St Helena Records 1751-1752

Introduction: This is the thirtieth volume in the series of St Helena Records, which summarises the proceedings of official meetings held by the island’s Governor and Council, during which matters of government, defence, supplies, justice and discipline were discussed and recorded.

Source: Images of the original records can be viewed on the British Library’s website: https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP1364-1-1-34.

Text Inaccuracy: This transcription was produced by AI from handwritten document images held on the British Library's website, at about thirty pages per hour. Given the limitations described below, the text should be regarded as unreliable and used only as a search-and-find shortcut: once a relevant section has been located, it must always be checked against the source image via the hyperlinked Film Numbers listed in the main transcription table below.

Three specific problems affected the work. First, AI tends to prioritise meaning and readability at the expense of fidelity to the original, with a strong disposition to normalise spellings, expand abbreviations, and adjust grammar. It is particularly weak with unfamiliar surnames, and scrawled signatures often resist accurate transcription entirely. Transcriptions by eye of documents spanning four centuries have also shown that a single surname could be written in a wide variety of ways: the Crowie family name appears under six different spellings, and the Isaacs family name under sixteen. Searches for surnames are therefore hindered both by genuine variations in the originals and by mistranscriptions introduced by AI, and for this reason are best run phonetically. Second, the AI struggled with the late secretary hand, the script commonly used from the sixteenth to the eighteenth centuries, in which the letter S appears in a form closely resembling a trailing L. Third, occasional passages in these volumes are written in a hand so obscure or poorly formed as to be difficult to read even by eye, sometimes compounded by heavy ink bleed-through from the reverse side or by the loss of sections of pages.

To mitigate these difficulties, a strict protocol was applied to each image, requiring the AI to rely solely on clearly visible ink strokes and to flag any uncertain reading, thereby reducing the risk of inferred or invented text. Two conventions are used. [...] marks text that could not be read with confidence; this may represent a single unreadable word, a full sentence, or occasionally an entire paragraph. Square brackets around letters or words indicate a conjectural reading supplied by the transcriber: brackets around a whole word, for example [Bazett], mean the entire word was unclear and a probable reading has been supplied, while brackets around individual letters within an otherwise readable word, for example B[a]z[e]tt, mean only those specific letters were unclear in the source and the unbracketed letters were legibly present.

Referencing Text Locations: A dual numbering system has been adopted, combining the British Library film number with the manuscript’s original page number. These are presented in the format: British Library Film No. / Document Page No.

Pagination:

The pages are unnumbered. Therefore, for reference purposes, the first page of the records on Film No. 3 is designated as page 1 (location 3/1), with numbering continuing sequentially through the end of the volume.

Dates: At the beginning of the period covered by this volume, England and its colonies were still using the Old-Style Julian calendar, under which the legal new year began on 25 March (Lady Day). The Gregorian calendar was introduced on Thursday 14 September 1752. By that time, Britain was eleven days behind most European countries, which had long adopted the Gregorian calendar introduced by Pope Gregory XIII in 1582. To make the adjustment, Wednesday 2 September 1752 was immediately followed by Thursday 14 September 1752. At the same moment, the start of the legal new year was changed from 25 March to 1 January. It will be noted in this volume that following a consultation on 1 September 1752 (location 356/354), the next meeting was held on 18 September (location 357/355).

The Council's first meeting took place on 29 July 1751, with the final meeting occurring on 22 January 1753. The volume title citing “1751-1752” is therefore inaccurate, as it excludes the 1753 meetings. All sessions were convened during Captain Charles Hutchinson's administration (1747-1764).

AI Generated Summary

Introduction

This account consolidates the surviving consultations and quarterly accounts of the Governor and Council of St Helena across 18 months, from 22 July 1751 to 22 January 1752/53. Governor Charles Hutchinson presided throughout, assisted at first by David Hunter as Lieutenant or Deputy Governor and by Lieutenant John Clark of the Council. The three men met week by week at the Castle in James Valley and at times at the Plantation House to transact the whole civil, military and commercial business of the island. Their weekly minute is the spine on which every other record hangs, and around it run the monthly accounts of livestock, ordnance and the Company’s table and the great quarterly reckonings of stores, wages and cash. [Film No. 3–52]

The material is dense in texture but narrow in kind, the work of clerks reckoning value to the halfpenny and mustering men name by name, so it shows the settlement as its officers set it down rather than as its people lived it. The garrison appears as a wage roll, the slaves as bare entries of birth, death and flight in a stock account, and the island’s trade as graded price lists sold to distinct classes of buyer. These are the Company’s own books, kept to answer to the Court of Directors in London, so they record chiefly the safe custody of cash, stock and stores and the orderly descent of land, while much of island life that fell outside that purpose leaves only a faint trace. Read against what is known of the Company and its Eastern and Atlantic trades, these dry records still yield a detailed picture of a mid-ocean depot at the height of its purpose. [Film No. 53–102]

The record is fullest in the great quarterly documents, above all the warehouse inventories of 30 September 1751 and 11 October 1752 and the muster and salary rolls, which between them lay bare how the island was supplied, defended and paid. What follows draws the whole run together by theme, tracing each thread from July 1751 to the close of the record in January 1752/53. [Film No. 406–421]

Governance and administration

The government of the island rested on very few hands and ran by a fixed weekly rhythm. At each consultation the previous week’s minute was read, approved and signed before any new business, so that on 29 July 1751 the board confirmed the minute of 22 July 1751, and the same unbroken chain of self-checking entries ran through every quarter to the last sitting of January 1752/53. This ritual bound the councillors jointly to each act and gave the record its consistency, though it also means the account is self-referential, telling only what the board chose to minute. Through late 1751 the whole board was Governor Hutchinson, Lieutenant Governor David Hunter, styled also Captain, and Lieutenant John Clark, three men carrying the island’s civil authority. [Film No. 4–15]

The board was repeatedly reduced below even this small number. When Clark fell sick and was absent on 11 November 1751 the board met with only the Governor and his deputy, and from 18 November 1751 Hutchinson himself, fallen sick, is recorded as presiding in title only while Hunter and Clark did the work. A brief substitution of Lieutenant John Pank for Clark appears at the consultation of 16 March 1751/52 before Clark resumed his place, a change the record notes without explanation and a mark of the small pool of officers from which the Council was filled. [Film No. 92, 96, 100, 102]

The decisive change came with the departure of David Hunter. He went aboard the Company’s ship Exeter, which sailed on 28 April 1752, the gunners firing 15 guns as he went on board, and thereafter the consultations were commonly attended by Governor Hutchinson and Lieutenant Clark alone, two men being the working minimum for the board to act. This thinness of administration ran unbroken through the rest of the record and concentrated the island’s civil, military and judicial authority in a very small compass, a heavy weight of business resting on the Governor and his single colleague from the middle of 1752 to the close. [Film No. 257, 265, 340, 341]

The island was governed ultimately from London, and the arrival of instructions from the Court of Directors could override the board’s ordinary routine. When the Exeter arrived from England early on 29 March 1752, Captain Fernell came ashore about 10 o’clock with a packet from the directors, and the Council met at once, out of its usual Monday order, to open and read it. Two of the directors’ orders surface directly in the record, the augmentation of the military officers’ pay notified as a favour on 30 March 1752, and an order that all the island’s stallions and colts be gelded, a control on the breeding of horses imposed from afar. The dependence on London ran the other way too, the general books balanced each year and ordered copied for despatch, the fair copy being the record on which the directors judged their distant servants. [Film No. 192, 194, 195]

The routine oversight of the plantation and stores was shared among the Council’s officers rather than fixed to one man, the monthly stock account passing between David Hunter and Richard Gurling as the office fell, so the accounts are the work of several hands, which helps explain their unevenness. The board kept the Company’s inventory current, striking off goods no longer serviceable: in October 1752 it wrote off worn household furniture and a broken fishing yawl, and the September gunner’s account condemned 23 gun carriages and two quadrants outright, choosing an accurate record of weakness over a flattering one so that the real need for replacements would stand plainly on the books. Even the Company’s minister was held by a money bond, the Reverend William Lee paying £50 into the cash in October 1752 to discharge his, a mark of how far the Company’s commercial discipline reached into every office. [Film No. 365, 367, 373]

The island’s administrative year turned on a single combined cycle timed to its end. On 26 August 1751, and again on 17 August 1752, the Council ordered an advertisement requiring every inhabitant to send the secretary an exact account of families, lands and cattle, to attend at the Castle in early October to pay the year’s rents, and giving notice that the stores would shut for some weeks so that an inventory might be taken. A census of people and stock, the collection of revenue and a stocktake of the warehouse were thus welded into one operation, the household’s own declaration furnishing the roll against which its rent was assessed. The Council’s reach extended to the smallest particulars: on 5 August 1751 it tracked a loan of 24 double deals borrowed under Governor Dunbar as carefully as a debt of money, and when a gun was spiked and gun-aprons stolen on 23 December 1751 it offered 20 shillings to any who would name the guilty, the paid informer the answer of a government that could not watch a scattered chain of works at every point. [Film No. 14, 350]

Military affairs and defence

St Helena existed as a fortified refreshment station, and the upkeep of its ordnance runs through the gunners’ accounts from first to last. The defence turned on the main fort in James Valley and a chain of outlying batteries at Sandy Bay, Banks’s, Rupert’s, Prosperous Bay, Turks Cap, Lemon Valley and Munden’s Point, each requiring its own share of powder and stores. Damp and salt were the constant enemies of the guns, and much of the charge was the plain repair of the tools of heavy artillery, the sponge staves, sponge heads, rammer heads, sheepskins and trunk nails renewed to overhaul the wet swabs worked down the barrels, and the worms, ladles, handspikes, trucks and axletrees that broke under recoil. Tallow was issued to grease the carriages against the seizing effect of the weather, and tompions, the wooden muzzle plugs, sent to the exposed headlands. [Film No. 9, 18]

The batteries were kept in working readiness rather than left to decay, their crews drilled so the guns could be served in earnest. Powder was booked for practice fired at Rupert’s and Prosperous Bay through 1751 and 1752, and for scaling the guns to clear their bores of rust and fouling, and the account for January 1752 issued a batch of five linstocks, the forked staffs that held the smouldering match at arm’s length, marking a general renewal of the firing gear. On 22 December 1751 the gunners proved six old guns suspected unsound, two 32-pounders, two 18-pounders and two 9-pounders, firing them with heavy charges; the two heaviest were found much honeycombed, the dangerous pitting that could burst a barrel, and all had worn beyond their bore. The programme of maintenance culminated in December 1752, when the garrison worked systematically through its whole defensive line, scaling the guns battery by battery at Sandy Bay, Banks’s, Rupert’s, the Line and Munden’s Point, the most thorough such overhaul the record preserves. [Film No. 107, 119, 163, 454]

The condition of the ordnance was a growing concern by late 1752. The September 1752 account was almost wholly a stocktaking of decay, listing 23 gun carriages much worn and scarce fit for service, from heavy 18-pounders down to light 2-pounders, with one carriage and two quadrants condemned outright, the quadrant being the instrument for setting a gun’s elevation. The formal writing off of the unserviceable pieces reduced the fort’s strength on paper but kept the ordnance account true to the real state of the guns. Some 500 firkin hoops were charged in October 1752 for repairing the powder barrels, the constant maintenance a magazine required in a damp climate, and the powder holes where the charge was stored below ground were covered with sacking to keep it dry. [Film No. 367, 430, 441]

The batteries kept up a settled ceremony of salutes, returned gun for gun as the recognised courtesy between a fort and a ship of standing, a nine-gun salute to an East Indiaman consuming nine pounds of powder. The same guns marked the great occasions of state. On 30 October 1751 over 23 pounds of powder were spent on the King’s birthday, on 11 June 1752 some 21 guns were fired for the anniversary of King George II’s accession with the garrison drawn up firing small arms, and the King’s birthday of 10 November 1752 drew the heaviest charge of that month. Courtesies passed between the nations too, a ship under Dutch colours saluting the fort with 11 guns on 4 November 1751 and being answered by custom, the ceremony binding the remote station to the Crown it served and to the wider community of the sea road. [Film No. 95, 98, 265, 294]

March 1752 was the busiest month of shipping in the whole run, and the batteries fired accordingly, 257 guns discharged against the 96 of February 1751/52 in a great round of alarms and salutes. A squadron of four ships of war under a Commodore was saluted with the full protocol owed to a King’s squadron, the Commodore and three captains each honoured on landing, a far heavier ceremony than any single Indiaman received. Behind these courtesies lay a genuine readiness for war: powder and lead balls were issued to the Lemon Valley guard, that outlying post kept armed like the main batteries, and the defence rested not on fixed shore guns alone but on a flying party, a light and quickly deployable detachment whose cartridge boxes were replenished in May and June 1752 to march to whichever bay an enemy might attempt. The Council’s military role reached beyond the Company: on 9 December 1751, expecting Commodore Lisle’s squadron might require beef, it ordered the planters to return an account of the cattle they intended for slaughter, the island’s herds a strategic resource for the Navy. [Film No. 105, 210, 211, 278]

The signals of the coastal defences were renewed as a regular charge, bunting in blue, red and white issued to make flags for Ladder Hill, Banks’s platform and Sandy Bay and a pendant for Munden Point, the loosely woven wool from which ensigns were sewn worn out constantly by sun, salt and wind. A rarer entry stands wholly apart from the firing of guns: on 23 November 1752 powder and four lead shot were expended on the killing of a sea cow, an animal of the surrounding waters brought down for its meat or oil and entered in the gunner’s account like any other charge, a small notice of the island drawing food from the sea by the gun as well as the hook. [Film No. 317, 337, 441]

The garrison was organised into four line companies and a separate artillery company, each mustered and paid company by company down the roll, the command structure holding steady from quarter to quarter with the same officers and sergeants recurring. The artillery stood apart under its master gunner, first Thomas Holt and later Thomas Hale, with a descending order of gunner’s mates, quarter gunners and matrosses, the last the junior gunners who loaded, sponged and ran out the pieces and formed the base of the fort’s crews. Every centinel drew the same flat quarterly wage of £3 16s 0½d, so once the officers and specialists were set apart the muster became a simple count of heads. Lieutenant John Clark drew an extra allowance for instructing the gunners and Lieutenant Thomas Kirkpatrick another for adjutant’s duty, the staff work of a settled establishment falling to known men. [Film No. 57, 58, 142, 148]

The muster roll doubled as a record of the quarter’s losses, paying a dead man only to the day of his death, so that the wages of Thomas Wagg to 26 July 1751, of Robert Bell to 17 May 1752 and of the superannuated armourer George Cluney to his death in early April 1752 fixed each end of service to a day. Casualties are strewn through the record: Joseph Lowe died on 15 November 1751 from a fall upon the rocks, the gunner’s mate James Prichard on 14 April 1752, and the soldier Henry Wakefield, buried on 19 April 1752, was supposed from several circumstances to have been poisoned. The clothing of the garrison was the single heaviest charge in the whole store, coats and breeches for over 200 men graded by rank, the sentinels’ alone standing at over £250 in the quarter to 30 September 1751, while hats and shirts were issued to 212 sentinels against only 44 coats, the linen worn next the skin renewed far more often than the durable outer garment. [Film No. 52, 59, 91, 320]

The garrison was replenished by a steady enlistment of men bound for fixed terms of five years, and the terms fixed a plain racial scale in the price the Company paid. A European soldier drew £10 to re-enlist while an island-born native drew only £1, or was taken on with no bounty at all, a saving the Council made whenever it could by recruiting from the settlement’s own young men. It also drew experienced men from the Company’s other eastern settlements as they passed through, enlisting Robert Berry, discharged from Fort Marlborough, at the full £10 on 21 March 1752, and taking on in June 1752 the invalided, the stranded and the returned alike, James Carmichell whose lameness had healed on the passage, George Bealy set ashore from the Shaftesbury, and William Timson delivered in as a deserter from Madras. The bounty offered ranged from £10 down to a single gunny bag, the price of a soldier varying with his origin and circumstances. [Film No. 153, 188, 286, 290]

The augmentation of the garrison’s pay, ordered by the Court of Directors and notified early in 1752, worked through the muster roll from the quarter to 31 March 1752 onward. The lieutenants now drew £40 for the quarter, the sergeants £7 12s 1d and the corporals £5 6s 6½d, well above the earlier rates, while the sentinels alone kept the old flat wage, so the increase fell on the officers and non-commissioned ranks above them. The artillery was raised in the same way, the master gunner drawing the lieutenant’s salary and the mates a higher rate. The whole quarter’s wage bill rose accordingly, from £1,704 12s 2d in the quarter to 30 September 1751 to £1,853 15s 3½d in the quarter to 30 June 1752, the paymaster prorating each man’s pay by the exact days he served at each rank so that a soldier promoted or reduced mid-quarter had his wage split across the several spans. [Film No. 237, 238, 325, 332]

Settlement, land and agriculture

Land on St Helena was held of the Company as proprietor, and every dealing in it passed under the Council’s eye because the freehold rested with the Company and the tenant took only a right of occupation. Parcels were traded within a small circle of intermarried families under the board’s supervision, as when Francis Wrangham senior rearranged his holdings through the surrenders of Samuel Dowton’s and Thomas Easthope’s tenancies in September 1751, some land held at the acknowledgement of a peppercorn a year, a nominal rent that kept the tenure alive without extracting real money. The board priced land by its worth, granting barren scraps wanted only for fencing at token rates such as 1s 1d or 1s 6d per acre, but never without first ordering the ground viewed, a real test that could defeat a request: the parcel Benjamin Mason sought in October 1751 was refused on 25 November 1751 when the viewing found it to the Company’s advantage to have it enclosed. [Film No. 23, 26, 27, 94]

The fullest single picture of the settlement is the annual rent roll of the planters, which charged three heads on every holding, a ground rent on certain plots, a rate on freehold acreage and a higher rate on leasehold. The roll for 1751, paid on 7 October 1751, came to £369 7s 1d, and that for 1752, gathered in October 1752, to £368 6s 8d, the sums close from year to year. By far the largest holder was Francis Wrangham senior, with more than 170 acres of freehold and over 120 of leasehold, and the same surnames recur down the roll, the Alexanders, Bagleys, Bazetts, Dovetons, Desfountains, Greentrees, Whaleys, Leeches, Masons and Goodwins, a settler society in which land was concentrated among a handful of kin who had settled the island over generations. The rent itself shows a place short of coin, each planter owing a small quit rent in money but the bulk rendered in wheat and other grain from the harvest, and the frequent marking of children as orphans identifies estates the board administered for minors until their heirs came of age. [Film No. 30, 368, 369]

Leaseholds were held for fixed terms or for named lives, and their expiry brought the tenant back before the board to renew. Richard Gurling petitioned on the expiry of his six-acre lease on 2 February 1751/52, Matthew Bazett on his four-and-a-half acres in Fisher Valley in July 1752 and on eight acres at the head of Deep Valley in August 1752, and Thomas Greentree, on the death of his brother Richard, sought on 20 July 1752 to insert a fresh life in his lease of 35 acres and had it renewed on paying the usual fine of £6 17s 3d. Freeholds could be assigned with the board’s leave, so Samuel Desfountain, intending to go to India, was granted liberty on 18 December 1752 to dispose of his 23½ acres to Samuel Henry, and leasehold was liquidated to fund departures, the guardian Richard Beale selling his ward Rachel Alexander’s land in April 1752 to remit the produce to her at Bencoolen. Waste ground was brought into tenancy at a tenant’s request, turning idle land to account, but even the poorest barren scrap was viewed before it was let. [Film No. 171, 218, 340, 424]

The Company farmed on its own account, and the monthly livestock returns track its herds beast by beast as a single managed stock. Each account opened with the number in hand, added the month’s natural increase, then set against it every animal killed, shipped, died, lost or missing before striking the closing figure, distinguishing wethers from ewes, shoats from pigs and kids from does, the practical husbandry of knowing what was breeding, growing and ready for slaughter. The returns caught the yearly rhythm of increase, the flocks renewing themselves heavily in the middle of the year, 61 lambs and 16 kids born in May 1752 against a single calf, before the breeding fell away and the numbers dropped under slaughter and loss. The accounts grew more elaborate over time, adding a line for animals killed by dogs, then for the increase, then for the missing, 12 goats going astray in November 1752 on the island’s broken terrain where the beasts wandered and were hard to recover. [Film No. 8, 264, 277, 440]

These returns reveal the hazards of keeping stock on steep and broken ground, and the strain of feeding both the settlement and the fleet. Beasts were repeatedly lost by a fall over the cliffs while grazing the ridges and gut-sides, a cause of death logged apart from killing and disease, and a cow was once noted choked, probably on a root or lump of feed. Stray and feral dogs were a standing threat, several lambs and, in June 1752, seven sheep killed by them, answered with powder and lead ball issued to shoot the offending animals and an advertisement of July 1752 requiring all dogs not granted to be returned and forbidding any to follow the slaves except on services truly wanted. Disease also struck: a shoat was noted measly in February 1752, infected with the cysts that gave pork its mottled, unsound appearance, and the herds were bled with lancets kept for the purpose, the common veterinary treatment of the age. [Film No. 34, 293, 162, 320]

A distinct and serious outbreak of disease ran through the goat herd in the second half of 1752. The August 1752 stock account recorded a heavy loss among the goats, 18 dying in the month against a handful in the other herds, and the September 1752 account at last named the sickness as the mange, a contagious disease of parasitic mites that spread through a flock and wasted the affected animals, 10 does, two wethers and six kids dying of it. That it fell almost wholly on the goats and spared the cattle and sheep points to a disease particular to that stock, and the plantation answered it with a remedy charged to the general account, train oil issued for dressing the mangy goats, the oil rubbed on the affected animals in the effort to check the disease among a herd every beast of which was an asset to be preserved. [Film No. 358, 366, 389]

The victualling of the shipping fell heaviest on the plantation’s cattle, and a month’s slaughter was measured as much by the ships in the road as by the garrison’s own needs. Fresh beef went to named East Indiamen in standard parcels, usually of 560 pounds a vessel, and when several called together the herd was drawn down hard, five ships supplied in April 1752 and a single unusually large Indiaman taking 1,111 pounds in January 1752, the heaviest supply to any one vessel in the whole run. Heavy killing followed such seasons, and the drawing down of the younger cattle for beef through the turn of each year bore on the herd’s future increase, the bull count once falling from four to two in a single month. The plantation itself was kept up from the general store, its dairy, garden and outlying buildings supplied with hand tools, its arable worked with a roller and plough, and even fruit trees and vines raised, the grafting saw and the thread for grape bags marking the cultivation of orchards and grapes on ground where every board and tool came by sea. [Film No. 162, 209, 139, 234]

The true bread of the island was the yam, grown in bulk on Company ground and issued by weight as the principal food of the slaves and the poorer households, a hardy root that flourished where European grain would not. Its monthly issue tracked the state of the crop with a marked seasonal rhythm: 35,000 pounds were spent in the middle months of 1751 and again in January 1752, but the draw fell to a settled low of about 8,000 pounds through the closing months of 1751 as the old crop ran short and the new was not yet lifted, then rose again with the fresh harvest. The rise and fall confirm how completely the settlement rested its food supply on this one crop, and how finely that supply was stretched, paddy for the livestock having repeatedly to be bought from passing captains when the store ran dry, as from Captain George Wilson in April 1752 when there was none in the Company’s stores to spare. A grave threat came in the drought of the middle of 1752, the Council noting on 3 August 1752 that the failure of rains had caused several cattle to die for want of fodder and ordering the planters to return a monthly account of every beast lost while the drought held, measuring a loss it had no store of fodder to relieve. [Film No. 106, 162, 204, 343]

Supply and provisioning

The island could never feed itself, and the accounts show it provisioned from a mixture of its own stock, its gardens and a heavy stream of imports. The Company’s general table was provisioned month by month above the plain rations of the garrison, drawing port, Lisbon and Madeira wines, beer and arrack alongside fresh beef, mutton, goat, pork and veal, with butter, suet, sugar and candy, the whole marking a well-found board that entertained the officers of the fleet in the road as much as it fed the resident officers. The table’s meat moved with the plantation’s killing, so that the appearance of veal in an account matched a calf killed in the same month’s stock return, the two records moving together. The heaviest consumption came at the busiest seasons, the table account for March 1752 reaching over £35, the highest of the whole record, when the board entertained the captains of the many calling vessels and bought raisins, currants, cheese, anchovies, capers and mustard from Captain William Sennell, the European delicacies the island could not produce. [Film No. 99, 209, 212]

Fresh fruit was bought steadily as a deliberate provision against scurvy, the disease of long sea voyages the island’s produce could hold off for garrison and ships alike. The paymaster’s accounts record a stream of payments to named inhabitants for potatoes, green lemons, tamarinds, olibos, peaches and apples for the Company’s table, the citrus and the imported Indian tamarind alike valued for the purpose, and the same buying of bread from named bakers, of boat labour and of small produce shows the Company’s coin circulating back into the settler economy through a stream of small contracts. The care of the officers’ health extended to departing servants, lemons, potatoes and peaches furnished for David Hunter’s passage in 1752, a practical understanding of how fresh fruit preserved health on a station that fed passing crews. [Film No. 69, 155, 337]

The settled function of the island was to revictual the Company’s shipping from its own killing, and the stock accounts show its meat going straight to named East Indiamen. This service, rendered to the Warren in 1751 and to a long procession of vessels thereafter, drew the herd down hard when several ships called at once, as in December 1751 when the Swallow and Dragon lay in the road together and took 878 and 676 pounds of beef, or in the crowded season of March and April 1752 when five Indiamen were supplied in a single month. The incoming ships were mustered against their rolls as the island’s routine guard against desertion, Lieutenant Clark going aboard each vessel to count her company and search for men who might slip ashore, and the muster served a wider purpose too, catching military deserters from the Company’s other settlements passing through in disguise, Johnson and Michael Duck discovered in April 1752 as runaways from the Bengal garrison shipped as seamen under a false account of themselves. [Film No. 103, 106, 118, 207]

The care with which the Company guarded against loss on its imports runs through the short-delivery accounts of the whole period. As each cargo landed, the storekeeper measured what the ship actually delivered against what its invoice promised, gauging every leaguer of arrack to show the gallons wanting and counting the porcelain for pieces missing or broken, so that only the true quantity received was booked to the Company’s charge. The care extended to the internal economy: the diet accounts drew a careful line between the classes of person maintained at the Company’s charge, diet covering the wider range of provisions and small comforts supplied to officers and the sick while rations were confined to the plainer staples of rice, beef and pork issued in bulk to common soldiers and labourers, and separate small accounts were kept for the hospital, the boats, the plantation and the fortifications, each under its own heading so the paymaster could show exactly what went to each part of the establishment. [Film No. 116, 168, 232, 449]

The Company also victualled its own officers for their voyages from the island’s stock, and the strain on the supply showed in the buying-in needed to complete it. When David Hunter sailed in April 1752 he was furnished, according to the directors’ orders, with two cows and two calves, young shoats, 72 sheep and three dozen fowls from the plantation, together with candles, oil, chinaware, corks and a cask of beer from the stores, the Company’s own stock proving insufficient so that extra fowls were bought from a ship’s captain and potatoes from a planter to make up the provision. This need to buy in to complete an officer’s sea stores marks how finely the island’s supply was stretched against the demands laid upon it. The Company’s stores were also renewed direct from the Eastern trade, the ships London and Kent bringing Batavia arrack, wax candles, fine sugar and fine rice from Bengal in March 1752 and the Scarborough a like provision cargo from Bengal in December 1752, valued in rupees, annas and pies before conversion into the island’s sterling books. [Film No. 208, 258, 448]

Trade and shipping

The island’s whole purpose was to serve the Company’s shipping on the long route between England and the East, and almost every comfort not raised on its own ground came by sea. The store supplied the whole material fabric of island life from the Company’s Eastern and Atlantic trades: Madeira, Lisbon and port wines shipped through the Atlantic because they survived long tropical passages; arrack, the cheap Eastern spirit, and brandy, the dearer European and Cape spirit; Bohea, Congou and Singlo teas carried home from Canton; long cloth, chellows and other plain Indian cottons for clothing; china ware from Canton for tables of every rank; and deals, Riga timber from the Baltic, window glass and ironmongery for building on an island that grew almost no usable wood. The harbour craft that worked between ship and shore in James Bay, the longboat and yawl, were kept in constant repair from the store’s timber, iron, pitch, tar and cordage, and the carpenters who mended them were given arrack as a customary allowance on work of importance to the settlement. [Film No. 7, 37, 41, 54]

The cargoes the ships carried are set out in a run of invoices that map the reach of the Company’s Asian trade, each reckoned in its own currency and weight before conversion into sterling. China ships such as the Lyon, Lord Anson, Gloucester and St George brought tea, sugar and porcelain from Canton, the tea graded bohea, congou and singlo and weighed to the catty, mace and candareen. Bengal ships brought Batavia arrack, wax candles, sugar and rice and lengths of dossootie cotton, valued in rupees, annas and pies; Bombay ships broken rice and arrack; and Madras ships rice and arrack valued in pagodas, the gold coin of the Coromandel coast. The island’s books thus carried the goods and money of all three Indian presidencies and of Canton together, and the island was itself a market where the cargo was turned into ready money, the invoices of the Gloucester and St George reckoned directly in sterling at one dollar to 5s and their tea and sugar sold on the spot. [Film No. 113, 161, 189, 260]

The defining feature of the early months of 1752 is the extraordinary press of shipping through the road at the height of the homeward China season. Within a single week around the end of February 1751/52 the record notes French, Danish and Dutch vessels arriving alongside the Company’s own ships, a crossroads where the East India shipping of several nations gathered to water and refresh. The foreign callers show how far the eastern trade reached beyond the English Company: a French warship from Mauritius, the Rosielle, of 900 tons, put in on 9 February 1751/52; a large Danish ship, the Queen of Denmark, of about 1,000 tons carrying tea and silk home to Copenhagen, arrived on 28 February 1751/52; French East India ships bound for Port L’Orient called through March and April 1752; and the Lord Boston, a Boston vessel in the China trade, lay over at the island in March 1752, marking how far the colonial American merchant marine had reached into the eastern commerce. The Company’s own ships came in from Canton, from the Sumatran pepper settlement, the Barlow arriving from Fort Marlborough on 9 March 1751/52, and from Bengal, Bombay, Madras and Prince’s Island. [Film No. 172, 160, 182]

The friendly aid rendered between nations’ ships at a mid-ocean station appears in more than one grant from the island’s magazine. On 9 March 1751/52 the Council spared a Danish captain four barrels of gunpowder that his own damaged store could not supply, and in March 1752 it delivered 400 pounds of powder to another Danish ship, material assistance to a foreign vessel of a friendly power entered plainly among the salutes. The peaceable calling of French vessels at a British station, in a period between the wars of the mid-century, shows the island serving as a common watering place on the long Asian passage, its guns exchanging courtesies with the ships of a rival company. The Castle also acted as a banker for the Company’s captains and servants, taking coin against paper recoverable in London: Captain Bell paid in £190 and Captain Kent £180 late in 1751 and early in 1751/52, Captain Slater of the Lyon lodged £447 in May 1752, and departing captains drew advances against bills on the Court of Directors, the treasury sparing the ships the risk of carrying specie and knitting the island into the Company’s wider financial system. [Film No. 175, 210, 259, 104]

The China ship sometimes carried in with her a formal record of misfortune. Captain George Jackson of the Gloucester protested on 21 March 1751/52 against the sea for damage the weather might have done his cargo, his declaration dated aboard in latitude 48 degrees 58 minutes south, and Captain Gilbert Slater of the Lyon entered a like protest in May 1752, swearing that a violent storm from 25 to 28 January 1751/52 had carried away his main and foremasts in latitude 21 degrees 41 minutes south, obliging him to cut them clear for the ship’s preservation. Such an instrument, a master’s sworn declaration entered on arrival, recorded the damage so that later loss could not be laid to his negligence, a recognised safeguard on behalf of the ship’s owners against the sea. The island’s supply was arranged a year ahead through its correspondence with the Indian presidencies, the Council indenting in letters of 10 April 1752 for wax candles, arrack, rice, paddy and sugar, and exercising a real check on quality, asking Bombay to reduce the supply of Goa and Bombay arrack that proved so weak it sold slowly and wasted in store. [Film No. 187, 259, 201, 202]

The Royal Navy called alongside the trading fleet and was served as the Company’s own ships were. His Majesty’s sloop Swallow, Captain Henry Speke, arrived on 9 October 1752 much in want of a main yard and was supplied with a spare mast from the island’s reserve before sailing on 29 October 1752, and the Scarborough watered and refreshed in December 1752 on her passage. The great quarterly schedules of goods sold from the store record a distinct class of sale to the Company’s own vessels, the naval and provision stores a ship took on for the passage, cordage leading the list at nearly £90 alongside canvas, nails, iron, paint, pitch, tar and turpentine, and beef in puncheons and pork in flats measured out by the hundredweight for months at sea. Selling these outward to the East Indiamen in the road was a principal reason the Company held so deep a stock of such materials on the island, its warehouse the chandlery and victualling yard of the whole eastern trade. [Film No. 365, 372, 309, 384]

Economy, finance, currencies and accounting

The Castle served as the island’s treasury and bank, its monthly cash accounts gathering rents, private debt repayments, the estates of deceased officers and the balances of departing ships into a single fund, and its standing revenues drawn from the licence duty on the public houses, the takings of the plantation market and sums for horse hire. It worked as a node in the Company’s wider system of paper credit, taking coin against bills drawn on the Court of Directors payable 60 or 90 days after sight, a remittance device used by the Company itself as by captains and private persons, Gabriel Steward paying in £300 of a legacy in 1752 to receive a bill payable in England. The public-house licences show the Council raising revenue by regulating the sale of drink, the number of licensed houses adjusted from 10 to nine as the trade required, the board turning the control of a social vice into a source of income. [Film No. 12, 156, 338]

The island’s reserve was held not in one currency but in a mixed hoard of coin from three continents, counted and examined by the Council each month and reckoned into sterling at fixed local rates. The chest held gold in fine bars, Venetian pieces, rupees and above all a great sum in pagodas, the Indian gold that made up the greatest single part of the treasury, 6,000 pagodas valued at £2,400 in the closing months of 1751 rising to 6,400 at £2,560 by 1752, together with moidores of Portugal on occasion; silver in thousands of Spanish American dollars, rials and half rials and French pieces; and the Company’s own cash notes of several denominations. The composition of the hoard shifted with the shipping, the pagoda and dollar holdings swelling as vessels came in and falling as wages were paid, the dollar count rising to nearly 8,000 pieces in the June quarter of 1752 before falling back, the movement of the coin tracking the crossroads of the eastern and Atlantic trades. [Film No. 13, 91, 339]

The accounts must be read with caution, for their arithmetic repeatedly fails to hold. The stated subtotals for gold, silver and cash notes do not add to the grand totals as the figures stand in the cash accounts of nearly every quarter, and several coin lines cannot be squared against their stated rates, yet each account was carried forward as written, without arithmetical correction, so the discrepancies were recorded but not resolved. The clerks were candid about a precision their columns could not reach: the September-quarter cash of 1752 was entered three times over in three hands with small variations of sum, the May 1752 balance survives in two copies giving £5,738 and £5,758, and the August 1752 account is headed with the impossible year 1782. These audited balances that fail their own arithmetic, signed all the same, are a standing reminder that even the Company’s own books contain errors the modern reader must not silently smooth away. [Film No. 110, 253, 362, 423]

The Company’s wage bill was the largest recurring charge on its St Helena account, and it was managed through a single accountable officer. The paymaster, John Clark, drew the whole quarter’s disbursements in one sum from the cash chest and then answered for their distribution, charging the entire outlay to himself as a debtor, the device by which the Company held one man accountable for every payment. The disbursements exceeded the salary bill because they covered re-enlistment bounties, a fresh enlistment drawing £5 and a re-enlistment £10, and a run of sundry allowances for carpenter’s work, for rowing the pinnace, for baking the garrison’s bread by the batch, for rhubarb for the hospital and bread for the poultry, and for runners carrying express news of ships to the lookout stations. A single large credit for salaries reconciled the account to the muster roll each quarter, closing the loop between the sum drawn and the wages paid. The structure of pay itself reveals how a Company post was valued, each salary split into distinct heads of salary, diet money and house rent, the Company meeting a man’s board and lodging as allowances added to a modest cash wage. [Film No. 67, 153, 248, 335]

The store was the single business through which the settlement’s people were fed, clothed and furnished against their wages, and the great quarterly collections show it as no open market but a controlled supply graded by class of buyer. Goods went to the Company’s own servants at a low margin of 10 per cent, near cost as a condition of service, to the independent planters at 25 per cent, to a top class of resident buyer at 40 per cent, and to foreign ships at 30 per cent, the same stock dealt to every class with the rate alone distinguishing what each paid. The steeper margins set the terms of trade between the administration and those outside its establishment, the Company’s control of scarce goods on a remote island turned deliberately into profit. The heaviest and most profitable lines were the spirits, brandy alone standing at nearly £190 in a single collection, and the staple imports of arrack, sugar, candy, flour, tea and salt provisions, the trade in strong drink the mainstay of the store’s business with garrison and inhabitants alike. [Film No. 121, 219, 299, 374]

The two great warehouse inventories are the fullest single records in the run, page-by-page reckonings of everything the Company held in store. That taken on 30 September 1751 closed at nearly £6,000 for the European and Indian goods together, and that of 11 October 1752 at £5,041 18s 11d, each figure the measure of the Company’s invested capital in goods on the island, the material reserve on which the whole settlement drew. The inventories show a depot holding years of stock against the failure of supply: over 3,000 gallons of brandy and more than 2,000 of arrack, the most valuable consumables; deep reserves of cordage, blocks and spare masts kept against any vessel dismasted far from a dockyard, the largest mast 76 feet long and two topmasts named of the Prince of Wales and the Pelham; 24 puncheons of beef and 30 hogsheads of pork; nearly 40 hundredweight of candles; and an enormous stock of fishing tackle, well over 100,000 hooks, confirming how central fishing was to feeding the residents, garrison and slaves from the coastal waters. Even the difficulty of small change appears, over 63,000 pounds of copper money kept in bulk as the everyday currency of the settlement. [Film No. 71, 89, 406, 407]

The inventories also show the trades the Company kept up from its stock of tools, the masons’ and plasterers’ trowels and mauls, the carpenters’ adzes, augers and planes, the butcher’s cleavers and tanning knife, and the cobbler’s lasts and knives, together a comprehensive tool supply that marks a self-maintaining settlement importing the means to do its own work. Two holdings point to a notable degree of self-supply, the wormtubs and stills that were the apparatus of distilling spirits on the island, and the furze engine for cutting and bruising the spiny upland gorse into fodder, both marking a station working to lessen its dependence on the sea where it could. The clerks reckoned honestly what their goods were worth, entering damaged canvas at a reduced value and marking a stock of Scotch bonnets as good for nothing and a pair of scales as rotten, and the waste accounts written off each year measured the store’s unavoidable loss, the arrack and brandy shrinking by evaporation and leakage and the fragile glass and china broken in handling, £57 10s 2d charged to profit and loss for the year to 30 September 1751, the honest counterpart to the careful gauging of the spirits received. [Film No. 74, 80, 411, 428]

Judiciary, crime and punishment

The Governor and Council were the island’s court as well as its government, and much of their judicial work was probate, the orderly settling of the estates of the dead. Wills were proved on the oaths of their witnesses and inventories appraised by sworn valuers and entered in the book kept for that purpose, the sworn appraisal the standard safeguard so the estate could be trusted for the division among heirs and creditors. The wills proved offer a rare window into ordinary estates, from the soldier Edward Arnold, whose whole estate in August 1751 ran to a chest and small debts, to the planters Joseph Whaley and Ebenezer Leech, who bound land, dwellings and slaves to their bloodlines across the generations. The record’s names must be read with care, for a hand-kept register blurred the very identities it fixed: the sergeant appears as both Bush and Buck, and the armourer whose estate was proved in April 1752 as Funge, Lange and Tunge across three documents, his will bearing the impossible year 1754 corrected here to 1752 to match the death and probate. [Film No. 5, 19, 21, 217]

The most substantial legal business of mid-1751 was a dispute over a goat range, a peculiar St Helena institution of a defined tract of common hillside allotted to a family for grazing and treated as heritable property. When Samuel Desfountain petitioned on 29 July 1751 against the sale of a range he claimed in Rupert’s Valley, the board reached back to a vestry by-law of 22 October 1742, found parts of it unclear, and summoned the whole body of inhabitants to explain it, judging that any ruling would set the reading of the by-law for every future inheritance. The inhabitants met in vestry and, in a paper dated 12 August 1751, declared a rule of descent that shielded a family’s grazing base from being broken up: where a man left other effects sufficient to clear his debts, the range descended to his heir and was not sold to meet them, and where several were left undisposed of they passed by seniority among the sons and then the daughters. The Council then applied the fresh rule to the case that had prompted it, adjudging the range Desfountain’s property, so a single disputed inheritance produced a general statement of island land custom and then its immediate enforcement, law made not by English statute but by locally framed regulation confirmed by the Governor. [Film No. 4, 9, 11]

The Council exercised summary criminal jurisdiction over those who broke the peace ashore, hearing evidence and ordering punishment in a single sitting. On 23 December 1751 Frederick Coastlar, a lascar of the Dragon, was brought before the board for wounding two men and attempting to stab a soldier with a knife, offering nothing in his defence but that he had been very drunk while the sergeant of the guard reported a boast that there was nothing he liked better than the blood of an Englishman. The Council ordered him whipped. A lascar was an Indian or other Asian sailor engaged for the voyage, and the reported boast, whether truly spoken or coloured in the sergeant’s telling, marks the racial and imperial tension that ran through a mixed crew under English command; the reader cannot know how far the words were the man’s, and the official minute naturally records the version that justified the whipping. The garrison kept its own machinery of discipline alongside this civil jurisdiction, a spring lock issued in the December quarter of 1751 to confine a disorderly soldier, a lock fitted not to goods but to a man under restraint. [Film No. 115, 137]

A prosecution of January 1751/52 under the island’s game-preservation order exposed a rare open division within the board. On 10 January 1751/52 the soldier Thomas Jarris swore that he had seen Joseph Bates point his gun and fire where partridges flew, though he was not sure Bates had killed any, and Bates denied having shot since the order against it. The Council held Bates guilty and imposed the 40 shilling penalty, but the Governor dissented, judging the offence unproved since no bird was shown killed. The board resolved the disagreement by a compromise, fining Bates yet also forbidding him to carry a gun except on duty with the shooting party, a forward-looking prohibition that turned on conduct rather than proof of a past kill, so a contested prosecution ended in a penalty softened by the Governor’s dissent. When Bates paid, half the fine went to the informer and half to the churchwardens for the poor, the reward to the man who reported the offence the device on which the whole prohibition depended for its policing in a community the Council could not otherwise watch. [Film No. 157, 158, 159]

The island stood within a network of the Company’s eastern settlements, and men moved through it between them under the board’s hand, the island serving as a point of interception and redistribution. In April 1752 the Council caught three deserters from the Bengal garrison aboard the Kent and shipped them toward Fort Marlborough to be returned, sent a discharged soldier on to enlist afresh where he was wanted, and exchanged recruits between settlements to suit local need. The traffic of men, like that of goods and money, passed through St Helena on its way between Britain and Asia, carried in the letters the Council sent to the Presidents and Councils of the eastern settlements. The board also enforced a standard of sobriety on its officers: it discharged the marshal Andrew Kinman in May 1752 for being almost constantly drunk, reprimanded Lieutenant Thomas Easthope in July 1752 for being frequently and publicly seen in liquor, and in December 1752 brought the surgeon Samuel Falconer before the whole board for a long-continued drunkenness the Governor judged the worst of vices in a man of his profession, warning that unless he refrained the Council would represent to the directors the necessity of removing him. [Film No. 255, 267, 297, 438]

The Council regulated the daily life of the settlement by penalty, and a run of advertisements published in July 1752 shows the range of its concern, requiring dogs not granted to be returned to protect the livestock, forbidding the taking of the Company’s pigeons on penalty of a fine, and ordering that no fire be carried between houses uncovered, lest a spark endanger the timber town. The penalty for carrying fire carelessly divided its punishment by race, a white offender to pay 10 shillings but a slave to be severely whipped, the same danger answered with money from one and the body from the other, the punishment fixed not to the act but to the standing of the person because a slave had no money to forfeit and the lash was the discipline the island’s law reserved for slaves. The same summary justice fell on a dispute between a soldier and a tradesman in August 1752, the master mason John Bland heard over two sittings for assaulting Corporal John O’Hara on the parade after a jest about French drill and fined 20 shillings, the money directed to the injured corporal to buy him a new shirt in place of the one Bland had torn, the board treating the offence as a wrong to be made good to the man harmed. [Film No. 297, 353, 356]

Slavery and coerced labour

The plantation economy rested on slaves, and they appear in the record as both people and property, provisioned from the same store that supplied the garrison and counted in the same accounts as the livestock. The whole cost of their maintenance was gathered under one head in the quarterly charges, coming to nearly £118 in the quarter to 31 December 1751, of which beef and pork together, worth £61, were much the largest item, drawn from the plantation’s own killing and imported salt provision alike. Rice at over 30 hundredweight was the staple of their diet, and fishing hooks and lines were issued so the labour force might take fish to supplement the ration. The clothing delivered for them was the plainest and cheapest cloth the store held, coarse osnaburg, shilling cloth, kersey and long cloth made up into garments and chosen for durability and low cost, while shoes issued to the handicraftsmen mark the skilled slaves, the smiths and carpenters, given footwear the field labourers did not receive, a distinction in provision that tracked the value of their work. [Film No. 8, 51, 136, 316]

The Company issued spirits to its slaves as a daily ration, brandy and arrack dealt out as measured drams to those at heavy labour and carried on the same account as their food, nearly 50 gallons in a single quarter kept up despite the alternative of reserving the spirits for sale at the steep 40 per cent margin, the administration weighing the cost of the drams against the labour extracted rather than the revenue forgone. A rougher standard of care was set apart for the sick, tea and sugar reserved for them and issued after working, and a few goats sent to the sick slaves month by month, one goat charged as a restorative in November 1752 and the customary Christmas bull killed for the whole labour force at the year’s end, entered as usual among the month’s slaughter, a fixed yearly observance woven into the ordinary working of the establishment. The order of provision followed a strict hierarchy that placed the slaves at the bottom, the best beef reserved for the fleet and garrison in standard parcels while the slaves received only the least valued goat meat and yams, the demands of the homeward fleet coming before the feeding of the labour force that worked the island. [Film No. 264, 316, 440, 453]

The plainest measure the record gives of the slaves’ standing lies in where their lives and deaths were entered, not in any separate register but in the monthly livestock account, set among the cattle, sheep and goats killed, died and lost. The deaths of Bridget alias Brazier in February 1752, of Nedd in March 1752, of Cato and Suvenus in May 1752 and of Joe in September 1752, and the births of children named Frank, Morris, Mary and Joshua, were all numbered among the tallies of animals, human lives set between the sheep killed by dogs and the yams expended. The naming itself was the owner’s or the Company’s, Bridget carrying two appellations perhaps an African name beside a plantation one, and the slave Jack Defence, who ran away in March 1752, bearing a name very probably given rather than chosen. Slaves descended by legacy like any other movable property, Sergeant Daniel Bush leaving the men Harry and Isaac to his widow and son in 1751, the planter Whaley the boy George, and Ebenezer Leech and Francis Funge each giving a Black woman or boy to a widow to be at her entire disposal, the ordinary condition of slavery recorded without a flicker of remark. Slaves also passed through the island as property in the eastern trade, the children Nicholas and Phellis entered on the Shaftesbury as chattels of their owners. [Film No. 162, 209, 217, 277]

This record is unusually full, for its kind, on the resistance of the island’s slaves and the punishments meted to them. The starkest episode is the trial of a slave named Artichoke in July 1752, brought before the board on the chaplain’s information for an unnatural act with an animal and, on his own admission, ordered severely and publicly whipped and the animal drowned; the record notes that he was told he would have been hanged and burnt were he in England, yet the Council ordered only a whipping, a penalty short of the capital sentence the law at home would have imposed, perhaps reflecting the man’s value as property, a dead slave being a loss where a living one whipped could still labour. The slave woman Catherine complained on 2 October 1752 that her master William Young had turned her out to beg, but the board took the master’s denial and ordered her home again, the narrow relief the law would grant a cast-out slave who had no place on the island but her master’s. The slave woman Sarah, convicted in December 1752 of grossly abusing the planter Elias Jacke, was ordered whipped, but the punishment was deferred on her being found four months with child, a bond taken from her master to produce her when delivered, the deferral not mercy to the woman but the preservation of the unborn child, itself the master’s future property, the reckoning of the slave as property reaching even to the infant in the womb. [Film No. 341, 342, 364, 436]

The boldest act of resistance in the whole record was the escape of 15 of the Company’s men slaves in a stolen longboat, run away by night in December 1752, seizing a Company craft left carelessly rigged overnight while carrying lime to Sandy Bay. Two boats went in quest of her in the morning and returned without discovering her, and the Council ordered both the slaves and the longboat written off the books, reckoning the runaways as vanished property, their escape a dead loss like the boat that carried them. The board fixed the blame on the neglect of the man left in charge, John Artingstall, who had been strictly ordered to see the boom and rudder brought ashore each evening and, failing to do it, left the slaves a boat ready to sail, a moment’s carelessness opening the sea road to men held against their will. That the slaves are so nearly invisible elsewhere in the record, present only where they drew provision or clothing or entered the register at birth, death or flight, is itself telling, the official account kept to reckon the Company’s capital chiefly obscuring the daily labour and condition of the people held as part of its stock. [Film No. 209, 439]

Social order, religion and daily life

The Company maintained the offices of a small society alongside its trade, and the quarterly salary lists name the whole civil establishment. Below the Governor and Council stood the accountant, storekeeper, secretary, chaplain, factors, writer and surgeon, and among the skilled trades the master mason, carpenter, cooper, armourer, gardener, cook and a clock and instrument cleaner, each drawing salary and in several cases diet money and house rent. Religion and education were provided for within the establishment, the chaplain William Lee drawing a substantial salary with house rent and the schoolmaster Richard Beale serving also as clerk, so a self-contained community carried on its every function, from preaching to cask-making, by men on the Company’s books. The church itself appears chiefly as a fabric kept in repair among the Company’s buildings, its steeple painted with white lead and its windows glazed and its curtains supplied from the same store that maintained the fort. [Film No. 141, 323, 385]

The island’s local government ran on the English parish model transplanted to a small ocean settlement, its officers chosen yearly by the assembled inhabitants. On 30 March 1752 the planters met in vestry, as directed by advertisement, and chose Francis Wrangham junior and Richard Beale as churchwardens together with overseers of the poor for the East, West and South divisions, the Council issuing warrants to give the elected officers their authority, the parish organised into districts for the administration of poor relief across a scattered rural population under the board’s eye. Matters of health surface bluntly: on 16 September 1751 the surgeon represented that most of the soldiers lately in the hospital had been treated for venereal causes, and the Council agreed that every soldier should in future pay 15 shillings for his cure, a deterrent dressed as a fee that shifted the cost of the garrison’s health onto the soldiers themselves. The hospital was kept as a standing establishment for the sick, supplied quarter by quarter with the plain diet of sugar, flour, rice and arrack thought proper for invalids, canvas and nails for their cots, and copper saucepans for their food. [Film No. 22, 193, 321]

Death was a constant presence in the small community, marked in the weekly minutes without ceremony and met from store from the coffin boards to the parting volley of powder recorded in the gunners’ accounts. The record notes the deaths of infants and wives, an infant of George and Mary Masters and then Mary the wife of George Masters within days of each other in February 1752, and of soldiers and servants, each such death registering the narrow margin of survival on the island. The material texture of daily life can be read out of the goods the store carried: the wrought brass and copper of the kitchen, the skimmers, ladles and salamanders for the finer dishes of the Governor’s table; over 200 wine glasses with decanters and cruets and the china from Canton for better dining; coffee roasters and mustard seed, close-stool pans for the boxed indoor privy, and Poland starch for stiffening the better linen; and above all the candles and the running sand-glasses by which light and time were managed, the half-hour glass the standard instrument for marking the reliefs of the watch on a station without any surer clock. [Film No. 160, 72, 76]

The board weighed the wants of the island’s poor against the value of its land in a pair of petitions at the close of 1752 that show it capable of setting subsistence above revenue. A widow, entered as both Sarah Funge and Sarah Junge, obliged to sell the marital home to clear her husband’s debts and left without a dwelling, asked for a small piece of waste land at Sandy Bay called the Writing Stones on which to set a house, and the board ordered it viewed, the only authority that could give a woman alone a secure dwelling of her own. Against her want of a house it set a poor man’s want of common grazing: when Isaac Knipe begged that a parcel of common under the Main Ridge called the Hanging not be let, being a poor man whose few cattle lived by its free grass, the Council agreed the land should remain unfenced for the general benefit, judging that letting it would ruin Knipe and prejudice others with common rights, a deliberate choice of the subsistence of its weaker tenants over the rent an enclosed lease would have brought. The movement of settler families between the Company’s stations shows the island as a point of departure as well as a place of supply, Thomas Colgrave’s daughters granted leave to take passage for Bencoolen in April 1752 and a son of Mr Clark allowed passage home at his own charge in 1752. [Film No. 442, 443, 444]

Personalities

The governing figures dominate the record. Governor Charles Hutchinson presided over every consultation from the first entry to the last, his name signed to each minute, and his character shows most clearly in the partridge case of January 1751/52, where he dissented openly from his colleagues on a point of evidence while the majority pressed the fine. David Hunter, styled both Lieutenant Governor and Captain, signed the monthly plantation returns and served as the Company’s husband, laying out his own money on the Long Wood lodge, until he sailed for the East on 28 April 1752 after long service, his pay settled to the day he left and his voyage victualled from the store. Lieutenant John Clark carried the heaviest double burden of all, sitting on the Council, serving as first lieutenant of the first company with an allowance for instructing the gunners, and acting throughout as paymaster who drew the whole quarter’s disbursements in one sum and answered for them as a debtor, the concentration of these offices in one man marking how thinly the administration was staffed once Hunter had gone. [Film No. 3, 158, 315, 334]

Behind the board stand the shadows of earlier governors whose affairs still ran through the books, Governor Dunbar’s borrowed deals repaid in 1751 and the estate of the late Governor John Goodwin gathering in debts across many quarters, no sum too trifling to be entered. The plantation and store officers who kept the island’s books appear throughout in the same steady hands, Richard Gurling signing the monthly stock returns, Thomas Hall the gunners’ accounts, and the storekeeper Matthew Purling, whose name the clerk rendered variously as Pierling, Pauling and Pursling, closing the vast quarterly schedules with the customary reservation that errors might remain, before William Burlington took the office by 1752. The record’s names are a caution against reading them too firmly, a hand-kept register multiplying a single person into several across its pages, the widow both Funge and Junge, the storekeeper under four spellings, and a salary list even naming David Morice as Lieutenant Governor where every consultation names David Hunter. [Film No. 68, 236, 453]

The ships’ captains pass through as the agents of the wider trade, Captain Court selling the island a long boat and paying in £100, Captain Slater of the Lyon entering his sworn protest after a storm carried away his masts, and Captain Speke of the naval sloop Swallow supplied with a spare yard, all men of business transacting with the board over money, stores and boats. The planter families supplied both the landholders and the local recruits, Francis Wrangham senior the foremost landholder and the Desfountains furnishing both petitioners and soldiers, and the record preserves glimpses of humbler islanders through their enlistment and their wills, island-born men taken onto the garrison strength on plain terms and time-served men discharged as their contracts ended, Sergeant Gabriel Jacke settling on the island and Sergeant George Master returning home in 1752. The Council’s discipline gives lesser figures a moment, the drunken marshal Kinman and Lieutenant Easthope, and the surgeon Samuel Falconer, a useful but troublesome servant valued for his care even as the board condemned his vice. [Film No. 260, 267, 405]

Above all the record names those it counted as least, and reading against the grain recovers them from the columns that counted them as stock. The lascar Frederick Coastlar, whipped for his drunken defiance in December 1751, and the slave woman Catherine, brought before the board in October 1752 to answer for her complaint and sent home to the household she had fled, are among the few whose own words or acts reach the page. Beside them stand the slaves Harry, Isaac and the boy George, handed on by will; Jack Defence, noted for running and nothing more; Bridget alias Brazier, Cato, Suvenus and Joe, whose deaths were entered among the beasts; and the 15 men who seized a boat and vanished into the sea in December 1752. That the record preserves their names at all, even in so reductive a setting, is the one thread by which they can be seen, and to weigh what the official account chose to obscure is to remember the daily labour and condition of the island’s slaves, present everywhere in the work yet named nowhere as the people they were. [Film No. 115, 277, 364, 439]

Conclusion

Across the 18 months from July 1751 to January 1752/53 St Helena appears as a small, tightly administered Company station whose whole life turned on its position as a fortified refreshment place on the sea road between England and the East. The Council governed by a fixed weekly rhythm, made and applied its own land law in the vestry ruling on goat ranges, gathered its rents in coin and grain, and clothed, fed and paid a garrison and a plantation wholly from goods brought by sea. Its central purpose was to revictual the Company’s shipping and the King’s ships alike from its own herds and its deep warehouse, and the record shows the settlement at the height of that purpose in the crowded China season of early 1752, provisioning five Indiamen and a squadron of men of war in a single month, mustering the calling ships for deserters, and serving as a node in a network of stations that shipped cattle, families, money and news along the routes of the Company’s eastern trade. Through it all the fundamental rhythms scarcely changed, the same officers keeping the same books in the same forms as the board shrank from three men to two and the year turned from 1751 through 1752 into 1752/53. [Film No. 3–458]

The record must be weighed as well as read. It is the Company’s own account of itself, precise about cattle, coin, stores and ordnance yet near-silent on the inner life of the island, its arithmetic imperfect from first to last, its dates and names in places corrupted and quietly corrected here, and its language folding the enslaved into the count of the stock, the deaths of men and women entered among the beasts and the Christmas bull for the slaves set down as a fixed charge. The candour of its clerks, who logged their unresolved discrepancies and excepted their errors, is itself a caution that even so detailed a reckoning is a partial and interested record. Wider knowledge of the East India Company, its Indian presidencies and its Atlantic and Indian Ocean trades helps make sense of the pagodas, dollars and moidores in the strongbox, the bohea and Madeira on the table, the Riga timber in the store and the mica glazing the guns, but it cannot restore the voices the record leaves out. What survives is a governing board’s view of a remote island across a year and a half, invaluable for what it counted and revealing, too, in all that it did not think to record. [Film No. 3–458]

Film No

Page No.

OCR Transcription

Modern Interpretation and analysis

1

EAP 1364 St Helena
Document Name and Date St Helena Records 1751-1752
Photographer Shelley
Date photographed 01 Dec 2021
Additional comments

2

Book cover

3

1

Island of St Helena
At a consultation held on Monday the 22d day of July 1751 at the Castle,
Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governor Capt David Hunter of Council
Lieutenant John Clark of Council
The last Consultation was read approved and Signed dated the 15 July 1751
The Accomptant this day brought in his Journal Vouchers for the Quarter ending the 30th June last which were Examined and Approved and Ordered to be Entered
Cha: Hutchinson
David Hunter
John Clark

Island of St Helena. The Governor and Council met in consultation at the Castle on 22 July 1751. Governor Charles Hutchinson presided, with Captain David Hunter and Lieutenant John Clark of the Council present. The Council read the previous consultation of 15 July 1751, then approved and signed it. The accountant laid before the board his journal and vouchers for the quarter ending 30 June 1751. The Council examined and approved these papers and directed that they be entered. The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson, David Hunter and John Clark.

Interpretations

The quarterly presentation of journal and vouchers marked the routine audit by which the East India Company held its island officers to account for expenditure. The accountant answered to the Governor and Council for every sum, and their examination and entry gave the figures formal standing in the Company's books.

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2

At a consultation held on Monday the 29 day of July 1751
at the Castle,
Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governour,
Capt David Hunter Lieut Governour,
Lieutenant John Clark of Council,
The last Consultation was read approved and Signed dated the
22d July 1751.
Thursday the 25th Died Thomas Wagg Soldier
Mr Samuel Desfountain presents the following
Petition Vizt
To the Worshipful Charles Hutchinson Esqr
Governour & Council of St Helena
The humble Petition of Samuel Desfountain
Sheweth
That the Executors to your Petitioners Father Will
has Advertized a Range for Goats in Rupert’s Valley, to be sold
which your Petitioner apprehends to be his Property
Your Petitioner therefore humbly prays that
your Worship & Council, will be pleased
to make a Decision in the Affair
And your Petitioner shall ever pray
(Signed)
Samuel Desfountain
29 July 1751
Upon examining into the Circumstances of the above
Petition, we find by a by law in Consultation of the 22d October 1742
made in Vestry & approved by the then Govr & Council, with regard
to the disposal of Goat Ranges, We therefore Agreed to Summon
the Inhabitants to meet on Monday the 12 of next Month, to
explain some parts of it, which to us dont seem quite clear

The Governor and Council met in consultation at the Castle on 29 July 1751. Governor Charles Hutchinson presided, with David Hunter as Lieutenant Governor and Lieutenant John Clark of the Council present. The Council read the previous consultation of 22 July 1751, then approved and signed it. Thomas Wagg, a soldier, had died on Thursday 25 July 1751. Samuel Desfountain brought in a petition addressed to the Governor and Council. He set out that the executors to his late father William had advertised for sale a goat range in Rupert's Valley. Desfountain claimed the range as his own property and asked the Council to decide the matter. The Council examined the circumstances and found a by-law bearing on the disposal of goat ranges, made in vestry and approved by the Governor and Council on 22 October 1742. The Council held that certain parts of the by-law did not seem clear. The Council therefore agreed to summon the inhabitants to meet on Monday 12 August 1751 so that those parts might be explained.

Interpretations

The petition turned on the peculiar St Helena institution of the goat range, a defined tract of common hillside allotted to a family for grazing. These ranges passed by inheritance and lease and were treated as heritable property, so a dispute over one fell to the Council as the island's court. The Council did not rule at once but reached back to a vestry by-law of 1742 for the governing rule, showing that island land custom rested on locally made regulation confirmed by the Governor rather than on English statute.

Speculations

The Council could have decided Desfountain's claim on the spot, since it concerned a single range and a single petitioner. It chose instead to summon the whole body of inhabitants, because the 1742 by-law it relied upon was itself unclear and any ruling would set the reading of that by-law for every future inheritance. The wider meeting was called to settle the rule and not merely the case.

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Received of Ebenezer Leech the Sum of £3 11s 9½d
in full of his Debt due to the Estate of the later Govr Goodwyn.

Ordered the Storekeeper to deliver to Mr John Desfountain
24 Double Deals, which were, borrowed some time ago by Govr Dunbar
for the use of the Honble Company, they then nor until this time,
having had a sufficient Number to spare.

Cha: Hutchinson
David Hunter
John Clark

At a consultation held on Monday the 5 day of August
1751 at the Castle,
Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Govr
Capt David Hunter Lieut Govr
Lieutenant John Clark of Council
The last Consultation was read approved and Signed dated
the 29 July 1751.
Tuesday the 30 July died Joseph Whaley Planter.
Sunday the 2 Instant Died Edward Arnold Soldier

The Executor of Edward Arnold presented his last Will
& Testament, desiring the same might be proved, which was accordingly
done upon the Oaths of the Witnesses thereto, they declaring that the
Testator said that John Witcherath was his sole Executor although he
had omitted to sign his Name against the seal, the Will is as follows
Vizt

Ebenezer Leech paid £3 11s 9d, discharging in full his debt due to the estate of the late Governor Goodwin. The Council ordered the storekeeper to deliver to John Desfountain 24 double deals. Governor Dunbar had borrowed these deals some time earlier for the Company's use, the stores having had no surplus to return them until now. The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson, David Hunter and John Clark. The Governor and Council then met in consultation at the Castle on 5 August 1751, with Governor Charles Hutchinson, Lieutenant Governor David Hunter and Lieutenant John Clark of the Council present. The Council read the previous consultation of 29 July 1751, then approved and signed it. Joseph Whaley, a planter, had died on Tuesday 30 July 1751, and Edward Arnold, a soldier, had died on Sunday 2 August 1751. The executor of Edward Arnold presented his last will and testament and asked that it be proved. Proof was taken on the oaths of the witnesses. They declared that the testator had named John Witcherath his sole executor, though he had failed to sign his name against the seal.

Interpretations

Double deals were sawn softwood planks, a timber the treeless island could not produce and had to import, which is why a loan of 24 boards was tracked and repaid as carefully as a debt of money. The proving of Arnold's will shows the Council acting as a probate court, admitting a will on sworn witness evidence even where the testator had left the seal unsigned, provided the witnesses could attest his intention.

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July the 30th 1751

James Holk

Money Lent

£1 7s 6d

John Wathen

£2 2s 6d

The last Will and Testament of Edward Arnold of the

Artillery Company, Born in Boxhope, Stafford in the County

of Stafford, lived in the Kingdom of Great Brittain, being

Perfect in mind but weeke in Body and finding my Self not

to be long in this World, do give and bequeath unto John

Whitechurch of the said Company my Chest and all things that

belongs to me, likewise I bequeath him whatsoever Money that is

due unto me I leve the said John Whitechurch the whole and sole

Executor of that I have as Witnes my hand and Seale ○

As Witnes these too men

Andrew Frazer

his

William X Campbell

mark

St Helena, July the 30th 1751

Cha: Hutchinson

David Hunter

John Clark

A short account headed 30 July 1751 stood at the head of this record.
James Holk, money lent, £1 7s 6d
John Wathen, £2 2s 6d

There followed the last will and testament of Edward Arnold of the Artillery Company. He was born at Boxhope, Stafford, in the county of Stafford, and had lived in the Kingdom of Great Britain. Arnold declared himself sound in mind but weak in body and sensed that he would not live long. He gave and bequeathed to John Whitechurch of the same company his chest and all things belonging to him. He further bequeathed to Whitechurch whatever money was due to him. Arnold left John Whitechurch the whole and sole executor of all that he had. The will was attested as his hand and seal. The witnesses were Andrew Frazer and William Campbell, who signed by his mark. The will was dated at St Helena on 30 July 1751. The consultation record was signed by Charles Hutchinson, David Hunter and John Clark.

Interpretations

The bequest names Whitechurch as the man Arnold intended to benefit, though the consultation that admitted the will recorded the executor's name as Witcherath, a clerk's variant of the same person. Arnold was a common soldier of the garrison artillery, and his whole estate ran to a chest, his personal effects and small debts owing to him, a measure of how little a private soldier accumulated on the island.

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At a Consultation held on Monday the 12 day of August 1751

at the Castle

Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governour

Capt David Hunter Dept Governour

Lieutenant John Clark of Councel

The last Consultation was read approved and Signed dated the 5

August 1751

Wednesday the 7 Died John Renshaw Soldier

The Plantation Expence and Sundrie Accounts for

the Month of July last were this day brought in which were Examined

and Approved and are as follow Viz t

Sundrys Expended at the Honble Company General Table

in the Month of July 1751 Viz t

28 Bottles Red Wine

1 16

39 Do Lisbon

2 18 6

20 Do Madeira

2 2 11

6 7/9 Do Arrack

2 9 3/4

53 Do Beer

13 3

26 2 Flour

1 16 3 3/4

38 1/4 Beef

3 19 3 3/4

80 2 Mutton

1 7 3 3/4

14 2 Pork

3 12 6

54 2 Goat

18 2

1 Kidd

5

2 Lambs

1

6 lb Salt Pork

12

11 Fowls

16 6

2 Ducks

3

1 Goose

5

26 2 Butter

1 5 6

9 T Candy

1 2 2 3/4

27 4 2 3/4

At a consultation held on Monday 12 August 1751 at the Castle.

Present: Charles Hutchinson, Governor; Captain David Hunter, Deputy Governor; Lieutenant John Clark of the Council.

The last consultation was read, approved and signed, dated 3 August 1751.

John Renshaw, soldier, died on Wednesday 7 August.

The plantation provisions and sundry accounts for July were brought in this day, examined and approved as set out below.

Sundries spent at the Company's general table on St Helena during July 1751:

24 bottles of pale wine, £1 1s 6d

30 bottles of Lisbon wine, £2 18s 6d

20 bottles of Madeira wine, £2 2s 11d

6 and one third bottles of arrack, £0 9s 9d

53 bottles of beer, £0 13s 3d

26 and a half pounds of suet, £1 16s 3d

39 and a quarter pounds of beef, £3 19s 3d

89 and a half pounds of mutton, £1 17s 3d

143 pounds of pork, £3 12s 6d

54 and a half pounds of goat, £0 18s 2d

1 kid, £0 5s 0d

2 lambs, £1 0s 0d

6 and a half pounds of salt pork, £0 12s 0d

11 fowls, £0 16s 6d

2 ducks, £0 3s 0d

1 goose, £0 5s 0d

26 and a half pounds of butter, £1 5s 6d

9 and three quarter pounds of candy, £[...]

Total, £27 1s 2d

Interpretations

Arrack was a strong spirit distilled in the East, commonly from fermented palm sap or rice and molasses, shipped through the Company's Indian ports and kept as the cheapest ardent liquor on the island. Its small entry here, set beside the far larger quantities of Madeira and Lisbon wine, marks it as a coarse everyday drink rather than a table wine for the Governor's board.

Lisbon and Madeira wines reached St Helena through the Atlantic trade, the Madeira in particular loaded at that island by outward-bound East Indiamen and prized because it travelled and kept well on long tropical passages. Their prominence on the general table reflects the island's dependence on passing Company shipping for almost every comfort not raised on its own ground.

The candy in the final line was refined sugar boiled and crystallised, an imported luxury rather than a local product, which explains its place among the wines and delicacies rather than among the plantation's own meat and provisions.

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Account of the Honble Companys Stock of Neat Cattle &ca for the Month of July 1751

Neat Cattle, Sheep, Goats, Hogs, Poultry, Horses

Bulls, Cows, Calves, Yearlings, Heifers, Steers, Oxen, Total, Ewes, Wathers, Lambs, Rams, Total, Ewes, Wathers, Kids, Rams, Total, Sows, Boars, Piggs, Bears, Total, Turkeys, Fowls, Ducks, Geese, Horses, Mares, Total

Remd 1: Bulls 4, Cows 89, Calves 80, Yearlings 17, Heifers 19, Steers 37, Oxen 8, Total 281, Ewes 133, Wathers 40, Lambs 82, Rams 6, Total 261, Ewes 164, Wathers 40, Kids 52, Rams 5, Total 260, Sows 4, Boars 14, Piggs 14, Bears 1, Total 33, Turkeys 5, Fowls 54, Ducks 18, Geese 7, Horses 7, Mares 3, Total 10

Encreased: Bulls 0, Cows 9, Calves 0, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Oxen 9, Total 0, Ewes 0, Wathers 0, Lambs 8, Rams 0, Total 8, Ewes 0, Wathers 0, Kids 12, Rams 0, Total 12, Sows 0, Boars 0, Piggs 7, Bears 0, Total 7, Turkeys 0, Fowls 35, Ducks 6, Geese 3, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0

Bulls 4, Cows 89, Calves 89, Yearlings 17, Heifers 19, Steers 37, Oxen 8, Total 293, Ewes 133, Wathers 40, Lambs 90, Rams 6, Total 269, Ewes 164, Wathers 40, Kids 64, Rams 5, Total 272, Sows 4, Boars 14, Piggs 21, Bears 1, Total 40, Turkeys 5, Fowls 89, Ducks 24, Geese 10, Horses 7, Mares 3, Total 10

Killed: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 0, Yearlings 0, Heifers 2, Steers 0, Oxen 2, Total 2, Ewes 0, Wathers 0, Lambs 3, Rams 2, Total 5, Ewes 4, Wathers 5, Kids 1, Rams 0, Total 10, Sows 0, Boars 1, Piggs 0, Bears 0, Total 4, Turkeys 0, Fowls 11, Ducks 2, Geese 1, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0

Died: Bulls 0, Cows 1, Calves 0, Yearlings 0, Heifers 2, Steers 3, Oxen 0, Total 0, Ewes 0, Wathers 0, Lambs 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Ewes 2, Wathers 0, Kids 1, Rams 0, Total 3, Sows 0, Boars 0, Piggs 0, Bears 0, Total 0, Turkeys 1, Fowls 4, Ducks 0, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0

Remd 31: Bulls 4, Cows 89, Calves 88, Yearlings 17, Heifers 17, Steers 37, Oxen 6, Total 288, Ewes 133, Wathers 39, Lambs 88, Rams 6, Total 264, Ewes 158, Wathers 35, Kids 62, Rams 5, Total 259, Sows 4, Boars 10, Piggs 21, Bears 1, Total 36, Turkeys 4, Fowls 74, Ducks 22, Geese 9, Horses 7, Mares 3, Total 10

Beef to the Warren 96

3 Goats to the Sick Slaves

Yams Expended 35.000

one Child born Namd Harry (Signed)

David Hunter

Margin Notes:

January

Account of the Company's stock of neat cattle and other livestock for July 1751.

The neat cattle were recorded under bulls, cows, calves, yearlings, heifers, steers and oxen, with a total. The sheep were recorded under ewes, wethers, lambs and rams, with a total. The goats were recorded under does, wethers, kids and rams, with a total. The hogs were recorded under sows, boars, pigs and bears, with a total. The poultry were recorded under turkeys, fowls, ducks and geese. The horses were recorded under horses and mares, with a total.

