitioner humbly prays that he may have Leave to take his Passage on board one of the Ships now in the Road And Your Petitioner 2d June Shall ever Pray Granted Jos Troypam Mr Richard Gurling Overseer delivered the following Report Vizt Island St Helena To Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governeur &c Council of St Helena The Representation of Richard Gurling Overseer Sheweth That the Honble Companys Yams are very Young & none fit for digging but those in the Moldiva Garden which will not serve their Slaves for more than five Weeks Cafter which there will not be any of a due Age to dig for five months to come) Sherefore thought it my duty to acquaint You with the Condition of the Plantations that you might Provide for the Slaves as you think proper Richd Gurling 2 June 1747 There being only twenty bags of Rice in the Honble Companys Stores & the Condition of the Plantations so bad we were under an unavoidable necessity to buy Yams for the Slaves and accordingly agreed to Purchase them from any that had them to Sell Mr Robert Wright Petitioned for Liberty to dispose of twenty one Acres & three quarters of Lease Land Granted We having Computed how much money it would Require to pay the Garrison for the Ensuing Year & the Cash and what we can Receive for Bills and the Sale	The petition of Joshua Twopany continued, setting out that his family affairs required his immediate presence, and asking leave to take his passage aboard one of the ships now in the road. The petition was dated 2 June 1747, signed by Joshua Twopany, and granted. Richard Gurling, overseer, delivered a report to Governor Charles Hutchinson and the council. Gurling set out that the Honourable Company's yams were very young and unfit for digging, except those in the Maldivia garden, which would not serve the slaves for more than five weeks, and that after these there would be none of a due age for five months to come. He thought it his duty to acquaint the council with the condition of the plantations, so that it might provide for the slaves as it thought proper. The report was dated 2 June 1747 and signed by Richard Gurling. There being only twenty bags of rice in the Honourable Company's stores, and the condition of the plantations being so bad, the council was under an unavoidable necessity to buy yams for the slaves, and accordingly agreed to purchase them from any who had them to sell. Robert Wright petitioned for leave to dispose of twenty-one acres and three quarters of leasehold land, which was granted. The council, having computed how much money it would take to pay the garrison for the ensuing year, and the cash and what it could receive for bills, [...] Interpretations The overseer's report exposes the whole island's dependence on the yam as the staple that fed its slaves, the young roots unfit for digging and only the Maldivia garden's crop of due age, so that a gap of five months loomed in which the plantations could yield nothing. This ties directly to the drought running through the spring, the same dry season that had already forced the soldiers' ration down on 11 April 1747 and driven the Governor to feed the cattle on plantain trees, now threatening the slaves' food at its root. With only twenty bags of rice in store and the yams failing, the council had no reserve to fall back on and was forced to buy yams on the open market from any planter who had them, which shows how thin the Company's provision stood when its own crop failed. The board's readiness to purchase from any seller marks the necessity as real rather than a matter of price, the island's food security resting on a single root crop that the season had put out of reach. Speculations The council chose to buy yams on the open market to feed the Company's slaves rather than cut the slaves' ration as it had cut the soldiers' on 11 April 1747, and the report shows how narrow the choice was, only twenty bags of rice in store and a five-month gap before the young yams came of age. The plain course under a failed harvest was to stretch the meagre stores by reducing what each slave was given, as the garrison had already been reduced, yet the board resolved instead to purchase whatever yams the planters would sell. The purchase held because the slaves were the Company's working stock on which every plantation and fortification depended, and a starved or weakened labour force in the middle of the spring war works and the shipping season would have cost far more than the price of bought yams, so the council paid to keep its slaves fed where it had been willing to let its soldiers go short.
382	392	2nd June Sale of the Store goods not being Sufficient to Answer those Demands we were therefore Obliged to Send for a Chest of Treasure from the Store Ship out of that designed for Bencolin for which we gave the Capt the following Order Sir We hereby desire & direct You to Send on Shore to Us one of the Chests of Treasure that are on board your Ship which belong to the Honble Company we also sent a Letter of Advice to the Deputy Governour and Council at Fort Marlborrow Mrs Margaret Alcock paid into the Honble Companys Cash the Sum of one hundred & twenty pounds for which We have given her Bills on the Honble the Court of Directors of this days date payable to her self or Order Ninety days after sight Mr Matthew Purling paid into the Honble Companys Cash the sum of three hundred & forty one Pounds for which we have given him Bills on the Honble the Court of Directors of this days date payable to himself or Order Ninety days after sight There being no pepper in the Stores for the use of the General Table or to Supply the Island we agreed to send for a Bag from the Somerset and wrote the following Letter to the Capt Vizt Sir we desire you to send on Shore to us One bag of the Honble Companys pepper that is on board your Ship for which we will give you a Receipt To Capt Thos Tolson Comdr of the Ship Somerset We are Sir your most Humble Servts Chas Hutchinson John Clark Robt Wright	The council explained that the sale of the store goods not being sufficient to answer the demands on the treasury, it was obliged to send for a chest of treasure from the store ship out of that consigned for Bencoolen, giving the captain the following order. The order desired and directed him to send ashore one of the chests of treasure aboard his ship belonging to the Honourable Company. The council also sent a letter of advice to the deputy governor and council at Fort Marlborough. Margaret Alcock paid into the Honourable Company's cash the sum of £120 0s 0d, for which the council gave her bills on the Honourable Court of Directors of that day's date, payable to herself or order ninety days after sight. Matthew Purling paid into the Honourable Company's cash the sum of £341 0s 0d, for which the council gave him bills on the Honourable Court of Directors of that day's date, payable to himself or order ninety days after sight. There being no pepper in the stores for the use of the general table or to supply the island, the council agreed to send for a bag from the Somerset and wrote the following letter to the captain. The letter asked him to send ashore one bag of the Honourable Company's pepper aboard his ship, for which the council would give a receipt. It was addressed to Captain Thomas Jobson, commander of the Somerset, and signed by Charles Hutchinson, John Clarke and Robert Wright. Interpretations The chest of treasure drawn from the Somerset was silver consigned to Bencoolen that the council diverted to its own cash, which shows the island drawing on the specie moving through it between the Company's settlements when its treasury ran short, the demands on the cash outrunning what the sale of store goods brought in. The Company's bullion passed St Helena on its way east, and the board could tap that flow in an emergency, entering the diverted chest against the settlement it was bound for. The payments by Alcock and Purling into the cash against bills on the Court are the same conversion of coin into paper drafts that ran through the season, private holders of specie exchanging it for a claim on the Company in London, which fed the treasury the ready silver that its own trade could not supply. These deposits and the diverted treasure chest together were how the island kept enough coin on hand to pay the garrison and the works when its receipts fell short.
383	393	1747 At a Consultation held on Tuesday the 9th day of June 1747 At the Castle Present Chas Hutchinson Esqr Govr Lieut John Clark Robt Wright of Council The last Consultation was Read Approved and Signed Wednesday 3 Died Margaret Daughter of Joseph Whaley Junr planter Fryday 5th Sailed the Grantham Capt Wilson on her Voyage Sunday 7th Arrived a Swede Ship from China called the Freeden Capt Eric Moreen Comdr Burthen four hundred & forty Tons one hundred & thirty four Men and Twenty two Gunns laden with Tea & Chinaware Ordered the following Bill to be paid on Account of the Orphans of John Bradley deceased out of the Money in the Honble Companys Hands belonging to them Vizt Arthur Bradley Deceased Dr to William Davis To the Maintainence of Arthur Bradley since August the 7th 1746 to May the 29th 1747 Being Nine Months 22 Days £: 4, s: 16, d: 9¾ To 1 Double Deale £: 0, s: 3, d: 6 To Sawing Do £: 0, s: 1 To making a Coffin £: 0, s: 6 To Carring the Corps to the Burial Ground £: 0, s: 5 To one half of Brandy £: 0, s: 6 To two pound of Sugar £: 0, s: 0, d: 10 Digging a Grave for Mary Bradley £: 0, s: 6 Digging Do for Arthur Bradley £: 0, s: 6 £: 6, s: 11, d: 1¾ June the 8th 1747	At a consultation held on Tuesday 9 June 1747 at the castle, Governor Charles Hutchinson was present, with Lieutenant John Clarke and Robert Wright of the council. The last consultation was read, approved and signed. On Wednesday 3 June Margaret, daughter of Joseph Whaley junior, planter, died. On Friday 5 June the Grantham (Captain Wilson) sailed on her voyage. On Sunday 7 June a Swedish ship from China called the Freeden (Captain Eric Moreen, commander, burthen 440 tons, 134 men and 22 guns) arrived, laden with tea and chinaware. The council ordered the following bill paid on account of the orphans of John Bradley deceased out of the money in the Honourable Company's hands belonging to them. The bill was owed to William Davis for the maintenance of the orphan Arthur Bradley deceased and for his burial. Maintenance of Arthur Bradley from 7 August 1746 to 29 May 1747, being nine months and twenty-two days, £4 16s 9.75d 1 double deal, £0 3s 6d sawing the deal, £0 1s 0d making a coffin, £0 5s 0d carrying the corpse to the burial ground, £0 6s 0d one half gallon of brandy, £0 10s 0d two pounds of sugar, £0 6s 0d digging a grave for Mary Bradley, £0 6s 0d digging a grave for Arthur Bradley, £0 6s 0d Total, £6 11s 1.75d The bill was dated 8 June 1747. Interpretations The bill charges the burial of the orphan Arthur Bradley against the fund the Company held for the Bradley orphans themselves, so the child's own inheritance paid for his coffin, his grave and the brandy and sugar of his funeral, the estate meeting the cost of winding up one of its own beneficiaries. The double deal was a sawn softwood plank of standard size, here bought and cut to make the coffin, the plainest joinery drawn from the stores for the purpose. The brandy and sugar entered among the burial charges were the customary provision for the small gathering at a funeral, a fixed social expense the island charged into the estate account as readily as the coffin and the grave-digging. That two graves were dug, for Arthur and for Mary Bradley, shows the fund carrying the burials of more than one of the orphaned children, the family's line closing at the Company's charge as trustee of the money left to them.
384	394	8th June Since the Sailing of the Grantham We have found William Bruff one of the Soldiers consigned to Bencoolen on Shore who deserted from the said Ship. Agreed to keep him here as a Soldier till an Oppertunity offers for sending him to Fort Marlbro The Honble Companys Yawl having been lost several Months agon and one being much Wanted for fishing and other Necessary Uses we Agreed to purchase one from one of the Ships in the Road The Dutch Captains having Applied to us for 3 Barrels Tar 1 Do Pitch 13 2 qrs 22 lb of Cordage 6 Double Deals 13 of 6d Nails 6 Scupper Do 10 Twine We Ordered the Store Keeper to Supply them as desired The Plantation, Gunners, & Stewards Accounts were Brought in for the Month of May last and were Examined & Approved and are as follows Vizt	Since the sailing of the Grantham, the council found William Bruff, one of the soldiers consigned to Bencoolen, ashore, having deserted from that ship. The council agreed to keep him on the island as a soldier until an opportunity offered for sending him to Fort Marlborough. The Honourable Company's yacht having been lost several months earlier, and one being much wanted for fishing and other necessary uses, the council agreed to purchase one from one of the ships in the road. The Dutch captain having applied to the council for stores, the council ordered the storekeeper to supply them as desired. 3 barrels tar 1 barrel pitch 13 cwt 2 quarters 22 lb of cordage 6 double deals 13 cwt of nails 6 cwt of scupper nails 10 lb twine The plantation, gunner's and steward's accounts were brought in for the month of May, and after examination and approval were entered as follows. Interpretations The council kept the deserter William Bruff on the island as a soldier rather than returning him at once, filling a place in the garrison while he waited for a ship to Fort Marlborough, which shows the settlement absorbing a runaway from a passing vessel into its own establishment as convenient labour. This ties to the standing difficulty of the transported and consigned men moving between the Company's stations, the same traffic the council had lately asked Fort Marlborough to restrain. The yacht wanted for fishing and other necessary uses was the small working boat the island needed for inshore work, and its loss several months earlier had left the settlement without a vessel of its own, so the council bought a replacement from a ship in the road rather than build one. This ties to the flight of 22 February 1747, when the runaway slaves went off in a fishing yacht from Sandy Bay, the very kind of small craft now wanting. The supply of tar, pitch, cordage, deals and nails to the Dutch captain shows the island acting as a chandler to foreign shipping, selling the ships' stores that watered there needed for their own repair, the scupper nails being the short broad-headed nails used to fasten the lead lining of a ship's scuppers. St Helena's storehouse served every flag that called, its naval stores a source of small revenue from the passing trade of all the East India powers.
385	395	Account of the Honble Companys Stock of Neat Cattle &c for the Month of May 1747 Vizt Bulls, Cows, Calves, Yearling, Heifers, Steers, Bullocks, Oxen, Totall, Ews, Weathers, Lambs, Rams, Totall, Ewes, Weathers, Kids, Rams, Totall, Sows, Brawns, Sheets, Piggs, Bears, Totall, Turkeys, Fowls, Ducks, Geese, Horses, Mares, Totall Remaing 1st: Bulls: 4, Cows: 116, Calves: 155, Yearling: 30, Heifers: 30, Steers: 15, Bullocks: 6, Oxen: 16, Totall: 372, Ews: 93, Weathers: 12, Lambs: 118, Rams: 7, Totall: 230, Ewes: 103, Weathers: 4, Kids: 190, Rams: 5, Totall: 302, Sows: 14, Brawns: 26, Sheets: 17, Piggs: 96, Bears: 1, Totall: 152, Turkeys: 69, Fowls: 229, Ducks: 70, Geese: 12, Horses: 12, Mares: 9, Totall: 21 Encreased: Bulls: 0, Cows: 0, Calves: 0, Yearling: 0, Heifers: 0, Steers: 0, Bullocks: 0, Oxen: 0, Totall: 0, Ews: 0, Weathers: 0, Lambs: 6, Rams: 0, Totall: 6, Ewes: 0, Weathers: 0, Kids: 0, Rams: 0, Totall: 0, Sows: 0, Brawns: 0, Sheets: 0, Piggs: 0, Bears: 0, Totall: 0, Turkeys: 0, Fowls: 0, Ducks: 0, Geese: 0, Horses: 0, Mares: 0, Totall: 0 Bulls: 4, Cows: 116, Calves: 155, Yearling: 30, Heifers: 30, Steers: 15, Bullocks: 6, Oxen: 16, Totall: 372, Ews: 93, Weathers: 12, Lambs: 124, Rams: 7, Totall: 236, Ewes: 103, Weathers: 4, Kids: 190, Rams: 5, Totall: 302, Sows: 14, Brawns: 26, Sheets: 17, Piggs: 96, Bears: 1, Totall: 152, Turkeys: 69, Fowls: 229, Ducks: 70, Geese: 12, Horses: 12, Mares: 9, Totall: 21 Killed: Bulls: 0, Cows: 1, Calves: 0, Yearling: 0, Heifers: 7, Steers: 6, Bullocks: 0, Oxen: 0, Totall: 14, Ews: 2, Weathers: 1, Lambs: 0, Rams: 0, Totall: 3, Ewes: 5, Weathers: 0, Kids: 0, Rams: 0, Totall: 5, Sows: 0, Brawns: 0, Sheets: 0, Piggs: 0, Bears: 0, Totall: 5, Turkeys: 6, Fowls: 4, Ducks: 8, Geese: 26, Horses: 0, Mares: 0, Totall: 0 Dyed: Bulls: 0, Cows: 10, Calves: 13, Yearling: 6, Heifers: 0, Steers: 0, Bullocks: 0, Oxen: 0, Totall: 29, Ews: 5, Weathers: 0, Lambs: 3, Rams: 0, Totall: 8, Ewes: 16, Weathers: 0, Kids: 40, Rams: 0, Totall: 56, Sows: 0, Brawns: 5, Sheets: 7, Piggs: 18, Bears: 0, Totall: 30, Turkeys: 57, Fowls: 149, Ducks: 3, Geese: 1, Horses: 0, Mares: 0, Totall: 0 Stole: Bulls: 0, Cows: 0, Calves: 0, Yearling: 0, Heifers: 0, Steers: 0, Bullocks: 0, Oxen: 0, Totall: 0, Ews: 0, Weathers: 0, Lambs: 0, Rams: 0, Totall: 0, Ewes: 0, Weathers: 0, Kids: 0, Rams: 0, Totall: 0, Sows: 1, Brawns: 0, Sheets: 2, Piggs: 1, Bears: 0, Totall: 4, Turkeys: 0, Fowls: 0, Ducks: 0, Geese: 0, Horses: 0, Mares: 0, Totall: 0 Remaing 31st: Bulls: 4, Cows: 105, Calves: 142, Yearling: 24, Heifers: 23, Steers: 9, Bullocks: 6, Oxen: 16, Totall: 329, Ews: 86, Weathers: 11, Lambs: 121, Rams: 7, Totall: 225, Ewes: 72, Weathers: 4, Kids: 140, Rams: 5, Totall: 221, Sows: 11, Brawns: 18, Sheets: 7, Piggs: 77, Bears: 1, Totall: 112, Turkeys: 8, Fowls: 72, Ducks: 41, Geese: 11, Horses: 12, Mares: 9, Totall: 21 5 Hogs sent to Market Wt 230 10 Beast to Do Do 2086 4 Goat to Do Do 57 To the Ship London Beef Do 160 To the Ship Pelham Do 143 To the Ship Grantham Do 370 Yams Expended 56600 Died Since the 7 April 15 Cows 24 Calves 9 Yearlings 1 Heiffer	The account of the Honourable Company's stock of neat cattle and other livestock for the month of May 1747 was set out under six heads. Neat cattle remaining first of the month: bulls 4, cows 116, calves 155, yearlings 30, heifers 30, steers 15, bullocks 6, oxen 16, total 372 Neat cattle increased: 0, total 0 Neat cattle killed: cows 1, heifers 7, steers 6, total 14 Neat cattle died: cows 10, calves 13, yearlings 6, total 29 Neat cattle remaining last of the month: bulls 4, cows 105, calves 142, yearlings 24, heifers 23, steers 9, bullocks 6, oxen 16, total 329 Sheep remaining first of the month: ewes 93, wethers 12, lambs 118, rams 7, total 230 Sheep increased: lambs 6, total 6 Sheep killed: ewes 2, lambs 1, total 3 Sheep died: ewes 5, lambs 3, total 8 Sheep remaining last of the month: ewes 86, wethers 11, lambs 121, rams 7, total 225 Goats remaining first of the month: ewes 103, wethers 4, kids 190, rams 5, total 302 Goats increased: 0, total 0 Goats killed: ewes 5, total 5 Goats died: ewes 16, kids 40, total 56 Goats remaining last of the month: ewes 72, wethers 4, kids 140, rams 5, total 221 Hogs remaining first of the month: sows 14, brawns 26, sheets 17, pigs 96, boars 1, total 152 Hogs increased: 0 Hogs killed: sows 2, brawns 3, sheets 1, total 6 Hogs died: brawns 5, sheets 7, pigs 18, total 30 Hogs stole: sows 1, sheets 2, pigs 1, total 4 Hogs remaining last of the month: sows 11, brawns 18, sheets 7, pigs 96, boars 1, total 112 Poultry remaining first of the month: turkeys 69, fowls 229, ducks 70, geese 12 Poultry killed: turkeys 4, fowls 8, ducks 26 Poultry died: turkeys 57, fowls 149, ducks 3, geese 1 Poultry remaining last of the month: turkeys 8, fowls 72, ducks 41, geese 11 Horses remaining first of the month: horses 12, mares 9, total 21 Horses remaining last of the month: horses 12, mares 9, total 21 The month's disposals and the yams expended stood as follows. 5 hogs sent to market, weight 230 lb 10 beasts sent to market, weight 2,086 lb 4 goats sent to market, weight 57 lb Beef supplied to the London came to 160 lb, to the Pelham 143 lb and to the Grantham 370 lb. Yams expended, 56,000 lb Died since 7 April: cows 15, calves 24, yearlings 9, heifers 1 Interpretations The account records exceptionally heavy deaths across every class of stock, twenty-nine neat cattle, fifty-six goats and above two hundred head of poultry dying in the month against small numbers killed, which marks the drought at its worst, the note of forty cattle dead since 7 April 1747 confirming a die-off far beyond the ordinary wastage of the herd. The turkeys falling from sixty-nine to eight and the fowls from two hundred and twenty-nine to seventy-two show the poultry nearly wiped out by the dry season, the losses recorded here the plain measure of the failure of the grass and water that the council's yam and fodder purchases were meant to answer. Against these deaths the herd was still drawn down for the market and the shipping, ten beasts sent to market and beef supplied to three homeward ships, so the Company was killing and losing cattle at once from a stock that could not breed fast enough to replace them, the calves themselves dying in numbers. The 56,000 lb of yams expended held level with the winter months even as the plantations failed, which shows the Company feeding its slaves and garrison from reserves and bought roots while its own young crop stood unfit for digging. The classes of hog named, brawns, sheets, sows, pigs and a single boar, distinguish the breeding animals from the fattening and young stock, a brawn being a boar fattened for meat and a sheet a young store pig, so the account tracks the herd by stage of growth as closely as it tracks the cattle. The theft of four hogs entered as a separate head shows pilfering of the Company's stock continuing even in a season of scarcity, the loss set apart from the deaths by disease and drought.