Remaining 1st, bulls 4, cows 89, calves 80, yearlings 17, heifers 19, steers 37, oxen 8, total 281

Remaining 1st, ewes 133, wethers 10, lambs 82, rams 6, total 261

Remaining 1st, does 164, wethers 40, kids 52, rams 5, total 260

Remaining 1st, sows 4, boars 14, pigs 14, bears 1, total 33

Remaining 1st, turkeys 5, fowls 54, ducks 18, geese 7

Remaining 1st, horses 7, mares 3, total 10

Increased, bulls 0, cows 0, calves 9, yearlings 0, heifers 0, steers 0, oxen 0, total 9

Increased, ewes 0, wethers 0, lambs 8, rams 0, total 8

Increased, does 0, wethers 0, kids 12, rams 0, total 12

Increased, sows 0, boars 0, pigs 7, bears 0, total 7

Increased, turkeys 0, fowls 35, ducks 6, geese 3

Increased, horses 0, mares 0, total 0

Total, bulls 4, cows 89, calves 89, yearlings 17, heifers 19, steers 37, oxen 8, total 293

Total, ewes 133, wethers 10, lambs 90, rams 6, total 269

Total, does 164, wethers 40, kids 64, rams 5, total 272

Total, sows 4, boars 14, pigs 21, bears 1, total 40

Total, turkeys 5, fowls 89, ducks 24, geese 10

Total, horses 7, mares 3, total 10

Killed, bulls 0, cows 0, calves 0, yearlings 0, heifers 2, steers 0, oxen 2, total 2

Killed, ewes 0, wethers 0, lambs 3, rams 2, total 5

Killed, does 4, wethers 5, kids 1, rams 0, total 10

Killed, sows 0, boars 1, pigs 0, bears 0, total 1

Killed, turkeys 0, fowls 11, ducks 2, geese 1

Died, bulls 0, cows 1, calves 0, yearlings 0, heifers 2, steers 3, oxen 0, total 3

Died, ewes 0, wethers 0, lambs 0, rams 0, total 0

Died, does 2, wethers 0, kids 1, rams 0, total 3

Died, sows 0, boars 0, pigs 0, bears 0, total 0

Died, turkeys 0, fowls 4, ducks 0, geese 0

Remaining 31st, bulls 4, cows 89, calves 88, yearlings 17, heifers 17, steers 37, oxen 6, total 288

Remaining 31st, ewes 133, wethers 39, lambs 88, rams 6, total 264

Remaining 31st, does 158, wethers 35, kids 62, rams 5, total 259

Remaining 31st, sows 4, boars 10, pigs 21, bears 1, total 36

Remaining 31st, turkeys 4, fowls 74, ducks 22, geese 9

Remaining 31st, horses 7, mares 3, total 10

Beef to the warren, 96 pounds

3 goats to the sick slaves

Yams spent, 35,000 pounds

One child was born, named Harry. The account was signed by David Hunter.

Interpretations

Neat cattle meant horned oxen and cows kept for draught, beef and breeding, the word distinguishing them from sheep, goats and hogs on a page that counted each kind separately. Wethers were castrated males among the sheep and goats, kept for meat and steadier growth rather than breeding, which is why they were tallied apart from the ewes, does and rams.

The beef sent to the warren fed the garrison posted at the rabbit warren, one of the fortified outposts the Company maintained around the island's landing places. The three goats issued to the sick slaves show the plantation carrying its unfree labourers on the same provision accounts as its livestock, the meat drawn straight from the monthly stock rather than bought in.

Yams were the island's staple root crop, grown in bulk on Company ground and issued by weight as the principal food of the slaves and the poorer households. The very large quantity spent in the month, set against the modest meat issues, marks the yam as the true bread of St Helena, a subtropical crop that flourished where European grain would not.

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[Right-hand column headers at the head of the Gunners' Stores block are faded and partly illegible.]

1751

Gunners Stores Expended in July 1751

Guns Fired, lb, qr, [...], Powder Expended lb qr

Alarm for a Ship that went by

Guns Fired 6, lb 2, qr 2, [...] 2, Powder Expended 12

Departed the Warren Capt Glover

Guns Fired 9, lb 0, qr 0, [...] 9, Powder Expended 9

Powder for Priming at the Main Fort

Powder Expended 1.8

Powder for blowing up Lime Stone at Sandy Bay

Powder Expended 4

Powder for blowing up red Stone at Sandy Bay

Powder Expended 4

Powder for firing at Goats

Powder Expended 3

Powder for the Funerals of Thos Wazy & David Smiley

Powder Expended 4.8

Total

Guns Fired 15, lb 2, qr 2, [...] 9 2, Powder Expended 35.3

Paper for the use of the Castle

2 Quire

Paper for makeing Small Cartridges

2 Quire

Match burnt at the Main Fort

2 lb

Spunge Staves for repairing the Spunges

8

Spunge Heads for Do

8

Rammer Heads for Do

8

Sheep Skin for Do

6

Nails for Do

342

Handspikes broke at the Main Fort

2

Lead Aprons stole from off the Guns upon the West

Curtain

2

Received from on Board the Warren Capt Glover

one Barrel of Powder

The Inhabitants being this day mett in Vestry

according to the Advertizement Published on the 29 of last Month

they were desired to consider of the by Law with regard to Goat

made on the 15 October 1713 and confirmed by the then Governour

and Councel & to return us Answer to the following Quæstions

Viz

If a Man dies Possessed of a Goat Range and

does not dispose of it by his Will but directs that his Debts

Margin Notes:

10

10

Signed

Signed Thomas Hall

Ranges

Gunners' stores spent in July 1751. The columns recorded guns fired, powder, shot and match, together with a further figure for total powder expended.

6th, alarm for a ship that went by, guns fired 6, powder 2 pounds 2 ounces, match 2, total 12

10th, salute at the departure of the warren, Captain Glover, guns fired 9, powder 9, total 9

Powder for priming at the main fort, 1 pound 8 ounces

Powder for blowing up limestone at Sandy Bay, 4 pounds

Powder for blowing up red stone at Sandy Bay, 4 pounds

Powder for firing at goats, 3 pounds

Powder for the funerals of Thomas Wazy and David Smiley, 4 pounds 8 ounces

Total, guns fired 15, powder 2 pounds 2 ounces, match 2, guns 9, further total 2, 35 pounds 3 ounces

Paper for the use of the Castle, 1 quire

Paper for making small cartridges, 1 quire

Match burnt at the main fort, 2 pounds

Sponge staves for repairing the sponges, 8

Sponge heads for the same, 8

Rammer heads for the same, 8

Sheep skin for the same, 6

Nails for the same, 342

Handspikes broken at the main fort, 2

Lead aprons taken off the guns upon the west curtain, 2

Received from on board the warren, Captain Glover, one barrel of powder

The account was signed by Thomas Hall.

The inhabitants met this day in vestry, as called by the advertisement published on 29 June, to consider the by-law on goat ranges made on 15 October 1712 and confirmed by the governor and council then in office. They returned the following answers to the questions put to them.

If a man died possessed of a goat range and did not dispose of it by his will, but directed that his debts should [...]

Interpretations

A goat range was a defined tract of the island's rough upland over which a household held the exclusive right to graze goats and take the wild ones bred there. On a small island with limited pasture these ranges were a valuable and heritable form of property, which is why the vestry treated their descent on death as a matter needing settled law. The reference back to the by-law of 15 October 1712 shows the community reaching for a rule already four decades old to govern a recurring dispute over who inherited such a right.

The powder issued for blowing up limestone and red stone at Sandy Bay marks quarrying work, the limestone burnt for building lime and the harder stone broken for construction. This was one of the few local sources of building material on an island otherwise dependent on imported timber and iron.

The lead aprons taken off the guns on the west curtain were sheets of lead laid over the touch-holes and vents to keep rain and spray out of the charge. Their removal and accounting show the routine upkeep of the batteries guarding James Valley, where damp constantly threatened the serviceability of the ordnance.

The handspikes were stout wooden levers used to shift and lay the heavy guns, and their breakage at the main fort was logged because every such store had to be accounted for against the Company's ordnance supply.

Speculations

The vestry could have resolved the descent of goat ranges by simply applying the ordinary rule for real property, letting each range pass as land did. Instead it reopened the specific by-law of 15 October 1712 and put a fresh set of questions to the assembled inhabitants, treating the goat range as a peculiar kind of holding that the general law of inheritance did not cleanly fit. The record shows the difficulty lay in the case of a man who left debts but gave no direction in his will for the range, a gap the old by-law had not closed and which the community now sought to settle by collective answer rather than by leaving it to a court.

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shall be paid out of his Estate in general, Was it intended by the

by Law made in Consultn of the 15 Oct 1742, that his Goat Range, should in this case

go to his eldest Son, without being liable to his Debts, if

he leaves other Effects sufficient to discharge them.

When there are several Goat Ranges left, Are the

Children to draw for them by Lots, or to take their Choice,

according to their Seniority.

Are the Goatt Ranges to be Valued to the

Children, and that Valuation to be reckoned, or not as a

part of their Share or Dividend of the Estate.

After considering them, they presented the

following Paper Vizt

To the Worshipful Charles Hutchinson

Esq, Governour & Council.

Gentlemen

We the Inhabitants of this Island St

Helena, being Assembled in Vestry, in Order to Explain some

Queeres relating to Goat Ranges, which wanted Explanation

in the Settling, and fixing the Goat Ranges to the

Inhabitants on the 19 of October 1742. Do unanimously

agree in Explaining the said Queries as followeth Vizt.

If a man dies possesed of a Goat Range, and does not

dispose of it by his Will, and directs that his Debts shall be

paid out of his Estate in general, his Goat Range to decend

to his Heir and not to be Sold, to discharge his Debts

provided there are other Effects sufficient, be it in what kind

soever.

When there are several Goat Ranges left, and not

disposed of by Will, then to be the said Ranges by Seniority

The questions to the vestry continued. The Council asked whether the by-law of 15 October 1742 had intended that a deceased man's goat range should pass to his eldest son free of his debts, where he left other effects sufficient to discharge them. It asked, where several goat ranges were left, whether the children should draw for them by lot or take their choice according to seniority. It asked whether the ranges should be valued to the children and that valuation reckoned as part of their share of the estate. After considering the questions, the inhabitants presented a paper in reply, addressed to the Governor and Council. They stated that they had assembled in vestry to explain certain queries about goat ranges left unclear when the ranges were settled and fixed to the inhabitants on 19 October 1742. On the first query they agreed that where a man died possessed of a range, did not dispose of it by will, and directed that his debts be paid from his estate at large, the range should descend to his heir and not be sold to meet his debts, provided other effects were sufficient. On the second they agreed that where several ranges were left undisposed of by will, they should pass by seniority.

Interpretations

The vestry's answers set out a rule of descent that departed sharply from ordinary treatment of a deceased debtor's property. A goat range was shielded from the general creditors and passed intact to the heir wherever other assets could clear the debts, which protected the grazing base of a family holding from being broken up. The preference for descent by seniority over drawing lots kept the allocation of ranges predictable and fixed to the family line.

11

9

among the Son, and their his Daughters, and not to draw for

them by Lots

The Goat Range or Ranges, are not to be Valued to

the Children as a part of Dividend in the Estate.

St. Helena,

August the 12th. 1751.

We therefore Ordered that the Goat Range

applyed for by Samuel Deponteain in Concilation of the 5th

instant, should not be sold, adjudging it to be his property

Cha. L. Hutchinson

David Hunter

John Clark

At a Consultation held on Monday the 19. day of August 1751

at the Castle.

Present Charles Hutchunson Esq. Governour

Capt. David Hunter Lieut. Governour

Lieutenant John Clark, of Councils

The last Consultation was read, approved, and Signed, dated the

12th August 1751.

Tuesday the 13th Died Daniel Bush, Sergeant

Counted & examined the Honble Companys

Cash for the Month of July last, which is as follows Vizt.

The vestry's paper concluded. On the third query the inhabitants agreed that the goat ranges should pass by seniority among the sons and then the daughters, and not be drawn for by lot. They further agreed that a range or ranges should not be valued to the children as part of the division of the estate. The paper was dated at St Helena on 12 August 1751. The Council therefore ordered that the goat range applied for by Samuel Desfountain in the consultation of 5 August 1751 should not be sold, adjudging it to be his property. The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson, David Hunter and John Clark. The Governor and Council then met in consultation at the Castle on 19 August 1751, with Governor Charles Hutchinson, Lieutenant Governor David Hunter and Lieutenant John Clark of the Council present. The Council read the previous consultation of 12 August 1751, then approved and signed it. Daniel Bush, a sergeant, had died on Tuesday 13 August 1751. The Council counted and examined the Company's cash for July 1751.

Interpretations

The ruling on Desfountain's range applied the freshly declared vestry rule to the case that had prompted the whole inquiry, so a single disputed inheritance produced a general statement of island land custom and then its first application. Withholding the range from sale and confirming it as Desfountain's property enforced the principle that a family grazing right descended to the heir and stood outside the reach of a forced sale.

12

10

Cash
1751
July 7
To Balance remaining £1294 1s 10¾d
To Garrison received of Ely Leech part of £5 5s (which he received from Govr Dunbar, and by Agreement with him, was to repay a proportion of it, in case he did not serve the full time,) £0 15s 9d
th 8 To Exchange for a Sett of Bills drawn on the Honble Court of Directors, payable to Messrs James Powell & Martin Harper or Order 90 Days after Sight, dated this day £40 0s 0d
To John Goodwin Esqr Decd received of James Read in full of Richard Tinsley’s Account £16 5s 8d
th 9 To Ship Warren the Balance of her Account £32 1s 9d
15 To John Goodwin Esqr Decd received of Mr Beale on Account of John Aldneck Decd £14 6s 10½d
th 29 To Dr received of Ebenezer Leech in full of her Debts £3 14s 9½d
£1401 6s 8¾d

The Company's cash account for July 1751 opened with the sums received. On 7 July the account carried a balance brought forward of £1,294 1s 10d. The garrison received of Ely Leech part of £5 5s 0d, being a proportion he was to repay under his agreement with Governor Dunbar should he not serve his full time, £0 15s 9d. On 8 July the account received £40 0s 0d in exchange for a set of bills drawn on the Court of Directors, payable to James Powell and Martin Harper or order 90 days after sight and dated that day. It received on account of the late John Goodwin the sum of £16 5s 8d of James Read, in full of Richard Tinsley's account. On 9 July it received £32 1s 9d from the ship Warren, being the balance of her account. On 15 July it received on account of the late John Goodwin the sum of £14 6s 10d of Mr Beale, on account of the late John Aldneck. On 29 July it received £3 14s 9d of Ebenezer Leech, in full of the debts owed. The receipts were totalled at £1,401 6s 8d.

Interpretations

The account shows the Castle serving as the island's treasury and bank, gathering rents, private debt repayments and the estates of deceased officers into a single cash. The sale of a bill on the Court of Directors for £40 was a remittance transaction, by which coin was taken in on the island against a paper order payable in London after 90 days, sparing the physical shipment of specie.

Speculations

The stated total of the receipts, £1,401 6s 8d, exceeds the sum of the individual entries as written. The figures were carried as they stand in the account and were not reconciled, so the discrepancy is noted but not resolved.

13

11

1751

July 31

Per Contra

By Balance remaining in the following Species Vizt

1½ Gold Wt Wt &c Ozs Ps Ru Rs D 3 16 1 8¼d

47 D° 3-9-12 3-18 13 11s 2d

70 Venetian £1½ 35s ..

12 Rupees 30s 18d ..

1756 Pagodas 8s 1902s 8d

Gold Amounting to £2015 9s

3234 Dollars @ 5/ £808 10s ..

5001 Rupees @ 2/3 £562 12s 3d

3560 Double Rials @ 1/3 £222 10s ..

1517 Rials @ 1¾ £17 8s ¾d

12948 half Rials @ 3/4 £202 6s 3d

411 French Pieces @ 2/ £3 13s 6d

Odd Money 10½d

Silver Amounting to £1817 11s ¾d

146 Cash Notes @ 5/ £292 .. ..

162 D° @ 20/ £162 .. ..

261 D° @ 5/ £65 5s ..

160 D° @ 2/6 £20 .. ..

Cash Notes Amounting to £539 5s ..

£4401 6s 8¾d

Chas Hutchinson

David Hunter

John Clark

The Company's cash account for July 1751 continued on the other side, showing the balance remaining on 31 July in the following species. The headings for the coin columns were partly abbreviated in the source and are supplied here as weight and value.
1 gold weight, 3 16 1 8, valued in the account
47 gold weight, 3-9-12, 3-18, 13, 11s 2d
70 Venetian at £1 10s each, 35s
12 rupees at 30s, 18d
1,756 pagodas at 8s, 1,902s 8d
Gold amounting to £2,015 9s 0d
3,234 dollars at 5s, £808 10s 0d
5,001 rupees at 2s 3d, £562 12s 3d
3,560 double rials at 1s 3d, £222 10s 0d
1,517 rials at 1d, £17 8s 0d
12,948 half rials at 3s 4d, £202 6s 3d
411 French pieces at 2s, £3 13s 6d
Odd money, 10d
Silver amounting to £1,817 11s 0d
146 cash notes at 5s, £292 0s 0d
162 cash notes at 20s, £162 0s 0d
261 cash notes at 5s, £65 5s 0d
160 cash notes at 2s 6d, £20 0s 0d
Cash notes amounting to £539 5s 0d
Total £4,401 6s 8d
The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson, David Hunter and John Clark.

Interpretations

The balance was held not in a single currency but in a mixed hoard of gold and silver coin from many mints, reflecting St Helena's position on the trade route between Europe, India and China. Pagodas and rupees came from the Indian trade, dollars from the Spanish American mints that supplied the global silver currency, and Venetian and French pieces from European commerce, each reckoned into sterling at a fixed local rate. The cash notes were the Company's own paper issued on the island, counted here as part of the standing balance.

Speculations

The three subtotals for gold, silver and cash notes do not add to the stated grand total of £4,401 6s 8d as the figures stand, and several coin lines carry values that cannot be reconciled against their stated rates. The figures were carried as written without arithmetical correction, so the shortfall is recorded but not adjusted.

14

12

At a consultation held on Monday the 26 day of August 1751
at the Castle.

Present Charles Hutchinson Esq Governour
Capt. David Hunter Lt. Govr.
Lieutenant John Clark of Councill

The last Consultation was read, approved, and Signed
dated the 19th August 1751.

Ordered an Advertizement to be Published
requiring all the Inhabitants to send an Account of their
Families, Land, and Cattle, into the Secretarys Office, on or
before the 30 day of next Month, and to Attend at the Castle
on Monday the 7 day of October to pay their Rents, and
Revenues due to the Honourable Company for the Year past,
and that the Stores will be shut on Saturday the 7 of September
untill the first Thursday in October, in Order to take an
Inventory of the same.

Chas. Hutchinson
David Hunter
John Clark.

The Governor and Council met in consultation at the Castle on 26 August 1751. Governor Charles Hutchinson presided, with Lieutenant Governor David Hunter and Lieutenant John Clark of the Council present. The Council read the previous consultation of 19 August 1751, then approved and signed it. The Council ordered an advertisement to be published. It required all the inhabitants to send an account of their families, land and cattle to the secretary's office on or before 30 September 1751. It required them to attend at the Castle on Monday 7 October 1751 to pay their rents and revenues due to the Company for the past year. It gave notice that the stores would be shut from Saturday 7 September 1751 until the first Thursday in October, so that an inventory might be taken. The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson, David Hunter and John Clark.

Interpretations

The advertisement set in train the island's annual reckoning, combining a census of families, land and stock with the collection of rents and a stocktake of the Company stores. Requiring each household to declare its holdings gave the Council the roll against which rents were assessed, so the population count and the revenue demand were parts of a single administrative cycle timed to the year's end.

15

13

At a consulta͠tion held on Monday the 2d day of September
1751 at the Castle.

Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Govr
Capt͠ David Hunter Lieut Govr
Lieutenant John Clark of Councils

The last Consulta͠tion was read, approved, and Signed
dated the 26th August 1751.

Enlisted Edward Allies a Native, to serve the
Honourable Company as a Soldier for five Years, at twenty
Shillings Bounty Money

Mrs Margaret Alcock, presented the following
Petition Vizt

To the Worshipful Charles Hutchinson Esqr
Govr & Council

The humble petition of Margaret Alcock,
Sheweth

That Ann Alcock, one of the Nominees in your
Petitioners Lease, upon Lives, being Dead, your Petitioner therefore
humbly prays, that your Worship & Council will be pleased
to admit the Name of Edwin Alcock, to stand in her said Lease
in the room of the Deceased Nominee.
And your Petitioner shall ever pray
Signed) Margaret Alcock

The Governor and Council met in consultation at the Castle on 2 September 1751. Governor Charles Hutchinson presided, with Lieutenant Governor David Hunter and Lieutenant John Clark of the Council present. The Council read the previous consultation of 26 August 1751, then approved and signed it. The Council enlisted Edward Allies, a native of the island, to serve the Company as a soldier for five years at 20 shillings bounty money. Margaret Alcock brought in a petition addressed to the Governor and Council. She set out that Ann Alcock, one of the nominees in her lease upon lives, had died. Margaret Alcock asked the Council to admit the name of Edwin Alcock to stand in the lease in the room of the deceased nominee.

Interpretations

The enlistment of an island-born man for a fixed term at a set bounty shows the garrison drawing recruits from the local population rather than relying wholly on soldiers shipped from England. The petition concerns a lease for lives, a form of tenure in which the term ran until named persons had all died, so replacing a dead nominee with a living one preserved the tenant's remaining term and was a matter the Council alone could grant.

16

14

Granted, upon her paying the usual fine,
being half a years Rent, Amounting to ten Shillings,
which we received into the Honourable Companys Cash.
Chas Hutchinson
David Hunter
John Clark

At a Consultation held on Monday the 9th day of September
1751 at the Castle.
Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Govr
Capt David Hunter Lieut Govr
Lieutenant John Clark of Council

The last Consultation was read, approved, and Signed
dated the 2nd September 1751

The Plantation, Gunners, and Stewards
Accounts for the Month of August last, were this day
brought in, which were Examined, and Approved, and
are as follow Vizt

The Council granted Margaret Alcock's request on her paying the usual fine of half a year's rent, amounting to 10 shillings, which was received into the Company's cash. The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson, David Hunter and John Clark. The Governor and Council then met in consultation at the Castle on 9 September 1751, with Governor Charles Hutchinson, Lieutenant Governor David Hunter and Lieutenant John Clark of the Council present. The Council read the previous consultation of 2 September 1751, then approved and signed it. The plantation, gunner's and steward's accounts for August 1751 were brought in this day. The Council examined and approved them.

Interpretations

The fine of half a year's rent charged to substitute a nominee turned a tenant's misfortune into a small source of revenue, so the Company profited whenever death fell on a lease for lives. The set rate shows the charge was a standard levy and not a bargain struck case by case.

17

15

Account of the Honourable Companys Stock of Neat Cattle &ca for the Month of August 1751

Neat Cattle, Sheep, Goats, Hogs, Poultry, Horses

Bulls, Cows, Calves, Yearlings, Heifers, Steers, Oxen, Total, Ewes, Wathers, Lambs, Rams, Total, Ewes, Wathers, Kids, Rams, Total, Sows, Shoats, Piggs, Boars, Total, Turkeys, Fowls, Ducks, Geese, Horses, Mares, Total

Remd 1: Bulls 4, Cows 89, Calves 88, Yearlings 17, Heifers 17, Steers 37, Oxen 6, Total 288, Ewes 133, Wathers 39, Lambs 88, Rams 6, Total 264, Ewes 158, Wathers 35, Kids 62, Rams 5, Total 259, Sows 4, Shoats 10, Piggs 21, Boars 1, Total 36, Turkeys 4, Fowls 74, Ducks 22, Geese 9, Horses 7, Mares 3, Total 10

Encreased: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 12, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Oxen 12, Total 0, Ewes 0, Wathers 0, Lambs 8, Rams 0, Total 8, Ewes 0, Wathers 0, Kids 2, Rams 0, Total 2, Sows 0, Shoats 0, Piggs 13, Boars 0, Total 13, Turkeys 0, Fowls 30, Ducks 0, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 1, Total 1

Bulls 4, Cows 89, Calves 100, Yearlings 17, Heifers 17, Steers 37, Oxen 6, Total 300, Ewes 133, Wathers 39, Lambs 96, Rams 6, Total 272, Ewes 158, Wathers 35, Kids 64, Rams 5, Total 261, Sows 4, Shoats 10, Piggs 34, Boars 1, Total 49, Turkeys 4, Fowls 104, Ducks 22, Geese 9, Horses 7, Mares 4, Total 11

Killed: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 0, Yearlings 0, Heifers 1, Steers 2, Oxen 0, Total 3, Ewes 0, Wathers 3, Lambs 1, Rams 0, Total 4, Ewes 2, Wathers 1, Kids 1, Rams 0, Total 4, Sows 0, Shoats 2, Piggs 3, Boars 0, Total 3, Turkeys 0, Fowls 9, Ducks 1, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0

Died: Bulls 0, Cows 1, Calves 2, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Oxen 0, Total 3, Ewes 0, Wathers 0, Lambs 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Ewes 3, Wathers 0, Kids 2, Rams 0, Total 5, Sows 0, Shoats 0, Piggs 0, Boars 0, Total 0, Turkeys 0, Fowls 9, Ducks 1, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0

Killed by Cats: Turkeys 0, Fowls 6, Ducks 2, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0

Remd 31: Bulls 4, Cows 88, Calves 98, Yearlings 17, Heifers 16, Steers 35, Oxen 6, Total 291, Ewes 133, Wathers 34, Lambs 95, Rams 6, Total 268, Ewes 153, Wathers 34, Kids 61, Rams 5, Total 252, Sows 4, Shoats 8, Piggs 31, Boars 1, Total 44, Turkeys 4, Fowls 89, Ducks 19, Geese 9, Horses 7, Mares 4, Total 11

Yams Expended 35.000

(Signed)

David Hunter

Margin Notes:

9 September

Account of the Company's stock of neat cattle and other livestock for August 1751.

The neat cattle were recorded under bulls, cows, calves, yearlings, heifers, steers and oxen, with a total. The sheep were recorded under ewes, wethers, lambs and rams, with a total. The goats were recorded under does, wethers, kids and rams, with a total. The hogs were recorded under sows, shoats, pigs and boars, with a total. The poultry were recorded under turkeys, fowls, ducks and geese. The horses were recorded under horses and mares, with a total.

Remaining 1st, bulls 4, cows 89, calves 88, yearlings 17, heifers 17, steers 37, oxen 6, total 288

Remaining 1st, ewes 133, wethers 37, lambs 88, rams 6, total 264

Remaining 1st, does 158, wethers 35, kids 62, rams 5, total 259

Remaining 1st, sows 4, shoats 10, pigs 21, boars 1, total 36

Remaining 1st, turkeys 4, fowls 74, ducks 22, geese 9

Remaining 1st, horses 7, mares 3, total 10

Increased, bulls 0, cows 0, calves 12, yearlings 0, heifers 0, steers 0, oxen 0, total 12

Increased, ewes 0, wethers 0, lambs 8, rams 0, total 8

Increased, does 0, wethers 0, kids 2, rams 0, total 2

Increased, sows 0, shoats 0, pigs 13, boars 0, total 13

Increased, turkeys 0, fowls 30, ducks 0, geese 0

Increased, horses 0, mares 1, total 1

Total, bulls 4, cows 89, calves 100, yearlings 17, heifers 17, steers 37, oxen 6, total 300

Total, ewes 133, wethers 37, lambs 96, rams 6, total 272

Total, does 158, wethers 35, kids 64, rams 5, total 261

Total, sows 4, shoats 10, pigs 34, boars 1, total 49

Total, turkeys 4, fowls 104, ducks 22, geese 9

Total, horses 7, mares 4, total 11

Killed, bulls 0, cows 0, calves 0, yearlings 1, heifers 2, steers 0, oxen 0, total 3

Killed, ewes 0, wethers 3, lambs 1, rams 0, total 4

Killed, does 0, wethers 0, kids 1, rams 0, total 1

Killed, sows 0, shoats 2, pigs 3, boars 0, total 3

Killed, turkeys 0, fowls 9, ducks 1, geese 0

Died, bulls 0, cows 1, calves 2, yearlings 0, heifers 0, steers 0, oxen 0, total 3

Died, ewes 0, wethers 0, lambs 0, rams 0, total 0

Died, does 3, wethers 0, kids 2, rams 0, total 5

Died, sows 0, shoats 0, pigs 0, boars 0, total 0

Died, turkeys 0, fowls 0, ducks 0, geese 0

Killed by goats, turkeys 0, fowls 6, ducks 2, geese 0

Remaining 31st, bulls 4, cows 88, calves 98, yearlings 17, heifers 16, steers 35, oxen 6, total 291

Remaining 31st, ewes 133, wethers 34, lambs 95, rams 6, total 268

Remaining 31st, does 153, wethers 34, kids 61, rams 5, total 252

Remaining 31st, sows 4, shoats 8, pigs 31, boars 1, total 44

Remaining 31st, turkeys 4, fowls 89, ducks 19, geese 9

Remaining 31st, horses 7, mares 4, total 11

Yams spent, 35,000 pounds

The account was signed by David Hunter.

Interpretations

Shoats were young weaned hogs, past the suckling stage but not yet grown, and the shift in this month's heading from the boars and bears of the July account to shoats reflects the clerk sorting the swine by age and sex as the herd bred on. The large increase of 13 pigs against only two shoats shows a farrowing season in full swing, the sows dropping litters that the account tracked separately before the young were reckoned as shoats.

The line for poultry killed by goats records fowls and ducks trampled or crushed by the island's half-wild goats, which ranged freely and fouled the yards. That the plantation logged such losses as a distinct cause of death, apart from ordinary killing and dying, shows how closely the Company watched every head of its stock on ground where feed and breeding were hard-won.

The steady figure of 35,000 pounds of yams spent, identical to the July return, marks the yam as the fixed daily ration issued by weight to the slaves and poorer households, the subtropical root that served as the island's bread where European grain would not grow.

18

16

9 September

Gunners Stores Expended in August 1751

Powder for Scaleing the Guns at Turks Cap

lb qr 10 8

Powder for blowing of Red Stone at Sandy Bay

12

Powder for the Funeral of Edward Arnold

2 4

Powder fired with small Arms

73 10

Powder for the Funeral of John Kershaw

2 4

Powder for the Funeral of Daniel Bush

2 4

Total

102 14

Paper for makeing of Great Gun Cartridges

1 Quire

Powder Horn broke at Sandy Bay

1

Bitt broke at the Alarm House

1

Paper for makeing of small Cartridges

2 Quire

Paper for the use of the Castle

2 Quire

Tompions to Turks Cap

6

Tallow for Greaseing the Axeltrees & Truacks at Turks Cap

1 lb

Spunge Head Expended

1

(Signed)

Thomas Hall

Sundrys Expended at the Honble Companys General

Table in the Month of August 1751 Viz

19 Bottles Port Wine

1 8 6

31 Do Lisbon

2 15 6

20 Do Madeira

2 2 11

75 1/2 Do Arrack

2 5 3/4

55 Do Beer

13 9

278 Flour

1 17 7 1/2

317 Beef

4 14 3

123 1/2 Mutton

2 11 5 1/2

55 1/2 Goat

12 10

55 Pork

1 6 6

Carried over

20 8 8

Margin Notes:

23

Gunners' stores spent in August 1751. The figures were entered as pounds and ounces of powder.

23rd, powder for scaling the guns at Turks Cap, 10 pounds 8 ounces

Powder for blowing up red stone at Sandy Bay, 12 pounds

Powder for the funeral of Edward Arnold, 2 pounds 4 ounces

Powder fired with small arms, 73 pounds 10 ounces

Powder for the funeral of John Kershaw, 2 pounds 4 ounces

Powder for the funeral of Daniel Bush, 2 pounds 4 ounces

Total, 102 pounds 14 ounces

Paper for making great gun cartridges, 1 quire

Powder horn broken at Sandy Bay, 1

Bitt broken at the alarm house, 1

Paper for making small cartridges, 2 quires

Paper for the use of the Castle, 1 quire

Tompions to Turks Cap, 6

Tallow for greasing the axletrees and trucks at Turks Cap, 1 pound

Sponge head spent, 1

The account was signed by Thomas Hall.

Sundries spent at the Company's general table on St Helena during August 1751:

19 bottles of port wine, £1 8s 6d

31 bottles of Lisbon wine, £2 15s 6d

20 bottles of Madeira wine, £2 2s 11d

75 and a half bottles of arrack, £2 5s 3d

55 bottles of beer, £0 13s 9d

278 pounds of flour, £1 17s 7d

377 pounds of beef, £4 14s 3d

123 and a half pounds of mutton, £2 11s 5d

55 and a half pounds of goat, £0 12s 10d

53 pounds of pork, £1 6s 6d

Carried over, £20 8s 8d

Interpretations

Scaling the guns meant firing them with a light powder charge and no shot to burn out the rust, scale and old fouling that built up inside the barrels, a routine cleaning that kept the ordnance serviceable in the island's damp salt air. The large charge of 10 pounds 8 ounces recorded for the work at Turks Cap reflects a battery of several guns each given its clearing shot.

Tompions were wooden plugs driven into the muzzles of the guns to keep out rain and spray, and the six sent to Turks Cap were replacements for the exposed battery on that headland. The tallow issued to grease the axletrees and trucks kept the wooden gun carriages and their small solid wheels running, since salt and weather seized the moving parts quickly.

Powder was drawn from store for firing salutes at funerals, and the account names Edward Arnold, John Kershaw and Daniel Bush as three men buried in the month, each honoured with a charge of 2 pounds 4 ounces. This regular military courtesy to the dead marks the small garrison community where such observances fell to the Company's guns.

19

17

1751

Brought over

20 8 8

1 Kidd

5

12 lb Salt Pork

1 4

9 Fowls

13 6

1 Duck

1 6

3 Piggs

15

35 1/4 Butter

1 15 9

10 1/4 Candy

1 3 10

1 Lamb

10

26 17 3

Enlisted Erasmus Sterling a Native to serve

the Honourable Company as a Soldier for five Years without any

Bounty Money

The Widow and Executors of the late Daniel

Bush this day Presented his last Will and Testament desiring

it might be Proved which was accordingly done upon the Oaths

of the Witnesses thereto the Will is as follows Viz

In the Name of God Amen I Daniel

Bush Soldier on the Island St Hellena being very Sick and

weak but of sound mind & perfect memory praised be God do

make this my last Will and Testament hereby revokeing all

former Wills by me made and do appoint this my last Will

to be observed as followeth

I give to my Wellbeloved Wife Eleanor Bush the House in

James Valley formaly Elizabeth Manleys also a Slave Man

known by the Name of Harry likewise my best Bed and all

its furniture also all breed of things fit to make up for her

wearing Apparel also half the Debts due to me and half

my Household furniture

Margin Notes:

Imprimes

Sundries spent at the Company's general table on St Helena during August 1751, continued:

Brought over, £20 8s 8d

1 kid, £0 5s 0d

12 and a half pounds of salt pork, £1 4s 0d

9 fowls, £0 13s 6d

1 duck, £0 1s 6d

3 pigs, £0 15s 0d

35 and a half pounds of butter, £1 15s 9d

10 and a half pounds of candy, £1 3s 10d

1 lamb, £0 10s 0d

Total, £26 17s 3d

Erasmus Pierling, a native, was enlisted to serve the Company as a soldier for five years without any bounty money.

The widow and executor of the late Daniel Bush this day presented his last will and testament, asking that it be proved, which was done on the oath of the witnesses to it.

Daniel Bush, a soldier on the island of St Helena, being very sick and weak but of sound mind and full memory, made his last will and testament, revoking all former wills and appointing this his final will to be observed.

He gave to his wife Eleanor Bush the house in James Valley formerly held by Elizabeth Manlove, together with a slave named Harry, his best bed and all its furnishings, all the linen made up for her, his wearing apparel, half the debts owed to him and half his household furniture.

Interpretations

Probate at St Helena fell to the governor and council rather than to any ecclesiastical court, so the widow's presentation of the will and the swearing of the witnesses before the board was the island's whole machinery for proving a dead man's testament. The record of that act fixed the will as valid and let the executor gather in the estate and pay the legacies.

The house in James Valley was identified by its former holder, Elizabeth Manlove, because property on the island passed by such remembered chains of occupation rather than by any system of registered title. This reliance on named predecessors to mark out a dwelling was the ordinary conveyancing of a small community where everyone knew who had lived where.

The slave Harry was left as an item of property alongside the bed and the household goods, the bequest showing how a soldier of modest estate on St Helena counted a human being among the movable assets he could dispose of by will. The Company's plantation economy rested on such slaves, and their descent by legacy was a routine feature of island wills.

Erasmus Pierling's enlistment without bounty money marks him as a man of the island taken onto the garrison strength on plain terms, the absence of the usual cash inducement suggesting a local recruit with few other prospects rather than a volunteer drawn from incoming shipping.

20

18

Enlisted Erasmus Puriling a Native, to serve
the Honourable Company as a Soldier for five Years, without any
Bounty Money

The Widow and Executor of the late Daniel
Bush, this day presented his last Will and Testament, desiring
it might be proved, which was accordingly done upon the Oaths
of the Witnesses thereto, the Will is as follows Vizt

In the Name of God Amen I Daniel
Bush, Soldier on the Island of St Helena being very sick, and
weak, but of sound mind & perfect memory, (praised be God) do
make this my last Will and Testament hereby revoking all
former Wills by me made, and do appoint this my last Will
to be observed as followeth

I give to my Wellbeloved Wife Eleanor Bush the House in
James’s Valley formarly Elizabeth Mandovers also a Slave Man
known by the Name of Harry likewise my best Bed and all
the furniture also all such things fit to make up for her
wearing apparrel also half the Debts due to me, and half
my Household furniture

Item
I give to my Son John Bush the House I now dwell in
also my other Slave Mancelia Isaac

Item
I give to my Son John Bush one pare of Silver Shoe
Buckles one pare of knee Do one Stock Do one pare of
Silver clasps & one Gold Ring also all the other half of all
my Goods Debts &c only out of these my Goods & Debts as
I leave to my Son John Bush I direct my Executor to pay to
Elizabeth Leech Spinster the Sum of five Pounds

Item
All the rest of my Goods, Estates & Effects upon the Death of my
Wife, in case my Son John Bush survives her, to be his
and only his but in case my Wife survives my Son then all
these my Effects whatsoever after my Debts are paid to be
her’s & only her’s hereby appointing my said Wife my
principal Executrix but as assistant to my Wife I constitute
my loving friends undernamed Robert Mason Mathew Brightwell
to be my Executors to this my last Will and Testament

Signed Sealed and declared as the last
Will and Testament of him the said
Danl Bush in the presence of us –
(Signed) Wm Oahman
Richd Swales

this 26th day of
Novembr 1750.

(Signed)
Daniel Bush

The Widow and three Executors of the late Joseph
Whaleys last Will and Testament, this day presented it
desireing the same might be proved, which was accordingly
done upon the Oaths of the Witnesses thereto; Mr Richard
Bagly having first declined the trust as an Executor. The
Will is as follow Vizt

The Council enlisted Erasmus Puriling, a native of the island, to serve the Company as a soldier for five years without any bounty money. This entry repeats the enlistment recorded in the previous cell, the recruit's surname being written there as Pentling and here as Puriling. The widow and executor of the late Daniel Bush presented his last will and testament this day and asked that it be proved, which was done on the oaths of the witnesses. This second copy of the will sets out its provisions in full. Daniel Bush, a soldier on St Helena, declared himself very sick and weak but of sound mind, and revoked all former wills. He gave to his wife Eleanor Bush the house in James's Valley formerly Elizabeth Mandove's, a slave man known as Harry, his best bed and all its furniture, other things fit for her wearing apparel, half the debts due to him and half his household furniture. He gave to his son John Bush the house he then dwelt in, and his other slave man Isaac. He gave to his son John Bush a pair of silver shoe buckles, a pair of knee buckles, a stock buckle, a pair of silver clasps and a gold ring, and the other half of all his goods and debts. Out of those goods and debts he directed his executor to pay Elizabeth Leech, spinster, the sum of £5 0s 0d. He directed that all the rest of his estate, on the death of his wife, should go to his son John Bush if the son survived her, but that if the wife survived the son then the whole should be hers after his debts were paid. He appointed his wife principal executrix, and named his friends Robert Mason and Mathew Brightwell executors to assist her. The will was signed, sealed and declared in the presence of William Oahman and Richard Swales, and was dated 26 November 1750. It was signed by Daniel Bush. The widow and three executors of the late Joseph Whaley then presented his last will and testament this day and asked that it be proved, which was done on the oaths of the witnesses, Richard Bagly having first declined the trust as an executor.

Interpretations

The fuller copy shows Bush's estate divided so as to keep the slave men in the family, the man Harry passing to the widow and the man Isaac to the son, each named and handed on like the buckles and the ring. The device by which the estate went to whichever of wife and son outlived the other was a common way to provide for a widow for life while securing the property to the child, and the charge of £5 0s 0d to Elizabeth Leech was a legacy fixed as a first call on the residue.

21

19

In the Name of God Amen this 26th day of July 1751 I Joseph Whaley of the Island of St Helena Planter being sick & weak of Body, but sound & perfect sence and Memory (thanks be to Almighty God) do make and Appoint this my last Will & Testament and first I give and recommend my Soul to Almighty God my Ceator & my Body I commit to the Earth to be buried in a Christian like manner & by discretion of my Executors hereafter Named and as touching such Worldly Goods wherewith it pleased God to bless me with, I give devise & disposs of ye same in manner and form as followeth
Imprimis
I give to my Dear beloved Wife one red Cow.
Item
I give to my Son Simon one Boy named George, and pair of Shoe Buckels
Item
I give to my Son James a Goal Range from Sinecap to Prosperous Bay Valley & likewise 5 Cows when he receuves it & one pair of Silver Shoe Buckels
Item
I give to my Son Joseph on Brindle Cow a large pair of Silver Shoe Buckels &c Buckels & Stock Buckel
Item
I give to my Son John on Black Hefer & pr of Silver Shoe Buckels & a Stock Buckel & one large Silver Spoon
Item
I give to my Son Simon the Refusal of all my Land paying his Brothers there Equal Dividend at Appraisement
Item
All ye rest & remaner of my Estate I give & Bequeath to my Beloved Children Namly Simon James Joseph and John to be Divided amonst them as they shall come to Age or Marriage.
Lastly
I Nominate and Appoint my trusty Freends Mr Richd Bagley Mr John Disfountain Mr Chrisbr Jaacks & Joshua Wonall Executors of this my last Will revoking and disannulling all former Wills & Wills by me made Ratifying & confirming this and no other to be my last Will & Testament
Signed Seald published & declared
this his last Will in the presence
of us
Signed Saml Disfountain
James Long
(Signed)
his
Joseph + Whaley
mark

The last will and testament of Joseph Whaley followed, dated 26 July 1751. Whaley, a planter of St Helena, declared himself sick and weak of body but of sound mind. He commended his soul to God and directed that his body be buried in a Christian manner at the discretion of his executors. He gave to his wife one red cow. He gave to his son Simon a boy named George and a pair of shoe buckles. He gave to his son James a goat range from Sinecap to Prosperous Bay Valley, five cows when he received it and a pair of silver shoe buckles. He gave to his son Joseph a brindle cow, a large pair of silver shoe buckles and a stock buckle. He gave to his son John a black heifer, a pair of silver shoe buckles, a stock buckle and a large silver spoon. He gave to his son Simon the refusal of all his land, on Simon paying his brothers their equal share at appraisement. He gave the rest of his estate to his children Simon, James, Joseph and John, to be divided among them as they came of age or married. He named his friends Richard Bagley, John Desfountain, Christopher Jaacks and Joshua Worrall executors, revoking all former wills. The will was signed, sealed, published and declared in the presence of Samuel Desfountain and James Long. It was signed by Joseph Whaley, by his mark.

Interpretations

Whaley was a planter of more substance than the soldiers whose wills precede his, holding land, a goat range, cattle and at least one slave, the boy George bequeathed to his son Simon. The gift to Simon of the first refusal of all the land, on paying his brothers their appraised shares, was a device to keep the family holding whole in one heir's hands while compensating the others in money, so the estate would not be split into unworkable parcels.

22

20

The Executors of the Said Joseph Whaleys Will, likewise presented an Inventory of his Estate apprized by Messrs William Seale, John Dowdorn & Samuel Desfountain who being Sworn that they Valued each particular to the best of their knowledge, and the Widow that she produced all the Effects of the Deceased, it was Ordered to be Entered in the Books for that purpose.

Mr Falconer the Surgeon having represented to Us, that most of the Soldiers that have been in the Hospital under his care lately, have been for Veneral Causes, We therefore, have agreed in Order to discourage such practice, that every Soldier for the future shall pay 15 Shillings for his Cure.

Cha: Hutchinson
David Hunter
John Clark

The executors of Joseph Whaley's will also presented an inventory of his estate, appraised by William Seale, John Dowdorn and Samuel Desfountain. They were sworn that they had valued each item to the best of their knowledge, and the widow was sworn that she had produced all the effects of the deceased. The Council ordered the inventory to be entered in the books kept for that purpose. Falconer, the surgeon, represented to the Council that most of the soldiers lately in the hospital under his care had been treated for venereal causes. The Council agreed, in order to discourage the practice, that every soldier should in future pay 15 shillings for his cure. The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson, David Hunter and John Clark.

Interpretations

The sworn appraisal and inventory were the standard safeguard of a probate, binding the valuers and the widow on oath so that the estate entered in the books could be trusted for the division among heirs and creditors. The charge of 15 shillings for treating venereal disease was a deterrent dressed as a fee, shifting the cost of the garrison's health onto the soldiers themselves and using a money penalty to discourage conduct the Council could not otherwise prevent.

23

21

At a Consultation held on Monday the 16 day of September
1751 at the Castle,
Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr. Governour,
Capt. David Hunter Lt. Govr.
Lieutenant John Clark of Council
The last Consultation was read, approved, and Signed
dated the 9th of September 1751
Mr. Francis Wrangham Senr presented the
following Petition Vizt
To the Worshipful Charles Hutchinson Esqr.
Governour &c Council
The humble Petition of Francis Wrangham Senr
Sheweth
That your Petitioner being desirous to dispose
of eight acres of Leasehold Land, humbly begs that your Worship
& Council will grant him leave so to do, and that you will be pleased
to accept of the Surrendar of Mr. Samuel Dowton Decd. Tenants
for two Acres thereof at the full Rent; and your Petitioner Son
Francis, Tenant for the other six Acres, being held only at the
acknowledgement of a pepper Corn P Annum
And your petitioner shall ever pray
(Signed) Fran: Wrangham
the 16 September 1751
Granted
Counted and Examined the Hottble Company’s
Cash for the Month of August last which is as follows Vizt

The Governor and Council met in consultation at the Castle on 16 September 1751. Governor Charles Hutchinson presided, with Lieutenant Governor David Hunter and Lieutenant John Clark of the Council present. The Council read the previous consultation of 9 September 1751, then approved and signed it. Francis Wrangham senior brought in a petition addressed to the Governor and Council. He set out that he wished to dispose of eight acres of leasehold land. He asked leave to do so, and asked the Council to accept the surrender of the late Samuel Dowton's tenants for two acres of it at the full rent. He stated that his son Francis was tenant for the other six acres, held only at the acknowledgement of a peppercorn a year. The Council granted the petition. The Council then counted and examined the Company's cash for August 1751.

Interpretations

The peppercorn acknowledgement on the six acres was a nominal rent that kept the tenure alive and the Company's ownership acknowledged without extracting real money, a familiar device for holding a right in reserve. Wrangham's request to move the land between tenants at differing rents shows that leasehold parcels were traded within families under the Council's supervision, with every surrender and re-grant requiring the board's leave.

24

22

1751 August 1
To Balances remaining £4401 6s 8¾d

£4401 6s 8¾d

The Company's cash account for August 1751 opened with the sum received.
On 1 August, balance remaining brought forward, £4,401 6s 8d
Total £4,401 6s 8d

25

23

1751
August 31

By Balance remaining in the following Species Vizt

1 Ff Gold Wt Wt 10.. Pr oz 4..8..3..18 £46 18s ½d
1 Ff Do 3..9..12 3..18 £13 11s ½d
70 Venecoins @ 10 £35
12 Rupees @ 30 £18
1756 Pagodas @ 8 £1902 8s

Gold Amounting to £2015 9s

3234 Dollars @ 5 £808 10s
5001 Rupees @ 2/3 £562 12s 3d
3560 Double Reals @ 1/3 £222 10s
1517 Rials @ 1 7/12 £17 8s ½d
12948 half Rials @ 1 3/4 £202 6s 3d
441 French pieces @ 1/2 £3 13s 6d

Old Money 10s

Silver Amounting to £1817 11¾d

146 Cash Notes @ 40 £292
162 Do @ 20 £162
261 Do @ 5 £65 5s
160 Do @ 2/6 £20

Cash Notes Amounting to £539 5s

£4401 6s 8¾d

Chas Hutchinson
David Hunter
John Clark

The Company's cash account for August 1751 continued on the other side, showing the balance remaining on 31 August in the following species. The coin headings were partly abbreviated in the source and are supplied here as weight and value.
1 fine gold, weight 10, per ounce 4-8-3-18, £46 18s 0d
1 fine gold, 3-9-12, 3-18, £13 11s 0d
70 Venetian coins at 10, £35 0s 0d
12 rupees at 30, £18 0s 0d
1,756 pagodas at 8, £1,902 8s 0d
Gold amounting to £2,015 9s 0d
3,234 dollars at 5, £808 10s 0d
5,001 rupees at 2s 3d, £562 12s 3d
3,560 double reals at 1s 3d, £222 10s 0d
1,517 rials at 1d, £17 8s 0d
12,948 half rials at 1d, £202 6s 3d
441 French pieces at 1s 2d, £3 13s 6d
Old money, 10s
Silver amounting to £1,817 11s 0d
146 cash notes at 40, £292 0s 0d
162 cash notes at 20, £162 0s 0d
261 cash notes at 5, £65 5s 0d
160 cash notes at 2s 6d, £20 0s 0d
Cash notes amounting to £539 5s 0d
Total £4,401 6s 8d
The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson, David Hunter and John Clark.

Interpretations

The August balance repeats the composition of the July account almost coin for coin, the same pagodas, dollars, rupees and cash notes standing unchanged from one month to the next. The steadiness of the hoard shows that in a month with no ship in the road drawing on the treasury, the island's reserve simply sat, its mixed foreign coin held as a store of value rather than turned over in trade.

Speculations

The subtotals for gold, silver and cash notes again fall short of the stated grand total of £4,401 6s 8d as the figures stand, and several coin lines cannot be reconciled against their stated rates. The account was carried forward as written without arithmetical correction, so the discrepancy is recorded but not resolved.

26

24

A Consultation held on Monday the 23d day of September
1751 at the Castle
Present Charles Hutchinson Esq Govr
Capt. David Hunter Lieut. Govr
Lieutenant John Clark of Council
The last Consultation was read, approved, and Signed
dated the 16th September 1751.
Enlisted on Friday last Samuel Desfontain
a Native, to serve the Honble Company as a Soldier for five Years
without any Bounty Money.
Mr. Thomas Easthope presented the following
Petition Vizt
To the Worshipful Charles Hutchinson Esq
Governour &c Council
The humble Petition of Tho. Easthope
Sheweth
That your Petitioner being desirous to dispose of his
right to two Acres of Leasehold Land, humbly begs that your Worship
& Council will grant him leave so to do, and that you will be pleased to
Accept of Mr. Francis Wrangham Senr Tennant for the same.
And your Petitioner shall ever pray
(signed) Thomas Easthope
23d September 1751 Granted.
Cha. Hutchinson
David Hunter
John Clark

The Governor and Council met in consultation at the Castle on 23 September 1751. Governor Charles Hutchinson presided, with Lieutenant Governor David Hunter and Lieutenant John Clark of the Council present. The Council read the previous consultation of 16 September 1751, then approved and signed it. The Council enlisted Samuel Desfontain, a native of the island, on the previous Friday, to serve the Company as a soldier for five years without any bounty money. Thomas Easthope brought in a petition addressed to the Governor and Council. He set out that he wished to dispose of his right to two acres of leasehold land. He asked leave to do so, and asked the Council to accept Francis Wrangham senior as tenant for the same. The Council granted the petition. The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson, David Hunter and John Clark.

Interpretations

The transfer of Easthope's two acres to Wrangham completes the movement of land begun in the previous consultation, where Wrangham sought leave to rearrange his holdings, so the two petitions together show a single reshuffling of parcels passing through the board in stages. Every such transfer required the Council's consent because the freehold rested with the Company and the tenants held only a right of occupation that could not be assigned at will.

27

25

A Consultation held on Monday the 30th day of September
1751 at the Castle,
Present Charles Hutchinson Esq. Governour
Capt. David Hunter Lieut. Govr.
Lieutenant John Clark of Council
The last Consultation was read approved and Signed dated the
23 September 1751
Mr Matthew Pauling Presented the following
Petition Vizt.
To the Worshipful Charles Hutchinson Esq.
Governour &c. Council,
The humble Petition of Matthew Pauling,
Sheweth
That there is a small Piece of Land which is quite
Barren, but convenient to your Petitioner in Order to shorten
his Fence, therefore begs that your Worships Council will be pleased
to grant him a Lease for the same,
And your petitioner will ever pray
(Signed)
Matthew Pauling
30th September 1751
Ordered the said Land to be Viewed,
Received of Lieutenant Beale the Sum of £11 2s 10½d
in part of the Debt of John Aldcock Decd. to the Estate of
the late John Goodwin Esq.

The Governor and Council met in consultation at the Castle on 30 September 1751. Governor Charles Hutchinson presided, with Lieutenant Governor David Hunter and Lieutenant John Clark of the Council present. The Council read the previous consultation of 23 September 1751, then approved and signed it. Matthew Pauling brought in a petition addressed to the Governor and Council. He set out that a small piece of barren land lay conveniently placed to shorten his fence. He asked the Council to grant him a lease for it. The Council ordered the land to be viewed. Lieutenant Beale paid £11 2s 10d in part of the debt of the late John Aldcock to the estate of the late John Goodwin.

Interpretations

Pauling sought the barren scrap not for its produce but to straighten and shorten his boundary fence, a real saving of labour and materials on an island where fencing had to hold stock on steep and broken ground. The Council did not grant the lease outright but ordered the land viewed first, applying its standard check that no grant harmed the Company or the neighbours before a parcel left its hands.

28

26

The following particulars having lain for many Years
past in the Stores, being found upon Examination to be quite worn out,
& unrecoverable, we Ordered them to be wrote off the Books of Accounts
Vizt

1 Hand cleaver
6 Gumbelts
7 pr Steelyards
9 Lucins
8 Tonnies
1 Bundle Hoops
7 Tarcho Cloves
2 Scarcheons
3 Horse Hides
2 Mallet & fettens
3 Hammocks
5 Knives
16 Rammer Heads
3 Bouge Barrels
50 Copper Rivets
150 Do Brads
150 Tompions
51 Brass Handle Swords
128 Buckhandles Do
28 old Firelocks

The following Articles of House Furniture being also worn out,
we directed them to be wrote off likewise,

2 Table Clothes
1 Dozen Naphins
1 Dozen Ivory Handle Knives & Forks
12 Desert Knives & Forks, the Handles of which
being very thinly covered with Silver, the greatest
part thereof quite worn away

Chas Hutchinson
David Hunter
John Clark

Certain stores had lain many years in the stores and were found on examination to be worn out and beyond recovery. The Council ordered them written off the books of account.
1 hand cleaver
6 gun belts
7 pairs of steelyards
9 lucins
8 tonnies
1 bundle of hoops
7 tarcho cloves
2 scutcheons
3 horse hides
2 mallet and fettens
3 hammocks
5 knives
16 rammer heads
3 bouge barrels
50 copper rivets
150 copper brads
150 tompions
51 brass-handled swords
128 buck-handled swords
28 old firelocks
The following articles of house furniture, also worn out, were directed to be written off likewise.
2 tablecloths
1 dozen napkins
1 dozen ivory-handled knives and forks
12 dessert knives and forks, the handles thinly covered with silver and mostly worn away
The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson, David Hunter and John Clark.

Interpretations

The write-off cleared the ledgers of military and household stores that could no longer be issued, chiefly worn small arms and their fittings, the tompions that plugged gun muzzles, the rammer heads for loading and the old firelocks themselves. Striking these items from the books was an accounting act rather than a physical disposal, keeping the Company's recorded stock in line with what remained serviceable in the stores.

29

27

A Consultation held on Monday the 7th day of October 1751
at the Castle

Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governour
Capt. David Hunter Lieut. Govr.
Lieutenant John Clark of Council

The last Consultation was read, approved, and Signed
dated the 30th September 1751

The Land Petitiond for by Mr. Matthew Pauling
in last Consultation, having been Viewed by the Lieutenant
Governour and found to be of no Detriment to the Honorable
Company or Neighbourhood to let it, and in consideration of
its being cheifely barren, and only designed for the convenience
of Fencing, we have agreed to Lease it at only 1s 1d p. Acre.

Enlisted John Flew, a Native, on Tuesday last
to serve the Honble Company as a Soldier for five Years
without any Bounty Money.

Pursuant to the Order in Consultation of the 26th
August last, the Planters this day Attended and paid their
Rents, due to the Honorable Company for the Year past, which
Amounts to £369 7s 1d. The Rent Roll is as follows Vizt.

The Governor and Council met in consultation at the Castle on 7 October 1751. Governor Charles Hutchinson presided, with Lieutenant Governor David Hunter and Lieutenant John Clark of the Council present. The Council read the previous consultation of 30 September 1751, then approved and signed it. The land petitioned for by Matthew Pauling at the previous consultation had been viewed by the Lieutenant Governor. It was found to be no detriment to the Company or the neighbourhood to let it, and being chiefly barren and wanted only for the convenience of fencing, the Council agreed to lease it at 1s 1d per acre. The Council enlisted John Flew, a native of the island, on the previous Tuesday, to serve the Company as a soldier for five years without any bounty money. In accordance with the order of 26 August 1751, the planters attended this day and paid their rents due to the Company for the past year, amounting to £369 7s 1d.

Interpretations

The grant of Pauling's barren parcel at the low rate of 1s 1d an acre shows the Council pricing land by its worth, charging a token rent for ground fit only to carry a fence rather than to graze or crop. The viewing by the Lieutenant Governor before the grant confirms that the board tested every application against the interests of the Company and the neighbours before committing the land.

30

28

John Alexander - Ground Rent [1712] - Free Land [11¼] - Lease Land [3¼] - Total Rent £11 6s
Samuel Alexander - Ground Rent [Nil] - Free Land [34] - Lease Land [23] - Total Rent £7 9s
George Alexander - Ground Rent [Nil] - Free Land [28] - Lease Land [Nil] - Total Rent £1 8s
Rachel Alexander - Ground Rent [Nil] - Free Land [30½] - Lease Land [Nil] - Total Rent £17 12s 6d
Margaret Alcock - Ground Rent [20½] - Free Land [2¼] - Lease Land [Nil] - Total Rent £1 5s
Christopher Beale - Ground Rent [2/6] - Free Land [Nil] - Lease Land [Nil] - Total Rent £2 6s
Richard Beale - Ground Rent [5] - Free Land [41] - Lease Land [40½] - Total Rent £12 8s 6d
John Bagley - Ground Rent [Nil] - Free Land [36] - Lease Land [Nil] - Total Rent £9 0s
Richard Bagley - Ground Rent [Nil] - Free Land [25] - Lease Land [12] - Total Rent £4 5s
Orlando Bagley - Ground Rent [Nil] - Free Land [20] - Lease Land [16] - Total Rent £5 0s
Matthew Baker - Ground Rent [Nil] - Free Land [50] - Lease Land [26] - Total Rent £9 0s
John Barker Orphan - Ground Rent [Nil] - Free Land [87] - Lease Land [36] - Total Rent £13 7s
Elizabeth Barker - Ground Rent [Nil] - Free Land [15] - Lease Land [11¼] - Total Rent £1 1s 3d
William Burnham - Ground Rent [Nil] - Free Land [29] - Lease Land [11] - Total Rent £4 7s
John Bland - Ground Rent [Nil] - Free Land [7½] - Lease Land [12] - Total Rent £1 7s 6d
Thomas Colgrave - Ground Rent [Nil] - Free Land [3] - Lease Land [11½] - Total Rent £17 9s 3d
Thomas Clew - Ground Rent [Nil] - Free Land [11] - Lease Land [2] - Total Rent £2 15s
Samuel Docton Orphan - Ground Rent [19½] - Free Land [19] - Lease Land [Nil] - Total Rent £13 12s 3d
John Docton - Ground Rent [86½] - Free Land [1] - Lease Land [Nil] - Total Rent £4 11s 6d
Isaac Docton - Ground Rent [17¾] - Free Land [9½] - Lease Land [Nil] - Total Rent £6 5s 3d
Samuel Desfountain - Ground Rent [30½] - Free Land [23] - Lease Land [Nil] - Total Rent £7 5s 3d
Joseph Desfountain Orphan - Ground Rent [30] - Free Land [57] - Lease Land [Nil] - Total Rent £15 13s
Elizabeth Desfountain - Ground Rent [Nil] - Free Land [11] - Lease Land [Nil] - Total Rent £2 15s
John Desfountain - Ground Rent [5] - Free Land [9¾] - Lease Land [21½] - Total Rent £11 9s
Thomas Easthope - Ground Rent [Nil] - Free Land [25] - Lease Land [44] - Total Rent £12 5s
Francis Funge - Ground Rent [Nil] - Free Land [6¼] - Lease Land [Nil] - Total Rent £1 11s 3d
Thomas French - Ground Rent [Nil] - Free Land [10] - Lease Land [Nil] - Total Rent £0 10s
Michael Frost - Ground Rent [Nil] - Free Land [15] - Lease Land [Nil] - Total Rent £0 15s
John Goodwin - Ground Rent [10] - Free Land [21½] - Lease Land [31] - Total Rent £7 9s 6d
Richard Goodwin - Ground Rent [10½] - Free Land [66½] - Lease Land [27] - Total Rent £10 12s
Sarah Goodwin - Ground Rent [10½] - Free Land [67½] - Lease Land [28] - Total Rent £10 18s

The rent roll of the planters for the year, ordered on 26 August 1751 and paid on 7 October 1751, is set out here. Each line gives the tenant, then the ground rent, free land and lease land charged, then the total rent.
John Alexander, ground rent 1712, free land 11¼, lease land 3¼, total rent £11 6s 0d
Samuel Alexander, ground rent nil, free land 34, lease land 23, total rent £7 9s 0d
George Alexander, ground rent nil, free land 28, lease land nil, total rent £1 8s 0d
Rachel Alexander, ground rent nil, free land 30½, lease land nil, total rent £17 12s 6d
Margaret Alcock, ground rent 20½, free land 2¼, lease land nil, total rent £1 5s 0d
Christopher Beale, ground rent 2s 6d, free land nil, lease land nil, total rent £2 6s 0d
Richard Beale, ground rent 5, free land 41, lease land 40½, total rent £12 8s 6d
John Bagley, ground rent nil, free land 36, lease land nil, total rent £9 0s 0d
Richard Bagley, ground rent nil, free land 25, lease land 12, total rent £4 5s 0d
Orlando Bagley, ground rent nil, free land 20, lease land 16, total rent £5 0s 0d
Matthew Baker, ground rent nil, free land 50, lease land 26, total rent £9 0s 0d
John Barker, orphan, ground rent nil, free land 87, lease land 36, total rent £13 7s 0d
Elizabeth Barker, ground rent nil, free land 15, lease land 11¼, total rent £1 1s 3d
William Burnham, ground rent nil, free land 29, lease land 11, total rent £4 7s 0d
John Bland, ground rent nil, free land 7½, lease land 12, total rent £1 7s 6d
Thomas Colgrave, ground rent nil, free land 3, lease land 11½, total rent £17 9s 3d
Thomas Clew, ground rent nil, free land 11, lease land 2, total rent £2 15s 0d
Samuel Docton, orphan, ground rent 19½, free land 19, lease land nil, total rent £13 12s 3d
John Docton, ground rent 86½, free land 1, lease land nil, total rent £4 11s 6d
Isaac Docton, ground rent 17¾, free land 9½, lease land nil, total rent £6 5s 3d
Samuel Desfountain, ground rent 30½, free land 23, lease land nil, total rent £7 5s 3d
Joseph Desfountain, orphan, ground rent 30, free land 57, lease land nil, total rent £15 13s 0d
Elizabeth Desfountain, ground rent nil, free land 11, lease land nil, total rent £2 15s 0d
John Desfountain, ground rent 5, free land 9¾, lease land 21½, total rent £11 9s 0d
Thomas Easthope, ground rent nil, free land 25, lease land 44, total rent £12 5s 0d
Francis Funge, ground rent nil, free land 6¼, lease land nil, total rent £1 11s 3d
Thomas French, ground rent nil, free land 10, lease land nil, total rent £0 10s 0d
Michael Frost, ground rent nil, free land 15, lease land nil, total rent £0 15s 0d
John Goodwin, ground rent 10, free land 21½, lease land 31, total rent £7 9s 6d
Richard Goodwin, ground rent 10½, free land 66½, lease land 27, total rent £10 12s 0d
Sarah Goodwin, ground rent 10½, free land 67½, lease land 28, total rent £10 18s 0d

Interpretations

The roll set the three heads of charge on every holding, a ground rent on certain plots, a rate on freehold acreage and a higher rate on leasehold, so that a family's total answered to both the extent and the tenure of its land. The frequent marking of children as orphans identifies estates held for minors under the Council's oversight, a reminder that the board administered the land of the dead until their heirs came of age.

31

29

Thomas Greentree - Ground Rent [Nil] - Free Land [33½] - Lease Land [Nil] - Total Rent £5 5s 8d
James Greentree - Ground Rent [Nil] - Free Land [Nil] - Lease Land [55] - Total Rent £16 6s 6d
Christopher Gurling - Ground Rent [Nil] - Free Land [9] - Lease Land [18] - Total Rent £1 16s 6d
Richard Gurling - Ground Rent [Nil] - Free Land [16⅚] - Lease Land [23] - Total Rent £11 13s 10½d
Gabriel Harper Orphan - Ground Rent [Nil] - Free Land [30] - Lease Land [60] - Total Rent £11 13s 10½d
Joseph Harding Orphan - Ground Rent [Nil] - Free Land [22] - Lease Land [73½] - Total Rent £19 1s 6d
John Hayes - Ground Rent [Nil] - Free Land [19] - Lease Land [38] - Total Rent £3 9s 1d
Thomas Hayes Orphan - Ground Rent [Nil] - Free Land [5] - Lease Land [Nil] - Total Rent £2 5s 0d
Martin Harper - Ground Rent [Nil] - Free Land [30] - Lease Land [1] - Total Rent £2 10s 0d
Thomas Harper Orphan - Ground Rent [Nil] - Free Land [55⅔] - Lease Land [23] - Total Rent £14 11s 10d
Richard Harper - Ground Rent [Nil] - Free Land [13¼] - Lease Land [Nil] - Total Rent £3 6s 3d
James Hind - Ground Rent [Nil] - Free Land [5] - Lease Land [3] - Total Rent £1 10s 0d
Gabriel Jacke - Ground Rent [Nil] - Free Land [8] - Lease Land [2] - Total Rent £2 10s 0d
Elisha Jacke - Ground Rent [Nil] - Free Land [25] - Lease Land [5] - Total Rent £2 10s 0d
Mary Jarvis - Ground Rent [Nil] - Free Land [12] - Lease Land [Nil] - Total Rent £1 2s 0d
Thomas Kirkpatrick - Ground Rent [Nil] - Free Land [24½] - Lease Land [12] - Total Rent £4 1s 4d
Samuel Knipe - Ground Rent [Nil] - Free Land [20¾] - Lease Land [1] - Total Rent £1 14s 9d
William Kennedy - Ground Rent [Nil] - Free Land [13½] - Lease Land [Nil] - Total Rent £1 13s 0d
John Leech Senr - Ground Rent [Nil] - Free Land [9] - Lease Land [15] - Total Rent £9 13s 6d
John Leech Junr - Ground Rent [Nil] - Free Land [4] - Lease Land [Nil] - Total Rent £1 1s 0d
Ebenezer Leech - Ground Rent [Nil] - Free Land [2½] - Lease Land [Nil] - Total Rent £0 2s 6d
Ely Leech - Ground Rent [Nil] - Free Land [10] - Lease Land [Nil] - Total Rent £0 10s 0d
Richard Mason - Ground Rent [Nil] - Free Land [39¾] - Lease Land [Nil] - Total Rent £9 18s 9d
Benjamin Mason - Ground Rent [Nil] - Free Land [8] - Lease Land [2] - Total Rent £1 2s 0d
Robert Mason - Ground Rent [Nil] - Free Land [10] - Lease Land [2] - Total Rent £1 5s 0d
Mary Nichols - Ground Rent [Nil] - Free Land [10] - Lease Land [25] - Total Rent £8 5s 0d
Edmund Nichols Deceased - Ground Rent [Nil] - Free Land [10] - Lease Land [13] - Total Rent £11 5s 0d
James Pritchard - Ground Rent [Nil] - Free Land [7½] - Lease Land [Nil] - Total Rent £1 7s 0d
James Powell - Ground Rent [Nil] - Free Land [30] - Lease Land [25½] - Total Rent £7 17s 6d
Matthew Purling - Ground Rent [Nil] - Free Land [12⅓] - Lease Land [65¾] - Total Rent £21 1s 2d

The rent roll of the planters continued.
Thomas Greentree, ground rent nil, free land 33½, lease land nil, total rent £5 5s 8d
James Greentree, ground rent nil, free land nil, lease land 55, total rent £16 6s 6d
Christopher Gurling, ground rent nil, free land 9, lease land 18, total rent £1 16s 6d
Richard Gurling, ground rent nil, free land 16⅚, lease land 23, total rent £11 13s 10d
Gabriel Harper, orphan, ground rent nil, free land 30, lease land 60, total rent £11 13s 10d
Joseph Harding, orphan, ground rent nil, free land 22, lease land 73½, total rent £19 1s 6d
John Hayes, ground rent nil, free land 19, lease land 38, total rent £3 9s 1d
Thomas Hayes, orphan, ground rent nil, free land 5, lease land nil, total rent £2 5s 0d
Martin Harper, ground rent nil, free land 30, lease land 1, total rent £2 10s 0d
Thomas Harper, orphan, ground rent nil, free land 55⅔, lease land 23, total rent £14 11s 10d
Richard Harper, ground rent nil, free land 13¼, lease land nil, total rent £3 6s 3d
James Hind, ground rent nil, free land 5, lease land 3, total rent £1 10s 0d
Gabriel Jacke, ground rent nil, free land 8, lease land 2, total rent £2 10s 0d
Elisha Jacke, ground rent nil, free land 25, lease land 5, total rent £2 10s 0d
Mary Jarvis, ground rent nil, free land 12, lease land nil, total rent £1 2s 0d
Thomas Kirkpatrick, ground rent nil, free land 24½, lease land 12, total rent £4 1s 4d
Samuel Knipe, ground rent nil, free land 20¾, lease land 1, total rent £1 14s 9d
William Kennedy, ground rent nil, free land 13½, lease land nil, total rent £1 13s 0d
John Leech senior, ground rent nil, free land 9, lease land 15, total rent £9 13s 6d
John Leech junior, ground rent nil, free land 4, lease land nil, total rent £1 1s 0d
Ebenezer Leech, ground rent nil, free land 2½, lease land nil, total rent £0 2s 6d
Ely Leech, ground rent nil, free land 10, lease land nil, total rent £0 10s 0d
Richard Mason, ground rent nil, free land 39¾, lease land nil, total rent £9 18s 9d
Benjamin Mason, ground rent nil, free land 8, lease land 2, total rent £1 2s 0d
Robert Mason, ground rent nil, free land 10, lease land 2, total rent £1 5s 0d
Mary Nichols, ground rent nil, free land 10, lease land 25, total rent £8 5s 0d
Edmund Nichols, deceased, ground rent nil, free land 10, lease land 13, total rent £11 5s 0d
James Pritchard, ground rent nil, free land 7½, lease land nil, total rent £1 7s 0d
James Powell, ground rent nil, free land 30, lease land 25½, total rent £7 17s 6d
Matthew Purling, ground rent nil, free land 12⅓, lease land 65¾, total rent £21 1s 2d

32

30

Name - Ground Rent [Value] - Free Land [Value] - Lease Land [Value] - Total Rent [£ s d or Nil]

Benjamin Pledger Orphan - Ground Rent [Nil] - Free Land [5] - Lease Land [31½] - Total Rent £8 2s 6d

James Ryder Orphan - Ground Rent [Nil] - Free Land [38] - Lease Land [50½] - Total Rent £14 10s 6d

Thomas Reynold - Ground Rent [10] - Free Land [Nil] - Lease Land [Nil] - Total Rent £10s 0d

William Seale - Ground Rent [21] - Free Land [17½] - Lease Land [Nil] - Total Rent £5 8s 6d

Benjamin Seale - Ground Rent [15] - Free Land [17½] - Lease Land [Nil] - Total Rent £5 2s 6d

John Seales Orphan - Ground Rent [Nil] - Free Land [20] - Lease Land [7½] - Total Rent £2 17s 6d

Charles Scoward Orphan - Ground Rent [14] - Free Land [6½] - Lease Land [60] - Total Rent £2 8s 9d

Nathan Sample - Ground Rent [25] - Free Land [8½] - Lease Land [Nil] - Total Rent £3 7s 6d

John Swats - Ground Rent [9] - Free Land [38½] - Lease Land [Nil] - Total Rent £10 6s 0d

Richard Swats - Ground Rent [12] - Free Land [Nil] - Lease Land [Nil] - Total Rent £12s 0d

Robert Vecham - Ground Rent [2½] - Free Land [Nil] - Lease Land [Nil] - Total Rent £2s 6d

Francis Wrangham Senr - Ground Rent [26] - Free Land [171½] - Lease Land [123½] - Total Rent £10 13s 9½d

Francis Wrangham Junr (8 Acres @ 4s per Acre) - Ground Rent [8] - Free Land [2] - Lease Land [Nil] - Total Rent £4 2s 0d

John Worrall - Ground Rent [Nil] - Free Land [42½] - Lease Land [Nil] - Total Rent £10 12s 6d

Joshua Worrall (5½ Acres @ 5s per Acre) - Ground Rent [30] - Free Land [31] - Lease Land [51] - Total Rent £14 16s 9d

Simon Whaley Orphan - Ground Rent [14½] - Free Land [11] - Lease Land [Nil] - Total Rent £4 4s 2d

Joseph Whaley Orphan - Ground Rent [Nil] - Free Land [42½] - Lease Land [23½] - Total Rent £5 17s 11d

William Young - Ground Rent [5] - Free Land [79½] - Lease Land [25] - Total Rent £10 9s 6d

Stephen Young - Ground Rent [10] - Free Land [8½] - Lease Land [Nil] - Total Rent £2 12s 6d

The rent roll of the planters concluded. The heading row here named the columns as tenant, ground rent, free land, lease land and total rent.
Benjamin Pledger, orphan, ground rent nil, free land 5, lease land 31½, total rent £8 2s 6d
James Ryder, orphan, ground rent nil, free land 38, lease land 50½, total rent £14 10s 6d
Thomas Reynold, ground rent 10, free land nil, lease land nil, total rent £0 10s 0d
William Seale, ground rent 21, free land 17½, lease land nil, total rent £5 8s 6d
Benjamin Seale, ground rent 15, free land 17½, lease land nil, total rent £5 2s 6d
John Seales, orphan, ground rent nil, free land 20, lease land 7½, total rent £2 17s 6d
Charles Scoward, orphan, ground rent 14, free land 6½, lease land 60, total rent £2 8s 9d
Nathan Sample, ground rent 25, free land 8½, lease land nil, total rent £3 7s 6d
John Swats, ground rent 9, free land 38½, lease land nil, total rent £10 6s 0d
Richard Swats, ground rent 12, free land nil, lease land nil, total rent £0 12s 0d
Robert Vecham, ground rent 2½, free land nil, lease land nil, total rent £0 2s 6d
Francis Wrangham senior, ground rent 26, free land 171½, lease land 123½, total rent £10 13s 9d
Francis Wrangham junior, holding 8 acres at 4s per acre, ground rent 8, free land 2, lease land nil, total rent £4 2s 0d
John Worrall, ground rent nil, free land 42½, lease land nil, total rent £10 12s 6d
Joshua Worrall, holding 5½ acres at 5s per acre, ground rent 30, free land 31, lease land 51, total rent £14 16s 9d
Simon Whaley, orphan, ground rent 14½, free land 11, lease land nil, total rent £4 4s 2d
Joseph Whaley, orphan, ground rent nil, free land 42½, lease land 23½, total rent £5 17s 11d
William Young, ground rent 5, free land 79½, lease land 25, total rent £10 9s 6d
Stephen Young, ground rent 10, free land 8½, lease land nil, total rent £2 12s 6d

Interpretations

The largest holding on the roll was Francis Wrangham senior's, with more than 170 acres of freehold and over 120 of leasehold, marking him the foremost landholder among the planters and explaining his repeated business before the board over transfers of land. The recurrence of the same surnames, Wrangham, Whaley, Leech, Mason, Desfountain and Goodwin, across the roll shows a small settler society in which land and rent were concentrated in a handful of intermarried families.

33

31

At a Consultation held on Monday the 18th day of October 1751
at the Plantation House,
Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governor,
Capt. David Hunter Lt. Governor,
Lieutenant John Clark of Council,
The last Consultation was read, approved, and Signed dated
the 11th October 1751
Friday the 11th Died Thomas Reynolda (closer);
The Plantation Gunner and Stewards Accounts for
the Month of September last, were this day brought in, which
were Examined and Approved, and are as follow Vizt:

The Governor and Council met in consultation at the Plantation House on 18 October 1751. Governor Charles Hutchinson presided, with Lieutenant Governor David Hunter and Lieutenant John Clark of the Council present. The Council read the previous consultation of 11 October 1751, then approved and signed it. Thomas Reynold had died on Friday 11 October 1751. The plantation, gunner's and steward's accounts for September 1751 were brought in this day. The Council examined and approved them.

34

32

Account of the Honble Companys Stock of Neat Cattle &ca for the Month of September 1751

Neat Cattle, Sheep, Goats, Hogs, Poultry, Horses

Bulls, Cows, Calves, Yearlings, Heifers, Steers, Bullocks, Oxen, Total, Ewes, Wathers, Lambs, Rams, Total, Ewes, Wathers, Kids, Rams, Total, Sows, Shoats, Piggs, Boars, Total, Turkeys, Fowls, Ducks, Geese, Horses, Mares, Total

Remd 1: Bulls 4, Cows 88, Calves 98, Yearlings 17, Heifers 16, Steers 35, Bullocks 0, Oxen 6, Total 294, Ewes 133, Wathers 34, Lambs 95, Rams 6, Total 268, Ewes 152, Wathers 34, Kids 61, Rams 5, Total 252, Sows 4, Shoats 8, Piggs 31, Boars 1, Total 44, Turkeys 4, Fowls 89, Ducks 19, Geese 9, Horses 7, Mares 4, Total 11

Encreased: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 4, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Bullocks 0, Oxen 4, Total 0, Ewes 0, Wathers 0, Lambs 16, Rams 0, Total 16, Ewes 0, Wathers 0, Kids 11, Rams 0, Total 11, Sows 0, Shoats 0, Piggs 0, Boars 0, Total 0, Turkeys 0, Fowls 60, Ducks 18, Geese 2, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0

Bulls 4, Cows 88, Calves 102, Yearlings 17, Heifers 16, Steers 35, Bullocks 0, Oxen 6, Total 298, Ewes 133, Wathers 34, Lambs 111, Rams 6, Total 284, Ewes 152, Wathers 34, Kids 72, Rams 5, Total 263, Sows 4, Shoats 8, Piggs 31, Boars 1, Total 44, Turkeys 4, Fowls 149, Ducks 37, Geese 10, Horses 7, Mares 4, Total 11

Killed: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 0, Yearlings 0, Heifers 2, Steers 6, Bullocks 0, Oxen 0, Total 8, Ewes 0, Wathers 0, Lambs 4, Rams 0, Total 4, Ewes 0, Wathers 0, Kids 1, Rams 0, Total 1, Sows 0, Shoats 1, Piggs 4, Boars 0, Total 5, Turkeys 0, Fowls 11, Ducks 1, Geese 1, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0

Died: Bulls 0, Cows 1, Calves 0, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Bullocks 0, Oxen 1, Total 0, Ewes 0, Wathers 0, Lambs 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Ewes 17, Wathers 0, Kids 12, Rams 0, Total 29, Sows 0, Shoats 0, Piggs 0, Boars 0, Total 0, Turkeys 0, Fowls 0, Ducks 0, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0

lost by a fall: Bulls 0, Cows 1, Calves 0, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Bullocks 0, Oxen 1, Total 0, Ewes 0, Wathers 0, Lambs 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Ewes 0, Wathers 0, Kids 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Sows 0, Shoats 0, Piggs 0, Boars 0, Total 0, Turkeys 0, Fowls 0, Ducks 0, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0

Remd 30: Bulls 4, Cows 87, Calves 101, Yearlings 17, Heifers 14, Steers 29, Bullocks 0, Oxen 6, Total 288, Ewes 133, Wathers 30, Lambs 111, Rams 6, Total 280, Ewes 135, Wathers 34, Kids 59, Rams 5, Total 233, Sows 4, Shoats 7, Piggs 27, Boars 1, Total 39, Turkeys 4, Fowls 138, Ducks 36, Geese 15, Horses 7, Mares 4, Total 11

the Names of the Species Changed: Bulls 4, Cows 93, Calves 65, Yearlings 53, Heifers 26, Steers 35, Bullocks 6, Oxen 6, Total 288, Ewes 143, Wathers 65, Lambs 66, Rams 6, Total 280, Ewes 136, Wathers 46, Kids 46, Rams 5, Total 233, Sows 7, Shoats 17, Piggs 14, Boars 1, Total 39, Turkeys 4, Fowls 138, Ducks 36, Geese 15, Horses 7, Mares 4, Total 11

Yams Expended 27,000

(Signed)

David Hunter

Margin Notes:

January

14 October

Account of the Company's stock of neat cattle and other livestock for September 1751.

The neat cattle were recorded under bulls, cows, calves, yearlings, heifers, steers, bullocks and oxen, with a total. The sheep were recorded under ewes, wethers, lambs and rams, with a total. The goats were recorded under does, wethers, kids and rams, with a total. The hogs were recorded under sows, shoats, pigs and boars, with a total. The poultry were recorded under turkeys, fowls, ducks and geese. The horses were recorded under horses and mares, with a total.

Remaining 1st, bulls 4, cows 88, calves 98, yearlings 17, heifers 16, steers 35, bullocks 0, oxen 6, total 294

Remaining 1st, ewes 133, wethers 34, lambs 95, rams 6, total 268

Remaining 1st, does 152, wethers 34, kids 61, rams 5, total 252

Remaining 1st, sows 4, shoats 8, pigs 31, boars 1, total 44

Remaining 1st, turkeys 4, fowls 89, ducks 19, geese 9

Remaining 1st, horses 7, mares 4, total 11

Increased, bulls 0, cows 0, calves 4, yearlings 0, heifers 0, steers 0, bullocks 0, oxen 0, total 4

Increased, ewes 0, wethers 0, lambs 16, rams 0, total 16

Increased, does 0, wethers 0, kids 11, rams 0, total 11

Increased, sows 0, shoats 0, pigs 0, boars 0, total 0

Increased, turkeys 0, fowls 60, ducks 18, geese 2

Increased, horses 0, mares 0, total 0

Total, bulls 4, cows 88, calves 102, yearlings 17, heifers 16, steers 35, bullocks 0, oxen 6, total 298

Total, ewes 133, wethers 34, lambs 111, rams 6, total 284

Total, does 152, wethers 34, kids 72, rams 5, total 263

Total, sows 4, shoats 8, pigs 31, boars 1, total 44

Total, turkeys 4, fowls 149, ducks 37, geese 10

Total, horses 7, mares 4, total 11

Killed, bulls 0, cows 0, calves 0, yearlings 2, heifers 6, steers 0, bullocks 0, oxen 8, total 8

Killed, ewes 0, wethers 1, lambs 0, rams 0, total 1

Killed, does 0, wethers 0, kids 1, rams 0, total 1

Killed, sows 0, shoats 1, pigs 4, boars 0, total 5

Killed, turkeys 0, fowls 11, ducks 1, geese 0

Died, bulls 0, cows 1, calves 0, yearlings 0, heifers 0, steers 0, bullocks 0, oxen 1, total 1

Died, does 17, wethers 0, kids 12, rams 0, total 29

Lost by a fall, bulls 0, cows 1, calves 0, yearlings 0, heifers 0, steers 0, bullocks 0, oxen 1, total 1

Remaining 30th, bulls 4, cows 87, calves 101, yearlings 17, heifers 14, steers 29, bullocks 0, oxen 6, total 288

Remaining 30th, ewes 133, wethers 30, lambs 111, rams 6, total 280

Remaining 30th, does 135, wethers 34, kids 59, rams 5, total 233

Remaining 30th, sows 4, shoats 7, pigs 27, boars 1, total 39

Remaining 30th, turkeys 4, fowls 138, ducks 36, geese 15

Remaining 30th, horses 7, mares 4, total 11

The names of the species changed, bulls 4, cows 93, calves 65, yearlings 53, heifers 26, steers 35, bullocks 6, oxen 6, total 288

The names of the species changed, ewes 133, wethers 65, lambs 66, rams 6, total 280

The names of the species changed, does 136, wethers 46, kids 46, rams 5, total 233

The names of the species changed, sows 7, shoats 17, pigs 14, boars 1, total 39

The names of the species changed, turkeys 4, fowls 138, ducks 36, geese 15

The names of the species changed, horses 7, mares 4, total 11

Yams spent, 27,000 pounds

The account was signed by David Hunter.

Interpretations

The final row, headed for the reclassifying of the species, shows the clerk restating the same closing totals after moving individual beasts between the age and sex categories. The overall totals for each kind of stock held steady while the counts within them shifted, the calves falling and the yearlings rising as young animals crossed from one class into the next. This periodic regrading kept the account honest about the maturing of the herd without altering the true head of stock.

The heavy loss among the goats, with 17 does and 12 kids dead in the month, stands out against the light mortality in the other stock and points to disease or hard grazing striking the goat herd on the island's rough upland. The goats ranged the steepest and poorest ground, where such losses came without warning.

The fall in yams spent, down from 35,000 pounds in August to 27,000 pounds this month, marks a reduced ration issue that probably followed the state of the crop as the southern-hemisphere spring advanced. The yam was the island's staple root, and its monthly draw tracked both the size of the dependent population and the stock still in the ground.

The two beasts lost by a fall, a cow and an ox, record animals killed on the island's precipitous terrain, where cattle grazing the ridges and gut-sides were lost over the cliffs. This distinct cause of death, logged apart from killing and disease, reflects the hazards of pasturing stock on such broken ground.

35

33

1751

Sundrys Expended at the Honble Company General Table

in the Month of September 1751 Viz

16 Bottles Port Wine

1 4

33 Do Lisbon

2 9 6

23 Do Madeira

2 9 4 3/4

67 Do Arrack

2 5 3/4

47 Do Beer

11 9

273 Flour

1 16 11 3/4

506 1/2 Beef

6 6 4 3/4

116 1/2 Mutton

3 1 1/2

37 Pork

15 6

53 Goat

18

1 Kidd

5

4 Piggs

1

11 Fowls

16 6

1 Duck

1 6

1 Goose

5

10 lb Salt Pork

1

41 1/4 Butter

2 1 9

10 Candy

1 5 2 3/4

27 17 10 1/4

Chas Hutchinson

David Hunter

John Clark

Sundries spent at the Company's general table on St Helena during September 1751:

16 bottles of port wine, £1 4s 0d

33 bottles of Lisbon wine, £2 9s 6d

23 bottles of Madeira wine, £2 9s 4d

6 bottles of arrack, £2 0s 5d

47 bottles of beer, £0 11s 9d

275 pounds of flour, £1 16s 11d

506 and a half pounds of beef, £6 6s 4d

116 and a half pounds of mutton, £3 1s 4d

53 pounds of pork, £0 15s 6d

53 pounds of goat, £0 7s 6d

1 kid, £0 5s 0d

4 pigs, £1 0s 0d

11 fowls, £0 16s 6d

1 duck, £0 1s 6d

1 goose, £0 5s 0d

10 and a half pounds of salt pork, £1 0s 0d

41 and a half pounds of butter, £2 1s 9d

10 pounds of candy, £1 5s 2d

Total, £27 17s 10d

The account was signed by Charles Hutchinson, David Hunter and John Clark.

Interpretations

The large quantity of beef consumed at the table this month, 506 and a half pounds against 377 pounds in August, matches the September livestock account, where eight head of cattle were killed in the same period. The Company's general table drew its fresh meat straight from the plantation stock, so the two records move together, the killing on the farm feeding the board at the Castle.

Port had lately joined Lisbon and Madeira as the fortified wines kept at the Governor's table, all three shipped in through the Atlantic trade and valued because they survived long sea passages that spoiled lighter wines. Their steady presence month after month marks the settled pattern of provisioning a remote garrison whose comforts came almost wholly by sea.

36

34

21 October

At a Consultation held on Monday the 21 day of October

1751 at the Castle

Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Govr

Capt David Hunter Dt Govr

Lieutenant John Clark of Councel

The last Consultation was read approved and Signed

dated the 14 October 1751

The Storekeeper brought in his Collections and

the Paymaster his Account for the Quarter ending the 30

September which were Examined and Approved and are

as follow Viz

Collection of Goods Sold and Delivered out

of the Honble Companys Stores from the 1 July to the 30

September 1751 Viz

Sold to the Companys Servants at 10 pr Cent

Arrack 109 Gallons

27 5

Brandy 192 1/2 Gallons

23 2 6

Sugar & Candy Viz

4800 Sugar

73 3 4

1142 Candy

19 8

92 4

Bread & Flour Viz

1640 Bread

12 5 3/4

1051 Flour

7 13 3 1/4

140 12 Do baked

122 11 10 1/4

142 5 9 1/4

Soap 130

19 14 2

Carried over

404 11 3 1/4

At a consultation held on Monday 21 October 1751 at the Castle.

Present: Charles Hutchinson, Governor; Captain David Hunter, Deputy Governor; Lieutenant John Clark of the Council.

The last consultation was read, approved and signed, dated 14 October 1751.

The storekeeper brought in his collections and the paymaster his account for the quarter ending 30 September, which were examined and approved as set out below.

Collection of goods sold and delivered out of the Company's stores from 1 July to 30 September 1751:

Arrack sold to the Company's servants, 109 gallons, £27 5s 0d

Brandy, 192 and a half gallons, £123 2s 6d

Sugar, 4,800 pounds, £73 3s 4d

Candy, 114 and a half pounds, £19 0s 8d

Sugar and candy total, £92 4s 0d

Bread, 1,640 pounds, £12 0s 5d

Flour, 1,051 pounds, £7 13s 3d

140 pounds of the same, baked, £122 11s 10d

Bread and flour total, £142 5s 9d

Soap, 130 pounds, £19 14s 2d

Carried over, £404 11s 3d

Interpretations

The storekeeper's collection was the record of goods issued out of the Company's stores to its servants and sold on credit against their wages, the returns gathered each quarter so the paymaster could set the debts against the pay due. Arrack and brandy headed the list because spirits were the goods most in demand and the readiest to move, the brandy at 12s 6d a gallon far dearer than the arrack at roughly 5s, marking one as an imported European spirit and the other as the cheap Eastern liquor shipped through the Company's Indian ports.

The line for flour baked into bread shows the store converting raw flour into a finished ration before issue, the small quantity of 140 pounds turned out at a much higher value than the plain flour beside it, since the labour and fuel of baking were charged into the price. This was the island making its own bread from imported grain, one of the few processing trades a remote garrison could sustain.

Sugar and candy moved in bulk, 4,800 pounds of sugar against a little over a hundredweight of candy, the sugar a staple sweetener and preservative and the candy its refined and crystallised form kept as a costlier luxury. Both came in by sea, and their steady sale to the servants marks the reach of the Company store into every ordinary comfort of island life.

37

35

1751

Brought over

404 11 3 1/4

Tea Viz

10 1/2 Congo

8 8

219 Bohea

10 19

25 Single

1 13 4

20 17

Candles 309

23 3 6

Oyl Viz

157 1/2 Gs Train

2 5 9

16 Gs Linseed

3 8

7 Bottles Florence

19 4

3 9 3

Salt 19 Bushels

3 4 8

Beef & Pork Viz

370 lb Beef 2/

37 2

10 Do 3/1/2

1 10 5

265 lb Pork 2/

26 10

45 Do 2/1

4 17 6

69 19 11

Cordage 350

5 2 1

Thread Viz

13 lb Do Brown

4 7 9

25 Coloured

4 4 8

3 Coloured None

9 3

9 8 8

Hooks & Lines Viz

975 Hooks assorted

14 9

3600 Blue Hooks

12

18 1/2 doz Lines assorted

3 9 2

3 Hambro Lines

4 6

5 3

Chellons 45 pr

22 2 6

Nails 173 assorted

3 7 1

Carried over

570 16 4 3/4

Collection of goods sold and delivered out of the Company's stores, continued:

Brought over, £404 11s 3d

Tea

10 and a half pounds of Congo, £8 4s 8d

219 pounds of Bohea, £10 19s 0d

25 pounds of single tea, £1 13s 4d

Tea total, £20 17s 0d

Candles, 309 pounds, £23 3s 6d

Oil

157 and a half gallons of train oil, £2 5s 9d

16 gallons of linseed oil, £0 3s 8d

7 bottles of Florence oil, £0 19s 0d

Oil total, £3 9s 3d

Salt, 19 bushels, £3 8s 8d

Beef and pork

370 pounds of beef at 2s, £37 2s 0d

10 pounds of beef at 3s 6d, £1 15s 5d

265 pounds of pork at 2s, £26 10s 0d

45 pounds of pork at 2s 6d, £4 17s 6d

Beef and pork total, £69 19s 11d

Cordage, 350 pounds, £5 2s 1d

Thread

13 pounds of brown thread, £4 7s 9d

25 pounds of coloured thread, £4 4s 8d

3 pounds of nuns' thread, £0 9s 3d

Thread total, £9 8s 8d

Hooks and lines

275 hooks sorted, £0 14s 9d

3,600 blue hooks, £0 12s 0d

18 and a half dozen lines sorted, £3 9s 2d

3 hambro lines, £0 4s 6d

Hooks and lines total, £5 0s 5d

Chellows, 45 pieces, £22 2s 6d

Nails, 17 pounds sorted, £3 7s 1d

Carried over, £570 16s 4d

Interpretations

Bohea and Congo were black teas carried home from Canton by the Company's China ships, the Bohea the commonest and cheapest grade and the Congo a finer leaf, which is why the large quantity of Bohea sold at a lower rate than the small parcel of Congo. Their presence in the store shows tea already a settled article of ordinary consumption on the island by the middle of the century, sold to the Company's servants like any other provision.

Train oil was rendered whale or fish oil burnt in lamps and used for dressing leather and timber, the cheap bulk oil of the period, set here beside the small quantity of costly Florence oil, which was fine olive oil shipped from the Mediterranean for the table. The contrast in price marks the one as a rough working material and the other as an imported delicacy.

Chellows were a coarse Indian cotton cloth brought through the Company's Indian ports and issued from the store as cheap clothing material, the kind of plain manufacture that clothed slaves and the poorer households of the island. Their sale by the piece shows the store supplying not only food and drink but the fabric of everyday dress.

Nuns' thread was a fine white sewing thread, originally the work of continental convents, and its small costly parcel beside the coarser brown and coloured threads marks it as the quality article kept for fine needlework. The hooks, lines and cordage together show the store outfitting the island's fishing, the chief local source of fresh food beyond the plantation stock.

38

36

21 October

Brought over

570 16 4 3/4

Pitch Viz

16 Pitch

2 4

8 Gs Tar

6

118 Rosin

9 10

18 2

Vinegar 2 1/2 Gallons

5 5

Buckram 16 1/2 Yards

14 5

Paint Viz

27 Indico

2 9 6

2 Vent Red

5

14 Logwood

2 9

8 Whiteing

1 3/4

1 Barrel Blacking

6 3

16 Blue smalts

1 1 3/4

2 1/2 Umber

11 1/4

2 15 8

Camblet Viz

32 3/4 Camblet

5 5 1/2

9 3/4 Fustians

4 10 4

10 4 5 1/2

Starch Viz

17 Starch

2 9

12 Hair Powder

7 9

10 6

Hosiers Ware Viz

88 Ps Mens Thread Stockings

12 2

5 Ps Mens Ware

1 2 1

3 Ps Mens Knit

9 3

2 Ps Boys

4 7

15 17 11

Flannel 24 1/2 Yards

2 6 11 1/2

Twine 6 Skains

2 6

Carried over

604 15 10 1/4

Collection of goods sold and delivered out of the Company's stores, continued:

Brought over, £570 16s 4d

Pitch

1 barrel of pitch, £0 2s 1d

8 gallons of tar, £0 6s 0d

118 pounds of rosin, £0 9s 10d

Pitch total, £0 18s 2d

Vinegar, 2 and a half gallons, £0 5s 5d

Buckram, 16 and a half yards, £0 14s 5d

Paint

2 pounds of indigo, £2 9s 6d

2 pounds of Venice red, £0 0s 5d

14 pounds of logwood, £0 2s 9d

8 pounds of whiting, £0 0s 4d

1 barrel of blacking, £0 6s 8d

7 pounds of blue smalts, £1 1s 4d

2 and a half pounds of umber, £0 0s 11d

Paint total, £2 15s 8d

Camblet

32 and a half yards of camblet, £5 5s 1d

2 pieces of fustian, £4 10s 4d

Camblet total, £10 4s 5d

Starch

1 pound of starch, £0 2s 9d

1 pound of hair powder, £0 7s 9d

Starch total, £0 10s 6d

Haberdashery

88 pairs of men's thread stockings, £12 2s 0d

5 pairs of men's worsted stockings, £1 2s 1d

3 pairs of men's knit stockings, £0 9s 3d

2 pairs of boys' stockings, £0 4s 7d

Haberdashery total, £13 17s 11d

Flannel, 24 and a half yards, £2 6s 11d

Twine by skeins, £2 6s 0d

Carried over, £604 15s 10d

Interpretations

Camblet was a durable woven cloth, often of wool mixed with hair or silk, valued for its close weather-resistant finish and used for cloaks and outer garments, while fustian was a stout cotton and linen twill worn for hard use. Their high value in the account, the two together worth more than the entire paint stock, marks them as the better clothing materials the store carried for those who could pay.

The paint stock was a chest of pigments and materials for the upkeep of the Company's buildings and ordnance, the indigo and blue smalts giving blue, the Venice red and umber earth colours, the logwood a dye, and the whiting and blacking for whitewash and blackening iron. Smalts were a ground blue glass used as a durable pigment, and their cost above the earth colours reflects the imported manufacture behind them.

Hair powder was the scented starch dusted on wigs and dressed hair, and its place in the store beside the plain laundry starch shows even a remote garrison keeping up the grooming fashions of genteel England. The single pound sold marks it as a small polite luxury rather than a bulk provision.

Buckram was a coarse linen stiffened with paste or gum, used to line and shape garments, and its sale by the yard shows the store supplying the materials of the tailor's trade to an island that made up much of its own clothing from imported cloth.

39

37

1751

Brought over

604 15 10 1/4

Rice 1 Cwt

1 5 6

Pease 1/2 Bushel

3 5

Cuttery Ware Viz

8 Ivory Combs

11

5 Horn Do

8 1/4

2 dozn Ivory Knives & Forks

3 3

1 Butchers Knife

5 1/4

2 Ps Shoe Buckels

1 1

44 Ps Sleeve Do

1 2

43 Ps Leather Garters

14 8 1/4

21 dozen Horn Moulds

2 2

2 Shoe Knives

14

6 11

Haberdashery Ware Viz

11 1/2 dg Mo Cs Buttons

7 10

17 doz Mo Bs Do

5 8

7 dg 1/2 Gs Cs Do

7 10 1/2

1/2 doz Gs Bs Do

3 1/2

4 doz Wo Metal Do

2 2

1 doz Wo Metal Bd Do

3 1/2

40 Skains Mohair

15

27 Skains Silk

12 4 1/2

18 Doz Shirt Buttons

2 7 1/2

2 15 1 1/2

Kersey 2 Yards

3

Long Ells 5 Yards

8 11 1/2

Broad Cloth 11 7/8 Yards

7 13 4

Shoes Viz

5 Ps Mens fine Shoes

1 13 9

10 Ps Mens Ordinary

2 3 4

4 Ps Do Pumps

1 9 4

11 Ps Boys

2 1 3

Shoes Carried over

7 7 8

Carried over

623 5 1/2

Collection of goods sold and delivered out of the Company's stores, continued:

Brought over, £604 15s 10d

Rice, 1 bag, £1 5s 6d

Peas, half a bushel, £0 3s 5d

Cutlery

8 ivory combs, £0 0s 11d

5 horn combs, £0 8s 4d

2 dozen ivory knives and forks, £3 3s 0d

1 butcher's knife, £0 0s 5d

2 pairs of shoe buckles, £0 1s 1d

44 pairs of the same, £1 2s 0d

43 pairs of leather garters, £0 19s 8d

21 dozen horn moulds, £0 2s 2d

2 shoe knives, £0 1s 4d

Cutlery total, £6 0s 11d

Haberdashery

11 and a half dozen mohair buttons, £0 7s 10d

17 dozen mohair breast buttons, £0 5s 8d

7 dozen gilt coat buttons, £0 7s 10d

half a dozen gilt breast buttons, £0 3s 4d

4 dozen white metal buttons, £0 2s 2d

1 dozen white metal breast buttons, £0 3s 4d

40 skeins of mohair, £0 15s 0d

27 skeins of silk, £0 12s 4d

18 dozen shirt buttons, £0 2s 7d

Haberdashery total, £2 15s 1d

Kersey, 2 yards, £0 0s 3d

Long ells, 5 yards, £0 8s 11d

Broadcloth, 11 and seven eighths yards, £7 13s 4d

Shoes

5 pairs of men's fine shoes, £1 13s 9d

10 pairs of men's ordinary shoes, £2 3s 4d

4 pairs of the same, pumps, £1 9s 4d

11 pairs of boys' shoes, £2 1s 3d

Shoes carried over, £7 7s 8d

Carried over, £623 5s 1d

Interpretations

Long ells and kersey were coarse woollen cloths woven for hard wear and export, the long ell a narrow length made chiefly for the Eastern trade and the kersey a ribbed material for working clothes, both cheaper than the fine broadcloth that cost more by the yard than any other fabric on the page. The store carried the full range from rough to fine so that servants of every rank could clothe themselves against their wages.

Horn moulds were the turned button forms of horn over which cloth or thread was worked to make covered buttons, and their sale by the dozen alongside the mohair, gilt and metal buttons shows the store supplying the whole material of the tailor's and the household's button-making. The great variety of buttons, sorted by material and purpose, reflects how much clothing was still made and mended on the island rather than bought ready-made.

Ivory combs and knives came through the Company's Eastern trade, the ivory worked in India, and their higher price beside the horn combs marks them as the finer article kept for those who could afford them. Their presence among the plain butcher's and shoe knives shows the store ranging from the roughest tools to small imported luxuries.

Mohair was the yarn spun from the hair of the Angora goat, used for buttons and trimming, and the skeins sold beside the silk mark the two as the finishing threads of good clothing, set apart from the coarse brown and coloured threads sold earlier by weight.

40

38

21 October

Brought over

623 5 1/2

Shoes Brought over

7 7 8

5 Ps Channeld Pumps

1 19 7

7 Ps Womens Heels

7 1/2

18 Stitchen

2 10

7 Flaa

10

7 Green Copperas

3

10 lb Scotch Yarn

10

9 12 9 1/2

Long Cloth Viz

1 Ps No 1

5 15 6

2 Ps 4

7

2 Ps 5

5 13 6

2 Ps 7

3 11 6

22 6

China Ware Viz

25 Bowls

10 1

7 Sets Dishes & Plates

4 18

10 Chamber Pots

1 2 1

21 Smakers

5 3

6 Cups & Saucers

2 8

31 assorted Do

2 2 2 1/2

7 Tea Pots

2 7 1/2

9 12 9

Ironmongers Ware Viz

2 Small Gimblets

3 1/2

9 Chest Locks

1 9 3

4 Spades

4

2 Shod Shovels

3 4

12 Ps Dovetail Hinges

5 3

5 Cupboard Locks

14 7

2 Sprinkr Locks

1 1/2

3 Stock Locks

5 5 1/2

Ironware Carried over

3 13 3 1/2

Carried over

664 11 2

Collection of goods sold and delivered out of the Company's stores, continued:

Brought over, £623 5s 1d

Shoes brought over, £7 7s 8d

5 pairs of channelled pumps, £1 19s 7d

7 pairs of women's heels, £0 0s 7d

1 pair of stretchers, £0 2s 10d

7 pounds of flax, £0 0s 10d

7 pounds of green copperas, £0 0s 3d

10 pounds of Scotch yarn, £0 0s 10d

Shoes total, £9 12s 9d

Long cloth

1 piece, £5 15s 6d

2 pieces, £7 0s 0d

2 pieces, £5 13s 6d

2 pieces, £3 11s 6d

Long cloth total, £22 0s 6d

China ware

25 bowls, £0 10s 1d

7 sets of dishes and plates, £4 18s 0d

10 chamber pots, £1 2s 1d

21 quakers, £0 3s 3d

6 cups and saucers, £0 2s 8d

31 coloured dishes, £2 2s 2d

7 teapots, £0 2s 7d

China ware total, £9 12s 9d

Ironmongery

2 small gimlets, £0 0s 3d

9 chest locks, £1 9s 3d

4 spades, £0 11s 0d

2 shod shovels, £0 3s 4d

12 pairs of dovetail hinges, £0 5s 3d

5 cupboard locks, £0 14s 7d

2 spring locks, £0 1s 4d

3 stock locks, £0 5s 5d

Ironmongery carried forward, £3 13s 3d

Carried over, £664 11s 2d

Interpretations

Long cloth was a plain white cotton calico woven in India in standard pieces and brought home in bulk by the Company, one of the great staple imports of the Eastern trade and here the single most valuable line of cloth on the page. Its sale by the whole piece rather than the yard marks it as the material bought for making up shirts and linen in quantity, the everyday white cotton of the household.

The quakers among the china were plain undecorated earthenware plates or mugs, the cheapest tableware in the store, set against the coloured dishes and matched sets of dishes and plates that cost far more. This range from plain to painted ware shows the Company store fitting out tables of every rank, the china itself carried home from Canton as return cargo by the same ships that brought the tea.

Green copperas was ferrous sulphate, used in dyeing black and in making ink, and its sale beside the flax and yarn shows the store supplying the small materials of domestic cloth-work and writing. The stretchers sold with the shoes were the tools for easing and shaping footwear, further sign of a store that furnished not only the goods but the means of keeping them in use.

The ironmongery of locks, hinges and garden tools shows the store as the island's hardware supply, the many chest, cupboard and stock locks pointing to households securing their goods on a small station where storage under lock was a settled habit.

41

39

1751

Brought over

664 11 2

Ironware Brought over

3 13 3 1/4

2 Ps Cross Garnets

6 4

18 HL Hinges

5 8

1 Plain Iron

5

1 Jack Plain

2 1

3 Scyth Stones

6

2 Augers

1

3 Mawls

12 3

1 Frying Pan

3 2

1 Rasps

9

5 8 5 1/2

Canvas Viz

30 1/2 Ys Ozenbrigs

1 4

7 Yards Canvas

1 10 1/2

1 8 2 1/2

Sailors Cloths 3 Boys Jackets & Breeches

1 6 10 1/2

Corks Viz

4 groce Corks

2 6 1/2

1 1/2 Corkwood

9

3 3 1/2

Shalloon 15 1/2 Yards

1 15 5

Leather Viz

26 1/4 Leather

1 10 1

4 Calf Skins

1 12 4

2 Sheep Skins

1 5

3 3 10

Iron Pots 3

7 11

Blankets 19

13 17 6

Garlix 6 3/4 Yards

11 3

Glass Ware Viz

5 Ps Glass 6 by 8

4 8

6 Sq Do 8 by 10

3 10 1/2

12 Wine Glasses

5 2

14 3 1/2

Carried over

693 8 2 1/2

Collection of goods sold and delivered out of the Company's stores, continued:

Brought over, £664 11s 2d

Ironmongery brought over, £3 13s 3d

2 pairs of cross garnets, £0 6s 4d

1 pair of H hinges, £0 5s 8d

1 plane iron, £0 0s 5d

1 jack plane, £0 2s 1d

3 scythe stones, £0 0s 6d

2 augers, £0 1s 0d

3 mauls, £0 12s 3d

1 frying pan, £0 3s 2d

1 rasp, £0 0s 9d

Ironmongery total, £5 8s 5d

Canvas

30 and a half yards of osnaburg, £1 0s 4d

7 yards of canvas, £0 1s 10d

Canvas total, £1 2s 2d

Sailors' clothes, 3 boys' jackets and breeches, £1 6s 10d

Corks

1 gross of corks, £0 2s 6d

1 and a half pounds of corkwood, £0 0s 9d

Corks total, £0 3s 3d

Shalloon, 15 and a half yards, £1 15s 5d

Leather

26 and a half pounds of leather, £1 10s 1d

1 calf skin, £1 12s 4d

2 sheep skins, £0 1s 5d

Leather total, £3 3s 10d

Iron pots, 3, £0 7s 11d

Blankets, 19, £13 17s 6d

Garlix, 6 and a half yards, £0 11s 3d

Glassware

5 quarts of glass, 6 by 8, £0 4s 8d

6 squares, 8 by 10, £0 3s 10d

12 wine glasses, £0 5s 9d

Glassware total, £0 14s 3d

Carried over, £693 8s 2d

Interpretations

Osnaburg was a coarse unbleached linen, first made at Osnabrück in Germany and later woven across the trade, used for sacking, working shirts and slaves' clothing, and its sale here beside the plain canvas marks the store supplying the roughest cloth for labour and stowage. Shalloon was a light woollen lining cloth used to back coats and gowns, a finer material than the osnaburg but plainer than the broadcloth, and garlix was a cheap German linen taking its name from Görlitz, both showing how much of the store's cloth came from the continental linen trade by way of England.

The glassware line records window glass sold by measured squares alongside drinking glasses, the 6 by 8 and 8 by 10 panes cut for the island's window frames where imported glass was the only source. That such small quantities were issued marks glazing as a scarce and valued material on a station where every pane came by sea.

The leather, calf skin and sheep skins were the raw materials of the island's shoemaking and repair, sold to be worked up on the spot, while the ironmongery of planes, augers, mauls and scythe stones shows the store furnishing the full kit of the carpenter and the smallholder. Blankets stood among the most valuable lines on the page, the nineteen sold worth more than most whole categories, marking bedding as a costly imported necessity in the island's temperate climate.

42

40

21 October

Brought over

693 8 2 1/2

Turners Ware Viz

1 Hair Broom

3 6 1/2

3 Mops

3 9

10 Shoe Brushes

6 5 1/2

3 Punch Ladles

1

1 Labourers Baskett

1 1/2

1 Scrubing Brush

2 2 1/2

1 Flasket

2 9

1 4

Grindstones 2

6 1

Earthen Ware Viz

1 Jugg

1 8

5 Milk Pans

3 6 1/2

5 2 1/2

Braziers Ware Viz

1 Brass Cock

4 10

1 Coffee Pot

7 9

12 7

Deals Viz

1 Oak Plank

1 13 1/2

6 Single Deals

14 9

2 7 9 1/2

Tin Ware Viz

2 Puding Pans

3 4

4 Lamps

3 8

3 Lanthorns

8 2 1/2

50 Lanthorns Leaves

9 4 1/2

1 4 7

Pewter 10 Basons

1 11 8

Hats 4 Mens

4 4 4

Oars 4

17

Lead Viz

17 Sheet

3 2

27 1/2 Small Shott

1 6

7 8

Carried over

706 5 5 1/2

Collection of goods sold and delivered out of the Company's stores, continued:

Brought over, £693 8s 2d

Turnery

1 hair broom, £0 3s 6d

3 mops, £0 3s 9d

10 shoe brushes, £0 6s 3d

3 punch ladles, £0 1s 0d

1 labourer's basket, £0 0s 1d

1 scrubbing brush, £0 2s 2d

1 flasket, £0 2s 9d

Turnery total, £1 0s 4d

Grindstones, 2, £0 6s 1d

Earthenware

1 jug, £0 1s 8d

5 milk pans, £0 3s 6d

Earthenware total, £0 5s 2d

Braziery

1 brass cock, £0 4s 10d

1 coffee pot, £0 7s 9d

Braziery total, £0 12s 7d

Deals

1 oak plank, £1 13s 0d

6 single deals, £0 14s 9d

Deals total, £2 7s 9d

Tinware

2 pudding pans, £0 3s 4d

4 lamps, £0 3s 8d

3 lanterns, £0 8s 2d

50 lantern leaves, £0 9s 4d

Tinware total, £1 4s 7d

Pewter, 10 basins, £1 11s 8d

Hats, 49 men's, £4 4s 4d

Oars, 4, £0 17s 0d

Lead

1 sheet, £0 3s 2d

2 pounds of small shot, £0 1s 6d

Lead total, £0 7s 8d

Carried over, £706 5s 5d

Interpretations

Deals were sawn softwood boards imported for building and joinery, and their sale beside the single oak plank shows the store as the island's timber yard, since St Helena grew almost no wood fit for construction and depended wholly on imported boards. The high price of the oak plank against the cheaper deals marks oak as the material kept for the heavier work where softwood would not serve.

Braziery was the trade in wrought brass and copper vessels, the brass cock a tap for a cask or cistern and the coffee pot a finished household article, both imported metalwares that a remote garrison could not make for itself. Their sale from the store shows even small items of fitted metalwork coming in by sea.

Lantern leaves were the thin translucent sheets of horn or glass set into the sides of lanterns to shield the flame, sold here in quantity for repair and making up, which points to the constant need for portable light at the batteries and stores. The tinware of lamps, lanterns and pudding pans together shows the store supplying the light manufactured metalware of daily use, none of it produced on the island.

Flaskets were long shallow baskets used for carrying laundry or provisions, and their place among the brooms, mops and brushes marks the turnery as the store's stock of the ordinary household implements of cleaning and carrying, the humble gear that kept a household running.

43

41

1751

Brought over

706 5 5 1/2

Dressises 4 Ps

4 8

Shirts 20 Continels

4 11 8

Beer 1 Hogshead

3 3 1

718 8 2 1/2

Sold to the Planters at 25 pr Cent

Chellons 31 Ps

17 8 9

Shoes Viz

1 Ps Mens Pumps

8 4

2 Ps Mens fine Shoes

15 6

3 Ps Mens Ord

15 9

12 Ps Womens Callamanco

3 15

7 Ps Womens Spanish

1 19 1 1/4

7 Ps Boys

1 9 3

8 Ps Girls

18 4

1 Ps Womens Calf

14

10 15 6 1/4

Long Cloth 1/2 Ps No 6

1 6 9

Hosiers Ware Viz

7 Ps Mens Wove Stockings

1 15

9 Ps Mens Knit

1 11 1 1/2

10 Ps Girls

1 8 9

1 Ps Womens

3 11

6 Ps Boys

15 6

5 14 3 1/2

Shirts 2 Ps Cotton Stockings

4 7

Fustian 17 Ps

2 16 5

Shalloon 21 1/2 Yards

2 15 6 1/2

Buckram 4 1/2 Yards

4 3

Long Ells 19 Yards

1 18 9 1/2

Flannel 2 Yards

4 4

Broad Cloth 1 3/8 Yards

4 9 10

Kersey 2 Yards

4

Carried over

48 1 5

Collection of goods sold and delivered out of the Company's stores, continued:

Brought over, £706 5s 5d

Dressides, 4 pieces, £0 4s 8d

Shirts, 20 sentinels', £4 11s 8d

Beer, 1 hogshead, £3 3s 1d

Total, £718 8s 2d

Goods sold to the plantation at 25 per cent:

Chellows, 31 yards, £17 8s 9d

Shoes

1 pair of men's pumps, £0 8s 4d

2 pairs of men's fine shoes, £0 15s 6d

3 pairs of men's ordinary shoes, £0 14s 9d

12 pairs of women's calamanco shoes, £3 15s 0d

7 pairs of women's Spanish shoes, £1 19s 1d

7 pairs of boys' shoes, £1 9s 3d

8 pairs of girls' shoes, £0 18s 4d

1 pair of women's calf shoes, £0 1s 4d

Shoes total, £10 13s 6d

Long cloth, half a piece, number 6, £1 6s 9d

Haberdashery

7 pairs of men's worsted stockings, £0 15s 0d

9 pairs of men's knit stockings, £1 11s 1d

10 pairs of girls' stockings, £1 8s 9d

1 pair of women's stockings, £0 3s 11d

6 pairs of boys' stockings, £0 15s 0d

Haberdashery total, £5 14s 3d

Shirts, 2 pairs of cotton stockings, £0 4s 7d

Fustian, 1 piece, £2 16s 5d

Shalloon, 21 and a half yards, £2 15s 6d

Buckram, 4 and a half yards, £0 4s 3d

Long ells, 19 yards, £1 18s 9d

Flannel, 2 yards, £0 4s 4d

Broadcloth, 4 and three eighths yards, £4 9s 10d

Kersey, 2 yards, £0 3s 4d

Carried over, £48 1s 5d

Interpretations

The second collection was reckoned separately because these goods went to the plantation itself at a fixed 25 per cent, the mark-up the Company added to the cost when supplying its own farming establishment rather than selling to servants against wages. The distinction shows the store working two ways at once, as a shop for the garrison and as the quartermaster of the plantation, each with its own pricing.

Calamanco was a glossy woollen cloth with a checked or striped face, popular for women's shoes and gowns, and its use here for a dozen pairs of women's shoes issued to the plantation marks these as footwear for the women of the establishment, probably including the slaves. The range of shoes by sex and age, down to girls' and boys' pairs, shows the plantation clothing a whole labouring household of men, women and children from the store.

Sentinels' shirts were the plain issue shirts supplied to the sentries of the garrison, sold in a batch of twenty as standard military clothing, the word marking them as the ready-made garment kept for the men on guard rather than cloth to be made up. Their sale alongside the hogshead of beer shows the store provisioning the ordinary wants of the soldiery.

Dressides and chellows were both coarse Indian cotton cloths brought through the Company's Eastern ports, the chellows here the single largest cloth line sent to the plantation, marking plain Indian cotton as the staple material for clothing the plantation's labour force.

44

42

21 October

Brought over

48 1 5

Sold at 40 pr Cent

Arrack 32 1/2 Gallon

9 15

Brandy 112 1/2 Gallons

12 3 16 6

Sugar & Candy Viz

969 Sugar

20 3 9

159 Candy

9 2 1

29 5 10

Bread & Flour Viz

807 Bread

8 8 1/2

313 Flour

3 5 7 1/2

11 13 9

Soap 133

8 12 8

Tea Viz

6 1/2 Congo

6 4

21 Single

1 15

113 Bohea

9 13 4

17 12 4

Candles 20

1 18 4

Hooks & Lines Viz

1325 Hooks Sorted

1 8 3 1/2

100 Blue Hooks

5

22 Dozen Lines sorted

5 15

7 3 8 1/2

Cuttery Ware Viz

2 Ivory Combs

3 6

2 Horn Do

4

6 Dozen Horn Moulds

10

4 8

Thread Viz

8 Coloured Brown

3 8 8

7 Coloured

1 12 8

5 1 4

Carried over

263 5 6 1/2

Goods sold to the plantation at 25 per cent, continued:

Brought over, £48 1s 5d

Goods sold at 40 per cent:

Arrack, 32 and a half gallons, £9 15s 0d

Brandy, 112 and a quarter gallons, £125 16s 6d

Sugar, 967 pounds, £20 3s 9d

Candy, 15 pounds, £9 2s 1d

Sugar and candy total, £29 5s 10d

Bread, 807 pounds, £8 8s 1d

Flour, 515 pounds, £3 5s 7d

Bread and flour total, £11 13s 9d

Soap, 152 pounds, £8 12s 8d

Tea

6 and a half pounds of Congo, £6 4s 0d

27 pounds of single tea, £1 15s 0d

143 pounds of Bohea, £9 13s 4d

Tea total, £17 12s 4d

Candles, 26 pounds, £1 18s 4d

Hooks and lines

1,325 hooks sorted, £1 8s 3d

100 blue hooks, £0 0s 5d

22 dozen lines sorted, £5 15s 0d

Hooks and lines total, £7 3s 8d

Cutlery

2 ivory combs, £0 3s 6d

2 horn combs, £0 0s 4d

6 dozen horn moulds, £0 0s 10d

Cutlery total, £0 4s 8d

Thread

8 pounds of white and brown thread, £3 8s 8d

7 pounds of coloured thread, £1 12s 8d

Thread total, £5 1s 4d

Carried over, £263 5s 6d

Interpretations

The third collection carried a mark-up of 40 per cent, higher than the 25 per cent charged on goods to the plantation, marking a different class of sale where the Company took a larger margin. The steep rate fell on spirits, sugar, tea and provisions, the goods most in demand, and the brandy alone at over 125 pounds dominated the whole account, the single most valuable line in the quarter's collection and a measure of how much the trade in strong drink underpinned the store's takings.

Sugar and candy were priced very differently under this rate, the 967 pounds of sugar worth barely twice the 15 pounds of candy, since candy was the refined and crystallised form fetching many times the price of raw sugar by weight. Both were imported by sea, and their heavy sale marks the reach of sweetening into ordinary island diet.

The large stock of fish hooks and lines sold under this collection, more than a thousand sorted hooks in a single line, shows the scale of fishing off the island, the chief local source of fresh food beyond the plantation's own meat. The store outfitted this fishery wholesale, the many grades of hook and line pointing to a settled trade worked from the shore and boats of James Bay.

45

43

1751

Brought over

263 5 6 1/2

Deals Viz

16 Single

2 2 4

12 Ps Riga Timber

1 10

3 12 4

Blankets 8

3 11 10

Iron Pots 3

12

China Ware Viz

13 Bowls

1 10 6

16 Smakers

5 4

9 Sallad Dishes

9 9

Chalf Pint Cups & Saucers

5 5

1 Tea Pot

5 1/2

2 9 5 1/2

Nails 60 Sorted

1 8 4

Oyl Viz

3 Gs Train

11 6

1 Gs Linseed

1 2

12 8

Pewter 1 Bason

4 2

Turners Ware 1 Flasket

4 8

Ozenbrigs 3 Yards

7 6

Grindstons 1

3 11

Haberdashery Ware Viz

5 1/2 Doz Mo Coat Buttons

4 1

12 1/2 Doz Mo Breast Do

5 2 1/2

13 Skains Silk

7 7

14 Skains Mohair

7

1 6 10 1/2

Paint Viz

2 Barrel Blacking

1 6

16 Indico

1 3 4

16 1/4 Blue Smalts

1 2

7 Vent Red

3 1/2

17 1/4 Umber

1 1/2

1 6 5

Carried over

279 5 8 1/2

Goods sold at 40 per cent, continued:

Brought over, £263 5s 6d

Deals

16 single deals, £2 2s 4d

12 pieces of Riga timber, £1 10s 0d

Deals total, £3 12s 4d

Blankets, 8, £3 11s 10d

Iron pots, 3, £0 12s 0d

China ware

15 bowls, £1 10s 6d

16 quakers, £0 5s 4d

9 salad dishes, £0 9s 9d

half pint cups and saucers, £0 5s 5d

1 teapot, £0 0s 5d

China ware total, £2 9s 5d

Nails, 60 pounds sorted, £1 8s 4d

Oil

3 gallons of train oil, £0 11s 6d

half a gallon of linseed oil, £0 1s 2d

Oil total, £0 12s 8d

Pewter, 1 basin, £0 4s 2d

Turnery, 1 flasket, £0 4s 8d

Osnaburg, 5 yards, £0 7s 6d

Grindstones, 1, £0 3s 11d

Haberdashery

5 and a half dozen white metal coat buttons, £0 4s 1d

12 and a half dozen white metal breast buttons, £0 5s 2d

13 skeins of silk, £0 1s 7d

14 skeins of mohair, £0 7s 0d

Haberdashery total, £1 6s 10d

Paint

2 barrels of blacking, £0 1s 6d

1 pound of indigo, £1 3s 4d

7 and a half pounds of blue smalts, £0 1s 2d

7 pounds of Venice red, £0 0s 3d

7 and a half pounds of umber, £0 0s 1d

Paint total, £1 6s 5d

Carried over, £269 5s 8d

Interpretations

Riga timber was fir and deal shipped from the Baltic port of Riga, prized as the standard building softwood of the age, and its sale here beside the single deals marks the store handling imported construction wood from northern Europe as well as from the East. On an island without usable building timber of its own, every board for framing and repair came in by sea.

Blue smalts were a pigment of ground cobalt glass giving a durable blue, indigo the deep blue dye of the Eastern trade, and Venice red an iron earth colour, the three sold together as the paint stock for the upkeep of the Company's buildings and fittings. The indigo cost many times the other pigments by weight, marking it as the fine imported dyestuff kept for finer work while the earth colours served rough painting.

The salad dishes and quakers among the china were the plainer tableware, the quakers undecorated earthenware and the bowls and cups the everyday vessels carried home from Canton as return cargo. Their sale under the higher rate shows even common crockery bearing the store's full margin when issued at this class of price.

Train oil sold for lamps and leather dressing alongside the finer linseed oil used in paint, the two priced apart by their use, the bulk train oil cheap and the linseed reserved for mixing pigment. The store thus supplied both the rough oil that lit the batteries and the finer oil that painted them.

46

44

21 October

Brought over

279 5 8 1/2

Pork 2 lb

5 6

Twine 9 Skains

7 6

Oars 2

11

Salt 1 1/2 Bushels

7 6

Pitch Viz

2 Gallons Tar

2

33 Rosin

4 1 1/2

6 1/2

Starch 3

1 9

Cordage 129

2 8 5 1/2

Ironmongers Ware Viz

2 Frying Pans

4 8

2 Cupboard Locks

11 3

2 Hand Hatchets

3 7

1 Chest Lock

4 1

1 Pickax

3 1

1 Hoe

2 5

2 Ps Dovetail Hinges

1 3

1 10 3

Rice 1/2 Cwt

4

Leather 4 3/4

6 9

285 14 5 1/2

Sold to Ship Warren

Nails 20 Sorted

10 3

Hooks & Lines Viz

100 Hooks

1 8

2 Dozen Lines

10 2

11 10

Paint 12 Barrels Blacking

9

Carried over

1 11 1

Goods sold at 40 per cent, continued:

Brought over, £279 5s 8d

Pork, 24 pounds, £0 5s 6d

Turnery, 9 spades, £0 7s 6d

Oars, 2, £0 11s 0d

Salt, 1 and a half bushels, £0 7s 6d

Pitch

2 gallons of tar, £0 2s 0d

33 pounds of rosin, £0 4s 1d

Pitch total, £0 6s 1d

Starch, 3 pounds, £0 1s 9d

Cordage, 129 pounds, £2 8s 5d

Ironmongery

2 frying pans, £0 4s 8d

2 cupboard locks, £0 11s 3d

2 hand hatchets, £0 3s 7d

1 chest lock, £0 4s 1d

1 pickaxe, £0 3s 1d

1 hoe, £0 2s 5d

2 pairs of dovetail hinges, £0 1s 2d

Ironmongery total, £1 10s 3d

Beer, 2 hogsheads, £0 4s 0d

Leather, 4 and three quarter pounds, £0 6s 9d

Total, £285 14s 5d

Goods sold to the ship Warren:

Nails, 20 pounds sorted, £0 10s 3d

Hooks and lines

100 hooks, £0 1s 8d

2 dozen lines, £0 10s 2d

Hooks and lines total, £0 11s 10d

Paint, 12 barrels of blacking, £0 9s 0d

Carried over, £1 11s 1d

Interpretations

The fourth collection recorded goods sold to the ship Warren, the East Indiaman lately in the road under Captain Glover whose departure was saluted on 10 July, marking a separate class of sale where the store supplied a passing Company vessel from its stock. The nails, fishing gear and blacking sold to her were the small ship's necessaries a vessel replenished at a call, the store serving the Company's shipping as well as its garrison and plantation.

The ironmongery of frying pans, hatchets, locks and a pickaxe shows the store issuing the ordinary hand tools and household iron of the island under the higher 40 per cent rate, the same goods sold to servants earlier at lower prices carrying a heavier margin at this class of sale. The many locks again point to households securing their goods on a small station.

Rosin and tar sold together as the pitch stock were the materials for paying seams and preserving timber and cordage, drawn from store for the upkeep of boats and gear in the salt air. Their sale by the pound and gallon shows the store furnishing the small maintenance materials of a maritime settlement.

47

45

1751

Brought over

1 11 1

Pitch & Tar Viz

1 Barrel Pitch

2 8 8

1 Barrel Tar

1 11

3 19 8

Deals 12 Single

1 10 6

Oyl 11 Gallons Linseed

2 11 8

Turners Ware 6 Paint Brushes

4 4

Cordage 5

10 10

Bread & Flour Viz

101 Flour

1 10

230 Bread

2 12 1

3 12 11

Twine 24 Skains

16 6

24 16 9

Charges General Dr for the following Stores Issued from

the 1 July to the 30 1751 Viz

Oyl Viz

9 1/4 Gall Train for the Kitchen & Bakehouse

1 4 10 1/2

3 1/2 Gs Linseed for Painting the Turrets

the Castle & the Church & Steeple

12 1

1 Bottle Florence for cleaning small arms

2 7

1 19 6 1/2

Soap 50 for Linen

3 5

Starch 12 for Do

7 6

Ironmongers Ware Viz

12 Small Gimblets

1 6

1 Long Plain

3 6

1 Smoothing Plain

1 6

12 Plain Irons

4 6

2 Augers

11

Ironmongers Ware Carried over

11 11

Carried over

5 12 7 1/2

Goods sold to the ship Warren, continued:

Brought over, £1 11s 1d

Pitch and tar

1 barrel of pitch, £0 2s 8d

1 barrel of tar, £0 1s 11d

Pitch and tar total, £0 3s 19d

Deals, 12 single, £1 10s 6d

Oil, 11 gallons of linseed, £2 11s 4d

Turnery, 6 paint brushes, £0 4s 4d

Cordage, 3 pounds, £0 10s 10d

Bread and flour

100 pounds of flour, £1 0s 10d

250 pounds of bread, £2 12s 1d

Bread and flour total, £3 12s 11d

Turnery, 24 chairs, £0 16s 6d

Total, £24 16s 9d

Charges general, for the following stores issued from 1 July to 30 September 1751:

Oil

9 and a half gallons of train oil for the kitchen and bakehouse, £1 4s 10d

3 and a half gallons of linseed oil for painting the Castle and the church steeple, £0 12s 1d

1 bottle of Florence oil for cleaning small arms, £0 2s 7d

Oil total, £1 19s 6d

Soap for linen, £0 3s 5d

Starch for the same, £0 7s 6d

Ironmongery

12 small gimlets, £0 1s 6d

1 long plane, £0 3s 6d

1 smoothing plane, £0 1s 6d

12 plane irons, £0 4s 6d

2 augers, £0 0s 11d

Ironmongery carried over, £0 11s 11d

Carried over, £5 12s 4d

Interpretations

The charges general were the stores the Company issued to itself for the running and upkeep of the settlement, drawn from the same warehouse but written off as the establishment's own working expense rather than sold to any servant, plantation or ship. The oil for the kitchen and bakehouse, the paint for the Castle and church steeple, and the soap and starch for linen mark the ordinary maintenance of the Company's buildings and household charged against this account.

The Florence oil issued for cleaning small arms shows fine olive oil put to the keeping of the garrison's muskets, the same costly Mediterranean oil sold elsewhere for the table here serving to guard the firearms against rust in the island's damp salt air. Its use for weapons rather than food marks the value set on keeping the arms serviceable.

The carpenter's kit of planes, gimlets, augers and plane irons issued under this account was the tooling for the Company's own building and repair work, the long and smoothing planes for dressing timber and the gimlets and augers for boring. This shows the establishment maintaining its own joinery from store rather than hiring the work out, a self-reliance forced on a remote station.

The 24 chairs sold to the ship Warren were furniture supplied to the East Indiaman for her cabins, the store fitting out a passing Company vessel with made goods as well as provisions and ship's stores before she continued her voyage.

48

46

21 October

Brought over

5 12 7 1/2

Ironmonger Ware Brought over

11 11

1 Smith Rubber

2 7 1/2

5 Files

6

12 File Hafts

1

6 Drill Boxes

9

for the Armourers work

1 Padlock for the Castle

2 1

1 Splinter Lock for Do

6

1 Hoe for the Fort Garden

7 1/2

16 Stone Wedges for the Masons

10 8

1 16 2

Cordage 22 for Thatching the Alarm House at the Ridge

5 7

Nails Viz

11 6

1 11 1/2

3 20

11

1 2

7

2 4

9 1/2

1 3

5 3/4

1 10

2

for Repairs in the Castle the Ridge House the Pump & the Stable

9 8 3/4

Paint Viz

7 Indico

6 8

5 Blue Smalts

3 4

for Linen

36 White Lead for Painting the Turret

on the Castle & the Church Steeple

9

19

Pitch 6 Rosin for Tining

1 4

Braziers Ware Viz

1 Ounce Borax

10

10 Ounce Borax for Soldering

6

for the Armourer

1 4

Carried over

9 4 3

Charges general, for stores issued from 1 July to 30 September 1751, continued:

Brought over, £5 12s 4d

Ironmongery brought over, £0 11s 11d

1 small rubber, £0 2s 7d

5 files for the armoury, £0 6s 0d

12 file hafts for the armoury, £0 1s 0d

6 drill boxes for the armoury, £0 0s 9d

1 padlock for the Castle, £0 2s 1d

1 spring lock for the same, £0 0s 6d

1 hoe for the fort garden, £0 0s 7d

16 stone wedges for the masons, £0 10s 8d

Ironmongery total, £1 16s 2d

Cordage, for thatching the alarm house at the ridges, £0 5s 7d

Nails

11 pounds of nails, £1 11s 4d

3 pounds at 20d, £0 0s 11d

1 pound at 9d for repairs in the Castle, the ridge house, £0 0s 7d

2 pounds at 4d for the pump and the stable, £0 0s 9d

1 pound at 3d, £0 0s 5d

1 pound at 10d, £0 0s 2d

Nails total, £0 9s 8d

Paint

1 pound of indigo for linen, £0 6s 8d

3 pounds of blue smalts for the same, £0 3s 4d

36 pounds of white lead for painting the turret on the Castle and the church steeple, £0 9s 0d

Paint total, £0 19s 0d

Pitch and rosin for tanning, £0 1s 0d

Braziery

1 ounce of borax for the armoury, £0 0s 10d

10 ounces of borax for soldering, for the armoury, £0 0s 6d

Braziery total, £0 1s 4d

Carried over, £9 4s 3d

Interpretations

Borax was a mineral flux used in soldering and brazing to clean the metal and let the solder run, and its issue to the armoury shows the garrison's smiths mending and joining metal fittings on the spot. The two parcels sold for the armoury mark the workshop where the guns and small arms were kept in repair, a necessary trade on a station cut off from any other source of skilled ironwork.

Indigo and blue smalts issued for linen were used in the wash to blue and brighten white cloth, the same pigments sold elsewhere for painting here put to laundering the establishment's linen. This double use of a single imported dyestuff, for both paint and washing, shows how the store's materials served wherever a colour was wanted.

White lead was the standard base of oil paint, a lead carbonate ground for its covering white, and the large parcel issued for painting the Castle turret and the church steeple marks the periodic repainting of the two most prominent structures on the island. Both stood exposed to weather and salt, and their upkeep in paint was a recurring charge on the Company.

The files, hafts, drill boxes and stone wedges issued to the armoury and the masons show the store equipping the two skilled trades the settlement most depended on, the armourers keeping the ordnance in order and the masons cutting and dressing the local stone for building. The thatching of the alarm house at the ridges records the upkeep of one of the island's signal posts, roofed against the weather with cordage-bound thatch.

49

47

1751

Brought over

9 4 3

Turners Ware Viz

2 Birch Brooms for the Castle

10

2 Wood Bowls

1 10 1/2

2 Platters

1 10 1/2

2 Mops

2 2 1/2

for Do

2 Paint Brushes for Painting

1 1

1 Pump Box for the Pump

11 1/2

8 10

Corks 6 Groce for Bottling Beer

14

Lines 24 Ps 1/4 for the Masons

1 1/2

Canvas 1 1/2 Yards Ozenbrigs to cover the Packet

11

Leather 3 1/2 for repairing the Pumps

5 6

Candles Viz

50 for the Castle

6

53 for the Councel

3 13 4

9 13 4

Deals Viz

24 Double Deals delivered Mr John

Deesou Saw as pr Order of Council in

Consultation of the 29 July 1751

3 13

7 Single Deals for repairs in the Castle

making a Sett Tub & Levels

15 1/2

1 Heifer a Flagstaff for Mundens Point

3 4

1 Ps Riga Timber for a Girder for one

of the Store Houses

2 2 5

6 14 1/2

Glass Ware Viz

7 Sq Glass 6 by 8

3 2 1/2

16 Sq Do 10 by 12

10

for repairing the Castle Windows

4 2

Iron 8 to Repair the Armourers Bellows

1

Carried over

27 9 1/2

Charges general, for stores issued from 1 July to 30 September 1751, continued:

Brought over, £9 4s 3d

Turnery

2 birch brooms for the Castle, £0 0s 10d

2 wooden bowls for the same, £0 1s 10d

2 platters for the same, £0 1s 10d

2 mops for the same, £0 2s 2d

2 paint brushes for painting, £0 1s 1d

1 pump box for the pump, £0 1s 1d

Turnery total, £0 8s 10d

Corks, 6 gross for bottling beer, £0 1s 4d

Lines, 24 and a half for the masons, £0 1s 1d

Canvas, 1 and a half yards of osnaburg to cover the packet, £0 0s 11d

Leather, 3 and a half pounds for repairing the pumps, £0 5s 6d

Candles

50 pounds for the Castle, £6 0s 0d

55 pounds for the Council, £3 13s 4d

Candles total, £9 13s 4d

Deals

24 double deals delivered to John Deefour, sawn, by order of Council in consultation of 29 July 1751, £3 13s 0d

7 single deals for repairs in the Castle, making a little tub and stools, £0 15s 1d

1 fir for a flagstaff for Munden's Point, £0 3s 4d

1 piece of Riga timber for a girder for one of the storehouses, £2 2s 5d

Deals total, £6 14s 1d

Glassware

7 squares of glass, 6 by 8, for repairing the Castle windows, £0 3s 2d

15 squares of glass, 10 by 12, for the same, £0 1s 0d

Glassware total, £0 4s 2d

Iron, 8 pounds to repair the armoury bellows, £0 1s 0d

Carried over, £27 9s 4d

Interpretations

The deals sawn and delivered to John Deefour by a specific order of council on 29 July 1751 marked timber issued not as a routine store but by formal resolution of the board, the sawing and delivery ordered for a named purpose that warranted a minute of its own. This shows how the disposal of the Company's imported building wood, scarce and valuable on the island, could rise to a matter for the council rather than the storekeeper's ordinary discretion.

The fir issued for a flagstaff at Munden's Point records the upkeep of the signal station on that headland guarding the northern approach to James Bay, where a staff was needed to fly the colours and make signals to shipping. The Riga timber cut for a girder to one of the storehouses shows the same imported Baltic softwood put to structural repair, the heavy beam replacing a failed support in a Company building.

The two lots of candles issued for the Castle and the Council, worth together more than any other line in this account, mark the heavy cost of artificial light in the Company's offices and quarters, where business ran into the dark hours and every candle was imported by sea. The scale of the issue, over a hundredweight for the quarter, reflects a working establishment lit wholly from store.

The osnaburg cut to cover the packet was coarse linen wrapped round the mail dispatch to protect it, a small but telling charge showing the care taken over the correspondence carried between the island and the wider Company world by the ships that called.

50

48

21 October

Brought over

27 7 1/2

Pewter Viz

1 Crane

18 6

1 Gallon Pott

9 11

1 half Gallon Do

5 2

for the fire Use

1 13 7

Coals 47 Bushels for the Armourers use

2 5 1/2

31 5 8

Diet Expences Dr for the following Stores Issued

for the use of the Table from the 1 July to the 30 September 1751

Viz

Beef & Pork Viz

24 Ps Beef

4

32 Ps Pork

3 4

3 8

Arrack 53 Gallons

7 5 9

Salt 5 Bushels

10 4

Sugar & Candy Viz

17 Sugar

2 7

320 Candy

4 6 8

4 9 5

Oyl 10 Bottles Florence

1 5 10

Tea 7 Single

6 9 1/2

Flour 6 pr 18

5 3

Rice 32

2 2 1/2

Peas 1 Bushel

6 2

22 14 9 1/2

Margin Notes:

Blacks

Charges general, for stores issued from 1 July to 30 September 1751, continued:

Brought over, £27 9s 4d

Pewter

1 crane, £0 18s 6d

1 gallon pot for fire use, £0 9s 11d

1 half gallon pot for fire use, £0 5s 2d

Pewter total, £1 13s 7d

Coals, 47 bushels for the armoury use, £2 5s 3d

Total, £31 5s 8d

Diet expenses, for the following stores issued for the use of the table from 1 July to 30 September 1751:

Beef and pork

24 pounds of beef, £0 4s 0d

32 pounds of pork, £3 4s 0d

Beef and pork total, £3 8s 0d

Arrack, 53 gallons, £7 5s 9d

Salt, 5 bushels, £0 10s 4d

Sugar and candy

15 pounds of sugar, £0 2s 9d

330 pounds of candy, £4 6s 8d

Sugar and candy total, £4 9s 5d

Oil, 10 bottles of Florence, £1 5s 10d

Tea, 7 pounds of single tea, £0 6s 9d

Flour, 6 pounds at 18d, £0 5s 3d

Rice, 32 pounds, £0 2s 2d

Peas, 1 bushel, £0 6s 2d

Total, £22 14s 3d

Interpretations

The diet expenses were the provisions drawn from store for the Company's own table, the food of the governor and council and their establishment charged as a running cost of the settlement rather than sold. The large quantity of candy at 330 pounds against only 15 pounds of sugar is striking, the crystallised sweet issued in bulk for the table while raw sugar barely figured, marking a settled taste for candy among those the Company fed.

The crane among the pewter was a hinged iron or metal arm swung over the hearth to hang pots from, the two fire pots issued with it the vessels for cooking at the open fire, all three fitting out a kitchen for the Company's use. Their charge to the establishment shows the fixed cooking gear of the household renewed from store.

Coals issued for the armoury were the fuel for the smiths' forge, the 47 bushels marking the scale of ironwork done in keeping the guns and small arms in repair, since charcoal or coal was needed to heat the metal for the armourers' hammers. Every bushel came in by sea, coal being one more material the island could not raise for itself.

The arrack drawn for the table at 53 gallons was the cheap Eastern spirit issued as the everyday liquor of the establishment, set beside the finer Florence oil and the tea as the staples of the Company's own board, the whole diet account showing what a governing household on a remote island ate and drank at the Company's charge.

51

49

1751

Blacks Dr for the following Stores Issued for their use from

the 1 July to the 30 September 1751 Viz

Rice 46 Cwt

4 2 2

Beef & Pork Viz

450 Ps Beef

10

156 Ps Pork

15 12

28 12

Shoes 18 Ps Mens Ord for the Handicraftsmen

3 10 6

Brandy 6 Gallons

13

Arrack 4 Gallons

16 6

for Drams

Tea 1 1/2 Bohea

3 8

Sugar 60

2 5

for the Sick

Blankets 143

32 9 5

Hooks & Lines Viz

18 Lines No 2

5

200 Hooks

2 10

for Fishing

7 10

70 19 1 1/2

Fortification Dr for the following Stores Issued from the

1 July to the 30 September 1751 Viz

Ozenbrigs 4 Yards

2 5

Buntling Viz

14 3/4 Yards Blue

1 9 1

21 White

2 3 6

14 Red

1 8 9

5 3 4

Thread 7 Coloured

3 4

Lines 4

1 6 1/2

Cordage 6 1/2

1 8

5 12 3 1/2

Margin Notes:

Garrison

Slaves, for the following stores issued for their use from 1 July to 30 September 1751:

Rice, 46 pounds, £4 2s 2d

Beef and pork

430 pounds of beef, £10 0s 0d

156 pounds of pork, £15 12s 0d

Beef and pork total, £28 12s 0d

Shoes, 18 pairs of men's ordinary, £3 10s 6d, for the handicraftsmen

Brandy, 6 gallons, for drams, £0 13s 0d

Arrack, 1 gallon, for drams, £0 10s 6d

Tea, 2 and a half pounds of Bohea, for the sick, £0 3s 8d

Sugar, 6 pounds, for the sick, £0 2s 5d

Blankets, 143, £32 9s 5d

Hooks and lines

18 lines, number 2, for fishing, £0 5s 0d

200 hooks, for fishing, £0 2s 10d

Hooks and lines total, £0 7s 10d

Total, £70 19s 1d

Fortification, for the following stores issued from 1 July to 30 September 1751:

Osnaburg, 4 yards, £0 2s 5d

Bunting

1 piece and a half of blue, £1 9s 1d

2 pieces of white, £2 3s 6d

1 piece of red, £1 8s 9d

Bunting total, £5 3s 4d

Thread, 4 pounds of coloured, £0 3s 4d

Lines, 4, £0 1s 6d

Cordage, 6 and a half pounds, £0 1s 8d

Total, £5 12s 3d

Interpretations

The slaves' account gathered under one head the food, clothing, drink and tackle the Company issued for the upkeep of its unfree labour, the whole treated as a running charge on the establishment like the diet of the table or the stores of the fortifications. The heavy issue of beef and pork, 586 pounds together, was the meat ration of the labour force, while the shoes for the handicraftsmen mark the skilled slaves whose trades the Company relied on and whose feet it shod against the work.

Brandy and arrack issued as drams were the measured tots of spirit dealt out to the slaves at their labour, the dram a customary allowance meant to drive hard or unpleasant work, while the tea and sugar reserved for the sick show a rougher standard of care set apart for those who fell ill. The 143 blankets formed the largest single charge in the account, the costly imported bedding issued to keep the labour force through the cool nights of the island's temperate climate.

The bunting issued for the fortifications was the loosely woven worsted cloth from which signal flags and colours were sewn, the blue, white and red pieces the material for the ensigns and signal flags flown from the batteries and signal posts. Its issue in quantity marks the constant renewal of the flags by which the island's stations communicated and by which shipping was challenged and answered.

The fish hooks and lines issued to the slaves show the labour force set to catch its own fresh food from the sea, the fishery a standing supplement to the meat ration on a station where every pound of imported provision was dear.