386	396	8 June Gunners Stores Expended in May 1747 The day of the Month Guns Fired, Shott Fired, 9lb, 4lb, 3lb, 2lb, 1lb, Powder Expend 3 A Allarm at Bankes Guns Fired: 2, Shott Fired: 2, 9lb: 2, 4lb: 0, 3lb: 0, 2lb: 0, 1lb: 0, Powder Expend: 14lb Do A Double Allarm for two Ships Guns Fired: 9, Shott Fired: 0, 9lb: 0, 4lb: 6, 3lb: 0, 2lb: 0, 1lb: 3, Powder Expend: 19½lb Do Arrived the London Capt Sedgwick & Augusta Capt Parker Guns Fired: 18, Shott Fired: 0, 9lb: 0, 4lb: 0, 3lb: 0, 2lb: 18, 1lb: 0, Powder Expend: 18lb 9 Powder to James Allis pOrder of Governour Guns Fired: 0, Shott Fired: 0, 9lb: 0, 4lb: 0, 3lb: 0, 2lb: 0, 1lb: 0, Powder Expend: 7lb 12 Powder to the Blaster Guns Fired: 0, Shott Fired: 0, 9lb: 0, 4lb: 0, 3lb: 0, 2lb: 0, 1lb: 0, Powder Expend: 50lb 13 A Allarm Guns Fired: 6, Shott Fired: 0, 9lb: 0, 4lb: 4, 3lb: 0, 2lb: 2, 1lb: 0, Powder Expend: 13lb Do Arrived the Grantham Capt Willson Guns Fired: 9, Shott Fired: 0, 9lb: 0, 4lb: 0, 3lb: 9, 2lb: 0, 1lb: 0, Powder Expend: 9lb 16 A Allarm Guns Fired: 6, Shott Fired: 0, 9lb: 0, 4lb: 4, 3lb: 0, 2lb: 2, 1lb: 0, Powder Expend: 13lb 17 Arrived the Walpole Capt Lowe Guns Fired: 9, Shott Fired: 0, 9lb: 0, 4lb: 0, 3lb: 9, 2lb: 0, 1lb: 0, Powder Expend: 9lb 18 A Allarm for a Ship that went by Guns Fired: 6, Shott Fired: 0, 9lb: 0, 4lb: 4, 3lb: 0, 2lb: 2, 1lb: 0, Powder Expend: 13lb Do A Allarm at Bankes for the same Ship Guns Fired: 2, Shott Fired: 2, 9lb: 2, 4lb: 0, 3lb: 0, 2lb: 0, 1lb: 0, Powder Expend: 14lb Do Fired at Bankes to bring the Ship too Guns Fired: 1, Shott Fired: 1, 9lb: 1, 4lb: 0, 3lb: 0, 2lb: 0, 1lb: 0, Powder Expend: 7lb Do Fired to Salute the same Ship Guns Fired: 15, Shott Fired: 0, 9lb: 0, 4lb: 0, 3lb: 0, 2lb: 15, 1lb: 0, Powder Expend: 16lb 21 A Double Allarm Guns Fired: 11, Shott Fired: 0, 9lb: 0, 4lb: 8, 3lb: 0, 2lb: 0, 1lb: 3, Powder Expend: 25½lb Do Fired for a Signal to 2 Ships in the Road to send their Men on Shore Guns Fired: 1, Shott Fired: 1, 9lb: 1, 4lb: 0, 3lb: 0, 2lb: 0, 1lb: 0, Powder Expend: 7lb 22 A Allarm Guns Fired: 6, Shott Fired: 0, 9lb: 0, 4lb: 4, 3lb: 0, 2lb: 2, 1lb: 0, Powder Expend: 13lb Do Fired at Bankes to bring the Ship too Guns Fired: 2, Shott Fired: 2, 9lb: 2, 4lb: 0, 3lb: 0, 2lb: 0, 1lb: 0, Powder Expend: 14lb Do Fired at Mundens Point for Do Guns Fired: 1, Shott Fired: 1, 9lb: 1, 4lb: 0, 3lb: 0, 2lb: 0, 1lb: 0, Powder Expend: 7lb Do Fired on the Line for Do Guns Fired: 1, Shott Fired: 1, 9lb: 1, 4lb: 0, 3lb: 0, 2lb: 0, 1lb: 0, Powder Expend: 7lb Do Arrived a Dutch Ship Guns Fired: 15, Shott Fired: 0, 9lb: 0, 4lb: 0, 3lb: 0, 2lb: 15, 1lb: 0, Powder Expend: 15lb 24 A Allarm Guns Fired: 6, Shott Fired: 0, 9lb: 0, 4lb: 4, 3lb: 0, 2lb: 2, 1lb: 0, Powder Expend: 13lb Do Arrived a Dutch Ship Guns Fired: 17, Shott Fired: 0, 9lb: 0, 4lb: 0, 3lb: 0, 2lb: 15, 1lb: 2, Powder Expend: 16½lb 28 Powder to Jos Long pr Order of the Governr Guns Fired: 0, Shott Fired: 0, 9lb: 0, 4lb: 0, 3lb: 0, 2lb: 0, 1lb: 0, Powder Expend: 2lb 29 A Allarm for a Ship that went by Guns Fired: 6, Shott Fired: 0, 9lb: 0, 4lb: 4, 3lb: 0, 2lb: 2, 1lb: 0, Powder Expend: 13lb Powder for Priming at the Main Fort Guns Fired: 0, Shott Fired: 0, 9lb: 0, 4lb: 0, 3lb: 0, 2lb: 0, 1lb: 0, Powder Expend: 9lb Powder for Primeing at Bankes Guns Fired: 0, Shott Fired: 0, 9lb: 0, 4lb: 0, 3lb: 0, 2lb: 0, 1lb: 0, Powder Expend: 3lb Powder for Primeing at Ruports Guns Fired: 0, Shott Fired: 0, 9lb: 0, 4lb: 0, 3lb: 0, 2lb: 0, 1lb: 0, Powder Expend: 4lb Powder for Signals and loading their Arms at the Out Forts Guns Fired: 0, Shott Fired: 0, 9lb: 0, 4lb: 0, 3lb: 0, 2lb: 0, 1lb: 0, Powder Expend: 5½lb Total: Guns Fired: 189, Shott Fired: 8, 9lb: 10, 4lb: 38, 3lb: 0, 2lb: 91, 1lb: 20, Powder Expend: 366½lb	Gunner's stores expended in May 1747 The columns record, from left to right, guns fired, shot fired by 9-pounders, and guns fired by 4-pounders, 3-pounders, 2-pounders and 1-pounders, with the powder expended in the rightmost column. 3 May, an alarm at Banks's — guns fired 2, shot fired 2, 9-pounders 2, powder 14 lb 3 May, a double alarm for two ships — guns fired 9, 4-pounders 6, 1-pounders 3, powder 19.5 lb 7 May, the London (Captain Sedgwick) and the Augusta (Captain Parker) arrived — guns fired 18, 2-pounders 18, powder 18 lb. 9 May, powder to James Allis by order of the Governor, powder 7 lb 12 May, powder to the blaster, powder 50 lb 13 May, an alarm — guns fired 6, 4-pounders 4, 1-pounders 2, powder 13 lb 13 May, the Grantham (Captain Wilson) arrived — guns fired 9, 2-pounders 9, powder 9 lb. 16 May, an alarm — guns fired 6, 4-pounders 4, 1-pounders 2, powder 13 lb 17 May, the Walpole (Captain Lowe) arrived — guns fired 9, 2-pounders 9, powder 9 lb. 18 May, an alarm for a ship that went by — guns fired 6, 4-pounders 4, 1-pounders 2, powder 13 lb 18 May, an alarm at Banks's for the same ship — guns fired 2, shot fired 2, powder 14 lb 18 May, fired at Banks's to bring the ship to — guns fired 1, shot fired 1, 9-pounders 1, powder 7 lb 18 May, fired to salute the same ship — guns fired 15, 2-pounders 15, powder 18 lb 21 May, a double alarm — guns fired 11, 3-pounders 8, 1-pounders 3, powder 25.5 lb 21 May, fired for a signal to two ships in the road to send their men ashore — guns fired 1, shot fired 1, 9-pounders 1, powder 7 lb 22 May, an alarm — guns fired 6, 4-pounders 4, 1-pounders 2, powder 13 lb 22 May, fired at Banks's to bring the ship to — guns fired 2, shot fired 2, 9-pounders 2, powder 14 lb 22 May, fired at Munden's Point for the same — guns fired 1, shot fired 1, 9-pounders 1, powder 7 lb 22 May, fired on the line for the same — guns fired 1, shot fired 1, 9-pounders 1, powder 7 lb 22 May, a Dutch ship arrived — guns fired 15, 2-pounders 15, powder 15 lb. 23 May, an alarm — guns fired 6, 4-pounders 4, 1-pounders 2, powder 13 lb 23 May, a Dutch ship arrived — guns fired 17, 2-pounders 15, 1-pounders 2, powder 16.5 lb. 28 May, powder to Joseph Long by order of the Governor, powder 13 lb 29 May, an alarm for a ship that went by — guns fired 6, 4-pounders 4, 1-pounders 2, powder 13 lb Powder for priming at the main fort, powder 9 lb Powder for priming at Banks's, powder 3 lb Powder for priming at Rupert's, powder 3 lb Powder for signals and loading their arms at the outer forts, powder 5.5 lb Total — guns fired 169, shot fired 8, 9-pounders 10, 4-pounders 38, 3-pounders 8, 2-pounders 91, 1-pounders 20, powder 366.5 lb Interpretations May was by far the busiest month of firing in the record, 366.5 lb of powder spent against 144.5 lb in April, the difference driven by a crowded road and a run of alarms as ship after ship passed or came in. The heavy 9-pounder shot fired at Banks's, Munden's Point and along the line to bring ships to and signal them shows the island using its coastal batteries to control the approaches, a warning gun across the bows compelling a stranger to heave to and identify herself before she was allowed the road. The single heaviest line is the 50 lb of powder delivered to the blaster on 12 May, far exceeding any salute, which ties this account to the spring war works and the blasting of gun platforms at Banks's Mount recorded through March and April 1747, the powder spent breaking rock rather than firing guns. The alarms for ships that merely passed by, five or six of them in the month, reflect the wartime watch kept against the French, every unidentified sail treated as a possible enemy until proved otherwise. The salutes to the incoming London, Augusta, Grantham and Walpole and to two Dutch ships account for much of the remaining powder, the courtesy firing to the season's shipping continuing heavy even as the drought pressed the island's other stores, the guns answering each arrival gun for gun as the road filled through May. s
387	397	1747 Lead Balls at Bankes on a Allarm 2 Powder Horns broke at Bankes 1 Match burned at Bankes 7 lb Match burned at Ruports 7 lb Bills broke at Ruports 1 Bandge Barrel broke at the main fort 2 Match burned at Sandy Bay 7 lb Limstocks Broke 2 Axeltree delivered to Henry Moyce 1 Match burned at the main fort 14 lb Powder horns broke at the main fort 1 (Signed) John French Sundrys Expended in the Castle in May 1747 62 Bottles of Port £: 4, s: 11, d: 8½ 54 Bottles Lisbon £: 3, s: 19, d: 10½ 4 Do Madera £: 0, s: 8, d: 4 18 qts Goa Arrack £: 1, s: 5, d: 10¼ 20 Bottles Strong Beer 36 Do Small £: 0, s: 10, d: 6 Ditto £: 0, s: 1, d: 11½ 10½ Sugar £: 0, s: 17, d: 6 6 Candy £: 3, s: 0, d: 8 364 Flower £: 4, s: 18, d: 2½ 359½ Fresh Beef £: 3, s: 3, d: 9 127½ Fresh Pork £: 0, s: 5, d: 7½ 3 Pss Salt Pork £: 1, s: 15, d: 10 86 Mutton £: 1, s: 0, d: 10½ 4½ Goat £: 1, s: 0, d: 0 4 Turkeys £: 0, s: 4, d: 0 4 Chickens £: 0, s: 6, d: 0 4 Fowles £: 1, s: 10, d: 0 26 Ducks £: 28, s: 10, d: 8¼	Lead balls at Banks's on an alarm, 2 lb Powder horns broke at Banks's, 1 Match burnt at Banks's, 7 lb Match burnt at Rupert's, 7 lb Balls broke at Rupert's, 1 Bandage barrel broke at the main fort, 2 Match burnt at Sandy Bay, 7 lb Limstocks broke, 2 Axletree delivered to Henry Moyce, 1 Match burnt at the main fort, 14 lb Powder horns broke at the main fort, 1 The account was signed by John French. Sundries expended in the castle in May 1747 62 bottles of port, £4 11s 8.5d 54 bottles of Lisbon wine, £3 19s 10.5d 4 bottles of Madeira, £0 8s 4d 18 quarts of Goa arrack, £1 5s 10.75d 20 bottles of strong beer, £0 10s 6d 36 bottles of small beer, £0 1s 11.5d 10.5 lb sugar, £0 17s 6d 6 lb candy, £3 0s 8d 364 lb flour, £4 18s 2.75d 359.5 lb fresh beef, £3 3s 9d 127.5 lb fresh pork, £0 5s 7.5d 3 pieces salt pork, £1 18s 10d 86 lb mutton, £1 10s 10.5d 4.5 lb goat, £1 0s 0d 4 turkeys, £0 4s 0d 4 chickens, £0 6s 0d 4 fowls, £1 19s 0d 26 ducks, £0 0s 0d Total, £28 10s 8.75d Interpretations The limstocks broke at the batteries were the forked staffs that held the lighted match used to fire the guns, and their breakage, along with the powder horns and the bandage barrel, marks the ordinary wear of hard firing through a month of alarms, each small item charged into the gunner's account as it failed. The axletree delivered to Henry Moyce was the wooden axle for a gun carriage, supplied to the carpenter who kept the carriages in repair, tying this account to the standing work of mounting and maintaining the coastal guns. The match burnt at four separate posts, the main fort, Banks's, Rupert's and Sandy Bay, measures the watch kept across the whole coast, the slow match kept smouldering at each battery so the guns could be fired at a moment's notice against a passing sail. Sandy Bay appearing among them ties this account to the new six-pounder battery built there through the spring, the post now manned and its match burning with the rest.
388	398	9th June Cash Dr 1747 May 7 To Ballance remaining £: 2521, s: 18, d: 1¾ To John Goodwin Esqr for so much received as follows Vizt John Hayes £: 5, s: 1 Thomas Clew £: 3, s: 12, d: 11 John Artingstall £: 3, s: 18, d: 4½ Matthew Mudge £: 2, s: 17 Joseph Whaley Junr £: 2, s: 17, d: ½ Joseph Powell £: 8, s: 8 John Worrall £: 10, s: 15, d: 5¼ James Powell £: 34, s: 14, d: 10 £: 72, s: 4, d: 7¾ 26 To Exchange for a sett of Bills drawn on the Honble the Court of Directors dated this Day payable to Capt Thomas Tolson Ninety days after sight £: 900 1 To Do for a Sett of Bills drawn as above dated the same Day and payable to Capt Benjamin Mason Ninety days after Sight £: 67, s: 6, d: 7 £: 967, s: 6, d: 7 31 To Plantation recd of Roger Nevanson for Provisions sold to the Market in this Month £: 28, s: 11, d: 3½ £: 3590, s: 0, d: 8	The treasury cash account for May 1747, debtor side. Cash, debtor 7 May, to balance remaining, £2,521 18s 1.75d To John Goodwin, for so much received as follows: John Hayes, £5 1s 0d Thomas Clew, £3 12s 11d John Artingstall, £3 18s 10.5d Matthew Mudge, £2 17s 0d Joseph Whaley junior, £2 17s 0.5d Joseph Powell, £8 8s 0d John Worrall, £10 15s 5.25d James Powell, £34 14s 10d Sum of these receipts, £72 4s 7.75d 26 May, to exchange for a set of bills drawn on the Honourable Court of Directors dated this day payable to Captain Thomas Jobson ninety days after sight, £900 0s 0d 1 May, to exchange for a set of bills drawn as above dated the same day and payable to Captain Benjamin Mason ninety days after sight, £67 6s 7d Sum of the two bills, £967 6s 7d 31 May, to plantation, received of Roger Nevanson for provisions sold to the market this month, £28 11s 3.5d Total, £3,590 0s 8d Interpretations The eight sums received through John Goodwin were payments made by named planters and inhabitants into the treasury, most probably rents, debts or the price of goods bought from the stores, gathered in by Goodwin and entered together as a single class of receipt. James Powell's £34 14s 10d stands well above the rest, marking him as much the largest of these debtors to the Company, while the smaller sums from the others fill out the ordinary flow of money owed by the island's tenants and buyers. The two sets of bills drawn on the Court of Directors, £900 to Captain Jobson and £67 6s 7d on Captain Mason's account, are the same conversion of specie into paper drafts that ran through the season, the incoming commanders paying silver into the cash for bills they could realise in London, which fed the treasury the coin it needed to pay the garrison and the works. Roger Nevanson's payment for provisions sold to the market is the single trading receipt of the month, the Company acting as victualler through its market steward and paying the takings into the cash.
389	399	1747 Per Contra Cr 1747 May 31 By Sundry Accounts advanced the Paymaster this Month £: 72, s: 18 By Ballance remaining in the following Speeces Vizt 16 Gold wt 13dwt 14gr a £3 18s 3d £: 46, s: 1, d: 8½ 4 pss Do wt 3oz 9dwt 12gr a £3 18s £: 13, s: 11, d: 7½ 3259 Pagodas a 8s £: 1303, s: 12 4 Gubbers 6s £: 1, s: 4 5 Venetians 10s £: 2, s: 10 Gold Amounting to £: 1366, s: 18, d: 9 5630¼ Dollars a 5s £: 1407, s: 11, d: 3 574¾ Rupees a 2/3 £: 64, s: 13, d: 2¼ 275 half Dollars a 2/6 £: 34, s: 7, d: 6 462 Double Rials a 1/3 £: 28, s: 17, d: 6 7 Rials 7½d £: 0, s: 4, d: 4½ 4515 half Rials 3¾d £: 70, s: 10, d: 11¼ 441 French pieces 2d £: 3, s: 13, d: 6 Odd Money £: 0, s: 11, d: 1½ Money not Current £: 0, s: 19, d: 6½ Silver Amounting to £: 1611, s: 8, d: 11 146 Cash Notes a 40s £: 292 161 Do a 20s £: 161 259 Do a 5s £: 64, s: 15 160 Do a 2/6 £: 20 Cash Notes Amounting to £: 537, s: 15 £: 3516, s: 2, d: 8 £: 3590, s: 0, d: 8	The treasury cash account for May 1747, creditor side, closing the balance coin by coin. Cash, per contra, creditor 31 May, by sundry accounts advanced the paymaster this month, £72 18s 0d By balance remaining in the following species: 1 piece gold, weight 13 dwt 14 gr at £3 18s 3d, £1 0s 0d 41 pieces gold, weight 3 oz 9 dwt 12 gr at £3 18s, £46 1s 8.5d 41 pieces gold, weight 3 oz 9 dwt 12 gr, £13 11s 0.5d 3,259 pagodas at 8s, £1,303 12s 0d 4 gubbers at 6s, £1 4s 0d 5 Venetians at 10s, £2 10s 0d Gold amounting to, £1,366 18s 9d 5,630.25 dollars at 5s, £1,407 11s 3d 574.75 rupees at 2s 3d, £64 13s 2.25d 275 half dollars at 2s 6d, £34 7s 6d 462 double reals at 1s 3d, £28 17s 6d 7 reals at 7.5d, £0 4s 4.5d 4,515 half reals at 3.75d, £70 10s 11.25d 441 French pieces at 2d, £3 13s 6d odd money, £0 11s 1.5d money not current, £0 19s 6.5d Silver amounting to, £1,611 8s 11d 146 cash notes at 40, £292 0s 0d 161 cash notes at 20, £161 0s 0d 259 cash notes at 5, £64 15s 0d 160 cash notes at 2s 6d, £20 0s 0d Cash notes amounting to, £537 15s 0d Total balance, £3,516 2s 8d Total, £3,590 0s 8d Interpretations The treasury swelled through May to £3,590 against £2,536 at the end of April, the growth driven almost wholly by the two bills drawn on the Court and the planters' payments through Goodwin, so the incoming shipping and the season's rents together lifted the cash by more than a thousand pounds in the month. The pagodas alone rose from 1,259 to 3,259, more than doubling the Indian gold in the chest, which points to a large receipt of pagodas from the season's homeward ships converting their specie into bills. The cash notes are here broken into their denominations for the first time in this run, 146 at forty shillings, 161 at twenty, 259 at five and 160 at half a crown, which shows the Company's paper circulating in fixed values from half a crown upward, a graded currency of the island's own that stretched the scarce silver by passing debts from hand to hand. The distinction of odd money and money not current from the good silver marks the worn, clipped and unpassable coin carried in the count at a token figure, the treasury separating what could be spent at the going rate from the residue that could not.
390	400	23d June At a Consultation held on Tuesday the 23 day of June 1747 At the Castle Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Govr Lieut John Clark Robt Wright of Council The last Consultation was Read Approved & Signd Thursday 11 Sailed the Lekkerland & Thof Duno for Europe by whom we sent a Letter to the Honble Company Three Soldiers belonging to the Garison viz Robert Hayes Thomas Fox and John Vanosten were Missing and as we Suppose got on Board the Aforesaid Ships Fryday 12th Messrs John Godwin Francis Wrangham Senr and Gabriel Harper paid into the Honble Companys Cash here the Sum of five hundred & four Pounds Seven Shillings & nine Pence for which we gave Bills of Exchange on the Honble Court of Directors dated this Day payable to them or their Order Ninety Days after Sight Mr Joshua Twynam also paid into the Honble Companys Cash the Sum of Eighty Pounds for which we gave Bills on the Honble Court of Directors dated this day payable to them or their Order Ninety Days after sight Saturday 13th The Attorneys of Capt Francise Steward Paid into the Honble Companys Cash here the Sum of four Hundred & fifteen Pounds for which we gave Bills on the Honble Court of Directors dated this Day payable to Capt Francis Steward or Order Ninety days after Sight Sailed	At a consultation held on Tuesday 23 June 1747 at the castle, Governor Charles Hutchinson was present, with Lieutenant John Clarke and Robert Wright of the council. The last consultation was read, approved and signed. On Thursday 11 June the Lekkerland and the Tholen sailed for Europe, by whom the council sent a letter to the Honourable Company. Three soldiers belonging to the garrison, Robert Hayes, Thomas Fox and John Vanoslin, were missing, and the council supposed they had got aboard those ships. On Friday 12 June John Goodwin, Francis Wrangham junior and Gabriel Harper paid into the Honourable Company's cash the sum of £504 7s 9d, for which the council gave bills of exchange on the Honourable Court of Directors dated that day, payable to them or their order ninety days after sight. Joshua Twopany also paid into the Honourable Company's cash the sum of £80 0s 0d, for which the council gave bills on the Honourable Court of Directors dated that day, payable to him or his order ninety days after sight. On Saturday 13 June the attorneys of Captain Francis Steward paid into the Honourable Company's cash the sum of £415 0s 0d, for which the council gave bills on the Honourable Court of Directors dated that day, payable to Captain Francis Steward or order ninety days after sight. Interpretations The three soldiers who went missing as the Lekkerland and Tholen sailed were reckoned to have deserted aboard the departing Dutch ships, which shows how a crowded road drained the garrison, the foreign vessels offering men a passage off the island that the council could neither prevent nor pursue once they were at sea. Desertion to outbound shipping ran as a constant loss through the record, each departure carrying the risk of soldiers slipping away. The run of payments into the cash against bills on the Court, above nine hundred pounds in the three entries, shows the treasury drawing in specie hard as the season's shipping lay in the road, private holders and departing officers converting their coin into paper drafts on the Company in London. That the money came from planters, a factor and a captain's attorneys together marks the bills as the island's general means of remitting money home, every man with silver to send exchanging it for a claim payable in England after ninety days.
391	401	1747 Sailed the Freeden the Sweed Ship for Europe by whom we Sent a Letter to the Honble Company Monday 15th William Monson Esqr paid into the Honble Companys Cash here the Sum of one hundred Pounds for which we gave him Bills on the Honble the Court of Directors dated this Day payable to Himself or Order Ninety Days after Sight Tuesday 16th Capt George Lindsay Applyed to us for Sixty pounds which we Advanced Him and took his Bills for the Same Drawn on Thomas Lokyer Esqr payable to the Honble Court of Directors dated this day payable to himself or Order Ninety days after sight Sailed the Walpole Capt Lowe the Somerset Capt Tolson the London Captain Sedgwick the Augusta Captain Parker and the Pelham Captain Lindsay By the Walpole and Somerset we sent Coppys & Duplicates of our Annual Advices to England Wednesday 17th Died John Long a Soldier There being Some Money in the Honble Companys Cash belonging to the Orphans of John Bradley diceased which lyes dead without Intrest we this day lent out Seventy Pounds of the Same to Mr Robert Wright at his Desire He giveing Seven and a Quarter Acres of Land in Sandy Bay for Security and paying after the Rate of five pounds pCent pAnnu Intrest We Signed the Renewal of a new life in a Lease on Lives to Mr Samuel Doveton Petitioned for in Consultation of 26 May last by inserting the Name of Margaret Doveton in the Room of Mary Doveton diceased and Received the fine for the Same Elizabeth Soet Wife & Executrix of John Soet diceased produced his last Will and Testament desireing the Same might be proved which was done on the Oaths of Thomas Willingham and John Leech junr the Subscribing Witnesses thereto The Will is as follows Vizt	The Freeden, the Swedish ship, sailed for Europe, by whom the council sent a letter to the Honourable Company. On Monday 15 June William Monson paid into the Honourable Company's cash the sum of £100 0s 0d, for which the council gave him bills on the Honourable Court of Directors dated that day, payable to himself or order ninety days after sight. On Tuesday 16 June Captain George Lindsay applied to the council for £60 0s 0d, which the council advanced him, taking his bills for the same drawn on Thomas Lockyer, payable to the Honourable Court of Directors and dated that day, payable to himself or order ninety days after sight. The Walpole (Captain Lowe), the Somerset (Captain Jobson), the London (Captain Sedgwick), the Augusta (Captain Parker) and the Pelham (Captain Lindsay) sailed. By the Walpole and the Somerset the council sent copies and duplicates of its annual advices to England. On Wednesday 17 June John Long, a soldier, died. There being some money in the Honourable Company's cash belonging to the orphans of John Bradley deceased which lay idle without interest, the council this day lent out £70 0s 0d of it to Robert Wright at his desire, he giving seven and a quarter acres of land in Sandy Bay for security and paying after the rate of five per cent per annum interest. The council signed the renewal of a life in a lease on lives to Samuel Doveton, petitioned for in the consultation of 26 May, by entering the name of Margaret Doveton in the room of Mary Doveton deceased, and received the fine for the same. Elizabeth Seat, wife and executrix of John Seat deceased, produced his last will and testament and asked that it be proved, which was done on the oaths of Thomas Willingham and John Leech junior, the subscribing witnesses. The will followed. Interpretations The council put the Bradley orphans' idle money to work by lending it to Robert Wright at five per cent on the security of seven and a quarter acres at Sandy Bay, which shows the board acting as an investing trustee, turning a dead fund into an income for the children while the land stood as surety against loss. The scarcity of any other outlet for money on the island made such a private loan the natural means of making an orphan's inheritance grow, the same want of interest that had prompted the Worrall petition of 2 June 1747. The renewal of the Doveton lease by entering Margaret in the room of the dead Mary, and the taking of a fine for it, completes the lives-lease transaction petitioned for on 26 May 1747, the fine being the sum paid to the Company for adding a fresh life, so that the holding renewed itself against the death of a nominee at a price. The proving of John Seat's will on the oaths of its subscribing witnesses was the council acting as a probate court, establishing the validity of the will by the sworn testimony of those who had witnessed the testator sign it.