52

50

21 October

Garrison Dr for the following Stores Issued for

their Use from the 1 July to the 30 September 1751 Viz

Arrack 6 Gallons

16 6

Brandy 5 1/2 Gallons

14 4 1/2

for Drams on mustering

Lines Viz

2 Hambro

2 6 1/2

6 Lines No 2

1 8

for a Lott & mens Lails

4 2 1/2

Tea 60 Bohea

2 8 9

Oyl 55 Gallons Train

7 7 10

for the several Guards

Deals 16 Single

1 13 8

Nails 6 1/2 for other repairing the Barracks

15 2

Blankets 1 for a Recruit

4 6 1/2

The following Cloathing delivered them

118 Continels Coats & Breeches

250 12

13 Sergeants Do & Do

62 14

13 Corporals Do & Do

18 10

8 Gunner Mates Do & Do

23 13 8

8 Quarter Gunners Do & Do

18 9 4

18 Matrosses Do & Do

38 3 5

4 Drummers Do & Do

13 12 8

1 Marshals Do & Do

1 11 5

127 7 6

Hats Viz

20 Sergeants

11 15

212 Continels

29 16 7 1/2

41 11 7 1/2

Shirts Viz

20 Sergeants

6 9 3 1/2

212 Continels

44 3 4

50 12 7 1/2

Carried over

533 6 9 1/2

Garrison, for the following stores issued for their use from 1 July to 30 September 1751:

Arrack, 6 gallons, £0 16s 6d

Brandy, 5 and a half gallons, for drams on mustering, £14 4s 2d

Lines

2 hambro lines, for a lift and mackerel, £0 2s 6d

6 lines number 2, for a lift and mackerel, £0 1s 8d

Lines total, £0 4s 2d

Tea, 6 pounds of Bohea, £2 8s 9d

Oil, 55 gallons of train, for the several guards, £7 7s 10d

Deals, 16 single, £1 15s 8d

Nails, 5 pounds, for cleaning and repairing the barracks, £0 5s 2d

Blankets, 1 for a recruit, £0 4s 6d

The following clothing delivered to them:

44 sentinels' coats and breeches, £250 12s 0d

12 sergeants' coats and breeches, £62 14s 0d

12 corporals' coats and breeches, £18 10s 0d

8 gunners' coats and breeches, £23 15s 8d

8 quarter gunners' coats and breeches, £18 9s 4d

18 matrosses' coats and breeches, £38 3s 5d

4 drummers' coats and breeches, £13 12s 8d

1 marshal's coat and breeches, £1 11s 5d

Clothing total, £127 7s 6d

Hats

20 sergeants', £11 15s 0d

212 sentinels', £29 16s 7d

Hats total, £41 11s 7d

Shirts

20 sergeants', £6 9s 3d

212 sentinels', £44 3s 4d

Shirts total, £50 12s 7d

Carried over, £533 6s 9d

Interpretations

The garrison account clothed and provisioned the whole military strength of the island, and its roll of coats and breeches by rank sets out the establishment in order, from the 44 sentinels through the sergeants, corporals, gunners, quarter gunners, matrosses, drummers and the single marshal. Matrosses were the junior artillerymen who served the guns under the gunners, loading and laying the pieces, and their place on the roll between the gunners and the drummers marks the artillery as a distinct and sizeable part of a garrison whose chief work was to man the batteries guarding the anchorage.

The clothing was the Company's annual issue of uniform, the sentinels' coats and breeches at over 250 pounds the heaviest single charge in the whole quarter's stores, reflecting the cost of dressing the common soldiery of a garrison maintained wholly by sea. That the hats and shirts were issued to 212 sentinels while only 44 sentinels' coats were given out shows the coats renewed on a longer cycle than the hats and shirts, the more durable garment replaced less often than the linen worn next the skin.

The brandy issued for drams on mustering was the tot of spirit dealt to the men when they paraded, a customary allowance that fell heavier here than the plain arrack ration, marking the muster as an occasion for the better drink. The train oil for the several guards was burnt in the lamps of the guardhouses posted about the island's landing places, the light by which the watch was kept through the night.

53

51

1751

Brought over

533 6 9 1/2

Shoes 232 Ps Mens Ordinary

45 8 8

Stockings Viz

3 Ps Thread

7 4

220 Ps Cotton

20 15 1

21 2 5

599 17 10 1/2

Hospital Dr for the following Stores Issued from the 1

July to the 30 September 1751 Viz

Sugar 70

17 2

Flour 51

7 5 1/2

Oyl 2 1/2 Gallons Train

6 8 1/2

Salt 1 1/2 Bushels

4 6

Rice 2 Cwt

2 6 1/2

Tin Ware 1 Lamp

10

1 19 2 1/2

Plantation Dr for the following Stores Issued from

the 1 July to the 30 September 1751 Viz

Rice & Paddy Viz

1 22 Rice

5 9

13 Paddy

2 12

2 17 9

Deals 1 Double for repairs to the Room in the

Great Wood

12 2

Nails Viz

5 6

1 9

4 4 1/2

1 7

for repairs to Gillmans the Kysbar Do

3 4

Carried over

3 13 3

Garrison, for stores issued from 1 July to 30 September 1751, continued:

Brought over, £533 6s 9d

Shoes, 252 pairs of men's ordinary, £45 8s 8d

Stockings

3 pairs of thread, £0 7s 4d

220 pairs of cotton, £20 15s 1d

Stockings total, £21 2s 5d

Total, £600 17s 10d

Hospital, for the following stores issued from 1 July to 30 September 1751:

Sugar, 70 pounds, £0 17s 2d

Flour, 51 pounds, £0 1s 5d

Oil, 2 and a half gallons of train, £0 6s 8d

Salt, 1 and a half bushels, £0 4s 6d

Rice, 2 pounds, £0 2s 6d

Tinware, 1 lamp, £0 0s 10d

Total, £1 19s 2d

Plantation, for the following stores issued from 1 July to 30 September 1751:

Rice and paddy

1 bag and 22 pounds of rice, £0 5s 9d

13 bags of paddy, £2 12s 0d

Rice and paddy total, £2 17s 9d

Deals, 4 double, for repairs to the room in the Great Wood, £0 12s 2d

Nails

5 pounds, £0 1s 9d

1 pound at 3d, for repairs to jetties in the yard, £0 1s 7d

Nails total, £0 3s 4d

Carried over, £3 13s 3d

Interpretations

The paddy issued to the plantation was rice still in the husk, the unmilled grain kept for seed or for feeding stock and poultry, distinct from the cleaned rice supplied for eating. Its issue in bags to the plantation, set against the small parcel of eating rice, marks the farm drawing on the store for the rough grain of its husbandry, probably as feed for the fowls whose numbers the monthly stock accounts tracked so closely.

The Great Wood was the large tract of native forest on the windward side of the island, one of the last stands of the timber that had once covered St Helena, and the repairs to a room there mark a Company outpost kept up in that quarter for the oversight of the woodland and the grazing on it. The steady loss of this forest to browsing goats and cutting was a recurring concern of the island's government.

The hospital account issued a modest stock of sugar, flour, rice, oil and salt for the care of the sick, the plain and easily taken foods thought fit for invalids, the whole a small charge that shows the settlement maintaining a place for its sick apart from the ordinary provisioning of the well. The single lamp marks the light kept burning in the sickroom through the night.

The 252 pairs of ordinary shoes issued to the garrison were the heaviest footwear charge in the account, the common soldiery shod in quantity against the hard wear of guard and fatigue duty on the island's stony ground, every pair carried in by sea from England.

54

52

21 October

Brought over

3 13 3

Oyl Viz

3/4 Gall Linseed for painting the Gt Wood

2 6

1/2 Gallon Train for Thatching

8

3 2

Paint Viz

5 White Lead

1 3

4 Vent Red

8

for Painting in the Gt Wood

1 11

Lines Viz

1 Hambro

1 3

3 Lines No 2

1 2

for the Gardeners use

2 5

Ironmongers Ware Viz

2 Scything Irons

5 9

2 Edging Irons

8 1

2 Hedging Bills

4 8

2 Scyths

11 6

2 Scyth Stones

3

1 Ragstone

2

1 Grafting Saw

2 9

for the Gardeners use

1 13 2

Turners Ware 2 Birch Brooms for the Fort Garden

10

5 14 9

Deals Dr for the following Stores Issued from

the 1 July to the 30 September 1751 Viz

Deals 4 Elm Planks

3 13 8

Nails Viz

15 20

9 8 1/2

2 6

11 1/2

4 12

3 11

6 10

2

1 2

17 2

repairs to the Long Boat & Yawl

4 12 10

Plantation, for stores issued from 1 July to 30 September 1751, continued:

Brought over, £3 13s 3d

Oil

half a gallon of linseed, for painting the Great Wood, £0 2s 6d

half a gallon of train, for thatching, £0 0s 8d

Oil total, £0 3s 2d

Paint

5 pounds of white lead, £0 1s 3d

1 pound of Venice red, for painting in the Great Wood, £0 0s 8d

Paint total, £0 1s 11d

Lines

1 hambro line, £0 1s 3d

3 lines number 2, for the gardener's use, £0 1s 2d

Lines total, £0 2s 5d

Ironmongery

2 scything irons, £0 5s 9d

2 edging irons, £0 8s 1d

2 hedging bills, for the gardener's use, £0 4s 8d

2 scythes, for the gardener's use, £0 11s 6d

2 single stones, for the gardener's use, £0 0s 3d

1 ragstone, £0 0s 2d

1 grafting saw, £0 2s 9d

Ironmongery total, £1 13s 2d

Turnery, 2 birch brooms for the fort garden, £0 0s 10d

Total, £5 14s 9d

Boats, for the following stores issued from 1 July to 30 September 1751:

Deals, 4 elm planks, £3 13s 8d

Nails

13 pounds at 20d, £0 9s 8d

2 pounds at 6d, £0 0s 11d

4 pounds at 9d, £0 3s 11d

6 pounds at 10d, £0 0s 2d

1 pound at 9d, for cramps to the longboat and yawl, £0 0s 0d

Nails total, £0 17s 2d

Carried over, £4 12s 10d

Interpretations

The gardener's tools issued to the plantation, the scythes, edging and scything irons, hedging bills and the grafting saw, mark the upkeep of the Company's garden ground, the grafting saw in particular pointing to the raising and improving of fruit trees on an island where every effort was made to establish useful plants. A ragstone was a coarse whetstone for putting an edge on the blades, its issue with the scythes showing the tools kept sharp for the season's cutting.

The elm planks issued for the boats were the tough water-resistant timber favoured for boatbuilding, elm being prized because it did not split and lasted well when kept wet, and their supply for the longboat and yawl marks the upkeep of the vessels that worked between ship and shore in James Bay. Every plank was imported, the island growing no timber fit for the work.

The cramps for the longboat and yawl were the iron fastenings that clenched the boat's timbers together, and the nails sorted by weight and size for the purpose show the boatwright's supply drawn from store for the running repair of the harbour craft. On a station wholly dependent on the sea, the boats that landed goods and passengers were kept in constant repair from the Company's stock of timber and iron.

The half gallons of linseed and train oil issued for painting and thatching in the Great Wood, with the small parcel of white lead and Venice red, mark the maintenance of the Company's building in that distant quarter of the island, the paint preserving the timber and the thatch keeping out the weather.

55

53

1751

Brought over

4 12 10

Pitch Viz

212 Pitch

1 6 6

14 Gall Tar

9 4

for Repairs

1 15 10

Oyl 1 Gallon Train

2 8

Iron 33

4 1/2

Turners Ware 2 Paint Brushes

1 1

Lead 60 Sheet

10

Cordage 57 for the Long Boat

1 4 6

Arrack 2 Gallons given to the Carpenters

5 6

to the Long Boat & Yawl that repaired the Long Boat

8 16 6 1/2

September 30 1751

Errors Excepted

M Purling Storekeeper

Boats, for stores issued from 1 July to 30 September 1751, continued:

Brought over, £4 12s 10d

Pitch

21 pounds of pitch, £0 1s 6d

14 gallons of tar, £0 9s 4d

Pitch total, for repairs to the longboat and yawl, £1 15s 10d

Oil, 1 gallon of train, £0 2s 8d

Iron, 33 pounds, £0 4s 1d

Turnery, 2 paint brushes, £0 1s 1d

Lead, 60 pounds of sheet, £0 0s 10d

Cordage, 57 pounds, for the longboat, £1 4s 6d

Arrack, 2 gallons, given to the carpenters that repaired the longboat, £0 5s 6d

Total, £8 16s 6d

The account was made up to 30 September 1751, errors excepted, and signed by M. Pierling, storekeeper.

Interpretations

The arrack given to the carpenters who repaired the longboat was a customary allowance of drink dealt out to reward or sustain men at a particular task, the two gallons issued as a recognised charge on the boats' account rather than as sold liquor. This shows the settled practice of paying skilled labour partly in spirit, the dram serving as an inducement and a perquisite on work of importance to the settlement.

The sheet lead issued for the boats was used to line and cover joints and to sheath timber against water, the soft metal beaten over seams and fastenings to keep them tight, and its supply with the pitch, tar and cordage completes the material of the boatwright's trade. The longboat and yawl were the workhorses of the anchorage, and their thorough repair in the quarter, drawing timber, iron, lead, oil, pitch and cordage from store, marks the constant labour of keeping the harbour craft seaworthy in the wear of the road.

The storekeeper Pierling closed the whole quarterly collection with the usual reservation that errors were excepted, the standard clerk's guard entered so that later correction of a slip in the reckoning could not impeach the account as sworn. This formula, set at the foot of a long and detailed reckoning, marks the accepted limit of exactness in a hand-kept ledger of this scale.

56

54

List of the Hon’ble Company’s Officers & Servants
upon the Island of St Helena, with their several Salarys
Diet Money &c for the Quarter commencing July ye 1st 1751
and Ending September 30th 1751 Vizt

Charles Hutchinson Esqr Govr Salary £126
Dr Allowance for Servants ordind 31
14s 9d
£156 14s 9d

David Hunter Esqr Lieut Govr Salary 62
10s
Dr Diet Money 25
£87 10s 0d

John Clark of Council Salary
15s 0d

John Goodwin Accomptant Salary 17
10s
Dr Diet Money 15
Dr House Rent 2
10s
£35 0s 0d

Matthew Purling Storekeeper Salary 17
10s
Dr Diet Money 15
£32 10s 0d

Francis Wrangham Secret’ry Sal’y 17
10s
Dr Diet Money 15
£32 10s 0d

William Lee Chaplain Salary 25
Dr Diet Money 15
Dr House Rent 2
10s
£42 10s 0d

James Powell Factor Salary 7
10s
Dr Diet Money 10
Dr Assistant Storekeeper 5
Dr House Rent 2
10s
£25 0s 0d

Thomas French Factor Salary 7
10s
Dr Diet Money 10
£17 10s 0d

Matthew Bartlet Worker Salary 5
Dr Diet Money 10
£15 0s 0d

Samuel Falconer Surgeon Salary 9
15s
Dr Diet Money 10
Dr House Rent 2
10s
£22 5s 0d

Carried over £481 9s 9d

A list of the Company's officers and servants on St Helena, with their salaries, diet money and other allowances for the quarter from 1 July 1751 to 30 September 1751, is set out here. Each entry gives the man, his post and the parts of his pay, then his total for the quarter.
Charles Hutchinson, Governor, salary £126 0s 0d, allowance for servants £31 14s 9d, total £156 14s 9d
David Hunter, Lieutenant Governor, salary £62 10s 0d, diet money £25 0s 0d, total £87 10s 0d
John Clark, of Council, salary £15 0s 0d
John Goodwin, accountant, salary £17 10s 0d, diet money £15 0s 0d, house rent £2 10s 0d, total £35 0s 0d
Matthew Purling, storekeeper, salary £17 10s 0d, diet money £15 0s 0d, total £32 10s 0d
Francis Wrangham, secretary, salary £17 10s 0d, diet money £15 0s 0d, total £32 10s 0d
William Lee, chaplain, salary £25 0s 0d, diet money £15 0s 0d, house rent £2 10s 0d, total £42 10s 0d
James Powell, factor, salary £7 10s 0d, diet money £10 0s 0d, allowance as assistant storekeeper £5 0s 0d, house rent £2 10s 0d, total £25 0s 0d
Thomas French, factor, salary £7 10s 0d, diet money £10 0s 0d, total £17 10s 0d
Matthew Bartlet, worker, salary £5 0s 0d, diet money £10 0s 0d, total £15 0s 0d
Samuel Falconer, surgeon, salary £9 15s 0d, diet money £10 0s 0d, house rent £2 10s 0d, total £22 5s 0d
Carried over, £481 9s 9d

Interpretations

The list ranks the establishment by pay, the Governor drawing more than the whole lower half of the civil staff together, which fixed the sharp gradient of authority in the small settlement. The separation of salary, diet money and house rent into distinct heads shows that the Company met an officer's board and lodging as allowances added to a modest cash wage, so the real value of a post lay as much in the keep as in the salary.

57

55

James Skewwood Surgeon Mate Salary £5 0s 0d
Do Diet Money £11 5s 0d £16 5s 0d

Richard Gwatkin £15 5s 0d

John Sewels Overseer £7 10s 0d

Richard Beale Schoolmaster Salary £3 8s 3d
Do as Clerk £5 0s 0d £8 8s 3d

John Bland Master Mason’s Salary £17 10s 0d
Do Diet Money £10 0s 0d
Do House Rent £1 10s 0d £29 0s 0d

Mark Hawkins Mason’s Salary £12 10s 0d
Do Diet Money £6 16s 10½d
Do House Rent £1 0s 0d £20 6s 10½d

Joseph Hendall Master of Arms £6 5s 0d

James Sheridan Gardener £10 0s 0d

Henry Binwood Armourer £10 10s 0d

James Torbett Cooper £8 15s 0d

William Pakman Carpenter £12 10s 0d

Michael Frost Clock and Instrument Cleaner £1 5s 0d

William Davis Patron of the Long Boat £7 10s 0d

William Hayes Housekeeper £2 0s 0d

Andrew Blinman Marshal £4 7s 9d

£641 2s 7½d

First Company
John Clark 1st Lieut Salary £10 0s 0d
Do Diet Money £6 16s 10½d
Do on Acct of Instructing the Gunners £7 10s 0d £24 6s 10½d

Sergeants
Henry Beale £6 14s 6d
Solomon Jacobs £6 14s 6d
John Buckles £6 14s 6d £20 3s 6d

Carried over £685 13s 4d

The salary list continued with the remaining civil servants and the first company of the garrison.
James Skewwood, surgeon's mate, salary £5 0s 0d, diet money £11 5s 0d, total £16 5s 0d
Richard Gwatkin, £15 5s 0d
John Sewels, overseer, £7 10s 0d
Richard Beale, schoolmaster, salary £3 8s 3d, as clerk £5 0s 0d, total £8 8s 3d
John Bland, master mason, salary £17 10s 0d, diet money £10 0s 0d, house rent £1 10s 0d, total £29 0s 0d
Mark Hawkins, mason, salary £12 10s 0d, diet money £6 16s 10½d, house rent £1 0s 0d, total £20 6s 10½d
Joseph Hendall, master of arms, £6 5s 0d
James Sheridan, gardener, £10 0s 0d
Henry Binwood, armourer, £10 10s 0d
James Torbett, cooper, £8 15s 0d
William Pakman, carpenter, £12 10s 0d
Michael Frost, clock and instrument cleaner, £1 5s 0d
William Davis, patron of the long boat, £7 10s 0d
William Hayes, housekeeper, £2 0s 0d
Andrew Blinman, marshal, £4 7s 9d
Total, £641 2s 7½d
First company. John Clark, first lieutenant, salary £10 0s 0d, diet money £6 16s 10½d, for instructing the gunners £7 10s 0d, total £24 6s 10½d
Sergeants. Henry Beale £6 14s 6d, Solomon Jacobs £6 14s 6d, John Buckles £6 14s 6d, total £20 3s 6d
Carried over, £685 13s 4d

Interpretations

The trades on the list, mason, cooper, armourer, carpenter and clock cleaner, show the range of skilled craft the Company kept on wages to maintain its fortifications, stores and equipment where no open market in such labour existed. The lieutenant's extra payment for instructing the gunners marks the garrison's reliance on training its own artillerymen rather than importing trained ones, a standing need on a fortress island.

58

56

Brought over £685 18s

corporals
William Davis £4 7s 9d
Thomas Brown £4 7s 9d
John O’Hare £4 7s 9d
Charles Smith Drummer £13 3s 3d
£4 7s 9d

centinels
Andrew Armstrong £3 16s ½d
George Bennet £3 16s ½d
Joseph Bowks £3 16s ½d
Augustine Balle £3 16s ½d
Tho. Brown £3 16s ½d
Martin Lambell £3 16s ½d
Jno Carrington £3 16s ½d
George Capelin £3 16s ½d
Philip Coles £3 16s ½d
Wm Cuson £3 16s ½d
John Huw £3 16s ½d
Tho. Farris £3 16s ½d
George Green £3 16s ½d
John Grove £3 16s ½d
Rd. Goulding £3 16s ½d
John Grainger £3 16s ½d
John Gawler £3 16s ½d
Rich. Godden £3 16s ½d
Tho. Hales £3 16s ½d
Henry Harrison £3 16s ½d
Jos. Kedree £3 16s ½d
Wm Hutchinson £3 16s ½d
Major Jackson £3 16s ½d
Wm Lamton £3 16s ½d

Centinels Carried over £81 5s
Carried over £703 4s

The muster of the first company continued, the sum brought over standing at £685 18s 0d.
Corporals. William Davis £4 7s 9d, Thomas Brown £4 7s 9d, John O'Hare £4 7s 9d, Charles Smith drummer £13 3s 3d, £4 7s 9d
Centinels. Andrew Armstrong £3 16s 0½d, George Bennet £3 16s 0½d, Joseph Bowks £3 16s 0½d, Augustine Balle £3 16s 0½d, Thomas Brown £3 16s 0½d, Martin Lambell £3 16s 0½d, John Carrington £3 16s 0½d, George Capelin £3 16s 0½d, Philip Coles £3 16s 0½d, William Cuson £3 16s 0½d, John Huw £3 16s 0½d, Thomas Farris £3 16s 0½d, George Green £3 16s 0½d, John Grove £3 16s 0½d, Richard Goulding £3 16s 0½d, John Grainger £3 16s 0½d, John Gawler £3 16s 0½d, Richard Godden £3 16s 0½d, Thomas Hales £3 16s 0½d, Henry Harrison £3 16s 0½d, Joseph Kedree £3 16s 0½d, William Hutchinson £3 16s 0½d, Major Jackson £3 16s 0½d, William Lamton £3 16s 0½d
Centinels carried over, £81 5s 0d
Carried over, £703 4s 0d

Interpretations

Every centinel drew the same pay of £3 16s 0½d for the quarter, a flat private's wage that made the muster a simple count of heads once the officers and specialists were set apart. The uniform rate is what allows the sums to be carried and totalled company by company down the roll.

59

57

Brought over £703 1s 5d

Joseph Long 3£ 16s 6½d

James Lee 3£ 16s 6½d

Danl Langton 3£ 16s 6½d

Tho London 3£ 16s 6½d

John Legg 3£ 16s 6½d

John Murriltz 3£ 16s 6½d

James Millis 3£ 16s 6½d

John Marsh 3£ 16s 6½d

Barthe’w Molloy 3£ 16s 6½d

Kemp’t Hugh 3£ 16s 6½d

Pd Sterling from ye 4th of Sept incl’e to Day he was Entred 1£ 18s 4d

James Richardson 3£ 16s 6½d

John Scotcher 3£ 16s 6½d

John Isaac 3£ 16s 6½d

Wm Stam 3£ 16s 6½d

John Swift 3£ 16s 6½d

Tho Jeffrnal 3£ 16s 6½d

Ja’s Urquhart 3£ 16s 6½d

Petr Welles 3£ 16s 6½d

The Wagg from 3d July to the 26th incl’t the day he died 1£ 1s 8d

Tho Williams 3£ 16s 6½d

Mathias Young 3£ 16s 6½d

169£ 5s 10d

Second Company

Joseph Kendal 2d Lt Salary 10£

Dr Diet Money 6£ 16s 10½d

Dr House Rent 2£ 10s

19£ 6s 10½d

Sergeants

Robert Mason 6£ 14s 6d

Gabriel Isaacks 6£ 14s 6d

Danl Bush from 1st July to 13 Aug incl’g days he did D’y 3£ 4s 10d

Mich’l Frost from the d’o to 13 Aug as Corporal £2 2s 3½d

D’o from 14 Aug incl’t to 30 Sep’br as Serg’t 3£ 9s 8d

5£ 11s 11½d

22£ 5s 9½d

Carried over £901 2s 10d

The muster of the first company concluded, the sum brought over standing at £703 1s 5d.
Joseph Long £3 16s 6½d
James Lee £3 16s 6½d
Daniel Langton £3 16s 6½d
Thomas London £3 16s 6½d
John Legg £3 16s 6½d
John Murriltz £3 16s 6½d
James Millis £3 16s 6½d
John Marsh £3 16s 6½d
Bartholomew Molloy £3 16s 6½d
Hugh Kempt £3 16s 6½d
Paid sterling from 4 September to the day he was entered, £1 18s 4d
James Richardson £3 16s 6½d
John Scotcher £3 16s 6½d
John Isaac £3 16s 6½d
William Stam £3 16s 6½d
John Swift £3 16s 6½d
Thomas Jeffrnal £3 16s 6½d
James Urquhart £3 16s 6½d
Peter Welles £3 16s 6½d
Thomas Wagg, from 3 July to 26 July 1751, the day he died, £1 1s 8d
Thomas Williams £3 16s 6½d
Mathias Young £3 16s 6½d
Total, £169 5s 10d
Second company. Joseph Kendal, second lieutenant, salary £10 0s 0d, diet money £6 16s 10½d, house rent £2 10s 0d, total £19 6s 10½d
Sergeants. Robert Mason £6 14s 6d, Gabriel Isaacks £6 14s 6d, Daniel Bush, from 1 July to 13 August including days he did duty, £3 4s 10d, Michael Frost from the same date to 13 August as corporal £2 2s 3½d, and from 14 August to 30 September as sergeant £3 9s 8d, £5 11s 11½d, total £22 5s 9½d
Carried over, £901 2s 10d

Interpretations

The roll paid a dead man only to the day of his death, Thomas Wagg's part stopping at 26 July 1751 and Daniel Bush's at 13 August 1751, so the muster doubled as a record of the quarter's casualties. Michael Frost's split pay, drawn first as corporal and then as sergeant, shows a promotion caught mid-quarter and settled by charging each rank for its own span of days.

60

58

Brought over £914 2s 6d
Corporals
John Holloway £1 7s 9d
Saml Talbot £1 7s 9d
Wolter Gauden from 12th to 30th Septr as pr Lt Talbots
do do do do as Corporal(2.5.5 1/2) £1 2s 1 1/2d 12 17s 7 1/2d
John Catfin Drummer £1 7s 9d
Centrinels
Joseph Andrews £3 16s 1/2d
Peter Barker £3 16s 1/2d
Wm Beckett & Hansf. from 3d Compy. Indpendent £3 16s 1/2d
John Brock £3 16s 1/2d
Wm Brooks £3 16s 1/2d
John Brown £3 16s 1/2d
Jas Burgess £3 16s 1/2d
George Brian £3 16s 1/2d
Dani Cam £3 16s 1/2d
John Chapman £3 16s 1/2d
John Coolez £3 16s 1/2d
Wm Duffton £3 16s 1/2d
John Duglass £3 16s 1/2d
Pet E. Eglestone £3 16s 1/2d
Pet Finale £3 16s 1/2d
John Fletcher £3 16s 1/2d
Wm Parrow from 1st July to 8th Entd. 1 day to a Cook £3 6s 8d
John Hayes £3 16s 1/2d
Jos Hayes £3 16s 1/2d
Tho Jackson £3 16s 1/2d
Jno Kershaw from 7 July to 7 August Indpt Compdt £1 11s 8d
Saml Dickson £3 16s 1/2d
Jos Lovett £3 16s 1/2d
Centrinels Carried over 81 15s 2 1/2d
Carried over £931 7s 10 1/2d

The muster of the second company continued, the sum brought over standing at £914 2s 6d.
Corporals. John Holloway £1 7s 9d, Samuel Talbot £1 7s 9d, Wolter Gauden, from 12 to 30 September as per Lieutenant Talbot's rate as corporal, £1 2s 1½d, £12 17s 7½d, John Catfin drummer £1 7s 9d
Centinels. Joseph Andrews £3 16s 0½d, Peter Barker £3 16s 0½d, William Beckett and Hansford from the third company, independent, £3 16s 0½d, John Brock £3 16s 0½d, William Brooks £3 16s 0½d, John Brown £3 16s 0½d, James Burgess £3 16s 0½d, George Brian £3 16s 0½d, Daniel Cam £3 16s 0½d, John Chapman £3 16s 0½d, John Coolez £3 16s 0½d, William Duffton £3 16s 0½d, John Duglass £3 16s 0½d, Peter Eglestone £3 16s 0½d, Peter Finale £3 16s 0½d, John Fletcher £3 16s 0½d, William Parrow, from 1 July to 8 July 1751, entered one day to a cook, £3 6s 8d, John Hayes £3 16s 0½d, Joseph Hayes £3 16s 0½d, Thomas Jackson £3 16s 0½d, John Kershaw, from 7 July to 7 August, independent company, £1 11s 8d, Samuel Dickson £3 16s 0½d, Joseph Lovett £3 16s 0½d
Centinels carried over, £81 15s 2½d
Carried over, £931 7s 10½d

61

59

Centinels Brought over £81 15s 2½d Brought over £931 7s 10½d
Christoʳ Moore from ye 2d July until ye day he is Enterd £3 10s 0d
Richᵈ Meyer £3 16s ½d
Wm Page £3 16s ½d
Wm Theefoe £3 16s ½d
John Simmons £3 16s ½d
Jos. Smith £3 16s ½d
Chaˢ Snow £3 16s ½d
Thoˢ Streeton £3 16s ½d
Thoˢ Taylor £3 16s ½d
Benjᶻ Thomas £3 16s ½d
John Turner £3 16s ½d
Rᵈ Swarh £3 16s ½d
Wm Swarh £3 16s ½d
Henʸ Wakefield £3 16s ½d
Edw Walker £3 16s ½d
Wm Watkins £3 16s ½d
Stepᵉ Willoughby £3 16s ½d
Jer. Worgatt from ye 2d July until ye day he is Enterd £3 10s 0d
£149 11s 10½d

Third Company
Tho. Easthorp 2d Lieut. Salary £10 0s 0d
Dr. Diet Money £6 16s 10½d
Dr. House Rent £2 10s 0d £19 6s 10½d
One Jno. Beale 2d Lieut. Salary £7 10s 0d
Dr. Diet Money £6 16s 10½d £14 6s 10½d
£33 13s 9d

Sergeants
Matthew Brightwell £6 14s 6d
John Leech £6 14s 6d
William Pendroy £6 14s 6d
£20 3s 6d

Carried over £1134 17s 0d

The muster of the second company concluded, the centinels' sum brought over standing at £81 15s 2½d and the running total at £931 7s 10½d.
Christopher Moore, from 2 July until the day he was entered, £3 10s 0d
Richard Meyer £3 16s 0½d
William Page £3 16s 0½d
William Theefoe £3 16s 0½d
John Simmons £3 16s 0½d
Joseph Smith £3 16s 0½d
Charles Snow £3 16s 0½d
Thomas Streeton £3 16s 0½d
Thomas Taylor £3 16s 0½d
Benjamin Thomas £3 16s 0½d
John Turner £3 16s 0½d
Richard Swarh £3 16s 0½d
William Swarh £3 16s 0½d
Henry Wakefield £3 16s 0½d
Edward Walker £3 16s 0½d
William Watkins £3 16s 0½d
Stephen Willoughby £3 16s 0½d
Jeremiah Worgatt, from 2 July until the day he was entered, £3 10s 0d
Total, £149 11s 10½d
Third company. Thomas Easthorp, second lieutenant, salary £10 0s 0d, diet money £6 16s 10½d, house rent £2 10s 0d, total £19 6s 10½d
John Beale, second lieutenant, salary £7 10s 0d, diet money £6 16s 10½d, total £14 6s 10½d, £33 13s 9d
Sergeants. Matthew Brightwell £6 14s 6d, John Leech £6 14s 6d, William Pendroy £6 14s 6d, £20 3s 6d
Carried over, £1,134 17s 0d

62

60

Brought over £1134 17 –

Corporals

Edw Grant £4 7s 9d

Tho’ Lindsey £4 7s 9d

Cha’s Shepherd from ye 2d Comp’y Indep’nt £4 7s 9d

Benjamin Sweet Drummer 13 3 3

4 7 9

Centinels

Wm Adams £3 16s ½d

Mattw Allis £3 16s ½d

Jos’h Boshec £3 16s ½d

Wm Bonfield £3 16s ½d

Wm Brown £3 16s ½d

Dixon Craft £3 16s ½d

Baron Deleay £3 16s ½d

John Carte £3 16s ½d

Tho’ Fuller £3 16s ½d

John Gonne £3 16s ½d

Jon’n Fletcher £3 16s ½d

Wm Herlock £3 16s ½d

Tho’ Hedges £3 16s ½d

Tho’ Hendricks £3 16s ½d

Ri’d Enright £3 16s ½d

John Gersey £3 16s ½d

John Langbridge £3 16s ½d

Tho’ Laurence £3 16s ½d

John McKoy £3 16s ½d

Abram Major £3 16s ½d

Cha’s Montague £3 16s ½d

Tho’s Morris £3 16s ½d

Anth’y Morshen £3 16s ½d

Cha’s Newcombe £3 16s ½d

Centinels Carried over £91 5 –

Carried over £1152 8 –

The muster of the third company continued, the sum brought over standing at £1,134 17s 0d.
Corporals. Edward Grant £4 7s 9d, Thomas Lindsey £4 7s 9d, Charles Shepherd from the second company, independent, £4 7s 9d, Benjamin Sweet drummer £13 3s 3d, £4 7s 9d
Centinels. William Adams £3 16s 0½d, Matthew Allis £3 16s 0½d, Joseph Boshec £3 16s 0½d, William Bonfield £3 16s 0½d, William Brown £3 16s 0½d, Dixon Craft £3 16s 0½d, Baron Deleay £3 16s 0½d, John Carte £3 16s 0½d, Thomas Fuller £3 16s 0½d, John Gonne £3 16s 0½d, Jonathan Fletcher £3 16s 0½d, William Herlock £3 16s 0½d, Thomas Hedges £3 16s 0½d, Thomas Hendricks £3 16s 0½d, Richard Enright £3 16s 0½d, John Gersey £3 16s 0½d, John Langbridge £3 16s 0½d, Thomas Laurence £3 16s 0½d, John McKoy £3 16s 0½d, Abram Major £3 16s 0½d, Charles Montague £3 16s 0½d, Thomas Morris £3 16s 0½d, Anthony Morshen £3 16s 0½d, Charles Newcombe £3 16s 0½d
Centinels carried over, £91 5s 0d
Carried over, £1,152 8s 0d

63

61

Brought over £1152 8s 0d
Centinels Brought over £91 5s 0d
Tho Oliver £3 16s ½d
Tho Payne £3 16s ½d
John Papwater £3 16s ½d
Tho Pledger £3 16s ½d
Wm Robinson £3 16s ½d
Danl Scott £3 16s ½d
Danl Smiley from 3d July to 9th in ditto day he died £0 7s 6d
Robt Slack £3 16s ½d
John Spencer £3 16s ½d
Adam Scott £3 16s ½d
Christian Sydor £3 16s ½d
Jos Thompson £3 16s ½d
Willm Thompson £3 16s ½d
Benjn Williams £3 16s ½d
John Willis £3 16s ½d
Roger Woltman £3 16s ½d
145 19 ½ obscured
Fourth Company
Tho Kirkpatrick 2d Lts Salary £4 10s 0d
Dr Ditto Money £6 16s 10½d
Pr Acct of doing Adjutdt duty £8 10s 7½d
Dr House Rent £2 10s 0d
Wm Kenney 2d Lts Salary £7 10s 0d
Dr Ditto Money £6 16s 10½d
27 17 6
12 4 1½
Sergeants
William Oakman £6 11s 6d
George Walker £6 11s 6d
John Walker £6 14s 6d
20 3 6
Carried over £1360 15s 0d

The muster of the third company concluded, the sum brought over standing at £1,152 8s 0d and the centinels' sum at £91 5s 0d.
Thomas Oliver £3 16s 0½d
Thomas Payne £3 16s 0½d
John Papwater £3 16s 0½d
Thomas Pledger £3 16s 0½d
William Robinson £3 16s 0½d
Daniel Scott £3 16s 0½d
Daniel Smiley, from 3 July to 9 July 1751, the day he died, £0 7s 6d
Robert Slack £3 16s 0½d
John Spencer £3 16s 0½d
Adam Scott £3 16s 0½d
Christian Sydor £3 16s 0½d
Joseph Thompson £3 16s 0½d
William Thompson £3 16s 0½d
Benjamin Williams £3 16s 0½d
John Willis £3 16s 0½d
Roger Woltman £3 16s 0½d
Total, £145 19s 0½d
Fourth company. Thomas Kirkpatrick, second lieutenant, salary £4 10s 0d, diet money £6 16s 10½d, for doing adjutant's duty £8 10s 7½d, house rent £2 10s 0d, £27 17s 6d
William Kenney, second lieutenant, salary £7 10s 0d, diet money £6 16s 10½d, £12 4s 1½d
Sergeants. William Oakman £6 11s 6d, George Walker £6 11s 6d, John Walker £6 14s 6d, £20 3s 6d
Carried over, £1,360 15s 0d

Interpretations

Kirkpatrick's pay carried an extra allowance for adjutant's duty, the staff work of mustering and orders, which shows one line officer taking on the garrison's administrative co-ordination on top of his company command. His basic salary of £4 10s 0d fell below the other second lieutenants, so the adjutant's allowance made up the greater part of his quarter's pay.

64

62

Brought over £1360 15s 0d

Corporals

Wm Paskeom £1 7s 9d

Wm Brenting £1 7s 9d

Alexr Hambledon £1 7s 9d

Gilbert Glee Drummer .. .. £13 3s 3d

£4 7s 9d

Centinels

John Allis £3 16s ½d

Tho: Brower £3 16s ½d

John Barden £3 16s ½d

Godf: Boygard £3 16s ½d

Phil: Catchpole £3 16s ½d

Edw Cocker £3 16s ½d

Isaac Day £3 16s ½d

Sam: Desfourstaur from 20 Septr: 9 days paid Interest £0 9s 2d

Sam: Cole £3 16s ½d

George French £3 16s ½d

Jno Frazier £3 16s ½d

Jon: Godby £3 16s ½d

John Gilbert £3 16s ½d

Jas Green £3 16s ½d

Jas Hall £3 16s ½d

John Hayley £3 16s ½d

Jab Harmon £3 16s ½d

Philip Hickman £3 16s ½d

George Hebbert £3 16s ½d

Fran: Laycock £3 16s ½d

Pet: Linsey £3 16s ½d

Moses Menanto £3 16s ½d

Duncan McLarom £3 16s ½d

Thomas Pinkerton £3 16s ½d

Edw Richard £3 16s ½d

Centinels Carried over £91 14s 2d

Carried Over £1378 6s 3d

The muster of the fourth company continued, the sum brought over standing at £1,360 15s 0d.
Corporals. William Paskeom £1 7s 9d, William Brenting £1 7s 9d, Alexander Hambledon £1 7s 9d, Gilbert Glee drummer £13 3s 3d, £4 7s 9d
Centinels. John Allis £3 16s 0½d, Thomas Brower £3 16s 0½d, John Barden £3 16s 0½d, Godfrey Boygard £3 16s 0½d, Philip Catchpole £3 16s 0½d, Edward Cocker £3 16s 0½d, Isaac Day £3 16s 0½d, Samuel Desfourstaur, from 20 September, nine days, paid interest, £0 9s 2d, Samuel Cole £3 16s 0½d, George French £3 16s 0½d, John Frazier £3 16s 0½d, Jonathan Godby £3 16s 0½d, John Gilbert £3 16s 0½d, James Green £3 16s 0½d, James Hall £3 16s 0½d, John Hayley £3 16s 0½d, Jab Harmon £3 16s 0½d, Philip Hickman £3 16s 0½d, George Hebbert £3 16s 0½d, Francis Laycock £3 16s 0½d, Peter Linsey £3 16s 0½d, Moses Menanto £3 16s 0½d, Duncan McLarom £3 16s 0½d, Thomas Pinkerton £3 16s 0½d, Edward Richard £3 16s 0½d
Centinels carried over, £91 14s 2d
Carried over, £1,378 6s 3d

65

63

Brought over £1378 6d

Sentinels brought over. £91 14s 2d

Tho: Reynolds 3s 11d 1/2

Arnold Asbery 3s 16d 1/2

Danl Sargeant 3s 16d 1/2

Dav: Parry 3s 16d 1/2

Tho: Short 3s 16d 1/2

Chas Stakes 3s 16d 1/2

Tim: Sullivan 3s 16d 1/2

John Swaindale 3s 16d 1/2

Tho: Taylor 3s 16d 1/2

Edw: Perry 3s 16d 1/2

John Thompson 3s 16d 1/2

John Felt 3s 16d 1/2

Jos: Upton 3s 16d 1/2

Wm Pinkenham 3s 16d 1/2

Benjamin Williams 3s 16d 1/2

£148 14s 9 1/2d

Artillery Company

Thomas Holt Master Gunner Salary £13 8s 9d

Do Diet Money £6 16s 10 1/2d

£20 5s 7 1/2d

Gunners Mates

Nathan Sample Chief Mate Salary £1

Isaac Leech £4 17s 6d

Roger Newanson £4 17s 6d

James Puchard £4 17s 6d

William Turner £4 17s 6d

John Butler £4 17s 6d

John Hitchcock £4 17s 6d

Edw Arnold from 1 July to 8 Aug 27 days he died £1 16s 3 1/2d

Hen: Carter from 1 July to 3 Aug as Guard Gunr L L 12s 8d

D Jo from 4 Aug in old Gunners Mates £3 1s 2 1/2d

A £13 10s 1/2d £42 15s 2d

Carried over £1590 17d

The muster of the fourth company concluded, the sum brought over standing at £1,378 6s 0d and the centinels' sum at £91 14s 2d. Each of the following centinels drew the standard quarter's pay of £3 16s 0½d.
Thomas Reynolds, £3 16s 0½d
Arnold Asbery, £3 16s 0½d
Daniel Sargeant, £3 16s 0½d
David Parry, £3 16s 0½d
Thomas Short, £3 16s 0½d
Charles Stakes, £3 16s 0½d
Timothy Sullivan, £3 16s 0½d
John Swaindale, £3 16s 0½d
Thomas Taylor, £3 16s 0½d
Edward Perry, £3 16s 0½d
John Thompson, £3 16s 0½d
John Felt, £3 16s 0½d
Joseph Upton, £3 16s 0½d
William Pinkenham, £3 16s 0½d
Benjamin Williams, £3 16s 0½d
Total, £148 14s 9½d
Artillery company. Thomas Holt, master gunner, salary £13 8s 9d, diet money £6 16s 10½d, £20 5s 7½d
Gunner's mates. Nathan Sample, chief mate, salary £1 0s 0d, Isaac Leech £4 17s 6d, Roger Newanson £4 17s 6d, James Puchard £4 17s 6d, William Turner £4 17s 6d, John Butler £4 17s 6d, John Hitchcock £4 17s 6d, Edward Arnold, from 1 July to 8 August, 27 days, the day he died, £1 16s 3½d, Henry Carter, from 1 July to 3 August as guard gunner, 12s 8d, and from 4 August in the old gunner's mates £3 1s 2½d, [...], £13 10s 0½d, £42 15s 2d
Carried over, £1,590 0s 17d

Interpretations

The centinels' pay in the source was garbled into a mis-split figure that the rest of the roll shows plainly as £3 16s 0½d, the flat private's rate, so the true amount could be recovered from the pattern of the other companies. The artillery company stood apart from the four line companies with its own master gunner and mates, the specialist crew that served the fort's guns and could not be drawn from ordinary infantry.

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64

Quarter Gunners
John Nottage £1 7s 9d
John Athingstall £1 7s 9d
Adam Milbourn £1 7s 9d
John Watkhem £1 7s 9d
Edward Cullimore £1 7s 9d
Robert Wickens £1 7s 9d
Richard Billington £1 7s 9d
Cha. H. Niely from 7 July to 3 Aug. as Mats? L.1.10.3
Do. from 4 Aug. into as Gars? Gents? £2 15s 1d
£1 5s 4d 34 19 7

Matrosses
Edw. Allen from 1 Sep. into to day per value to hand £1 5s 9½d
Jos. Bewell £1 1s 3d
John Bradley £1 1s 3d
Andw. Barton £1 1s 3d
John Cadsey £1 1s 3d
Darby Coyle £1 1s 3d
Wm Campbell £1 1s 3d
Anthy Day £1 1s 3d
Philip Hilleard £1 1s 3d
Wm Hayes £1 1s 3d
Ja. Heild? from 8 July into to day how entertained £3 15s 8d
Peter Marchall £1 1s 3d
Tho. Mason £1 1s 3d
John Peters £1 1s 3d
Wm Perry from 9 July into to day how entertained £3 19s 9½d
Abram Rateliff £1 1s 3d
John Smith Senr £1 1s 3d
Jno Smith Jun from 7 July to incl? days his value to hand £1 7s 9½d
Adam Watson £1 1s 3d

£70 2s 1½d

Carried over £1695 3s 3½d

The muster of the artillery company continued.
Quarter gunners. John Nottage £1 7s 9d, John Athingstall £1 7s 9d, Adam Milbourn £1 7s 9d, John Watkhem £1 7s 9d, Edward Cullimore £1 7s 9d, Robert Wickens £1 7s 9d, Richard Billington £1 7s 9d, Charles Niely, from 7 July to 3 August as mate [...] £1 10s 3d, and from 4 August as [...] £2 15s 1d, £1 5s 4d, £34 19s 7d
Matrosses. Edward Allen, from 1 September to date [...] £1 5s 9½d, Joseph Bewell £1 1s 3d, John Bradley £1 1s 3d, Andrew Barton £1 1s 3d, John Cadsey £1 1s 3d, Darby Coyle £1 1s 3d, William Campbell £1 1s 3d, Anthony Day £1 1s 3d, Philip Hilleard £1 1s 3d, William Hayes £1 1s 3d, James Heild, from 8 July to date [...] £3 15s 8d, Peter Marchall £1 1s 3d, Thomas Mason £1 1s 3d, John Peters £1 1s 3d, William Perry, from 9 July to date [...] £3 19s 9½d, Abram Rateliff £1 1s 3d, John Smith senior £1 1s 3d, John Smith junior, from 7 July, [...] days, £1 7s 9½d, Adam Watson £1 1s 3d
Total, £70 2s 1½d
Carried over, £1,695 3s 3½d

Interpretations

The matrosses were the junior gunners who assisted the mates in loading, sponging and running out the artillery, ranking below the quarter gunners and drawing the lowest artillery pay of £1 1s 3d for the quarter. The rank formed the base of the fort's gun crews, the many hands needed to work heavy pieces that a few skilled mates alone could not serve.

67

65

Brought over £1695 3s 3½d
Superannuated
Francis Lange Armourer £6 0s 7½d
William Burnham Sergeant £3 8s 3d
£9 8s 10½d
£1704 12s 2d

The salary list closed with the superannuated men, kept on a pension after their service.
Francis Lange, armourer, £6 0s 7½d
William Burnham, sergeant, £3 8s 3d
Total, £9 8s 10½d
Grand total, £1,704 12s 2d

Interpretations

The superannuated pair drew a reduced allowance in place of full pay, the Company carrying its worn-out armourer and sergeant on a pension rather than discharging them destitute. The provision shows a settled practice of supporting long servants past their working years, a small charge set at the very foot of the quarter's whole wage bill.

68

66

21 ... October
John Clark Paymaster Dr
1751
September 30 To Cash received from the Honble Companys Cash Chest, £1765 11s 2d
Carried over- £1765 11s 2d

John Clark, paymaster, opened his account for the quarter as debtor. On 30 September 1751 he received from the Company's cash chest £1,765 11s 2d. Carried over, £1,765 11s 2d.

Interpretations

The paymaster drew the whole quarter's wages in one sum from the Company's cash chest and then answered for its distribution, so his account stands as the bridge between the treasury balance and the salary roll. Charging the entire wage bill to him as a debtor was the device by which the Company held one officer accountable for every payment made to the garrison.

69

67

Per Contra Cr
1751
July 8 By Cash paid James Read for inlisting to serve the Honble
Company as a Soldier for five Years to commence from this day £10s
4 By Dr to Jeremiah Wymble for Do. £10s
By Dr to Capt Glover this Quarter for 30£ of Paddy & 50£
for the use of the Honble Companys Poultry £7 10s
Augt 5 By Dr to Isaac for 10 Tanners & 6£ of Ib. for the use of the
Honble Companys Table this Quarter £1s
Sept 2 By Dr to Edward Allen for inlisting to serve the Honble
Company as a Soldier for five Years to commence from this day £1s
30 By Dr to Jona. Hetchem for carpenter Work done this Quarter £5s
By Dr to sundry Persons their Allowances for Rowing in
the Pinnace this Quarter £2 10s
By Dr to Capt Willoughby Wm. Yarlock for Baking 38 Bakers
of Bread for the Garrison £3£ Batch this Quarter £6 10s
By Dr to Isaac Leech for making a new Flag & mending
the one this Quarter £2 2s 6d
By Dr to Mc. Doweton & Beale for Powder, Paper
Raffers & Latin for the use of the Honble Company this Quarter £16 6s
By Dr to John Swindale for forming & work with an
Account of a Ship to Windsor this Quarter £5s
By Dr to Saml Falcover Surgeon for his Trouble in getting
fresh Provisions for the Hospital for the Year Ending
the 30 September 1751 £8s
By Dr to Sam Cate for mending Windows in this Quarter £1s
By Dr to R. Bagley for 33½ Bushels Potatoes & 5½
Bushels Green Lemons 2£ 100 for the use of the
Honble Companys Table this Quarter £19 6s
By Dr to John Deefountain for 200 Lemons 2£ 100
for the use of the Honble Companys Table this Quarter £4s
By Dr to Owen Beale for 300 Lemons 2£ 100 for the use
of the Honble Companys Table this Quarter £6s
Carried over £56 4s 6d

The paymaster's account continued on the credit side, setting out the disbursements of the quarter.
By cash paid James Read for enlisting to serve the Company as a soldier for five years from that day, £10 0s 0d
By allowance to Jeremiah Wymble for the same, £10 0s 0d
By allowance to Captain Glover this quarter for £30 of paddy and £50 for the use of the Company's poultry, £7 10s 0d
By allowance to Isaac for 10 tanners and 6 lb of [...] for the use of the Company's table this quarter, £1 0s 0d
By allowance to Edward Allen for enlisting to serve the Company as a soldier for five years from that day, £1 0s 0d
By allowance to Jonathan Hetchem for carpenter's work done this quarter, £5 0s 0d
By allowance to sundry persons for rowing in the pinnace this quarter, £2 10s 0d
By allowance to Captain Willoughby and William Yarlock for baking 38 batches of bread for the garrison at £3 the batch this quarter, £6 10s 0d
By allowance to Isaac Leech for making a new flag and mending the old one this quarter, £2 2s 6d
By allowance to Docton and Beale for powder, paper, rafters and latten for the use of the Company this quarter, £16 6s 0d
By allowance to John Swindale for work with an account of a ship to Windsor this quarter, £5 0s 0d
By allowance to Samuel Falconer, surgeon, for his trouble in getting fresh provisions for the hospital for the year ending 30 September 1751, £8 0s 0d
By allowance to Sam Cate for mending windows this quarter, £1 0s 0d

By allowance to Richard Bagley for 33½ bushels of potatoes and 5½ bushels of green lemons at £2 the hundred for the use of the Company's table this quarter, £19 6s 0d
By allowance to John Desfountain for 200 lemons at £2 the hundred for the use of the Company's table this quarter, £4 0s 0d
By allowance to Owen Beale for 300 lemons at £2 the hundred for the use of the Company's table this quarter, £6 0s 0d
Carried over, £56 4s 6d

Interpretations

The purchases of lemons and green lemons in quantity for the table point to a deliberate provision against scurvy, the disease of long sea voyages that St Helena's fresh fruit could hold off for garrison and ships alike. The account also shows the island buying in its own bread, boat labour and small manufactures from named inhabitants, so the Company's cash circulated back into the settler economy through a stream of small contracts.

70

68

John Clark Paymaster Dr
Brought over £1765 11 2d
£1765 11 2d
Island Sr
September the
Errors
of John Clark

The paymaster's debtor account carried its balance forward. John Clark, paymaster, brought over £1,765 11s 2d, standing at £1,765 11s 2d. The account was subscribed on the island by John Clark for the quarter to 30 September 1751, errors excepted.

71

69

1751

Per Contra

Brought over

56 4 6

1751

Sept 30

By Cash paid the Surgeon for so much laid out by him in the

year Ending this day more than the Stoppages from the

Men for the use of the Hospital

1 14 6

By Ditto the Honble Companys Officers Servants their

Salarys Diet Money &ca for the Quarter Commencing July

1 1751 & Ending Sept 30 1751

1707 12 2

1765 11 2

Helena

30 1751

Excepted

Paymaster

The following is the List of Remains in the Honble Companys

Stores taken the 30 September 1751 Viz

Inventory of Stores Remaining in the Honble Companys

Ware Houses the 30 September 1751 Viz

Anchors Viz

5 Anchor

1 Do on the West Rocks

2 Iron Hoops

90 16

Bunting 3 Ys Red

4 6 3

Carried over

95 2 3

The paymaster's account, on the opposite side, set out what was paid out against the collection for the quarter ending 30 September 1751.

Brought over, £56 4s 6d

Cash paid to the surgeon for expenditure laid out by him in the year ending this day beyond the stoppages from the men, for the use of the hospital, £4 14s 6d

The Company's officers and servants, their salaries, diet money and stores for the quarter beginning 1 July 1751 and ending 30 September 1751, £1,704 12s 2d

Total, £1,765 11s 2d

The account was made up at St Helena to 30 September 1751, errors excepted, and signed by the paymaster.

The following is a list of the stores remaining in the Company's warehouses on 30 September 1751.

Inventory of stores remaining in the Company's warehouses on 30 September 1751:

Anchors

3 anchors, 1 of the same on the west rocks, 2 iron hoops, £90 16s 0d

Bunting, 3 yards of red, £0 4s 3d

Carried over, £95 2s 3d

Interpretations

Diet money was a cash allowance paid to officers and servants in place of provisions from the Company's own table, letting a man victual himself rather than eat at the common board, and its inclusion with salaries and stores in the great quarterly payment shows the establishment paid partly in coin and partly in kind. The whole sum of over 1,700 pounds for a single quarter marks the scale of the Company's wage bill on the island, the largest recurring charge on its St Helena account.

The surgeon's payment records money he had laid out for the hospital over and above the stoppages taken from the men's pay, the stoppage being the sum deducted from a soldier's or servant's wages toward his medical care. The Company reimbursed the surgeon's excess outlay, marking a settled arrangement by which the sick were tended and the cost shared between the men's own deductions and the Company's purse.

The anchor kept on the west rocks was a mooring anchor set to hold ships or boats off that part of the coast, listed among the stores as Company property though placed out in the sea, its value reckoned into the inventory alongside the spare anchors in the warehouse. This shows the careful accounting of every item of the Company's capital, whether in store or in use about the island.

72

70

21 October

Brought over

95 2 3

Broad Cloth Viz

9 Yards Sorted

7 13

3 1/2 Yards Blue

2 12 6

16 1/2 Yards Scarlet

13 1 11

23 7 5

Bread & Flour Viz

399 2 Do Flour

312 18 10

31 3 14 Bread

24 14 2

337 12 10 1/2

Braziers Ware Viz

12 Skimmer

1 9 8 1/2

4 large Do

10 8

2 Do

12

12 Flat Candlesticks

1 8 8

6 Do

1 4

2 Do

5 6

1 Do

2 3 1/2

1 Warming Pans

2 5

2 Copper Pumps

1 2

20 Ladles

2 12

6 Ps Candlesticks

1 15

2 Ounces Borax

1 8

3 1/2 Brass for Soldering

12 1/2

8 Flesh Pans

5 18 8

3 Tea Kettles

2 13

2 Chafing Dishes

17 7

1 Dridging Box

4 5

2 Bread Graters

9 11

1 Nutmeg Do

2 2 1/2

11 Ps Steel Snuffers

1 10 3

5 large Brass Cocks

1 2 1

11 Small Do

2 2

29 3 2

Carried over

486 5 8 1/2

Inventory of stores remaining in the Company's warehouses on 30 September 1751, continued:

Brought over, £95 2s 3d

Broadcloth

9 yards of the same, £7 13s 0d

3 and a half yards of blue, £2 12s 6d

16 and a half yards of scarlet, £13 1s 11d

Broadcloth total, £23 7s 5d

Bread and flour

399 pounds of flour, £312 18s 10d

51 pounds of bread, £24 14s 2d

Bread and flour total, £337 12s 10d

Braziery

12 skimmers, £1 9s 8d

4 large skimmers, £0 10s 8d

2 skimmers, £0 12s 0d

12 flat candlesticks, £1 8s 8d

6 flat candlesticks, £1 4s 0d

2 flat candlesticks, £0 5s 6d

1 flat candlestick, £0 2s 5d

1 warming pan, £2 5s 0d

2 copper pumps, £1 2s 0d

20 ladles, £2 12s 0d

6 pairs of candlesticks, £1 15s 0d

2 ounces of borax, £0 1s 8d

3 and a half pounds of brass for soldering, £0 12s 0d

8 flesh pans, £5 18s 8d

3 tea kettles, £2 1s 3d

2 chafing dishes, £0 17s 7d

1 dredging box, £0 4s 5d

2 bread graters, £0 9s 11d

1 nutmeg grater, £0 2s 2d

11 pairs of reel snuffers, £1 10s 3d

5 large brass cocks, £1 2s 1d

11 small brass cocks, £2 2s 2d

Braziery total, £29 3s 2d

Carried over, £486 5s 8d

Interpretations

The very large value set on the flour in store, over 312 pounds sterling for 399 pounds weight, points to a mistranscribed or exceptional entry, since flour sold to servants earlier in the same account went at a small fraction of that rate. Taken as it stands the figure marks flour as by far the most valuable single item in the warehouse, the imported grain that fed the island and against whose scarcity the government constantly guarded, so that the whole reserve was reckoned a capital asset of the first importance.

Braziery filled a long section of the inventory, the wrought brass and copper vessels of kitchen and household, the skimmers, ladles, flesh pans, chafing dishes and warming pan all imported metalwares that a remote station could not make but had constantly to keep in stock. Reel snuffers were the scissor-like tools for trimming candle wicks, and their number in store reflects the reliance on candlelight throughout the Company's quarters.

The scarlet broadcloth held in the warehouse was the costliest cloth in the inventory, the fine red wool from which officers' and soldiers' dress coats were cut, its high value marking it as the material reserved for uniform and rank. That such cloth was kept in reserve shows the Company holding stocks against the regular renewal of the garrison's clothing.

The copper pumps and brass cocks in store were the fittings of cisterns and casks, the cocks the taps drawn from barrels and the pumps for raising water, all part of the metal apparatus by which a settlement dependent on stored water and imported drink managed its supply.

73

71

1751

Brought over

485 5 8 1/2

Blocks Viz

4 Ironbound Cat Blocks

1 5 8

5 Do Snatch

1 7 6

2 Do Double Top

1 7 6

1 Do Single Top

15

4 Do Dead Eyes

1 5 9

6 Dead Eyes

4 double Long Tackles

14

1 Topsail Sheet Shouldered Score

3

1 Topsail Tye

5

9 11

Brandy Viz

2065 Gallons English

421 12 1

925 Do Cape

80 18 9

502 10 10

Buckram 2 Ps 16 1/2 Yards

2 7 10 1/2

Coals 6 1/2 Chaldron

11 5 2

Copper Money 63,860 Arch half Pence

133 10

Beef & Pork Viz

23 Puncheons Beef of Owstors

266 14 5

8 Puncheons Do bought

68

23 Hogsheads Pork of Owstors

214 14 4

3 Hogsheads Do bought

549 8 9

Cutlery Ware Viz

27 Horn Combs

3 1/2

27 Horn Do

6 9

163 Ps Leather Garters

3 7 11

77 Ps Shoe Buckles

1 15 3 1/2

200 Ps Knee Do

3 18 1/2

2 Dozen Ivory Knives & Forks

2 7 1/2

Cutlery Ware Carried over

12 8 10 1/2

Carried over

1692 18 1

Inventory of stores remaining in the Company's warehouses on 30 September 1751, continued:

Brought over, £486 5s 8d

Blocks

4 ironbound cat blocks, £1 5s 8d

2 double snatch blocks, £1 7s 6d

2 double top blocks, £0 15s 0d

1 single top block, £0 15s 0d

1 deadeye block, £0 15s 0d

6 deadeyes, £1 5s 9d

4 double long tackles, £0 19s 0d

1 topsail sheet shoulder brace, £0 3s 0d

1 topsail tie, £0 5s 0d

Blocks total, £9 0s 11d

Brandy

2,066 gallons of English, £421 12s 1d

925 gallons of Cape, £80 18s 9d

Brandy total, £502 10s 10d

Buckram, 2 pieces and 16 and a half yards, £2 7s 10d

Coals, 6 and a half chaldrons, £11 5s 2d

Copper money, 63,860 pounds and half a piece, £155 0s 10d

Beef and pork

23 puncheons of beef of Oporto, £266 14s 5d

8 puncheons of the same, bought, £68 0s 0d

23 hogsheads of pork of Oporto, £214 14s 4d

3 hogsheads of the same, bought, £214 14s 4d

Beef and pork total, £549 8s 9d

Cutlery

27 horn combs, £0 3s 4d

27 hero combs, £0 6s 9d

165 pairs of leather garters, £3 7s 11d

77 pairs of shoe buckles, £1 15s 3d

200 pairs of knee buckles, £3 18s 1d

2 dozen ivory knives and forks, £2 17s 2d

Cutlery carried over, £12 8s 10d

Carried over, £1,692 18s 1d

Interpretations

The brandy held in store dwarfed every other provision, over three thousand gallons together worth more than 500 pounds sterling, the English spirit at nearly five times the value of the Cape by the gallon. This vast reserve marks brandy as the great staple of the Company's trade with its servants and the passing ships, the single most valuable consumable in the warehouse and a measure of how central the liquor traffic was to the island's economy. The Cape brandy came up from the Dutch settlement at the Cape of Good Hope, the nearest producing land, and its cheapness beside the English spirit reflects the shorter and easier passage.

The copper money listed by weight, 63,860 pounds of it, was the Company's stock of copper coin held against the island's small change, reckoned in bulk by the pound as a commodity as much as a currency. That so great a weight of copper was kept in store shows the difficulty of supplying a remote settlement with usable low-value coin, the metal shipped out and issued as the everyday money of the garrison and inhabitants.

The salt beef and pork of Oporto were the barrelled provisions shipped from Portugal, the puncheon and hogshead the large casks in which the cured meat was packed, and the reserve of over fifty casks marks the store's holding of the preserved meat that fed the establishment when fresh killing fell short. The distinction between the Oporto meat and that merely bought shows the account tracking the source of its provisions, the Portuguese supply the main and the local purchase the supplement.

The blocks, deadeyes and tackle held in store were the running gear of ship and boat rigging, the cat blocks for catting the anchor and the top blocks for the topmast tackle, all kept as marine stores for the repair and outfitting of the harbour craft and any vessel needing supply. Their presence marks the store's function as a chandlery serving the Company's shipping as well as its garrison.

74

72

21 October

Brought over

1692 18 1

Cutlery Ware Brought over

12 8 10 1/2

18 Dozen Shoe Tacks

3

7 Dozen Awl Blades

3 2 1/2

8 Choping Knives

11

2 Small Cleavers

8 3

1 large Do

8 3

1 Pruning Knife

1 6

80 1/2 Groce Horn Moulds

4 9 2

18 13 3

Cart Wheels Viz

2 Ps spare Iron for hand & Cart Wheel barrows

2 6 8

1 Do broke

20 Wheel Barrows

14 15 4

1 Ps Cart Wheels

3 10 5

4 Axeltrees

2 1 9 1/2

22 14 2 1/2

Blankets Viz

21 Blankets

4 16 5 1/2

64 Do

22 8

27 3 5 1/2

Corks Viz

22 1/2 Groce Corks

2 11 6 1/2

4 3/4 Corkwood

2 3 1/2

2 13 10

Camblet Viz

29 Yards Scarlet

5 1 6

1 1/2 Yard Blue

12 7

12 1/2 Yards Brown

1 13 10

7 Ps Fustian

1 2 6 1/2

8 10 5 1/2

Carried over

1772 13 2 1/2

Inventory of stores remaining in the Company's warehouses on 30 September 1751, continued:

Brought over, £1,692 18s 1d

Cutlery brought over, £12 8s 10d

18 dozen shoe tacks, £0 3s 0d

7 dozen awl blades, £0 3s 2d

8 chopping knives, £0 11s 0d

2 small cleavers, £0 8s 3d

1 large cleaver, £0 8s 3d

1 tanning knife, £0 1s 6d

80 and a half gross of horn moulds, £4 9s 2d

Cutlery total, £18 13s 3d

Cart wheels

2 spare pairs for hind cartwheel timber, £2 6s 8d

1 pair of the same, boxed, £2 6s 8d

20 wheelbarrows, £14 15s 4d

1 pair of cartwheels, £3 10s 5d

4 axletrees, £2 1s 9d

Cart wheels total, £22 14s 2d

Blankets

21 blankets, £4 16s 5d

64 blankets, £22 8s 0d

Blankets total, £27 3s 5d

Corks

22 and a half gross of corks, £2 11s 6d

1 and three quarter pounds of corkwood, £0 2s 3d

Corks total, £2 13s 10d

Camblet

29 yards of scarlet, £5 1s 6d

1 and a half yards of blue, £0 12s 7d

12 and a half yards of brown, £1 13s 10d

2 pieces of fustian, £1 2s 6d

Camblet total, £8 10s 5d

Carried over, £1,772 13s 2d

Interpretations

The wheelbarrows, cartwheels, axletrees and spare timber held in store were the running gear of the island's haulage, the barrows and carts by which stone, provisions and goods were moved about a settlement built on steep and broken ground. That twenty wheelbarrows and several sets of wheels and axletrees were kept in reserve marks the constant wear on such gear and the impossibility of replacing it except from imported stock, every wheel and iron axle carried in by sea.

The horn moulds held in great quantity, over eighty gross, were the turned horn forms for making covered buttons, a reserve far beyond any short-term need and pointing to a bulk holding of the material by which the island's clothing was buttoned and mended. Their number in store shows how much of the settlement's dress was still made and repaired locally from imported components.

The chopping knives, cleavers and tanning knife among the cutlery were the tools of butchery and hide-dressing, the cleavers for cutting up the plantation's slaughtered stock and the tanning knife for working the skins into leather. Their presence marks the store as supplying the trades that turned the island's own beasts into meat and leather, a small local industry resting on imported tools.

The scarlet camblet in store, like the scarlet broadcloth listed earlier, was the fine cloth kept for uniform and better dress, its value the highest in this section of the inventory and a further sign of the Company holding reserves of the materials from which the garrison's clothing was made up.

75

73

1751

Brought over

1772 13 2 1/2

Canvas Viz

1 1/2 Yards Duck

1 8

46 Ps 36 Yards English Canvas

80 11 1

4 Ps 8 Yards Coaching

5 4

1 Ps Do Damaged

3 4 8

10 Ps 15 1/2 Yards Ozenbrigs

75 16 10

164 14 7

Cordage Viz

1 Chrole Hawser 10 lb qr 16 2 14

16 2 14

5 Inch Cordage

20 24

4 Inch Do

11 3 18

3 1/2 Inch Do

10 2 6

3 Inch Do

21 2 18

2 Inch Do

2 3 24

12 Thread Ratling

3 3 14

9 Thread Do

2 1 2

Saw Rope 14 qr 90 1 17

129 4

Deals Viz

88 Double Deals

13 1 8

21 Do in Use in the Cellars

3

1116 Single Deals

113 16

22 Do in use in the Cellars

16 Ps Oak Plank

18 5 4

15 Ps Elm Plank

14 3 9

117 Bundles Laths

6 11 1/2

30 Wainscott Boards

7 5 9

33 1/2 Ps Riga Timber

61 12 6

12 Spair

1 6

39 Laffers

6 13 3

246 1 3 1/2

Earthen Ware 50 Milk Pans

1 11 3

Flannel 1 Ps 15 1/2 Yards

5 11

Carried over

2319 15 4

Inventory of stores remaining in the Company's warehouses on 30 September 1751, continued:

Brought over, £1,772 13s 2d

Canvas

1 and a half yards of duck, £0 1s 8d

41 pieces and 36 yards of English canvas, £80 11s 1d

4 pieces and 8 yards of coaching, £5 1s 4d

4 pieces of the same, damaged, £3 1s 8d

19 pieces and 13 and a half yards of osnaburg, £75 16s 10d

Canvas total, £164 12s 7d

Cordage

1 hawser, weight 16 hundredweight 2 quarters 14 pounds, £10 0s 0d

5 inch cordage, 20 hundredweight 2 quarters 4 pounds, £0 0s 0d

4 inch cordage, 11 hundredweight 3 quarters 18 pounds, £0 0s 0d

3 and a half inch cordage, 10 hundredweight 2 quarters 6 pounds, £0 0s 0d

3 inch cordage, 21 hundredweight 2 quarters 18 pounds, £0 0s 0d

2 inch cordage, 2 hundredweight 3 quarters 24 pounds, £0 0s 0d

12 thread ratline, 3 hundredweight 3 quarters 14 pounds, £0 0s 0d

9 thread ratline, 2 hundredweight 1 quarter 2 pounds, £0 0s 0d

Sawrope, 1 quarter 4 pounds, £0 0s 0d

Cordage total, weight 90 hundredweight 1 quarter 17 pounds, £129 4s 0d

Deals

88 double deals, £13 1s 8d

28 of the same, in use in the cellar, £3 0s 0d

1,116 single deals, £113 16s 0d

22 of the same, in use in the cellar, £113 16s 0d

16 pieces of oak plank, £18 5s 4d

15 pieces of elm plank, £14 3s 9d

117 bundles of laths, £6 11s 7d

30 wainscot boards, £7 5s 9d

33 and a half pieces of Riga timber, £61 12s 6d

12 spars, £1 6s 0d

39 rafters, £6 13s 3d

Deals total, £246 1s 3d

Earthenware, 50 milk pans, £1 11s 3d

Flannel, 1 piece and 15 and a half yards, £5 11s 0d

Carried over, £2,319 15s 4d

Interpretations

The great reserve of imported timber, deals, oak and elm planks, wainscot boards, Riga timber, spars, rafters and laths together worth almost 250 pounds, marks the store as the island's whole supply of building and repairing wood, since St Helena grew no timber fit for construction. That so large a stock was held, some of it already in use shoring the cellar, shows the settlement's total dependence on shipped timber for every roof, floor, frame and repair, the Baltic Riga wood and the English oak and elm each kept for the work its qualities suited.

The English canvas and osnaburg held in quantity were the coarse cloths of sailmaking, sacking and rough clothing, the canvas for sails and covers and the osnaburg for slaves' garments and stowage, both among the most valuable lines in the inventory. Coaching was a stout canvas used for covering and lining, and its holding, with some damaged, shows the store keeping the materials for the constant repair of sails, awnings and wrappings in a maritime settlement.

The cordage held by weight, over ninety hundredweight of rope of every size from the heavy hawser down to the thin ratline, was the running and standing rigging stock for ship and boat, the hawser for warping and mooring and the ratlines for the shrouds. This great reserve of rope marks the store's chandlery function, keeping the harbour craft and any calling vessel supplied with cordage that could come only by sea.

The wainscot boards in store were the fine oak panelling boards used for lining walls and making furniture, a better grade of timber than the common deals, their presence marking the store's provision for the more finished joinery of the Company's better rooms and fittings.

76

74

21 October

Brought over

2319 15 4

Grind stones Viz

1 large Grindstone

15 6

5 Small Do

13 9

1 9 3

Glaziers Ware Viz

18 Sq Glass 6 by 8

8 3

13 Sq Do 8 by 10

7 7

4 Sq Do 10 by 12

3 4

2 Sq Crown Glass

10

1 Quart Decanter

3 6

211 Wine Glasses

4 12 3 1/2

9 Wine & Water Glasses

6

7 Plain Tumblers

3 6

4 Flowered Do

3

3 four Hour Glasses

10

1 three Hour Glass

3 4

6 half Hour Glasses

3 3

3 Ps fine Cruets

19 9 1/2

1 Do Cut bottoms

4 4 1/2

2 Ps Do Ordinary

5 6

14 Glass Lamps

8 10

9 3 4 1/2

Hats Viz

3 Officers Hats

4 12 6

31 Continels Do

4 7 10

9 4

Hooks & Lines Viz

134 Dozen 10 Lines No 4

30 15

114 Dozen Do 3

21 17

62 Dozen 7 Do 2

10 8 7

25 Hamburgh Lines

1 11 9

10 Jack Lines

16 8

Hooks & Lines Carried over

65 12 7

Carried over

2339 8 3 1/2

Inventory of stores remaining in the Company's warehouses on 30 September 1751, continued:

Brought over, £2,319 15s 4d

Grindstones

1 large grindstone, £0 15s 6d

5 small grindstones, £0 13s 9d

Grindstones total, £1 9s 3d

Glassware

18 squares of glass, 6 by 8, £0 8s 3d

13 squares of the same, 8 by 10, £0 7s 7d

4 squares of the same, 10 by 12, £0 3s 4d

2 squares of crown glass, £0 0s 10d

1 quart decanter, £0 3s 6d

211 wine glasses, £4 12s 3d

9 wine and water glasses, £0 0s 6d

7 plain tumblers, £0 3s 6d

4 flowered tumblers, £0 3s 0d

3 four-hour glasses, £0 0s 10d

1 three-hour glass, £0 3s 4d

6 half-hour glasses, £0 3s 3d

3 pairs of fine cruets, £0 19s 2d

1 pair of the same, cut bottoms, £0 4s 4d

2 pairs of the same, ordinary, £0 5s 6d

1 glass lamp, £0 8s 10d

Glassware total, £9 3s 4d

Hats

3 officers' hats, £4 12s 6d

31 sentinels' hats, £4 7s 10d

Hats total, £9 0s 4d

Hooks and lines

134 dozen lines, number 4, £30 15s 0d

114 dozen of the same, number 3, £21 17s 0d

62 dozen of the same, number 2, £10 8s 7d

25 hambro lines, £1 11s 9d

10 jack lines, £0 16s 8d

Hooks and lines carried over, £65 12s 7d

Carried over, £2,339 8s 3d

Interpretations

The hour glasses held in store, the four-hour, three-hour and half-hour glasses, were the sand timers by which watches at sea and periods of duty ashore were measured, the half-hour glass in particular the standard instrument for marking the ship's bells and the reliefs of the guard. Their presence in the store, kept for issue to boats and posts, shows time itself reckoned by running sand on a station without any surer clock, the glasses supplied like any other working store.

The very large reserve of fishing lines, over three hundred dozen of the graded sizes together with the hambro and jack lines, marks the scale of the island's fishery, worth more than most whole categories in the inventory. This great holding shows fishing as a settled and important source of fresh food, the store keeping tackle in bulk to outfit the boats, the garrison, the slaves and the inhabitants who worked the rich waters off the coast.

The window glass held by measured squares in three sizes was the reserve for glazing and repairing the Company's windows, every pane imported and cut to fit the frames of the Castle and the other buildings. Crown glass was the finer blown window glass, and its small holding beside the commoner squares marks it as the better material kept for the more important lights.

The wine glasses in great number, over two hundred, with decanters, tumblers and cruets, were the glass of the Company's table service, held in quantity against breakage in a household that entertained and dined at the Company's charge, all of it fragile ware carried out by sea and irreplaceable except from store.

77

75

1751

Brought over

2339 8 3 3/4

Hooks & Lines Brought over

65 12

17000 Hooks No 1

9400 Do 2

12325 Do 3

30 15 1/2

6000 Do 4

8000 Do 5

9500 Do 6

8000 Do 7

16 12 11

6000 Do 8

1175 Do 9

2200 Do 10

5 18 1/2

21150 Blue Hook

2 17 11 1/2

10900 of Grantham

5 9

127 5 1/2

Haberdashery Ware Viz

8 lb White Bone

2 2 2

4 3 Mohair

6 6

2 lb Silk

10 1 1/2

28 10 Mohair Coat Buttons

10 9 1/2

13 3 Do Breast Do

2 10 11

6 1/2 Tin Coat Buttons

1 4

6 4 1/2 Tin Breast Do

11 8 1/2

7 Dozen Gilt Coat Do

7 1 1/2

3 Dozen White Metal Coat Do

1 6 5

1 9 Shirt Buttons

2 9 1/2

300 Needles

1 8

21 18 11

Hosiers Ware Viz

117 Ps Thread Stockings

44 5 2

8 Ps Mens Wove

1 12

9 Ps Mens Knit

19 3

13 Ps Boys

1 7 1

2 Ps Mens Silk

1 6 6

30 Scotch Bonnets Damaged

1 18 9

21 8 9

Carried over

2510 1 1

Inventory of stores remaining in the Company's warehouses on 30 September 1751, continued:

Brought over, £2,339 8s 3d

Hooks and lines brought over, £65 12s 0d

17,000 hooks, number 1

9,400 hooks, number 2

12,325 hooks, number 3

6,000 hooks, number 4

8,000 hooks, number 5

9,500 hooks, number 6, £30 15s 1d

8,000 hooks, number 7

6,000 hooks, number 8

1,175 hooks, number 9, £16 12s 11d

2,200 hooks, number 10, £5 18s 1d

21,150 blue hooks, £2 17s 1d

10,900 Grantham hooks, £5 9s 0d

Hooks and lines total, £127 5s 1d

Haberdashery

8 pounds and 13 ounces of whalebone, £2 2s 2d

4 pounds and 5 ounces of mohair, £6 0s 6d

6 ounces of silk, £0 10s 1d

28 dozen and 10 mohair coat buttons, £10 9s 7d

13 dozen and 8 mohair breast buttons, £2 10s 11d

6 and a half dozen tin coat buttons, £0 1s 4d

4 and a half dozen tin breast buttons, £0 11s 8d

7 dozen gilt coat buttons, £0 7s 1d

3 dozen white metal coat buttons, £0 1s 6d

1 dozen and 9 shirt buttons, £0 2s 9d

300 needles, £0 1s 8d

Haberdashery total, £21 18s 11d

Hosiery

117 pairs of thread stockings, £11 5s 2d

8 pairs of men's worsted, £1 12s 0d

9 pairs of men's knit, £0 19s 3d

13 pairs of boys', £1 7s 1d

2 pairs of men's silk, £1 6s 6d

30 Scotch bonnets, damaged, £1 18s 9d

Hosiery total, £21 8s 9d

Carried over, £2,510 1s 1d

Interpretations

The enormous reserve of fish hooks, well over a hundred thousand of the numbered sizes together with the blue and Grantham hooks, confirms the scale and importance of the island's fishery beyond any other reading of the inventory. Grantham hooks took their name from the English town where they were made, and the holding of so vast a stock, sorted into ten sizes for different fish, shows the Company keeping years of tackle in store to sustain the fishing that fed garrison, slaves and inhabitants from the sea.

Whalebone held among the haberdashery was the springy baleen taken from the whale's mouth, used to stiffen stays, bodices and other shaped garments, and its presence in store marks the store supplying the materials of the corsetier and tailor to an island that made up much of its own better clothing. The mohair, silk and graded buttons beside it were the finishing materials of good dress.

The silk stockings held among the hosiery, though only two pairs, were the costliest footwear of their kind, the fine luxury hose of the gentry set against the many pairs of plain thread, worsted and knit stockings for common wear. Their presence marks the store keeping a small stock of the finest goods for those of rank, alongside the bulk of ordinary hose for the garrison and inhabitants.

The Scotch bonnets held in store, though damaged, were the flat woollen caps of Scottish make worn as common headgear, their damaged state noted so their reduced value could be carried honestly into the reckoning, a small instance of the careful accounting that ran through the whole inventory.

78

76

21 October

Brought over

2510 1 1

Iron & Steel Viz

18 1 18 Iron

14 3 1

1 22 Steel

14 7

14 17 8

Iron Pots Viz

13 Iron Pots

2 11 8

6 2 Gallon Pots

3 19 1

1 6 Gallon Do broke

6 1/2

1 1 Gallon Do

2 6

7 4 3 1/2

Ironmongers Ware Viz

1 Ironbound Lock

8 10 1/2

1 Till Lock

2 1

5 Ironbound Locks D

5 10 4

6 Do No 2

5 6

6 Brass Locks

6 19

2 Ironbound Locks A

8 4

16 Do B

4 19 8

4 Do C

18

5 Do D

1 7 6

6 Chest Locks

17 6

13 Cupboard Locks A

1 2 9

7 Do D

1 18 6

17 Splinter Lock

8 6

21 Padlocks

2 3 9

7 Stock Locks B

9 11

21 Stock Locks C

2 3 9

32 Broad Hoes

2 14 8

20 Garden Hoes

18 4

5 Jack Plains

9 9

2 Plains sorted

2 2

Ironmongers Ware Carried over

39 8 9 1/2

Carried over

2532 2 1/2

Inventory of stores remaining in the Company's warehouses on 30 September 1751, continued:

Brought over, £2,510 1s 1d

Iron and steel

18 hundredweight 1 quarter 18 pounds of iron, £14 3s 1d

1 hundredweight 22 pounds of steel, £0 14s 7d

Iron and steel total, £14 17s 8d

Iron pots

13 iron pots, £2 16s 8d

6 six-gallon pots, £3 19s 1d

1 six-gallon pot, broke, £0 6s 0d

1 one-gallon pot, £0 2s 6d

Iron pots total, £7 4s 3d

Ironmongery

1 spring lock, £0 8s 10d

1 till lock, £0 2s 1d

5 ironbound locks, D, £5 10s 4d

6 of the same, number 2, £5 6s 0d

6 brass locks, £6 19s 0d

2 ironbound locks, A, £0 8s 4d

16 of the same, D, £4 19s 8d

4 of the same, C, £0 8s 0d

5 of the same, D, £1 7s 6d

6 chest locks, £0 17s 6d

13 cupboard locks, A, £1 2s 9d

7 of the same, D, £1 18s 6d

17 spring locks, £0 8s 6d

21 padlocks, £2 3s 9d

7 stock locks, B, £0 9s 11d

21 stock locks, C, £2 5s 9d

32 broad hoes, £2 11s 8d

20 garden hoes, £0 18s 4d

5 jack planes, £0 9s 2d

2 planes sorted, £0 2s 2d

Ironmongery total, £39 8s 9d

Carried over, £2,532 2s 4d

Interpretations

The great variety of locks held in store, spring, till, ironbound, brass, chest, cupboard, stock and padlocks sorted by pattern and letter, together the most valuable line in the ironmongery, marks the settlement's constant need to secure stores, chests, rooms and cupboards on a small station where goods were scarce and theft a standing concern. The letters against the ironbound and cupboard locks were the maker's or the store's grading of pattern and size, the account tracking each class separately so its value could be reckoned exactly.

The bar iron and steel held by hundredweight were the raw metal from which the island's smiths forged and repaired tools, fittings and fastenings, the small stock of steel beside the larger reserve of iron marking steel as the dearer metal kept for edges and springs. Every pound came in by sea, and the reserve was the material on which the armoury and the general repair of the settlement depended.

The broad hoes and garden hoes in store, over fifty together, were the digging and tilling tools of the plantation and garden, the broad hoe for breaking ground and the garden hoe for lighter work, held in quantity against the hard wear of cultivation on the island's stony soil. Their number marks the scale of the hand labour by which the Company's ground was worked.

The six-gallon iron pots held in the inventory were the large cooking vessels for boiling provisions in bulk, the great pots in which the meat and yams of the establishment and the slaves were cooked, one noted as broken so its lesser value could be carried honestly into the account.

79

77

1751

Brought over

2532 3 2 1/2

Ironmonger Ware Brought over

39 8 9 1/2

3 Smoothing Plains

4 6

27 Plain Irons

10 1 1/2

5 Loping Axes

11 8

18 Gorges

5 4 1/2

17 Ps Sheep Shears

1 1 7

12 Adzes

1 6

13 Scrapers

1 8

3 Edging Irons

12 1 1/2

8 Surfing Do

1 3

7 large Frying Pans

19 10

79 Tin ates Do

6 11 8

3 Stock Locks with Pipes

14 9

13 Mawls

2 8 2 1/2

2 Compass Saws

4 6

18 Pickaxes

1 10 4

20 Augers

9 2

53 Lead Mawls

1 3 10

20 File Hafts

1 8

231 Packing Needles

1 14 6 1/2

3 Ragstones

6

39 Ps HL Hinges

3 14 9

52 Ps HL Do

4 2 9

1 Ps HL Do

1 3

17 Ps HL Do with rising Joints

2 13 10

11 Ps Shutter Hinges

1 4 9

25 Scyths

6 17 1

71 Scyth Stones

7 9 1/2

5 Plaisterers Trowels

10

6 Bricklayers Do

6

9 Iupers Hatchets

18

Ironmonger Ware Carried over

83 3 5 1/2

Carried over

2532 3 2 1/2

Inventory of stores remaining in the Company's warehouses on 30 September 1751, continued:

Brought over, £2,532 3s 2d

Ironmongery brought over, £39 8s 9d

3 smoothing planes, £0 4s 6d

27 plane irons, £0 10s 1d

5 loping axes, £0 11s 8d

18 gorges, £0 5s 4d

17 pairs of sheep shears, £1 1s 7d

12 adzes, £1 6s 0d

13 compasses, £1 1s 8d

3 edging irons, £0 12s 1d

8 scything irons, £1 3s 0d

7 large frying pans, £0 19s 10d

19 tin frying pans, £6 11s 8d

3 stock locks with pipes, £0 14s 9d

13 mauls, £2 3s 2d

2 compass saws, £0 4s 6d

14 pickaxes, £1 10s 4d

20 augers, £0 9s 2d

5 lead mauls, £1 3s 10d

20 file hafts, £0 1s 8d

231 packing needles, £1 14s 6d

3 ragstones, £0 0s 6d

39 pairs of H hinges, £3 14s 9d

52 pairs of the same, £4 2s 9d

1 pair of the same, £0 1s 3d

17 pairs of the same, with rising joints, £2 13s 10d

11 pairs of shutter hinges, £1 4s 9d

25 scythes, £6 17s 1d

71 scythe stones, £0 7s 9d

5 plasterers' trowels, £0 10s 0d

6 bricklayers' trowels, £0 6s 0d

9 juniper hatchets, £0 18s 0d

Ironmongery carried over, £83 3s 5d

Carried over, £2,532 3s 2d

Interpretations

The trowels of the plasterer and the bricklayer held in store mark the building trades the Company kept up on the island, the masons and plasterers who raised and finished the walls of the Castle, the storehouses and the fortifications from the local stone and imported lime. Their presence with the mauls, pickaxes and stone-cutting gear shows the whole apparatus of the mason's craft supplied from store, the settlement building in stone where timber was scarce.

The sheep shears held in store were the tools for clipping the wool from the island's sheep, whose numbers the monthly stock accounts tracked, and their presence marks a small local wool clip taken from the plantation's flocks. This shows the settlement drawing what it could from its own beasts, though the fine cloth for clothing still came wholly by sea.

The adzes, gorges, augers, planes and hatchets held in quantity were the full kit of the carpenter and joiner, the adze for shaping timber and the gorges for cutting hollows and mortises, all held in bulk against the constant building and repair that a settlement of imported wood required. The juniper hatchets were light axes, their number pointing to the general need for such tools across the trades.

The packing needles held in store, over two hundred, were the large needles for sewing up bales and sacks of goods, their great number marking the constant work of packing and stowing provisions and stores for movement about the island and aboard ship, a settlement forever handling and repacking the goods that came and went by sea.

80

78

21 October

Brought over

2532 3 2 1/2

Ironmonger Ware Brought over

83 3 5 1/2

3 Dozen 5 Small Gimblets

5 1 1/2

65 Stone Wedges

2 3 4

1 Whip Saw

1 2 7 1/2

1 Ps Garden Sheers

2 7

3 Hand Spits

7 6

3 Jack Spits

14 4 1/2

2 Joyners Rubstones

5

53 1/2 Dozen Files sorted

15 1 6

10 Smiths Rubber

1 6 3

1 Rasp

8

3 Formers Chizels

1 6

2 Nail Cutters

5 8

2 Stone Saws

11 5 1/2

10 Ps Panel Saw sheened

2 14 7

3 Spades

9 4 1/2

6 Ditching Spades

1 10 1 1/2

3 Grafting Saws

8 3

5 Grubing Hoes

14 7

1 Ditching Shovel

4 5 1/2

3 Ps Hand Cards

5 9

6 Ps Planking Do

1 18 4

35 Sets Painting Needles

2 8

2 B M Hooks

4 8

20 Netting Hammers

6 15 1 1/2

2 Carpenters Axees

8 10

8 Smoto Cast Gutt

4 4

2 Drill Bows

4 5

5 Ps Bellows

19 2

1 Chafing Dish

5 6

1 Furze Engine

5 15 6

Ironmonger Ware Carried over

128 16 6 1/2

Carried over

2532 3 2 1/2

Inventory of stores remaining in the Company's warehouses on 30 September 1751, continued:

Brought over, £2,532 3s 2d

Ironmongery brought over, £83 3s 5d

3 dozen and 5 small gimlets, £0 5s 1d

65 stone wedges, £2 3s 4d

1 whipsaw, £1 2s 7d

1 pair of garden shears, £0 2s 7d

3 handspikes, £0 7s 6d

3 jack spits, £0 14s 1d

2 joiners' rubstones, £0 5s 0d

33 and a half dozen files sorted, £15 1s 6d

10 smith's rubbers, £1 6s 3d

1 rasp, £0 0s 8d

3 former chisels, £0 1s 6d

2 moor cutters, £0 5s 8d

2 stone saws, £0 11s 5d

10 pairs of flat searchers, £2 14s 7d

3 spades, £0 9s 4d

6 ditching spades, £1 10s 1d

3 grafting saws, £0 8s 3d

5 grubbing hoes, £0 14s 7d

1 ditching shovel, £0 4s 5d

3 pairs of handcards, £0 5s 9d

6 pairs of planking cards, £1 18s 0d

35 sets of tinting needles, £0 2s 8d

2 blue metal hooks, £0 4s 8d

20 fetling hammers, £6 15s 1d

2 carpenters' axes, £0 8s 10d

8 knots of cat gut, £0 4s 4d

2 drill bows, £0 4s 4d

5 pairs of bellows, £0 19s 2d

1 chafing dish, £0 5s 6d

1 furze engine, £5 15s 6d

Ironmongery carried over, £128 16s 6d

Carried over, £2,532 3s 2d

Interpretations

The furze engine held in store, though a single item, was the most valuable piece of ironmongery on the page, a machine for cutting and bruising furze or gorse into fodder, the spiny shrub crushed to make it fit for feeding to horses and cattle. Its high value and its presence mark the island turning its rough upland growth to account as winter feed, a device worth keeping in careful reserve on a station where every means of foddering stock mattered.

The moor cutters and ditching spades and shovels held in store were the tools of drainage and land improvement, the moor cutter for paring turf and the ditching gear for cutting channels to carry off water, marking the labour of reclaiming and draining the island's ground for pasture and tillage. This shows the settlement working to improve its land as well as merely to till it.

The files held in great quantity, over thirty dozen, with the rubbers, rubstones and rasps, were the tools by which the smiths and other tradesmen sharpened and shaped metal, held in bulk against constant wear in a workshop that maintained the whole settlement's ironwork. The fetling hammers among them were the smiths' hammers for dressing and finishing forged work, their number marking the scale of the smithy.

The handcards and planking cards held in store were the toothed implements for combing and preparing wool or fibre, the handcards for carding wool by hand before spinning, marking a small domestic textile working of the island's own wool clip, the fibre teased and combed for spinning into coarse yarn on a remote station that made what cloth it could.

81

79

1751

Brought over

2532 3 2 1/2

Ironmonger Ware Brought over

128 16 6 1/2

112 Pickax Helves

3 7 8

20 Helves for Hoes

11 8

49 Ps Dovetail Hinges

19 4 1/2

1 Chalk Lines

1 4

1 Pitch Skin

3

24 Drill Boxes

3

2 Coffee Roasters

3

4 Small Grindsons

11

11 Sledge Hammers

6 6

1 Cross Cut Saw

1 1 4 1/2

12 Hay Rakes

6

8 1/2 Iron Wires

10 7 1/2

19 Hand Hatchets

1 4 6 1/2

3 Shod Shovels

4 7 1/2

138 12 3

Kersey 9 Ps 4 Yards

14 15 8

Long Ells 48 1/2 Yards

3 13

Lead Viz

63 Cwt 14 Sheet

61 11 11

4 2 Pigg

3 15

10 Yards 2 Inch Pipe

4 15 6

16 Water Pipes

7 6

1 Stand for Do

3 2 2

4 Small Shott

7

80 5 8

Masts Viz

1 large Mast 176 ft long 21 Inch diameter

53 11

1 Top Mast 68 ft long 17 1/2 Inch Do

21 15

1/2 Top Mast

8 10

1 Top Mast of Porto Bello

12

1 Top Mast of Pelham

7

1 Cap

1 11 6

84 7 6

Carried over

2553 16 1 1/2

Inventory of stores remaining in the Company's warehouses on 30 September 1751, continued:

Brought over, £2,532 3s 2d

Ironmongery brought over, £128 16s 6d

112 pickaxe helves, £0 7s 8d

20 helves for hoes, £0 0s 11d

19 pairs of dovetail hinges, £0 19s 4d

1 chalk line, £0 1s 4d

1 pinch iron, £0 3s 0d

24 drill boxes, £0 3s 0d

2 coffee roasters, £0 3s 0d

4 small grindstones, £0 0s 11d

1 sledgehammer, £0 6s 6d

1 crosscut saw, £1 1s 1d

12 hay rakes, £0 0s 6d

8 and a half ironwires, £0 10s 1d

19 hand hatchets, £1 5s 6d

3 shod shovels, £0 4s 1d

Ironmongery total, £138 12s 3d

Kersey, 1 piece and 4 yards, £14 15s 8d

Long ells, 48 and a half yards, £3 13s 0d

Lead

63 hundredweight 14 pounds of sheet, £61 11s 11d

4 of the same, 2 pigs, £3 15s 0d

10 yards of 2 inch pipe, £4 15s 6d

16 water pipes, £7 0s 6d

1 crane for the same, £3 2s 2d

4 pounds of small shot, £0 0s 7d

Lead total, £80 5s 8d

Masts

1 large mast, 76 feet long, 21 inches diameter, £53 11s 0d

1 topmast, 68 feet long, 17 and a half inches diameter, £21 15s 0d

half a topmast, £8 10s 0d

1 topmast of the Prince of Wales, £12 0s 0d

1 topmast of the Pelham, £7 0s 0d

1 cap, £1 11s 6d

Masts total, £84 7s 6d

Carried over, £2,553 16s 1d

Interpretations

The masts held in store were the great spars for the repair and re-rigging of ships, the largest at 76 feet a full lower mast and the others topmasts kept against the need of any Company vessel dismasted or damaged on the long voyage. Two were named from the ships that had left them, the Prince of Wales and the Pelham, marking spars landed by earlier East Indiamen and held at the island as a strategic reserve, since a ship crippled in her masts far from any dockyard depended on such a store to refit and continue. The cap among them was the fitting that held the topmast to the lower mast, part of the same reserve of masting gear.

The great weight of sheet lead held in store, over sixty hundredweight, with the pigs, pipes and water pipes, was the material for roofing, guttering, lining cisterns and carrying water about the settlement, lead being the standard metal for conducting and holding the water on which a settlement in a dry climate depended. The water pipes and the crane for them mark the apparatus of the island's water supply, laid on from the valley streams to the Castle and the shipping.

The pickaxe helves and hoe helves held in quantity, over a hundred pickaxe helves alone, were the spare wooden handles for the digging and cutting tools, held in bulk because the helves broke and wore far faster than the iron heads they carried. This shows the careful provision for keeping the tools of labour in service, the heads imported and the helves stocked deep against constant breakage.

The coffee roasters held among the ironmongery were the pans or drums for roasting the green coffee bean before grinding, marking coffee as an article of consumption on the island prepared from the raw bean in the household, one more imported comfort kept up on the remote station.

82

80

21 October

Brought over

2553 16 1 1/2

Mustard Seed 2 3/4 Bushels

2 12 1/2

Nails Viz

6 2 20 2

21 16 1

3 3 5 3

10 3 7 1/2

9 1 21 4

20 18 5

7 19 6

11 4 1 1/2

9 1 8 10

17 8

3 3 10 20

6 14 1 1/2

2 13 40

19 10

1 24 Glazing Brads

6 18 10

3 Scupper Nails

1 4 1/2

20 Copper Rivets

7 11

1 19 Spikes

12 8 1/2

1 1 2 Flooring Brads

2 10 3 1/2

102 16 1

Oars Viz

5 Oars 22 feet

17

28 Oars

5 7 4

6 4 4

Pumps 3

37 9 4

Oyl Viz

17 Bottles Florence

2 3 11

266 Gallons Linseed

44 3 4

246 Gallons Train

32 16

79 3 3

Paint Viz

1 18 Verdigrease

7 4 9

1 14 Whiting

1 9 1/2

3 4 Umber

1 9 4

1 13 Red Lead

1 8 8

1 12 White Lead

10

Paint Carried over

10 14 6 1/2

Carried over

3082 1 2

Inventory of stores remaining in the Company's warehouses on 30 September 1751, continued:

Brought over, £2,553 16s 1d

Mustard seed, 2 and a half bushels, £2 12s 6d

Nails

6 hundredweight 2 quarters 20 pounds at 2d, £21 16s 1d

3 hundredweight 3 quarters at 3d, £10 3s 7d

9 hundredweight 1 quarter 21 pounds at 4d, £20 18s 5d

7 hundredweight 19 pounds at 6d, £14 4s 2d

9 hundredweight 1 quarter 8 pounds at 10d, £17 8s 0d

3 hundredweight 3 quarters 10 pounds at 20d, £6 14s 2d

2 hundredweight 13 pounds at 40d, £0 19s 10d

1 hundredweight 24 pounds of glazing brads, £6 18s 10d

3 pounds of scupper nails, £0 1s 4d

20 pounds of copper rivets, £0 7s 11d

1 hundredweight 19 pounds of spikes, £0 12s 8d

1 hundredweight 2 quarters of flooring brads, £2 10s 3d

Nails total, £102 16s 1d

Oars

3 oars, 22 feet, £0 17s 0d

28 oars, £5 7s 4d

Oars total, £6 4s 4d

Pumps, 3, £37 9s 4d

Oil

17 bottles of Florence, £2 3s 11d

266 gallons of linseed, £44 3s 4d

246 gallons of train, £32 16s 0d

Oil total, £79 3s 3d

Paint

1 hundredweight 18 pounds of verdigris, £7 1s 9d

14 pounds of whiting, £0 1s 9d

3 hundredweight 4 pounds of umber, £1 9s 4d

1 hundredweight 13 pounds of red lead, £1 8s 8d

1 hundredweight 12 pounds of white lead, £0 10s 0d

Paint carried over, £10 14s 6d

Carried over, £3,082 1s 2d

Interpretations

The three pumps held in store, worth over 37 pounds together, were among the most valuable items in the whole inventory, the machines for raising water from wells and cisterns and for clearing boats and holds, essential apparatus on a settlement wholly dependent on collecting and lifting its water. Their high value marks the pump as a costly and much-needed piece of equipment, kept in reserve against the failure of those in use.

The very large reserve of nails held by hundredweight and sorted by size and price, well over a hundred pounds sterling in all, was the fastening stock for the constant building and repair of a settlement framed and boarded in imported timber. Glazing brads for fixing window panes, scupper nails for boats, flooring brads and spikes were each held apart, the account tracking every grade so the right fastening was at hand for each kind of work, all of it carried in by sea.

Verdigris held among the paint was the green pigment made from the corrosion of copper, used both as a colour and in the making of certain medicines and preservatives, its value the highest of the pigments in store. With the red and white lead, whiting and umber, it formed the paint reserve for the upkeep of the Company's buildings, ordnance and boats against the weathering of the salt climate.

The mustard seed held in store was kept both as a condiment and for its use in medicine, the ground seed made into the mustard of the table and into poultices for the sick, a small but telling holding that shows the store provisioning both the kitchen and the rough physic of a remote settlement.

83

81

1751

Brought over

3082 1 2

Paint Brought over

10 14 6 1/2

3 Venetian Red

3 3

3 2 17 Brimstone

4 5 2 1/2

1 1 6 Olive Colour

12 3 4

3 1 13 Yellow Oaker

3 10 8

1 13 Blue smalts

3 8 4

2 1 12 Indico

22

9 Jamaica Indico

2 4 6

18 White Copperas

19 6

1 22 Stone Oaker

1 1 6

1 21 English Do

8 2

13 Prussian Blue

1 6

1 Vacumm Saharrca

3

1 22 Sky Blue

4 3 4

25 Mahogany Colour

2 13 5

16 Barrels Blacking

4 4 6

76 19

Pitch & Tar Viz

20 Barrels Tar

20 1 8

17 1/4 Barrels Pitch

33 7

2 Barrels Turpentine

6 11 9

1 13 Rosin

2 10

60 3 5

Pewter Viz

2 Gallon Potts

19 10

4 half Gallon Do

2 6 6

12 Quart Funnels

1 7

1 Gallon Do

18 1 1/2

4 Dishes

1 19 4

21 Do

6 6

1 Colander

6 1/2

21 Do

4 8

2 Warm Tubs & Stills

Pewter Carried over

38 12 11

Carried over

3219 3 5

Inventory of stores remaining in the Company's warehouses on 30 September 1751, continued:

Brought over, £3,082 1s 2d

Paint brought over, £10 14s 6d

3 hundredweight of Venice red, £3 3s 0d

3 hundredweight 2 quarters 17 pounds of brimstone, £4 5s 2d

1 hundredweight 1 quarter 6 pounds of olive colour, £12 3s 4d

3 hundredweight 1 quarter 13 pounds of yellow ochre, £3 10s 8d

1 hundredweight 13 pounds of blue smalts, £3 8s 4d

2 hundredweight 1 quarter 12 pounds of indigo, £22 0s 0d

9 pounds of Jamaica indigo, £2 4s 6d

13 pounds of white copperas, £0 19s 6d

1 hundredweight 22 pounds of stone ochre, £1 1s 6d

1 hundredweight 21 pounds of English ochre, £0 8s 2d

13 pounds of Prussian blue, £1 6s 0d

1 pound of vermilion lake, £0 3s 0d

1 hundredweight 22 pounds of sky blue, £1 3s 4d

25 pounds of mahogany colour, £2 12s 5d

169 barrels of blacking, £4 4s 6d

Paint total, £76 19s 0d

Pitch and tar

20 barrels of tar, £26 1s 8d

19 and a quarter barrels of pitch, £33 7s 0d

2 barrels of turpentine, £6 11s 9d

13 pounds of rosin, £0 2s 10d

Pitch and tar total, £60 3s 3d

Pewter

2 gallon pots, £0 19s 10d

9 half-gallon pots, £2 6s 6d

12 quart funnels, £0 1s 7d

1 gallon pot, £0 18s 11d

5 dishes, £1 15s 8d

21 dishes, £6 6s 6d

21 of the same, £0 6s 6d

1 colander, £0 4s 8d

2 wormtubs and stills, £21 8s 0d

Pewter carried over, £36 12s 11d

Carried over, £3,219 3s 5d

Interpretations

The wormtubs and stills held among the pewter were the apparatus of distilling, the still for driving off spirit and the wormtub the cooling vessel through which the coiled worm pipe condensed the vapour, and their high value, over 21 pounds together, marks a plant for making spirits on the island. This shows the settlement distilling its own liquor, probably arrack from local materials, rather than relying wholly on imported drink, a notable degree of self-supply for a remote station.

The large reserve of pigments held in store, indigo the most valuable at 22 pounds, with the ochres, smalts, Prussian blue, vermilion lake and mahogany colour, was the paint stock for every kind of colouring work about the settlement, from the plain earth colours for rough painting to the fine imported blues and lakes for finer work. Prussian blue was the deep synthetic blue lately come into use, and its holding beside the older indigo and smalts marks the store keeping up with the newer pigments of the age.

Brimstone held among the paint was sulphur, used in medicine, in making match and gunpowder, and in various trades, its bulk holding marking the many uses of the mineral in a settlement that had to keep every such material in reserve. White copperas was zinc sulphate, used in dyeing and medicine, its small parcel kept for those purposes.

The great reserve of tar, pitch, turpentine and rosin held in barrels, worth over 60 pounds together, was the store of naval materials for paying seams, preserving timber and cordage and caulking boats, held in bulk against the constant maintenance of the harbour craft and any vessel needing supply. These were the essential preservatives of a maritime settlement, every barrel shipped in and kept deep in store.

84

82

21 October

Brought over

3219 3 5

Pewter Brought over

35 12 10

6 Basons

17 6

6 Sauce Pans

1 8 6

2 Quart Pots

5 2

6 Cranes

4 12 6

42 16 6

Pease 36 3/4 Bushels

11 11 11 1/2

Shoes Viz

10 Ps Mens Pumps

3 6 8

13 Ps Mens fine Shoes

4 2

4 Ps Mens Channeld Pumps

1 8 8

26 Ps Womens Callamanco

6 8 11

4 Ps Womens Calf

11

2 Ps Girls

3 8

6 Ps Boys

1 3

906 Ps Mens Ord Shoes

171 8 6

99 Ps Womens Heels

7 7

123 Ps Girls Heels

7 2 1/2

2 Flaa

1 6

1 Cwt Spennel

7 4

1 Cwt Scotch Yarn

3

5 Green Copperas

1 10 1/2

5 Ps Stitchers

12 11

196 9 3

Starch Viz

3 27 Common

7 11 3

1 1 17 3/4 Poland

4 16 7

12 7 10

Soap 7 9

32 4 4

Salt 15 1/4 Bushels

2 14 8

Shalloon 116 1/4 Yards

11 18 5 1/2

Carried over

3529 6 5

Inventory of stores remaining in the Company's warehouses on 30 September 1751, continued:

Brought over, £3,219 3s 5d

Pewter brought over, £36 12s 10d

6 basins, £0 17s 6d

6 shod pans, £1 8s 6d

2 quart pots, £0 5s 2d

6 cranes, £4 12s 6d

Pewter total, £42 16s 6d

Peas, 36 and a half bushels, £11 11s 11d

Shoes

10 pairs of men's pumps, £3 6s 8d

13 pairs of men's fine shoes, £4 0s 2d

4 pairs of men's channelled pumps, £1 8s 8d

26 pairs of women's calamanco, £6 8s 11d

4 pairs of women's calf, £0 11s 0d

2 pairs of girls', £0 3s 8d

6 pairs of boys', £1 0s 3d

906 pairs of men's ordinary shoes, £171 8s 6d

99 pairs of women's heels, £0 17s 7d

123 pairs of girls' heels, £0 7s 2d

2 slew, £0 1s 6d

1 hundredweight of spunnel, £0 7s 4d

1 hundredweight of Scotch yarn, £0 3s 0d

5 hundredweight of green copperas, £1 10s 4d

5 pairs of stretchers, £0 12s 11d

Shoes total, £196 9s 3d

Starch

3 hundredweight 27 pounds of common, £7 11s 3d

1 hundredweight 1 quarter 17 and a half pounds of Poland, £4 16s 7d

Starch total, £12 7s 10d

Soap, 7 hundredweight 9 pounds, £32 4s 4d

Salt, 15 and a half bushels, £2 14s 8d

Shalloon, 116 and a half yards, £11 18s 5d

Carried over, £3,529 6s 5d

Interpretations

The enormous reserve of ordinary men's shoes, 906 pairs worth over 170 pounds, was by far the most valuable single line in this part of the inventory and marks the shoe as the great staple of issue to the garrison and labour force, worn out fast on the island's stony ground and held in years of stock against constant demand. The women's calamanco and calf shoes and the girls' and boys' pairs beside them show the store clothing the feet of the whole dependent population, but it was the plain soldier's shoe that dominated the reckoning.

Poland starch held apart from the common starch was a fine wheat starch of the sort imported from the Baltic and northern Europe, used for stiffening the better linen and for finer work, its higher value marking it as the quality article kept alongside the ordinary starch for everyday laundering. The great reserve of soap beside it, over seven hundredweight, marks the constant need of washing in an establishment of many people, the soap imported in bulk and issued for the laundry of garrison, hospital and household.

The green copperas held in quantity among the shoe materials was ferrous sulphate used in the currying and blacking of leather, its bulk holding tied to the shoemaking and repair carried on from the store's stock of hides and lasts. Spunnel and Scotch yarn were the coarse threads for sewing and stitching the leather, the whole marking a shoemaking and mending trade supplied wholesale from the warehouse.

The pewter cranes and shod pans held among the tableware were the fixed cooking and serving vessels of the establishment, the crane the swinging arm over the hearth and the shod pans the iron-rimmed vessels for the fire, all part of the metal furniture of the Company's kitchens kept in reserve against wear and breakage.

85

83

1751

Brought over

3529 6 5

Shirts Viz

1124 Soldiers Shirts

234 3 4

19 Ps Linnen

25 19 3

260 2 7

Soldiers Cloaths Viz

30 Soldiers Coats & Breeches

44 17

2 Matrsses Do & Do

4 4 10

49 1 10

Scales & Weights Viz

3 Ps Scales fire Use

15 18 7

1 Ps Do

3 Beams for Scales

28 12

1 Do fire Use

1 Ps Scales Board

1 Ps Do fire Use

4 4

1 Ps Do Rotten

49 4 7

Leather Viz

2 2 20 Leather

15 2

4 Calf Skins

3 13 4

1 White Calf Skin

3 10

5 Sheep Skins

3 2 1/2

19 1 4

Sailors Cloaths Viz

32 Mens Checked Shirts

6 1 4

46 Boys Checked Shirts

6 6 6

1 Boys Jacket & Breeches

8 1 1/2

12 15 11 1/2

Thread Viz

137 Coloured Brown

38 15 2 1/2

64 Coloured

10 13 4

37 Ounces None

3 5 8

52 14 2 1/2

Carried over

3092 10 11 1/2

Inventory of stores remaining in the Company's warehouses on 30 September 1751, continued:

Brought over, £3,529 6s 5d

Shirts

1,124 soldiers' shirts, £234 3s 4d

19 pairs of linen, £25 19s 3d

Shirts total, £260 2s 7d

Soldiers' clothes

30 soldiers' coats and breeches, £44 17s 0d

2 matrosses' coats and breeches, £4 4s 10d

Soldiers' clothes total, £49 1s 10d

Scales and weights

3 pairs of scales for store use

1 pair of the same, £15 18s 7d

3 beams for scales

1 of the same, for store use, £28 12s 0d

1 pair of scale boards

1 pair of the same, for store use

1 pair of the same, rotten, £4 17s 0d

Scales and weights total, £49 7s 0d

Leather

2 hundredweight 2 quarters 20 pounds of leather, £15 0s 0d

11 calf skins, £3 13s 4d

1 white calf skin, £0 3s 10d

5 sheep skins, £0 3s 2d

Leather total, £19 0s 1d

Sailors' clothes

32 men's checked shirts, £6 1s 4d

46 boys' checked shirts, £6 6s 6d

1 boy's jacket and breeches, £0 8s 1d

Sailors' clothes total, £12 15s 11d

Thread

17 pounds of white and brown, £38 15s 2d

6 and a half pounds of coloured, £10 13s 4d

37 ounces of nuns', £3 5s 8d

Thread total, £52 14s 2d

Carried over, £3,092 10s 11d

Interpretations

The vast reserve of soldiers' shirts, over eleven hundred worth more than 234 pounds, was the largest clothing holding in the whole inventory and marks the scale on which the Company held the plain linen shirts issued to its garrison, the shirt worn next the skin and needing frequent renewal in the wear of duty. With the coats and breeches and the sailors' checked shirts, this shows the store as the clothing magazine of the whole military and maritime establishment, holding years of stock against the constant issue of uniform and body linen.

The scales, beams and weights held for store use, worth nearly 50 pounds together, were the apparatus by which every provision and commodity passing in and out of the warehouse was weighed, one pair noted as rotten so its lost value could be carried honestly into the account. This shows the whole business of the store resting on accurate weighing, the beams and scales the essential instruments of a trade reckoned by the pound and the hundredweight.

The white and brown thread held in store, worth nearly 40 pounds for only seventeen pounds weight, points to a fine and costly sewing thread far dearer than the coloured thread beside it, the material for the constant making and mending of the establishment's linen and clothing. Nuns' thread, the fine white thread of continental convent make, was kept for the finest needlework, its small parcel the quality article in the thread stock.

The checked shirts held apart as sailors' clothes were the distinctive garment of the seaman, the checked linen marking them for the boat crews and any sailors supplied at the island, their holding showing the store provisioning the maritime as well as the military strength of the settlement.

86

84

21 October

Brought over

3092 10 11 1/2

Saddles 2

1 15 4

Vinegar 23 1/2 Gallons

2 5 4

Tin Ware Viz

9 Pudding Pans

13 6

8 1/4 Salamoniac

2 3 1/2

7 large Lamps

11 8

10 Small Do

8 4

222 Lanthern Leaves

1 17

116 mette Lantherns

1 2

9 large Do

1 4 6 1/2

12 Draping Pans

2 9 9

8 9

Sacking Viz

6 Ps fine

8 8

4 Ps Coarse

4 2 8

12 10 8

Twine Viz

189 Twine

26 9 9

194 Ps Hawser & Marling

2 4 5 1/2

28 14 2 1/2

Turners Ware Viz

27 Painting Brushes

2 4

4 Sutherns Yrakes

4 4

32 Platters

1 10

10 Bowls

9 4 1/2

13 Ladles

2 2

7 Straining Dishes

1 9

5 Trays

12 6

2 Sows

2 2

6 Pump Boxes

5 9

5 Cloth Brushes

5 5

28 Shoe Brushes

8 7 5

Turners Ware Carried over

Carried over

1029 5 2 1/2

Inventory of stores remaining in the Company's warehouses on 30 September 1751, continued:

Brought over, £3,092 10s 11d

Saddles, 2, £1 15s 4d

Vinegar, 23 and a half gallons, £2 5s 4d

Tinware

9 pudding pans, £0 13s 6d

8 and a half salamanders, £0 2s 3d

7 large lamps, £0 11s 8d

10 small lamps, £0 8s 1d

222 lantern leaves, £1 17s 0d

11 white lanterns, £1 2s 0d

9 large lanterns, £1 4s 6d

12 dripping pans, £2 9s 9d

Tinware total, £8 9s 0d

Ticking

6 pieces of fine, £8 8s 0d

1 piece and a half of coarse, £4 2s 8d

Ticking total, £12 10s 8d

Twine

189 pounds of twine, £26 9s 9d

19 and a quarter pounds of hawser and marline, £2 1s 5d

Twine total, £28 11s 2d

Turnery

27 painting brushes, £2 4s 0d

4 fathoms of yrakes, £0 1s 1d

32 platters, £1 10s 0d

10 bowls, £0 9s 1d

13 ladles, £0 2s 2d

7 straining dishes, £0 1s 9d

5 trays, £0 12s 6d

2 sieves, £0 2s 2d

6 pump boxes, £0 5s 9d

5 cloth brushes, £0 5s 5d

28 shoe brushes, £8 7s 5d

Turnery carried over, £1,029 5s 2d

Interpretations

The salamanders held among the tinware were flat iron plates heated red and held over food to brown or crisp the surface, an early form of grill, and their presence in the store marks the finer cookery of the Company's kitchen, the browning of dishes for the governor's table done with a heated iron. Their issue with the dripping and pudding pans shows the whole batterie of the establishment's cooking kept in reserve.

The ticking held in store, both fine and coarse, was the stout closely woven linen from which mattress and bolster cases were made, the material that held the feathers or flock of the bedding, and its holding marks the store supplying the makings of beds for the garrison and household. The distinction between fine and coarse shows the store fitting out both the better and the commoner sleeping quarters.

The large reserve of twine, marline and hawser thread was the stock of small cordage for whipping ropes' ends, sewing sails and canvas and countless tasks of the rigger and sailmaker, held in bulk for the constant work of a maritime settlement. Marline was the light two-strand line for seizing and serving rope, its holding with the twine marking the store's provision for the fine work of ship and boat gear.

The lanterns and lantern leaves held in quantity, the white and large lanterns with over two hundred leaves for repair, were the portable lights of the batteries, guardhouses and stores, the leaf the translucent sheet that shielded the flame. Their number marks the constant need of carried light on a station where the watch was kept and the stores tended through the dark hours.

87

85

1751

Brought over

1029 5 2 1/2

Turners Ware Brought over

67 Labourers Basketts

1 16 3 1/2

4 Yoakes for Oxen

2 13 8

1 Butter Print

6 1/2

1 Hair Broom

3 5

26 Paint Brushes

14 1

25 Mop Horns & Nails

2 1

6 Mops

6 1 1/2

24 Skimmers

5 6

10 Flaskets

2 13 5

6 Punch Ladles

2 9

23 17 1

India Goods Viz

1433 2 3 1/2

Arrack 2013 Gallons

283 13 3

Allejars 1 piece

11 9

Betteelees 84 Pieces

14 7

China Ware Viz

133 Soup Plates Blue & White

2 15

21 Do Coloured & Gold

9 2

20 Saucers

1 8

1 Bowl Coloured & Gold

3

19 Sets Bowls

2 6 9

10 Small Bowls

6 3

18 large Do

15

42 Smakers

7 10

22 Tea Pots

7 4

2 Juggs & Basons Coloured & Gold

1

9 Juggs & Basons Blue & White

10 8

50 Sallad Dishes

2 4 3

11 Meat Dishes

1 8

50 Meat Plates

China Ware Carried over

12 14 11

Carried over

1851 14 3 1/2

Inventory of stores remaining in the Company's warehouses on 30 September 1751, continued:

Brought over, £1,029 5s 2d

Turnery brought over

67 labourers' baskets, £1 16s 3d

4 yokes for oxen, £2 15s 8d

1 butter print, £0 0s 6d

1 hair broom, £0 3s 3d

26 paint brushes, £0 14s 1d

25 mop herns and nails, £0 2s 1d

6 mops, £0 6s 11d

24 skimmers, £0 5s 6d

19 flaskets, £2 13s 3d

6 punch ladles, £0 2s 9d

Turnery total, £23 17s 1d

India goods:

Arrack, 2,013 gallons, £283 13s 3d

Alejars, 1 piece, £0 11s 9d

Betteelas, 5 and a half pieces, £1 8s 7d

China ware

133 soup plates, coloured and white, £2 15s 0d

21 of the same, coloured and gold, £0 9s 2d

20 saucers, £0 1s 8d

1 bowl, coloured and gold, £0 3s 0d

19 sets of bowls, £2 6s 9d

10 small bowls, £0 6s 3d

18 large bowls, £0 15s 0d

42 cheston, £0 7s 10d

22 teapots, £0 7s 4d

2 jugs and basins, coloured and gold, £1 0s 0d

9 jugs and basins, blue and white, £0 10s 8d

50 salad dishes, £2 4s 3d

11 meat dishes, £1 8s 0d

50 meat plates, £1 8s 0d

China ware carried over, £12 14s 11d

Carried over, £1,851 14s 3d

Interpretations

The very large reserve of arrack among the India goods, over two thousand gallons worth nearly 284 pounds, confirms the Eastern spirit as one of the great staples of the store, held in bulk like the brandy listed earlier as the everyday liquor of servants, slaves and shipping. That so vast a stock was kept marks the central place of cheap spirit in the island's economy and the Company's reliance on its Indian ports to supply it.

Betteelas and alejars were fine Indian cotton cloths brought through the Company's Eastern trade, the betteela a light muslin of Bengal used for fine shirts, neckcloths and dress, and their holding marks the store keeping the better Indian textiles alongside the coarse chellows and dressides for common wear. The whole range from muslin to sackcloth shows the store supplying cloth for every rank on the island.

The China ware held under the India goods was the porcelain carried home from Canton by the Company's China ships, the soup plates, bowls, teapots and dishes in matched sets and colours, some picked out in gold, the finer tableware of the establishment. The jugs and basins in blue and white and in coloured and gilt patterns mark the range from plain to ornamented ware, the porcelain shipped as return cargo and kept in store for the Company's table and for sale.

The yokes for oxen held among the turnery were the wooden neck-frames by which the draught cattle were harnessed to plough and cart, and their presence marks the ox as the working beast of the plantation, its labour central to the tilling and haulage of a settlement built on steep ground. The labourers' baskets in quantity were the carrying baskets of the field and building work, the humble gear of the island's hand labour.

88

86

21 October

Brought over

4351 14 3 1/2

China Ware Brought over

12 14 11

8 Soup Dishes

2 16

4 Chamber Pots

8

6 half Pint Cups & Saucers

2 5

16 1 4

Chellons 171 Pieces

76 8 4

Candles 38 3 22

290 16

Dosettes 60 Pieces

64 12 6

Long Cloth Viz

14 Ps No 1

73 10

10 Ps 2

44 10

17 1/2 Ps 3

70 7 9 1/2

26 Ps 4

81 18

30 Ps 5

77 16

6 Ps 6

12 16

53 Ps 7

89 7 6

450 2 9 1/2

Pepper 1 1 16

3 17 6

Pallampores Viz

18 Pallampores

14 17

51 Do

34 8 9

49 5 9

Rice & Paddy Viz

334 1 Ps Rice

83 11 3

77 Paddy

15 8

98 19 3

Shirts & Stockings Viz

28 Shirt

15 16

12 Ps Cotton Stockings

3 16 1 1/2

19 7 1/2

Sugar & Candy Viz

159 Sugar

198 15

179 2 Candy

272 4 10

470 19 11

Carried over

5891 18 2 1/2

Inventory of stores remaining in the Company's warehouses on 30 September 1751, continued:

Brought over, £4,351 14s 3d

China ware brought over, £12 14s 11d

8 soup dishes, £2 16s 0d

1 chamber pot, £0 8s 0d

6 half-pint cups and saucers, £0 2s 5d

China ware total, £16 1s 4d

Chellows, 172 pieces, £76 8s 4d

Candles, 38 hundredweight 3 quarters 22 pounds, £290 16s 0d

Dressides, 66 pieces, £64 12s 6d

Long cloth

14 pieces, number 1, £73 10s 0d

10 pieces, number 2, £44 10s 0d

17 and a half pieces, number 3, £70 7s 3d

26 pieces, number 4, £81 18s 0d

30 pieces, number 5, £77 16s 0d

6 pieces, number 6, £12 15s 0d

53 pieces, number 7, £89 7s 6d

Long cloth total, £450 2s 9d

Pepper, 1 hundredweight 1 quarter 15 pounds, £3 17s 6d

Sallampores

18 sallampores, £14 17s 0d

51 of the same, £34 8s 9d

Sallampores total, £49 5s 9d

Rice and paddy

334 hundredweight 1 quarter of rice, £83 11s 3d

77 hundredweight of paddy, £15 8s 0d

Rice and paddy total, £98 19s 3d

Shirts and stockings

28 shirts, £15 1s 6d

12 pairs of cotton stockings, £3 16s 1d

Shirts and stockings total, £19 7s 6d

Sugar and candy

159 hundredweight of sugar, £198 15s 0d

179 hundredweight 2 quarters of candy, £272 4s 10d

Sugar and candy total, £470 19s 11d

Carried over, £5,891 18s 2d

Interpretations

The huge reserve of candles, nearly 39 hundredweight worth over 290 pounds, was one of the most valuable holdings in the whole inventory, the wax or tallow lights by which the Company's offices, quarters, batteries and stores were lit through the dark hours. That so vast a stock was kept marks the total dependence on imported candlelight and the scale of consumption in an establishment that worked and watched by night, every candle carried out by sea.

The great reserve of Indian cotton piece goods, the chellows, dressides, sallampores and long cloth together worth well over 600 pounds, confirms plain Indian cotton as the staple clothing material of the island, held in years of stock for the constant making up of shirts, garments and issue cloth. Sallampores were a plain cotton calico of the Coromandel coast, and the long cloth sorted into seven numbered grades shows the store keeping the whole range of Indian white cotton from coarse to fine, the cloth that clothed garrison, slaves and inhabitants alike.

The enormous holding of sugar and candy, over 470 pounds sterling together, marks the sweetening trade as one of the largest in the store, the raw sugar and its refined crystallised form both held in bulk. The candy at nearly 180 hundredweight was worth more than the sugar despite a similar weight, its value reflecting the labour of refining, and the whole reserve shows how deeply sugar had entered the island's diet and trade.

The great store of rice and paddy, over four hundred hundredweight together, was the reserve of the Eastern grain that supplemented the island's yams and imported flour, the cleaned rice for eating and the paddy in the husk for seed and stock feed. This large holding marks rice as a settled staple drawn from the Company's Indian trade, held deep against the failure of other provision on a station that could never feed itself.

89

87

1751

Brought over

5891 18 2 1/2

Tea Viz

617 Single

34 1 3

330 Congo

21 17 10 1/2

763 Bohea

31

86 19 1/2

Total European & Indian Goods Amounting to

5978 17 1

Counted and Examined the Honble Companys

Cash for the Month of September last which is as follows Viz

Inventory of stores remaining in the Company's warehouses on 30 September 1751, continued:

Brought over, £5,891 18s 2d

Tea

617 pounds of single, £34 1s 3d

539 pounds of Congo, £21 17s 10d

763 pounds of Bohea, £31 0s 0d

Tea total, £86 19s 1d

Total of European and Indian goods, £5,978 17s 1d

The Company's cash was counted and examined for September, as set out below.

Interpretations

The large reserve of tea, well over eighteen hundred pounds weight of the three grades together, marks tea as a settled bulk commodity of the store by the middle of the century, the cheap Bohea held in the greatest quantity and the finer Congo and single teas in smaller parcels. This holding confirms how far tea had passed from a costly novelty into an everyday article of consumption, carried home from Canton by the Company's China ships and issued from store like any other provision.

The grand total of European and Indian goods at nearly 6,000 pounds sterling set the whole value of the merchandise held in the Company's warehouses on the island at the quarter's end, a reckoning that closed the long inventory and fixed the worth of the store's stock. This single figure, gathered from the many pages of detailed listing, was the measure of the Company's invested capital in goods at St Helena, the material reserve on which the whole settlement drew for food, clothing, drink, tools and trade.

90

88

Tea Vizt
6½ Singlo
330 Congo
763 Bohea
Brought over. £5891 18s 2½d
£31 1s 3d
£21 17s 10½d
£31
£86 19s 1½d
Total European & Indian Goods Amounting to £5978 17s 1d
Counted and Examined the Honble Companys
Cash for the Month of September last which is as follows Vizt

The close of the store inventory carried a schedule of tea, the sum brought over standing at £5,891 18s 2½d.
6½ singlo, £31 1s 3d
330 congo, £21 17s 10½d
763 bohea, £31 0s 0d
Tea amounting to £86 19s 1½d
Total European and Indian goods amounting to £5,978 17s 1d
Beneath the total the Council counted and examined the Company's cash for September 1751.

Interpretations

Singlo, congo and bohea were the grades of Chinese green and black tea carried home from Canton, and their appearance in the island store shows St Helena serving as a stopping point on the China trade where such cargo was held and reckoned. The store's whole stock of European and Indian goods stood near £6,000, a measure of the value the Company kept warehoused at its mid-ocean depot.

91

89

Per Contra Cr
1751
Sept 30 By sundry Accounts Advanced the Paymaster this Quarter £1765 11s 2d
By Balance remaining in the following Species Vizt
1 F Gold Wt 11.15.14 @ £3.18.3 £161 1s 8½d
4 F Do. 3.9.12 3.18. £13 11s 2d
70 Venetian @ 10/ £35
12 Rupees @ 20/ £18
6000 Pagodas @ 7/ £2400
Gold Amounting to £2512 12s 9d
3060 Dollars @ 5/ £990
1517 Rials @ 17½d £41 8s 1½d
12978 half Rials @ 3½d £202 6s 3d
141 French Pices @ 2d £3 13s 6d
Pag Money £11 13s 4d
Silver Amounting to £1243 8s 10¼d
148 Cash Notes @ 40/ £292
162 Do. 20/ £162
262 Do. 5/ £65 10s
160 Do. 2/6 £20
Cash Notes Amounting to £539 10s
£4295 11s 7¼d
£6061 2s 9¼d
Joseph Brooks Soldier Petitioned for his
Discharge from the Garrison having served the Honble Company
his Contracted Time
Granted.

The September cash account was set out on the credit side.
By sundry accounts advanced to the paymaster this quarter, £1,765 11s 2d

By balance remaining in the following species. The coin headings were partly abbreviated in the source and are supplied here as weight and value.
1 fine gold, weight 11-15-14, at £3 18s 3d, £161 1s 8½d
4 fine gold, 3-9-12, 3-18, £13 11s 2d
70 Venetian at 10, £35 0s 0d
12 rupees at 20, £18 0s 0d
6,000 pagodas at 7, £2,400 0s 0d
Gold amounting to £2,512 12s 9d
3,060 dollars at 5, £990 0s 0d
1,517 rials at 17½d, £41 8s 1½d
12,978 half rials at 3½d, £202 6s 3d
141 French pieces at 2d, £3 13s 6d
Pagoda money, £11 13s 4d
Silver amounting to £1,243 8s 10¼d
148 cash notes at 40, £292 0s 0d
162 cash notes at 20, £162 0s 0d
262 cash notes at 5, £65 10s 0d
160 cash notes at 2s 6d, £20 0s 0d
Cash notes amounting to £539 10s 0d
Balance total, £4,295 11s 7¼d
Total, £6,061 2s 9¼d

Joseph Brooks, soldier, petitioned for his discharge from the garrison, having served the Company his contracted time. The Council granted the discharge.

Interpretations

The balance had swollen since August, the pagoda holding alone rising to £2,400 as 6,000 of the Indian gold coins came into the chest, a sharp inflow that marks the arrival of shipping drawing the treasury upward. Brooks's discharge on completing his five-year term shows enlistment as a fixed contract that the Council honoured on its expiry, releasing the soldier once his time was fully served.

Speculations

The stated silver and gold subtotals and the balance total do not add together as the figures stand, and several coin lines cannot be squared against their stated rates. The account was carried forward as written without arithmetical correction, so the discrepancy is recorded but not resolved.

92

90

The Widow, and Executors of the late Sergeant,
Daniel Buck this day presented an Inventory of his Estate,
Appraised by John Leech Junr, James Pritchard, and William
Oakman, who being Sworn that they valued each particular
to the best of their Judgment, and the Widow, that She
produced all the Effects of the Deceased, it was Ordered to be
Entered in the Book, for that Purpose.
Cha. Hutchinson
David Hunter
John Clark

At a consultation held on Monday the 28 day of
October 1751 at the Plantation House,
Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Govr
Capt David Hunter Lt Govr
Lieutenant John Clark of Council

The last consultation was read, approved, and signed
Daled the 21st October 1751

The Accomptant this day brought in his
Journal Parcels, for the Quarter ending the 30 September
which were Examined, and Approved, And Ordered to
be Entered.

The widow and executors of the late Sergeant Daniel Buck presented an inventory of his estate this day, appraised by John Leech junior, James Pritchard and William Oakman. They were sworn that they had valued each item to the best of their judgment, and the widow was sworn that she had produced all the effects of the deceased. The Council ordered the inventory to be entered in the book kept for that purpose. The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson, David Hunter and John Clark. The Governor and Council then met in consultation at the Plantation House on 28 October 1751, with Governor Charles Hutchinson, Lieutenant Governor David Hunter and Lieutenant John Clark of the Council present. The Council read the previous consultation of 21 October 1751, then approved and signed it. The accountant brought in his journal parcels for the quarter ending 30 September 1751, which the Council examined and approved and ordered to be entered.

Interpretations

The sworn appraisal and inventory were the standard safeguard of a probate, binding the valuers and the widow on oath so the estate could be trusted for the division among heirs and creditors. The sergeant here recorded as Daniel Buck is the same man whose will was proved earlier in the record under the name Bush, a clerk's variant of the surname.

93

91

The Storekeeper brought in the following Account
of Waste, upon Store Goods in the Year past, which was Examined
and Approved, and is as follows Vizt,

Profit & Loss Dr for Loss by Leakage, Wastage,
short Weight, short measures, by drawing by the Gallon, and by
Weighing by the Pound &c. in the Year ending the 30th Sept. 1751
Vizt,

Brandy 11½ Gallons £14 3s 6d
Glas Ware Vizt,
2 5⁄8 doz Glass 6 by 8 £11
5 5⁄8 Do. 8 by 10 £2 11s
4 5⁄8 Do. 10 by 12 broke £3 4s
1 bundle Glass £5
£7 7s
Iron 33 £1 5s
Rosin 16 £1 1s
Cordage 2.1.2 £3 2s 6d
Starch 9 £3 9s
Hair Powder 2 £1 12s
Painters Vizt,
½ Umber £3
½ Virdigrase £1 6s 2d
1½ Blue Smalts £2 6s
1½ White Copperas £1 4s
2½ Olive Colour £4 2s
5¾ Yellow Oaker £1 1s
1 English Oaker £1 2s
½ Indigo £6 8s
Vinegar 15¾ Gallons £1 5s 2d
Soap 2..2..21 £1 10s 2d
£10 2s 10d
Carried over £30 17s 2½d

The storekeeper brought in an account of waste on store goods for the past year, which the Council examined and approved. The account charged profit and loss for loss by leakage, wastage, short weight, short measure, drawing by the gallon and weighing by the pound in the year ending 30 September 1751.
Brandy, 11½ gallons, £14 3s 6d
Glassware. 2⅝ dozen glass 6 by 8, £1 0s 0d, 15⅝ dozen glass 8 by 10, £2 11s 0d, 4⅝ dozen glass 10 by 12 broke, £3 4s 0d, 1 bundle glass, £5 0s 0d, £7 7s 0d
Iron, 33, £1 5s 0d
Rosin, 16, £1 1s 0d
Cordage, 2-1-2, £3 2s 6d
Starch, 9, £3 9s 0d
Hair powder, 2, £1 12s 0d
Painters' stores. ½ umber, £3 0s 0d, ½ verdigris, £1 6s 2d, 1½ blue smalts, £2 6s 0d, 1½ white copperas, £1 4s 0d, 2½ olive colour, £4 2s 0d, 5¾ yellow ochre, £1 1s 0d, 1 English ochre, £1 2s 0d, ½ indigo, £6 8s 0d
Vinegar, 15¾ gallons, £1 5s 2d
Soap, 2-2-21, £1 10s 2d
Painters' stores total, £10 2s 10d
Carried over, £30 17s 2½d

Interpretations

The waste account wrote off the year's unavoidable shrinkage on goods that leaked, spilled or fell short on measure, chiefly liquids drawn by the gallon and dry stores weighed by the pound. Charging these losses to profit and loss kept the store's books honest, recognising that a depot handling brandy, arrack, oil colours and grain could never issue out quite what it took in.

94

92

Brought over £30 17s 2½d

Salt ½ bushel £2 8s

Leather 7½ units (weight unspecified in manuscript) £7 3s

Arrack 125½ gallons £17 3s 9d

China Ware Vizt,
3 saucers £3
1 bowl, broke £8
1 tea pot £3
£1 2s

Pepper 3 units (weight not stated in manuscript) £1 6s

Rice & Paddy Vizt,
19..2..13 Rice = 19 cwt, 2 qr, 13 lb of rice £1 18s 1½d

1..1..14 Paddy = 1 cwt, 1 qr, 14 lb of paddy £4 6s

£5 2s 2½d

Tea 5 units (weight not stated in manuscript) £3 2s

Sugar & Candy Vizt,
2..1..12½ Sugar = 2 cwt, 1 qr, 12½ lb of sugar £2 18s 10d
1..1..17 Candy = 1 cwt, 1 qr, 17 lb of candy £1 12s 2d

£3 11s

Errors Excepted £57 10s 2d
(signed) W. Hestington Storekpr

Mr Benjamin Mason presented the following
Petition Vizt,

To the Worshipful Charles Hutchinson
Esqr Governor & Council,

Sheweth
The humble Petition of Benjn Mason

That there being a parcel of the Honble
Companys Waste Land containing about two acres,
which lies very convenient for your Petitioner
Your petitioner therefore humbly begs

The waste account continued, the sum brought over standing at £30 17s 2½d.
Salt, ½ bushel, £2 8s 0d
Leather, 7½ [...], £7 3s 0d
Arrack, 125½ gallons, £17 3s 9d
Chinaware. 3 saucers, £3 0s 0d, 1 bowl broke, £8 0s 0d, 1 teapot, £3 0s 0d, £1 2s 0d
Pepper, 3 [...], £1 6s 0d
Rice and paddy. 19 hundredweight 2 quarters 13 pounds of rice, £1 18s 1½d, 1 hundredweight 1 quarter 14 pounds of paddy, £4 6s 0d, £5 2s 2½d
Tea, 5 [...], £3 2s 0d
Sugar and candy. 2 hundredweight 1 quarter 12½ pounds of sugar, £2 18s 10d, 1 hundredweight 1 quarter 17 pounds of candy, £1 12s 2d, £3 11s 0d
Errors excepted, total £57 10s 2d
The account was subscribed by W. Hestington, storekeeper.

Benjamin Mason then presented a petition addressed to the Governor and Council. He set out that a parcel of the Company's waste land of about two acres lay very convenient for him.

Interpretations

The waste account carried the same imported staples that stocked the depot, arrack from the East, rice and paddy for provisioning, and sugar and candy, all measured in hundredweights, quarters and pounds by the standard weight of the trade. The loss on arrack and brandy together shows how much a store of spirits shed in a year through evaporation and the slack of drawing off by the gallon.

95

93

that you will be pleased to Grant him a Lease for the same, and as
it is chiefly barren, and only designed for the conveniency of fencing
your Petitioner humbly prays, that he may hold it at a low Rent
which he submits to your Worships courteous consideration.
And your Petitioner will ever pray
(signed) Benjamin Mason
St
28 October 1751

Ordered the said Land to be viewed.
Cha. Hutchinson
David Hunter
John Clark.

At a consultation held on Monday the 4th day of November 1751
at the Castle,
Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governor
Capt David Hunter Lieut Govr
Lieutenant John Clark of Council

The last Consultation was read, approved, and signed, dated
the 28 October 1751
This day passed by a ship under Dutch Colours that saluted the Fort with
eleven Guns.

Mason's petition concluded. He asked the Council to grant him a lease of the two acres, and being chiefly barren and wanted only for the convenience of fencing, prayed that he might hold it at a low rent, submitting the matter to the Council. The petition was signed by Benjamin Mason at St Helena on 28 October 1751. The Council ordered the land to be viewed. The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson, David Hunter and John Clark. The Governor and Council then met in consultation at the Castle on 4 November 1751, with Governor Charles Hutchinson, Lieutenant Governor David Hunter and Lieutenant John Clark of the Council present. The Council read the previous consultation of 28 October 1751, then approved and signed it. A ship under Dutch colours passed the island that day and saluted the fort with 11 guns.

Interpretations

Mason's request repeats almost word for word the plea Matthew Pauling made a fortnight earlier for a barren scrap to shorten his fence, and the Council met it with the same order to view the land first, so a settled procedure governed every grant of waste ground. The eleven-gun salute from the passing Dutch ship was a courtesy of the sea between the nations, acknowledging the island's fort and answered by custom, a small mark of St Helena's place on the shared route to the East.

96

94

Enlisted Thomas Bagged a Native, to serve
the Honourable Company as a Soldier for five Years, without
any Bounty Money.
Cha. Hutchinson
David Hunter
John Clark.

At a consultation held on Monday the 11th day of November
1751 at the Plantation House,

Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Govr
Capt David Hunter Lt Govr
Lieut John Clark of Council
Absent being Sick

The last Consultation was read, approved, and signed
dated the 4th November 1751
5 Passed by a Ship at a great distance

The Accomptant reports that the Honble Companys
General Books of Accounts are Balanced to the 30th
Septr last, which we Ordered to be copied as fast as
possible.

The Plantation, Gunners & Stewards Accounts
for the Month of October last were this day brought in
which were Examined & Approved and are as follows Vizt,

The Council enlisted Thomas Bagged, a native of the island, to serve the Company as a soldier for five years without any bounty money. The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson, David Hunter and John Clark. The Governor and Council then met in consultation at the Plantation House on 11 November 1751, with Governor Charles Hutchinson and Captain David Hunter, Lieutenant Governor, present, and Lieutenant John Clark of the Council absent through sickness. The Council read the previous consultation of 4 November 1751, then approved and signed it. A ship passed the island at a great distance. The accountant reported that the Company's general books of account were balanced to 30 September 1751, and the Council ordered them copied as fast as possible. The plantation, gunner's and steward's accounts for October 1751 were brought in this day, which the Council examined and approved.

Interpretations

The order to copy the balanced general books as fast as possible points to the yearly dispatch of the island's accounts to the Court of Directors in London, the fair copy being the record on which the Company's directors judged their servants. Clark's absence through sickness left the board with only the Governor and his deputy, a quorum thin enough to show how few hands carried the island's whole government.

97

95

Account of the Honble Companys Stock of Neat Cattle &ca for the Month of October 1751

Neat Cattle, Sheep, Goats, Hogs, Poultry, Horses

Bulls, Cows, Calves, Yearlings, Heifers, Steers, Bullocks, Oxen, Total, Ewes, Wathers, Lambs, Rams, Total, Ewes, Wathers, Kids, Rams, Total, Sows, Shoats, Piggs, Boars, Total, Turkeys, Fowls, Ducks, Geese, Horses, Mares, Total

Remd 1: Bulls 4, Cows 93, Calves 65, Yearlings 53, Heifers 26, Steers 35, Bullocks 6, Oxen 6, Total 288, Ewes 143, Wathers 65, Lambs 66, Rams 6, Total 280, Ewes 136, Wathers 46, Kids 46, Rams 5, Total 233, Sows 7, Shoats 17, Piggs 14, Boars 1, Total 39, Turkeys 4, Fowls 138, Ducks 36, Geese 15, Horses 7, Mares 4, Total 11

Encreased: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 8, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Bullocks 0, Oxen 0, Total 8, Ewes 0, Wathers 0, Lambs 22, Rams 0, Total 22, Ewes 0, Wathers 0, Kids 8, Rams 0, Total 8, Sows 0, Shoats 0, Piggs 6, Boars 0, Total 6, Turkeys 2, Fowls 30, Ducks 6, Geese 3, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0

Bulls 4, Cows 93, Calves 73, Yearlings 53, Heifers 26, Steers 35, Bullocks 6, Oxen 6, Total 296, Ewes 143, Wathers 65, Lambs 88, Rams 6, Total 302, Ewes 136, Wathers 46, Kids 54, Rams 5, Total 241, Sows 7, Shoats 17, Piggs 20, Boars 1, Total 45, Turkeys 6, Fowls 168, Ducks 42, Geese 18, Horses 7, Mares 4, Total 11

Killed: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 1, Yearlings 0, Heifers 1, Steers 5, Bullocks 0, Oxen 0, Total 7, Ewes 0, Wathers 0, Lambs 5, Rams 0, Total 5, Ewes 0, Wathers 0, Kids 1, Rams 0, Total 1, Sows 0, Shoats 1, Piggs 3, Boars 0, Total 4, Turkeys 0, Fowls 18, Ducks 1, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0

Died: Bulls 0, Cows 1, Calves 1, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Bullocks 0, Oxen 0, Total 2, Ewes 1, Wathers 0, Lambs 0, Rams 0, Total 1, Ewes 2, Wathers 0, Kids 6, Rams 0, Total 8, Sows 0, Shoats 1, Piggs 0, Boars 0, Total 1, Turkeys 0, Fowls 4, Ducks 0, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0

Remd 31: Bulls 4, Cows 92, Calves 71, Yearlings 53, Heifers 25, Steers 30, Bullocks 6, Oxen 6, Total 287, Ewes 142, Wathers 60, Lambs 88, Rams 6, Total 296, Ewes 134, Wathers 46, Kids 47, Rams 5, Total 232, Sows 7, Shoats 15, Piggs 17, Boars 1, Total 40, Turkeys 6, Fowls 146, Ducks 41, Geese 18, Horses 7, Mares 4, Total 11

Yams Expended 8,000

(Signed)

Richard Gurling

Margin Notes:

January

11 November

Account of the Company's stock of neat cattle and other livestock for October 1751.

The neat cattle were recorded under bulls, cows, calves, yearlings, heifers, steers, bullocks and oxen, with a total. The sheep were recorded under ewes, wethers, lambs and rams, with a total. The goats were recorded under does, wethers, kids and rams, with a total. The hogs were recorded under sows, shoats, pigs and boars, with a total. The poultry were recorded under turkeys, fowls, ducks and geese. The horses were recorded under horses, mares and a total.

Remaining 1st, bulls 4, cows 93, calves 65, yearlings 53, heifers 26, steers 35, bullocks 6, oxen 6, total 288

Remaining 1st, ewes 143, wethers 65, lambs 66, rams 6, total 280

Remaining 1st, does 136, wethers 46, kids 46, rams 5, total 233

Remaining 1st, sows 7, shoats 17, pigs 14, boars 1, total 39

Remaining 1st, turkeys 4, fowls 138, ducks 36, geese 15

Remaining 1st, horses 7, mares 4, total 11

Increased, bulls 0, cows 0, calves 8, yearlings 0, heifers 0, steers 0, bullocks 0, oxen 0, total 8

Increased, ewes 0, wethers 0, lambs 22, rams 0, total 22

Increased, does 0, wethers 0, kids 8, rams 0, total 8

Increased, sows 0, shoats 0, pigs 6, boars 0, total 6

Increased, turkeys 2, fowls 30, ducks 6, geese 3

Increased, horses 0, mares 0, total 0

Total, bulls 4, cows 93, calves 73, yearlings 53, heifers 26, steers 35, bullocks 6, oxen 6, total 296

Total, ewes 143, wethers 65, lambs 88, rams 6, total 302

Total, does 136, wethers 46, kids 54, rams 5, total 241

Total, sows 7, shoats 17, pigs 20, boars 1, total 45

Total, turkeys 6, fowls 168, ducks 42, geese 18

Total, horses 7, mares 4, total 11

Killed, bulls 0, cows 1, calves 1, yearlings 0, heifers 1, steers 5, bullocks 0, oxen 0, total 7

Killed, ewes 0, wethers 5, lambs 0, rams 0, total 5

Killed, does 0, wethers 1, kids 0, rams 0, total 1

Killed, sows 0, shoats 1, pigs 3, boars 0, total 4

Killed, turkeys 0, fowls 18, ducks 1, geese 0

Died, bulls 0, cows 1, calves 1, yearlings 0, heifers 0, steers 0, bullocks 0, oxen 0, total 2

Died, ewes 1, wethers 0, lambs 0, rams 0, total 1

Died, does 2, wethers 0, kids 6, rams 0, total 8

Died, sows 0, shoats 1, pigs 0, boars 0, total 1

Died, turkeys 0, fowls 4, ducks 0, geese 0

Remaining 31st, bulls 4, cows 92, calves 71, yearlings 53, heifers 25, steers 30, bullocks 6, oxen 6, total 287

Remaining 31st, ewes 142, wethers 60, lambs 88, rams 6, total 296

Remaining 31st, does 134, wethers 46, kids 47, rams 5, total 232

Remaining 31st, sows 7, shoats 15, pigs 17, boars 1, total 40

Remaining 31st, turkeys 6, fowls 146, ducks 41, geese 18

Remaining 31st, horses 7, mares 4, total 11

Yams spent, 8,000 pounds

The account was signed by Richard Gurling.

Interpretations

The account passed this month from David Hunter, who had signed the returns since July, to Richard Gurling, marking a change in the officer charged with keeping the plantation stock. The steadiness of the figures across the handover shows the settled routine of the monthly reckoning carrying on unbroken through the change of hand.

The sharp fall in yams spent, down from 35,000 pounds in August and 27,000 in September to only 8,000 pounds this month, marks a steep drop in the ration issued, probably following the state of the crop as the growing season advanced toward the summer harvest. The yam was the island's staple root, and so large a reduction points to either a failing reserve of the old crop or a deliberate sparing of stock against the new planting, a matter of some moment on a station that leaned on the yam as its bread.

The heavy killing of cattle this month, seven head including five steers, matches the demand of the table and the shipping in the road, the plantation drawing down its draught and beef stock as the season and the calls upon it required. The steers taken marks the culling of the young oxen raised for beef, the plantation turning its stock to provision as the need arose.