392	402	23d June In the Name of God Amen this fourteenth Day of December in the Year of Our Lord God One Thousand seven Hundred and Forty Six I John Scott of the Island St Helena being Sick and Weak of Body but of Sound & perfect Mind and Memory (thanks to Almighty God) do make and Appoint this and no other to be my last Will and Testament in manner and form as followeth. first and Principally I give and Recommend my Soul into the Hands of Almighty God, My Body to the Earth to be Buried in a Christian Like and Decent Manner My Wordsly Goods wherewith God has Blessed Me with I give Desire and Dispose of as followeth Imprimis After my Debts are fully paid and Satisfied. I give the one third part of my Estate to my Wilbeloved Wife to be at her disposal and do also Appoint Her whole and sole Executrix to this my Will Item I give at the Decease of my Wife that Parcel of Land which I now Lease of the Honble Company called the Green Hill to the two Daughters of my Wife by her former Husband Joseph Harding Item All the rest and Remaining part of my Estate I give to be Equally divided between my two beloved Children John and Elizabeth at Age or Marriage Excepting my Dwelling House in James Valley which I leave in the possession of my Wife during her natural Life and at Her Decease the two thirds thereof to be Equally divided between my two before Mentioned Children Disannulling all former Wills by the made Ratiffying and Confirming this and no other to be my last Will and Testament Signed Sealed and declared to be the last Will of him the said John Scott in the Presence of us (Signd) Thos Willingham John Leech Junr (Signd) John Scott We this day Received of Mrs Francis Tunge the Sum of one Hundred Pounds in part of Discharge of his Debt to the late Governour Goodwin	John Seat made his will on 14 December 1746. Being sick and weak in body but of sound mind, he committed his soul to God and directed his body to be buried in a Christian and decent manner. After his debts were paid, he left one third of his estate to his wife, to be at her disposal, and appointed her sole executrix of the will. At his wife's death he left the parcel of land now held on lease from the Honourable Company, called the Green Hill, to the two daughters of his wife by her former husband Joseph Harding. All the rest of his estate he left to be divided equally between his two children John and Elizabeth at age or marriage, excepting his dwelling house in James Valley, which he left in his wife's possession for her life, and at her death the remaining two thirds of it to be divided equally between his two children. He annulled all former wills. The will was signed, sealed and declared as his last will in the presence of Thomas Willingham and John Leech junior, the subscribing witnesses. The council this day received of Francis Funge the sum of £100 0s 0d in part discharge of his debt to the late Governor Goodwin. Interpretations The will treats the leasehold Green Hill and the freehold dwelling house differently, the leasehold passing to the wife's daughters by her first marriage and the freehold reserved to Seat's own two children, which shows a man dividing his property along the lines of blood and tenure at once, keeping the inheritable freehold in his own line while settling the Company's leasehold on his stepdaughters. The reservation of the house to the widow for life, with the reversion to the children, was the customary provision that secured a widow's dwelling without breaking the descent of the property. The payment by Francis Funge of £100 toward his debt to the late Governor Goodwin ties to the winding-up of Goodwin's estate pursued through the spring, the debtors called in by advertisement of 24 March 1747 and their payments gathered against the estate, this instalment one of the recoverable sums the council was collecting on the dead governor's behalf.
393	403	1747 Mr Rich Gurling the Overseer informed Us that the Honble Companys Yams that are of a proper Growth to be digg will not last longer than for two Weeks Provisions for their Blacks &c whereupon We published the following Advertisement Vizt Island St Helena 23d June 1747 This is to give Notice that all Persons that have any Yams fit to digg or that will be so at any time within these three Months are desired to deliver into the Secretarys Office on or before Saturday the 27th Instant an Account of what Quantitys they can Spare and at what times & what price p Thousand Pound The Honble Companys Slaves to digg and fetch them away We this day paid Roger Nevanson five Pounds and five Shillings for Enlisting to Serve the Honble Company five Years Nathan Sample petitioned for Liberty to Assign his Lease for Ground Jn James's Valley to Matthew Mudge Granted At a Consultation Held on Tuesday the 30 day of June 1747 At the Castle Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Govr Lt John Clarke Robt Wright of Council The last Consultation was Read Approved and Signed Wednesday 24 Died Edward Bagley Serjeant Fryday 26 Died James Son of James Pritchard Gunners Mate Pursuant	Richard Gurling, the overseer, informed the council that the Honourable Company's yams of a proper growth to be dug would last no longer than two weeks as provisions for the slaves, and the council published the following advertisement in answer. The advertisement, dated at St Helena, 23 June 1747, gave notice that all persons who had any yams fit to dig, or who would have them so at any time within the next three months, were asked to deliver into the secretary's office on or before Saturday 27 June an account of what quantities they could spare, at what times and at what price the thousand pound, the Company's slaves to dig and fetch them away. The council this day paid Roger Nevanson £5 5s 0d for enlisting to serve the Honourable Company five years. Nathan Sample petitioned for leave to assign his lease for ground in James Valley to Matthew Mudge, which was granted. At a consultation held on Tuesday 30 June 1747 at the castle, Governor Charles Hutchinson was present, with Lieutenant John Clarke and Robert Wright of the council. The last consultation was read, approved and signed. On Wednesday 24 June Edward Bagley, a sergeant, died. On Friday 26 June James, son of James Pritchard, gunner, died. Interpretations The advertisement for yams marks the drought at its most pressing, the overseer's warning that the Company's own crop would fail within two weeks forcing the board to canvass the whole island for whatever roots the planters could spare, priced by the thousand pound and dug by the Company's own slaves. This ties to the mounting food crisis of the spring, the same failure of the plantations that had driven the council to buy yams on 2 June 1747, now met by a public call for supply three months ahead against the continuing dearth. The Company offered to send its own slaves to dig and fetch the yams away, which shifted the labour of harvest onto the buyer and left the planters only to name a quantity and a price, an arrangement that would draw out supply from growers unwilling or unable to dig for themselves. Nevanson's payment for enlisting sits oddly beside his role as market steward, the same man taking the Company's bounty to serve five years as a soldier while managing its market, which shows how the small establishment doubled its few men across several offices at once.
394	404	30th June 1747 Pursuant to the Advertizment Published last Consultation day we have Received the Severall Accounts from the Planters Mentioning the Quantitys of Yam they would Sell the Honble Company and the Prices they Demand for the Same which we could not prevail on them to lower and therefore was Obliged to take them as follows Vizt From Messr Saml Doveton 10000 lb of Yam a £1 10s p 1000 lb Fredk Wrangham 70000 lb Do a Do Thoms Greentree 12000 lb Do Do James Greentree 10000 lb Do Do Richard Goodwin 10000 lb Do Do Joseph Desfountain 5000 lb Do Do James Powell 15000 lb Do Do Mary Seale 8000 lb Do a 25s p 1000 John Twaits 4000 lb Do a Do Francis Tunge 10000 lb Do a Do Martin Harper 400 lb Do pWick a Do There being no Batavia Arrack in the Honble Companys Stores and the Goa Arrack there not being above one third so Strong and on that Account not Sufficient to Serve the Table We Agreed to Borrow Eighty Gallons of Mr Saml Doveton (who offered to lend the Same) and to Repay Him the like Quantity of Arrack that shall be Brought hither on the Honble Companys Account	In answer to the advertisement published the last consultation day, the council received the several accounts from the planters stating the quantities of yam they would sell the Honourable Company and the prices they demanded, which the council could not prevail on them to lower and was therefore obliged to take as follows. Samuel Doveton, 10,000 lb of yam at £1 10s 0d the thousand pound Francis Wrangham, 70,000 lb at £1 10s 0d the thousand pound Thomas Greentree, 12,000 lb at £1 10s 0d the thousand pound James Greentree, 10,000 lb at £1 10s 0d the thousand pound Richard Goodwin, 10,000 lb at £1 10s 0d the thousand pound Joseph Desfountain, 5,000 lb at £1 10s 0d the thousand pound James Powell, 15,000 lb at £1 10s 0d the thousand pound Mary Seale, 8,000 lb at £1 5s 0d the thousand pound John Twaits, 4,000 lb at £1 5s 0d the thousand pound Francis Funge, 10,000 lb at £1 5s 0d the thousand pound Martin Harper, 400 lb a week at £1 5s 0d the thousand pound There being no Batavia arrack in the Honourable Company's stores, and the Goa arrack there not being above one third as strong and so not sufficient to serve the table, the council agreed to borrow eighty gallons from Samuel Doveton, who offered to lend it, and to repay him the like quantity of arrack that should be brought to the island on the Honourable Company's account. Interpretations The planters held their price against the council, which could not prevail on them to lower it and was obliged to buy at the rate they set, which shows the balance of power tilting to the growers in a season of dearth, the Company forced to take yams at £1 10s the thousand pound from the larger sellers where its own failed crop left it no alternative. This is the same leverage the planters had exercised over the market supply the previous autumn, the drought handing them the whip hand over a Company that could neither grow nor compel its food. The two tiers of price, £1 10s from most sellers and £1 5s from a few, probably reflect the timing or quality of the yams offered rather than any concession, the cheaper roots perhaps those promised for later in the three-month window. Francis Wrangham's 70,000 lb dwarfs every other offer, marking him again as much the largest planter on the island, his single contribution near half the whole quantity the council gathered. The borrowing of eighty gallons of arrack from Doveton, to be repaid in kind from the next Company shipment, shows the island meeting a shortage in the stores by a loan from a private stock against future supply, the Goa arrack on hand too weak to serve the table where the stronger Batavia was wanting. This barter of like for like, spirit now against spirit later, was the natural recourse where coin was short and the next ship uncertain. Speculations The council chose to buy in yams at the planters' own price rather than hold out for a lower rate or fall back on cutting the slaves' ration, and the record shows exactly why the easy course was closed, the growers would not lower their demand and the Company's own crop would fail within a fortnight. The board might have refused the price and pressed the planters as it had done in the market dispute of the previous autumn, but with the slaves' food two weeks from running out it had no time to bargain and took the yams as offered. The purchase held because the alternative was to starve the labour force on which every plantation and fortification depended in the middle of the war works and the shipping season, so the council paid the planters' terms in full, its usual readiness to fight the growers over price giving way to the plain necessity of keeping its slaves fed.
395	405	1747 At a Consultation Held on Tuesday 7th Day of July 1747 At the Castle Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governeur Lt John Clarke Robt Wright of Council The last Consultation was read Approved and Signed Wednesday 1 Died John Desfountain Planter Saturday 4 Died Joseph Son of Joseph Whaley Planter Published the following Advertizement Vizt This is to give Notice That on Thursday next the 9th Instant will be Sold to the best Bidder for ready Money only in James Valley Severall Horses belonging to the Honble Company The Executors of John Desfountaine deceased produced his last Will and Testament desireing the Same might be proved which was done on the Oaths of Matthew Beart Francis Hayes & James Long the Subscribing Witnesses thereto the Will is as follows Vizt In the Name of God Amen I John Desfountain Lieutenant in the Honble Companies Service at St Helena being Sick and Weak of Body but of Sound and Perfect Mind and Memory Do make and Ordain this my last Will and Testament in Manner and form following that is to Say my Soul I recommend to the Mercy of Almighty God my Body Committ to the Earth to be Buried in a Decent Manner and my Wordly Estate I dispose of as follows Imprimis I will and Bequeath unto my Well Beloved Sons John Desfountain and Samuel Desfountain Forty Acres of Freehold Land formerly Mr Pipin Wills with the Plantation and Houses thereon Standing to be Equally Divided between them when they shall Severally Arrive to the Age of Twenty one Years or Marriage but in Case of the Decease of Either of them before which shall first happen then	At a consultation held on Tuesday 7 July 1747 at the castle, Governor Charles Hutchinson was present, with Lieutenant John Clarke and Robert Wright of the council. The last consultation was read, approved and signed. On Wednesday 1 July John Desfountain, a planter, died. On Saturday 4 July Joseph, son of Joseph Whaley, planter, died. The council published an advertisement giving notice that on Thursday next, 9 July, several horses belonging to the Honourable Company would be sold to the best bidder for ready money only in James Valley. The executors of John Desfountain deceased produced his last will and testament and asked that it be proved, which was done on the oaths of Matthew Beale, Francis Hayes and James Long, the subscribing witnesses. The will followed. John Desfountain, lieutenant in the Honourable Company's service at St Helena, made his will while sick and weak in body but of sound mind. He committed his soul to God and directed his body to be buried in a decent manner. He left to his two sons John and Samuel Desfountain forty acres of freehold land formerly held by Pipin Wills, together with the plantation and houses standing on it, to be divided equally between them when they should reach the age of twenty-one years or marriage. Should either of them die before that time, [...] Interpretations The forty acres left to the Desfountain sons is described as freehold formerly held by Pipin Wills, which fixes the land's title through its previous owner, a common way of identifying a plantation on an island where holdings passed by name from hand to hand. The bequest tied to reaching twenty-one or marriage, with survivorship if a son died first, was the standard settlement that kept the freehold in the family line and guarded against a minor's early death breaking the descent. The sale of the Company's horses for ready money only in James Valley shows the board disposing of surplus stock by public auction, the horses probably among the beasts the drought had made costly to keep when the pastures failed, turned to cash rather than fed through a season of scarcity. This ties to the dry weather running through the spring and summer, the same want of grass that had driven the Company to buy plantain trees and yams now prompting it to shed the animals it could spare.
396	406	7th July I Bequeath the said Forty Acres of Land Houses and Plantation to the Survivour of them without being Accountable to any Person whatever for any part thereof Item I Will and Bequeath unto my two Daughters Ann and Rebecca the Entire Provisions or Yams Groweing on my Lands Exclusive of what is standing in the Lands formerly Pipin Wills to be set apart for their Use Immediately after my Decease and that the said Yams or Plantations be continued on the said Land untill my Youngest Son shall Arrive to the Age of Twenty one Years and that the Produce thereof during the time aforesaid be divided Equally between my said Two Daughters and Direct that no part of this Plantation be Recktoned or Deemed as part of their Share of my Personal Estate and when my Youngest Son shall Arrive to the Years aforesaid then the said Land to be Disposed of as I shall hereafter Appoint Item To My Brother Joseph Desfountain I give the Sum of Forty Shillings for a Mourning Ring and also one Acre and one Eighth part of an Acre of Leasehold Land that was formerly my Father in Laws Mr Isaac Weeks Item My Dwelling House in Chapple Valley I give the Refusal of to my Eldest Son John when my Daughter Ann shall Arrive to the Age of Twenty one Years he paying to Each of my Daughters for the Same the Sum of thirty pounds but if he should decline the said purchase then I give the Refusal to my Son Samuel on paying the Sum Aforesaid and in Case he also should Refuse to purchase the Same then Direct that the said House be Equally divided between my said two Daughters and that the same be set a part from the time of my Youngest Son Arriving to Twenty one Years to the Time my Eldest Son is Ramitled to the purchase thereof for the Use and Sole Benefit of my said two Daughters and that neither the House or the Profits thereof be deemed as part of their share of My Estate and in Case of the decease of Either of them before Age or Marriage then the Survivour of them to Enjoy to Enjoy the deceaseds part but if they shall both Die before Age or Marriage aforesaid I Bequeath the said House Equally between my said two Sons Item	Should either son die before that time, John Desfountain left the forty acres of land, houses and plantation to the survivor of them, without being accountable to any person for any part of it. He left to his two daughters Ann and Rebecca the entire provisions or yams growing on his lands, except what stood on the land formerly held by Pipin Wills, to be set apart for their use immediately after his death. The yams or plantations were to be continued on the land until his youngest son should reach the age of twenty-one years, the produce during that time to be divided equally between the two daughters. No part of the plantation was to be counted as part of their share of his personal estate, and when the youngest son reached that age the land was to be disposed of as Desfountain should later appoint. To his brother Joseph Desfountain he left the sum of £2 0s 0d for a mourning ring, together with one acre and one eighth of an acre of leasehold land formerly held by his father-in-law Isaac Weeks. He left the disposal of his dwelling house in Chapel Valley to his eldest son John when his daughter Ann should reach the age of twenty-one years, on paying each of his daughters £30 0s 0d for it. Should John decline the purchase, Desfountain left the disposal to his son Samuel on paying the same sum, and should Samuel also refuse, he directed that the house be divided equally between the two daughters, and that it be set apart from the time his youngest son reached twenty-one to the time his eldest son was admitted to the purchase, for the use and sole benefit of the two daughters. Neither the house nor its profits were to be counted as part of their share of his estate. Should either daughter die before age or marriage, the survivor was to enjoy the deceased's part, and should both die before age or marriage, he left the house to be divided equally between his two sons. Interpretations The will carefully separates the produce of the land from the land itself, granting the daughters the yams growing on the plantation as an income while reserving the freehold for the sons, so that the girls drew the fruit of the ground during the sons' minority without gaining any claim on the land, which would pass entire to the male line. This device, keeping the daughters maintained from the crop while the freehold descended to the sons, shows a planter providing for all his children out of a single estate without dividing the inheritable land among them. The dwelling house was offered first to the eldest son and then to the second at a fixed price of £30 to each daughter, a right of pre-emption that let a son take the family house by buying out his sisters' interest, and only if both declined did the house fall to the daughters. The mourning ring left to the brother, valued at £2, was the customary bequest by which a testator gave a small sum for a keepsake ring worn in memory of the dead, a fixed social observance the will set down alongside the substantial gifts of land.
397	407	1747 Item I Will and Bequeath all my other Lands both Freehold and Leasehold and my Dwelling House in the Country unto my said Sons John and Samuel to be Equally divided between them when they come to the Age of Twenty one Years or Marriage they paying to my Daughters Ann & Rebecca an Equal proportion or Dividend at Valuation by two Indifferent Men Item I give and Bequeath unto my Son John one Black Girl named Mercey me Gold Dollor one Gold Ring with a Motto (viz this you are Remember me) one Silver Salver Four Silver Spoons and one Silver Snuff Box not to be Valued to him Item I give and Bequeath unto my Son Samuel One black Girl named Patt one Gold Rupee one Guinea one Gold Ring with a Stone in it one plain Ring and three Silver Spoons not to be Valued to him Item I give and Bequeath unto my Daughter Ann one Black Girle named Peg one Silver Mugg three Silver Spoons two Gold Rings that was her Mothers Two Guineas and the Sum of five pounds not to be Valued to her Item I give and Bequeath unto my Daughter Rebecca one black Girl named Ellen Three Silver Spoons two Gold Rings that was her Mothers two Guineas and the Sum of five Pounds not to be Valued to her. If Either of my Sons Should die before they come to Age or Marriage the Survivour of them to Enjoy the others Legacy and also if Either of my Daughters should die before Age or Marriage the other to Enjoy the deceaseds Legacy Item I Will and Bequeath unto my Nephew William Desfountain Twenty Shillings and one Heifer Item I Will and Bequeath unto my Nephew William Seale Twenty Shillings and one Heifer Item I Will and Bequeath unto my Brother in Law Samuel Doveton Forty Shillings to buy him a Ring Item My Personal Estate as Yet not Bequeathed I give to my Beloved Children namely John, Samuel, Ann, and Rebecca to be Equally divided between them when they shall Severally Attain to the Age of Twenty one Years or Marriage Item To my Sister Marthea Long I give a Room in my Dwelling House in Chapple Valley	John Desfountain left all his other lands, both freehold and leasehold, together with his dwelling house in the country, to his two sons John and Samuel, to be divided equally between them when they reached the age of twenty-one years or marriage, they paying his daughters Ann and Rebecca an equal proportion at a valuation made by two indifferent men. To his son John he left a slave girl named Mercy, one gold dollar, one gold ring with a motto reading remember me, one silver salver, four silver spoons and one silver snuff box, none to be valued to him. To his son Samuel he left a slave girl named Patt, one gold rupee, one guinea, one gold ring with a stone in it, one plain ring and three silver spoons, none to be valued to him. To his daughter Ann he left a slave girl named Peg, one silver mug, three silver spoons, two gold rings that were her mother's, two guineas and the sum of £5 0s 0d, none to be valued to her. To his daughter Rebecca he left a slave girl named Ellen, three silver spoons, two gold rings that were her mother's, two guineas and the sum of £5 0s 0d, none to be valued to her. Should either of his sons die before age or marriage, the survivor was to enjoy the other's legacy, and likewise if either of his daughters should die before age or marriage, the other was to enjoy the deceased's legacy. To his nephew William Desfountain he left £1 0s 0d and one heifer. To his nephew William Seale he left £1 0s 0d and one heifer. To his brother-in-law Samuel Doveton he left £2 0s 0d to buy him a ring. His personal estate not yet bequeathed he left to his children John, Samuel, Ann and Rebecca, to be divided equally between them when they reached the age of twenty-one years or marriage. To his sister Martha Long he left a room in his dwelling house in Chapel Valley [...] Interpretations The four slave girls, Mercy, Patt, Peg and Ellen, are bequeathed one to each of the four children as items of property alongside the plate and the rings, which shows the ordinary place of slaves in a planter's estate, passed by will like silver spoons and reckoned among the personal goods a man left to his heirs. That each child received a named girl marks the domestic slaves as a fixed part of the household's wealth, distributed as evenly as the money and the jewellery. The direction that the legacies were not to be valued to the children meant these gifts were to pass over and above each child's equal share of the estate, not set against it, so the slaves, plate and rings came to them free of any accounting when the residue was divided. The heifers left to the two nephews reflect the same currency of livestock that ran through the island's small bequests, a beast being a natural gift where cattle were the measure of a planter's substance, and the mourning rings to the brother-in-law and others the customary keepsakes of a death.
398	408	7th July Valley untill my Son Samuel shall come of Age and longer if my Executors shall think proper and I direct that she be Maintained at the Discrehon of my Executors out of my Estate untill my Youngest Son shall Arrive at Age Aforesaid and afterwards I desire that as my Sons have the greatest part of my Estate they will continue to Assist in like manner as my Executors thought fit to Allow Her out of my whole Estate and in Case my Executors shall not think it Convenient to Suffer my Sr Sister to continue longer in my House at the Fort then the Time prefixed then I direct that She be Accomodated with a Room in one of my Houses in the Country while she Remains a Weddow and no longer and with this Restriction that she shall not let or dispose of the same in any Shape or manner whatever Lastly I do hereby Nominate and Appoint My Beloved Friends Samuel Doveton and Joseph Desfountain and my two Sons John & Samuel Desfountain when they Arive to the Age of Nincteen to be Executors to this my last Will and Testament hereby Revoking and making Void all Wills by me heretofore made Confirming this and no other to be my last Will and Testament Jn Witness whereof I have set my Hand Seale this fourteenth Day of January One thousand Seven hundred and Forty four five Signed Sealed and Declared as the last Will of the Testator in the presence of (Signed) Jno Desfountain Memd The Words out of my Estate being Interlined before the Signing and Sealing (Signed) M Bazett Francis Hayes James Long The following Codicil was Adjoyned to the Above Will and proved on the Oaths of the Subscribing Witnesses Vizt In the Name of God Amen I John Desfountain of the Island St Helena having made my last Will and Testament Bearing Date the fourteenth day of January one Thousand Seven Hundred and Forty four five I hereby direct and Appoint that this Codicil shall be taken and Deemed as part	John Desfountain left his sister Martha Long a room in his dwelling house in Chapel Valley until his son Samuel should come of age, and longer if his executors thought proper, directing that she be maintained at their discretion out of his estate until his youngest son reached that age. Afterwards, since his sons would have the greatest part of his estate, he hoped they would continue to keep her in the same manner as his executors had thought fit, out of his whole estate. Should his executors not think it convenient to let his sister continue in his house at the fort beyond the time set, he directed that she be given a room in one of his houses in the country while she remained a widow and no longer, on the condition that she should not let or dispose of it in any manner whatever. Lastly, he named his friends Samuel Doveton and Joseph Desfountain, together with his two sons John and Samuel Desfountain when they reached the age of nineteen, as executors of his will. He annulled all former wills. The will was signed, sealed and declared as his last will on 14 January 1745, in the presence of Matthew Bazett, Francis Hayes and James Long, the subscribing witnesses, with a memorandum that the words out of my estate had been interlined before signing. A codicil was added to the will and proved on the oaths of the subscribing witnesses. John Desfountain of the island of St Helena, having made his will bearing date 14 January 1745, directed that the codicil should be taken as part [...] Interpretations The maintenance of the widowed sister turns on a condition of continuing widowhood, her right to a room lasting only while she remained a widow and forbidden to be let or assigned, which shows the testator securing a home for his sister while she needed it without letting the provision become a saleable interest that might pass out of the family. The distinction between the house at the fort and the houses in the country marks Desfountain as a man of several dwellings, his sister to be lodged wherever the executors found convenient. The appointment of the two sons as executors only on reaching nineteen, two years short of their majority at twenty-one, shows the testator bringing his heirs into the management of the estate before they took full possession, so that they learned its affairs under the two adult executors before the property itself came to them. The interlineation of the words out of my estate, formally noted before signing, was the careful practice by which any alteration to a will was acknowledged on its face so that it could not later be challenged as a fraudulent insertion.