98

96

11 November

Gunners Stores Expended in October 1751

Guns Fired, lb, qr, [...], Powder Expended lb qr

Fired for the Kings Birth Day

Guns Fired 21, lb 2, qr 1, [...] 18, Powder Expended 23 1/2

Do Do with small Arms for Do

Powder Expended 10 1/2

Do Powder for Priming

Powder Expended 3

Do for the Governers use

Powder Expended 1

Do for blowing of Red Stone at Sandy Bay

Powder Expended 4

Do for blowing of Lime Stone at Do

Powder Expended 3

Do for the Funeral of Thomas Reynolds

Powder Expended 2 1/4

Total

Guns Fired 21, lb 2, qr 1, [...] 18, Powder Expended 17 1/4

Paper for the use of the Castle

1 Quire

Do for making of small Cartridges

3 Quire

Spunge Staves to the Armourer for making Helves

for Hammers

1

Spunge Staves to Mr Bland for Helves for Beetles

1

Worms broke at the Main Fort

1

Handspikes broke at the Main Fort

2

Do broke at Bankss

1

Do broke at Ruperts

1

Tallow for Greaseing the Gun Carriages at the

Main Fort and out Forts

25

(Signed)

Thomas Hall

Gunners' stores spent in October 1751. The columns recorded guns fired, powder, shot and match, together with a further figure for total powder expended.

30th, fired for the King's birthday, guns fired 21, powder 2 pounds, shot 1, match 18, total 23 pounds 4 ounces

The same, with small arms, for the same, powder 10 ounces

The same, powder for priming, 3 pounds

The same, powder for the Governor's use, 1 pound

The same, powder for blowing up red stone at Sandy Bay, 4 pounds

The same, powder for blowing up limestone at Sandy Bay, 3 pounds

The same, powder for the funeral of Thomas Reynolds, 2 pounds 4 ounces

Total, guns fired 21, powder 2 pounds, shot 1, match 18, further total 47 pounds 4 ounces

Paper for the use of the Castle, 1 quire

Paper for making small cartridges, 3 quires

Sponge staves to the armourer for making helves for hammers, 1

Sponge staves to Mr Bland for helves for beetles, 1

Worms broke at the main fort, 1

Handspikes broke at the main fort, 2

Handspikes broke at Banks's, 1

Handspikes broke at Rupert's, 1

Tallow for greasing the gun carriages at the main fort and outforts, 25 pounds

The account was signed by Thomas Hall.

Interpretations

The powder fired for the King's birthday on 30 October marked the great annual royal salute, the batteries and small arms discharged in ceremony, and the large charge of over 23 pounds reflects the full complement of guns fired in the sovereign's honour. Such salutes were the chief public observances of a Company garrison, binding the remote island to the crown it served through the smoke and noise of its ordnance.

The worms broken at the main fort were the corkscrew-shaped iron tools drawn on a staff to extract wadding, unfired charges or debris from the gun barrels, and their breakage in service was logged like every other store because each had to be accounted for and replaced from the armoury. The handspikes broken at the main fort, Banks's and Rupert's mark the several batteries about the island by name, the stout levers wearing out in the constant shifting and laying of the heavy guns.

The sponge staves issued to the armourer for making hammer helves and to Mr Bland for beetle helves show the store's timber put to the making of tool handles, the beetle a heavy wooden mallet for driving and ramming, its helve the wooden shaft that took the shock of the blow. This marks the settlement making its own tool handles from store material rather than importing them ready-made.

The tallow for greasing the gun carriages at the main fort and the outlying batteries kept the wooden carriages and their trucks running, the grease worked into the axletrees and moving parts against the seizing effect of salt and weather on the exposed ordnance. This routine upkeep was constant on a station whose guns stood always open to the sea air.

99

97

1751

Sundrys Expended at the Honble Company General

Table in the Month of October 1751 Viz

38 Bottles Port Wine

2 17

45 Do Lisbon

3 7 6

27 Do Madeira

2 17 11 1/2

47 Do Arrack

2 18 7 1/2

84 Do Beer

1 1

277 Flour

1 17 9 1/2

293 Beef

3 12 6

180 Mutton

3 13

55 Pork

1 6

93 Veal

2 3 6

1 Kidd

5

18 Fowls

1 7

1 Duck

1 6

1 Pigg

5

14 Ps salt Pork

1 8

4 Ps salt Beef

11

36 Butter

1 11

93 Candy

1 1 1

32 8 10 1/2

Chas Hutchinson

John Clark

Sundries spent at the Company's general table on St Helena during October 1751:

38 bottles of port wine, £2 17s 0d

45 bottles of Lisbon wine, £3 7s 6d

27 bottles of Madeira wine, £2 17s 11d

47 bottles of arrack, £2 18s 7d

84 bottles of beer, £1 1s 0d

279 pounds of flour, £1 17s 9d

293 pounds of beef, £3 12s 6d

180 pounds of mutton, £3 13s 0d

55 pounds of pork, £1 1s 6d

93 pounds of veal, £2 6s 6d

1 kid, £0 5s 0d

18 fowls, £1 7s 0d

1 duck, £0 1s 6d

1 pig, £0 5s 0d

14 pounds of salt pork, £1 8s 0d

4 pounds of salt beef, £0 11s 0d

36 pounds of butter, £1 11s 0d

9 pounds of candy, £1 1s 0d

Total, £32 8s 10d

The account was signed by Charles Hutchinson and John Clark.

Interpretations

The appearance of veal on the table this month, 93 pounds where none figured in the earlier returns, matches the October livestock account, where a calf was killed among the month's slaughter. The Company's table drew its meat straight from the plantation stock, so a calf taken on the farm showed at once as veal on the board, the two records moving together through the season's killing.

Arrack was drawn for the table in greater quantity than in the summer months, 47 bottles against the 24 of July, the cheap Eastern spirit issued more freely as the store held a vast reserve of it after the quarter's supply. Its place beside the port, Lisbon and Madeira wines marks the range of drink at the Company's board, from the coarse everyday spirit to the fortified wines kept for better use.

100

98

At a consultation held on Monday the 18th day of November
1751 at the Plantation House,

Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Govr
Capt David Hunter Lieut Govr
Lieutenant John Clark of Council
Govr Absent, being Sick.

The last Consultation was read, approved, and signed,
dated the 11th November 1751,
Tuesday the 15th Died Joseph Lowe, Soldier, by a fall upon the Rocks.

Enlisted James Long a Native, to serve the
Honble Company as a Soldier for five Years at twenty
Shillings Bounty Money.

Counted and Examined the Honble
Companys Cash for the Month of October last, which is
as follows Vizt,

The Governor and Council met in consultation at the Plantation House on 18 November 1751. Governor Charles Hutchinson presided in title, with Captain David Hunter, Lieutenant Governor, and Lieutenant John Clark of the Council present, the Governor being absent through sickness. The Council read the previous consultation of 11 November 1751, then approved and signed it. Joseph Lowe, a soldier, had died on Tuesday 15 November 1751 from a fall upon the rocks. The Council enlisted James Long, a native of the island, to serve the Company as a soldier for five years at 20 shillings bounty money. The Council then counted and examined the Company's cash for October 1751.

101

99

Cash Dr

1751 Octr 1 To Balance remaining £4295 11s 7¼d

£4295 11s 7¼d

Per Contra Cr

By Balanced remaining in the following Species Viz
1st Gold Wt 11..16..11 @ £3..18..5 £16 1s 8½d
4th Do 3..9..12 £13 11s 2d
70 Venetian @ 10/- £35 0s 0d
12 Rupees @ 30/- £18 0s 0d
6000 Pagodas @ 7/- £2400 0s 0d
Gold Amounting to £2512 12s 9d
3960 Dollars @ 5/- £990 0s 0d
1517 Rials @ 1/7½ £117 8s 7½d
12948 half Rials @ 3¾d £202 6s 3d
441 French Pieces @ 1/2 £3 13s 6d
Old Money 11¾d
Silver Amounting to £1243 8s 10¼d
146 Cash Notes @ 40/- £292 0s 0d
162 Do @ 20/- £162 0s 0d
262 Do @ 5/- £65 10s 0d
160 Do @ 2/6 £20 0s 0d
Cash Notes Amounting to £539 10s 0d

£4295 11s 7¼d

The Company's cash account for October 1751 opened with the balance.
On 1 October, balance remaining, £4,295 11s 7¼d
Total, £4,295 11s 7¼d

The account showed on the credit side the balance remaining in the following species. The coin headings were partly abbreviated in the source and are supplied here as weight and value.
1 gold, weight 11-16-11, at £3 18s 5d, £16 1s 8½d
4 gold, 3-9-12, £13 11s 2d
70 Venetian at 10, £35 0s 0d
12 rupees at 30, £18 0s 0d
6,000 pagodas at 7, £2,400 0s 0d
Gold amounting to £2,512 12s 9d
3,960 dollars at 5, £990 0s 0d
1,517 rials at 1s 7½d, £117 8s 7½d
12,948 half rials at 3¾d, £202 6s 3d
441 French pieces at 1s 2d, £3 13s 6d
Old money, 11¾d
Silver amounting to £1,243 8s 10¼d
146 cash notes at 40, £292 0s 0d
162 cash notes at 20, £162 0s 0d
262 cash notes at 5, £65 10s 0d
160 cash notes at 2s 6d, £20 0s 0d
Cash notes amounting to £539 10s 0d
Total, £4,295 11s 7¼d

Speculations

The stated subtotals for gold, silver and cash notes do not add to the balance total as the figures stand, and several coin lines cannot be squared against their stated rates. The account was carried as written without arithmetical correction, so the discrepancy is recorded but not resolved.

102

100

At a consultation held on Monday the 25th day of November
1751 at the Castle,

Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Govr
Capt David Hunter Lieut Govr
Lieutenant John Clark of Council
Govr Absent, being Sick.

The last Consultation was read, Approved, and Signed,
dated the 18th November 1751.

The Land Petitioned for by Mr Benjamin Mason
in Consultation of the 28th October last, having been Viewed by
the Governor & Lieutenant Clark, and found to be to the
Honble Companys Advantage, to have it enclosed, We therefore
did not think proper to let it.

Cha. Hutchinson
John Clark

The Governor and Council met in consultation at the Castle on 25 November 1751. Governor Charles Hutchinson presided in title, with Captain David Hunter, Lieutenant Governor, and Lieutenant John Clark of the Council present, the Governor being absent through sickness. The Council read the previous consultation of 18 November 1751, then approved and signed it. The land petitioned for by Benjamin Mason in the consultation of 28 October 1751 had been viewed by the Governor and Lieutenant Clark. It was found to be to the Company's advantage to have it enclosed, so the Council did not think it proper to let it. The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson and John Clark.

Interpretations

The refusal reversed the usual outcome of a waste-land petition, the Council keeping the parcel in hand once a viewing showed enclosure would serve the Company rather than the applicant. The decision shows that the standard order to view land before granting it was a real test and not a formality, capable of defeating a request that earlier looked routine.

Speculations

The Council had granted or set in train a string of similar barren-land leases in the preceding weeks, so letting Mason's parcel was the obvious course. It withheld this one because the viewing revealed a Company interest in the ground being enclosed, the reason stated plainly on the page, so a settled practice gave way to a particular advantage the inspection brought to light.

103

101

At a consultation held on Monday the 2d day of December
1751 at the Castle,

Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governor
Capt David Hunter Lieut Governor
Lieutenant John Clark of Council

The last Consultation was read, approved, and signed, dated
the 25th November 1751
Tuesday the 26 Arrived the Ship Swallow Capt John Bell from Fort St David

Lieutenant Clark reports that he has been on Board
the Honble Companys Ship Swallow, to Muster her Company, and
enquired for Deserters, but found none, the Muster Roll is as follows
Vizt

Muster Roll of Ship Swallow

John Bell Commander
John Sleugh 1st Mate
Wm Bacon 2d Do
George Bell 3d Do
Tho Spira Surgeon
John Murray Gunner
Robt Fricleson Carptr
P. Walker Boatsn
Lawrence Renders Quarter Mastr
Andr Polling ship cook
R. Gregory Coulter
Arthur Butterball smith
And Tovy Gunt Mate
John Whalley Carptr Do
Law Monquajt mast
David Robt Seaman
John Wood Do
Robt Reed Do
Dex Collin McAllister Do
Alex Walker Do
Danl Bowman Do
Jas Pockley Do
Jn Thomson Do
Robt Roddam Seaman
Jas Turner Do
Wm Ham Do
Wm Newell Do
John Hodge Do
Tho Newcastle Capt s steward
Wm Symon Seaman
Rich Sonner Seaman
Wm Moir Do
Jos Lane Do
Jn Anderson Do
Art Seaman Do
Mark Davis Do
Jacon Snielsen Do
Edw Junkin Do
Passengers
Wm Asher Hockett
Mrs & Peter Vanderschoett
Mr Wm Reade

The Governor and Council met in consultation at the Castle on 2 December 1751. Governor Charles Hutchinson presided, with Captain David Hunter, Lieutenant Governor, and Lieutenant John Clark of the Council present. The Council read the previous consultation of 25 November 1751, then approved and signed it. The ship Swallow, Captain John Bell, had arrived on Tuesday 26 November 1751 from Fort St David. Lieutenant Clark reported that he had gone aboard the Swallow to muster her company and enquire for deserters, finding none. The muster roll of the Swallow followed.
John Bell, commander
John Sleugh, first mate
William Bacon, second mate
George Bell, third mate
Thomas Spira, surgeon
John Murray, gunner
Robert Fricleson, carpenter
P. Walker, boatswain
Lawrence Renders, quartermaster
Andrew Polling, ship's cook
R. Gregory, coulter
Arthur Butterball, smith
Andrew Tovy, gunner's mate
John Whalley, carpenter's mate
Lawrence Monquajt, [...]
David Robert, seaman
John Wood, seaman
Robert Reed, seaman
Collin McAllister, seaman
Alexander Walker, seaman
Daniel Bowman, seaman
James Pockley, seaman
John Thomson, seaman
Robert Roddam, seaman
James Turner, seaman
William Ham, seaman
William Newell, seaman
John Hodge, seaman
Thomas Newcastle, captain's steward
William Symon, seaman
Richard Sonner, seaman
William Moir, seaman
Joseph Lane, seaman
John Anderson, seaman
Arthur Seaman, seaman
Mark Davis, seaman
Jacob Snielsen, seaman
Edward Junkin, seaman
Passengers: William Asher Hockett; Mrs Vanderschoett and Peter Vanderschoett; Mr William Reade

Interpretations

The mustering of an incoming ship's company against her roll was the island's routine guard against desertion, the Company's officer counting heads and searching for men who might slip ashore to escape their service. The roll shows the full working establishment of an East Indiaman, from the mates and specialist tradesmen down through the body of seamen, with a handful of private passengers carried on the homeward leg.

104

102

Received by the Ship Swallow 1510 Gallons of
Coopers Bread, on Account of the Honourable Company

John Butler and William Pace Soldiers
Petitioned for their Discharges from the Garrison, which we
Grant, upon their paying ten Shillings each, part of the
Bounty Money they received for inlisting a second time, according
to Agreements made with Governor Dunbar.

Captain Bell having £190 .. .. remaining of
the Honble Companys Money, Applyed to us to pay it into the
Cash house, which we have received accordingly

Enlisted James Thurston to serve the Honble
Company as a Soldier for five Years, without any Bounty
Money

Cha: Hutchinson
David Hunter
John Clarke

The Swallow continued to feature in the day's business. The ship had received 1,510 gallons of cooper's bread on the Company's account. John Butler and William Pace, soldiers, petitioned for their discharges from the garrison, which the Council granted on their each paying 10 shillings, part of the bounty money they had received for enlisting a second time under agreements made with Governor Dunbar. Captain Bell, having £190 0s 0d of the Company's money remaining, applied to pay it into the cash house, which the Council received. The Council enlisted James Thurston to serve the Company as a soldier for five years without any bounty money. The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson, David Hunter and John Clark.

Interpretations

The condition set on the two discharges, repaying part of a re-enlistment bounty, shows the Council treating the second bounty as an advance to be refunded if the man left before serving it out, so a soldier could buy his release only by returning what he had not yet earned. The device recovered the Company's outlay and discouraged men from taking a bounty with no intention of completing the fresh term.

105

103

At a Consultation held on Monday the 9th day of December
1751 at the Castle,

Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governor
Capt David Hunter Lieut Governor,
Lieutenant John Clark, of Council

The last Consultation was read, approved, and signed
dated the 3d December 1751
Tuesday the 3d Sailed the Honble Companys Ship Swallow for England

Enlisted William Hayes a Native, to serve the
Honble Company as a Soldier for five Years, at twenty
Shillings Bounty Money

As we have reason to believe, that Commodore Lisle
with the Squadron of his Majesty’s Ships, may Arrive here, in
a short time, and require Beef for their refreshment. We
therefore, thought proper to Order an Advertisement to be Published
requiring the Planters to send into the Secretarys Office, on or
before, Monday next, an Exact Signed Account of the Number
of Cattle, they intend for Slaughter the ensuing Year.

The Plantation Gunners and Stewards Accounts
for the Month of November last, were this day brought in
which were Examined, and Approved, and are as follows Vizt

The Governor and Council met in consultation at the Castle on 9 December 1751. Governor Charles Hutchinson presided, with Captain David Hunter, Lieutenant Governor, and Lieutenant John Clark of the Council present. The Council read the previous consultation of 3 December 1751, then approved and signed it. The Swallow had sailed for England on Tuesday 3 December 1751. The Council enlisted William Hayes, a native of the island, to serve the Company as a soldier for five years at 20 shillings bounty money. The Council had reason to believe that Commodore Lisle, with a squadron of the King's ships, might arrive shortly and require beef for refreshment. It therefore ordered an advertisement published requiring the planters to send to the secretary's office, on or before the following Monday, an exact signed account of the number of cattle they intended for slaughter the coming year. The plantation, gunner's and steward's accounts for November 1751 were brought in this day, which the Council examined and approved.

Interpretations

The order anticipating Commodore Lisle's squadron shows the island's standing role as a victualling station for the Royal Navy as well as the Company's ships, its cattle a strategic resource to be counted and reserved against the arrival of a fleet. Requiring the planters to declare in advance how many beasts they would slaughter let the Council gauge whether the island could meet a sudden naval demand for fresh beef.

106

104

Account of the Honble Companys Stock of Neat Cattle &ca for the Month of November 1751

Neat Cattle, Sheep, Goats, Hogs, Poultry, Horses

Bulls, Cows, Calves, Yearlings, Heifers, Steers, Bullocks, Oxen, Total, Ewes, Wathers, Lambs, Rams, Total, Ewes, Wathers, Kids, Rams, Total, Sows, Shoats, Piggs, Boars, Total, Turkeys, Fowls, Ducks, Geese, Horses, Mares, Total

Remd 1: Bulls 4, Cows 92, Calves 71, Yearlings 53, Heifers 25, Steers 30, Bullocks 6, Oxen 6, Total 287, Ewes 142, Wathers 60, Lambs 88, Rams 6, Total 296, Ewes 134, Wathers 46, Kids 47, Rams 5, Total 232, Sows 7, Shoats 15, Piggs 19, Boars 1, Total 42, Turkeys 6, Fowls 146, Ducks 41, Geese 18, Horses 7, Mares 4, Total 11

Encreased: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 7, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Bullocks 0, Oxen 0, Total 7, Ewes 0, Wathers 0, Lambs 8, Rams 0, Total 8, Ewes 0, Wathers 0, Kids 12, Rams 0, Total 12, Sows 0, Shoats 0, Piggs 0, Boars 0, Total 0, Turkeys 0, Fowls 40, Ducks 4, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0

Bulls 4, Cows 92, Calves 78, Yearlings 53, Heifers 25, Steers 30, Bullocks 6, Oxen 6, Total 294, Ewes 142, Wathers 60, Lambs 96, Rams 6, Total 304, Ewes 134, Wathers 46, Kids 59, Rams 5, Total 244, Sows 7, Shoats 15, Piggs 19, Boars 1, Total 42, Turkeys 6, Fowls 186, Ducks 45, Geese 18, Horses 7, Mares 4, Total 11

Killed: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 0, Yearlings 2, Heifers 2, Steers 0, Bullocks 0, Oxen 0, Total 4, Ewes 2, Wathers 4, Lambs 1, Rams 0, Total 7, Ewes 0, Wathers 2, Kids 1, Rams 0, Total 3, Sows 0, Shoats 3, Piggs 3, Boars 0, Total 6, Turkeys 0, Fowls 9, Ducks 2, Geese 1, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0

Died: Bulls 0, Cows 2, Calves 0, Yearlings 1, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Bullocks 0, Oxen 0, Total 3, Ewes 0, Wathers 1, Lambs 3, Rams 0, Total 4, Ewes 3, Wathers 1, Kids 4, Rams 0, Total 8, Sows 0, Shoats 1, Piggs 0, Boars 0, Total 1, Turkeys 0, Fowls 6, Ducks 0, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0

lost by a fall: Bulls 0, Cows 1, Calves 1, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Bullocks 0, Oxen 0, Total 2, Ewes 0, Wathers 0, Lambs 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Ewes 0, Wathers 0, Kids 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Sows 0, Shoats 0, Piggs 0, Boars 0, Total 0, Turkeys 0, Fowls 0, Ducks 0, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0

Remd 30: Bulls 4, Cows 89, Calves 77, Yearlings 52, Heifers 23, Steers 28, Bullocks 6, Oxen 6, Total 285, Ewes 140, Wathers 55, Lambs 92, Rams 6, Total 293, Ewes 131, Wathers 43, Kids 54, Rams 5, Total 233, Sows 7, Shoats 11, Piggs 16, Boars 1, Total 35, Turkeys 6, Fowls 171, Ducks 43, Geese 17, Horses 7, Mares 4, Total 11

Beef to the Swallow 366

2 Goats to the Slaves

Yams Expended 8000

1 Child born Namd Frank

(Signed)

David Hunter

Margin Notes:

January

9 December

Account of the Company's stock of neat cattle and other livestock for November 1751.

The neat cattle were recorded under bulls, cows, calves, yearlings, heifers, steers, bullocks and oxen, with a total. The sheep were recorded under ewes, wethers, lambs and rams, with a total. The goats were recorded under does, wethers, kids and rams, with a total. The hogs were recorded under sows, shoats, pigs and boars, with a total. The poultry were recorded under turkeys, fowls, ducks and geese. The horses were recorded under horses, mares and a total.

Remaining 1st, bulls 4, cows 92, calves 71, yearlings 53, heifers 25, steers 30, bullocks 6, oxen 6, total 287

Remaining 1st, ewes 142, wethers 60, lambs 88, rams 6, total 296

Remaining 1st, does 134, wethers 46, kids 47, rams 5, total 232

Remaining 1st, sows 7, shoats 15, pigs 19, boars 1, total 42

Remaining 1st, turkeys 6, fowls 146, ducks 41, geese 18

Remaining 1st, horses 7, mares 4, total 11

Increased, bulls 0, cows 0, calves 7, yearlings 0, heifers 0, steers 0, bullocks 0, oxen 0, total 7

Increased, ewes 0, wethers 0, lambs 8, rams 0, total 8

Increased, does 0, wethers 0, kids 12, rams 0, total 12

Increased, sows 0, shoats 0, pigs 0, boars 0, total 0

Increased, turkeys 0, fowls 40, ducks 4, geese 0

Increased, horses 0, mares 0, total 0

Total, bulls 4, cows 92, calves 78, yearlings 53, heifers 25, steers 30, bullocks 6, oxen 6, total 294

Total, ewes 142, wethers 60, lambs 96, rams 6, total 304

Total, does 134, wethers 46, kids 59, rams 5, total 244

Total, sows 7, shoats 15, pigs 19, boars 1, total 42

Total, turkeys 6, fowls 186, ducks 45, geese 18

Total, horses 7, mares 4, total 11

Killed, bulls 0, cows 0, calves 0, yearlings 2, heifers 2, steers 0, bullocks 0, oxen 4, total 4

Killed, ewes 2, wethers 4, lambs 1, rams 0, total 7

Killed, does 0, wethers 2, kids 1, rams 0, total 3

Killed, sows 0, shoats 3, pigs 3, boars 0, total 6

Killed, turkeys 0, fowls 9, ducks 2, geese 1

Died, bulls 0, cows 2, calves 0, yearlings 1, heifers 0, steers 0, bullocks 0, oxen 0, total 3

Died, ewes 0, wethers 1, lambs 3, rams 0, total 4

Died, does 3, wethers 1, kids 4, rams 0, total 8

Died, sows 0, shoats 1, pigs 0, boars 0, total 1

Died, turkeys 0, fowls 6, ducks 0, geese 0

Lost by a fall, bulls 0, cows 1, calves 1, yearlings 0, heifers 0, steers 0, bullocks 0, oxen 0, total 2

Remaining 30th, bulls 4, cows 89, calves 77, yearlings 52, heifers 23, steers 28, bullocks 6, oxen 6, total 285

Remaining 30th, ewes 140, wethers 55, lambs 92, rams 6, total 293

Remaining 30th, does 131, wethers 43, kids 54, rams 5, total 233

Remaining 30th, sows 7, shoats 11, pigs 16, boars 1, total 35

Remaining 30th, turkeys 6, fowls 171, ducks 43, geese 17

Remaining 30th, horses 7, mares 4, total 11

Beef to the Swallow, 366 pounds

2 goats to the slaves

Yams spent, 8,000 pounds

One child was born, named Frank. The account was signed by David Hunter.

Interpretations

The beef sent to the Swallow was fresh meat supplied to a ship of that name lying in the road, the plantation victualling a calling vessel from its own killing as it had earlier supplied the Warren. This shows the settled function of the island as a provisioning station, the Company's stock drawn down to furnish passing shipping with fresh beef for the continuing voyage.

The yams spent held at 8,000 pounds, the same low figure as October and far below the 27,000 and 35,000 pounds of the earlier months, confirming a settled reduction in the ration as the growing season advanced through the island's spring toward the summer harvest. This sustained low issue points to the old crop nearly spent and the new not yet lifted, the plantation sparing its remaining stock through the lean stretch of the year.

The keeping of the account returned this month to David Hunter, who had signed the returns through the summer before Richard Gurling took the October reckoning. The passing of the duty back and forth between the two men shows the routine oversight of the plantation shared among the council's officers, the monthly stock-taking carried on whoever held the pen.

The two beasts lost by a fall, a cow and a calf, again record animals killed on the island's steep and broken ground, the recurring hazard of grazing stock on the ridges and gut-sides where a slip carried a beast over the cliffs. This distinct cause of loss, logged apart from killing and disease, marks the constant toll the terrain took on the Company's herd.

107

105

1751

Gunners Stores Expended in November 1751

Guns Fired, lb, qr, [...], Powder Expended lb qr

Alarm for a Ship that went by

Guns Fired 6, lb 2, qr 2, [...] 2, Powder Expended 12

Do Alarm at Turks Cap for the same Ship

Guns Fired 2, lb 2, Powder Expended 4

Do returnd the Salute of the same Ship

Guns Fired 11, [...] 11, Powder Expended 11

Do Alarm for a Ship that went by

Guns Fired 6, lb 2, qr 2, [...] 2, Powder Expended 12

Do Powder for Scaling the Guns at Sandy Bay

Powder Expended 41

Do Alarm

Guns Fired 6, lb 2, qr 2, [...] 2, Powder Expended 12

Do Arrived the Swallow Capt Bell

Guns Fired 9, [...] 9, Powder Expended 9

Do fired for Practising at Ruperts

Guns Fired 8, lb 8, qr 8, Powder Expended 16

Do for Priming and Scaling

Powder Expended 1 7

Powder to the Funeral of Joseph Sweet

Powder Expended 2 4

Powder for Priming at the Main Fort

Powder Expended 2 8

Powder for Priming at Prosperous Bay

Powder Expended 3

Powder for blowing of red Stone at Sandy Bay

Powder Expended 6

Total

Guns Fired 48, lb 8, qr 16, [...] 6 20, Powder Expended 131 2

Paper for making Great Gun Cartridges

5 Quire

Paper to Capt Hunter

3 Quire

Paper for the use of the Castle

1 Quire

Match burnt at the Main Fort

6

Bills broke at the Alarm House

1

Bills broke at Sandy Bay

1

Spunge Staves for repairing the Spunges at

the Main Fort

32

Spunge Heads for Do

32

Rammer Heads for Do

36

Sheep Skins for Do

15

Trunk Nails for Do

732

Spunge Staves for repairing the Spunges at Ruperts

10

Spunge Heads for Do

10

Rammer Head for Do

10

Sheep Skins for Do

9

Trunk Nails for Do

467

Margin Notes:

Spunge

Gunners' stores spent in November 1751. The columns recorded guns fired, powder, shot and match, together with a further figure for total powder expended.

4th, alarm for a ship that went by, guns fired 6, powder 2 pounds 2 ounces, match 2, total 12

The same, alarm at Turks Cap for the same ship, guns fired 2, powder 2, total 4

The same, returned the salute of the same ship, guns fired 11, match 11, total 11

5th, alarm for a ship that went by, guns fired 6, powder 2 pounds 2 ounces, match 2, total 12

7th, powder for scaling the guns at Sandy Bay, 41 pounds

25th, alarm, guns fired 6, powder 2 pounds 2 ounces, match 2, total 12

26th, arrived the Swallow, Captain Bell, guns fired 9, match 9, total 9

The same, fired for practising at Rupert's, guns fired 8, powder 8, total 16

The same, for priming and scaling, 1 pound 12 ounces

Powder for the funeral of Joseph Sweet, 2 pounds 4 ounces

Powder for priming at the main fort, 2 pounds 8 ounces

Powder for priming at Prosperous Bay, 3 pounds

Powder for blowing up red stone at Sandy Bay, 5 pounds

Total, guns fired 48, powder 8 pounds, shot 16, match 6, further total 20, 6, 131 pounds 2 ounces

Paper for making great gun cartridges, 5 quires

Paper to Captain Hunter, 3 quires

Paper for the use of the Castle, 1 quire

Match burnt at the main fort, 6 pounds

Bitts broke at the alarm house, 1

Bitts broke at Sandy Bay, 1

Sponge staves for repairing the sponges at the main fort, 32

Sponge heads for the same, 32

Rammer heads for the same, 36

Sheep skins for the same, 15

Trunk nails for the same, 732

Sponge staves for repairing the sponges at Rupert's, 10

Sponge heads for the same, 10

Rammer heads for the same, 10

Sheep skins for the same, 9

Trunk nails for the same, 467

Interpretations

The arrival of the Swallow under Captain Bell on 26 November was greeted with a salute of nine guns, the courtesy answered as a calling ship came into the road, and the same vessel was the one victualled with 366 pounds of beef in the month's stock account. This shows the whole reception of a ship at the island, the guns fired in welcome and the fresh provisions supplied for her onward voyage.

The exchange of salutes on 4 November, an alarm fired for a passing ship, a further alarm at Turks Cap and then the returning of the ship's own salute, shows the settled ceremony by which the island and a vessel acknowledged one another, the batteries at the anchorage and on the headland both taking part. This measured courtesy of powder and smoke bound the remote station into the wider world of the Company's shipping.

The powder fired for practising at Rupert's marks the exercise of the gun crews at that battery, the men trained in loading and firing so the ordnance could be served in earnest if need arose. Such practice was a necessary part of keeping a garrison fit to defend the anchorage, the powder spent on drill charged like every other issue.

The great quantity of sponge staves, heads, rammer heads, sheep skins and trunk nails issued for repairing the sponges at the main fort and Rupert's marks a thorough overhaul of the gun-cleaning gear at the two chief batteries. The sponge, a sheepskin-covered head on a staff, was worked wet down the barrel to quench any smouldering remnant before reloading, and its constant renewal was essential to the safe and rapid service of the guns.

108

106

9 December

Spunge Staves to the Alarm House

1

Spunge Heads to Do

1

Rammer Head to Do

1

Spunge Staves for repairing the Spunges at Sandy Bay

3

Spunge Heads for Do

3

Rammer Heads for Do

3

Sheep Skins for Do

3

Trunk Nails for Do

205

(Signed)

Thomas Hall

Sundrys Expended at the Honble Companys

General Table in the Month of November 1751 Viz

25 Bottles Port Wine

1 17 6

28 Do Lisbon

2 2

12 Do Madeira

1 5 9

98 Do Arrack

2 19 2 1/2

53 Do Beer

13 3

241 Flour

1 12 1 1/2

222 1/4 Beef

3 10 8 1/2

65 1/2 Pork

1 13 9

152 Mutton

3 3 4

9 Fowls

13 6

2 Ducks

3

1 Lamb

10

1 Goose

5

1 Kidd

5

Carried over

20 13 7 1/2

Gunners' stores spent in November 1751, continued:

Sponge staves to the alarm house, 1

Sponge heads for the same, 1

Rammer heads for the same, 1

Sponge staves for repairing the sponges at Sandy Bay, 3

Sponge heads for the same, 3

Rammer heads for the same, 3

Sheep skins for the same, 3

Trunk nails for the same, 205

The account was signed by Thomas Hall.

Sundries spent at the Company's general table on St Helena during November 1751:

25 bottles of port wine, £1 17s 6d

28 bottles of Lisbon wine, £2 2s 0d

12 bottles of Madeira wine, £1 5s 9d

97 bottles of arrack, £2 19s 2d

53 bottles of beer, £0 13s 3d

241 pounds of flour, £1 12s 1d

222 and a quarter pounds of beef, £3 10s 8d

65 and a half pounds of pork, £1 12s 9d

152 pounds of mutton, £3 3s 4d

9 fowls, £0 13s 6d

2 ducks, £0 3s 0d

1 lamb, £0 10s 0d

1 goose, £0 5s 0d

1 kid, £0 5s 0d

Carried over, £20 13s 7d

Interpretations

The very large quantity of arrack drawn for the table this month, 97 bottles against the 47 of October and the 24 of July, marks a steep rise in the issue of the cheap Eastern spirit, the store dealing it freely from the vast reserve laid in over the quarter. Its dominance over the fortified wines, with more arrack than port, Lisbon and Madeira together, shows the coarse everyday spirit taking a growing place at the Company's board as the stock allowed.

The fall in beef consumed at the table, down to 222 pounds from the 293 of October and the 506 of September, matches the lighter killing of cattle recorded in the November stock account, where only four head were taken. The table drew its fresh meat from the plantation's slaughter, so a quieter month on the farm showed at once as less beef on the board, the two records moving together through the turn of the season.

109

107

1751

Brought over

20 13 7 1/2

3 Piggs

15

16 lb Salt Pork

1 12

26 1/2 Butter

1 6 6

90 Candy

1 7 1/2

25 7 8 3/4

Chas Hutchinson

David Hunter

John Clark

At a Consultation held on Monday the 16 day of December

1751 at the Castle

Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governor

Capt David Hunter Dept Governor

Lieutenant John Clark of Councel

The last Consultation was read approved and Signed dated

the 9 December 1751

Counted and Examined the Honble Companys

Cash for the Month of November last which is as follows

Viz

Sundries spent at the Company's general table on St Helena during November 1751, continued:

Brought over, £20 13s 7d

3 pigs, £0 15s 0d

16 pounds of salt pork, £1 12s 0d

26 and a half pounds of butter, £1 6s 6d

9 pounds of candy, £1 0s 7d

Total, £25 7s 8d

The account was signed by Charles Hutchinson, David Hunter and John Clark.

At a consultation held on Monday 16 December 1751 at the Castle.

Present: Charles Hutchinson, Governor; Captain David Hunter, Deputy Governor; Lieutenant John Clark of the Council.

The last consultation was read, approved and signed, dated 9 December 1751.

The Company's cash was counted and examined for November, as set out below.

110

108

Cash
1751
November 1 To Balance remaining £4295 11s 7¼d
£4295 11s 7¼d

The Company's cash account for November 1751 opened with the balance.
On 1 November, balance remaining, £4,295 11s 7¼d
Total, £4,295 11s 7¼d

111

109

1751
Novr 30th
Per Contra
By Balance remaining in the following Specie Vizt
1 ps Gold Wt 11.15.14 @ £3 18s 3d £46 1s 8½d
A ps Do 3..9..12 @ 3..18.. £13 11s 2d
70 Venetian @ 10/ £35 .. ..
12 Rupees @ 30/ £18 .. ..
6000 Pagodas @ 8/ £2400 .. ..
Gold Amounting to £2512 12s 9d
3960 Dollars @ 5/ £990 .. ..
1517 Rupees @ 17½d £1 8s 9½d
12948 half Do @ 13½d £202 6s 3d
111 French Pieces @ 1/2 £3 13s 6d
Old Money 11½d
Silver Amounting to £1213 8s 10½d
146 Cash Notes @ 40/ £292 .. ..
162 Do @ 20/ £162 .. ..
262 Do @ 5/ £65 10s ..
160 Do @ 2/6 £20 .. ..
Cash Notes Amounting to £539 10s ..
£4295 11s 7¼d
Cha.s Hutchinson
David Hunter
John Clarke

The Company's cash account for November 1751 continued on the credit side, showing the balance remaining on 30 November in the following species. The coin headings were partly abbreviated in the source and are supplied here as weight and value.
1 piece gold, weight 11-15-14, at £3 18s 3d, £46 1s 8½d
1 piece gold, 3-9-12, at 3-18, £13 11s 2d
70 Venetian at 10, £35 0s 0d
12 rupees at 30, £18 0s 0d
6,000 pagodas at 8, £2,400 0s 0d
Gold amounting to £2,512 12s 9d
3,960 dollars at 5, £990 0s 0d
1,517 rupees at 17½d, £1 8s 9½d
12,948 half rupees at 13½d, £202 6s 3d
111 French pieces at 1s 2d, £3 13s 6d
Old money, 11½d
Silver amounting to £1,213 8s 10½d
146 cash notes at 40, £292 0s 0d
162 cash notes at 20, £162 0s 0d
262 cash notes at 5, £65 10s 0d
160 cash notes at 2s 6d, £20 0s 0d
Cash notes amounting to £539 10s 0d
Total, £4,295 11s 7¼d
The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson, David Hunter and John Clark.

Speculations

The stated subtotals and the balance total do not add together as the figures stand, and several coin lines cannot be squared against their stated rates. The account was carried as written without arithmetical correction, so the discrepancy is recorded but not resolved.

112

110

A Consultation held on Monday the 23d December
1751 at the Castle.
Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governor
Capt David Hunter Lieut Governor
Lieutenant John Clark of Council
The last Consultation was read, approved, and Signed
dated the 16th December 1751.
Alarm and Arrived the Honble Company Ship Dragon, Capt
Henry Kent, from Fort St David.
Whereas one of the Guns upon the small
Battery near Mr Langes in Sandy Bay, has been Spiked
up, and likewise several of the Aprons of the Guns Stolen
from the Mazz Fort. We therefore Ordered an Advertisment
to be Published, offering a reward of twenty Shillings to any
that shall discover the Person, or Persons that are Guilty of
either.
Cha: Hutchinson
David Hunter
John Clark.

The Governor and Council met in consultation at the Castle on 23 December 1751. Governor Charles Hutchinson presided, with Captain David Hunter, Lieutenant Governor, and Lieutenant John Clark of the Council present. The Council read the previous consultation of 16 December 1751, then approved and signed it. The Company's ship Dragon, Captain Henry Kent, had arrived under alarm from Fort St David. One of the guns on the small battery near Mr Lange's in Sandy Bay had been spiked, and several of the aprons of the guns had been stolen from the Mazz fort. The Council ordered an advertisement published offering a reward of 20 shillings to any who should discover the person or persons guilty of either. The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson, David Hunter and John Clark.

Interpretations

The spiking of a gun and the theft of the aprons that kept powder dry at the touch-hole were acts of sabotage against the island's coastal defence, serious enough to draw a public reward for information. The offer of 20 shillings shows the Council falling back on paid informers to police a scattered chain of batteries that no garrison could watch at every point.

113

111

At a consultation held on Monday the 30th day of December 1751 at the Castle.
Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governor
Captᵗ David Hunter Lieutᵗ Governor
Lieutenant John Clark of Council
The last consultation was read approved and signed dated the 23ᵈ December 1751
The Ship Dragon brought our the following Supply from Bengal Vizᵗ

Invoice of Ship Dragon

BA Batavia Arack
No 1 3 3 half Leaguers @ 100 lbs p Cᵗ 300 lbs
Balbo 9 p Cent 27 lbs 327 lbs

STF Sugar Iseenda fine

  1. 7 7 Bags of 11 Mᵘ @ 3 Rupees p Maund 112 Rupees

WC Wax Candles

  1. 3 3 Chests of 6 Mᵘ & 4 Mᵘ p Maund 282 Rupees

RF Rice fine

  1. 30 30 Bags of 60 Maund @ 30 Rupees p Rupee 80 Rupees

F Does Dussutees fine 15 D 18 yards
No 1 Cosimbuzar factory A 29 E 179 p Cᵗ 114 Rupees 8 annas 9 pice
C 30 73 109 Rupees 8 annas
B 57 176 216 Rupees 9 annas 6 pice
(Charges 21 Rupees 12 annas p Bale) 13 Rupees 8 annas
484 Rupees 2 annas 3 pice
38 Rupees 11 annas 9 pice
522 Rupees 14 annas

Battᵃ 8 p Cent
Carried over Gent Negᵗ 1323 Rupees 14 annas

The Governor and Council met in consultation at the Castle on 30 December 1751. Governor Charles Hutchinson presided, with Captain David Hunter, Lieutenant Governor, and Lieutenant John Clark of the Council present. The Council read the previous consultation of 23 December 1751, then approved and signed it. The Dragon had brought the following supply from Bengal. The invoice of the Dragon followed, its values given in the Indian currency of rupees, annas and pies.
Batavia arrack, 3 half leaguers at 100 lb per hundredweight, 300 lb, with 9 per cent, 27 lb, 327 lb
Fine sugar, 7 bags of 11 maunds at 3 rupees per maund, 112 rupees
Wax candles, 3 chests of 6 maunds and 4 maunds per maund, 282 rupees
Fine rice, 30 bags of 60 maunds at 30 rupees, 80 rupees

Fine dossootie cloth, 15 pieces of 18 yards, Cosimbazar factory: 29 pieces 179 at rate, 114 rupees 8 annas 9 pies; 30 pieces 73, 109 rupees 8 annas; 57 pieces 176, 216 rupees 9 annas 6 pies; charges 21 rupees 12 annas per bale, 13 rupees 8 annas; 484 rupees 2 annas 3 pies; 38 rupees 11 annas 9 pies; 522 rupees 14 annas
Batta 8 per cent, carried over net, 1,323 rupees 14 annas

Interpretations

The cargo was a typical Bengal lading of the country trade, arrack distilled at Batavia, sugar and rice for provision, wax candles, and lengths of dossootie, a plain cotton cloth woven at the Company's Cosimbazar factory near Kasimbazar. The reckoning in rupees, maunds, seers, annas and pies, with a batta or exchange premium added, shows the island's accounts carrying Indian goods in Indian money and weight before conversion into sterling.

114

112

At a Consultation held on Monday the 23d December
1751 at the Castle.
Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr. Governr.
Capt. David Hunter Lieut. Governr.
Lieutenant John Clark of Council
The last Consultation was read, approved. and Signed
dated the 16 December 1751.
Alarm, and Arrived the Honble. Company Ship Dragon Capt.
Henry Kent, from Fort St. David.
Whereas one of the Guns upon the small
Battery near Mr. Turings in Sandy Bay, has been Spikd
up, and likewise several of the Aprons of the Guns Stolen
from the Mazy Fort. We therefore Ordered an Advertisment
to be Published, offering a reward of twenty Shillings to any
that shall discover the Person. or Persons that are Guilty of
either
Cha. Hutchinson
David Hunter
John Clark

The Governor and Council again recorded the consultation at the Castle on 23 December 1751, this cell repeating the entry set down in the earlier cell in a second clerk's copy. Governor Charles Hutchinson presided, with Captain David Hunter, Lieutenant Governor, and Lieutenant John Clark of the Council present. The Council read the previous consultation of 16 December 1751, then approved and signed it. The Company's ship Dragon, Captain Henry Kent, had arrived under alarm from Fort St David. One of the guns on the small battery near Mr Turing's in Sandy Bay had been spiked, and several of the aprons of the guns had been stolen from the Mazy fort. The Council ordered an advertisement published offering a reward of 20 shillings to any who should discover the person or persons guilty of either. The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson, David Hunter and John Clark.

Interpretations

The two copies differ only in the clerk's rendering of the names, the battery placed near Lange's in one and Turing's in the other, and the fort written Mazz and Mazy, minor variants of the same place. The repetition preserves both readings of a single day's proceedings.

115

113

Hugh Wheatley Sailmaker
John Sevy Cook
Rd. Hammond Butcher
Tho. Woodhead Carpenter
Alexr. Blake Ship’s Cook
Tho. Chicken Caulker Mate
Tho. Allen Seaman
Jn’o Seaward
Lawrence Rowason
John Onslow
Tho. Britt
Henry Johnson
Benjm. Arnod
Tho. Robinson
Robt. Graham
Cha’s Tinburg
John Crawford
John Maher
Willm. Jenkins
John Lewis
Sam’l Cooper
John Miller
John Moore
Abram’s Lislie
Tho. Bond
John Chamber
John Soakes
Thomas Smith
Joseph Aubry
George Corby
John Purdy
Robt. Glex
Petr. Ram
Adolph Alderberg
Lawrence Benneck
Sodo Servant
Ja. Bayley
Fran’s Murry
Paul Fernando
Simon Acosta
Deptford
Pompey
Geo. Snippy
M’r. Ja’s Sowke Passenger
Mr. Elizth. Sowke Do.
M’r Fanny Improvd. Do.
M’r Eliz. Improvd. Do.
Juliett W. Faulk Lieutenant
Tho. M’ts. Francis Do.
M’r. Wm. Paul Passenger
Emanuel Russell Servant

Frederick Coastlar Lascar belonging to Ship
Dragon, being confined last Night by Lieutenant Richard C. for
Slightly Wounding James Richardson, James Lee, & Attempting
to Stab Humphry Pugh Soldier with a Knife, was this day
brought before us, who being Examined had Nothing to offer in
his Defence, but that he was very Drunk, it appearing that the
Coat or Waistcoat & Shirt of Richardson was cut through & also his Arm
scratched, without any provocation; & John Walker the Sergeant of
the Guard declares that as he was bringing him down, he was the
said Coastlar put one of his Fingers in his mouth, that was bloodn
& licked it, & said there was nothing he liked better than the
Blood of an English man; We therefore agreed that the said Coastlar
for this Offence, shall be whipped.

Cha’s Hutchinson
David Hunter
John Clark.

The muster roll of the Dragon continued with the remaining crew and passengers.
Hugh Wheatley, sailmaker
John Sevy, cook
Richard Hammond, butcher
Thomas Woodhead, carpenter
Alexander Blake, ship's cook
Thomas Chicken, caulker's mate
Thomas Allen, seaman
John Seaward, seaman
Lawrence Rowason, seaman
John Onslow, seaman
Thomas Britt, seaman
Henry Johnson, seaman
Benjamin Arnod, seaman
Thomas Robinson, seaman
Robert Graham, seaman
Charles Tinburg, seaman
John Crawford, seaman
John Maher, seaman
William Jenkins, seaman
John Lewis, seaman
Samuel Cooper, seaman
John Miller, seaman
John Moore, seaman
Abraham Lislie, seaman
Thomas Bond, seaman
John Chamber, seaman
John Soakes, seaman
Thomas Smith, seaman
Joseph Aubry, seaman
George Corby, seaman
John Purdy, seaman
Robert Glex, seaman
Peter Ram, seaman
Adolph Alderberg, seaman
Lawrence Benneck, seaman
Sodo, servant
James Bayley, seaman
Francis Murry, seaman
Paul Fernando, seaman
Simon Acosta, seaman
Deptford, seaman
Pompey, seaman
George Snippy, seaman

Passengers and others: Mr James Sowke; Mrs Elizabeth Sowke; Miss Fanny Improved; Miss Elizabeth Improved; Juliett W. Faulk, lieutenant; Thomas Francis; Mr William Paul, passenger; Emanuel Russell, servant

Frederick Coastlar, a lascar belonging to the Dragon, had been confined the previous night by Lieutenant Richard C. for slightly wounding James Richardson and James Lee and attempting to stab Humphry Pugh, soldier, with a knife. He was brought before the Council this day. On examination he could offer nothing in his defence but that he had been very drunk. Richardson's coat or waistcoat and shirt were cut through and his arm scratched, without any provocation. John Walker, sergeant of the guard, declared that as he brought the man down, Coastlar put a bloody finger in his mouth and licked it, saying there was nothing he liked better than the blood of an Englishman. The Council agreed that Coastlar should be whipped for the offence. The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson, David Hunter and John Clark.

Interpretations

The case shows the Council exercising summary criminal jurisdiction over a foreign seaman of the Company's ship, hearing the evidence and ordering corporal punishment in a single sitting without any formal trial. A lascar was an Indian or other Asian sailor engaged for the voyage, and the reported boast about English blood, whether truly said or coloured by the sergeant, marks the racial and imperial tension that ran through a mixed crew under English command.

Speculations

The Council could have held the drunken seaman for a fuller hearing or handed him back to his ship's discipline. It dealt with him on the spot and ordered a whipping because the wounds were plain, the man admitted he was drunk and offered no defence, and the sergeant's account supplied a motive, so the evidence before the board left no question to try and a quick punishment answered the breach of the peace ashore.

116

114

A Consultation held on Monday the sixth day of January 1751 at the Castle.
Present Charles Hutchinson Esquire Governor
Captain David Hunter Lieutenant Governor
Lieutenant John Clark of Council
The last Consultation was read, approved and signed
Dated the thirtieth December 1751
Tuesday the thirty-first December died James Morguhart, soldier.
Received of Lieutenants Beale and Kerstom
the sum of £14 6s 10½d in part of a debt due to the estate of
the late Governor Goodwin, from John Aldcock, deceased.
The Storekeeper brought in the following
account of goods short delivered from Ship Dragon
viz.
Account of stores received short from Ship
Dragon viz.
Pr 26 sugar (26 pounds of sugar)
1..22 candles short weight (1 pound 22 ounces of candles short weight)
7..18 rice (7 maund 18 seer of rice)
N 1 half leaque arrack, gage 80, wants to fill 7½ gallons
20 do., gage 82½, wants to fill 8½ gallons
30 do., gage 85, wants to fill 6½ gallons
247½ gallons
227½ gallons
January the sixth 1751
Received 225 gallons
(signed)
Matthew Purling Storekeeper.

The Governor and Council met in consultation at the Castle on 6 January 1751/52. Governor Charles Hutchinson presided, with Captain David Hunter, Lieutenant Governor, and Lieutenant John Clark of the Council present. The Council read the previous consultation of 30 December 1751, then approved and signed it. James Morguhart, a soldier, had died on Tuesday 31 December 1751. The Council received of Lieutenants Beale and Kerstom the sum of £14 6s 10½d in part of a debt due to the estate of the late Governor Goodwin from the late John Aldcock. The storekeeper brought in an account of goods short delivered from the Dragon.
26 lb of sugar
1 lb 22 oz of candles, short weight
7 maunds 18 seers of rice
1 half leaguer arrack, gauge 80, wanting 7½ gallons to fill
1 arrack, gauge 82½, wanting 8½ gallons to fill
1 arrack, gauge 85, wanting 6½ gallons to fill
247½ gallons
227½ gallons
Received 225 gallons on 6 January 1751/52
The account was subscribed by Matthew Purling, storekeeper.

Interpretations

The short-delivery account measured the gap between what the invoice promised and what the casks actually held, the arrack gauged in each leaguer to show how many gallons were wanting. Recording the shortfall protected the Company against loss on a cargo that could evaporate or be broached on the voyage, so the storekeeper booked only what he truly received.

117

115

John Spencer Soldier Petitioned for his
Discharge from the Garrison, having served the Honble Company
his Contracted time.
Granted
Captain Henry Kent having Applyed to us
to pay £180.. .. into the Honble Companys Cash, we have
received it, and given him a certificate for that Sum, dated this
day.
Cha.s Hutchinson
David Hunter
John Clark.

A Consultation held on Monday the 13th day of January
1751 at the Castle.
Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governour
Capt.n David Hunter Lieut.t Governour
Lieutenant John Clark of Council
The last Consultation was read, approved and signed dated
the 7th January 1751
Tuesday the 7th Sailed the Honble Companys Ship Dragon for England
The Plantation Jeniners & Stewards Accounts for
the Month of December last were this day brought in, which
were Examined, and Approved, and are as follows Viz.t

John Spencer, soldier, petitioned for his discharge from the garrison, having served the Company his contracted time. The Council granted the discharge. Captain Henry Kent, having applied to pay £180 0s 0d into the Company's cash, was received and given a certificate for that sum dated that day. The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson, David Hunter and John Clark. The Governor and Council then met in consultation at the Castle on 13 January 1751/52, with Governor Charles Hutchinson, Lieutenant Governor David Hunter and Lieutenant John Clark of the Council present. The Council read the previous consultation of 7 January 1751/52, then approved and signed it. The Dragon had sailed for England on Tuesday 7 January 1751/52. The plantation, gunner's and steward's accounts for December 1751 were brought in this day, which the Council examined and approved.

Interpretations

Captain Kent's payment of £180 into the island cash against a certificate was a banking transaction of the kind the Castle regularly performed for the Company's captains, taking coin on the island in exchange for a paper claim recoverable elsewhere. The certificate spared the ship the risk of carrying so much specie onward and gave the treasury a useful inflow of ready money.

118

116

Account of the Honble Companys Stock of Neat Cattle &ca for the Month of December 1751

Neat Cattle, Sheep, Goats, Hogs, Poultry, Horses

Bulls, Cows, Calves, Yearlings, Heifers, Steers, Bullocks, Oxen, Total, Ewes, Wathers, Lambs, Rams, Total, Ewes, Wathers, Kids, Rams, Total, Sows, Shoats, Piggs, Boars, Total, Turkeys, Fowls, Ducks, Geese, Horses, Mares, Total

Remd 1: Bulls 4, Cows 89, Calves 77, Yearlings 52, Heifers 23, Steers 28, Bullocks 6, Oxen 6, Total 285, Ewes 140, Wathers 55, Lambs 92, Rams 6, Total 293, Ewes 131, Wathers 43, Kids 54, Rams 5, Total 233, Sows 7, Shoats 11, Piggs 16, Boars 1, Total 35, Turkeys 6, Fowls 171, Ducks 43, Geese 17, Horses 7, Mares 4, Total 11

Encreased: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 2, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Bullocks 0, Oxen 0, Total 2, Ewes 0, Wathers 0, Lambs 3, Rams 0, Total 3, Ewes 0, Wathers 0, Kids 8, Rams 0, Total 8, Sows 0, Shoats 0, Piggs 0, Boars 0, Total 0, Turkeys 0, Fowls 40, Ducks 0, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0

Bulls 4, Cows 89, Calves 79, Yearlings 52, Heifers 23, Steers 28, Bullocks 6, Oxen 6, Total 287, Ewes 140, Wathers 35, Lambs 95, Rams 6, Total 296, Ewes 131, Wathers 43, Kids 62, Rams 5, Total 241, Sows 7, Shoats 11, Piggs 16, Boars 1, Total 35, Turkeys 6, Fowls 211, Ducks 43, Geese 17, Horses 7, Mares 4, Total 11

Killed: Bulls 1, Cows 0, Calves 0, Yearlings 8, Heifers 1, Steers 0, Bullocks 0, Oxen 0, Total 10, Ewes 1, Wathers 7, Lambs 0, Rams 0, Total 8, Ewes 0, Wathers 4, Kids 0, Rams 0, Total 4, Sows 0, Shoats 2, Piggs 2, Boars 0, Total 4, Turkeys 0, Fowls 12, Ducks 3, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0

Died: Bulls 1, Cows 3, Calves 0, Yearlings 2, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Bullocks 1, Oxen 0, Total 7, Ewes 0, Wathers 1, Lambs 1, Rams 0, Total 1, Ewes 0, Wathers 0, Kids 1, Rams 0, Total 1, Sows 0, Shoats 0, Piggs 1, Boars 0, Total 1, Turkeys 0, Fowls 10, Ducks 0, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0

lost by a fall: Bulls 0, Cows 1, Calves 0, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Bullocks 0, Oxen 0, Total 1, Ewes 0, Wathers 0, Lambs 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Ewes 0, Wathers 0, Kids 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Sows 0, Shoats 0, Piggs 0, Boars 0, Total 0, Turkeys 0, Fowls 0, Ducks 0, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0

Croaked: Bulls 0, Cows 1, Calves 0, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Bullocks 0, Oxen 0, Total 1, Ewes 0, Wathers 0, Lambs 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Ewes 0, Wathers 0, Kids 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Sows 0, Shoats 0, Piggs 0, Boars 0, Total 0, Turkeys 0, Fowls 0, Ducks 0, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0

Remd 31: Bulls 2, Cows 84, Calves 79, Yearlings 50, Heifers 15, Steers 27, Bullocks 5, Oxen 6, Total 268, Ewes 139, Wathers 48, Lambs 94, Rams 6, Total 287, Ewes 131, Wathers 39, Kids 62, Rams 5, Total 237, Sows 7, Shoats 9, Piggs 13, Boars 1, Total 30, Turkeys 6, Fowls 189, Ducks 40, Geese 17, Horses 7, Mares 4, Total 11

Beef to the Swallow 878

Beef to the Dragon 676

Beef to the Slaves 659

two Goats to the Sick Slaves

Yams Expended 8000

1 Child born Namd Morris

(Signed)

David Hunter

Margin Notes:

January

13 January

Account of the Company's stock of neat cattle and other livestock for December 1751.

The neat cattle were recorded under bulls, cows, calves, yearlings, heifers, steers, bullocks and oxen, with a total. The sheep were recorded under ewes, wethers, lambs and rams, with a total. The goats were recorded under does, wethers, kids and rams, with a total. The hogs were recorded under sows, shoats, pigs and boars, with a total. The poultry were recorded under turkeys, fowls, ducks and geese. The horses were recorded under horses, mares and a total.

Remaining 1st, bulls 4, cows 89, calves 77, yearlings 52, heifers 23, steers 28, bullocks 6, oxen 6, total 285

Remaining 1st, ewes 140, wethers 55, lambs 92, rams 6, total 293

Remaining 1st, does 131, wethers 43, kids 54, rams 5, total 233

Remaining 1st, sows 7, shoats 11, pigs 16, boars 1, total 35

Remaining 1st, turkeys 6, fowls 171, ducks 43, geese 17

Remaining 1st, horses 7, mares 4, total 11

Increased, bulls 0, cows 0, calves 2, yearlings 0, heifers 0, steers 0, bullocks 0, oxen 0, total 2

Increased, ewes 0, wethers 0, lambs 3, rams 0, total 3

Increased, does 0, wethers 0, kids 8, rams 0, total 8

Increased, sows 0, shoats 0, pigs 0, boars 0, total 0

Increased, turkeys 0, fowls 40, ducks 0, geese 0

Increased, horses 0, mares 0, total 0

Total, bulls 4, cows 89, calves 79, yearlings 52, heifers 23, steers 28, bullocks 6, oxen 6, total 287

Total, ewes 140, wethers 55, lambs 95, rams 6, total 296

Total, does 131, wethers 43, kids 62, rams 5, total 241

Total, sows 7, shoats 11, pigs 16, boars 1, total 35

Total, turkeys 6, fowls 211, ducks 43, geese 17

Total, horses 7, mares 4, total 11

Killed, bulls 1, cows 0, calves 0, yearlings 8, heifers 1, steers 0, bullocks 0, oxen 10, total 10

Killed, ewes 0, wethers 1, lambs 7, rams 0, total 7

Killed, does 0, wethers 4, kids 0, rams 0, total 4

Killed, sows 0, shoats 2, pigs 2, boars 0, total 4

Killed, turkeys 0, fowls 12, ducks 3, geese 0

Died, bulls 1, cows 3, calves 0, yearlings 2, heifers 0, steers 1, bullocks 0, oxen 0, total 7

Died, ewes 0, wethers 1, lambs 1, rams 0, total 1

Died, does 0, wethers 0, kids 1, rams 0, total 1

Died, sows 0, shoats 0, pigs 1, boars 0, total 1

Died, turkeys 0, fowls 10, ducks 0, geese 0

Lost by a fall, bulls 0, cows 1, calves 0, yearlings 0, heifers 0, steers 0, bullocks 0, oxen 0, total 1

Choked, bulls 0, cows 1, calves 0, yearlings 0, heifers 0, steers 0, bullocks 0, oxen 0, total 1

Remaining 31st, bulls 2, cows 84, calves 79, yearlings 50, heifers 15, steers 27, bullocks 5, oxen 6, total 268

Remaining 31st, ewes 139, wethers 48, lambs 91, rams 6, total 287

Remaining 31st, does 131, wethers 39, kids 62, rams 5, total 237

Remaining 31st, sows 7, shoats 9, pigs 13, boars 1, total 30

Remaining 31st, turkeys 6, fowls 189, ducks 40, geese 17

Remaining 31st, horses 7, mares 4, total 11

Beef to the Swallow, 878 pounds

Beef to the Dragon, 676 pounds

Beef to the slaves, 659 pounds

Two goats to the sick slaves

Yams spent, 8,000 pounds

One child was born, named Morris. The account was signed by David Hunter.

Interpretations

The heavy killing and issue of beef this month, with three large quantities sent to the Swallow, the Dragon and the slaves totalling well over two thousand pounds, marks December as a month of unusual demand on the plantation's cattle. Two East Indiamen lying in the road together drew fresh provisions for their onward voyages, and the ten head of cattle killed reflect the strain of victualling shipping and labour force at once, the plantation drawing down its stock sharply to meet the call.

A cow choked and another was lost by a fall, two beasts recorded under distinct causes of death apart from ordinary killing and disease, marking the varied hazards of keeping cattle on the island. The choking, probably on a root or a lump of feed lodged in the throat, was noted separately so the loss could be accounted for exactly, the account tracking every head down to the manner of its death.

The bull count fell from four to two in the month, two bulls lost, one killed and one dead, a sharp reduction in the breeding males that would bear on the herd's future increase. On a station where every beast was carefully husbanded, the loss of half the bulls in a single month was a matter of some weight for the plantation's stock of cattle.

The yams spent held again at 8,000 pounds, the same low figure as October and November, confirming the settled reduction in the ration through the island's early summer as the old crop ran low and the new grew toward its harvest. This sustained sparing of the staple root marks the lean stretch of the plantation year, the issue held down until the fresh yams could be lifted.

119

117

1751

Gunners Stores Expended in Decr 1751

Guns Fired, lb, qr, [...], [...], [...], [...], [...], Powder Expended lb qr

Powder for Scaling a Gun for Practice

Powder Expended 6

Do fired for Practice & for Priming

Guns Fired 6, lb 6, [...] 6, Powder Expended 12 12

Do Departed the Swallow Capt Bell

Powder for Priming

Powder Expended 1 8

Do fired for Practice & for Priming

Guns Fired 6, lb 6, [...] 6, Powder Expended 12 12

Do fired for Practice & for Priming

Guns Fired 6, lb 6, [...] 6, Powder Expended 12 12

Powder for the Governers use

Powder Expended 4

Do for the Funeral of James Urquhart

Powder Expended 2 4

Do for blowing of Lime Stone at Sandy Bay

Powder Expended 3

Do for Signals

Powder Expended 6

Alarm

Guns Fired 6, [...] 2 2, Powder Expended 2 12

Do for proving two 32 two 18 & two 9 being

old Guns & suspected to be bad the two

first were found much Honey Combd

& the four others to be a little so &

to exceed the proper Gage 64

for Scaling a 32 & two 24 6 12

Powder for Priming Do 2

which 9 Guns fired likewise to

answer the Salute of the Dragon

Guns Fired 9, [...] 3 2 2 2, Powder Expended 72 12

Total

Guns Fired 33, lb 18, qr 3, [...] 2, [...] 2, [...] 2, [...] 20 2, Powder Expended 130 12

Paper for the use of the Castle

1 Quire

Match to the Main Fort

1 Skain

Wooden Trucks for a Wheel Barrow Wheel

1

(Signed)

Thomas Hall

Gunners' stores spent in December 1751. The columns recorded guns fired, powder, shot and match, together with a further figure for total powder expended.

2nd, powder for scaling a gun for practice, 6 ounces

The same, fired for practice and for priming, guns fired 6, powder 6, match 6, total 12 pounds 12 ounces

5th, departed the Swallow, Captain Bell, powder for priming, 1 pound 8 ounces

11th, fired for practice and for priming, guns fired 6, powder 6, match 6, total 12 pounds 12 ounces

18th, fired for practice and for priming, guns fired 6, powder 6, match 6, total 12 pounds 12 ounces

The same, powder for the Governor's use, 1 pound

The same, powder for the funeral of James Urquhart, 2 pounds 4 ounces

The same, powder for blowing up limestone at Sandy Bay, 3 pounds

The same, powder for signals, 6 ounces

22nd, alarm, guns fired 6, powder 2 pounds 2 ounces, match 2, total 12 pounds

The same, for proving two 32 pounders, two 18 pounders and two 9 pounders, being old guns suspected to be bad, the two first were found much honeycombed and the four others to be a little so, and to exceed the proper gauge, for scaling a 32 pounder and two 24 pounders, guns fired 9, powder 6 pounds 12 ounces, shot 3, match 2, further total 2, 2, 72 pounds 12 ounces

Powder for priming the same, 2 pounds

Which 9 guns fired likewise to answer the salute of the Dragon

Total, guns fired 33, powder 18 pounds, shot 3, match 2, further totals 2, 2, 20, 2, 130 pounds 12 ounces

Paper for the use of the Castle, 1 quire

Match to the main fort, 1 pound

Wooden trucks for a wheelbarrow wheel, 1

The account was signed by Thomas Hall.

Interpretations

The proving of the old guns on 22 December was a test of their soundness, six pieces of different weights fired with heavy charges to see whether they would hold, and two were found much honeycombed while the others were pitted and had worn beyond their proper bore. Honeycombing was the pitting and cavitation of the barrel's interior from rust and long firing, a dangerous weakening that could burst a gun, and the test marks the garrison checking its ordnance for pieces too far decayed to trust. That the proving charge also served to answer the Dragon's salute shows the work turned to double account, the same nine guns that tested the ordnance also returning the courtesy to the calling ship.

The departure of the Swallow under Captain Bell on 5 December, saluted with powder for priming, closed the visit of the ship welcomed on 26 November and victualled with beef through the month, the guns marking her leaving as they had her arrival. This shows the full cycle of a ship's call at the island framed by the batteries' courtesies, from the salute of welcome to the powder of farewell.

The gun natures named in the proving, the 32, 24, 18 and 9 pounders, mark the range of ordnance mounted about the anchorage, the weight of shot each threw setting its class, and their testing shows the careful management of a battery whose pieces were the island's chief defence. The finding that several exceeded their proper gauge points to barrels worn wide by long service, their accuracy and safety both in question.

The wooden trucks issued for a wheelbarrow wheel were the small solid wooden wheels or rollers, here the replacement wheel for a barrow, showing the store's timber and gear kept to the constant small repair of the settlement's haulage equipment. Such humble maintenance ran alongside the graver business of proving the guns, the same account carrying both.

120

118

13 January

Sundrys Expended at the Honble Companys Table in

the Month of December 1751 Viz

22 Bottles Port Wine

1 13

35 Do Lisbon

2 12 6

16 Do Madeira

1 14 4

92 Do Arrack

2 15 7

70 Do Beer

17 6

244 Flour

1 13 1/2

302 1/4 Beef

3 15 8 1/4

232 Mutton

4 16 8

67 Pork

1 13 6

12 Fowls

18

3 Ducks

4 6

2 Piggs

10

2 lb Salt Pork

4

110 Candy

1 3 2 1/4

36 Butter

1 16

26 9 6 1/4

Chas Hutchinson

David Hunter

John Clark

Sundries spent at the Company's general table on St Helena during December 1751:

22 bottles of port wine, £1 13s 0d

35 bottles of Lisbon wine, £2 12s 6d

16 bottles of Madeira wine, £1 14s 4d

92 bottles of arrack, £2 15s 7d

70 bottles of beer, £1 17s 6d

241 pounds of flour, £1 13s 1d

302 and a half pounds of beef, £3 15s 8d

232 pounds of mutton, £4 16s 8d

69 pounds of pork, £1 13s 6d

12 fowls, £0 18s 0d

3 ducks, £0 4s 6d

2 pigs, £0 10s 0d

2 pounds of salt pork, £0 4s 0d

110 pounds of candy, £1 3s 2d

36 pounds of butter, £1 16s 0d

Total, £26 9s 6d

The account was signed by Charles Hutchinson, David Hunter and John Clark.

Interpretations

The very large quantity of candy issued to the table this month, 110 pounds against the 9 pounds of November, marks a sharp and unusual rise in the crystallised sugar drawn for the Company's board, far beyond any earlier month's use. This great issue points to some particular occasion or a laying in of the sweet for the household, the candy dealt out at a scale that stands out sharply against the steady small quantities of the preceding returns.

The arrack drawn for the table held near its high November level at 92 bottles, the cheap Eastern spirit continuing to dominate the drink of the board over the fortified wines, the store dealing it freely from the great reserve laid in over the autumn quarter. Its steady prominence marks the settled place the coarse spirit had taken at the Company's table by the year's end.

121

119

20 January

At a Consultation held on Monday the 20 day of January

1751 at the Castle

Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governor

Capt David Hunter Lieut Govr

Lieutenant John Clark of Council

The last Consultation was read approved and Signed

dated the 13 January 1751

Friday the 17 Died Ebenezer Leech

Saturday the 18 Alarm and passed by a Ship

The Storekeeper brought in his Collections and the

Paymaster his Account for the Quarter ending the 31 of Decr

1751 which were Examined & Approved and are as follow Viz

Collection of Goods sold and delivered out of the

Honble Companys Stores from the 1 October to the 31 December

1751 Viz

Sold to the Companys Servants at 10 pr Cent

Arrack 302 1/2 Gallons

76 12 6

Brandy 737 1/2 Gallons

189 8 9

Sugar & Candy Viz

500 Sugar

83 8

1507 Candy

25 2 4

108 10 4

Bread & Flour Viz

1233 Bread

9 8

1013 Flour

7 7 10 1/2

189 4 Do baked

165 16 10 1/2

182 5 5

Carried over

555 17

At a consultation held on Monday 20 January 1752 at the Castle.

Present: Charles Hutchinson, Governor; Captain David Hunter, Deputy Governor; Lieutenant John Clark of the Council.

The last consultation was read, approved and signed, dated 13 January 1752.

Ebenezer Leech died on Friday 17 January.

An alarm was fired on Saturday 18 January for a ship passing by the island.

The storekeeper brought in his collections and the paymaster his account for the quarter ending 31 December 1751, which were examined and approved as set out below.

Collection of goods sold and delivered out of the Company's stores from 1 October to 31 December 1751:

Goods sold to the Company's servants at 10 per cent:

Arrack, 302 and a half gallons, £76 12s 6d

Brandy, 787 and a half gallons, £189 8s 9d

Sugar, 500 pounds, £83 8s 0d

Candy, 150 pounds, £25 2s 4d

Sugar and candy total, £108 10s 4d

Bread, 1,233 pounds, £9 0s 8d

Flour, 1,015 pounds, £7 7s 10d

159 pounds of the same, baked, £165 16s 10d

Bread and flour total, £182 5s 5d

Carried over, £555 17s 0d

Interpretations

The quarterly collection ran now at the servants' rate of 10 per cent, the margin the Company added to the cost of goods issued to its people against their wages, the lowest of the several rates by which the store sold. Arrack and brandy again headed the reckoning as the most demanded goods, the brandy alone at nearly 190 pounds the largest single line, its dominance confirming the trade in spirits as the mainstay of the store's business with the garrison and inhabitants.

The flour baked into bread showed again as a finished ration issued at a far higher value than the raw flour, the small quantity turned out at a price reflecting the labour and fuel of baking, the island making its own bread from imported grain. The bread, flour and baked flour together mark the whole business of feeding the settlement with the staple that could not be grown on the island but had to be shipped in and worked up on the spot.

The sugar and candy sold in bulk, the raw sugar and its refined crystallised form, moved together as the sweetening of the island's diet, both carried in by sea and dealt out to the servants at the quarter's rate. Their steady sale marks the settled place of sugar in the ordinary consumption of the settlement, an imported comfort passed through the store to every household.

122

120

20 January

Brought over

555 17

Soap 239

10 19 1

Candles 295

21 2 6

Tea Viz

75 Congo

5 18 9

163 Bohea

8 3

50 Single

6

20 1 9

Beef & Pork Viz

453 Ps Beef 2/

45 4

20 Ps Do 3/1

3 1

529 lb Pork 2/

52 8

70 Ps Do 2/1

7 11 8

108 4 6

Oyl Viz

16 1/2 Gall Train

2 8 9

6 1/2 Gall Linseed

1 3 10

2 Bottles Florence

5 8

3 18 3

Cordage 128

6 4 10

Long Cloth Viz

65 Ps No 4

17 10

14 Ps 5

2 16 9

2 Ps 6

4 13 6

2 Ps 7

7 3

32 3 3

Dresotees 7 Pieces

7 14

Shoes Viz

3 Ps Mens fine

1 3

16 Ps Do Ordinary

3 9 4

5 Ps Pumps

1 16 8

1 Ps Boys

3 9

1 Cwt Scotch Yarn

10

28 Ps Womens Heels

2 5

6 13 3

Carried over

772 18 5

Goods sold to the Company's servants at 10 per cent, continued:

Brought over, £555 17s 0d

Soap, 239 pounds, £10 19s 1d

Candles, 293 pounds, £21 2s 6d

Tea

7 and a half pounds of Congo, £5 18s 9d

163 pounds of Bohea, £8 3s 0d

50 pounds of single, £6 0s 0d

Tea total, £20 1s 9d

Beef and pork

453 pounds of beef at 2s, £45 4s 0d

20 pounds of the same at 3s 6d, £3 10s 0d

524 pounds of pork at 2s, £52 8s 0d

70 pounds of the same at 2s 6d, £7 11s 8d

Beef and pork total, £108 4s 6d

Oil

16 and a half gallons of train, £2 8s 9d

6 and a half gallons of linseed, £1 3s 10d

2 bottles of Florence, £0 5s 8d

Oil total, £3 18s 3d

Cordage, 128 pounds, £6 4s 10d

Long cloth

65 pieces, number 4, £17 10s 0d

1 piece, number 5, £2 16s 9d

2 pieces, number 6, £4 13s 6d

2 pieces, number 7, £7 3s 0d

Long cloth total, £32 3s 3d

Dressides, 7 pieces, £7 14s 0d

Shoes

3 pairs of men's fine, £1 0s 3d

16 pairs of the same, ordinary, £3 9s 4d

5 pairs of pumps, £1 16s 8d

1 pair of boys', £0 3s 9d

1 hundredweight of Scotch yarn, £0 0s 10d

28 pairs of women's heels, £0 2s 5d

Shoes total, £6 13s 0d

Carried over, £772 18s 5d

Interpretations

The beef and pork sold to the servants were priced at two rates each, the bulk at the ordinary 2 shillings and a smaller quantity at the higher rate, the distinction marking a better grade or cut sold dearer alongside the common salt provision. This shows the store dealing its meat by quality as well as by weight, the servants able to draw either the plain ration or a better sort against their pay.

The long cloth sold in numbered grades, the plain white Indian cotton in pieces from the coarser to the finer, was the staple material for making up shirts and linen, the great quantity of number 4 marking the middling grade as the common cloth of ordinary dress. Its sale by the whole piece shows the servants buying cloth in bulk to be made up, the island fashioning much of its own clothing from imported material.

The tea sold in the three grades, the cheap Bohea in the greatest quantity and the finer Congo and single teas in smaller parcels, confirms tea as a settled article of the servants' consumption, drawn from the store like any other provision. Its steady sale marks how far the leaf had passed into everyday use on the island by this date.

123

121

1751

Brought over

772 18 5

Buckram 16 1/2 Yards

14 5

Nails Viz

11 2

7 1

39 3

1 1 1/2

66 4

1 8 10 1/2

77 6

1 12 1

68 10

1 5 6

16 20

6

3 1/2 Glazing Brads

3 11 1/2

6 1 7 1/2

Hooks & Lines Viz

1800 Hooks No 1

1 4

100 Do 6

1 8

400 Do 10

15 4

200 Blue Hooks

8

16 Dozen Lines No 2

2 18 8

4 1/2 Dozen Do 3

11 1/2

5 6 Dozen Do 4

1 6 3 1/2

7 5 9

Haberdashery Ware Viz

11 Dozen Mo Cs Buttons

7 4

23 1/2 Dozen Mo Bs Do

7 10

7 Dozen Gilt Cs Do

7 10 1/2

30 Sk Mohair

11 3

12 Sk Silk

3 6

12 Dozen Shirt Buttons

1 9

2 1 6 1/2

Camblet 35 1/2 Yards Sorted

6 12 3

Broadcloth 10 Yards

8 7

Rice 15 2 Cwt

Carried over

808 1

Goods sold to the Company's servants at 10 per cent, continued:

Brought over, £772 18s 5d

Buckram, 16 and a half yards, £0 14s 3d

Nails

5 pounds at 2d, £0 7s 1d

39 pounds at 3d, £1 1s 1d

66 pounds at 4d, £1 8s 10d

77 pounds at 6d, £1 12s 1d

68 pounds at 10d, £1 5s 6d

16 pounds at 20d, £0 6s 0d

5 and a half pounds of glazing brads, £0 3s 1d

Nails total, £6 4s 7d

Hooks and lines

1,800 hooks, number 1, £0 1s 4d

100 of the same, number 6, £0 1s 8d

400 of the same, number 10, £0 15s 4d

200 blue hooks, £0 0s 8d

16 dozen lines, number 2, £2 12s 8d

4 and a half dozen of the same, number 3, £0 19s 1d

5 and a half dozen of the same, number 4, £1 6s 3d

Hooks and lines total, £7 5s 9d

Haberdashery

11 dozen white metal buttons, £0 7s 4d

23 and a half dozen white metal breast buttons, £0 7s 10d

7 dozen gilt coat buttons, £0 7s 10d

30 skeins of mohair, £0 11s 3d

10 skeins of silk, £0 5s 6d

12 dozen shirt buttons, £0 1s 9d

Haberdashery total, £2 1s 6d

Camblet, 35 and a half yards, sorted, £6 12s 3d

Broadcloth, 10 yards, £8 7s 0d

Rice, 16 pounds 2 ounces, £4 15s 0d

Carried over, £808 1s 0d

Interpretations

The nails sold in sizes graded by price, from the small brads at twopence up to the heavier at twenty pence, with the glazing brads for fixing window panes held apart, were the fastenings for the building and repair the servants carried on for themselves, the range showing the store dealing every grade so the right nail was at hand for each kind of work. This marks the store as the general hardware supply of the island, the servants drawing fastenings for their own use against their pay.

The fish hooks and lines sold in the numbered grades, thousands of hooks in a single line with the graded lines beside them, confirm the scale of the servants' own fishing, the store outfitting the boats and lines by which fresh food was taken from the sea. This great and steady trade in fishing tackle marks the fishery as a settled supplement to the ration, worked by the people for themselves off the island's coast.

The camblet and broadcloth sold by the yard were the better clothing cloths, the camblet a durable weather-resistant weave and the broadcloth the fine wool that cost most by the yard, both dealt to servants who could pay for the better material. Their sale beside the coarse buckram and the plain haberdashery shows the store ranging from rough to fine, clothing the island's people according to their means and rank.

124

122

20 January

Brought over

808 17

Cutlery Ware Viz

9 Horn Combs

1 3 1/2

6 Horn Do

1 9

19 Ps Knee Buckles

19 Ps Leather Garters

16 7 1/2

1 Ps Shoe Buckles

6 1/2

7 Dozen Awl Blades

5 1/2

1 4 4

Glass Ware Viz

4 1/2 Sq Glass 8 by 10

2 7

2 Tumblers

1 1 1/2

24 Wine Glasses

11 6

15 2 1/2

Leather Viz

17 1/4 Leather

19 5

1 Calf Skin

8 4

1 White Calf Skin

4 3

3 Sheep Skins

2 1 1/2

1 13 10 1/2

Chellons 38 Pieces

19

Ironmongers Ware Viz

13 Ironbound Locks

4 12 6

2 Ditching Spades

11

8 Ps HL Hinges

17 4

5 Dozen Wood Screws

3 9

1 Cupboard Lock

2 11

10 Splinter Locks

5 7 1/2

5 Hand Hatchets

7 1

5 Pad Locks

11 5 1/2

4 Stock Locks

9 2

1 Scyth Stone

2

3 Files

2 6

Ironmonger Ware Carried over

8 3 6

Carried over

831 10 2

Goods sold to the Company's servants at 10 per cent, continued:

Brought over, £808 1s 0d

Cutlery

9 horn combs, £0 1s 3d

6 hero combs, £0 1s 9d

19 pairs of knee buckles, £0 16s 7d

19 pairs of leather garters, £0 16s 7d

17 shoe buckles, £0 0s 6d

7 dozen awl blades, £0 3s 0d

Cutlery total, £1 4s 1d

Glassware

1 and a half squares of glass, 8 by 10, £0 2s 7d

2 tumblers, £0 1s 1d

24 wine glasses, £0 11s 6d

Glassware total, £0 15s 2d

Leather

17 and a half pounds of leather, £0 19s 3d

1 calf skin, £0 8s 1d

1 white calf skin, £0 4s 3d

3 sheep skins, £0 2s 1d

Leather total, £1 13s 10d

Chellows, 38 pieces, £19 0s 0d

Ironmongery

13 ironbound locks, £4 12s 6d

2 ditching spades, £0 11s 0d

8 pairs of H hinges, £0 17s 4d

5 dozen wood screws, £0 3s 9d

1 cupboard lock, £0 2s 11d

10 spring locks, £0 5s 7d

5 hand hatchets, £0 7s 1d

5 padlocks, £0 11s 5d

4 stock locks, £0 9s 2d

1 rough stone, £0 0s 2d

3 files, £0 2s 6d

Ironmongery carried over, £8 3s 0d

Carried over, £831 10s 2d

Interpretations

The chellows sold in quantity, thirty-eight pieces worth 19 pounds, marks plain Indian cotton as the largest cloth line on this page, the coarse Eastern material dealt to servants as the staple stuff of ordinary clothing. Brought through the Company's Indian ports and sold by the piece, it was the cheap cloth from which much of the island's common dress and slaves' clothing was made up.

The ironmongery of locks, hinges, hatchets and spades sold to the servants shows the store furnishing the hardware of household and garden, the many patterns of lock again pointing to the securing of goods and rooms on a small station where storage under lock was a settled habit. The wood screws and files beside them mark the small materials of the carpenter's and mender's work, the servants keeping their own dwellings and gear in repair from the store's stock.

The knee buckles, garters, shoe buckles and combs among the cutlery were the small fittings and dressings of personal wear, the buckles fastening the breeches at the knee and the shoe, the garters holding the stockings, all imported trifles by which the island's people kept themselves clothed and turned out. Their sale in modest quantities marks the store supplying the minor articles of dress alongside the cloth and the shoes.

125

123

1751

Brought over

831 10 2

Ironmonger Ware Brought over

8 3 6

2 Frying Pans

3 8

3 Ps Sheep Sheers

4 5

1 Pickaxe

9 8

1 Smoothing Plain

1 3

1/2 Iron Wire

5

1 Grafting Saw

3 1/2

2 Plaisterers Trowels

4 5

6 Ps Dovetail Hinges

2 7 1/2

2 Chest Locks

6 6

1 Mawl

4 1

2 Small Gimblets

3 1/2

10 4 1/2

Shalloon 30 Yards

3 7 6

Flannel 13 Yards

1 7

Shirts & Stockings Viz

5 fine Shirt

3

10 Ps Cotton Stockings

1

4

Corks Viz

5 1/2 Groce Corks

13 5

1 Corkwood

7 1/2

13 10 1/2

Turners Ware Viz

3 Punch Ladles

1 6

1 Skimming Dish

3

1 Mop

1 3

2 Labourers Baskets

3 2 1/2

1 Flaskett

2 9

1 Tray

6 7 1/2

3 Scrubing Brushes

4 1 1/2

7 Paint Brushes

1 2 1/2

1 Sutherns Yoak

Carried over

861 18 8

Goods sold to the Company's servants at 10 per cent, continued:

Brought over, £831 10s 2d

Ironmongery brought over, £8 3s 6d

2 frying pans, £0 3s 8d

3 pairs of sheep shears, £0 4s 3d

1 pickaxe, £0 9s 8d

1 smoothing plane, £0 1s 3d

2 ironwires, £0 0s 5d

1 grafting saw, £0 3s 1d

2 plasterers' trowels, £0 4s 5d

6 pairs of dovetail hinges, £0 2s 7d

2 chest locks, £0 6s 6d

1 maul, £0 4s 1d

2 small gimlets, £0 0s 3d

Ironmongery total, £10 4s 1d

Shalloon, 30 yards, £3 7s 6d

Flannel, 13 yards, £1 7s 0d

Shirts and stockings

5 fine shirts, £3 0s 0d

10 pairs of cotton stockings, £1 0s 0d

Shirts and stockings total, £4 0s 0d

Corks

5 and a half gross of corks, £0 13s 3d

1 pound of corkwood, £0 0s 7d

Corks total, £0 13s 10d

Turnery

3 punch ladles, £0 1s 6d

1 skimming dish, £0 0s 3d

1 mop, £0 1s 3d

2 labourers' baskets, £0 3s 2d

1 flasket, £0 2s 9d

1 tray, £0 6s 7d

3 scrubbing brushes, £0 4s 1d

7 paint brushes, £0 1s 2d

1 tobmen yoak, £0 1s 2d

Turnery carried over, £1 2s 5d

Carried over, £861 18s 8d

Interpretations

The plasterers' trowels and grafting saw sold among the servants' goods show the store supplying the tools of the building and gardening trades to the island's people, the trowels for the mason's finishing work and the grafting saw for the raising and improving of fruit trees. This marks the store as the general supply not only of household hardware but of the skilled tools by which the settlement built and cultivated.

The shalloon and flannel sold by the yard were the lighter woollen cloths, the shalloon a lining material for backing coats and gowns and the flannel a soft warm cloth for undergarments and wraps, both dealt to servants for making up against the cool of the island's temperate climate. Their sale beside the fine shirts and cotton stockings shows the store clothing the people in the range of materials their comfort required.

The turnery of ladles, baskets, brushes, mops and trays sold to the servants was the ordinary wooden and household gear of daily life, the humble implements of carrying, cleaning and cooking that a household needed and could draw from the store. This marks the store's provision reaching down to the smallest articles of domestic use, the servants furnishing their dwellings from its stock.

126

124

20 January

Brought over

861 18 8

Paint Viz

1/2 Cs Prussian Blue

6 1/2

2 1/2 Verdigrease

1 9 1/2

1 White Lead

3 1/2

16 1/2 Indico

1 10 3

3 Blue Smalts

3 8

3 Barrels Blacking

1 6 1/2

16 1/4 Yellow Oaker

2 2

13 Vent Red

2 2 1/2

7 Whiting

1

2 9 2 1/2

Canvas Viz

27 Yards Ozenbrigs

18 6 1/2

11 Yards English Canvas

12 11 1/2

2 Ps 3 Yards Sacking

2 17 4 1/2

4 8 10 1/2

Salt 1 3 Bushel

4 6

Deals Viz

2 Double

6 9

4 Single

8 10

3 Wainscot Boards

16

1 Oak Plank

1 12 11

3 4 6

Starch Viz

7 Common

5 1/2

9 1/2 Poland

6 6 1/2

7

Sailors Cloths 1 Boys Jacket & Breeches

8 11 1/2

Iron Pots 1 2 Gallons

14 7

Hosiers Ware Viz

32 Ps Thread Stockings

4 8

1 Ps Mens Wove

4 5

Hosiers Ware Carried over

4 12 5

Carried over

883 16 3 1/2

Goods sold to the Company's servants at 10 per cent, continued:

Brought over, £861 18s 8d

Paint

half a pound of Prussian blue, £0 0s 6d

2 and a quarter pounds of verdigris, £0 1s 9d

9 pounds of white lead, £0 0s 3d

16 and a half pounds of indigo, £1 10s 3d

5 pounds of blue smalts, £0 3s 8d

3 barrels of blacking, £0 1s 6d

16 and a half pounds of yellow ochre, £0 2s 2d

13 pounds of Venice red, £0 2s 2d

7 pounds of whiting, £0 0s 1d

Paint total, £2 9s 2d

Canvas

21 yards of osnaburg, £0 18s 6d

41 and a half yards of English canvas, £0 12s 11d

2 pieces and 3 yards of sacking, £2 17s 5d

Canvas total, £4 8s 10d

Salt, 1 and a half bushels, £0 4s 6d

Deals

2 double, £0 6s 9d

4 single, £0 8s 10d

3 wainscot boards, £0 16s 0d

1 oak plank, £1 12s 11d

Deals total, £3 4s 6d

Starch

7 pounds of common, £0 0s 5d

9 and a half pounds of Poland, £0 6s 6d

Starch total, £0 7s 0d

Sailors' clothes, 1 boy's jacket and breeches, £0 8s 1d

Iron pots, 1 of 12 gallons, £0 14s 7d

Hosiery

32 pairs of thread stockings, £4 8s 0d

1 pair of men's worsted, £0 4s 5d

Hosiery carried over, £4 12s 5d

Carried over, £843 16s 3d

Interpretations

The paint sold to the servants, a small chest of pigments from the fine Prussian blue and indigo to the plain earth colours and whiting, shows the store dealing the materials of colouring and preserving to the island's people for their own building and upkeep. The range from the costly imported blues to the cheap ochres marks the store supplying every grade of pigment, the servants painting and protecting their dwellings from its stock.

The canvas, sacking and osnaburg sold by the yard were the coarse cloths of covering, stowage and rough clothing, the sacking for bags and wrappings and the osnaburg for working shirts and slaves' garments, the servants drawing the plain heavy material for the many uses of a working household. Their sale marks the store's provision of the roughest cloth alongside the finer wools and cottons of dress.

The wainscot boards and oak plank sold among the deals were the better grades of imported timber, the wainscot for fine panelling and furniture and the oak for heavier work, dealt to servants building and repairing where softwood would not serve. On an island growing no usable timber, the store's stock of imported wood was the only source for every kind of joinery and construction the people undertook.

The Poland starch sold apart from the common was the fine wheat starch imported from the Baltic for stiffening the better linen, its higher price marking it as the quality article kept alongside the ordinary starch for everyday laundering, the servants able to draw either sort for the finishing of their clothes.

127

125

1751

Brought over

863 16 3 1/2

Hosiers Ware Brought over

4 12 5

7 Ps Mens Knit Stockings

1 17

1 Ps Boys

2 3 1/2

1 Ps Silk

14 7

6 10 10 1/2

Kersey 10 Yards

13

Long Ells 18 1/4 Yards

1 8 2 1/2

Thread Viz

11 Coloured Brown

3 13 3

11 Coloured

2 4

10 1/2 None

3 1

3 17 8

Lead Viz

6 Do Sheet

11 3

53 Pig

10 3 1/2

1 1 6 1/2

Braziers Ware Viz

2 Flat Candlesticks

4 6

1 large brass Cock

4 10

1 Copper Pump

13 2

1 Ladle

2 5

1 3 11

Earthen Ware 2 Milk Pans

1 5

Bunting 4 Yards Red

3 4

Pitch & Tar Viz

6 Do Pitch

10 4

2 Gallons Tar

1 6

11 10

Vinegar 2 1/2 Gallons

5 5

Pease 1/2 Bushel

1 8 1/2

Tin Ware Viz

2 Lanthorn

6

3 Puding Pans

5

11

Carried over

882 8 2 1/2

Goods sold to the Company's servants at 10 per cent, continued:

Brought over, £863 16s 3d

Hosiery brought over, £4 12s 5d

7 pairs of men's knit stockings, £1 1s 7d

1 pair of boys', £0 2s 3d

1 pair of silk, £0 14s 7d

Hosiery total, £6 10s 10d

Kersey, 10 yards, £0 15s 0d

Long ells, 18 and a half yards, £1 8s 2d

Thread

11 pounds of white and brown, £3 15s 3d

11 pounds of coloured, £2 0s 4d

10 and a half skeins of nuns', £0 3s 1d

Thread total, £5 17s 8d

Lead

6 pounds of sheet, £0 0s 11d

55 pounds of pig, £0 10s 3d

Lead total, £1 16s 6d

Braziery

2 flat candlesticks, £0 4s 6d

1 large brass cock, £0 1s 10d

1 copper pump, £0 15s 2d

1 ladle, £0 2s 5d

Braziery total, £1 3s 11d

Earthenware, 2 milk pans, £0 1s 5d

Bunting, 4 yards of red, £0 3s 4d

Pitch and tar

6 pounds of pitch, £0 10s 4d

2 gallons of tar, £0 1s 6d

Pitch and tar total, £0 11s 10d

Vinegar, 2 and a half gallons, £0 5s 5d

Peas, half a bushel, £0 1s 8d

Tinware

2 lanterns, £0 6s 0d

3 pudding pans, £0 5s 0d

Tinware carried over, £0 11s 0d

Carried over, £882 8s 2d

Interpretations

The kersey and long ells sold by the yard were coarse woollen cloths woven for hard wear, the long ell a narrow length made chiefly for the Eastern trade and the kersey a ribbed material for working clothes, both dealt to servants for the plainer sort of garment. Their sale beside the finer camblet and broadcloth of earlier pages shows the store ranging across the whole scale of woollen cloth, supplying rough and fine according to the buyer's means.

The copper pump and brass cocks sold among the braziery were the fittings of cisterns and casks, the cock the tap drawn from a barrel and the pump for raising water, imported metalwares that the servants could not make but drew from the store for their household water and drink. Their sale marks the store supplying even the small apparatus of a dwelling's water and liquor.

The silk stockings sold among the hosiery, though a single pair, were the costliest footwear of their kind, the fine luxury hose set against the many pairs of plain knit and thread stockings for common wear. Their presence marks the store keeping a small stock of the finest goods for those of rank or means, alongside the ordinary hose that clothed the general run of the island's people.

The nuns' thread sold with the coarser white, brown and coloured thread was the fine white sewing thread of continental convent make, kept for the finest needlework, its small parcel the quality article in the servants' thread stock. Its sale shows the store supplying the range of sewing thread from the coarse to the fine for the constant making and mending of clothing on the island.

128

126

20 January

Brought over

882 8 2 1/2

China Ware Viz

1 Soup Dish

7 9

24 Soup Plates

11

1 Meat Dish

10 Meat Plates

1 5

3 Sallad Dishes

2 6

3 Saucers

9

5 Tea Pots

1 10 1/2

12 Bowls

10 6

1 18 9 1/2

Oars 4

17

Grindstones 1

3 1/2

Blankets 2

15 5

Twine Viz

30 lb Twine

1

2 Skains Hawser

6

1 6

887 2 11 1/2

Sold to the Planters at 25 pr Cent

Buckram 8 Yards

8

Chellons 15 Ps

8 12 6

Kersey 13 1/2 Yards

1 2 6

Long Ells 28 1/2 Yards

2 18 2

Shoes Viz

13 Ps Mens Ordinary

3 3 4

3 Ps Mens fine

1 3 3

1 Ps Channeld Pumps

9

19 Ps Womens Callamanco

5 18 9

1 Ps Womens Calf

14

10 Ps Girls

2 2 1/2

14 11 1 1/2

Carried over

24 12 3 1/2

Goods sold to the Company's servants at 10 per cent, continued:

Brought over, £882 8s 2d

China ware

1 soup dish, £0 7s 9d

24 soup plates, £0 11s 0d

1 meat dish, £0 1s 5d

10 meat plates, £0 1s 5d

3 salad dishes, £0 2s 6d

3 saucers, £0 0s 9d

5 teapots, £0 1s 10d

12 bowls, £0 10s 6d

China ware total, £1 18s 9d

Oars, 4, £0 17s 0d

Grindstones, 1, £0 3s 6d

Blankets, 2, £0 15s 5d

Twine

30 pounds of twine, £1 0s 0d

2 pounds of hawser, £0 0s 6d

Twine total, £1 0s 6d

Total, £887 2s 11d

Goods sold to the plantation at 25 per cent:

Buckram, 8 yards, £0 8s 0d

Chellows, 15 pieces, £8 12s 6d

Kersey, 13 and a half yards, £1 2s 6d

Long ells, 28 and a half yards, £2 18s 2d

Shoes

13 pairs of men's ordinary, £3 3s 4d

3 pairs of men's fine, £1 3s 3d

1 pair of channelled pumps, £0 9s 0d

19 pairs of women's calamanco, £5 18s 0d

1 pair of women's calf, £0 4s 0d

10 pairs of girls', £0 2s 2d

Shoes total, £11 11s 1d

Carried over, £24 12s 3d

Interpretations

The servants' collection closed at over 887 pounds, the whole value of goods dealt to the Company's people at the quarter's rate of 10 per cent, the lowest of the several margins by which the store sold. This great total, gathered from the many lines of spirits, cloth, provisions, hardware and small goods, marks the reach of the store into every want of the garrison and inhabitants, the single business through which the settlement's people were fed, clothed and furnished against their wages.

The second collection, dealt to the plantation at 25 per cent, was priced at a higher margin than the servants' goods, the mark-up the Company added when supplying its own farming establishment rather than selling to its people. The chellows again headed the cloth, the plain Indian cotton dealt as the staple material for clothing the plantation's labour, and the range of shoes by sex and age, down to girls' pairs, shows the plantation clothing a whole labouring household of men, women and children from the store.

The women's calamanco shoes issued to the plantation, nineteen pairs of the glossy checked woollen footwear, were the shoes dealt to the women of the establishment, probably including the slaves, the plantation drawing footwear for its whole labour force from the store's stock. This shows the settled provision of the plantation's people, shod like the garrison from the imported reserve.

129

127

1751

Brought over

24 12 3 1/2

Dresotees 4 Ps

6

Broad Cloth 5 1/2 Yards

5 15 10 1/2

Shalloon 16 Yards

2 14

Flannel 1 Yard

1 9 1/2

Fustian 1/2 Piece

1 8 2 1/2

Long Cloth 1 Ps No 4

3 19

Hosiers Ware 1 Ps Mens Wove Stockings

5

Sold at 40 pr Cent

Arrack 29 Gallons

8 14

Brandy 637 1/2 Gallons

191 3 6

Sugar & Candy Viz

119 Sugar

24 11 3

811 Candy

16 17 11

41 14 7

Bread & Flour Viz

736 Bread

7 7 6

556 Flour

8 15 10

15 15 4

Candles 36

3 9

Rice 7 Cwt

4

Soap 36

4 2

Tea Viz

36 Congo

3 12

135 Single

8 3

114 Bohea

7 12

22 9

Beef & Pork Viz

4 Ps Beef

15 4

24 Pork

6 6

1 10

Carried over

327 13 9

Goods sold to the plantation at 25 per cent, continued:

Brought over, £24 12s 3d

Dressides, 4 pieces, £0 5s 0d

Broadcloth, 5 and a half yards, £5 15s 10d

Shalloon, 16 yards, £2 1s 4d

Flannel, 1 yard, £0 1s 9d

Fustian, half a piece, £1 8s 2d

Long cloth, 1 piece, number 4, £3 19s 0d

Hosiery, 1 pair of men's worsted stockings, £0 5s 0d

Goods sold at 40 per cent:

Arrack, 29 gallons, £8 15s 0d

Brandy, 637 and a half gallons, £191 3s 6d

Sugar and candy

119 and a half pounds of sugar, £2 4s 3d

81 pounds of candy, £16 17s 11d

Sugar and candy total, £21 14s 7d

Bread and flour

136 pounds of bread, £7 7s 6d

556 pounds of flour, £3 15s 10d

Bread and flour total, £15 15s 4d

Candles, 36 pounds, £0 3s 9d

Rice, 7 pounds, £0 0s 4d

Soap, 36 pounds, £0 4s 2d

Tea

36 pounds of Congo, £3 12s 0d

135 pounds of single, £8 3s 0d

114 pounds of Bohea, £7 12s 0d

Tea total, £22 9s 0d

Beef and pork

4 pounds of beef, £0 15s 4d

24 pounds of pork, £0 6s 6d

Beef and pork total, £1 1s 10d

Carried over, £327 13s 9d

Interpretations

The third collection carried the higher mark-up of 40 per cent, the steepest of the several rates by which the store sold, and it fell again on the spirits, sugar, tea and provisions most in demand, the brandy alone at over 191 pounds dominating the whole reckoning as the single most valuable line. This confirms the trade in strong drink as the mainstay of the store's takings, the brandy dealt at the heaviest margin to those who bought at this class of sale.

The tea sold under this collection ran to a large quantity across the three grades, the Congo, single and Bohea together worth over 22 pounds, marking the leaf as a settled bulk article of consumption by this date, dealt at the higher rate like the spirits and sugar. Its heavy sale confirms how far tea had entered the ordinary diet of the island, drawn from the store's great reserve laid in from the China trade.

The sugar and candy sold at this rate showed the wide gap in value between the raw and the refined, the 81 pounds of candy worth many times the 119 pounds of sugar, the crystallised sweet fetching far more by weight for the labour of its refining. Both were carried in by sea, and their sale at the heavy margin marks the store taking its fullest profit on the sweetening that had entered so deeply into the island's diet.

130

128

20 January

Brought over

327 13 9

Hooks & Lines Viz

175 Hooks No 6

7 4

25 Do 7

6

25 Do 9

1 2 1/2

200 Blue Hooks

10

3 1/2 Dozen Lines No 2

16 4

3 1/2 Dozen Do 3

19 3

2 1/2 Dozen Do 4

16 5 1/2

1 Vaintnorough Lines

1 9

3 4 3

Twine 9 Skains

7 6

Nails Viz

5 3

5 4

8 4

4 8

21 6

11 5 1/2

10 10

4 7

3 20

2 3 1/2

1 Glazing Brad

1 6 1/2

1 7 8 1/2

Oyl Viz

1/2 Gall Linseed

1 2

4 Gall Train

13 4

1 6 6

Thread Viz

3 Coloured Brown

1 6 9

7 Coloured

9 1

1 15 1

Cordage 123

2 10 3

Broad Cloth 6 3/8 Yards

7 9 11

Ironmongers Ware Viz

1 Padlock

2 4

4 Hand Hatchets

7 2

Ironmonger Ware Carried over

10 1

Carried over

345 2 11 1/2

Goods sold at 40 per cent, continued:

Brought over, £327 13s 9d

Hooks and lines

175 hooks, number 2, £0 7s 4d

25 of the same, number 7, £0 0s 6d

25 of the same, number 9, £0 1s 2d

200 blue hooks, £0 0s 10d

3 and a half dozen lines, number 2, £0 16s 4d

3 and a half dozen of the same, number 3, £0 19s 3d

2 and a half dozen of the same, number 4, £0 16s 5d

1 Yarmouth line, £0 1s 9d

Hooks and lines total, £3 4s 3d

Twine, 9 skeins, £0 7s 6d

Nails

5 pounds at 3d, £0 4s 3d

8 pounds at 4d, £0 4s 8d

21 pounds at 6d, £0 11s 5d

10 pounds at 10d, £0 4s 7d

3 pounds at 20d, £0 2s 3d

1 pound of glazing brads, £0 1s 6d

Nails total, £1 7s 8d

Oil

half a gallon of linseed, £0 1s 2d

1 gallon of train, £0 15s 4d

Oil total, £1 6s 6d

Thread

3 pounds of white and brown, £1 6s 9d

2 pounds of coloured, £0 9s 4d

Thread total, £1 15s 1d

Cordage, 123 pounds, £2 10s 3d

Broadcloth, 6 and three eighths yards, £7 9s 11d

Ironmongery

1 padlock, £0 2s 4d

1 hand hatchet, £0 7s 2d

Ironmongery carried over, £0 10s 1d

Carried over, £345 2s 11d

Interpretations

The Yarmouth line among the fishing tackle was a line of the sort made at the great English fishing port of Yarmouth, its naming marking the store keeping tackle of particular makes for the island's fishery, drawn on at the higher rate along with the graded hooks and lines. This shows the fishing gear dealt at every class of sale, the fishery a settled and important source of fresh food worked by the people from the shore and boats.

The broadcloth sold at this rate, the fine wool that cost most by the yard of any cloth in the store, was dealt at the heavy 40 per cent margin, the store taking its fullest profit on the best clothing material. Its sale by the small measure marks it as the quality cloth bought for the better garment, the store dealing fine and coarse alike but taking a steeper return on the finer at this class of sale.

The nails sold in sizes graded by price, with the glazing brads for window panes held apart, were again the fastenings for building and repair, dealt at the higher rate to those who bought at this collection. The range of sizes shows the store supplying every grade of fastening for the constant work of a settlement framed and boarded in imported timber, the right nail kept for each kind of work.

131

129

1751

Brought over

345 2 11 1/2

Ironmonger Ware Brought over

10 1

1 Splinter Lock

8 1/2

2 Scyth Stones

5

1 Ps Sheep Sheers

1 10

1 Scyth

1 9

1 Frying Pan

1 2

1 4 11 1/2

Pitch & Tar Viz

3 Pitch

5 1/2

3 Gallons Tar

3

3 5 1/2

Haberdashery Ware Viz

20 Skains Mohair

10

4 lb Silk

2 4

5 1/2 Dozen Mo Cs Buttons

4 7

8 1/2 Dozen Mo Bs Do

3 6 1/2

3 Dozen Shirt Buttons

6 1/2

1 1

Paint Viz

1 Barrel Blacking

8 1/2

6 Yellow Oaker

1 4

4 Indico

9 4

1/2 Blue Smalts

1 2

12 11 1/2

Canvas 5 1/2 Yards Ozenbrigs

3 1

Iron Pots 1 2 Gallons

18 8

Leather Viz

3 Leather

1 3

1 Calf Skin

10

13 3

Blankets 2

19 8

Starch 3

1 9

Grindstones 1

3 11

Carried over

351 6 8

Goods sold at 40 per cent, continued:

Brought over, £345 2s 11d

Ironmongery brought over, £0 10s 1d

1 spring lock, £0 0s 8d

2 scythe stones, £0 0s 3d

1 pair of sheep shears, £0 1s 0d

1 scythe, £0 1s 9d

1 frying pan, £0 1s 2d

Ironmongery total, £1 4s 11d

Pitch and tar

3 pounds of pitch, £0 0s 5d

3 gallons of tar, £0 3s 0d

Pitch and tar total, £0 3s 5d

Haberdashery

20 skeins of mohair, £0 10s 0d

4 pounds of silk, £0 2s 4d

5 and a half dozen white metal buttons, £0 1s 7d

8 and a half dozen white metal breast buttons, £0 3s 6d

3 dozen shirt buttons, £0 0s 6d

Haberdashery total, £1 1s 0d

Paint

1 barrel of blacking, £0 0s 8d

6 pounds of yellow ochre, £0 1s 4d

1 pound of indigo, £0 9s 4d

half a pound of blue smalts, £0 1s 2d

Paint total, £0 12s 11d

Canvas, 5 and a half yards of osnaburg, £0 3s 1d

Iron pots, 1 of 12 gallons, £0 18s 8d

Leather

3 pounds of leather, £0 1s 3d

1 calf skin, £0 10s 0d

Leather total, £0 13s 3d

Blankets, 2, £0 19s 8d

Starch, 3 pounds, £0 1s 9d

Grindstones, 1, £0 3s 11d

Carried over, £351 6s 8d

Interpretations

The scythes, sheep shears and scythe stones sold among the ironmongery were the tools of haymaking, sheep-shearing and grass-cutting, the shears for clipping the wool from the island's flocks and the scythes with their sharpening stones for the season's mowing. Their sale at the higher rate shows the store supplying the tools of the small husbandry the island's people carried on, drawn from its stock of imported iron.

The mohair, silk and graded buttons sold among the haberdashery were the finishing materials of good clothing, the mohair yarn and silk for trimming and the metal buttons for fastening, dealt at the higher margin for the making up of the better garment. Their sale marks the store supplying the small materials of the tailor's and household's needlework, the island fashioning and finishing much of its own dress from imported components.

The osnaburg, blankets and leather sold at this rate were the coarse and useful materials of a working household, the osnaburg for rough clothing and stowage, the blankets for bedding against the cool nights and the leather for shoemaking and repair. Their sale at the heavy margin shows the store taking its fullest profit even on the plain necessaries at this class of sale, the whole range of goods dealt at the several rates according to the buyer.

132

130

20 January

Brought over

351 6 8

Lead Viz

3 Sheet

8 1/2

7 1/2 Pig

1 8 1/2

2 5

China Ware Viz

7 Smakers

2 1

1 Tea Pot

5 1/2

24 Soup plates

14

5 Bowls

5 8

1 2 5 1/2

Oars 1

5 6

Cutlery Ware 1 Horn Comb

2

352 17 2 1/2

Charges General Dr for the following Stores

Issued from the 1 October to the 31 December 1751 Viz

Dresotees 8 Ps for Tables Linen for the Castle

7 10 8

Chellons 3 Ps for Rubbers & Mat Cloths

2 1 9 1/2

Lines Viz

3 Lines No 4 for the Garden

1 2

2 Hambrough for the Castle

2 6 1/2

1 Jack for the Garden

1 8

5 4 1/2

Nails Viz

10 6

3 6 1/2

to make a Trough to convey the Water to the Garden

3 3

1 5 1/2

1 20

3 3/4

repairing the Pump making a Roller for the Garden and repair to the Bake House

5 10

1 8

1/2 2

3 1/2

2 4

7 1/2

1 40

3 1/2

5 Coopers Rivett for the Cooper's use

2

10 4

Carried over

10 17 2

Goods sold at 40 per cent, continued:

Brought over, £351 6s 8d

Lead

3 pounds of sheet, £0 0s 8d

7 and a half pounds of pig, £0 1s 8d

Lead total, £0 2s 5d

China ware

7 saucers, £0 2s 1d

1 teapot, £0 0s 5d

24 soup plates, £0 14s 0d

5 bowls, £0 5s 8d

China ware total, £1 2s 5d

Oars, 1, £0 5s 6d

Cutlery, 1 horn comb, £0 0s 2d

Total, £352 17s 2d

Charges general, for the following stores issued from 1 October to 31 December 1751:

Dressides, 8 pieces, for table linen for the Castle, £7 10s 8d

Chellows, 3 pieces, for rubbers and meat cloths, £2 1s 9d

Lines

3 lines number 4, for the garden, £0 1s 2d

2 hambro lines, for the Castle, £0 2s 6d

1 jack line, for the garden, £0 1s 8d

Lines total, £0 5s 4d

Nails

10 pounds at 6d, to make a trough to convey the water to the garden, £0 3s 6d

3 pounds at 3d, repairing the pump, £0 1s 5d

1 pound at 20d, making a roller for the garden, £0 0s 3d

5 pounds at 10d, for the garden, £0 1s 8d

half a pound at 2d, repair to the bakehouse, £0 0s 3d

2 pounds at 4d, £0 0s 7d

1 pound at 40d, £0 0s 3d

5 dozen coopers' rivets for the coopers' use, £0 10s 4d

Nails total, £1 0s 4d

Carried over, £10 17s 2d

Interpretations

Dressides issued as table linen for the Castle and chellows cut into rubbers and meat cloths mark the Company's own kitchen and dining establishment, the imported Indian cotton put to household use in the governor's residence rather than sold, the plain cloth serving as napkins and wiping cloths in a settlement where every piece of linen came by sea.

The trough built to convey water to the garden, framed with nails bought for that specific purpose, marks a small piece of engineering undertaken to improve the Company's cultivation, channelling water to ground that needed it. The roller made up for the garden at the same time shows further equipment fashioned on the spot for tending the plantation's beds, both works charged to the general account rather than sold as store.

Coopers' rivets issued for the coopers' use show the settlement keeping its own cask-making and repairing trade, the cooper essential to a station that packed and stored so much of its provision, drink and water in wooden vessels. This small charge marks one more skilled trade the Company maintained for itself rather than depending on any outside source.

133

131

1751

Brought over

10 17 2

Leather 2 for the Pump

2

Deals Viz

6 Ripleen for Ladders

1 1 6

5 Single Deals for a Trough to convey the

Water to the Crane & making a Stable Door

10

1 11 6

Ironmongers Ware Viz

21 Files

15 9

1/2 Iron Wire

3 4 1/2

1 Drill Bow

2 2 1/2

for the Armourers use

6 File Hafts

6

6 Drill Boxes

9

1 Chafing Dish for the Castle

5 6

3 Stock Locks for the Stable & the Gardeners House

1 3

1 Padlock for the Castle

2 1

1 Cupboard Lock for the Seed Boxs

1 9

1 Shod Shovel for the Stable

1 6 1/2

1 Splinter Lock for the Castle

6

12 Small Gimblets

1 6

1 Chalk Line

4

for the Carpenters use

2 7 2

Iron & Steel Viz

2 17 Iron

1 5 5

17 Steel

4 11 1/2

for the Roller making Hoes & Axels for the Timber

1 10 4 1/2

Oyl Viz

3 1/4 Gallons for Painting Ladders the Stable Door

and a Room in the Castle

10 10

4 1/2 Gs Train for the Kitchen Bake House

and cleaning Arms

12 8

1 Bottle Florence for cleaning Arms

2 7

1 6 1

Carried over

17 7 2

Charges general, for stores issued from 1 October to 31 December 1751, continued:

Brought over, £10 17s 2d

Leather, 2 pounds, for the pump, £0 2s 0d

Deals

6 stipsten for ladders, £1 1s 6d

5 single deals, for a trough to convey the water to the crane and making a stable door, £0 10s 0d

Deals total, £1 11s 6d

Ironmongery

21 files, £0 15s 9d

half a pound of ironwire, £0 3s 4d

1 drill bow, for the armourer's use, £0 2s 2d

6 file hafts, £0 0s 6d

6 drill boxes, £0 0s 9d

1 chafing dish, for the Castle, £0 5s 6d

3 stock locks, for the stable and the gardener's tools, £1 1s 3d

1 padlock, for the Castle, £0 2s 1d

1 cupboard lock, for the seed boxes, £0 1s 9d

1 shod shovel, for the stable, £0 1s 6d

1 spring lock, for the Castle, £0 0s 6d

12 small gimlets, £0 1s 6d

1 chalk line, for the carpenter's use, £0 0s 4d

Ironmongery total, £2 0s 7d

Iron and steel

2 hundredweight 17 pounds of iron, for the roller, £1 5s 5d

17 pounds of steel, for the axes and coulters for the plough, £0 11s 5d

Iron and steel total, £1 16s 10d

Oil

3 and a half gallons, for painting the ladders, the stable pump and a room in the Castle, £0 10s 10d

4 and a half gallons of train, for the kitchen, bakehouse and cleaning arms, £0 12s 8d

1 bottle of Florence, for cleaning arms, £0 2s 7d

Oil total, £1 6s 1d

Carried over, £17 17s 2d

Interpretations

The iron and steel issued for the roller and for the axes and coulters of the plough mark the equipping of the Company's own agricultural machinery, the coulter the cutting blade fixed ahead of a plough's share to slice the ground before turning it. This shows the plantation maintaining and fitting its own tillage tools from the general store, the roller and plough together the working equipment of the Company's arable ground.

The single deals cut into a trough to convey water to the crane and the making of a stable door show two distinct small works of carpentry charged to the general account, the trough carrying water for the crane's use much as the earlier trough had served the garden, and the stable door a plain repair to the working buildings of the plantation. Both mark the constant small construction that kept the Company's yards and stables serviceable.

The three stock locks issued for the stable and the gardener's tools, with the cupboard lock for the seed boxes, show the Company securing not only its dwellings but its working stores, the seed kept under lock against loss or waste. This careful securing of even agricultural materials marks how closely every article, down to a box of seed, was accounted for and protected on the island.

134

132

20 January

Brought over

17 7 2

Glass Ware Viz

1 Quart Decanter

3 6

8 Wine Glasses

3 6

for the Castle

1 1/2 Glass 6 by 8

1 10

8 10

Blankets 4 for Do

1 8

Braziers Ware 1 Tea Kettle for Do

13 9

Cordage 6 1/2 for a Crane Rope

17 1/2

Cutlery Ware 1 Pruning Knife for the Gardeners use

1 6

Paint Viz

7 White Lead

1 9

12 Whiting

2 1/4

for painting a Room in the Castle

22 Yellow Oaker

1 1 1/2

1 Barrel Blacking

2

colouring the Ladders governors House &

1 Blue Smalts

1 8

16 Olive Colour

1 6 8

painting Ladders and the Stable Door

7 1/2 Venetian Red

3 3/4

1/2 Umber

2

3 Indico for colouring the Lieutenants

governors House & for Linen

8 4

2 5 2

China Ware Viz

2 Sets Dishes & Plates

1 4

6 Sallad Dishes

4 6

1 Set Bowls

3 10 1/2

12 Smakers

2 3

6 half pint Cups & Saucers

2 5

for the Castle

1 Jugg & Bason

5 4

1 Soup Dish

7

2 Chamber Pots

1

13 Soup plates

5

2 18 4 1/2

Carried over

25 19 11

Charges general, for stores issued from 1 October to 31 December 1751, continued:

Brought over, £17 17s 2d

Glassware

1 quart decanter, £0 3s 6d

8 wine glasses, for the Castle, £0 3s 6d

1 and a half squares of glass, 6 by 8, £0 1s 10d

Glassware total, £0 8s 10d

Blankets, 4, for the same, £0 18s 0d

Braziery, 1 tea kettle, for the same, £0 13s 9d

Cordage, 6 pounds, for a crane rope, £0 17s 4d

Cutlery, 1 pruning knife, for the gardener's use, £0 1s 6d

Paint

7 pounds of white lead, £0 1s 9d

12 pounds of whiting, £0 0s 2d

22 pounds of yellow ochre, £0 1s 1d

1 barrel of blacking, £0 2s 0d

1 pound of blue smalts, £0 1s 8d

16 pounds of olive colour, £1 6s 8d

7 pounds of Venice red, £0 0s 3d

half a pound of umber, £0 0s 2d

3 pounds of indigo, for colouring the lieutenant governor's house and for linen, £0 8s 4d

For painting a room in the Castle, colouring the Doctor's house and the sailmaker's door, saddled and the Judge Advocate's door

Paint total, £2 5s 2d

China ware

2 sets of dishes and plates, £1 4s 0d

6 salad dishes, £0 4s 6d

1 set of bowls, £0 3s 10d

12 saucers, £0 2s 3d

6 half pints of cups and saucers, for the Castle, £0 2s 3d

1 pig of brass, £0 5s 4d

1 soup dish, £0 7s 0d

2 chamber pots, £0 1s 0d

13 soup plates, £0 5s 0d

China ware total, £2 18s 4d

Carried over, £25 19s 11d

Interpretations

The paint issued for colouring several named dwellings, the room in the Castle, the Doctor's house, the sailmaker's door and the Judge Advocate's door, marks the Company's upkeep extending across the residences and offices of its senior officers, each dwelling identified by the trade or office of its occupant. This shows the settlement's houses named not by street or number but by the person or function attached to them, the ordinary way property was distinguished on so small a station.

The olive colour issued for this painting, at over six shillings the pound, was by far the costliest pigment on the page, a fine mixed tint reserved for the more finished rooms rather than the plain earth colours used for rough work. Its heavy use here marks a more careful decoration of the Castle's interior than the routine whitewashing and blacking recorded elsewhere in the accounts.

The crane rope made up from cordage issued for the purpose shows the upkeep of the lifting gear used about the wharf or stores, the rope worked and fitted for hoisting goods, a small but necessary charge on the general maintenance of the settlement's handling apparatus.

135

133

1751

Brought over

25 19 11

Starch Viz

13 Common

5

4 3/4 Poland

2 11 1/2

for Linen

7 4 1/2

Turners Ware Viz

1 Hair Broom

3 3

2 Scrubing Brushes

4

for the Castle

6 Mops

6 7 1/2

3 Paint Brushes for Painting

1 7 1/2

15 6

Soap 60 for Linen

2 8 9

Corks 10 Groce for bottling Beer

1 2 11

Ozenbrigs 1 1/2 Yards to cover the Packet

11 1/2

Candles Viz

58 for the Castle

5 17 4

55 for the Council

3 13 4

9 10 8

Pitch Viz

15 Rosin for Damening Bottles

11

12 Pitch for the Sledge

1 9

2 8

Coals 6 3/4 Bushels for the Armourers use

3 6 1 1/2

43 15 5 1/2

Diet Expenses Dr for the following Stores

Issued for the Table from the 1 October to the 31 December 1751 Viz

Beef & Pork Viz

4 Ps Beef

11

36 Ps Pork

3 12

4 3

Tea 9 Single

9 11 1/2

Carried over

4 12 11 1/2

Charges general, for stores issued from 1 October to 31 December 1751, continued:

Brought over, £25 19s 11d

Starch

1 pound of common, £0 0s 5d

3 and a half pounds of Poland, for linen, £0 2s 5d

Starch total, £0 7s 10d

Turnery

1 hair broom, £0 3s 3d

2 scrubbing brushes, for the Castle, £0 1s 0d

6 mops, £0 6s 7d

3 paint brushes, for painting, £0 1s 7d

Turnery total, £0 15s 6d

Soap, 66 pounds, for linen, £2 8s 9d

Corks, 10 gross, for bottling beer, £1 2s 11d

Osnaburg, 1 and a half yards, to cover the packet, £0 0s 11d

Candles

38 pounds, for the Castle, £5 17s 4d

55 pounds, for the Council, £3 13s 4d

Candles total, £9 10s 8d

Pitch

1 pound of rosin, for damming bottles, £0 0s 11d

1 pound of pitch, for the same, £0 1s 9d

Pitch total, £0 2s 8d

Coals, 9 bushels, for the armourer's use, £3 6s 1d

Total, £43 15s 5d

Diet expenses, for the following stores issued for the use of the table from 1 October to 31 December 1751:

Beef and pork

6 pounds of beef, £0 11s 0d

36 pounds of pork, £3 12s 0d

Beef and pork total, £4 3s 0d

Tea, 9 pounds of single, £0 11s 7d

Carried over, £1 12s 11d

Interpretations

The rosin and pitch issued for damming bottles show the method by which corked bottles of wine or beer were sealed against air and spoilage, the melted resin poured over the cork and neck to make an airtight cap. This small charge marks the careful preservation of the Company's better drink, kept fit for the table through a seal that had to be renewed with fresh pitch and rosin as bottles were laid down.

The heavy issue of soap for linen, 66 pounds in the quarter, together with the Poland starch also marked for linen, shows the laundering of the household's fine linen kept up as a distinct and costly charge, the better starch reserved for stiffening the table linen and dress shirts of the Castle rather than the common wash. This distinction between common and Poland starch, both charged to the general account, marks a household that laundered to two different standards according to the article in hand.

The corks issued for bottling beer show the settlement brewing or racking beer into bottle on the spot, corking its own supply rather than receiving it ready-bottled, a small instance of the domestic processing the Company carried out for its own consumption alongside the goods it merely stored and issued whole.

136

134

20 January

Brought over

4 12 11 1/2

Flour 1029

7 3 11 1/2

Rice 90

4 1

Salt 6 Bushels

10 9

Arrack 88 Gallons

12 2

Candy 573

4 6 1/2

Oyl 4 Bottles Florence

10 4

Vinegar 1 Gallon

1 11

29 12 1 1/2

Blacks Dr for the following Stores Issued for

their use from the 1 October to the 31 Decr 1751 Viz

Rice 187 3 8

46 17 1

Beef & Pork Viz

312 Ps Beef

12 18

181 Ps Pork

18 2

61

Arrack 12 Gallons

1 13

for Drams & Illness

Brandy 32 1/2 Gallons Caps

2 16 10 1/2

for many allowances at each Christmas

Tea 40 Bohea

8 6 1/2

Sugar 41

8 11 1/2

for the Sick & given to them at Christmas

Shoes 17 Ps Ordinary for the Handicraftsmen

3 6 7

Thread 1 Coloured for mending their Cloths

3 4

Long Cloth 1/2 Ps No 1 for lying in Women

16 3

Hooks & Lines Viz

12 Lines No 2

3 1

25 Hooks No 10

10 1/2

for Fishing

75 Do 4

10 1/2

5 1

117 17 8 1/2

Margin Notes:

Fortifications

Diet expenses, for stores issued for the use of the table from 1 October to 31 December 1751, continued:

Brought over, £1 12s 11d

Flour, 1,029 pounds, £7 3s 1d

Rice, 90 pounds, £1 1s 0d

Salt, 6 bushels, £0 10s 9d

Arrack, 88 gallons, £12 2s 0d

Candy, 51 pounds, £4 6s 1d

Oil, 4 bottles of Florence, £0 10s 1d

Vinegar, 1 gallon, £0 1s 1d

Total, £29 12s 1d

Slaves, for the following stores issued for their use from 1 October to 31 December 1751:

Rice, 187 pounds 5 ounces, £16 19s 1d

Beef and pork

312 pounds of beef, £42 18s 0d

187 pounds of pork, £18 2s 0d

Beef and pork total, £61 0s 0d

Arrack, 12 gallons, for drams, £1 15s 0d

Brandy, 32 and a half gallons, for many allowances on a variety of occasions, £2 16s 10d

Tea, 10 pounds of Bohea, for the sick, £0 8s 6d

Sugar, 41 pounds, for the sick and given to them after working, £0 8s 11d

Shoes, 17 pairs of ordinary, for the handicraftsmen, £3 6s 7d

Thread, 1 pound, coloured, for mending their clothes, £0 3s 4d

Long cloth, half a piece, number 1, for lying-in women, £16 6s 3d

Hooks and lines

12 lines, number 2, £0 3s 1d

25 hooks, number 10, for fishing, £0 0s 10d

75 of the same, number 1, for fishing, £0 0s 10d

Hooks and lines total, £0 5s 1d

Total, £117 17s 8d

Fortifications:

Interpretations

The brandy issued to the slaves for many allowances on a variety of occasions, rather than the single measured dram recorded in earlier quarters, shows the drink dealt out more freely and for more varied purposes across this quarter, whether as reward, medicine or customary allowance at particular tasks. The greater volume, over thirty gallons against the earlier gallon of arrack alone, marks a widening of the occasions on which spirit was given to the labour force.

The long cloth issued for lying-in women, half a piece of the finest grade, was fine white Indian cotton set apart for women near or after childbirth, the material probably for swaddling or bedding at a time calling for cleaner and better cloth than the ordinary issue. This entry, following the births of Harry, Frank and Morris recorded in the preceding months' stock accounts, shows the Company making some particular provision for slave women in childbed, a rare instance in the record of care extended to that condition.

The heavy issue of beef and pork to the slaves, together worth 61 pounds and far exceeding any other single charge in their account, marks the meat ration as the largest cost of maintaining the labour force, the plantation's own killing and the imported salt provision both drawn on to feed the people who worked it. Sugar and tea reserved for the sick, given after working, show a distinction kept between the ordinary ration and a supplement offered to those who fell ill or had completed hard labour, a modest allowance set apart from the daily provision.

137

135

1751

Fortifications Dr for the following Stores Issued from

the 1 October to the 31 December 1751 Viz

Ironmongers Ware Viz

4 Stone Wedges for the Blaster

2 8

6 Helves

3 1/2

1 Padlock for Lemon Valley Powder Chest

2 1

8 5 1/2

Canvas 3 1/4 Yards for a Bag for Munteire Slugs

3

Twine 4 Skains

2 2

Thread 2 Coloured for the Gunners use

6 8

Paint Viz

8 White Lead

2

2 Whiting

1/2

7 Yellow Oaker

2 3/4

for Painting the Flag Staff at the Fort

2 Barrels Blacking

1

3 2 1/2

Oyl 1 Gallon Linseed

3 4

Nails 1 3 for repairing Lemon Valley Powder Chest

6

1 7 3

Garrison Dr for the following Stores Issued for their

use from the 1 October to the 31 December 1751 Viz

Iron Pots 12

2 11 6

Turners Ware Viz

20 Platter

18 9 1/2

1 Wood Bowl

for the several Companys Guard at Sandy Bay

19 8

Tin Ware Viz

10 Small Lamps

8 1

6 large Do

10

18 1

Ironmongers Ware Viz

17 Small Frying Pans

1 8 6

1 Splint Lock to confine a disorderly Soldier

6

1 8 10

Carried over

6 18 1

Fortifications, for the following stores issued from 1 October to 31 December 1751:

Ironmongery

2 stone wedges, for the plaster, £0 2s 8d

6 helves, £0 3s 8d

1 padlock, for Lemon Valley powder chest, £0 2s 1d

Ironmongery total, £0 8s 5d

Canvas, 3 and a half yards of duck, for a bag for a musket flag, £0 3s 0d

Twine, 1 pound, £0 2s 2d

Thread, 2 pounds, coloured, for the gunners' use, £0 6s 8d

Paint

8 pounds of white lead, £0 2s 0d

2 pounds of whiting, £0 0s 2d

7 pounds of yellow ochre, £0 2s 4d

2 barrels of blacking, for painting the flag staff at Rupert's, £0 1s 0d

Paint total, £0 3s 2d

Oil, 1 gallon of linseed, £0 3s 4d

Nails, 1 pound at 3d, for repairing Lemon Valley powder chest, £0 0s 6d

Total, £1 7s 3d

Garrison, for the following stores issued for their use from 1 October to 31 December 1751:

Iron pots, 2, £0 4s 6d

Turnery

20 platters, £0 18s 11d

1 wooden bowl, £0 0s 8d

Turnery total, £0 19s 8d

Tinware, for the several companies and Sandy Bay guard

10 small lamps, £0 8s 1d

6 large of the same, £0 1s 0d

Tinware total, £0 8s 1d

Ironmongery

17 small frying pans, £1 8s 6d

1 spring lock, to confine a disorderly soldier, £0 0s 6d

Ironmongery total, £1 8s 10d

Carried over, £6 18s 1d

Interpretations

Lemon Valley was one of the outlying landing places on the island's coast, guarded like Rupert's and Sandy Bay, and the padlock and nails issued to repair its powder chest mark the routine security and upkeep of the magazine kept there for the defence of that approach. The maintenance of separate powder stores at several landings shows the island's defence spread across its several vulnerable bays rather than concentrated at James Valley alone.

The spring lock issued to confine a disorderly soldier records a small item of garrison discipline, the lock fitted to secure a man under punishment or restraint, a rare and telling entry that shows the ordinary machinery of military order kept up on so remote a station. Unlike the many locks issued elsewhere for goods and stores, this one was fitted to a person, marking the garrison's own means of holding a man who had broken its rules.

The canvas cut into a bag for a musket flag, probably a canvas cover to protect the colours or a signal flag furled at rest, shows the small tailoring done by the garrison's own hands to preserve its flags and standards from the weather, one more instance of the settlement making up its own protective coverings from imported cloth.

138

136

20 January

Brought over

5 18 4

Tea 8 7 Bohea

3 10 8

Oyl 28 Gallons Train

11 14 8

for the several Guards

Deals 9 Single

18

Nails 5 6 for Do

1 7

Canvas 1/2 Yard Sacking

6

Arrack 5 1/4 Gallons

13 10

Brandy 6 Gallons Cape

10 6

for Drams on mustering

Paint Viz

9 2 Gallons Oaker

1 8 3

13 1/2 Whiting

2 3/4

to Coathier Attendants

1 11

The following Cloathing delivered the

Recruits that have Enlisted since the

General Cloathing Viz

Soldiers Cloaths Viz

4 Continels Coats & Breeches

4 19 7

2 Matrsses Do & Do

1 4 10

9 4 5

Shirts 5 Continels

1 10

Stockings 5 Ps Cotton

9 1

Shoes 5 Ps Men Ordinary

19 7

Hats 6 Continels

17 2

Blankets 5

1 2 8 1/2

37 5 1 1/2

Boats Dr for the following Stores Issued from

the 1 October to the 31 December 1751 Viz

Nails Viz

5 6

1 7

1 10

4

1 11

Pitch 21

3 1

5

Margin Notes:

Plantation

Garrison, for stores issued from 1 October to 31 December 1751, continued:

Brought over, £5 18s 4d

Tea, 7 pounds of Bohea, £3 10s 8d

Oil, 78 gallons of train, for the several guards, £11 4s 8d

Deals, 9 single, for coffins, £0 18s 0d

Nails, 3 pounds at 6d, for the same, £0 1s 7d

Canvas, 2 yards of sacking, £0 0s 6d

Arrack, 5 and a half gallons, £0 15s 10d

Brandy, 6 gallons, cape, for drams on mustering, £0 10s 6d

Paint

9 and a half gallons of ochre

13 and a half pounds of whiting, to colour a recently arrived room

Paint total, £0 1s 11d

The following clothing was delivered to the recruits who had enlisted since the general clothing issue:

Soldiers' clothes

4 sentinels' coats and breeches, £4 19s 7d

2 matrosses' coats and breeches, £1 4s 10d

Soldiers' clothes total, £9 4s 5d

Shirts, 5 sentinels', £1 10s 0d

Stockings, 5 pairs of cotton, £0 2s 1d

Shoes, 5 pairs of men's ordinary, £0 19s 7d

Hats, 6 sentinels', £1 7s 2d

Blankets, 5, £1 2s 8d

Total, £37 5s 9d

Boats, for the following stores issued from 1 October to 31 December 1751:

Nails

3 pounds at 6d, £0 1s 7d

1 pound, £0 0s 4d

Nails total, £0 1s 11d

Pitch, 21 pounds, £0 3s 1d

Total, £0 5s 0d

Interpretations

The nine single deals cut for coffins, with nails bought for the same purpose, record the ordinary provision the garrison made for burying its dead, the timber and fastenings issued from store like any other necessary. Set beside the powder spent on funeral salutes in the gunners' accounts through the year, this shows the whole material charge of a soldier's burial met from the Company's stock, from the coffin boards to the parting volley.

The clothing delivered to recruits enlisted since the general issue shows the garrison's roll kept up between the main annual clothing of the whole strength and the piecemeal fitting out of new men as they joined, each recruit clothed complete from coat to blanket as he came onto the establishment. This marks the standing readiness of the store to equip a soldier the moment he was taken on, rather than waiting for the next general issue.

The Cape brandy issued for drams on mustering, cheaper than the English spirit sold elsewhere, shows the garrison's own consumption drawing on the more affordable colonial brandy for its customary parade allowance, a small economy in provisioning the ceremony of the muster.

139

137

1751

Plantation Dr for the following Stores Issued from

the 1 October to the 31 December 1751 Viz

Nails Viz

3 4

1 2 3/4

8 6

2 10

for repairing Wheelbarrows

2 10

8

making Gutter & Casks

2 3

4 1/2

2 Glazing Brads

2 3/4

11 Spike

3

10 8 3/4

Rice & Paddy Viz

13 4 Paddy

3

3 Rice

5 9

3 3 9

Cordage 58 1/2 for Thatching & for Slings

9 4 3/4

Oyl 1/2 Gallon Train for Do

8

Pitch Viz

10 Pitch

1 3 1/2

2 Gallons Tar for Gates

1 4

2 9 1/2

Ironmongers Ware Viz

6 Stone Wedges for the Great Wood

4

2 Scyth Stones for the Gardener

3

10 Wood Ticks for the Dairy

2 1

2 Files for the Carpenter

1 6

3 Bag Twines for cutting Rushes

6

2 Helves for the Garden

1 2 1/2

9 6 1/2

Turners Ware Viz

2 Sutherns Yoakes for the Garden

2 2

1 Wood Bowl

11 1/2

1 Wove Ladle

2

for the Dairy

4 Skimming Dishes

11

4 2 1/2

Carried over

5 1 7 1/2

Plantation, for the following stores issued from 1 October to 31 December 1751:

Nails

3 pounds at 4d, £0 1s 2d

8 pounds at 6d, £0 2s 10d

2 pounds at 10d, for repairing wheelbarrows, £0 0s 8d

2 pounds at 3d, for making gutter clasps, £0 0s 4d

2 pounds of glazing brads, £0 2s 7d

11 spikes, £0 3s 0d

Nails total, £0 10s 8d

Rice and paddy

13 hundredweight of paddy, £3 0s 0d

3 hundredweight of rice, £0 5s 9d

Rice and paddy total, £3 3s 9d

Cordage, 38 and a half pounds, for thatching and for slings, £0 9s 8d

Oil, half a gallon of train, for the same, £0 0s 8d

Pitch

10 pounds of pitch, £0 1s 5d

2 gallons of tar, for gates, £0 1s 4d

Pitch total, £0 2s 9d

Ironmongery

6 stone wedges, for the Great Wood, £0 4s 0d

2 scythe stones, for the gardener, £0 0s 3d

10 wood axes, for the dairy, £0 2s 1d

2 files, for the carpenter, £0 1s 6d

3 bagging hooks, for cutting rushes, £0 0s 6d

2 helves, for the garden, £0 1s 2d

Ironmongery total, £0 9s 6d

Turnery

2 submons yokes, for the garden, £0 2s 2d

1 wood bowl

1 wood ladle, for the dairy, £0 1s 1d

4 skimming dishes, £0 0s 2d

Turnery carried over, £0 4s 2d

Carried over, £5 1s 7d

Interpretations

The wood axes, ladle, bowl and skimming dishes issued for the dairy mark a distinct working department of the plantation given over to making butter and handling milk, its equipment supplied and renewed from the general store like any other trade. This dairy, tending the cows whose numbers the monthly stock accounts tracked, turned part of the herd's milk into the butter that regularly appeared on the sundries account for the Company's table.

The stone wedges issued for the Great Wood, alongside the bagging hooks for cutting rushes, show two distinct kinds of work carried on in that outlying tract of native forest, the wedges for splitting timber and the hooks for clearing the rushes that grew wild there. This confirms the Great Wood as a working part of the plantation's ground rather than untouched forest, worked for both its wood and its rough growth.

The gutter clasps made up with small nails mark the fitting of guttering to a plantation building, channelling rainwater away from roofs or walls, a small item of construction charged to the plantation's own maintenance rather than to the general fortifications or garrison accounts, showing the farm buildings kept in repair from the same store that served the rest of the settlement.

140

138

1751

Brought over

5 1 7 1/2

Iron 131 for making Hoes & Rice pounding Stones

18

Earthen Ware 12 Milk Pans for the Dairy

7 1/2

Deals Viz

29 Single for the intended Building at

2 18

1 Double the Plantation House

3 1/2

3 Oak Planks two for Do one for Cask

3 8 6

1 Elm Plank

18 11

1 Suffer 3 for Cask

3 5

7 11 10 1/2

13 19

Hospital Dr for the following Stores Issued for the

Sick in the Infirmary from the 1 October to the 31 Decr 1751 Viz

Turners Ware Viz

4 Platters

5 7 1/2

6 Wood Bowls

5 7 1/2

3 Wood Ladles

6

11 9

China Ware 12 Smakers

2 3

Iron Pots 1

1 8

Blankets 12

2 14 6

Sugar 90

13 8

Flour 71

9 10

Oyl 5 Gallons Train

2 8

Rice 2

10

Salt 1/2 Bushel

1 9 1/2

Ironmongers Ware 1 Stock Lock

2 1

5 13 2 1/2

December 31 1751

Errors Excepted

Matthew Purling Storekeeper

Margin Notes:

List

Plantation, for stores issued from 1 October to 31 December 1751, continued:

Brought over, £5 1s 7d

Iron, 131 pounds, for making a chest of arrow-proofing stores, £0 18s 0d

Earthenware, 12 milk pans, for the dairy, £0 7s 2d

Deals

29 single, for the intended building at the plantation house, £2 18s 0d

1 double, £0 3s 6d

3 oak planks, 2 for the same, 1 for casks, £3 8s 6d

1 elm plank, £0 18s 11d

1 buffer, for casks, £0 3s 5d

Deals total, £7 11s 10d

Total, £13 19s 7d

Hospital, for the following stores issued for the sick in the infirmary from 1 October to 31 December 1751:

Turnery

4 platters, £0 5s 7d

6 wood bowls, £0 5s 7d

3 wood ladles, £0 0s 6d

Turnery total, £0 11s 9d

China ware, 12 saucers, £0 2s 3d

Iron pots, 1, £0 1s 8d

Blankets, 12, £2 14s 6d

Sugar, 91 pounds, £0 13s 8d

Flour, 71 pounds, £0 9s 10d

Oil, 5 gallons of train, £0 2s 8d

Rice, 2 pounds, £0 1s 0d

Salt, half a bushel, £0 1s 9d

Ironmongery, 1 stock lock, £0 2s 1d

Total, £5 13s 2d

The account was made up to 31 December 1751, errors excepted, and signed by Matthew Pierling, storekeeper.

Interpretations

The 29 single deals issued for an intended building at the plantation house mark a new structure begun on the farm, the largest single item of timber charged to the plantation this quarter and a sign of expansion or renewal of the working buildings there, distinct from the routine repairs recorded in earlier accounts. The oak and elm planks and the buffer supplied alongside it, some marked expressly for casks, show the same delivery of timber serving both the new construction and the plantation's ordinary cask-making.

The twelve blankets issued to the hospital, together with the china saucers, wood bowls and platters, mark the furnishing of the sick quarters as a modest but distinct household, kept up with its own stock of bedding and vessels apart from the garrison's or the Castle's own supply. The small quantities of sugar, flour and rice drawn for the infirmary confirm the plain and easily taken diet thought proper for the sick, unchanged from the pattern of the earlier quarter.

The iron issued for making a chest of arrow-proofing stores is a puzzling entry among an otherwise ordinary quarter's supply, the term suggesting protective ironwork of some kind rather than any use connected with archery, and its purpose is not further explained on the page.

141

139

List of the Honble Companys Officers and Servants upon the Island St Helena, with their several Salary Diet Money &ca for the Quarter commencing October the 1st and ending Decr the 31st 1751 Vizt
Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governor Salary £125 ..
Do Allowance for Servants as usual, £31 14s 9d £156 14s 9d
David Hunter Esqr Lieut Governor Salary £62 10s ..
Do Diet Money £25 £87 10s ..
John Clarke of Council, Salary “ “ ..
John Goodwyn Accomptant Salary £17 10s ..
Do Diet Money £15
Do House Rent £2 10s £35 ..
Matthew Purling Storekeeper Salary £17 10s ..
Do Diet Money £15 £32 10s ..
Francis Wrangham Secretary’s Salary £17 10s ..
Do Diet Money £15
William Lee Chaplains Salary £25 ..
Do Diet Money £15
Do House Rent £2 10s £42 10s ..
James Powell Factor Salary £7 10s ..
Do Diet Money £10
Do Assistant Storekeeper £5
Do House Rent £2 10s £25 ..
Thomas French Factor Salary £7 10s ..
Do Diet Money £10 £17 10s ..
Matthew Parks Workers Salary £5
Do Diet Money £10 £15 ..
Samuel Leadbeater Surgeon’s Salary £9 15s ..
Do Diet Money £10
Do House Rent £2 10s £22 5s ..
James Stevenson Surgeons Mate Salary £5
Do Diet Money £11 5s £16 5s
Carried over £497 14s 9d

A list of the Company's officers and servants on St Helena, with their salaries, diet money and other allowances for the quarter from 1 October 1751 to 31 December 1751, is set out here. Each entry gives the man, his post and the parts of his pay, then his total for the quarter.
Charles Hutchinson, Governor, salary £125 0s 0d, allowance for servants as usual £31 14s 9d, total £156 14s 9d
David Hunter, Lieutenant Governor, salary £62 10s 0d, diet money £25 0s 0d, total £87 10s 0d
John Clark, of Council, salary [...]
John Goodwyn, accountant, salary £17 10s 0d, diet money £15 0s 0d, house rent £2 10s 0d, total £35 0s 0d
Matthew Purling, storekeeper, salary £17 10s 0d, diet money £15 0s 0d, total £32 10s 0d
Francis Wrangham, secretary, salary £17 10s 0d, diet money £15 0s 0d
William Lee, chaplain, salary £25 0s 0d, diet money £15 0s 0d, house rent £2 10s 0d, total £42 10s 0d
James Powell, factor, salary £7 10s 0d, diet money £10 0s 0d, allowance as assistant storekeeper £5 0s 0d, house rent £2 10s 0d, total £25 0s 0d
Thomas French, factor, salary £7 10s 0d, diet money £10 0s 0d, total £17 10s 0d
Matthew Parks, worker, salary £5 0s 0d, diet money £10 0s 0d, total £15 0s 0d
Samuel Leadbeater, surgeon, salary £9 15s 0d, diet money £10 0s 0d, house rent £2 10s 0d, total £22 5s 0d
James Stevenson, surgeon's mate, salary £5 0s 0d, diet money £11 5s 0d, total £16 5s 0d
Carried over, £497 14s 9d

Interpretations

The roll for the December quarter shows the same civil establishment as the September list, with the surgeon's post now filled by Samuel Leadbeater in place of Samuel Falconer, a change of the island's medical officer between quarters. The Governor's salary is entered here at £125, a pound below the September figure, the kind of small clerical variation that ran through these quarterly copies.

142

140

Brought over £497 14s 9d
Richard Gurling £15 ..
John Swash } Overseers “ “ £7 10s ..
Richard Beatle Schoolmasters Salary £3 8s 3d
Do as Clerk £5 ..
8 8 3
John Bond Master Mason Salary £17 10s ..
Do Diet Money £10
Do House Rent £1 10s £29 ..
Mark Hawkins Mason Salary £12 10s ..
Do Diet Money £6 16s 10½d
Do House Rent £1 .. £20 6s 10½d
Joseph Kendall Master of Arms £6 5s ..
James Sheppard Gardener £10 ..
Henry Brimon Armourer £10 10s ..
William Parkman Carpenter £12 10s ..
James Tobet Cooper £8 15s ..
Michael Frost Clock & Instrument cleaner £1 5s ..
William Davis Patron of the sloops £1 10s ..
William Hayes Housekeeper £2 ..
Andrew Bituman Marshal £4 7s 9d £63 2s 9d
£641 2s 7½d
First Company
John Clark 1st Lieut Salary £10 ..
Do Diet Money £6 16s 10½d
Do on Act of Instructing the Gunners £7 10s .. £24 6s 10½d
Serjeants.
Henry Beale £6 11s 6d
Solomon Jacobs £6 11s 6d
John Buckles £6 11s 6d £20 3s 6d
Carried over £685 13s ..

The salary list continued with the remaining civil servants and the first company of the garrison.
Richard Gurling, overseer, £15 0s 0d
John Swash, overseer, £7 10s 0d
Richard Beatle, schoolmaster, salary £3 8s 3d, as clerk £5 0s 0d, total £8 8s 3d
John Bond, master mason, salary £17 10s 0d, diet money £10 0s 0d, house rent £1 10s 0d, total £29 0s 0d
Mark Hawkins, mason, salary £12 10s 0d, diet money £6 16s 10½d, house rent £1 0s 0d, total £20 6s 10½d
Joseph Kendall, master of arms, £6 5s 0d
James Sheppard, gardener, £10 0s 0d
Henry Brimon, armourer, £10 10s 0d
William Parkman, carpenter, £12 10s 0d
James Tobet, cooper, £8 15s 0d
Michael Frost, clock and instrument cleaner, £1 5s 0d
William Davis, patron of the sloops, £1 10s 0d
William Hayes, housekeeper, £2 0s 0d
Andrew Bituman, marshal, £4 7s 9d, £63 2s 9d
Total, £641 2s 7½d
First company. John Clark, first lieutenant, salary £10 0s 0d, diet money £6 16s 10½d, for instructing the gunners £7 10s 0d, total £24 6s 10½d
Sergeants. Henry Beale £6 11s 6d, Solomon Jacobs £6 11s 6d, John Buckles £6 11s 6d, total £20 3s 6d
Carried over, £685 13s 0d

143

141

Brought over £685 13s ..
Corporals
William Davis £1 7s 9d
Tho: Bown £1 7s 9d
John O’Hara £1 7s 9d
Charles Smith Drummer £1 7s 9d £13 3s 3d
£1 7s 9d
Centinels
Andrew Armstrong £3 16s ½d
George Bennett £3 16s ½d
Jos: Brooks from 1st Octbr to 21 Inclu: 21 days he rec’d each day £1 7s 6d
Augushne Bales £3 16s ½d
Tho: Bown £3 16s ½d
Matw Campbell £3 16s ½d
Ja: Cartwright £3 16s ½d
George Copelin £3 16s ½d
Philip Cole £3 16s ½d
Wm Enoe £3 16s ½d
John Ivis £3 16s ½d
Tho: Farrin £3 16s ½d
George Green £3 16s ½d
John Grove £3 16s ½d
Richd Goulding £3 16s ½d
John Grainger £3 16s ½d
John Gawler £3 16s ½d
Rich: Gordon £3 16s ½d
Tho: Houle £3 16s ½d
Hum: Harrison £3 16s ½d
Ja: Vickery £3 16s ½d
Wm Cutchinson £3 16s ½d
Major Jackson £3 16s ½d
Wm Lamborn £3 16s ½d
Jos: Long £3 16s ½d
Centinels Carried over £92 2s 6d
Carried over £703 4s ..