399	409	1747 Part of my said Last Will and Testament and whereas in the Second Paragraph of my said Will I have given unto my Wellbeloved Daughters a Plantation of Yams to be set a part for their Proper Use and Benefit &c The which said Paragraph I disannul and make Void and Instead thereof I give to my said two Daughters Ann and Rebecca the Sum of one hundred pounds to be set apart soon after my Decease (which I leave to the disicretion of my Executors) and the same to be Put to Intrest if they have an Oppertunity which principal and Intrest to be Equally divided between my said two Daughters as they shall come to Age or Marriage and not to be Reckoned as their proper Share or proportion of my Estate and in Case of the Death of Either that the Survivour to Enjoy the whole to which I have hereunto set my hand and Seal this Thirty first day of January One Thousand Seven Hundred and forty five Six Signed Sealed & Declared in the presence of us (Signd) Jno Desfountain Roger Nevin Sen (Signd) Richd Beale There being only Ninety two Mens Jacketts and Breeches with what came by the Grantham and remained of those sent the last Year which together were not Sufficient by twenty Suits to Cloath all the Men Slaves We Ordered that Number to be made out of the Kersey in the Stores At a Consultation Held on Tuesday the 14 day of July 1747 At the Castle Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governeur Lt John Clarke Robt Wright of Council The last Consultation was Read Approved & Signed Thursday	The codicil was to be taken as part of his last will. In the second paragraph of the will Desfountain had left his daughters a plantation of yams to be set apart for their use. He now annulled that paragraph, and in its place left his two daughters Ann and Rebecca the sum of £100 0s 0d to be set apart soon after his death, at the discretion of his executors, and put out to interest if there was an opportunity, the principal and interest to be divided equally between the two daughters as they came to age or marriage. This sum was not to be reckoned as part of their share of his estate, and should either daughter die, the survivor was to enjoy the whole. The codicil was signed and sealed on 31 January 1745, in the presence of Roger Nevanson and Richard Beale, the subscribing witnesses. There being only ninety-two men's jackets and breeches, counting what came by the Grantham and what remained of those sent the previous year, which together fell twenty suits short of clothing all the men slaves, the council ordered that number to be made out of the kersey in the stores. At a consultation held on Tuesday 14 July 1747 at the castle, Governor Charles Hutchinson was present, with Lieutenant John Clarke and Robert Wright of the council. The last consultation was read, approved and signed. Interpretations The codicil replaces a bequest of the yam plantation's produce with a fixed sum of £100 put out to interest, which shows the testator, or his second thoughts, preferring to settle a certain money portion on his daughters rather than tie their maintenance to the uncertain yield of a crop that a bad season might fail. The change from produce to invested capital reflects the same scarcity of investment on the island that runs through the record, the money to be lent out only if an opportunity offered, the want of borrowers making even a straightforward settlement conditional. The making up of twenty suits of slave clothing from kersey in the stores shows the island manufacturing to cover a shortfall in the annual clothing shipped from England and India, the imported ninety-two jackets and breeches falling short of the number of men slaves to be clothed. Kersey was a coarse woollen cloth, and its use here to make good the deficiency marks the same small workshop capacity seen in the wool cards and cloth of the Corker account, the settlement cutting and sewing its own garments when the supply from abroad ran short of the slaves it had to clothe.
400	410	14th July Thursday 9 Sold ten of the Honble Companys Horses at publick Auction for Fifty Pounds five Shillings Pursuant to Advertizment of the 4 Instant and Received the Same into Cash Sunday 12 Arrived a Suede Ship from China called the Princefs Royall Louisa Ulrica Capt Treutiger Commander Burthin Six hundred & forty Tons thirty Gunns and one hundred and Twenty Men laden with Tea & Chinaware The Plantation Gunners & Stewards Accounts were brought in for the Month of June last which were Examined & Approved and are as follows Vizt Sundrys Expended Jn the Castle Jn June 1747 Vizt 40 Bottles Port Wine £: 2, s: 19, d: 2 38 Do Lisbon £: 2, s: 16, d: 2½ 1 Do Madera £: 0, s: 2, d: 1 22 Gallon Arrack Goa £: 1, s: 11, d: 2 9 Bottles Strong Beer 30 Do Small £: 0, s: 7, d: 13 20 Sugar £: 0, s: 3, d: 9 40 Candy £: 0, s: 11, d: 8 242 Flower £: 1, s: 10, d: 3 287½ Fresh Beef £: 3, s: 11, d: 9½ 75½ Pork £: 1, s: 17, d: 7½ 76½ Mutton £: 1, s: 11, d: 10½ 6 Turkeys £: 1, s: 10, d: 0 9 Fowles £: 0, s: 13, d: 6 2 Ducks £: 0, s: 3, d: 0 4 Pss Salt Pork £: 0, s: 7, d: 6 6 Veale £: 1, s: 10, d: 0 £: 21, s: 6, d: 8¾ Plantation	On Thursday 9 July the council sold ten of the Honourable Company's horses at public auction for £50 5s 0d, following the advertisement of 7 July, and received the money into the cash. On Sunday 12 July a Swedish ship from China called the Princess Royal Louisa Ulrica (Captain Treutiger, commander, burthen 640 tons, 30 guns and 120 men) arrived, laden with tea and chinaware. The plantation, gunner's and steward's accounts were brought in for the month of June, and after examination and approval were entered as follows. Sundries expended in the castle in June 1747 40 bottles port wine, £2 19s 2d 38 bottles Lisbon wine, £2 16s 2.5d 1 bottle Madeira, £0 2s 1d 22 gallons Goa arrack, £1 11s 2d 9 bottles strong beer, £0 7s 13d 30 bottles small beer, £0 7s 13d 20 lb sugar, £0 3s 9d 40 lb candy, £0 11s 8d 242 lb flour, £1 10s 3d 287.5 lb fresh beef, £3 11s 9.5d 75.5 lb pork, £1 17s 7.5d 76.5 lb mutton, £1 11s 10.5d 6 turkeys, £1 10s 0d 9 fowls, £0 13s 6d 2 ducks, £0 3s 0d 4 pieces salt pork, £0 7s 6d 60 lb veal, £1 10s 0d Total, £21 6s 8.5d Interpretations The sale of ten horses for £50 5s 0d, following the advertisement of 7 July 1747, disposed of surplus animals the drought had made costly to keep, the pastures failing so that beasts not needed for work were better turned to cash than fed through the scarcity. This ties to the dry season running through the spring and summer, the same want of grass that had driven the Company to buy plantain trees and yams now prompting it to shed the stock it could spare. The appearance of veal in the June table account, sixty pounds of it, marks a calf killed for the table, which sits against the heavy loss of calves recorded in the May stock account, the drought carrying off the young cattle in numbers so that the killing of a calf for meat was of a piece with a season in which the herd could not raise its increase. The steady flow of port, Lisbon and Madeira wine, arrack and beer through the castle account shows the governor's table maintained at its usual provision even as the island's food supply came under strain, the drink drawn from stores laid in from the shipping rather than from any failing local source.
401	411	Account of the Honble Companys Stock of Neat Cattle &c for the Month of June 1747 Vizt Bulls, Cows, Calves, Yearlgr, Heifr, Steers, Bullocks, Oxen, Totall, Ewes, Weathers, Lambs, Rams, Totall, Ewes, Weathers, Kids, Rams, Totall, Sows, Barrows, Shoots, Piggs, Bears, Totall, Turkeys, Fowles, Ducks, Geese, Horses, Mares, Totall Remd 1st: Bulls: 4, Cows: 105, Calves: 142, Yearlgr: 24, Heifr: 23, Steers: 9, Bullocks: 6, Oxen: 16, Totall: 329, Ewes: 86, Weathers: 11, Lambs: 121, Rams: 7, Totall: 225, Ewes: 72, Weathers: 4, Kids: 140, Rams: 5, Totall: 221, Sows: 11, Barrows: 18, Shoots: 7, Piggs: 77, Bears: 1, Totall: 114, Turkeys: 8, Fowles: 72, Ducks: 41, Geese: 11, Horses: 12, Mares: 9, Totall: 21 Encreased: Bulls: 0, Cows: 10, Calves: 0, Yearlgr: 0, Heifr: 0, Steers: 0, Bullocks: 0, Oxen: 0, Totall: 10, Ewes: 0, Weathers: 0, Lambs: 16, Rams: 0, Totall: 16, Ewes: 0, Weathers: 0, Kids: 0, Rams: 0, Totall: 0, Sows: 0, Barrows: 0, Shoots: 0, Piggs: 0, Bears: 0, Totall: 0, Turkeys: 7, Fowles: 0, Ducks: 0, Geese: 0, Horses: 0, Mares: 0, Totall: 0 Bulls: 4, Cows: 105, Calves: 152, Yearlgr: 24, Heifr: 23, Steers: 9, Bullocks: 6, Oxen: 16, Totall: 349, Ewes: 86, Weathers: 11, Lambs: 137, Rams: 7, Totall: 241, Ewes: 72, Weathers: 4, Kids: 140, Rams: 5, Totall: 221, Sows: 11, Barrows: 18, Shoots: 7, Piggs: 77, Bears: 1, Totall: 114, Turkeys: 15, Fowles: 72, Ducks: 41, Geese: 11, Horses: 12, Mares: 9, Totall: 21 Killed: Bulls: 0, Cows: 1, Calves: 0, Yearlgr: 6, Heifr: 7, Steers: 3, Bullocks: 0, Oxen: 0, Totall: 17, Ewes: 1, Weathers: 0, Lambs: 0, Rams: 0, Totall: 1, Ewes: 2, Weathers: 1, Kids: 0, Rams: 0, Totall: 3, Sows: 1, Barrows: 0, Shoots: 0, Piggs: 0, Bears: 0, Totall: 1, Turkeys: 6, Fowles: 9, Ducks: 2, Geese: 0, Horses: 0, Mares: 0, Totall: 0 Dyed: Bulls: 0, Cows: 3, Calves: 6, Yearlgr: 3, Heifr: 0, Steers: 0, Bullocks: 0, Oxen: 0, Totall: 12, Ewes: 0, Weathers: 0, Lambs: 0, Rams: 0, Totall: 0, Ewes: 8, Weathers: 0, Kids: 8, Rams: 0, Totall: 16, Sows: 0, Barrows: 1, Shoots: 4, Piggs: 0, Bears: 0, Totall: 5, Turkeys: 1, Fowles: 0, Ducks: 0, Geese: 0, Horses: 1, Mares: 0, Totall: 0 Stole: Bulls: 0, Cows: 0, Calves: 0, Yearlgr: 0, Heifr: 0, Steers: 0, Bullocks: 0, Oxen: 0, Totall: 0, Ewes: 0, Weathers: 0, Lambs: 0, Rams: 0, Totall: 0, Ewes: 0, Weathers: 0, Kids: 0, Rams: 0, Totall: 0, Sows: 0, Barrows: 0, Shoots: 0, Piggs: 0, Bears: 0, Totall: 0, Turkeys: 0, Fowles: 0, Ducks: 0, Geese: 0, Horses: 0, Mares: 0, Totall: 1 Remaining: Bulls: 4, Cows: 102, Calves: 145, Yearlgr: 21, Heifr: 17, Steers: 2, Bullocks: 3, Oxen: 16, Totall: 310, Ewes: 85, Weathers: 11, Lambs: 137, Rams: 7, Totall: 240, Ewes: 63, Weathers: 2, Kids: 131, Rams: 5, Totall: 202, Sows: 11, Barrows: 16, Shoots: 3, Piggs: 77, Bears: 1, Totall: 108, Turkeys: 8, Fowles: 63, Ducks: 38, Geese: 11, Horses: 11, Mares: 9, Totall: 20 6 Beasts Sent to Markett Wt 1309 30 Pork to Do To the Ships Grantham Beef 191 Somerset Do 560 Pelham Do 417 London Do 460 Augusta Do 560 Walpole Do 560 Yams Expended 56000 One Girl born named Nanny (Signed) R R p Rich Gurling Overseer	The account of the Honourable Company's stock of neat cattle and other livestock for the month of June 1747 was set out under six heads. Neat cattle remaining first of the month: bulls 4, cows 105, calves 142, yearlings 24, heifers 23, steers 9, bullocks 6, oxen 16, total 329 Neat cattle increased: calves 10, total 10 Neat cattle killed: cows 1, heifers 6, steers 7, bullocks 3, total 17 Neat cattle died: cows 3, calves 6, yearlings 3, total 12 Neat cattle remaining last of the month: bulls 4, cows 102, calves 145, yearlings 21, heifers 17, steers 2, bullocks 3, oxen 16, total 310 Sheep remaining first of the month: ewes 86, wethers 11, lambs 121, rams 7, total 225 Sheep increased: lambs 16, total 16 Sheep killed: ewes 1, total 1 Sheep died: ewes 8, total 8 Sheep remaining last of the month: ewes 85, wethers 11, lambs 137, rams 7, total 240 Goats remaining first of the month: ewes 72, wethers 4, kids 140, rams 5, total 221 Goats increased: 0 Goats killed: ewes 2, kids 1, total 3 Goats died: ewes 8, kids 8, total 16 Goats remaining last of the month: ewes 63, wethers 2, kids 131, rams 5, total 202 Hogs remaining first of the month: sows 11, brawns 18, sheets 7, pigs 77, boars 1, total 114 Hogs increased: 0 Hogs killed: brawns 1, total 1 Hogs died: brawns 1, sheets 4, total 5 Hogs remaining last of the month: sows 11, brawns 16, sheets 3, pigs 77, boars 1, total 108 Poultry remaining first of the month: turkeys 8, fowls 72, ducks 41, geese 11 Poultry increased: turkeys 7 Poultry killed: turkeys 6, ducks 2 Poultry died: turkeys 1, geese 1 Poultry stole: turkeys 1 Poultry remaining last of the month: turkeys 8, fowls 63, ducks 38, geese 11 Horses remaining first of the month: horses 12, mares 9, total 21 Horses died: horses 1 Horses remaining last of the month: horses 11, mares 9, total 20 The month's disposals and the yams expended stood as follows. 6 beasts sent to market, weight 1,309 lb 30 pieces pork sent to market Beef supplied to the Grantham came to 191 lb, to the Somerset 560 lb, to the Pelham 417 lb, to the London 460 lb, to the Augusta 560 lb and to the Walpole 560 lb. Yams expended, 56,000 lb One girl born, named Nanny The account was signed by Richard Gurling, overseer. Interpretations The deaths across the stock fell sharply from the month before, twelve neat cattle against twenty-nine in May and sixteen goats against fifty-six, which shows the worst of the drought passing, the increase of ten calves and sixteen lambs marking the herd beginning to recover as the pressure of the dry season eased. The poultry too steadied after their near destruction in May, the turkeys holding at eight and the fowls falling only from seventy-two to sixty-three where the previous month had cut them down by more than half. Against this recovery the herd was drawn down hard for the season's shipping, above 2,700 lb of beef supplied to six homeward ships in the month, the Somerset, Augusta and Walpole each taking 560 lb, which shows the crowded road pressing on the Company's cattle even as the stock began to mend. The birth of the slave girl Nanny is entered in the stock account among the beasts born, the same reckoning that recorded the runaway slaves struck off in February, the Company's people numbered on the books alongside its cattle, sheep and hogs. The 56,000 lb of yams expended held exactly level with the two months before, which shows the Company feeding its slaves and garrison at a steady rate through the crisis, drawing on bought roots and reserves where its own crop stood unfit for digging, the purchases of the previous weeks now carrying the establishment as the plantations slowly came back into bearing.
402	412	14 July Gunners Stores Expence in June 1747 The Day of the Month Guns Fired, 6lb, 4lb, 3lb, 2lb, 1lb, Powder Expend 5 Departed the Grantham Capt Willson Guns Fired: 9, 6lb: 0, 4lb: 0, 3lb: 0, 2lb: 9, 1lb: 0, Powder Expend: 9lb 7 Alarm Guns Fired: 6, 6lb: 0, 4lb: 4, 3lb: 0, 2lb: 0, 1lb: 2, Powder Expend: 13lb Do Arrived a Sweed Ship Guns Fired: 16, 6lb: 0, 4lb: 0, 3lb: 0, 2lb: 15, 1lb: 1, Powder Expend: 15½lb 11 Departed the two Dutch Ships Guns Fired: 18, 6lb: 0, 4lb: 0, 3lb: 0, 2lb: 18, 1lb: 0, Powder Expend: 18lb 13 Departed the Sweed Ship Guns Fired: 8, 6lb: 0, 4lb: 0, 3lb: 0, 2lb: 8, 1lb: 0, Powder Expend: 8lb 16 Fired for Governr Dunbar and the Fleets Departure Guns Fired: 35, 6lb: 2, 4lb: 1, 3lb: 1, 2lb: 29, 1lb: 2, Powder Expend: 43lb Powdr Expended for Priming Guns Fired: 0, 6lb: 0, 4lb: 0, 3lb: 0, 2lb: 0, 1lb: 0, Powder Expend: 18lb Powder Delivered to Joseph Long for Shooting for the Table Guns Fired: 0, 6lb: 0, 4lb: 0, 3lb: 0, 2lb: 0, 1lb: 0, Powder Expend: 1½lb Powder to the Funerall of John Long Guns Fired: 0, 6lb: 0, 4lb: 0, 3lb: 0, 2lb: 0, 1lb: 0, Powder Expend: 2¼lb Powder to the Funerall of Edwd Bagley Guns Fired: 0, 6lb: 0, 4lb: 0, 3lb: 0, 2lb: 0, 1lb: 0, Powder Expend: 2¼lb Powder for Signals Guns Fired: 0, 6lb: 0, 4lb: 0, 3lb: 0, 2lb: 0, 1lb: 0, Powder Expend: ¼lb Totall: Guns Fired: 92, 6lb: 2, 4lb: 5, 3lb: 1, 2lb: 79, 1lb: 5, Powder Expend: 130¼lb Match Burnt at Bankes 7 lb Rammer head Spunge Stave and Spunge Head broke at Bankes 1 Each Paper to Make Cartridges at Main Fort 3 qrs paper to fill up the paquet Box 3 qrs Match Burnt at the Main Fort 14 lb Sheep Skins for Coating of Spunges 6 Bills Broke 3 Boodge Barrels broke 2 Lindstocks broke 1 (Signed) Jno French	Gunner's stores expended in June 1747 The columns record, from left to right, guns fired and guns fired by 6-pounders, 4-pounders, 3-pounders, 2-pounders and 1-pounders, with the powder expended in the rightmost column. 5 June, the Grantham (Captain Wilson) departed — guns fired 9, 2-pounders 9, powder 9 lb. 7 June, an alarm — guns fired 6, 4-pounders 4, 1-pounders 2, powder 13 lb 7 June, a Swedish ship arrived — guns fired 16, 2-pounders 15, 1-pounders 1, powder 15.5 lb. 11 June, the two Dutch ships departed — guns fired 18, 2-pounders 18, powder 18 lb 13 June, the Swedish ship departed — guns fired 8, 2-pounders 8, powder 8 lb. 16 June, fired for Governor Dunbar and the fleet's departure — guns fired 35, 6-pounders 2, 4-pounders 1, 3-pounders 1, 2-pounders 29, 1-pounders 2, powder 43 lb Powder expended for priming, powder 18 lb Powder delivered to Joseph Long for shooting for the table, powder 1.5 lb Powder to the funeral of John Long, powder 2.25 lb Powder to the funeral of Edward Bagley, powder 2.25 lb Powder for signals, powder 0.25 lb Total — guns fired 92, 6-pounders 2, 4-pounders 5, 3-pounders 1, 2-pounders 79, 1-pounders 5, powder 130.75 lb Match burnt at Banks's, 7 lb Rammer head, sponge stave and sponge head broke at Banks's, 1 each Paper to make cartridges at the main fort, 3 quires Paper to fill up the packet box, 3 quires Match burnt at the main fort, 14 lb Sheep skins for coating of sponges, 6 Bitts broke, 3 Bandage barrels broke, 2 Limstocks broke, 1 The account was signed by John French. Interpretations The heaviest firing of the month was the thirty-five guns for Governor Dunbar and the fleet's departure on 16 June 1747, the salute marking the late Governor's final leaving of the island aboard the homeward ships, the greatest single discharge in the account and the ceremonial close of the change of government completed in March. The firing sent off both the recalled Governor and the season's fleet together, the Walpole and Somerset among them carrying the annual advices home. Firing fell off sharply from May, 130.75 lb of powder against 366.5 lb, the road emptying as the season's ships departed one after another and the run of alarms subsided, so the month's powder went chiefly on the salutes to departing vessels rather than the constant watch of the month before. The powder delivered to Joseph Long for shooting for the table shows the gunner's stores supplying the small charge for a fowling piece to bring in birds for the governor's kitchen, a domestic use set down among the guns and salutes. The sheep skins bought for coating the sponges were the woolled hides wrapped round the sponge heads used to swab a gun's bore between rounds, and their purchase, with the broken rammer and sponge staves, marks the ordinary maintenance of the firing gear worn by the heavy use of the crowded season. The paper to fill up the packet box was the wrapping and lining for the box in which the settlement's dispatches were sealed for the homeward ships, a small charge tying the gunner's stores to the sending of the annual letters.
403	413	1747 At a Consultation Held on Tuesday the 21 day of July 1747 at the Castle Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governour Lt John Clark Robt Wright of Council The last Consultation was Read Approved and Signed Saturday 18th Sailed the Princefs Royall Louisa Ulrica the Swede Ship for Europe by whom we Sent a Letter to the Honble Company Mr Thomas Greentree Executor of James Ryder Deceased Petitioned for a New Lease for thirty Acres of land in Swanley Valley the Old one being Expired Granted Mr Richard Godwin as Executor to Edmund Nicholls Diceased Petitioned for a New Lease for Ten Acres of land the Old one being Expired Granted The following Petition was Presented Vizt To the Worshipfull Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governour and Council of St Helena The Humble Petition of Jos Worrall Martin Harper One Gurling & John Doveton Sheweth That Your Petitioners Brother Willm Worrall and Ann Worrall his Wife took passage from Bombay on or about the Month of Febr 1745/6 on Board the Prince of Orange Capt George Westcott Junr and it being now near Eighteen Months since and the said Ship not being heard of Your Petitioner Apprehends the said William and Ann Worrall are Unhappily lost with the said Ship That the said William Worrall having a Considerable Sum of Money Owing him by Mr John Alexander of this Island Upon a Mortgage Bond and Although a Certain Intrest is Specified in the said Bond the said John Alexander denys to Continue Paying Intrest for the said Sum by which Means At	At a consultation held on Tuesday 21 July 1747 at the castle, Governor Charles Hutchinson was present, with Lieutenant John Clarke and Robert Wright of the council. The last consultation was read, approved and signed. On Saturday 18 July the Princess Royal Louisa Ulrica, the Swedish ship, sailed for Europe, by whom the council sent a letter to the Honourable Company. Thomas Greentree, executor of James Ryder deceased, petitioned for a new lease for thirty acres of land in Swaits Valley, the old one having expired, which was granted. Richard Goodwin, as executor to Edmund Nicholls deceased, petitioned for a new lease for ten acres of land, the old one having expired, which was granted. A petition was presented to Governor Charles Hutchinson and the council by Joshua Worrall, Martin Harper, Onesiphorus Gurling and John Doveton. The petitioners set out that their brother William Worrall and his wife Ann Worrall took passage from Bombay on or about February 1746 aboard the Prince of Orange (Captain George Westcott junior), and that, it being now near eighteen months since and the ship not being heard of, they feared that William and Ann Worrall were unhappily lost with the ship. They further set out that William Worrall had a considerable sum of money owing to him by John Alexander of the island upon a mortgage bond, and that, although a certain interest was specified in the bond, Alexander refused to continue paying interest on the sum [...] Interpretations The petitioners' claim rests on a presumption of death from long absence, the Prince of Orange not heard of in near eighteen months taken as proof that William and Ann Worrall were lost at sea, which shows the island's kin acting to settle the affairs of the missing on the reasonable inference that a ship so long unheard of had foundered. This connects to the earlier Worrall business of 2 June 1747, where Joshua Worrall's limited attorney could not draw in the absent man's money, the family now moving as his heirs on the assumption that he was dead. The mortgage bond on which John Alexander owed William Worrall money was a loan secured on property at a specified rate of interest, and Alexander's refusal to continue paying that interest once the lender vanished shows a debtor exploiting the uncertainty of the creditor's death to withhold what the bond required. The renewal of the expired leases to the executors of Ryder and Nicholls shows the council keeping the island's leaseholds in continuous cultivation, a new lease granted to the representative of a dead tenant so that the land did not fall vacant on the holder's death.
404	414	21 July It Entirely lies Dead and Unimproved That Your Petitioners to Prevent the Loss that thereby will Happen to the Estate of the said William Worrall are Willing to Receive the Sum Owing by the said John Alexander and give him Sufficient Security for the Same and will Allow the said William Worrall or his Lawfull Heirs the full Intrest Mentioned in the said Mortgage Bond Your Petitioners therefore humbly Pray that the said John Alexander may be Obliged to Continue paying the Intrest Agreeable to the Tenour of the Bond otherwise the whole sum due on the Same May be Lodged in Your Petitioners Hands on the Terms Aforesaid And Your Petitioners Shall Ever Pray 21 July 1747 (Signed) Jos Worrall Martin Harper One Gurling John Doveton Mr Alexander Offered to pay the Money if He could have a Legal Discharge and only denies that He won't pay the Intrest till his Protest properly Registred is tried whether it is binding or not as Mr Worrall has left no Attorney The Petitioners as Presumptive Heirs were Ready to give Sufficient Security for the Above Sum provided Mr Alexander would not Pay the Intrest and to pay Intrest for it after the Rate of Six pCent pAnnum as the Mortgage Runs viz this they do that the said Worrall or his Assignes may be no Sufferers in this Case Agreed to Refer it till a Legal Authority could Appear from Mr Willm Worrall or his Assign's The Storekeeper Brought in his Collections for the Months of April May & June last which were Examined and Approved and are as follows Vizt Collection	The petition set out that the money owing entirely lay dead and unimproved. To prevent the loss that would come to William Worrall's estate, the petitioners were willing to receive the sum owing by John Alexander, to give him sufficient security for it, and to allow William Worrall or his lawful heirs the full interest named in the mortgage bond. They therefore asked that Alexander be obliged to continue paying the interest according to the terms of the bond, or else that the whole sum due on it be lodged in the petitioners' hands on the terms set out. The petition was dated 21 July 1747 and signed by Joshua Worrall, Martin Harper, Onesiphorus Gurling and John Doveton. John Alexander offered to pay the money if he could have a legal discharge, but denied that he would pay the interest until his protest, properly registered, was tried, to settle whether it was binding or not, since Worrall had left no attorney. The petitioners, as presumptive heirs, were ready to give sufficient security for the sum, provided Alexander would not pay the interest, and to pay interest on it after the rate of six per cent per annum as the mortgage ran, so that Worrall or his assigns should be no losers in the case. The council agreed to defer the matter until a legal authority should appear from William Worrall or his assigns. The storekeeper brought in his collections for the months of April, May and June, which after examination and approval were entered as follows. Interpretations The whole dispute turns on the legal difficulty that a debtor cannot safely pay a creditor who may be dead and has left no attorney, since payment to the wrong hand would not discharge the debt, which is why Alexander offered to pay only against a legal discharge and the council deferred the matter until a proper authority appeared. The presumptive heirs could not yet prove their title, William Worrall's death resting only on the long silence of the Prince of Orange, so the money stayed frozen between a debtor unwilling to pay without protection and claimants unable to give a valid receipt. Alexander's registered protest was the formal legal step by which a party reserved his position against a claim, here used to suspend the running of interest until a court settled whether the bond still bound him, which shows a debtor using the machinery of the law to turn his creditor's disappearance to his own advantage. The council's refusal to decide, deferring to a legal authority from Worrall or his assigns, marks the limit of its own jurisdiction, unwilling to compel payment where the creditor's very existence was in doubt. Speculations The council chose to leave the money frozen rather than resolve the deadlock either way, deferring the whole matter until a legal authority should appear from Worrall or his assigns, though the heirs stood ready to give full security and Alexander offered to pay against a discharge. The board might have accepted the heirs' security and ordered the sum lodged with them, or held Alexander to the bond and compelled the interest, and either course would have freed the dead capital that all agreed lay idle. It declined both because William Worrall's death was only presumed from the long silence of his ship, and to act on that presumption would have exposed the council to the claim of a living man returning to find his money paid to others, so it weighed the risk of a wrong decision as graver than the certain waste of the frozen sum and put the question off to a court that could establish the death.
405	415	1747 Collection of Goods sold and delivered out of the Honble Companys Stores from the 7 April to the 30th June 1747 Vizt Sold to the Companys Servants at 10 pCent Arrack 76½ Gallons £: 0, s: 19, d: 2, 6 Brandy 478¼ Do £: 0, s: 119, d: 10, 7½ Bread & Flour viz 4016½ Breed £: 33, s: 9, d: 5 1124 Flour £: 10, s: 10, d: 9 £: 44, s: 0, d: 2 Broad Cloth 10 Yards sorted £: 8, s: 0, d: 7¼ Beef & Pork viz 10 Pss Beef £: 1, s: 8, d: 1 96 Pss Do £: 9, s: 12 13 Pss Pork £: 1, s: 6, d: 6½ 92 Pss Do £: 9, s: 4 £: 21, s: 10, d: 7½ Cutlery Ware 15 pair of Mettle Buckles £: 0, s: 8, d: 1½ Corks 10½ Grofs £: 1, s: 6, d: 8½ Camblet 7 Yards £: 1, s: 2, d: 3¾ Canvas 19 Yards Sacking £: 0, s: 14, d: 3 Combs 18 Ivory £: 1, s: 1, d: 9 China Ware viz 2 Setts Dishes and Plates £: 1, s: 6 2 Guglets and Basons £: 0, s: 2, d: 8 2 Soup Dishes £: 0, s: 15 4 Bowls £: 0, s: 5, d: 6 60 Woging Cups & Saucers £: 0, s: 10, d: 10 54 halfpint Do £: 0, s: 19, d: 9 5 Chamber Potts £: 0, s: 8, d: 4 4 Juggs and Basons £: 0, s: 14, d: 4 2 Shaving Basons £: 0, s: 6, d: 2 £: 5, s: 7, d: 7 Carried Over £: 222, s: 11, d: 2¾	The account of goods sold and delivered out of the Honourable Company's stores from 7 April to 30 June 1747, sold to the Company's servants at ten per cent, was set out as follows. Arrack, 76.5 gallons, £19 2s 6d Brandy, 478.5 gallons, £119 10s 7.5d Bread and flour: 4,016.5 lb bread, £33 9s 5d 1,124 lb flour, £10 10s 9d Bread and flour total, £44 0s 2d Broadcloth, 10 yards sorted, £8 6s 7.5d Beef and pork: 10 pieces beef, £1 8s 1d 96 pieces beef, £9 12s 0d 13 pieces pork, £1 6s 6.5d 92 pieces pork, £9 4s 0d Beef and pork total, £21 10s 7.5d Cutlery ware, 15 pairs of metal buckles, £0 8s 1.5d Corks, 10.5 gross, £1 6s 8.5d Camlet, 7 yards, £1 2s 3.75d Canvas, 19 yards sacking, £0 14s 3d Combs, 18 ivory, £1 1s 9d Chinaware: 2 sets dishes and plates, £1 6s 0d 2 guglets and basins, £0 2s 8d 2 soup dishes, £0 15s 0d 4 bowls, £0 5s 6d 60 washing cups and saucers, £0 10s 10d 54 half pint cups and saucers, £0 18s 9d 5 chamber pots, £0 8s 4d 4 jugs and basins, £0 14s 4d 2 shaving basins, £0 6s 2d Chinaware total, £5 7s 7d Carried over, £222 11s 2.75d Interpretations The account records goods sold to the Company's own servants at a mark-up of ten per cent over cost, the lowest of the several buyer-class rates the storekeeper applied, the planters paying twenty-five per cent and a further class more, which shows the Company subsidising its servants' purchases as a form of payment in kind against the higher prices charged to the free inhabitants. The heaviest lines are the brandy and arrack, near five hundred gallons of brandy alone, the spirits the largest article of the servants' consumption as they ran through every account of the stores. The guglets among the chinaware were the long-necked earthenware vessels used to cool and pour water, an Indian form the Company shipped for the island's use, and the camlet was a fine cloth of wool or goat's hair mixed with silk, both goods the settlement drew entirely from the East India trade. The range of the account, from spirits and salt provisions through cloth, cutlery, combs and a full run of chinaware, shows the Company's store serving as the island's general supplier, its servants buying the whole furniture of daily life across the counter at the favourable rate their service earned them.
406	416	21 July Brought Over £: 222, s: 11, d: 2¾ Deals &c viz 2 Double Deals £: 0, s: 5, d: 6 1 Single Do £: 0, s: 1, d: 10 1 Pss Teak plank £: 1, s: 12, d: 5 £: 1, s: 19, d: 9 Earthen Ware viz 2 Chamber Pots £: 0, s: 1, d: 3 2 Basons £: 0, s: 1, d: 8 £: 0, s: 2, d: 11 Glaziers Ware viz 1 Half Hour Glass £: 0, s: 0, d: 7½ 6 Sqr Glass 12 by 12 £: 0, s: 4, d: 10½ 2 Sqr Crown Glass £: 0, s: 1 24 Wine Glasses £: 0, s: 15, d: 6 £: 1, s: 2 Hair Cloths 4 pair £: 0, s: 5, d: 8 Hatts 5 Mens £: 4, s: 11, d: 8 Hosiers Ware viz 90 Pss Thread Stockings £: 12, s: 7, d: 6 4 Pss Mens Knit £: 0, s: 12, d: 8 9 Pss Do Wove £: 1, s: 14, d: 6 £: 14, s: 14, d: 8 Haberdashers Ware viz 28 Skeins Mohair £: 0, s: 10, d: 6 51 Do Silk £: 1, s: 3, d: 4½ 6 doz Mohair Ct Buttons £: 0, s: 3, d: 6 214 doz Bt Do £: 0, s: 6, d: 3½ 6 doz Gt Ct Buttons £: 0, s: 6, d: 9 5 doz Bt Do £: 0, s: 2, d: 9½ 16 doz Wt Mettl Bt Buttons £: 0, s: 4, d: 8 12 Thread Laces £: 0, s: 0, d: 7½ 3 Pss Holland Tape £: 0, s: 2, d: 1½ £: 3, s: 0, d: 7½ Carried Over £: 248, s: 8, d: 6½	Brought over, £222 11s 2.75d Deals: 2 double deals, £0 5s 6d 1 single deal, £0 1s 10d 1 piece teak plank, £1 12s 5d Deals total, £1 19s 9d Earthenware: 2 chamber pots, £0 1s 3d 2 basins, £0 1s 8d Earthenware total, £0 2s 11d Glaziers ware: 1 half hour glass, £0 0s 7.5d 6 squares glass 12 by 12, £0 4s 10.5d 2 squares crown glass, £0 1s 0d 24 wine glasses, £0 15s 6d Glaziers ware total, £1 2s 0d Hair cloths, 4 pairs, £0 5s 8d Hats, 5 men's, £4 11s 8d Hosiers ware: 90 pairs thread stockings, £12 7s 6d 4 pairs men's knit, £0 12s 8d 9 pairs men's woven, £1 14s 6d Hosiers ware total, £14 14s 8d Haberdashers ware: 28 skeins mohair, £0 10s 6d 51 skeins silk, £1 3s 4.5d 6 dozen mohair coat buttons, £0 3s 6d 214 dozen mohair breast buttons, £0 6s 3.5d 6 dozen gilt coat buttons, £0 6s 9d 5 dozen gilt breast buttons, £0 2s 9.5d 16 dozen white metal breast buttons, £0 4s 8d 12 thread laces, £0 0s 7.5d 3 pieces Holland tape, £0 2s 1d Haberdashers ware total, £3 0s 7.5d Carried over, £248 8s 6.5d Interpretations The account runs through the whole range of a mercer's and haberdasher's stock, the buttons alone graded into mohair, gilt and white metal for coat and breast and counted by the dozen, which shows the Company's store supplying the materials of tailoring to an island that made up much of its own clothing. The mohair and silk skeins were the threads for sewing and embroidery, the thread laces the cords for fastening garments and the Holland tape a plain linen binding, all the small furnishings a household needed to cut and sew its own clothes. The glaziers ware, squares of window glass and crown glass with a half hour glass among it, marks the goods the settlement drew for glazing its buildings, the crown glass the better quality blown in a disc and the plain squares for ordinary windows. The single piece of teak plank sold at £1 12s 5d shows even the scarce building timber passing across the store's counter to a buyer, the same costly wood the Company shipped from India for gun carriages here sold in a single piece among the general goods.
407	417	1747 Brought over £: 248, s: 8, d: 6½ Hooks & Lines viz 2475 Blue Hooks £: 0, s: 8, d: 3 17 doz Hooks Sorted £: 0, s: 9, d: 4½ 2300 Pss Grantham Hooks £: 1, s: 3, d: 11½ 38 Lines sorted £: 0, s: 12, d: 1 1 Damaged Line £: 0, s: 0, d: 8½ 1 Hand Line £: 0, s: 1, d: 5½ £: 2, s: 15, d: 10 Ironmongers Ware viz 1 Box Iron & Heaters £: 0, s: 9, d: 3 5 Padlocks £: 0, s: 9, d: 2 1 Ironrimtd Lock £: 0, s: 19, d: 5 2 doz Wood screws £: 0, s: 1, d: 6 1 Pss Sheep Shears £: 0, s: 1, d: 2½ £: 2, s: 0, d: 6½ Iron Pots 2 £: 0, s: 5, d: 6 Kersey 17½ Yards £: 1, s: 5, d: 6½ Long Cloth 2 Pss £: 0, s: 10, d: 3½ Leather viz 9½ Leather £: 0, s: 11, d: 9½ 1 Calve Skin £: 0, s: 6, d: 9 £: 0, s: 18, d: 6½ Long Ells 3 Yards £: 0, s: 5, d: 4½ Lead viz 16 Sheet Lead £: 0, s: 3 13 Small Shot £: 0, s: 2, d: 5½ £: 0, s: 5, d: 5½ Muslin 1 Pss £: 0, s: 8, d: 2 Nails 17 Sorted £: 0, s: 5, d: 11¾ Oil viz 4 Bottles Florence £: 0, s: 12, d: 4 2½ Gallon Train £: 0, s: 8, d: 5¾ 4 Gallon Linseed £: 0, s: 1, d: 9½ £: 1, s: 2, d: 7¾ Carried Over £: 262, s: 12, d: 3½	Brought over, £248 8s 6.5d Hooks and lines: 2,475 blue hooks, £0 9s 3d 17 dozen hooks sorted, £0 9s 4.5d 2,300 Grantham hooks, £1 3s 11.5d 38 lines sorted, £0 12s 1d 1 damaged line, £0 0s 8.5d 1 hand line, £0 1s 5.5d Hooks and lines total, £2 15s 10d Ironmongers ware: 1 box iron and heaters, £0 9s 3d 5 padlocks, £0 9s 2d 1 iron-rimmed lock, £0 19s 5d 2 dozen wood screws, £0 1s 6d 1 pair sheep shears, £0 1s 2.5d Ironmongers ware total, £2 0s 6.5d Iron pots, 2, £0 5s 6d Kersey, 17.5 yards, £1 5s 6.5d Long cloth, 2 pieces, £0 10s 3.5d Leather: 9.5 lb leather, £0 11s 9.5d 1 calf skin, £0 6s 9d Leather total, £0 18s 6.5d Long ells, 3 yards, £0 5s 4.5d Lead: 16 lb sheet lead, £0 3s 0d 13 lb small shot, £0 2s 5.5d Lead total, £0 5s 5.5d Muslin, 1 piece, £0 5s 8s 2d Nails, 17 sorted, £0 5s 11.75d Oil: 4 bottles Florence, £0 12s 4d 2.5 gallons train, £0 8s 5.75d 4 gallons linseed, £0 1s 9.5d Oil total, £1 2s 7.75d Carried over, £262 12s 3.5d Interpretations The fishing tackle heads the page, thousands of blue hooks and Grantham hooks with sorted lines, which shows the store supplying the gear for the island's inshore fishery, the fish it took a needed supplement to the meat the failing herds could not spare. The naming of Grantham hooks after the ship that brought them marks the way a consignment kept the name of its carrier through the accounts, the hooks distinguished by their source as they were sold. The oils are graded by use, Florence oil the fine olive oil for the table, train oil the coarse fish or whale oil for lamps and dressing leather, and linseed oil for paint and wood, each drawn from the stores for its own purpose. The kersey and long ells were the coarse and the light woollen cloths the settlement used for common clothing, the same kersey the council had lately ordered made up into slave garments, here sold by the yard among the general goods to whoever would buy.
408	418	21 July Brought Over £: 263, s: 12, d: 3½ Oars 4 £: 0, s: 17, d: 4 Paint viz 1 Barrel Blacking £: 0, s: 8 56 Whiting £: 0, s: 2, d: ½ 6 oz Verdigreese £: 0, s: 1, d: 3½ 24½ Indico £: 2, s: 4, d: 11 7 Yellow Oaker £: 0, s: 2, d: 3¾ 1½ Umber £: 0, s: 0, d: 2¾ £: 2, s: 9, d: 4 Pewter viz 1 Quart funnil £: 0, s: 2, d: 6 4 Chamber Pots £: 0, s: 13, d: 8 1 Half gill Pot £: 0, s: 5, d: 8 £: 1, s: 1, d: 10 Plantation 2 Mops £: 0, s: 5 Pallampores 1 £: 0, s: 13, d: 4 Pitch &c viz 8 Pitch £: 0, s: 10 ½ Gallon Tarr £: 0, s: 4 7 Rosin £: 0, s: 1½ £: 0, s: 1, d: 3¾ Pease 15¼ Bushels £: 4, s: 4, d: 2¾ Rice 393 £: 1, s: 2, d: 9 Salt 8½ Bushels £: 1, s: 8, d: 2½ Soop 166½ £: 5, s: 10, d: 10 Shalloon 37¾ Yards £: 3, s: 18, d: 7½ Sugar & Candy viz 1091 Sugar £: 18, s: 3, d: 8 264 Candy £: 5, s: 10 £: 23, s: 13, d: 8 Shirts viz 105 Soldiers Shirt £: 24, s: 1, d: 3 26 Callico Do £: 2, s: 13, d: 1 £: 26, s: 14, d: 4 Carried Over £: 335, s: 13, d: 1	Brought over, £263 12s 3.5d Oars, 4, £0 17s 4d Paint: 1 barrel blacking, £0 0s 8d 56 lb whiting, £0 2s 0.5d 6 oz verdigris, £0 1s 3.5d 24.5 lb indigo, £2 4s 11d 0.5 lb yellow ochre, £0 0s 2.75d 0.5 lb umber, £0 0s 2.75d Paint total, £2 9s 4d Pewter: 1 quart funnel, £0 2s 6d 4 chamber pots, £0 13s 8d 1 half gill pot, £0 5s 8d Pewter total, £1 1s 10d Plantation, 2 mops, £0 5s 0d Palempores, 1, £0 13s 4d Pitch: 8 lb pitch, £0 0s 10d 0.5 gallon tar, £0 0s 4d 1 rosin, £0 0s 1.5d Pitch total, £0 1s 3.5d Pease, 15.5 bushels, £4 4s 2.75d Rice, 392 lb, £1 2s 9d Salt, 8.5 bushels, £1 8s 2.25d Soap, 166.5 lb, £5 10s 10d Stallion, 87.5 yards raisins, £3 19s 7.75d Sugar and candy: 1,091 lb sugar, £18 3s 8d 264 lb candy, £5 10s 0d Sugar and candy total, £23 13s 8d Shirts: 125 soldiers' shirts, £24 1s 3d 26 calico shirts, £2 13s 1d Shirts total, £26 14s 4d Carried over, £335 13s 1d Interpretations The paints run through the pigments the settlement used to protect and colour its buildings and gear, the whiting for whitewash, the indigo for blue, the yellow ochre and umber for earth colours and the verdigris a green, the barrel of blacking for iron and leather, all drawn from the store for the constant painting the damp climate demanded. The indigo at £2 4s 11d for less than twenty-five pounds was much the dearest of them, the deep blue dye a costly import from the East India trade. The soap, sugar, candy, pease, rice and salt are the bulk provisions the store held for general sale, the soldiers' shirts and calico shirts the ready-made clothing shipped for the garrison and sold across the counter, so the account moves from the materials of building and repair into the staples of the table and the wardrobe. The single palempore was a painted or printed Indian bed cover, and the pieces of long cloth and muslin the fine Indian cottons, all goods the island drew wholly from the Company's eastern trade and passed on through its store to the inhabitants.
409	419	1747 Brought Over £: 335, s: 13, d: 1 Shoes viz 103 Pss Mens Ordinry £: 22, s: 10, d: 7½ 12 Pss Do Fine £: 3, s: 19 9 Pss Do Pumps £: 3, s: 5, d: 3 £: 29, s: 14, d: 10½ Serge 15½ Yds £: 3, s: 18, d: 7½ Tea 39½ £: 3, s: 0, d: 11½ Tobacco 318 £: 18, s: 5, d: 8 Twine 70 Skains £: 2, s: 12 Tea Kettles 1 £: 0, s: 17, d: 6 Turners Ware viz 10 Shoe Brushes £: 0, s: 6, d: 8½ 2 Hair Brooms £: 0, s: 3, d: 1 2 Cloth Brushes £: 0, s: 2, d: 5 1 Straining Dish £: 0, s: 0, d: 5½ £: 0, s: 12, d: 3 Thread viz 27 Cloured £: 4, s: 19 13 W Brown £: 3, s: 11, d: 6 9 Ounces Nuns £: 0, s: 12, d: 4½ £: 9, s: 2, d: 10½ Tin Ware viz 4 Coffee Pots £: 0, s: 6, d: 4 5 Sauce boats £: 0, s: 4, d: 3 2 Lamps £: 0, s: 1, d: 3 £: 0, s: 12, d: 8 Wine viz 10 doz Madera £: 13, s: 15 11½ doz Lisbon £: 11, s: 7, d: 4½ 11 doz 5 Port £: 11, s: 5, d: 5½ £: 36, s: 7, d: 7½ Vinegar 2½ Gallon £: 0, s: 5, d: 3 Totall Sold to the Companys Servants £: 438, s: 0, d: 4	Brought over, £335 13s 1d Shoes: 103 pairs men's ordinary, £22 10s 7.5d 12 pairs men's fine, £3 19s 0d 9 pairs men's pumps, £3 5s 3d Shoes total, £29 14s 10.5d Serge, 15.5 yards, £3 18s 7.5d Tea, 39.5 lb, £3 0s 11.5d Tobacco, 318 lb, £18 5s 8d Twine, 70 skeins, £2 12s 0d Tea kettles, 1, £0 17s 6d Turners ware: 10 shoe brushes, £0 6s 8.5d 2 hair brooms, £0 3s 1d 2 cloth brushes, £0 2s 5d 1 straining dish, £0 0s 5.5d Turners ware total, £0 12s 3d Thread: 27 lb coloured, £4 19s 0d 13 lb white and brown, £3 11s 6d 9 ounces nuns, £0 12s 4.5d Thread total, £9 2s 10.5d Tin ware: 4 coffee pots, £0 6s 4d 5 sauce boats, £0 4s 3d 2 lamps, £0 1s 3d Tin ware total, £0 12s 8d Wine: 10 dozen Madeira, £13 15s 0d 11.5 dozen Lisbon, £11 7s 4.5d 11 dozen 5 port, £11 5s 5.5d Wine total, £36 7s 7.5d Vinegar, 2.5 gallons, £0 5s 3d Total sold to the Company's servants, £438 0s 4d Interpretations The shoes and cloth heads show the store supplying the garrison's footwear and clothing in bulk, above a hundred pairs of ordinary men's shoes alone, the serge and thread the materials for making and mending, so the account closes on the plain necessities of a soldier's dress. The tobacco at 318 lb was a heavy article of the men's consumption, the tea and wine the comforts of the better sort, the whole running from working stores to table luxuries as the store served every rank on the island. The nuns thread was a fine white sewing thread known by that name, the coloured and the white and brown threads the coarser sorts for common work, all counted by the pound and ounce as the small materials of the needle. The wine closes the account at above thirty-six pounds, ten dozen of Madeira and near a dozen each of Lisbon and port, the drink the largest single luxury of the servants' purchases, drawn from the stores laid in from the shipping and sold on at the favourable ten per cent that marked the whole of this collection.
410	420	21 July Sold to the Planters at 25 pCent Muslin 6 Pss £: 3, s: 12, d: 10½ Flannel 3 Yd £: 0, s: 1, d: 1½ Shirts 3 India £: 0, s: 7, d: 3 Shaloon 17½ Yds £: 1, s: 19, d: 8½ Camblet 6 Yds £: 0, s: 17, d: 6 Hats 3 Mens £: 3, s: 2, d: 6 Sailors Clothes 3 Boys Chequd Shirt £: 0, s: 10, d: 1½ Kersey 3 Yds £: 0, s: 5 Hosiers Ware viz 17 Pss Womens Hose £: 3, s: 8 11 Pss Mens Wove £: 2, s: 8, d: 1½ 10 Pss Do Knit £: 1, s: 15, d: 10 13 Pss Boys Hose £: 1, s: 14, d: 8 4 Pss Girls £: 0, s: 10 £: 9, s: 16, d: 7½ Buckrams viz 3 Yds Buckram £: 0, s: 3 1 Pss Hair Cloths £: 0, s: 1, d: 7 £: 0, s: 4, d: 7 Serge &c viz 9 Yds Serge £: 2, s: 10, d: 5 ½ Pss Duroy £: 0, s: 18, d: 11 £: 3, s: 9, d: 4 Shoes viz 6 Pss Mens Ordy £: 1, s: 9, d: 11 2 Pss Do Fine £: 0, s: 15 1 Pss Pumps £: 0, s: 8, d: 3 24 Pss Womens Spanish Leather £: 6, s: 15 49 Pss Do Calve Do £: 8, s: 3, d: 4 10 Pss Boys £: 2, s: 5, d: 10 19 Pss Girls £: 2, s: 7, d: 6 £: 22, s: 4, d: 10 Carried Over £: 46, s: 11, d: 5	The account of goods sold to the planters at twenty-five per cent was set out as follows. Muslin, 6 pieces, £3 12s 10.5d Flannel, 3 yards, £0 1s 1.5d Shirts, 3 India, £0 7s 3d Shalloon, 17.5 yards, £1 19s 0.5d Camlet, 6 yards, £0 17s 6d Hats, 3 men's, £3 2s 6d Sailors clothes, 2 boys' chequed shirts, £0 10s 1.5d Kersey, 3 yards, £0 5s 0d Hosiers ware: 17 pairs women's hose, £3 8s 0d 11 pairs men's woven, £2 8s 1.5d 10 pairs men's knit, £1 15s 10d 13 pairs boys' hose, £1 14s 8d 4 pairs girls' hose, £0 10s 0d Hosiers ware total, £9 16s 7.5d Buckrams: 3 yards buckram, £0 3s 0d 1 pair hair cloths, £0 1s 7d Buckrams total, £0 4s 7d Serge: 9 yards serge, £2 10s 5d 0.5 piece duroy, £0 18s 11d Serge total, £3 9s 4d Shoes: 6 pairs men's ordinary, £1 9s 11d 2 pairs men's fine, £0 15s 0d 1 pair pumps, £0 8s 3d 24 pairs women's Spanish leather, £6 15s 0d 49 pairs women's calf, £8 3s 4d 10 pairs boys', £2 5s 10d 19 pairs girls', £2 7s 6d Shoes total, £22 4s 10d Carried over, £46 11s 5d Interpretations The planters bought at twenty-five per cent over cost against the ten per cent the Company's servants paid, the higher mark-up charged to the free inhabitants marking the store's role as a source of revenue from those outside the Company's employ, the servants' cheaper rate a benefit of their service. The goods differ too in kind, this account carrying women's and girls' hose and shoes where the servants' collection ran to soldiers' shirts, which shows the planters buying for whole families while the garrison store clothed men alone. The shalloon and duroy were lightweight woollen cloths used for linings and coats, the buckram a stiffened cloth for shaping garments and the camlet the fine mixed cloth seen before, all the materials a planter's household drew for making its own clothes. The women's Spanish leather shoes at more than five shillings a pair were the finer footwear, distinguished from the plainer calf, the store grading its shoes by quality and by wearer as it did the rest of its stock, serving the island's families across the full range of their needs.
411	421	1747 Brought Over £: 46, s: 11, d: 5 Sold at 10 pCent Brandy 140¾ Gallon £: 42, s: 5, d: 3 Bread & Flour viz 1890 Bread £: 21, s: 13, d: 1½ 961 Flour £: 11, s: 0, d: 2¼ £: 32, s: 13, d: 4½ Bread Cloth 11½ Yds £: 11, s: 12, d: 6½ Buckram viz 4½ Yds Buckram £: 0, s: 5, d: 4½ 5 Pss Hair Cloths £: 0, s: 9, d: 4½ £: 0, s: 14, d: 5½ Cutlers Ware 1 Pss Mtl Buckles £: 0, s: 0, d: 8 Camblet 4½ Yds £: 0, s: 15 Canvas viz 16 Yds Duck £: 1, s: 10, d: 8 6 Yds Sacking £: 0, s: 6 £: 1, s: 16, d: 8 Combs 17 Ivory £: 1, s: 8, d: 11 Cork Wood 1 £: 0, s: 1, d: 1 China Ware viz 30 Half Pint Cups and Saucers £: 0, s: 12, d: 11 30 Woging Do £: 0, s: 6, d: 8 £: 0, s: 19, d: 7 Deals viz 1 Small Baulk £: 0, s: 5, d: 6 7 Double Deals £: 1, s: 4, d: 6 7 Single Do £: 0, s: 16, d: 4 £: 2, s: 6, d: 4 Glaziers Ware 14 Sqrs 12 by 12 £: 0, s: 14, d: 7 Hats 2 Mens £: 2, s: 6, d: 8 Haberdashers Ware viz 5 doz Bt Ct Buttons £: 0, s: 4, d: 1½ 20 doz Bt Do £: 0, s: 8, d: 4 £: 0, s: 12, d: 5½ Carried Over £: 144, s: 7, d: 5¾	The account of goods sold at ten per cent was set out as follows. Brought over, £46 11s 5d Brandy, 140.75 gallons, £42 5s 3d Bread and flour: 1,890 lb bread, £21 13s 1.5d 961 lb flour, £11 0s 2.5d Bread and flour total, £32 13s 4d Broadcloth, 11.5 yards, £11 13s 6.75d Buckram: 4.5 yards buckram, £0 5s 5d 5 pairs hair cloths, £0 9s 4.5d Buckram total, £0 14s 5.25d Cutlery ware, 1 pair metal buckles, £0 0s 8d Camlet, 4.5 yards, £0 15s 0d Canvas: 16 yards duck, £1 10s 8d 6 yards sacking, £0 6s 0d Canvas total, £1 16s 8d Combs, 17 ivory, £1 8s 11d Cork wood, 1, £0 1s 1d Chinaware: 30 half pint cups and saucers, £0 12s 11d 30 washing cups and saucers, £0 6s 8d Chinaware total, £0 19s 7d Deals: 1 small baulk, £0 5s 6d 7 double deals, £0 4s 6d 7 single deals, £0 16s 4d Deals total, £2 6s 4d Glaziers ware, 14 squares 12 by 12, £0 14s 7d Hats, 2 men's, £2 6s 8d Haberdashers ware: 5 dozen coat buttons, £0 4s 1.5d 20 dozen breast buttons, £0 8s 4d Haberdashers ware total, £0 12s 5.5d Carried over, £144 7s 5.75d Interpretations This second collection sold at ten per cent runs largely parallel to the servants' account, the brandy again the heaviest single line at above a hundred and forty gallons, the bread, flour and broadcloth the bulk goods behind it, which shows the same favourable rate extended to a further class of buyer beyond the Company's own servants. The duck canvas among the cloth was the heavy plain-woven material for sails and hard-wearing work, distinguished from the coarser sacking, both drawn from the store for the island's boats and rough uses. The small baulk among the deals was a squared length of timber, the double and single deals the sawn softwood planks graded by thickness, all the building wood the settlement drew from England and passed through its store. The cork wood was the light bark used for floats and stoppers, a minor line among the general goods, the whole account moving as before from spirits and provisions through cloth, timber, chinaware and the small furnishings of daily life that the Company's store supplied to every buyer on the island.
412	422	21 July Brought Over £: 144, s: 7, d: 5¾ Haberdashers Ware Brought Over £: 0, s: 12, d: 5½ 35 Skains Silk £: 1, s: 0, d: 5 27 Do Mohair £: 0, s: 13, d: 6 2 doz Gilt breast Buttons £: 0, s: 1, d: 5 5 doz Wt Mettle Do £: 0, s: 1, d: 10½ £: 2, s: 9, d: 8 Iron Pots 1 £: 0, s: 3, d: 6 Iron Ware viz 4 Pss Sheep Shears £: 0, s: 6 5 Frying Pans £: 0, s: 11, d: 8 1 Pss Side Hinges £: 0, s: 1, d: 7 1 Fill Lock £: 0, s: 2, d: 11 2 Hoes £: 0, s: 4, d: 10 1 Bill Hook £: 0, s: 3, d: 2 1 Wood Ax £: 0, s: 3, d: 1½ 4 Ironrimtd Locks sorted £: 1, s: 9, d: 6 1 Pss H Hinges £: 0, s: 4, d: 9 4 Box Irons & heaters £: 2, s: 7, d: 4 £: 5, s: 14, d: 10½ Hooks & Lines viz 3 doz hooks sorted £: 0, s: 2, d: 4 250 Blue Hooks £: 0, s: 1, d: ½ 1475 Hooks p G £: 1, s: 0, d: 10½ 15 Lines sorted £: 0, s: 5 1 Log Line £: 0, s: 1, d: 2 1 Damagd Line £: 0, s: 0, d: 10½ £: 1, s: 11, d: 4 Nails 32 Sorted £: 0, s: 15, d: 9½ Oil viz 2¾ Linseed Oil £: 0, s: 2, d: 2½ 1½ Gallon Train £: 0, s: 5, d: 10½ £: 0, s: 8, d: ½ Plantation 11 Mops horn & handles £: 0, s: 1, d: 7, 6 Carried Over £: 156, s: 19, d: 2½	Brought over, £144 7s 5.75d Haberdashers ware brought over, £0 12s 5.5d 33 skeins silk, £1 0s 5d 27 skeins mohair, £0 13s 6d 2 dozen gilt breast buttons, £0 1s 5d 5 dozen white metal breast buttons, £0 1s 10.5d Haberdashers ware total, £2 9s 8d Iron pots, 1, £0 3s 6d Iron ware: 4 pairs sheep shears, £0 6s 0d 5 frying pans, £0 11s 0d 1 pair side hinges, £0 1s 7d 1 till lock, £0 2s 11d 2 hoes, £0 4s 10d 1 bill hook, £0 3s 2d 1 wood axe, £0 3s 1.5d 4 iron-rimmed locks sorted, £1 9s 6d 1 pair H hinges, £0 4s 9d 4 box irons and heaters, £2 7s 4d Iron ware total, £5 14s 10.5d Hooks and lines: 3 dozen hooks sorted, £0 2s 4d 250 blue hooks, £0 1s 0.5d 1,475 Grantham hooks, £1 0s 10.5d 15 lines sorted, £0 5s 0d 1 log line, £0 1s 2d 1 damaged line, £0 0s 10.5d Hooks and lines total, £1 11s 4d Nails, 32 sorted, £0 15s 9.5d Oil: 3 gallons linseed oil, £0 2s 2.5d 1.5 gallons train, £0 5s 10.5d Oil total, £0 8s 0.5d Plantation, 11 mops, horns and handles, £1 7s 6d Carried over, £156 19s 2.5d Interpretations The iron ware runs through the tools of husbandry and the household, the hoes and bill hook and wood axe for clearing and cultivating, the frying pans and box irons for the kitchen, the locks and hinges for building, all the wrought iron the settlement drew entirely from England since it made none of its own. The box irons with their heaters were the flat irons heated by a slug of hot metal slipped inside, a domestic good sold across the store's counter like the rest. The fishing tackle appears again on this account as on the servants' collection, the Grantham hooks and blue hooks and sorted lines supplying the gear for the fishery the island leaned on to eke out its meat, the log line among them the marked cord used to measure a ship's speed. The mops with their horns and handles under the plantation head were the swabs and their fittings for the Company's own grounds, the same small implements the Corker account had valued piece by piece, here sold complete among the general stores.
413	423	1747 Brought Over £: 156, s: 19, d: 2½ Pitch & Tarr viz 30 Pitch £: 0, s: 6, d: 10½ 3 Gallon Tarr £: 0, s: 2, d: 6 £: 0, s: 9, d: 4½ Paint viz 61 Whiting £: 0, s: 2, d: 9½ 2 Barrel Blacking £: 0, s: 1, d: 8 47 Indico £: 5, s: 9, d: 8 1½ Verdigrease £: 0, s: 1, d: 1 1½ Yellow Oaker £: 0, s: 0, d: 1 £: 5, s: 15, d: 3½ Serge 7 Yds £: 2, s: 9, d: 11 Shaloon 16 Yds £: 2, s: 13, d: 4 Salt 1½ Bushels £: 0, s: 5, d: 5 Shoes viz 1 Pss Mens Ordinry £: 0, s: 5, d: 5 1 Pss Do Pumps £: 0, s: 9, d: 3 1 Pss Boys £: 0, s: 5, d: 2 £: 0, s: 19, d: 10 Soap 78 £: 3, s: 5 Sugar & Candy viz 484 Sugar £: 10, s: 2, d: 6 42 Candy £: 1, s: 2, d: 9 £: 11, s: 5, d: 3 Tobacco 22 £: 1, s: 8, d: 6 Tea 2 £: 0, s: 4 Thread viz 31 W Brown £: 12, s: 12 20 Colld £: 4, s: 13, d: 4 £: 17, s: 5, d: 4 Twine 81 Skains £: 3, s: 9, d: 2¾ Tin Ware viz 3 Coffee Pots £: 0, s: 6, d: 3 14 Saucepans £: 0, s: 9, d: 5 £: 0, s: 15, d: 8 Totall Sold to the Planters £: 207, s: 4, d: 3¾	Brought over, £156 19s 2.5d Pitch and tar: 30 lb pitch, £0 6s 10.5d 3 gallons tar, £0 2s 6d Pitch and tar total, £0 9s 4.5d Paint: 61 lb whiting, £0 2s 9.5d 2 barrels blacking, £0 1s 8d 47 lb indigo, £5 9s 8d 0.5 lb verdigris, £0 1s 1d 0.5 lb yellow ochre, £0 0s 1d Paint total, £5 15s 3.5d Serge, 7.5 yards, £2 9s 11d Shalloon, 16 yards, £2 13s 4d Salt, 1.5 bushels, £0 5s 5d Shoes: 1 pair men's ordinary, £0 5s 5d 1 pair men's pumps, £0 9s 3d 1 pair boys', £0 5s 2d Shoes total, £0 19s 10d Soap, 78 lb, £3 5s 0d Sugar and candy: 480 lb sugar, £10 2s 6d 42 lb candy, £1 2s 9d Sugar and candy total, £11 5s 3d Tobacco, 22 lb, £1 8s 0d Tea, 2 lb, £0 4s 0d Thread: 31 lb white and brown, £12 12s 0d 20 lb coloured, £4 13s 4d Thread total, £17 5s 4d Twine, 81 skeins, £3 9s 2.5d Tin ware: 3 coffee pots, £0 6s 3d 14 saucepans, £0 9s 5d Tin ware total, £0 15s 8d Total sold to the planters, £207 4s 3.75d Interpretations The planters' account closes on the same range of goods as the servants' but at the higher twenty-five per cent, the indigo again the dearest of the paints at above five pounds for forty-seven pounds of the dye, the sugar, candy, soap and thread the bulk provisions and materials behind it. The thread stands unusually high on this account, above seventeen pounds for the white, brown and coloured together, which points to the planters buying sewing thread in quantity for making up their families' clothes from the cloth the store also sold. The whole collection sold to the planters at £207 4s 3.75d against the £438 sold to the servants shows the Company's servants much the larger customers of the store, their favourable rate and their greater numbers together carrying more than twice the planters' purchases. The tin ware, the coffee pots and saucepans, and the small run of shoes, tobacco and salt round out the account, the store serving the planters as it served the garrison across the full furniture of the island's daily life, only at the price its standing outside the Company's employ commanded.
414	424	21 July Sold to the Companys Ships viz Deals viz 23 Single £: 2, s: 13, d: 8 15 Double £: 2, s: 12, d: 6 £: 5, s: 6, d: 2 Iron Ware viz 3 Files £: 0, s: 1, d: 11½ 2½ doz Wood screws £: 0, s: 2, d: 1 £: 0, s: 4, d: ½ Tin Ware 3 doz Lanthorn Leaves £: 0, s: 5, d: 6 Paint viz 16 Barrels Blacking £: 0, s: 13, d: 4 7 Umber £: 0, s: 0, d: 5½ 2 Verdigrease £: 0, s: 8, d: 8 8 Brimston £: 0, s: 2, d: 8 £: 1, s: 5, d: 1½ Glass Ware 20 Sqr Glass 12 by 12 £: 1, s: 0, d: 10 Bunting viz 3 Yds White £: 0, s: 2, d: 1½ 3 Yds Red £: 0, s: 3, d: 1 £: 0, s: 5, d: 2½ Bread & Flour viz 36 Bread £: 46, s: 12 314 Flour £: 3, s: 12 £: 50, s: 4 Nails 60 sorted £: 1, s: 8, d: 4½ Twine 84 Skains £: 4, s: 2 Plantation 2 Mops & Handles £: 0, s: 5 Pitch 1 Barrel £: 2, s: 2, d: 9 Pork 1 Hhd £: 11, s: 2 Pease 5 Bushels £: 1, s: 11, d: 8 Oil 10 Gallon Train £: 2, s: 5, d: 10 Lines 1 Hand line £: 0, s: 1, d: 11 Carried Over £: 81, s: 10, d: 5	The account of goods sold to the Company's ships was set out as follows. Deals: 23 single, £2 13s 8d 15 double, £2 12s 6d Deals total, £5 6s 2d Iron ware: 3 files, £0 1s 11.5d 2.5 dozen wood screws, £0 2s 1d Iron ware total, £0 4s 0.5d Tin ware, 3 dozen lantern leaves, £0 5s 6d Paint: 16 barrels blacking, £0 13s 4d 1 lb umber, £0 0s 5.5d 2 lb verdigris, £0 8s 8d 8 lb brimstone, £0 2s 0d Paint total, £1 5s 1.5d Glass ware, 20 squares glass 12 by 12, £1 0s 10d Bunting: 3 yards white, £0 2s 1.5d 3 yards red, £0 3s 1d Bunting total, £0 5s 2.5d Bread and flour: 36 lb bread, £46 12s 0d 314 lb flour, £3 12s 0d Bread and flour total, £50 4s 0d Nails, 60 sorted, £1 8s 4.5d Twine, 84 skeins, £4 2s 0d Plantation, 2 mops and handles, £0 5s 0d Pitch, 1 barrel, £2 2s 9d Pork, 1 hogshead, £11 2s 0d Pease, 5 bushels, £1 11s 8d Oil, 10 gallons train, £2 5s 10d Lines, 1 hand line, £0 1s 11d Carried over, £81 10s 5d Interpretations The goods sold to the Company's own ships are the stores a vessel needed to refit and revictual, the deals and nails and pitch for repair, the bunting for flags, the bread, flour, pork and pease for the passage, which shows the island in its central role as a watering and provisioning station on the homeward route. The lantern leaves were the thin sheets of horn or tin that formed the panes of a ship's lanterns, and the brimstone the sulphur for fumigating the hold, both drawn from the store for the ships' own uses. The bread figure of £46 12s 0d against thirty-six pounds is plainly a slip of the pen for a far larger quantity, since the flour beside it at 314 lb comes to only £3 12s 0d, the sum standing where the weight is miswritten. The sale of a whole hogshead of pork and five bushels of pease to the ships shows the settlement supplying salt provisions in bulk for the long voyage home, the vessels laying in at St Helena the last of their sea stores before the Atlantic passage, the store serving the Company's fleet as fully as it served the island's own people.
415	425	1747 Brought Over £: 81, s: 10, d: 5 Braziers Ware viz 1 Hash pan £: 1, s: 16, d: 5 1 Copper pump £: 0, s: 15, d: 5 £: 2, s: 11, d: 10 Totall Sold to the Companys Ships £: 84, s: 2, d: 3 Sold to Foreign Ships at 50 pCent Pitch & Tarr viz 3 Barrels Tarr £: 6, s: 13, d: 6 1 Do Pitch £: 2, s: 5, d: 9 £: 8, s: 19, d: 3 Deals 6 Double £: 1, s: 2, d: 6 Nails 22 sorted £: 0, s: 11, d: 10 Cordage 13 3 4 £: 37, s: 16, d: 10 Twine 20 Skains £: 0, s: 18, d: 4 Paint 12 White Lead £: 0, s: 5 Oil 8 Gallon Linseed £: 1, s: 14, d: 1½ Tin Ware 36 Lanthorn Leaves £: 0, s: 6, d: 2 Glass Ware 6 Sqr 12 by 12 £: 0, s: 6, d: 9 £: 52, s: 0, d: 9½ Charges General Dr for the following Stores Issued from the 7 April to 30 June 1747 viz Glass Ware viz 11 Sqr Glass 12 by 12 for Repairs in Castle Great House &c £: 0, s: 4 5 Sqr Long Glass Offping Room at Bankes £: 1, s: 11½ £: 0, s: 9, d: 11½ Cordage 70½ for the Slaughter House a Bell Rope &c £: 1, s: 3, d: 2¼ Iron 15 for the Smiths £: 0, s: 1, d: 11¾ Iron Ware 1 Padlock for a Slaughter House £: 0, s: 3 Cutlery Ware 1 Cleever for Do £: 0, s: 2, d: 8 Carried Over £: 2, s: 0, d: 9¾	Brought over, £81 10s 5d Braziers ware: 1 wash pan, £1 16s 5d 1 copper pump, £0 15s 5d Braziers ware total, £2 11s 10d Total sold to the Company's ships, £84 2s 3d The account of goods sold to foreign ships at fifty per cent was set out as follows. Pitch and tar: 3 barrels tar, £6 13s 6d 1 barrel pitch, £2 5s 9d Pitch and tar total, £8 19s 3d Deals, 6 double, £1 2s 1d Nails, 22 sorted, £0 11s 10d Cordage, 13 cwt 3 quarters 4 lb, £37 16s 10d Twine, 20 skeins, £0 18s 4d Paint, 12 lb white lead, £0 5s 0d Oil, 3 gallons linseed, £1 14s 1.5d Tin ware, 36 lantern leaves, £0 6s 2d Glass ware, 6 squares 12 by 12, £0 6s 9d Total sold to foreign ships, £52 0s 9.5d The account of charges general, for stores issued from 7 April to 30 June 1747, was set out as follows. Glass ware: 11 squares glass 12 by 12, for repairs in the castle, great house and elsewhere, £0 0s 4d 5 squares long glass, for the offices, robing room and Banks's, £1 11s 5.5d Glass ware total, £9 11s 1.5d Cordage, 70.5 lb, for the slaughter house, a bell rope and elsewhere, £1 3s 2.25d Iron, 15 lb, for the smiths, £1 11s 1.75d Iron ware, 1 padlock, for the slaughter house, £0 3s 0d Cutlery ware, 1 cleaver, for the slaughter house, £2 0s 0d Carried over, £2 0s 9.75d Interpretations The foreign ships were charged fifty per cent over cost, double the planters' rate and five times the servants', which shows the Company reserving its steepest mark-up for the vessels of other nations that watered at the island, the naval stores sold them a source of profit from a trade the Company could charge what it liked. The cordage alone came to above thirty-seven pounds, much the largest line, the rope the heaviest article a foreign ship took on to refit, sold at a rate that turned a needed supply into a handsome return. The charges general account marks a different kind of entry, stores not sold but issued for the settlement's own upkeep, the glass for glazing the castle and great house, the cordage for the slaughter house and a bell rope, the cleaver and padlock for the slaughter house, all charged against the Company's own works rather than to a buyer. The distinction shows the storekeeper's account separating what left the store for money from what was consumed in maintaining the island's buildings and offices, the same goods flowing to sale or to use as the settlement required.
416	426	21 July Brought Over £: 2, s: 0, d: 9¾ Turners Ware viz 2 Birch Brooms £: 0, s: 1 2 Hair Brooms £: 0, s: 2, d: 9 3 Shoe Brushes £: 0, s: 1, d: 9 £: 0, s: 5, d: 6 Nails viz 2 6 nails to make Cases for Col Dunbar £: 0, s: 9 2 10 Do to make a dresser in one of the Companys Houses £: 0, s: 8 2 4 Do for making two packetts £: 0, s: 9½ 2 Scupper Do for nailing tarpaulins on Ammunition Chests £: 0, s: 11 £: 0, s: 3, d: 1½ Lead 16½ Small Shot for the Castle £: 0, s: 2, d: 9 Brandy 10½ Gallon for drams for the Solders in a Double Allarm & getting the Long Boat a Shoar £: 2, s: 5, d: 3¾ Candles 49¾ for the Table £: 3, s: 10, d: 7½ Deals viz 6 Pss 3 Inch Oak Plank for mending the Sledge £: 0, s: 7 7 Double Deals for Cases for Col Dunbar in lieu of some of the wood for the Company £: 0, s: 17, d: 6 4 Single Do and for a dresser in one of the Company Houses & making two packetts £: 0, s: 6, d: 8 £: 1, s: 11, d: 2 Long Cloth 4 Pss for Rubbers for the Castle £: 0, s: 8, d: 4 Oil viz 2¼ Gallon Train for the Kittch £: 0, s: 6, d: 2¼ ½ Gallon Linseed for Cleaning of Small Arms £: 0, s: 0, d: 9¾ 1 Bottle Florence £: 0, s: 2, d: 9½ £: 0, s: 9, d: 9½ Corks 1 Grofs for Bottling Beer £: 0, s: 2, d: 3½ Twine 1 Skain £: 0, s: 0, d: 7½ Rossin 19¾ for the pumps £: 0, s: 0, d: 2½ Paint 4 Whiting for Putty for the Castle Windows £: 0, s: 0, d: 1½ Lines 1 Handline for the Castle Windows £: 0, s: 1, d: 3½ Carried Over £: 11, s: 9, d: 11½	Brought over, £2 0s 9.75d Turners ware: 2 birch brooms, £0 1s 0d 2 hair brooms, £0 2s 9d 3 shoe brushes, £0 1s 9d Turners ware total, £0 5s 6d Nails: 2 lb nails, to make cases for Governor Dunbar, £0 0s 9d 10 lb nails, to make a dresser in one of the Company's houses, £0 0s 8d 4 lb nails, for making two packets, £0 0s 9.5d 2 lb scupper nails, for nailing tarpaulins on the ammunition chests, £0 0s 11d Nails total, £0 3s 1.5d Lead, 16.5 lb small shot for the castle, £0 2s 9d Brandy, 10.5 gallons, for drams for the sailors in a double alarm and getting the longboat ashore, £2 5s 3.75d Candles, 49.75 lb, for the table, £3 10s 7.5d Deals: 6 feet 3 inch oak plank, for mending the sledge, £0 7s 0d 7 double deals, for cases for Governor Dunbar and the like of some of the wood for the Company's houses, £0 17s 6d 4 single deals, for a dresser and the like and for making two packets, £0 6s 8d Deals total, £1 11s 2d Long cloth, 4.5 pieces, for rubbers for the castle, £0 8s 4d Oil: 2.5 gallons train, for the kitchen, £0 6s 2.25d 0.5 gallon linseed, for cleaning the small arms, £0 0s 9.5d 1 bottle Florence, for cleaning the small arms, £0 2s 9.5d Oil total, £0 9s 9.5d Corks, 1 gross, for bottling beer, £0 2s 3.5d Twine, 1 skein, £0 0s 7.5d Rosin, 1.75 lb, for the pumps, £0 0s 2.5d Paint, 4 lb whiting, for putty for the castle windows, £0 0s 1.5d Lines, 1 hand line, for the castle windows, £0 1s 3.5d Carried over, £11 9s 11.5d Interpretations The charges general account records stores drawn for the settlement's own maintenance and named to their exact use, the nails to make cases for the departing Governor Dunbar and a dresser, the oak plank to mend a sledge, the deals for cases and packets, which shows the storekeeper accounting for every issue against a stated purpose so that nothing left the store unexplained. The cases for Governor Dunbar were the packing crates for his goods as he left the island, the same handover recorded through the spring now reaching the small matter of boxing his effects for the voyage. The brandy issued as drams for the sailors working a double alarm and hauling the longboat ashore shows the settlement giving out spirits as an encouragement for hard or urgent labour, the drink charged into the account as a working expense rather than sold. The linseed and Florence oil drawn for cleaning the small arms, and the rosin for the pumps, mark the constant upkeep of the garrison's weapons and the fort's gear, the store supplying the materials of maintenance as steadily as it sold the goods of daily life.
417	427	1747 Brought Over £: 11, s: 9, d: 11½ Thread 1 Colloured for Sewing the Jacketts £: 0, s: 3, d: 4 Glass Ware viz 24 Wine Glasses £: 0, s: 14 2 Beer Do for the Table £: 0, s: 2 £: 0, s: 16 China Ware viz 1 Set Dishes & Plates £: 0, s: 10, d: 8 1 Blue & White Soup Dish for the Table £: 0, s: 6, d: 8 £: 0, s: 17, d: 4 Haberdashery 3 Pss Carnation Tape for the Secrys Office and fixing the Pulpit Cloth in the Church £: 0, s: 1, d: 3 Coals 55 Bushels for the Smiths £: 2, s: 10, d: 5 £: 15, s: 18, d: 3½ Diet Expences Dr for the following Stores Issued from the 7 April to 30 of June 1747 Viz Pork 12 Pss £: 1, s: 2 Rice 90 £: 0, s: 4, d: 4½ Flour 942 £: 7, s: 4, d: 8½ Mustard Seed ½ Gallon £: 0, s: 7½ Pease ¾ Bushel £: 0, s: 3, d: 4¾ Arrack 66½ Gallon £: 6, s: 13, d: 2¼ Salt 3½ Bushels £: 0, s: 10, d: 4 Sugar & Candy viz 60 Sugar £: 0, s: 12, d: 4½ 120 Candy £: 1, s: 12, d: 6½ £: 2, s: 4, d: 11 Oil 4 Bottles Florence £: 1, s: 10, d: 8½ Vinegar 2 Gallon £: 0, s: 4, d: 1½ £: 19, s: 18, d: 4½	Brought over, £11 9s 11.5d Thread, 1 lb coloured, for sewing the jackets, £0 3s 4d Glass ware: 24 wine glasses, for the table, £0 14s 0d 2 beer glasses, for the table, £0 2s 0d Glass ware total, £0 16s 0d Chinaware: 1 set dishes and plates, for the table, £0 10s 8d 1 blue and white soup dish, for the table, £0 6s 8d Chinaware total, £0 17s 4d Haberdashery, 3 pieces carnation tape, for the secretary's office and fixing the pulpit cloth in the church, £0 1s 3d Coals, 55 bushels, for the smiths, £2 10s 5d Total charges general, £15 18s 3.5d The account of diet expenses, for stores issued from 7 April to 30 June 1747, was set out as follows. Pork, 12 lb, £1 2s 0d Rice, 90 lb, £0 4s 4.5d Flour, 942 lb, £7 4s 8.5d Mustard seed, 0.5 gallon, £0 0s 7.5d Pease, 0.75 bushel, £0 3s 4.75d Arrack, 66.5 gallons, £6 13s 2.25d Salt, 3.75 bushels, £0 10s 4d Sugar and candy: 60 lb sugar, £0 12s 4.5d 120 lb candy, £1 12s 6.5d Sugar and candy total, £2 4s 11d Oil, 4 bottles Florence, £1 10s 8.5d Vinegar, 2 gallons, £0 4s 1.5d Total diet expenses, £19 18s 4.5d Interpretations The charges general close on stores drawn for the settlement's offices and public buildings, the wine and beer glasses and chinaware for the table, the carnation tape for the secretary's office and to fix the pulpit cloth in the church, the coals for the smiths, all issued for use rather than sold. The thread bought to sew the jackets ties to the slave clothing made up from kersey earlier in the month, the small charge for stitching the garments the workshop was producing to cover the shortfall in the imported supply. The diet expenses account records the provisions issued to feed a body maintained at the Company's charge, most probably the sick in the hospital or a class of the Company's own people, the flour, rice, pork, pease and arrack the staples of their table. The arrack at 66.5 gallons stands high among them, the spirit a fixed part of the ration issued, the whole account marking the food the Company found for those it fed directly, kept separate from the goods sold across the store's counter to the servants, planters and ships.
418	428	21 July Fortifications Dr for the following Stores Issued in the Month of April May and June 1747 Viz Nails viz 5 10 £: 0, s: 1, d: 8 4 6 For Sandy Bay and Lemon Valley £: 0, s: 1, d: 6 2 3 £: 0, s: 11½ 8 4 Fortifications £: 0, s: 3, d: 2 1½ Scupper Nails £: 0, s: 8½ £: 0, s: 7, d: 11 Lead 23½ Sheet for the flagg staff £: 0, s: 4, d: 9 Deals viz 17 Double £: 2, s: 2, d: 6 126 Single £: 10, s: 10 2 Spars for Sandy Bay and Lemon Valley Forts £: 0, s: 3, d: 4 1 Baulk £: 0, s: 3, d: 10½ £: 12, s: 19, d: 8½ Turners Ware 2 Birch Brooms to Sweep the Platformes £: 0, s: 1 Iron Ware viz 2 Stock Locks for the Guard House at Sandy Bay £: 0, s: 3, d: 4 4 Helocs £: 0, s: 2, d: 4 £: 0, s: 5, d: 6 £: 13, s: 19, d: 1 Plantation Dr for the following Stores Issued from the 7 April to 30 June 1747 Viz Twine 1 Skain £: 0, s: ½ Iron Ware 6 packing Needles for Making hedges Slaves £: 0, s: 10½ 1 Ragstone £: 0, s: 2 Carried Over £: 0, s: 1, d: ½	The account of fortifications, for stores issued in the months of April, May and June 1747, was set out as follows. Nails, for Sandy Bay and Lemon Valley fortifications: 5 lb 10d nails, £0 1s 8d 4 lb 6d nails, £0 1s 6d 2 lb 3d nails, £0 0s 11.5d 8 lb 5d nails, £0 3s 2d 1.5 lb scupper nails, £0 0s 8.5d Nails total, £0 7s 11d Lead, 23.5 lb sheet, for the flagstaff, £0 4s 9d Deals, for Sandy Bay and Lemon Valley forts: 17 double, £2 2s 6d 126 single, £10 10s 0d 2 spars, £0 3s 4d 1 baulk, £0 3s 10.5d Deals total, £12 19s 8d Turners ware, 2 birch brooms, to sweep the platforms, £0 1s 0d Iron ware: 2 stock locks, for the guard house at Sandy Bay, £0 3s 4d 4 helves, £0 2s 4d Iron ware total, £0 5s 8d Total fortifications, £13 19s 1d The account of plantation, for stores issued from 7 April to 30 June 1747, was set out as follows. Twine, 1 skein, for making hedges, £0 0s 2d Iron ware, 6 packing needles, for making hedges and gloves, £0 0s 10.5d 1 flagstone, £0 0s 2d Carried over, £0 1s 7d Interpretations The fortifications account carries the timber and ironwork for the new works at Sandy Bay and Lemon Valley, above a hundred and twenty single deals and the nails, spars and baulk behind them, which ties this account directly to the spring war works built through March and April 1747 against the French threat. The stock locks and helves for the guard house at Sandy Bay mark the new battery there being fitted out and secured, the same six-pounder work the inhabitants' slaves had been levied to build, now drawing its finishing stores from the store. The sheet lead for the flagstaff was the covering that weatherproofed the pole from which the signal flags were flown, the flagstaff a working part of the fort's system of alarms and salutes, its upkeep charged among the fortification stores. The plantation account, small by comparison, records the twine and packing needles for making hedges to enclose the Company's grounds, the hedging the ordinary work of fencing the plantations against straying stock, the store supplying even the needles for the task.
419	429	1747 Brought Over £: 0, s: 1, d: 7¾ Rice 12 £: 0, s: 0, d: 7½ Paddy 2 qrs for the Poultry £: 2, s: 8, d: 6 £: 2, s: 9, d: 1½ Pease 2¼ Bushels for Do £: 0, s: 11, d: 4½ £: 3, s: 2, d: 1½ Blacks Dr for the following Stores Used from the 7 April to 30 June 1747 Viz Brandy 11 Gallon for drams when at hard Labour £: 2, s: 8, d: 7 Rice 6 3 22 £: 1, s: 17, d: 7½ Tea 8 £: 0, s: 5, d: 4 Sugar 15 for Sick Blacks and £: 0, s: 2, d: 9½ Bread 30 the Washerwomen £: 0, s: 5, d: 6½ Flour 2 £: 0, s: 0, d: 5½ Beef 1 Pss £: 0, s: 2, d: 7 Shoes 6 Pss Ordy for Handicraftmen £: 1, s: 3, d: 6 Sailors Clothes viz 92 Mens Jacketts 74 qrs Breeches £: 0, s: 0, d: 1½ 110 Mens Shirts £: 20, s: 8, d: 10 22 Boys Do £: 3, s: 0, d: 6 20 Boys Jacketts 20 Pss Do Breeches £: 0, s: 3, d: 11 £: 105, s: 13, d: 4½ £: 111, s: 19, d: 7½ Garrison Dr for the following Stores Issued from the 7 April to 30 June 1747 Viz Tea 54 £: 1, s: 16 Oil 16½ Gallon Train for the Guards & Outforts £: 2, s: 4, d: 8½ Brandy 26½ Gallon for drams on Musting £: 5, s: 17, d: ½ Deals 4 Double for Coffins £: 0, s: 10 Nails 2 6 Do for Coffins £: 0, s: 9 Iron Ware 3 frying Pans for Bankes & Sandy Bay Guards £: 0, s: 5 Carried Over £: 10, s: 13, d: 5¼	Brought over, £1 7s 3.5d Rice, 12 lb, £0 0s 7.5d Paddy, 8 pecks, for the poultry, £2 8s 6d Pease, 2.5 bushels, for the poultry, £0 11s 4.5d Total plantation, £3 2s 1.5d The account of slaves, for stores used from 7 April to 30 June 1747, was set out as follows. Brandy, 11 gallons, for drams when at hard labour, £2 8s 7d Rice, 9 cwt 3 quarters 22 lb, £1 17s 7.5d Tea, 8 lb, for sick slaves and the washerwomen, £0 5s 4d Sugar, 15 lb, for sick slaves and the washerwomen, £0 2s 9.5d Bread, 30 lb, for sick slaves and the washerwomen, £0 5s 6.5d Flour, 2 lb, for sick slaves and the washerwomen, £0 0s 5.5d Beef, 1 piece, £0 2s 7d Shoes, 6 pairs ordinary, for handicraftsmen, £1 3s 6d Sailors clothes: 92 men's jackets, £74 0s 1.5d 91 men's breeches, £74 0s 1.5d 110 men's shirts, £20 8s 10d 22 boys' shirts, £3 0s 6d 20 boys' jackets, £0 3s 11d 20 pairs boys' breeches, £0 3s 11d Sailors clothes total, £105 13s 4.5d Total slaves, £111 19s 7.5d The account of garrison, for stores issued from 7 April to 30 June 1747, was set out as follows. Tea, 55 lb, for the guards and outer forts, £1 16s 0d Oil, 16.5 gallons train, for the guards and outer forts, £2 4s 8.5d Brandy, 26.5 gallons, for drams on mustering, £5 17s 0.5d Deals, 4 double, for coffins, £0 10s 0d Nails, for coffins, £0 0s 9d Iron ware, 3 frying pans, for Banks's and Sandy Bay guards, £0 5s 0d Carried over, £10 13s 5.75d Interpretations The slaves account carries the whole annual clothing of the Company's slaves, the ninety-two men's jackets and ninety-one breeches at seventy-four pounds each the two largest lines in the entire collection, which shows the clothing of its labour force one of the Company's heaviest single charges on the island. This ties directly to the shortfall of twenty suits the council had ordered made up from kersey earlier in July, the imported jackets and breeches counted here against the number of slaves to be clothed. The tea, sugar, bread and flour issued for the sick slaves and the washerwomen mark a distinct provision for those unfit for full labour or set to particular work, the small comforts of the sick and the ration of the laundresses drawn separately from the general clothing. The brandy given as drams when the slaves were at hard labour shows the same use of spirits as an encouragement for heavy work seen with the sailors, the drink charged into the slaves account as a working expense of driving the spring's war works and plantation labour. The garrison account records the stores for the guards at the outer forts, the tea and oil for their posts, the brandy for drams on muster day, the deals and nails for coffins, which shows the settlement providing for its soldiers' watches and burying its dead from the same store. The frying pans for the Banks's and Sandy Bay guards mark the new and the standing batteries kept in domestic order, the men at their distant posts furnished with the means to cook, the store reaching to every corner of the island's defence.
420	430	21 July Brought Over £: 10, s: 13, d: 5¼ Tin Ware 2 Lamps for Bankes Guard £: 0, s: 1, d: 6 Bread Cloth 5 Yards £: 3, s: 15, d: 10 Shaloon 7½ Yards £: 0, s: 15 Buckram viz for a Suit of Clothes for Mr French the Master Gunner 3 Yds Buckram £: 0, s: 2, d: 4½ 1 Pss Hair Cloth £: 0, s: 1, d: 2½ £: 0, s: 3, d: 7 Haberdashers Ware viz 4 Skains Silk £: 0, s: 1, d: 8 3 Do Mohair £: 0, s: 1 3 dozen Wt Mettle Coat Buttons £: 0, s: 1, d: 6½ 2 doz Do Breast Do for Mr Frenchs Cloth £: 0, s: 6 £: 0, s: 4, d: 8½ Soldiers Clothes viz 12 Serjeants Coates & Breeches £: 62, s: 14 12 Corporals Do & Breeches £: 19, s: 19, d: 7 209 Centinels Coats & Do £: 307, s: 1, d: 3 3 Gunners Mates Coates & Do £: 24, s: 9 3 2d Gunners Coates & Do £: 18, s: 9, d: 8 20 Mattrosses Coates & Do £: 42, s: 7 4 Drummers Coates & Do £: 15, s: 2, d: 10 1 Marshals Coat & Breeches £: 1, s: 11, d: 4 £: 491, s: 14, d: 9 Shirts viz 20 Serjeants £: 6, s: 12, d: 6 254 Centinels £: 52, s: 18, d: 4 £: 59, s: 10, d: 10 Shoes 274 Pss Mens Ordinry £: 53, s: 13, d: 2 Hosiers Ware 274 Pss thread Hose £: 33, s: 15, d: 7 Hatts viz 20 Serjeants £: 11 260 Centinels £: 33, s: 13, d: 8 1 Mans Plain for Mr French £: 0, s: 16, d: 8 £: 45, s: 10, d: 4 Paint viz 20 Whiting £: 0, s: 11 16 Yellow Oaker for the Cleaning Belts & Breeches £: 0, s: 2, d: 11 £: 0, s: 3, d: 10 £: 700, s: 0, d: 7¼	Brought over, £10 13s 5.75d Tin ware, 2 lamps, for Banks's guard, £0 1s 6d Broadcloth, 5 yards, for a suit of clothes for John French the master gunner, £3 15s 10d Shalloon, 7.5 yards, for a suit of clothes for John French the master gunner, £0 15s 0d Buckram, for a suit of clothes for John French the master gunner: 3 yards buckram, £0 2s 4.5d 1 pair hair cloths, £0 1s 2.5d Buckram total, £0 3s 7d Haberdashers ware, for John French's clothes: 4 skeins silk, £0 1s 0d 3 skeins mohair, £0 1s 0d 3 dozen white metal coat buttons, £0 1s 1.5d 2 dozen white metal breast buttons, £0 0s 6d Haberdashers ware total, £0 4s 8.5d Soldiers clothes: 12 sergeants' coats and breeches, £62 14s 0d 12 corporals' coats and breeches, £19 19s 7d 209 sentinels' coats and breeches, £307 1s 3d 3 gunner's mates' coats and breeches, £24 9s 0d 3 second gunner's coats and breeches, £18 9s 8d 20 mattrosses' coats and breeches, £42 7s 0d 4 drummers' coats and breeches, £15 2s 10d 1 marshal's coat and breeches, £1 11s 4d Soldiers clothes total, £491 14s 9d Shirts: 20 sergeants' shirts, £6 12s 6d 254 sentinels' shirts, £52 18s 4d Shirts total, £59 10s 10d Shoes, 274 pairs men's ordinary, £53 13s 2d Hosiers ware, 274 pairs thread hose, £33 13s 7d Hats: 20 sergeants' hats, £11 0s 0d 240 sentinels' hats, £33 13s 8d 1 man's plain hat, for John French, £0 16s 8d Hats total, £45 10s 4d Paint: 20 lb whiting, £0 0s 11d 16 lb yellow ochre, for the crowning bolts and breeches, £0 2s 11d Paint total, £0 3s 10d Total, £700 0s 7.5d Interpretations The garrison account closes on the whole annual clothing of the soldiers, coats, breeches, shirts, shoes, stockings and hats for every rank from sergeant to sentinel, the sentinels' coats and breeches alone at above three hundred pounds the largest single line, the total running to seven hundred pounds. This is the yearly re-clothing of the whole foot establishment at the Company's charge, the mattrosses among them the gunners' assistants who worked the artillery, the marshal the officer who kept the garrison's discipline, each grade dressed to its station. The suit of clothes made up for John French the master gunner is entered separately from the ranked clothing, the broadcloth, shalloon, buckram and buttons for a single officer's coat charged to the garrison as a particular provision, which marks the master gunner's standing above the common men, clothed in a made suit where they drew ready garments by the hundred. The yellow ochre for the crowning bolts and breeches shows the paint drawn to colour the ironwork of the guns, the same maintenance of the ordnance that ran through the gunner's own account, the store furnishing the pigment to protect the fort's heavy metal.
421	431	1747 Hospitall Dr for the following Stores Issued for the Use of the Sick from 7 Aprill to 30 June 1747 Viz Flour 121 £: 0, s: 17, d: 4 Rice 6 7 £: 1, s: 17 Sugar 101 £: 1, s: 19, d: 6½ Oil viz 1½ Gallon Train £: 0, s: 3, d: 5½ ½ Linseed £: 0, s: 9¼ £: 0, s: 4, d: 2½ Nails 4 6 £: 0, s: 4½ Deals 1 Single £: 0, s: 1, d: 8 Tin Ware 1 Lamp £: 0, s: 9 Salt ½ Bushel £: 0, s: 1, d: 6½ £: 5, s: 3, d: 4 Boats Dr for the following Stores Used from the 7 April to 30 June 1747 viz Hooks & Lines viz 18½ doz Hooks sorted £: 0, s: 0, d: 9 100 Blue Hooks £: 0, s: 3½ 25 Hooks p Grantham for fishing £: 0, s: 2½ 35 doz Lines Do 1 £: 0, s: 9, d: 3½ 9 Lines Do 6 £: 0, s: 4, d: 1½ £: 1, s: 3 Haberdashery 6 Skains Silk £: 0, s: 2, d: 6 Twine 2 Skains for fishing £: 0, s: 1, d: 2½ Leed 15½ for Sinkers £: 0, s: 2, d: 7 Deals viz 4 Inch Elm boards £: 0, s: 11, d: 4 1 saw Sued Do plank for Repairing £: 0, s: 7, d: 4½ 9 Single Deals a Long Boat £: 0, s: 15 £: 1, s: 13, d: 8½ Oil ½ Gallon Train for Do £: 0, s: 1, d: 4½ Iron 10 for Do £: 0, s: 1, d: 3 Nails viz 4 6 Do £: 0, s: 2, d: 7½ 7½ Spikes for Repairing a Long Boat £: 0, s: 1, d: 7½ £: 0, s: 4, d: 3 Carried Over £: 3, s: 9, d: 10½	The account of hospital, for stores issued for the use of the sick from 7 April to 30 June 1747, was set out as follows. Flour, 121 lb, £0 17s 4d Rice, 9 cwt 3 quarters, £1 17s 11d Sugar, 101 lb, £1 19s 6.5d Oil: 1.5 gallons train, £0 3s 5.5d 0.25 gallon linseed, £0 0s 9.5d Oil total, £0 4s 2.5d Nails, 1 lb, £0 0s 4.5d Deals, 1 single, £0 1s 8d Tin ware, 1 lamp, £0 0s 9d Salt, 0.5 bushel, £0 1s 6.5d Total hospital, £5 3s 4d The account of boats, for stores used from 7 April to 30 June 1747, was set out as follows. Hooks and lines, for fishing: 18.5 dozen hooks sorted, £0 6s 9d 100 blue hooks, £0 0s 5.5d 25 Grantham hooks, £0 0s 2.5d 38 dozen lines number 1, £0 9s 3.5d 9 lines number 6, £0 4s 1.5d Hooks and lines total, £1 3s 0d Haberdashery, 6 skeins silk, for fishing, £0 2s 6d Twine, 2 skeins, for fishing, £0 1s 2.5d Lead, 15.5 lb, for sinkers, £0 2s 7d Deals, for repairing a longboat: 4 inch elm boards, £0 11s 4d 1 sawn deal plank, £0 7s 6.5d 9 single deals, £0 15s 0d Deals total, £1 13s 8.5d Oil, 0.5 gallon train, for the longboat, £0 1s 4.5d Iron, 10 lb, for the longboat, £0 1s 3d Nails, for repairing a longboat: lb nails, £0 2s 7.5d 7 lb spikes, £0 1s 7.5d Nails total, £0 4s 3d Carried over, £3 9s 10.75d Interpretations The hospital account records the provisions and small stores for the sick, the flour, rice and sugar the invalid diet, the oil and lamp for light, the deal and nails for the plainest repairs, which shows the settlement maintaining a place for its sick out of the general store at a modest charge. The sugar at above a hundred pounds was the largest article, the sweetening a staple of the sickroom's food and drink, drawn for the invalids as a matter of course. The boats account carries the gear for the island's fishery and the timber to keep its boats in repair, the hooks and lines and lead sinkers for taking fish, the elm boards and deals and spikes for mending a longboat, which shows how far the settlement leaned on the sea to feed itself. The fish the boats brought in eked out the meat the failing herds could not spare, so the small outlay on tackle and boat repair served the same end as the yam and cattle purchases of the drought, keeping the island fed from whatever source it could reach.
422	432	21 July Brought Over £: 3, s: 9, d: 10½ Bunting 2 Yds for the Long Boat £: 0, s: 1, d: 6 Pitch and Tarr viz 59 Pitch £: 0, s: 7, d: 5¾ 1 Gallon Tarr for Repairing a Long Boat £: 0, s: 7½ £: 0, s: 8, d: 1 Cordage 130 for the Long Boat and Yaul £: 2, s: 2, d: 7½ Turners Ware viz 1 Bowl £: 0, s: 11¼ 1 Platter for the Long Boat £: 0, s: 11½ £: 0, s: 1, d: 10½ Oars 2 for the Yaul £: 0, s: 7, d: 11½ Cutlery Ware 3 Butchers Knives for the L Boats £: 0, s: 10 Iron Ware 1 Mooring Chain for the L Boat Moorings £: 19, s: 17, d: 11 Grapnals 2 £: 7, s: 3, d: 5 £: 33, s: 14, d: 1 St Helena 30 June 1747 (Signed) Errors Excepted P M Purling Storekeeper	Brought over, £3 9s 10.5d Bunting, 2 yards, for the longboat, £0 1s 6d Pitch and tar, for repairing a longboat: 59 lb pitch, £0 7s 5.75d 1 gallon tar, £0 0s 7.5d Pitch and tar total, £0 8s 1d Cordage, 130 lb, for the longboat and yacht, £2 2s 7.5d Turners ware, for the longboat: 1 bowl, £0 0s 11.5d 1 platter, £0 0s 11.5d Turners ware total, £0 1s 10.5d Oars, 2, for the yacht, £0 7s 11.5d Cutlery ware, 3 butchers' knives, for the longboats, £0 0s 10d Iron ware, 1 mooring chain, for the longboat moorings, £19 17s 11d Grapnels, 2, for the longboat moorings, £7 3s 5d Total boats, £33 14s 1d The account was dated at St Helena, 30 June 1747, and signed by Matthew Purling, storekeeper, errors excepted. Interpretations The boats account closes on the heavier gear of keeping the settlement's craft at their moorings, the mooring chain at near twenty pounds and the two grapnels behind it by far the largest lines, which shows how costly the ironwork of securing a boat in the open roadstead was against the small change of hooks and lines. The grapnels were the small anchors used to hold a boat fast, and the mooring chain the length that held it against the swell, the exposed anchorage at St Helena demanding stout tackle to keep a vessel from driving. The bowl and platter for the longboat and the butchers' knives for the boats mark the small furnishing of the working craft, the vessels provisioned for their crews as the ships and the guard posts were. The whole run of accounts, from the great collections sold to servants, planters and ships down to these last small charges for the boats and the sick, closes the storekeeper's quarter under Matthew Purling's hand, the settlement's every supply and issue set down and subscribed errors excepted, the standing form by which an accountant reserved his position against a slip in the reckoning.
423	433	1747 The Pay Master brought in his Account for the Months of April May & June last which were Examined and Approved and are as follows Vizt List of the Honourable Companys Officers and Servants upon the Island St Helena with their several Salaries Diet Money &c for the Quarter commencing April the 7 and Ending June the 30 1747 Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governour Salary £: 125 Do Allowance for servants as Usual £: 31, s: 14, d: 9 £: 156, s: 14, d: 9 John Clark Robert Wright of Council Salary £: 17, s: 10 Do Diet Mony £: 15 £: 32, s: 10 John Goodwin Accompt Salary £: 17, s: 10 Do Diet Mony £: 15 £: 32, s: 10 Matthew Purling Storekeep Salary £: 17, s: 10 Do Diet Mony £: 15 £: 32, s: 10 William Loveday Chaplain from the 14th May to the 30th June both Incl Salary a £100 pAnn £: 13, s: 3 Do for house Rent a £10 pAnn from do to do £: 1, s: 6, d: 3¾ £: 14, s: 9, d: 3¾ Joshua Troynam Factor to the 15th June Incl the Day he went for England Salary £: 6, s: 4, d: 11¼ Do Diet Mony 15 do £: 8, s: 6, d: 6¼ Do House Rent to do £: 2, s: 1, d: 7¾ £: 16, s: 13, d: 1¼ Francis Wrangham Factor Salary £: 7, s: 10 Do Diet Mony £: 10 Do House Rent £: 2, s: 10 £: 20 James Powell Factor Salary £: 7, s: 10 Do Diet mony £: 10 £: 17, s: 10 Joseph Darvall Writer to the 17th May Incl Salary a £10 pAnn £: 2, s: 11, d: 6 Do Factor from 18 May Incl Salary a £30 pAnn £: 3, s: 12, d: 3¾ Do Assistant storekeeper £: 5 Do Diet Mony £: 10 £: 21, s: 3, d: 9¾ Thomas French Writer Salary £: 5 Do Diet Mony £: 10 £: 15 Carried Over £: 359, s: 0, d: 11¼	The paymaster brought in his account for the months of April, May and June, which after examination and approval were entered as follows. It was a list of the Honourable Company's officers and servants on the island of St Helena with their several salaries and diet money for the quarter beginning 7 April and ending 30 June 1747. Charles Hutchinson, Governor, salary, £125 0s 0d Charles Hutchinson, allowance for servants as usual, £31 14s 9d Charles Hutchinson total, £156 14s 9d John Clark and Robert Wright, of council, salary, £17 10s 0d John Clark and Robert Wright, diet money, £15 0s 0d John Clark and Robert Wright total, £32 10s 0d John Goodwin, accountant, salary, £17 10s 0d John Goodwin, diet money, £15 0s 0d John Goodwin total, £32 10s 0d Matthew Purling, storekeeper, salary, £17 10s 0d Matthew Purling, diet money, £15 0s 0d Matthew Purling total, £32 10s 0d William Loveday, chaplain from 14 May to 30 June, half year's salary at £100 per annum, £13 3s 0d William Loveday, house rent at £10 per annum from that date, £1 6s 3.75d William Loveday total, £14 9s 3.75d Joshua Twopany, factor to 18 June, the day he went for England, salary, £6 4s 11.5d Joshua Twopany, diet money to that date, £8 6s 6.5d Joshua Twopany, house rent to that date, £2 1s 7.75d Joshua Twopany total, £16 13s 1.75d Francis Wrangham, factor, salary, £7 10s 0d Francis Wrangham, diet money, £10 0s 0d Francis Wrangham, house rent, £2 10s 0d Francis Wrangham total, £20 0s 0d James Powell, factor, salary, £7 10s 0d James Powell, diet money, £10 0s 0d James Powell total, £17 10s 0d Joseph Darvall, writer to 17 May, salary at £20 per annum, £2 11s 6d Joseph Darvall, factor from 18 May, salary at £30 per annum, £3 12s 3.75d Joseph Darvall, assistant storekeeper, £5 0s 0d Joseph Darvall, diet money, £10 0s 0d Joseph Darvall total, £21 3s 9.75d Thomas French, writer, salary, £5 0s 0d Thomas French, diet money, £10 0s 0d Thomas French total, £15 0s 0d Carried over, £359 0s 11.75d Interpretations The quarter's pay roll opens at the head of the establishment, the Governor's £125 salary with his servants' allowance far above every other officer, the three councillors, accountant and storekeeper each at the same £32 10s of salary and diet, which shows the flat rank of the senior civil offices below the Governor, all paid alike whatever their particular charge. The diet money entered beside each salary was the fixed allowance for an officer's board, a settled addition to his pay that the Company reckoned separately from the salary itself. The account catches several men in mid-quarter changes, the chaplain Loveday newly come on 14 May, the factor Twopany paid only to 18 June when he left for England, and Joseph Darvall rising from writer at £20 to factor at £30 on 18 May and taking the assistant storekeeper's place beside it, each man's pay split to the day of the change. This shows the paymaster reckoning broken salaries precisely to the date a man arrived, departed or was promoted, the same close accounting to the day that ran through every pay roll in the record, so that the Company paid for exactly the service it received.
424	434	21 July Brought Over £: 359, s: 0, d: 11¾ Samuel Falconer Surgeon Salary £: 9, s: 15 Do House Rent £: 2, s: 10 £: 12, s: 5 John Twaits Richard Gurling Overseers to the 13 May Incl £: 7, s: 10 Salary a £30 pAnn £: 3, s: 10, d: 8 Do from the 14th May to 30th June both Incl salary a £60 pAnn £: 7, s: 17, d: 9½ £: 11, s: 8, d: 5½ John Leech Marshall £: 4, s: 7, d: 9 Ditto as Custom Master £: 1, s: 5 £: 5, s: 12, d: 9 William Hayes Master of Arms £: 6, s: 5 Nicholas Cleather Steward £: 7, s: 10 William Dowse Gardner £: 9, s: 11, d: 3 Robert Meacock Cooper £: 8, s: 15 Henry Moyce Carpenter £: 12, s: 10 John Artingstall Patron of the Long Boat £: 7, s: 10 Robert Wright Horse keeper £: 2 Richard Beale schoolmaster salary £: 3, s: 0, d: 3 Do as Clerk £: 5 £: 8, s: 0, d: 3 John Bland Master Mason Salary £: 17, s: 10 Do Diet mony £: 10 Do House Rent £: 1, s: 10 £: 29 Mark Hawkins Mason Salary £: 12, s: 10 Do Diet Mony £: 6, s: 16, d: 10½ Do House Rent £: 1 £: 20, s: 6, d: 10½ £: 507, s: 13, d: 6¾ First Company John Clark 1 Lieut Salary £: 10 Do Diet mony £: 6, s: 16, d: 10½ Do on Acct of instructing the Gunners £: 7, s: 10 £: 24, s: 6, d: 10½ John Dunbar 2 Lieut Salary £: 7, s: 10 Do Diet mony £: 6, s: 16, d: 10½ £: 14, s: 6, d: 10½ William Hayes Adjutant salary £: 10 Do Diet mony £: 7, s: 1, d: 3 £: 17, s: 1, d: 3 £: 55, s: 15 Serjeants Henry Beale £: 6, s: 14, d: 6 Bartholomew Malley £: 6, s: 14, d: 6 John Collins to the 30 April Incl the day he was discharg £: 2, s: 4, d: 2½ Solomon Jacobs from the 1 May to the 30 June both inclusive £: 4, s: 10, d: 3¾ £: 20, s: 3, d: 6 Carried Over £: 583, s: 12, d: ¾	Brought over, £359 0s 11.75d Samuel Falconer, surgeon, salary, £9 15s 0d Samuel Falconer, house rent, £2 10s 0d Samuel Falconer total, £12 5s 0d John Twaits and Richard Gurling, overseers, to 13 May, salary at £30 per annum, £3 10s 8d Richard Gurling, from 14 May to 30 June, salary at £60 per annum, £7 17s 9.5d Overseers total, £11 8s 5.5d John Leech, marshal, £4 7s 9d John Leech, as customs master, £1 5s 0d John Leech total, £5 12s 9d William Hayes, master of arms, £6 5s 0d Nicholas Cleather, steward, £7 10s 0d William Dowst, gardener, £9 11s 3d Robert Meacock, cooper, £8 15s 0d Henry Moyce, carpenter, £12 10s 0d John Artingstall, patron of the longboat, £7 10s 0d Robert Wright, horse keeper, £2 0s 0d Richard Beale, schoolmaster, salary, £3 8s 3d Richard Beale, as clerk, £5 0s 0d Richard Beale total, £8 8s 3d John Bland, master mason, salary, £17 10s 0d John Bland, diet money, £10 0s 0d John Bland, house rent, £1 10s 0d John Bland total, £29 0s 0d Mark Hawkins, mason, salary, £12 10s 0d Mark Hawkins, diet money, £6 16s 10.5d Mark Hawkins, house rent, £1 0s 0d Mark Hawkins total, £20 6s 10.5d Total, £507 13s 6.75d First company: John Clark, first lieutenant, salary, £10 0s 0d John Clark, diet money, £6 16s 10.5d John Clark, allowance for instructing the gunners, £7 10s 0d John Clark total, £24 6s 10.5d John Dunbar, second lieutenant, salary, £7 10s 0d John Dunbar, diet money, £6 16s 10.5d John Dunbar total, £14 6s 10.5d William Hayes, adjutant, salary, £10 0s 0d William Hayes, diet money, £7 1s 3d William Hayes total, £17 1s 3d First company officers total, £55 15s 0d Sergeants: Henry Beale, £6 14s 6d Bartholomew Molloy, £6 14s 6d John Collins, to 30 April, including the day he was discharged, £2 4s 2.5d Solomon Jacobs, from 1 May to 30 June, both inclusive, £4 10s 3.75d Carried over, £583 12s 0.75d Interpretations The pay roll runs down through the working officers of the establishment, the surgeon, steward, gardener, cooper, carpenter and the rest, each at his own salary with house rent added where he had no lodging, which shows the whole range of trades and offices the Company kept on wages to run the island. The master mason Bland at £29 stands high among them, his salary, diet and rent together reflecting the standing of the man whose commuted house allowance had run through the record, the mason's craft valued above the common wage. The overseer's line catches the change recorded on 14 May 1747, John Twaits and Richard Gurling paid jointly at £30 to 13 May and then Gurling alone at the doubled £60 from 14 May, which fixes in the accounts the appointment of Gurling as sole overseer of the stock and plantations at the higher salary the Company had ordered. The allowance to Lieutenant Clark for instructing the gunners shows the artillery training paid as a distinct charge above his salary, the teaching of the guns a particular duty the Company rewarded apart, the first company being the artillery company on whose skill the island's defence rested.
425	435	1747 Corporals Brought Over £: 583, s: 12, d: ¾ Daniel Laughn John Spencer £: 4, s: 7, d: 9 Solomon Jacobs to the 30 April Inclusive being made Serjeant the 1 May £: 1, s: 0, d: 10¼ Ambrose Bland from the 1 May to 30 June both inclusive £: 2, s: 18, d: 10¾ £: 13, s: 3, d: 3 Thomas Watts Drummer £: 4, s: 7, d: 9 Centinels William Anzor to the 15th May inclusive being transfered to the Artillery Company the 25 do £: 0, s: 14, d: 2½ Edward Alles £: 3, s: 0, d: 3 John Bray £: 3, s: 0, d: 3 Ambrose Bland to the 30th April Incl being made Corporal 1 May £: 1, s: 2, d: 5½ John Brown £: 3, s: 0, d: 3 George Bennett £: 3, s: 0, d: 3 Joseph Brooks £: 3, s: 0, d: 3 Augustn Balls £: 3, s: 0, d: 3 William Campble £: 3, s: 0, d: 3 Matthew Campble £: 3, s: 0, d: 3 Robert Currie to the 15th May inclusive the day he was discharged £: 1, s: 13, d: 7¼ John Clay £: 3, s: 0, d: 3 John Chiddry £: 3, s: 0, d: 3 William Carter £: 3, s: 0, d: 3 William Davis £: 3, s: 8, d: 3 William Enser £: 3, s: 0, d: 3 Thomas Fox to the 11 June inclusive the day he Deserted £: 2, s: 13, d: 10 Edward Gill £: 3, s: 0, d: 3 George Green £: 3, s: 0, d: 3 Thomas Greenaway £: 3, s: 0, d: 3 Robert Hayes to the 11 June inclusive the day he deserted £: 2, s: 13, d: 10 Daniel Handcheed £: 3, s: 0, d: 3 Thomas Hails £: 3, s: 0, d: 3 Humphry Harrison £: 3, s: 0, d: 3 George Harper £: 3, s: 0, d: 3 Major Jackson from the 11th May inclusive the day he Enterd £: 1, s: 14, d: 4¾ Wooleton Jones £: 3, s: 0, d: 3 John Jane to the 19th May inclusive the day he was discharged £: 1, s: 16, d: 7¼ Stephen Luffkin £: 3, s: 0, d: 3 William Lambn £: 3, s: 0, d: 3 Joseph Long £: 3, s: 0, d: 3 Alexander Leadon £: 0, s: 15, d: 0½ Thomas Manning to the 21 April inclusive the day he was dischgd £: 3, s: 0, d: 3 John Marsh Centinels Carried Over £: 101, s: 19, d: 2¾ £: 601, s: 3, d: ¾	Brought over, £583 12s 0.75d Corporals: Daniel Laughn, £4 7s 9d John Spencer, £4 7s 9d Solomon Jacobs, to 30 April inclusive, being made sergeant the 1 May, £1 0s 10.5d Ambrose Bland, from 1 May to 30 June both inclusive, £2 18s 10.5d Corporals total, £13 3s 3d Thomas Watts, drummer, £4 7s 9d Sentinels: William Anzer, to 15 May inclusive, being transferred to the artillery company the 26th, £0 14s 2.5d Edward Allis, £3 0s 3d John Bray, £3 0s 3d Ambrose Bland, to 30 April inclusive, being made corporal the 1 May, £1 2s 5.5d John Brown, £3 0s 3d George Bennett, £3 0s 3d Joseph Brooks, £3 0s 3d Augustus Balls, £3 0s 3d William Campbell, £3 0s 3d Matthew Campbell, £3 0s 3d Robert Currie, to 15 May inclusive, the day he was discharged, £1 13s 7.25d John Clay, £3 0s 3d John Chiddry, £3 0s 3d William Carter, £3 0s 3d William Davis, £3 8s 3d William Enser, £3 0s 3d Thomas Fox, to 11 June inclusive, the day he deserted, £2 13s 10d Edward Gill, £3 0s 3d George Green, £3 0s 3d Thomas Greenaway, £3 0s 3d Robert Hayes, to 11 June inclusive, the day he deserted, £2 13s 10d Daniel Hancheard, £3 0s 3d Thomas Nails, £3 0s 3d Humphrey Harrison, £3 0s 3d George Harper, £3 0s 3d Major Jackson, from 11 May inclusive, the day he entered, £1 14s 4.75d Wooleton Jones, £3 0s 3d John Jane, to 19 May inclusive, the day he was discharged, £1 16s 7.5d Stephen Lufkin, £3 0s 3d William Lamben, £3 0s 3d Joseph Long, £3 0s 3d Alexander Leeden, £0 15s 0.5d Thomas Manwaring, to 21 April inclusive, the day he was discharged, £3 0s 3d John Marsh, £3 0s 3d Sentinels carried over, £101 19s 2.25d Interpretations The muster of sentinels is the plain roll of the private soldiers of the foot companies, each at the flat quarterly pay of £3 0s 3d, the uniform rate showing the common soldier paid alike whatever his name or service, the whole strength of the garrison set down man by man. The account catches every change in the ranks to the day, William Anzer transferred to the artillery on the 26th, Currie and Jane discharged, Fox and Hayes deserting on 11 June, Major Jackson entering on 11 May, each man's pay reckoned to the exact date he left, joined or moved. The desertion of Fox and Hayes on the same 11 June, each paid to that day, fixes in the pay roll the loss recorded when the two Dutch ships sailed, the men supposed to have got aboard and now struck from the wages at the date they went. This close reckoning to the day, the same that ran through the officers' pay, shows the Company paying for exactly the service each man rendered and no more, the deserter's wage stopped at his flight as sharply as the discharged man's at his release, the account a precise ledger of the garrison's constant coming and going.
426	436	21 July Centinels Brought Over £: 101, s: 19, d: 2¾ £: 601, s: 3, d: ¾ Thomas Mason £: 3, s: 0, d: 3 John Murril £: 3, s: 0, d: 3 James Mills £: 3, s: 0, d: 3 Patrick Hamilton a Deserter and delivered up by Capt Thoms Tolson on his Return here again paid from the 24th April Inclusive £: 2, s: 10, d: 10¼ Robert Luffin from the 24 April Incl the day he Enterd £: 2, s: 10, d: 10¼ James Owens £: 3, s: 0, d: 3 James Richardson £: 3, s: 0, d: 3 William Price £: 3, s: 0, d: 3 James Renard £: 3, s: 0, d: 3 John Seother £: 3, s: 0, d: 3 John Shaw £: 3, s: 0, d: 3 John Searly £: 3, s: 0, d: 3 Soloman Sawnders £: 3, s: 0, d: 3 Emanuel Steele £: 3, s: 0, d: 3 James Urqhart £: 3, s: 0, d: 3 Peter Wells £: 3, s: 0, d: 3 Thomas Watson £: 3, s: 0, d: 3 Thomas Wagg £: 3, s: 0, d: 3 Willm Young £: 3, s: 0, d: 3 John Davis £: 3, s: 0, d: 3 James Cartwright £: 3, s: 0, d: 3 James Hendree £: 3, s: 0, d: 3 William Smith £: 3, s: 0, d: 3 £: 170, s: 14, d: 1¾ Supernumerary Men belonging to the first Company William Bruff a Deserter from Ship Grantham who was going a Soldier to Bencolin and is to be sent thence by first Oppertunity paid from the 7th June inclusive £: 0, s: 17, d: 11½ John Long to the 17th June inclusive the Day he Died £: 2, s: 18, d: 4 £: 3, s: 16, d: 3¾ Second Company Joseph Kendall 1 Lieut salary £: 10 Do Diet mony £: 6, s: 16, d: 10½ Do House Rent £: 2, s: 10 £: 19, s: 6, d: 10½ Carried Over £: 783, s: 13, d: 5	Sentinels brought over, £101 19s 2.25d Thomas Mason, £3 0s 3d John Murril, £3 0s 3d James Mills, £3 0s 3d Patrick Hamilton, a deserter, delivered up by Captain Thomas Jobson on his return here again, paid from 24 April inclusive, £2 10s 10.5d Robert Lufkin, from 24 April inclusive, the day he entered, £2 10s 10.5d James Owens, £3 0s 3d James Richardson, £3 0s 3d William Price, £3 0s 3d James Leonard, £3 0s 3d John Scother, £3 0s 3d John Shaw, £3 0s 3d John Searly, £3 0s 3d Solomon Sawnders, £3 0s 3d Emanuel Steele, £3 0s 3d James Urquhart, £3 0s 3d Peter Wells, £3 0s 3d Thomas Watson, £3 0s 3d Thomas Wagg, £3 0s 3d William Young, £3 0s 3d John Davis, £3 0s 3d James Cartwright, £3 0s 3d James Hendee, £3 0s 3d William Smith, £3 0s 3d Sentinels total, £178 14s 1.25d Supernumerary men belonging to the first company: William Bruff, a deserter from the ship Grantham who was going a soldier to Bencoolen and is to be sent there by the first opportunity, paid from 7 June inclusive, £0 17s 11.5d John Long, to 17 June inclusive, the day he died, £2 18s 4d Supernumerary men total, £3 16s 3.75d Second company: Joseph Kendall, first lieutenant, salary, £10 0s 0d Joseph Kendall, diet money, £6 16s 10.5d Joseph Kendall, house rent, £2 10s 0d Joseph Kendall total, £19 6s 10.5d Carried over, £783 13s 5.5d Interpretations The two supernumerary men entered apart from the ranked companies mark the irregular additions to the garrison, William Bruff the deserter from the Grantham held until he could be sent on to Bencoolen and paid from 7 June, and John Long paid to the day of his death on 17 June, both carried outside the company establishment as men not properly on its strength. This ties Bruff's line directly to the decision of 8 June 1747 to keep him as a soldier until a ship offered for Fort Marlborough, the pay roll now bearing him among the extra men. Patrick Hamilton's entry, a deserter delivered up by Captain Jobson on his return and paid from 24 April, shows the same traffic of runaway men caught and restored to the garrison, the sentinel taken back into pay from the day he was given up. The close reckoning of these broken and irregular wages, Bruff from his desertion, Long to his death and Hamilton from his recovery, shows the paymaster fitting every man however he came into the roll to the exact day of his service, the establishment's true strength counted head by head and day by day whatever the disorder of the ranks.
427	437	Book cover
428	438	EAP 1364 St Helena Document Name and Date St Helena Records 1746-7 Dimensions (height x width x depth) (cm) (H) 47 x (W) 32 x (D) 6 cm No. written pages: 437 No. blank pages: 2 Spine and cover Good Condition Inside pages Good Condition, foxing present. Slight insect boring. Inside binding tight. Additional comments The book starts at page 18. Time taken to photograph (hours) 4 hours