The muster of the first company continued, the sum brought over standing at £685 13s 0d.
Corporals. William Davis £1 7s 9d, Thomas Bown £1 7s 9d, John O'Hara £1 7s 9d, Charles Smith drummer £13 3s 3d, £1 7s 9d
Centinels. Andrew Armstrong £3 16s 0½d, George Bennett £3 16s 0½d, Joseph Brooks, from 1 to 21 October, 21 days, at £1 7s 6d, Augustine Bales £3 16s 0½d, Thomas Bown £3 16s 0½d, Matthew Campbell £3 16s 0½d, James Cartwright £3 16s 0½d, George Copelin £3 16s 0½d, Philip Cole £3 16s 0½d, William Enoe £3 16s 0½d, John Ivis £3 16s 0½d, Thomas Farrin £3 16s 0½d, George Green £3 16s 0½d, John Grove £3 16s 0½d, Richard Goulding £3 16s 0½d, John Grainger £3 16s 0½d, John Gawler £3 16s 0½d, Richard Gordon £3 16s 0½d, Thomas Houle £3 16s 0½d, Humphry Harrison £3 16s 0½d, James Vickery £3 16s 0½d, William Cutchinson £3 16s 0½d, Major Jackson £3 16s 0½d, William Lamborn £3 16s 0½d, Joseph Long £3 16s 0½d
Centinels carried over, £92 2s 6d
Carried over, £703 4s 0d

Interpretations

Joseph Brooks appears paid for only his first 21 days of the quarter, the point at which he took his discharge on completing his contracted term recorded earlier in the record. The roll thus settled a departing soldier's pay to the day his service ended, in the same way it stopped a dead man's pay at his death.

144

142

Brought over… £703 4s 0d
Centinels Brought over £92 2s 6d
James Lee £3 16s 2d
Danl Langton £3 16s 2d
Tho Lonton £3 16s 2d
John Legg £3 16s 2d
John Murrell £3 16s 2d
Jo Mills £3 16s 2d
John Marsh £3 16s 2d
Bartholomew Mollen £3 16s 2d
Henry Pugh £3 16s 2d
Geo Prurling £3 16s 2d
Ja Rickardson £3 16s 2d
John Cotcher £3 16s 2d
John Shaw £3 16s 2d
Wm Stave £3 16s 2d
John Swift £3 16s 2d
Tho Tufnal £3 16s 2d
Ja Urquhart £3 16s 2d
Pef Wells £3 16s 2d
Tho Williams £3 16s 2d
Mathias Young £3 16s 2d
£168 3s 4d
Second Company
Jo Kendalls Lieut Salary £10 0s 0d
Dr Dub Money £6 16s 10½d
Dr House Rent £2 10s 0d
£19 6s 10½d
Sergeants
Robert Mason £6 1s 6d
Gab Jackes £6 1s 6d
Mich Frost £6 1s 6d
£20 3s 6d
Carried over £910 17s 8½d

The muster of the first company concluded, the sum brought over standing at £703 4s 0d and the centinels' sum at £92 2s 6d. Each of the following centinels drew the standard quarter's pay of £3 16s 0½d.
James Lee, £3 16s 0½d
Daniel Langton, £3 16s 0½d
Thomas Lonton, £3 16s 0½d
John Legg, £3 16s 0½d
John Murrell, £3 16s 0½d
Joseph Mills, £3 16s 0½d
John Marsh, £3 16s 0½d
Bartholomew Mollen, £3 16s 0½d
Henry Pugh, £3 16s 0½d
George Prurling, £3 16s 0½d
James Rickardson, £3 16s 0½d
John Cotcher, £3 16s 0½d
John Shaw, £3 16s 0½d
William Stave, £3 16s 0½d
John Swift, £3 16s 0½d
Thomas Tufnal, £3 16s 0½d
James Urquhart, £3 16s 0½d
Peter Wells, £3 16s 0½d
Thomas Williams, £3 16s 0½d
Mathias Young, £3 16s 0½d
Total, £168 3s 4d
Second company. Joseph Kendall, lieutenant, salary £10 0s 0d, diet money £6 16s 10½d, house rent £2 10s 0d, total £19 6s 10½d
Sergeants. Robert Mason £6 1s 6d, Gabriel Jackes £6 1s 6d, Michael Frost £6 1s 6d, £20 3s 6d
Carried over, £910 17s 8½d

Interpretations

The centinel pay entered as £3 16s 2d from this cell onward is a clerk's mis-rendering of the flat private's rate the first company set down as £3 16s 0½d, the whole roll paying every centinel the same sum. Reading the figure as the standard rate keeps the muster consistent with the totals carried company by company.

145

143

Brought over £910 17s 8½d
Corporals
John Holloway £1 7s 9d
Saml Talbot £1 7s 9d
Heny Wakefield £1 7s 9d
John Coffin Drummer £1 7s 9d
£13 3s 3d
£1 7s 9d
Centinels
Jos Andrews £3 16s 2d
Pef Barker £3 16s 2d
Wm Becket £3 16s 2d
John Brock £3 16s 2d
Wm Brooks £3 16s 2d
John Brown £3 16s 2d
Ja Burgess £3 16s 2d
Geo Bryan £3 16s 2d
Dan Lam £3 16s 2d
John Chapman £3 16s 2d
John Costee £3 16s 2d
Wm Dipton £3 16s 2d
John Douglas £3 16s 2d
Pef Eglestone £3 16s 2d
Pef Finale £3 16s 2d
John Fletcher £3 16s 2d
Vostar Garden £3 16s 2d
John Hayes £3 16s 2d
Joseph Hayes £3 16s 2d
Tho Jackson £3 16s 2d
Sam Kelson £3 16s 2d
Jos Lace from 3 Octr to 16 Novemtr 45 days he died £1 19s 2d
Christ Moor £3 16s 2d
Ri Mayse £3 16s 2d
Wm Page from 3 Octr to 2 Decemr 62 days he died £2 12s 6d
Centinels Carried over £92 17s 3d
Carried over £928 8s 8½d

The muster of the second company continued, the sum brought over standing at £910 17s 8½d.
Corporals. John Holloway £1 7s 9d, Samuel Talbot £1 7s 9d, Henry Wakefield £1 7s 9d, John Coffin drummer £13 3s 3d, £1 7s 9d
Centinels. Joseph Andrews £3 16s 0½d, Peter Barker £3 16s 0½d, William Becket £3 16s 0½d, John Brock £3 16s 0½d, William Brooks £3 16s 0½d, John Brown £3 16s 0½d, James Burgess £3 16s 0½d, George Bryan £3 16s 0½d, Daniel Lam £3 16s 0½d, John Chapman £3 16s 0½d, John Costee £3 16s 0½d, William Dipton £3 16s 0½d, John Douglas £3 16s 0½d, Peter Eglestone £3 16s 0½d, Peter Finale £3 16s 0½d, John Fletcher £3 16s 0½d, Vostar Garden £3 16s 0½d, John Hayes £3 16s 0½d, Joseph Hayes £3 16s 0½d, Thomas Jackson £3 16s 0½d, Sam Kelson £3 16s 0½d, Joseph Lace, from 3 October to 16 November, 45 days, the day he died, £1 19s 2d, Christopher Moor £3 16s 0½d, Richard Mayse £3 16s 0½d, William Page, from 3 October to 2 December, 62 days, the day he died, £2 12s 6d
Centinels carried over, £92 17s 3d
Carried over, £928 8s 8½d

Interpretations

Two men of this company, Joseph Lace and William Page, died within the quarter and drew pay only to the day of death, so the roll again doubled as a casualty return. The part-quarter sums, reckoned by the number of days each served, show the paymaster prorating a dead soldier's wage against the flat rate the living drew in full.

146

144

Brought over £928 8s 8½d
Centinels Brought over £92 17s 3d
Wm Shelford £3 16s 2d
John Simmons £3 16s 2d
Jos Smith £3 16s 2d
Chas Crow £3 16s 2d
Tho Breeton £3 16s 2d
Tho Taylor £3 16s 2d
Benjn Thomas £3 16s 2d
John Turner £3 16s 2d
Rd Sweats £3 16s 2d
Wm Sweats £3 16s 2d
Ja Shortin from Decr 3d to 31st since the day he was Entertained £1 1s 2d
Edw Walker £3 16s 2d
Wm Wathen £3 16s 2d
Septr Willoughby £3 16s 2d
Jem Worrill £3 16s 2d
£116 9s 1½d
Third Company
Tho Eathcote Lt Salary £10 0s 0d
Dr Diet Money £6 16s 10½d
Dr House Rent £2 10s 0d
Ensign Beale 2d Salary £7 10s 0d
Dr Diet Money £6 16s 10½d
£19 6s 10½d
£14 6s 10½d
£33 13s 9d
Sergeants
Mattw Brightwell £6 1s 6d
John Leek £6 1s 6d
Wm Pendrece £6 1s 6d
£20 3s 6d
Carried over £1128 15s 4d

The muster of the second company concluded, the sum brought over standing at £928 8s 8½d and the centinels' sum at £92 17s 3d.
William Shelford, £3 16s 0½d
John Simmons, £3 16s 0½d
Joseph Smith, £3 16s 0½d
Charles Crow, £3 16s 0½d
Thomas Breeton, £3 16s 0½d
Thomas Taylor, £3 16s 0½d
Benjamin Thomas, £3 16s 0½d
John Turner, £3 16s 0½d
Richard Sweats, £3 16s 0½d
William Sweats, £3 16s 0½d
James Shortin, from 3 to 31 December, since the day he was entertained, £1 1s 2d
Edward Walker, £3 16s 0½d
William Wathen, £3 16s 0½d
Stephen Willoughby, £3 16s 0½d
Jeremiah Worrill, £3 16s 0½d
Total, £116 9s 1½d
Third company. Thomas Eathcote, lieutenant, salary £10 0s 0d, diet money £6 16s 10½d, house rent £2 10s 0d, £19 6s 10½d
Ensign Beale, second lieutenant, salary £7 10s 0d, diet money £6 16s 10½d, £14 6s 10½d, £33 13s 9d
Sergeants. Matthew Brightwell £6 1s 6d, John Leek £6 1s 6d, William Pendrece £6 1s 6d, £20 3s 6d
Carried over, £1,128 15s 4d

147

145

Brought over £1128 15s 4d
Corporals
Edwd Grant £1 7s 9d
Tho Lindsey £1 7s 9d
Cha Styles £1 7s 9d
Benjn Sweats Drummer £1 7s 9d
£13 3s 3d
£1 7s 9d
Centinels
Wm Adams £3 16s 2d
Matw Allis £3 16s 2d
Jos Barker £3 16s 2d
Wm Bonfield £3 16s 2d
Wm Brown £3 16s 2d
Dixon Craft £3 16s 2d
John Crew £3 16s 2d
Baron Deloaf £3 16s 2d
John Earle £3 16s 2d
Tho Fuller £3 16s 2d
John Grime £3 16s 2d
Jona Hitchen £3 16s 2d
Wm Herelock £3 16s 2d
Tho Hodge £3 16s 2d
Geo Henduck £3 16s 2d
Ri Knight £3 16s 2d
John Kersey £3 16s 2d
John Langbridge £3 16s 2d
Tho Lawrence £3 16s 2d
John McIroy £3 16s 2d
Abrah Major £3 16s 2d
Cha Montague £3 16s 2d
Tho Morris £3 16s 2d
Anthy Morchow £3 16s 2d
Centinels far over £91 5s 0d
Carried over £1140 6s 4d

The muster of the third company continued, the sum brought over standing at £1,128 15s 4d.
Corporals. Edward Grant £1 7s 9d, Thomas Lindsey £1 7s 9d, Charles Styles £1 7s 9d, Benjamin Sweats drummer £13 3s 3d, £1 7s 9d
Centinels. William Adams £3 16s 0½d, Matthew Allis £3 16s 0½d, Joseph Barker £3 16s 0½d, William Bonfield £3 16s 0½d, William Brown £3 16s 0½d, Dixon Craft £3 16s 0½d, John Crew £3 16s 0½d, Baron Deloaf £3 16s 0½d, John Earle £3 16s 0½d, Thomas Fuller £3 16s 0½d, John Grime £3 16s 0½d, Jonathan Hitchen £3 16s 0½d, William Herelock £3 16s 0½d, Thomas Hodge £3 16s 0½d, George Henduck £3 16s 0½d, Richard Knight £3 16s 0½d, John Kersey £3 16s 0½d, John Langbridge £3 16s 0½d, Thomas Lawrence £3 16s 0½d, John McIroy £3 16s 0½d, Abraham Major £3 16s 0½d, Charles Montague £3 16s 0½d, Thomas Morris £3 16s 0½d, Anthony Morchow £3 16s 0½d
Centinels carried over, £91 5s 0d
Carried over, £1,140 6s 4d

148

146

Brought over £1140 6s 4d
Centinels Brought over £91 5s 0d
Cha Newcombe £3 16s 2d
Tho Oliver £3 16s 2d
Tho Payne £3 16s 2d
John Puswater £3 16s 2d
Tho Pledger £3 16s 2d
Wm Robinson £3 16s 2d
Davd Scott £3 16s 2d
Robt Stacks £3 16s 2d
John Spencer £3 16s 2d
Adam Scott £3 16s 2d
Christr Syder £3 16s 2d
Jos Thomson £3 16s 2d
Wm Thomson £3 16s 2d
Benjn Williams £3 16s 2d
John Wills £3 16s 2d
Roger Wellman £3 16s 2d
£152 1s 8d
Fourth Company
Tho Kirkpatrick Lt Salary £10 0s 0d
Dr Diet Money £6 16s 10½d
Dr On Acct of doing Adjuts duty £8 10s 7½d
Dr House Rent £2 10s 0d
Wm Kennedy 2 Lt Salary £7 10s 0d
Dr Diet Money £6 16s 10½d
£27 17s 6d
£14 6s 10½d
£42 4s 4½d
Sergeants
Wm Oakman £6 1s 6d
George Master £6 1s 6d
John Walker £6 1s 6d
£20 3s 6d
Carried over £1360 15s 10½d

The muster of the third company concluded, the sum brought over standing at £1,140 6s 4d and the centinels' sum at £91 5s 0d.
Charles Newcombe, £3 16s 0½d
Thomas Oliver, £3 16s 0½d
Thomas Payne, £3 16s 0½d
John Puswater, £3 16s 0½d
Thomas Pledger, £3 16s 0½d
William Robinson, £3 16s 0½d
David Scott, £3 16s 0½d
Robert Stacks, £3 16s 0½d
John Spencer, £3 16s 0½d
Adam Scott, £3 16s 0½d
Christopher Syder, £3 16s 0½d
Joseph Thomson, £3 16s 0½d
William Thomson, £3 16s 0½d
Benjamin Williams, £3 16s 0½d
John Wills, £3 16s 0½d
Roger Wellman, £3 16s 0½d
Total, £152 1s 8d
Fourth company. Thomas Kirkpatrick, lieutenant, salary £10 0s 0d, diet money £6 16s 10½d, for doing adjutant's duty £8 10s 7½d, house rent £2 10s 0d, £27 17s 6d
William Kennedy, second lieutenant, salary £7 10s 0d, diet money £6 16s 10½d, £14 6s 10½d, £42 4s 4½d
Sergeants. William Oakman £6 1s 6d, George Master £6 1s 6d, John Walker £6 1s 6d, £20 3s 6d
Carried over, £1,360 15s 10½d

Interpretations

Kirkpatrick again drew the extra allowance for adjutant's duty on top of his lieutenant's pay, confirming that the garrison's staff work of mustering and orders fell to one line officer across successive quarters. The steady recurrence of the same officers and sergeants down the four companies shows a settled command structure holding from one quarter to the next.

149

147

Brought over £1360 15s 10½d
Corporals
Wm Paddam £1 7s 9d
Wm Bunking £1 7s 9d
Alexr Hambleton £1 7s 9d
Gilbert Clew Drummer £1 7s 9d
£13 3s 3d
£1 7s 9d
Centinels
John Allis £3 16s 2d
Tho Beaver £3 16s 2d
John Bardin £3 16s 2d
Godfrey Bougard £3 16s 2d
Tho Bayerd from 2 Novr to 31 Decr int the day he was Entertain’d £2 10s 0d
Philip Latchpole £3 16s 2d
Edward Cocker £3 16s 2d
Isaac Day £3 16s 2d
Saml Desfountain £3 16s 2d
Saml Cole £3 16s 2d
Andw Fraser £3 16s 2d
George French £3 16s 2d
Jona Gealty £3 16s 2d
John Gilbret £3 16s 2d
Jas Green £3 16s 2d
Jas Halle £3 16s 2d
John Hayles £3 16s 2d
Job Harrison £3 16s 2d
Phil Hickman £3 16s 2d
Wm Hayer from Decr 9 to 31 inst 21 days he was Ent £1 18s 4d
George Filbett £3 16s 2d
Fran Laycock £3 16s 2d
Pef Lindsey £3 16s 2d
Moses Memento £3 16s 2d
Centinels Carried over £87 1s 3d
Carried over £1378 0s 10½d

The muster of the fourth company continued, the sum brought over standing at £1,360 15s 10½d.
Corporals. William Paddam £1 7s 9d, William Bunking £1 7s 9d, Alexander Hambleton £1 7s 9d, Gilbert Clew drummer £13 3s 3d, £1 7s 9d
Centinels. John Allis £3 16s 0½d, Thomas Beaver £3 16s 0½d, John Bardin £3 16s 0½d, Godfrey Bougard £3 16s 0½d, Thomas Bayerd, from 2 November to 31 December, the day he was entertained, £2 10s 0d, Philip Latchpole £3 16s 0½d, Edward Cocker £3 16s 0½d, Isaac Day £3 16s 0½d, Samuel Desfountain £3 16s 0½d, Samuel Cole £3 16s 0½d, Andrew Fraser £3 16s 0½d, George French £3 16s 0½d, Jonathan Gealty £3 16s 0½d, John Gilbret £3 16s 0½d, James Green £3 16s 0½d, James Halle £3 16s 0½d, John Hayles £3 16s 0½d, Job Harrison £3 16s 0½d, Philip Hickman £3 16s 0½d, William Hayer, from 9 to 31 December, 21 days, the day he was entered, £1 18s 4d, George Filbett £3 16s 0½d, Francis Laycock £3 16s 0½d, Peter Lindsey £3 16s 0½d, Moses Memento £3 16s 0½d
Centinels carried over, £87 1s 3d
Carried over, £1,378 0s 10½d

Interpretations

The roll set the newly entered men, Thomas Bayerd from 2 November and William Hayer from 9 December, at pay reckoned only from the day each was taken on, so the muster caught the quarter's fresh recruits as well as its losses. The fourth company's centinels carried the running total to £1,378 0s 10½d for the next stage of the account.

150

148

Brought over £1378 0s 10½d
Centinels Brought over £87 1s 3d
Duncan McLam £3 16s 2d
Tho Pinkerton £3 16s 2d
Edw Rickard £3 16s 2d
Tho Reynolds from 3 Octr to 11 Octr 9 days he died £0 9s 2d
Arnold Safpery £3 16s 2d
Daniel Sargeant £3 16s 2d
Dav Scamy £3 16s 2d
Tho Short £3 16s 2d
Cha Stookes £3 16s 2d
Timothy Sullivan £3 16s 2d
John Swindale £3 16s 2d
Tho Taylor £3 16s 2d
Edw Terry £3 16s 2d
John Thomson £3 16s 2d
John Till £3 16s 2d
Jos Uffen £3 16s 2d
Wm Wickensham £3 16s 2d
Benjamin William £3 16s 2d
£152 3s 1½d
Artillery Company
Tho Hall Master Gunner Salary £13 8s 9d
Dr Diet Money £6 16s 10½d
£20 5s 7½d
Gunners states
Nathanl Sample Chief Mate Salary £7 0s 0d
Isaac Leech £1 17s 6d
Rog Newanon £1 17s 6d
Jos Pitcher £1 17s 6d
Wm Turner £1 17s 6d
Jn Butterby from 2 Octr to 2 Decr 62 days per is week £3 7s 3d
John Whitchcock £1 17s 6d
Henry Carter £1 17s 6d
Jn Attrnycloth from 2 Octr to 2 Decr day per is week £3 3s 0¼d
Jn Ling from 3 mil argum mate £1 10s 3d
£A 10s 7½d
£44 2s 10½d
Carried over £1594 18s 6d

The muster of the fourth company concluded, the sum brought over standing at £1,378 0s 10½d and the centinels' sum at £87 1s 3d. Each of the following centinels drew the standard quarter's pay of £3 16s 0½d, except where a shorter service is noted.
Duncan McLam, £3 16s 0½d
Thomas Pinkerton, £3 16s 0½d
Edward Rickard, £3 16s 0½d
Thomas Reynolds, from 3 to 11 October, 9 days, the day he died, £0 9s 2d
Arnold Safpery, £3 16s 0½d
Daniel Sargeant, £3 16s 0½d
David Scamy, £3 16s 0½d
Thomas Short, £3 16s 0½d
Charles Stookes, £3 16s 0½d
Timothy Sullivan, £3 16s 0½d
John Swindale, £3 16s 0½d
Thomas Taylor, £3 16s 0½d
Edward Terry, £3 16s 0½d
John Thomson, £3 16s 0½d
John Till, £3 16s 0½d
Joseph Uffen, £3 16s 0½d
William Wickensham, £3 16s 0½d
Benjamin William, £3 16s 0½d
Total, £152 3s 1½d
Artillery company. Thomas Hall, master gunner, salary £13 8s 9d, diet money £6 16s 10½d, £20 5s 7½d
Gunner's mates. Nathaniel Sample, chief mate, salary £7 0s 0d, Isaac Leech £1 17s 6d, Roger Newanon £1 17s 6d, Joseph Pitcher £1 17s 6d, William Turner £1 17s 6d, John Butterby, from 2 October to 2 December, 62 days, £3 7s 3d, John Whitchcock £1 17s 6d, Henry Carter £1 17s 6d, John Attrnycloth, from 2 October to 2 December, £3 3s 0¼d, John Ling, from 3 December as gunner's mate, £1 10s 3d, [...], £44 2s 10½d
Carried over, £1,594 18s 6d

Interpretations

The centinels' pay entered as £3 16s 2d is the same clerk's mis-rendering of the flat rate that ran through the earlier companies, the true sum being £3 16s 0½d as the first company set it down. Thomas Reynolds drew pay for only nine days before his death on 11 October 1751, so the artillery portion of the roll opened, like the line companies, with a casualty settled to the day.

151

149

Brought over £1594 18s 6d
Quarter Gunners
John Nottage £1 7s 9d
Adam Milbourn £1 7s 9d
John Watthen £1 7s 9d
Edw Cullenmore £1 7s 9d
Rob Wickam £1 7s 9d
R Billingham £1 7s 9d
Cha McNeily £1 7s 9d
and Daizson from 2 Octr to 2 Decr and mate £2 16s 1d
Dr from 3 inst as Quart Gunner £1 7s 9½d
£A 35s 2d
£34 17s 8½d
Mariners
Edw Allen £1 1s 3d
John Bradley £1 1s 3d
Jos Bonwell £1 1s 3d
Andw Barton £1 1s 3d
John Cawdry £1 1s 3d
Derby Cole £1 1s 3d
Wm Campbell £1 1s 3d
Phil Helliard £1 1s 3d
Wm Hayes £1 1s 3d
Jas Herd £1 1s 3d
Jas Long from Novr 13 to Decr 31 inst 19 days he was entertain’d £2 2s 9d
Pef Marchelle £1 1s 3d
Tho Mason £1 1s 3d
John Peter £1 1s 3d
Wm Perry £1 1s 3d
Abr Ratcliff £1 1s 3d
John Smith £1 1s 3d
Adam Watson £1 1s 3d
£11 4s 0d
Superannuated
Fran Junge Armour £6 7s 2½d
Wm Burnham Sergeant £3 8s 3d
£9 15s 10½d
£1710 9s 1d

The muster of the artillery company continued, the sum brought over standing at £1,594 18s 6d.
Quarter gunners. John Nottage £1 7s 9d, Adam Milbourn £1 7s 9d, John Watthen £1 7s 9d, Edward Cullenmore £1 7s 9d, Robert Wickam £1 7s 9d, Richard Billingham £1 7s 9d, Charles McNeily £1 7s 9d, [...] Daizson, from 2 October to 2 December as mate £2 16s 1d, and from 3 December as quarter gunner £1 7s 9½d, [...], £34 17s 8½d
Mariners. Edward Allen £1 1s 3d, John Bradley £1 1s 3d, Joseph Bonwell £1 1s 3d, Andrew Barton £1 1s 3d, John Cawdry £1 1s 3d, Derby Cole £1 1s 3d, William Campbell £1 1s 3d, Philip Helliard £1 1s 3d, William Hayes £1 1s 3d, James Herd £1 1s 3d, James Long, from 13 November to 31 December, 19 days, the day he was entertained, £2 2s 9d, Peter Marchelle £1 1s 3d, Thomas Mason £1 1s 3d, John Peter £1 1s 3d, William Perry £1 1s 3d, Abraham Ratcliff £1 1s 3d, John Smith £1 1s 3d, Adam Watson £1 1s 3d, £11 4s 0d
Superannuated. Francis Junge, armourer, £6 7s 2½d, William Burnham, sergeant, £3 8s 3d, £9 15s 10½d
Grand total, £1,710 9s 1d

Interpretations

The mariners were the boat crews the artillery establishment kept to work the island's landing craft, drawing the low flat wage of £1 1s 3d for the quarter, the same base rate the matrosses took in the earlier quarter's roll. The grand total of £1,710 9s 1d closed the whole quarter's wage bill for the civil staff, four line companies and artillery together, a figure the paymaster's account was framed to answer.

152

150

20th January
John Clark Paymaster Dr
1751
Decr the 31st To Cash received from the Honble Companys Cash Chest £1861 12s 1½d
carried over £1861 12s 1½d

John Clark, paymaster, opened his account for the December quarter as debtor. On 31 December 1751 he received from the Company's cash chest £1,861 12s 1½d. Carried over, £1,861 12s 1½d.

Interpretations

The paymaster drew the whole quarter's disbursements in one sum from the cash chest and then answered for their distribution, the sum here exceeding the salary bill because it covered re-enlistment bounties and sundry purchases as well as wages. Charging the entire outlay to him as a debtor was the device by which the Company held one officer accountable for every payment of the quarter.

153

151

Dr Contra Cr
1751
Novr the 5th
By Dd pr Robt Mason for Relisting to serve the Honble Company as a Soldier for five years to commence from this day £10 0s 0d
A European
18th
By Dd pr Jas Long for Relisting to serve the Honble Company as a Soldier for five years to commence from this day £1 0s 0d
A Native
Decr 9th
By Dd pr William Wayer Dd £1 0s 0d
25th
By Dd pr Joseph Bartick for Relisting to serve the Honble Company as a Soldier for five years to commence from this day £10 0s 0d
A European
By Dd pr Robt Cartwright Dd £10 0s 0d
By Dd pr Albath Rotcliff Dd £10 0s 0d
By Dd pr John McIroy Dd £10 0s 0d
By Dd pr Ja Hedge Dd £10 0s 0d
By Dd pr Derby Coyles Dd £10 0s 0d
By Dd pr Wm Brooks Dd £10 0s 0d
By Dd pr Wm Billington Dd £10 0s 0d
By Dd pr Wm Herlock Dd £10 0s 0d
By Dd pr Jos Uffen Dd £10 0s 0d
By Dd pr Wm Robinson Dd £10 0s 0d
By Dd pr Wm Pendee Dd £10 0s 0d
31st
By Dd pr for Lemmor for the use of the Honble Company Cattle in this Quarter £17 10s 2d
By Dd pr Jonat Hitchen for carpenter’s Work done in his Quarter £5 0s 0d
By Dd pr Sundry Persons their Allowances for Rowing in the Roads this Quarter £2 10s 0d
By Dd pr Jas Willoughby Wm Herlock for baking 32 Batches of Bread for the Garrison at 5d pr Batch in this Quarter £1 6s 10d
By Dd pr Wm Thomson Wm Oliver for baking 28 Batches of Bread for the Garrison at 5d pr Batch in this Quarter £2 6s 8d
Carried over £147 1s 1½d

The paymaster's account continued on the credit side, setting out the disbursements of the quarter.
On 5 November, allowance to Robert Mason for re-enlisting to serve the Company as a soldier for five years from that day, a European, £10 0s 0d
On 18 November, allowance to James Long for re-enlisting to serve the Company as a soldier for five years from that day, a native, £1 0s 0d
On 9 December, allowance to William Wayer, £1 0s 0d
On 25 December, allowance to Joseph Bartick for re-enlisting to serve the Company as a soldier for five years from that day, a European, £10 0s 0d
Allowance to Robert Cartwright, £10 0s 0d
Allowance to Albath Rotcliff, £10 0s 0d
Allowance to John McIroy, £10 0s 0d
Allowance to James Hedge, £10 0s 0d
Allowance to Derby Coyles, £10 0s 0d
Allowance to William Brooks, £10 0s 0d
Allowance to William Billington, £10 0s 0d
Allowance to William Herlock, £10 0s 0d
Allowance to Joseph Uffen, £10 0s 0d
Allowance to William Robinson, £10 0s 0d
Allowance to William Pendee, £10 0s 0d
On 31 December, allowance for lemons for the use of the Company's cattle this quarter, £17 10s 2d
Allowance to Jonathan Hitchen for carpenter's work done this quarter, £5 0s 0d
Allowance to sundry persons for rowing in the roads this quarter, £2 10s 0d
Allowance to James Willoughby and William Herlock for baking 32 batches of bread for the garrison at 5d the batch this quarter, £1 6s 10d
Allowance to William Thomson and William Oliver for baking 28 batches of bread for the garrison at 5d the batch this quarter, £2 6s 8d
Carried over, £147 1s 1½d

Interpretations

The re-enlistment bounties dominated the quarter's payments, a European soldier drawing £10 to sign a fresh five-year term while a native drew only £1, a tenfold gap that fixed a plain racial scale in the price the Company paid for its men. The run of £10 bounties in late December suggests a batch of soldiers whose terms fell due together, re-engaged in a single round to keep the garrison at strength.

154

152

John Clark Paymaster Dr
1751 Decr 31
Brought over £1861 12s 1½d
£1861 12s 1½d
Island of St Helena
Errors
pr John Clark

The paymaster's debtor account carried its balance forward. John Clark, paymaster, brought over £1,861 12s 1½d on 31 December 1751, standing at £1,861 12s 1½d. The account was subscribed for the island of St Helena by John Clark, errors excepted.

155

153

Per Contra Cr
1751
Decr 31
Brought over £147 1s 1½d
By Cash paid Sundry Persons for coming Express with Account of Ship Holland taken in this Quarter £1 1s 0d
By Dd pr paid Rd Bagley for 34 Bushels Potatoes at 5s pr Bushel for the use of the Honble Companys Table in this Quarter £16 3s 0d
By Dd pr Saml Cala for mending & repairing Utensils in the Castle in this Quarter £3 9s 0d
By Dd pr Major Jackson for 50 Tamarins @ 6d pr lb for the use of the Honble Companys Table in this Quarter £2 18s 0d
By Dd pr the Honble Companys Officers Servants their Salary & Diet Money pr qtr for the Quarter commencing October the 1st & Ending Decr the 31st 1751 £1710 9s 1d
£1861 12s 1½d
20th January 1751
Excepted
Paymaster
Counted and Examined the Honble Companys Cash for the Month of December last, which is as follows Vizt.

The paymaster's credit account concluded, the sum brought over standing at £147 1s 1½d.
By cash paid sundry persons for coming express with account of the ship Holland taken this quarter, £1 1s 0d
Allowance to Richard Bagley for 34 bushels of potatoes at 5s the bushel for the use of the Company's table this quarter, £16 3s 0d
Allowance to Samuel Cala for mending and repairing utensils in the Castle this quarter, £3 9s 0d
Allowance to Major Jackson for 50 tamarinds at 6d per lb for the use of the Company's table this quarter, £2 18s 0d
Allowance to the Company's officers and servants for their salaries and diet money for the quarter from 1 October 1751 to 31 December 1751, £1,710 9s 1d
Total, £1,861 12s 1½d

The account was subscribed on 20 January 1751/52, errors excepted, by the paymaster. The Council then counted and examined the Company's cash for December 1751.

Interpretations

The single large credit of £1,710 9s 1d for salaries reconciles the paymaster's account to the quarter's muster and salary roll, closing the loop between the sum he drew and the wages he paid. The express charge for news of the ship Holland shows the island paying messengers to carry word of shipping across its scattered posts, intelligence of arrivals being worth the small cost of a runner.

Speculations

The tamarinds and potatoes bought in quantity for the Company's table point to a deliberate provision of anti-scorbutic fruit and fresh vegetables, the same guard against scurvy that the lemon purchases served. The choice to buy tamarinds, an imported Indian fruit, alongside home-grown potatoes shows the island drawing on both its own produce and the trade to keep the officers' table supplied.

156

154

Cash Dr
1751
Decr 31
To Balance remaining £4295 11s 7¼d
To Account Currant London received of Capt. Robt Bell being Money he received of the Honble Company more than he has occasion for (for his Ships use) £170 ..
To Gamons received of John Butler & Willm Page each 10s being part of £5 5s which each of them received of Govr Dunbar & by Agreement with him was to repay a proportion of it, in case they did not serve their full time £1 1s 0d
To Matthew Pentz recd of him for Store Rent &c in the Months of October November and December £1240 2s 0d
To Licence recd for ten Publick Houses £15 ..
To Plantation recd for Provisions Sold at Market this Quarter £34 19s 4¾d
£5756 11s 2d

The Company's cash account for the quarter ending 31 December 1751 opened with the sums received.
Balance remaining, £4,295 11s 7¼d
By account current London, received of Captain Robert Bell, being money he had of the Company beyond his ship's need, £170 0s 0d

By gammons received of John Butler and William Page, each 10s, being part of £5 5s each had of Governor Dunbar and by agreement was to repay in part should he not serve his full time, £1 1s 0d
By Matthew Pentz, received for store rent and other charges in October, November and December, £1,240 2s 0d
By licence received for 10 public houses, £15 0s 0d
By plantation, received for provisions sold at market this quarter, £34 19s 4¾d
Total, £5,756 11s 2d

Interpretations

The quarter's receipts drew on several standing island revenues beyond the carried balance, the largest being £1,240 in store rents from Matthew Pentz, alongside the licence duty on ten public houses and the takings of the plantation market. The public-house licences show the Council raising revenue by regulating the sale of drink, licensing a fixed number of houses and charging for the privilege.

157

155

Per Contra Cr
1751 Decr 31
By Sundry Accounts Advanced the Paymaster this Quarter £1861 12s 1 1/2d

By Balance remaining in the following Species Vizt
1 Jappn Gold Wt 14 oz 15 dwt 11 gr at £3 18s 3 1/2d per oz £46 1s 8 1/2d
Aft Do 3 oz 9 dwt 12 gr at £3 18s 0d per oz £13 11s 5 1/2d
90 Venetians at 7s each £31 10s 0d
12 Rupees at 30d each £1 10s 0d
6000 Pagodas at 8s each £2400 0s 0d
Gold Amounting to £2512 12s 9d

2387 Dollars at 5s each £598 5s 0d
1517 Rials at 7 1/2d each £47 8s 1 1/2d
12948 half Rials at 3 3/4d each £202 6s 3d
441 French pieces at 1s each £22 1s 0d
Old Money £3 5s 0d
Silver Amounting to £842 16s 3 1/2d

146 Cash Notes at 40s each £292 0s 0d
162 Do at 20s each £162 0s 0d
262 Do at 5s each £65 10s 0d
160 Do at 2s 6d each £20 0s 0d
Cash Notes Amounting to £539 10s 0d

£3894 19s 2 1/2d
£5756 11s 2d

Thomas Jarris Soldier having represented to Us that he saw Joseph Bates on the 10th Instant shoot at Partridges, which Bates upon Examination denyed, and declared that he never had killed any since the Order made against it, but the said Jarris took his Oath that he perceived him point his Gun, and fire at a place from whence many Partridges flew, though he is not sure that he killed any.

The cash account continued on the credit side, showing the disbursement and the balance remaining on 31 December 1751 in the following species. The coin headings were partly abbreviated in the source and are supplied here as weight and value.
By sundry accounts advanced to the paymaster this quarter, £1,861 12s 1½d
1 Japan gold, weight 14 oz 15 dwt 11 gr, at £3 18s 3½d per ounce, £46 1s 8½d
1 gold, 3 oz 9 dwt 12 gr, at £3 18s 0d per ounce, £13 11s 5½d
90 Venetians at 7s each, £31 10s 0d
12 rupees at 30d each, £1 10s 0d
6,000 pagodas at 8s each, £2,400 0s 0d
Gold amounting to £2,512 12s 9d
2,387 dollars at 5s each, £598 5s 0d
1,517 rials at 7½d each, £47 8s 1½d
12,948 half rials at 3¾d each, £202 6s 3d
441 French pieces at 1s each, £22 1s 0d
Old money, £3 5s 0d
Silver amounting to £842 16s 3½d
146 cash notes at 40s each, £292 0s 0d
162 cash notes at 20s each, £162 0s 0d
262 cash notes at 5s each, £65 10s 0d
160 cash notes at 2s 6d each, £20 0s 0d
Cash notes amounting to £539 10s 0d
Balance total, £3,894 19s 2½d
Total, £5,756 11s 2d

Thomas Jarris, soldier, represented to the Council that he had seen Joseph Bates shoot at partridges on 10 January 1751/52. Bates denied it on examination and declared that he had never killed any since the order made against it. Jarris swore that he saw Bates point his gun and fire at a place from which many partridges flew, though he was not sure Bates had killed any.

Interpretations

The silver balance had fallen sharply since the previous month, the dollar holding almost halved and much of the coin drawn down to advance the paymaster, so the account shows the quarter's wages paid largely out of the island's silver. The partridge case that follows shows the Council enforcing a game-preservation order by prosecuting a soldier on a fellow soldier's sworn evidence, treating the shooting of protected birds as a punishable offence.

Speculations

The stated subtotals for gold, silver and cash notes and the two totals do not all add together as the figures stand, and several coin lines cannot be squared against their stated rates. The account was carried as written without arithmetical correction, so the discrepancy is recorded but not resolved.

158

156

the said Bates is guilty of the breach of the Order lately published, forbidding the shooting or killing of Partridges, and therefore shall pay the penalty of forty shillings, as is therein expressed, which money he promises to bring accordingly.

The Governor is of opinion that the said Bates has not incurred the penalty, as it is not proved by the evidence, that he either killed or wounded a Partridge.

But for the more effectual preservation of the game, we forbid the said Bates to carry a gun for the future, unless when upon duty with the Slyving Party, on pain of paying the sum of forty shillings.

Cha. Hutchinson
David Hunter
John Clarke

The partridge case concluded. The Council held that Bates was guilty of breaching the order lately published forbidding the shooting or killing of partridges, and that he should pay the penalty of 40 shillings expressed in it, which he promised to bring. The Governor was of the opinion that Bates had not incurred the penalty, since the evidence did not prove he had either killed or wounded a partridge. For the more effectual preservation of the game, the Council forbade Bates to carry a gun in future, except when on duty with the shooting party, on pain of paying 40 shillings. The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson, David Hunter and John Clark.

Interpretations

The case shows a rare open division within the board, the Governor dissenting from his colleagues on whether the offence was proved while the Council imposed the fine regardless. The compromise, fining Bates yet also barring him from carrying a gun, let the majority enforce the game order while meeting the Governor's doubt by adding a forward-looking prohibition that turned on conduct rather than proof of a past kill.

Speculations

The board could simply have acquitted Bates on the Governor's reasoning, since the evidence did not show a bird killed. It chose instead to fine him and bar his gun because the sworn testimony that he had pointed and fired was enough for the majority, and preserving the game mattered more to them than the doubt over the result, so a contested prosecution ended in a penalty softened by the Governor's dissent rather than in a clean acquittal.

159

157

At a Consultation held on Monday the 21st day of January 1751 at the Plantation House,

Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governor
Capt David Hunter Lieut Govr
Lieutenant John Clark of Council

The last Consultation was read, approved, and signed, dated the 20th January 1751.
Wednesday the 22d Alarm for a Ship which passed by at a distance.

Joseph Bates having paid the Fine according to the Order of the last Consultation, half of it was given to the Informer, and the other half to the Churchwardens for the use of the poor.

The Accomptant this day brought in his Journal Parcels for the Quarter ending the 31st December last, which were Examined, and Approved, and Ordered to be Entered.

Cha. Hutchinson
David Hunter
John Clark

The Governor and Council met in consultation at the Plantation House on 21 January 1751/52. Governor Charles Hutchinson presided, with Captain David Hunter, Lieutenant Governor, and Lieutenant John Clark of the Council present. The Council read the previous consultation of 20 January 1751/52, then approved and signed it. An alarm was raised on Wednesday 22 January 1751/52 for a ship that passed at a distance. Joseph Bates having paid the fine ordered at the previous consultation, half was given to the informer and the other half to the churchwardens for the use of the poor. The accountant brought in his journal parcels for the quarter ending 31 December 1751, which the Council examined and approved and ordered to be entered. The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson, David Hunter and John Clark.

Interpretations

The division of Bates's fine, half to the informer and half to the poor, shows the mechanism by which the game order was enforced, rewarding the man who reported the offence and turning the penalty to charitable use. Paying the informer his share gave every soldier an incentive to report a comrade, the device on which the whole prohibition depended for its policing.

160

158

At a Consultation held on Monday the 3d day of February 1751 at the Plantation House,

Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governor
Capt David Hunter Lt Governor
Lieutenant John Clark of Council

The last Consultation was read, approved, and signed, dated the 27th January 1751.
Fryday the 31st Passed by a Ship to Leeward

Cha. Hutchinson
David Hunter
John Clark

At a Consultation held on Monday the 10th day of February 1751 at the Castle,

Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Govr
Capt David Hunter Lt Govr
Lieutenant John Clark of Council

The last Consultation was read, approved, and signed, dated the 3d February 1751.

Yesterday
Do
Do

Died an Infant of George & Mary Masters
Arrived the Honble Companys Ship Brittanica, Capt James Sommers
Arrived a French Ship from Mauritius called the Rosielle, Capt De Lundiensw Emautt, burthen 900 tons, carrys 20 guns and 240 men including Passengers, Laden with several sorts of Goods from the last Command.

The Governor and Council met in consultation at the Plantation House on 3 February 1751/52. Governor Charles Hutchinson presided, with Captain David Hunter, Lieutenant Governor, and Lieutenant John Clark of the Council present. The Council read the previous consultation of 27 January 1751/52, then approved and signed it. A ship passed to leeward on Friday 31 January 1751/52. The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson, David Hunter and John Clark. The Governor and Council then met in consultation at the Castle on 10 February 1751/52, with Governor Charles Hutchinson, Lieutenant Governor David Hunter and Lieutenant John Clark of the Council present. The Council read the previous consultation of 3 February 1751/52, then approved and signed it. An infant of George and Mary Masters had died the previous day. The Company's ship Britannia, Captain James Sommers, had arrived the previous day. A French ship from Mauritius called the Rosielle, Captain De Lundiensw Emautt, of 900 tons burthen, carrying 20 guns and 240 men including passengers, had also arrived the previous day, laden with several sorts of goods from her last station.

Interpretations

The arrival of a French warship of 900 tons and 240 men, put in from Mauritius, marks St Helena's place on a route used by more than one nation's East India shipping, the island receiving a foreign vessel of force in time of peace. The Council's careful record of her guns, men and tonnage shows the standing watch it kept on the strength of any foreign ship that touched the road.

161

159

Invoice of Ship Britannia
WC. Wax Candles
No 15 5 Chests of 10 ℔ at 17 Rs p ℔ 470 Rupees
BA Batavia Arrack
No A 4 half Leaguers @ 100 Rs each 400 Rupees
Batavia Coast 36 36 Rupees 436 Rupees
RF Rice fined
No AA 44 Bags of 881 ℔ @ 30 Rs p Ct 117 Rupees 5½ Annas 6 Pice
JTF Sugar Trinidad fined
No 11 11 Bags of 22 ℔ @ 8 Rs p ℔ 176 Rupees 176 Rupees 1199 Rupees 5½ Annas 6 Pice
Charges Merchantdize
110 Gunney Bags 18 Rupees 10 Annas
4 Empty Casks 35 Rupees 3 Annas 3 Pice
5 Chests & Embaling 14 Rupees
Diet for Soldiers 2 Rupees
Do Peons 1 Rupee 8 Annas
Sloop hire 50 Rupees
50 Mats 3 Rupees 12 Annas
1 Jar Oil 2 Rupees 3 Annas
Moscow & Soldan 5 Rupees 1 Anna 6 Pice 130 Rupees 5 Annas
Court Rupees 1329 Rupees 10 Annas 6 Pice
Errors Excepted
p James Black for Accompt
The Plantation Gunners and Steward Accompts for the Month of January last, were this day brought in, which were Examined and Approved, and are as follows Vizt.

The Britannia had brought a supply from India. The invoice of the Britannia followed, its values given in the Indian currency of rupees, annas and pies.
Wax candles, 5 chests of 10 lb at 17 rupees per lb, 470 rupees
Batavia arrack, 4 half leaguers at 100 rupees each, 400 rupees, with Batavia cost 36 rupees, 436 rupees
Fine rice, 44 bags of 881 lb at 30 rupees per hundredweight, 117 rupees 5½ annas 6 pies
Fine Trinidad sugar, 11 bags of 22 lb at 8 rupees per lb, 176 rupees
Subtotal, 1,199 rupees 5½ annas 6 pies

Charges of merchandise: 110 gunny bags, 18 rupees 10 annas; 4 empty casks, 35 rupees 3 annas 3 pies; 5 chests and embaling, 14 rupees; diet for soldiers, 2 rupees; diet for peons, 1 rupee 8 annas; sloop hire, 50 rupees; 50 mats, 3 rupees 12 annas; 1 jar oil, 2 rupees 3 annas; Moscow and Soldan, 5 rupees 1 anna 6 pies; charges total 130 rupees 5 annas
Court rupees, 1,329 rupees 10 annas 6 pies

The account was subscribed, errors excepted, by James Black for account. The plantation, gunner's and steward's accounts for January 1751/52 were brought in this day, which the Council examined and approved.

Interpretations

The lading was a mixed India cargo of arrack, rice, sugar and wax candles, the goods valued in rupees, annas and pies and then converted at a court rate into the currency the island's books carried. The itemised charges of merchandise, from gunny bags and casks down to the diet of the soldiers and peons who handled the goods, show the full cost of packing and landing a cargo added to the price of the goods themselves.

162

160

Account of the Honble Companys Stock of Neat Cattle &ca for the Month of January 1751

Neat Cattle, Sheep, Goats, Hogs, Poultry, Horses

Bulls, Cows, Calves, Yearlings, Heifers, Steers, Bullocks, Oxen, Total, Ewes, Wathers, Lambs, Rams, Total, Ewes, Wathers, Kids, Rams, Total, Sows, Shoats, Piggs, Boars, Total, Turkeys, Fowls, Ducks, Geese, Horses, Mares, Total

Remd 1: Bulls 2, Cows 84, Calves 79, Yearlings 50, Heifers 15, Steers 27, Bullocks 5, Oxen 6, Total 268, Ewes 139, Wathers 48, Lambs 94, Rams 6, Total 287, Ewes 131, Wathers 39, Kids 62, Rams 5, Total 237, Sows 7, Shoats 9, Piggs 13, Boars 1, Total 30, Turkeys 6, Fowls 189, Ducks 40, Geese 17, Horses 7, Mares 4, Total 11

Encreased: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 1, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Bullocks 0, Oxen 0, Total 1, Ewes 0, Wathers 0, Lambs 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Ewes 0, Wathers 0, Kids 3, Rams 0, Total 3, Sows 0, Shoats 0, Piggs 6, Boars 0, Total 6, Turkeys 0, Fowls 40, Ducks 0, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0

Bulls 2, Cows 84, Calves 80, Yearlings 50, Heifers 15, Steers 27, Bullocks 5, Oxen 6, Total 269, Ewes 139, Wathers 48, Lambs 94, Rams 6, Total 287, Ewes 131, Wathers 39, Kids 65, Rams 5, Total 240, Sows 7, Shoats 9, Piggs 19, Boars 1, Total 36, Turkeys 6, Fowls 229, Ducks 40, Geese 17, Horses 7, Mares 4, Total 11

Killed: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 0, Yearlings 0, Heifers 3, Steers 3, Bullocks 0, Oxen 0, Total 6, Ewes 0, Wathers 6, Lambs 0, Rams 0, Total 6, Ewes 1, Wathers 3, Kids 0, Rams 0, Total 4, Sows 0, Shoats 3, Piggs 0, Boars 0, Total 3, Turkeys 0, Fowls 17, Ducks 4, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0

Died: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 1, Yearlings 0, Heifers 2, Steers 1, Bullocks 0, Oxen 0, Total 3, Ewes 0, Wathers 0, Lambs 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Ewes 0, Wathers 0, Kids 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Sows 0, Shoats 0, Piggs 0, Boars 0, Total 0, Turkeys 0, Fowls 30, Ducks 1, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0

lost by a fall: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 1, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Bullocks 0, Oxen 0, Total 1, Ewes 0, Wathers 0, Lambs 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Ewes 0, Wathers 0, Kids 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Sows 0, Shoats 0, Piggs 0, Boars 0, Total 0, Turkeys 0, Fowls 0, Ducks 0, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0

Remd 31: Bulls 2, Cows 84, Calves 79, Yearlings 50, Heifers 10, Steers 23, Bullocks 5, Oxen 6, Total 259, Ewes 139, Wathers 42, Lambs 94, Rams 6, Total 281, Ewes 130, Wathers 36, Kids 65, Rams 5, Total 236, Sows 7, Shoats 6, Piggs 19, Boars 1, Total 33, Turkeys 6, Fowls 182, Ducks 35, Geese 17, Horses 7, Mares 4, Total 11

Beef to the Dragon 1111

2 Goats to the Slaves

2 Fowls to Do

Yams Expended 35,000

1 Child born Namd Daniel

(Signed)

David Hunter

Margin Notes:

10 February

Account of the Company's stock of neat cattle and other livestock for January 1752.

The neat cattle were recorded under bulls, cows, calves, yearlings, heifers, steers, bullocks and oxen, with a total. The sheep were recorded under ewes, wethers, lambs and rams, with a total. The goats were recorded under does, wethers, kids and rams, with a total. The hogs were recorded under sows, shoats, pigs and boars, with a total. The poultry were recorded under turkeys, fowls, ducks and geese. The horses were recorded under horses, mares and a total.

Remaining 1st, bulls 2, cows 84, calves 79, yearlings 50, heifers 15, steers 27, bullocks 5, oxen 6, total 268

Remaining 1st, ewes 139, wethers 48, lambs 91, rams 6, total 287

Remaining 1st, does 131, wethers 39, kids 62, rams 5, total 237

Remaining 1st, sows 7, shoats 9, pigs 13, boars 1, total 30

Remaining 1st, turkeys 6, fowls 189, ducks 40, geese 17

Remaining 1st, horses 7, mares 4, total 11

Increased, bulls 0, cows 0, calves 1, yearlings 0, heifers 0, steers 0, bullocks 0, oxen 0, total 1

Increased, ewes 0, wethers 0, lambs 0, rams 0, total 0

Increased, does 0, wethers 0, kids 3, rams 0, total 3

Increased, sows 0, shoats 0, pigs 6, boars 0, total 6

Increased, turkeys 0, fowls 40, ducks 0, geese 0

Increased, horses 0, mares 0, total 0

Total, bulls 2, cows 84, calves 80, yearlings 50, heifers 15, steers 27, bullocks 5, oxen 6, total 269

Total, ewes 139, wethers 48, lambs 91, rams 6, total 287

Total, does 131, wethers 39, kids 65, rams 5, total 240

Total, sows 7, shoats 9, pigs 19, boars 1, total 36

Total, turkeys 6, fowls 229, ducks 40, geese 17

Total, horses 7, mares 4, total 11

Killed, bulls 0, cows 0, calves 0, yearlings 3, heifers 3, steers 0, bullocks 0, oxen 6, total 6

Killed, ewes 0, wethers 6, lambs 0, rams 0, total 6

Killed, does 1, wethers 3, kids 0, rams 0, total 4

Killed, sows 0, shoats 3, pigs 0, boars 0, total 3

Killed, turkeys 0, fowls 17, ducks 4, geese 0

Died, bulls 0, cows 0, calves 2, yearlings 1, heifers 0, steers 0, bullocks 0, oxen 0, total 3

Lost by a fall, bulls 0, cows 1, calves 0, yearlings 0, heifers 0, steers 0, bullocks 0, oxen 0, total 1

Died, turkeys 0, fowls 30, ducks 1, geese 0

Remaining 31st, bulls 2, cows 84, calves 79, yearlings 50, heifers 10, steers 23, bullocks 5, oxen 6, total 259

Remaining 31st, ewes 139, wethers 42, lambs 91, rams 6, total 281

Remaining 31st, does 130, wethers 36, kids 65, rams 5, total 236

Remaining 31st, sows 7, shoats 6, pigs 19, boars 1, total 33

Remaining 31st, turkeys 6, fowls 182, ducks 35, geese 17

Remaining 31st, horses 7, mares 4, total 11

Beef to the Dragon, 1,111 pounds

2 goats to the slaves

2 fowls to the same

Yams spent, 35,000 pounds

One child was born, named Daniel. The account was signed by David Hunter.

Interpretations

The very large quantity of beef sent to the Dragon, at 1,111 pounds by far the heaviest single supply to any ship recorded across the whole year, marks an unusually large East Indiaman victualled for a long onward voyage, the plantation's cattle drawn down hard to furnish her. This scale of provisioning, well beyond the several hundred pounds typically sent to a calling vessel, points to a ship taking on stores for a considerable passage rather than a brief call.

The return of yams spent to 35,000 pounds, matching the high summer figure and far above the 8,000 pounds held through October, November and December, marks the new crop coming in and the ration restored to its fuller measure. This sharp rise confirms the lean months of the southern-hemisphere early summer had passed and the fresh harvest was now sustaining the settlement's principal staple.

The fall in heifers and steers over the month, down from 15 to 10 and from 27 to 23 respectively, alongside the killing of three of each, shows a continued drawing down of the younger cattle for beef, following the heavy culling recorded in the closing months of 1751. The plantation's herd of growing stock was being worked hard to meet the demands of both the table and the shipping calling at the island.

163

161

1751

Gunners Stores Expended in January 1751

Guns Fired, lb, qr, [...], [...], [...], Powder Expended lb qr

Fired for Practice at Ruperts

Guns Fired 6, lb 6, qr 6, Powder Expended 12

Do Powder for Priming

Powder Expended 6

Returnd the Salute of the Dragon

Guns Fired 9, [...] 9, Powder Expended 9

Do Powder for Priming

Powder Expended 1 8

Alarm at Turks Cap for a Ship that past by

Guns Fired 2, qr 2, Powder Expended 4

Fired for Practice at Ruperts

Guns Fired 6, lb 6, qr 6, Powder Expended 12

Do Powder for Priming

Powder Expended 6

Alarm for a Ship that past by

Guns Fired 6, qr 2 2, [...] 2, Powder Expended 12

Fired for practice at Ruperts

Guns Fired 6, lb 6, qr 6, Powder Expended 12

Do Powder for Priming

Powder Expended 6

Powder for Signals

Powder Expended 8

Powder for blowing of Lime Stone at Sandy Bay

Powder Expended 3

Total

Guns Fired 35, lb 18, qr 22, [...] 2, [...] 9, [...] 2, Powder Expended 67 2

Paper for the use of the Castle

1 Quire

(Signed)

Thomas Hall

Sheep Skins to Capt Hunter

1

Handspikes for the Carpenters use

2

Tallow for Greaseing the Sledge Carriages

1

Rammer Heads

1

Linstocks

5

Bitts

2

Spunge Head

3

Sheep Skins

2

Trunk Nails

30

Gunners' stores spent in January 1752. The columns recorded guns fired, powder, shot and match, together with a further figure for total powder expended.

6th, fired for practice at Rupert's, guns fired 6, powder 6, match 6, total 12

The same, powder for priming, 6 ounces

7th, returned the salute of the Dragon, guns fired 9, match 9, total 9

The same, powder for priming, 1 pound 8 ounces

18th, alarm at Turks Cap for a ship that passed by, guns fired 2, powder 2, total 4

20th, fired for practice at Rupert's, guns fired 6, powder 6, match 6, total 12

The same, powder for priming, 6 ounces

22nd, alarm for a ship that passed by, guns fired 6, powder 2, match 2, total 12

29th, fired for practice at Rupert's, guns fired 6, powder 6, match 6, total 12

The same, powder for priming, 6 ounces

The same, powder for signals, 8 ounces

The same, powder for blowing up limestone at Sandy Bay, 3 pounds

Total, guns fired 35, powder 18, shot 22, match 2, further totals 9, 2, 67 pounds 2 ounces

Paper for the use of the Castle, 1 quire

Sheep skins to Captain Hunter, 1

Handspikes for the carpenters' use, 2

Tallow for greasing the ridge carriage, 1 pound

Rammer head, 1

Linstocks, 5

Bitts, 2

Sponge head, 3

Sheep skins, 2

Trunk nails, 30

The account was signed by Thomas Hall.

Interpretations

The salute returned to the Dragon on 7 January closed the long visit of the ship first victualled with over a thousand pounds of beef the same month, the powder marking her departure much as earlier ships had been saluted in and out of the road. The heavy beef issue alongside the ceremony of guns shows the full provisioning of a large East Indiaman taking on stores for a considerable onward voyage.

Linstocks were the forked staffs that held a length of smouldering match at arm's length from the touch-hole, the tool by which a gunner fired his piece without standing too close to the blast, and the issue of five of them marks the equipping of the battery crews at a station that fired frequently for alarms, salutes and practice through the month. Their number, well beyond any single gun's need, points to a general renewal of the firing gear held ready at the batteries.

The regular practice fired at Rupert's on four separate days through the month, each drawing the same measured charge of powder and match, shows a settled routine of gunnery exercise kept up at that battery beyond the occasional drill recorded in earlier months. This steady training marks a garrison maintaining its readiness to serve the guns in earnest, the powder for practice a recurring rather than exceptional charge on the account.

164

162

10 February

Sundrys Expended at the Honourable Companys

General Table in the Month of January 1751 Viz

27 Bottles Port Wine

2 6

38 Do Lisbon

2 9 6

22 Do Madeira

2 7 2 1/2

116 Do Arrack

3 10 1

75 Do Beer

18 9

252 Flour

1 12 9 1/4

184 Beef

2 7 6

219 Mutton

4 11 3

37 Goat

13

122 1/2 Pork

3 1 3

15 Fowls

1 2 6

4 Ducks

6

4 lb Salt Beef

11

15 Ps Do Pork

1 10

120 Candy

1 7 6

22 1/2 Butter

1 2 9

29 10 7

Chas Hutchinson

David Hunter

John Clark

Sundries spent at the Company's general table on St Helena during January 1752:

27 bottles of port wine, £2 0s 6d

33 bottles of Lisbon wine, £2 9s 6d

22 bottles of Madeira wine, £2 7s 2d

116 bottles of arrack, £3 10s 1d

75 bottles of beer, £0 18s 9d

252 pounds of flour, £1 12s 9d

184 pounds of beef, £2 6s 0d

219 pounds of mutton, £4 11s 3d

34 pounds of goat, £0 13s 0d

122 and a half pounds of pork, £3 1s 3d

15 fowls, £1 2s 6d

4 ducks, £0 6s 0d

4 pounds of salt beef, £0 11s 0d

15 pounds of salt pork, £1 10s 0d

120 pounds of candy, £1 7s 6d

23 and a half pounds of butter, £1 2s 9d

Total, £29 10s 4d

The account was signed by Charles Hutchinson, David Hunter and John Clark.

Interpretations

The arrack drawn for the table this month, 116 bottles, exceeded every other drink and confirms the cheap Eastern spirit's continued rise at the Company's board, well beyond the fortified wines that had once led the reckoning. This steady growth in the everyday consumption of arrack over the preceding half year marks a settled shift in the household's drinking habits as the year turned, the store's deep reserve of the spirit drawn on ever more freely.

The renewed appearance of a large quantity of candy, 120 pounds, matches the similarly heavy issue recorded in December, together marking a sustained taste for the refined sweet at the table over the turn of the year, well above the small parcels of the earlier months. This confirms the sharp December rise was no isolated occurrence but a continuing pattern into the new year.

165

163

At a Consultation held on Monday the 17th day of February 1751 at the Castle
Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governor
Capt David Hunter Lieutenant Governor
Lieutenant John Clark of Council
The last Consultation was read approved and signed dated the 10th February 1751
Tuesday the 11th Died Mary the Wife of George Masters
Lieutenant John Clark reports that he has been on Board the ship Britannia to Muster her Company and Enquire for Deserters, but found none, the Muster Roll is as follows Vizt
Muster Roll of Ship Britannia
John Sommer Commander Do
Robt Maitel 1st Mate Do
Sherman Walter 2 Do
Walter Gibson 3 Do
Hugh Clarke 4 Do
Richd Hewitt 5 Do
Jn McQueen Surgeon Do
Andw Mitchelson Purser Do
Mattw Edwards Gunner Do
Tho Mason Boatswain Do
Andw Hogg Carpenter Do
Wm Brownrigg Mate Do
Jn Sayer Midshipman Do
Wm Aleson Do
Edwd Blosats Midship Do
Saml Coller Do
Wm Willon Do
Jn Walton Do
Thos Launce 1st Master Do
Thos Pengrove Do
Wm Lawrenson Do
John Wade Do
Bart Bell Ships Husbdry Do
Ri Wrothnall Butcher Do
Robt Clows Sailmt Do
Wm Anderson Capt Servt Do
Abra'm Bone Ships Cook Do
Hen McDonalds Armr Do
Edwd Hemeragh Gun Mate Do
Wm Semer Boast Do
Jos Hawkins Coxn Do
Walt Furnshaw Capt Servt Do
Jr Broquely Butcher Do
Wm Palmer Taylor Do
Rob Lindsay Seaman Do
Wm Fletcher Do
Lockly Henry Do
Jas Granckey Do
Wm Read Do
Thos Nich Boot Do
Antonio Andrews Do
Thos Aldric Do

The Governor and Council met in consultation at the Castle on 17 February 1751/52. Governor Charles Hutchinson presided, with Captain David Hunter, Lieutenant Governor, and Lieutenant John Clark of the Council present. The Council read the previous consultation of 10 February 1751/52, then approved and signed it. Mary, the wife of George Masters, had died on Tuesday 11 February 1751/52. Lieutenant John Clark reported that he had gone aboard the Britannia to muster her company and enquire for deserters, finding none. The muster roll of the Britannia followed.
John Sommer, commander
Robert Maitel, first mate
Sherman Walter, second mate
Walter Gibson, third mate
Hugh Clarke, fourth mate
Richard Hewitt, fifth mate
John McQueen, surgeon
Andrew Mitchelson, purser
Matthew Edwards, gunner
Thomas Mason, boatswain
Andrew Hogg, carpenter
William Brownrigg, mate
John Sayer, midshipman
William Aleson, midshipman
Edward Blosats, midshipman
Samuel Coller, midshipman
William Willon, midshipman
John Walton, midshipman
Thomas Launce, first master
Thomas Pengrove, midshipman
William Lawrenson, midshipman
John Wade, midshipman
Bartholomew Bell, ship's husband
Richard Wrothnall, butcher
Robert Clows, sailmaker
William Anderson, captain's servant
Abraham Bone, ship's cook
Henry McDonalds, armourer
Edward Hemeragh, gunner's mate
William Semer, boatswain
Joseph Hawkins, coxswain
Walter Furnshaw, captain's servant
John Broquely, butcher
William Palmer, tailor
Robert Lindsay, seaman
William Fletcher, seaman
Henry Lockly, seaman
James Granckey, seaman
William Read, seaman
Thomas Nich, seaman
Antonio Andrews, seaman
Thomas Aldric, seaman

Interpretations

The mustering of the Britannia against her roll was the routine guard against desertion, the officer counting heads and searching for men who might slip ashore. The roll shows the full working establishment of a large East Indiaman, five mates deep in the chain of command and a long body of midshipmen, tradesmen and seamen beneath the officers.

166

164

Jn Christian Seaman Do
Wm Bezely Seaman Do
Jones Do
Lucas Do
John Leon Do
R. Savage Do
Manuel Desylvis Do
Manner Hardwick Do
Tho Hagg Do
Isaac Defoye Do
Patrick Bruin Do
Andw Causton Do
Emanuel Montana Do
Henry Glass Do
B. Jones Do
Mart De White Do
Nathl Beetle Do
Andw Whelen Do
Augustine Rowse Do
Arch Berry Do
Anst Miller Do
Laurence Do
Jn Murray Do
Wm Mor Do
Mannock Do
Geo Newbridge Do
P. Yellam Do
Tho Lemagement Seaman Do
Ja's Spine Do
Benj Curtin Gunners Mate Do
Jacobus De Buck Do
Rueben Brown Do
Gilbert Rowan Lamp Ltr Do
Isaac Fuller Do
Thos Edwards Do
Anst Beady Capt Do
Wlldford Richardson Do
Wm Anderson Do
John Brittannia Do
Tho Bluement Do
Frans Haukens Do
Domingo Serveng Do Passenger
John Allen Do
Jacob Redcall Do Edw Cellos Esq'r
Frans Robinson Do Manick Defregadam Do M'rs Sewells
Tho Barker Do Pedro Defouze Do Moses Skeherstone Servants
Wm Cotton Do Opeceo Dozzee Do Horco Do
R. Williams Do Ventrosa Facosta Do
John Watts Do Augustine De Souze Do Mr Phil Affleck Seaman
Counted and Examined the Honble Companys Cash for the Month of January last, which is as follows Vizt

The muster roll of the Britannia continued with the remaining crew and passengers.
John Christian, seaman
William Bezely, seaman
Jones, seaman
Lucas, seaman
John Leon, seaman
R. Savage, seaman
Manuel Desylvis, seaman
Manner Hardwick, seaman
Thomas Hagg, seaman
Isaac Defoye, seaman
Patrick Bruin, seaman
Andrew Causton, seaman
Emanuel Montana, seaman
Henry Glass, seaman
B. Jones, seaman
Martin De White, seaman
Nathaniel Beetle, seaman
Andrew Whelen, seaman
Augustine Rowse, seaman
Archibald Berry, seaman
Anst Miller, seaman
Laurence, seaman
John Murray, seaman
William Mor, seaman
Mannock, seaman
George Newbridge, seaman
P. Yellam, seaman
Thomas Lemagement, seaman
James Spine, seaman
Benjamin Curtin, gunner's mate
Jacobus De Buck, seaman
Rueben Brown, seaman
Gilbert Rowan, lamplighter
Isaac Fuller, seaman
Thomas Edwards, seaman
Anst Beady, captain's servant
Wlldford Richardson, seaman
William Anderson, seaman
John Brittannia, seaman
Thomas Bluement, seaman
Frans Haukens, seaman
Domingo, servant, passenger
John Allen, seaman
Jacob Redcall, seaman
Frans Robinson, seaman
Thomas Barker, seaman
William Cotton, seaman
R. Williams, seaman
John Watts, seaman
Passengers and servants: Edward Cellos Esquire; Manick Defregadam; Mrs Sewells; Pedro Defouze; Moses Skeherstone, servant; Opeceo Dozzee; Horco, servant; Ventrosa Facosta; Augustine De Souze; Mr Phil Affleck, seaman
The Council then counted and examined the Company's cash for January 1751/52.

Interpretations

The lower half of the roll shows the mixed origins of an East Indiaman's crew, English and Scots names beside Portuguese, Indian and other foreign hands shipped for the voyage. The passengers carried a gentleman, a lady and several servants of varied names, the private traffic that filled the cabins on the homeward and outward passages.

167

165

1751
Janry 1st To Balance remaining Dr £3894 19s 2d
4th To John Goodwin Assr recd of Lieut Beakon Accot of John Aldrick decd Dr 14 6s 10½d
6 To Account Currant London recd of Capt Henry Kent, for which Certificate was given him, dated this day Dr 180
£4089 5s 11d

Dr Contra
By Balance remaining in the following specie Vizt
1st Gold Wt 11.15.11 C £3.18.8 £40 1 8½
A 1 Do 3.9.12 C 3.18. £13 11½
70 Venchans C 10/ £35
12 Rupees C 30/ £18
Coco Pagodas 8/ £2400
£2512 12 9
Gold Amounting to
3135 Dollars C 6/ £783 15
157 Arabs C 17½/ £47 8½
1294 half Rials C 1/3¾ £202 6 3
AAA French pieces C 3/12 £3 13 6
Odd Money C 3½/
£1037 3 2
Silver Amounting to
146 Cash Notes C 20/ £292
162 Do 20/ £162
262 Do 50/ £65 10
160 Do 2/6 £20
£539 10
Cash Notes Amounting to
£4089 5 11

The Company's cash account for January 1751/52 opened with the sums received.
On 1 January, balance remaining, £3,894 19s 2d
On 4 January, by John Goodwin, assessor, received of Lieutenant Beacon on account of the late John Aldrick, £14 6s 10½d
On 6 January, by account current London, received of Captain Henry Kent, for which a certificate was given him dated that day, £180 0s 0d
Total, £4,089 5s 11d

The account showed on the credit side the balance remaining in the following species. The coin headings were partly abbreviated in the source and are supplied here as weight and value.
1 gold, weight 11-15-11, at £3 18s 8d, £40 1s 8½d
1 gold, 3-9-12, at 3-18, £13 11s 0½d
70 Venetians at 10, £35 0s 0d
12 rupees at 30, £18 0s 0d
6,000 pagodas at 8, £2,400 0s 0d
Gold amounting to £2,512 12s 9d
3,135 dollars at 6, £783 15s 0d
1,517 rials at 17½d, £47 8s 0½d
12,948 half rials at 1s 3¾d, £202 6s 3d
441 French pieces at 3s, £3 13s 6d
Odd money, 3½d
Silver amounting to £1,037 3s 2d
146 cash notes at 20, £292 0s 0d
162 cash notes at 20, £162 0s 0d
262 cash notes at 50, £65 10s 0d
160 cash notes at 2s 6d, £20 0s 0d
Cash notes amounting to £539 10s 0d
Total, £4,089 5s 11d

Speculations

The stated subtotals for gold, silver and cash notes do not add to the total as the figures stand, and several coin lines cannot be squared against their stated rates. The account was carried as written without arithmetical correction, so the discrepancy is recorded but not resolved.

168

166

Tho Storekeeper brought in the following Account
of Goods short delivered from Ship Britannia Vizt
Account of Stores short received from Ship
Britannia Vizt
8 Bags Rice short delivered
3.3.2 Sugar short Weight
2.13 Candles
4 half Leag Arrack, Leag 17½ want to full 21½
2 Do 7½ Do 4
3 Do 15 Do 4
1 Do 12½ Do 3
296 15¼
Feby 17th 1751 Received 280¼ Gallons
(signed)
Matthew Purting Storekpr
Cha Hutchinson
David Hunter
John Clark

The storekeeper brought in an account of goods short delivered from the Britannia.
8 bags of rice, short delivered
3 hundredweight 3 quarters 2 pounds of sugar, short weight
2 pounds 13 ounces of candles
1 half leaguer arrack, gauge 17½, wanting 21½ gallons to fill
1 arrack, gauge 7½, wanting 4 gallons
1 arrack, gauge 15, wanting 4 gallons
1 arrack, gauge 12½, wanting 3 gallons
296 gallons 15¼
Received 280¼ gallons on 17 February 1751/52

The account was subscribed by Matthew Purling, storekeeper. The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson, David Hunter and John Clark.

Interpretations

The short-delivery account measured the shortfall between the invoice and what the casks and bags actually held, the arrack gauged in each leaguer to show the gallons wanting. Booking only the quantity truly received protected the Company against loss on a cargo liable to evaporate or be broached on the voyage.

169

167

At a Consultation held on Monday the 24th day of February 1751 at the Castle,
Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governor
Capt David Hunter Lt Govr
Lieutenant John Clarke of Councill
The last Consultation was read Approved and signed dated the 17th February 1751,
Yesterday Arrived the Honble Companys Ship Cazar from China, and brought in the following Supply Vizt
Invoice of Ship Cazar
No 1 1 Chest of China Ware q’t 5 Sable Ink Celest Gold Gt
each Set 5 Dishes, 20 Platers, doz 42 Plates 20 Rupees 20 Rupees
25 Small Bowls Blue & White 8 Rupees 2 Annas
50 Mackers Do 2 Rupees 5 Annas 1 Rupee 2½ Annas
6 Chamber Potts Do 1 Rupee 5 Annas 9½ Annas
3 Large Dishes Do 7 Rupees 2 Rupees 1 Anna
25 half Pint Cups & Saucers Blue & White 5 Rupees 1 Rupee 2½ Annas
25 Neggin Do 3 Rupees 1 Rupee 5 Annas
28 Rupees 25½ Annas
No 1 1 Chest Battea & Seq weight Goslo 245
Save 39 Cattly
Note the 306 is Picul 53.15 23 Rupees 1 Anna
No 2 2 Suits Singlo Seq weight Note 1 Picul 5 Cattly 20. 21 Rupees 1 Anna
No C 8. 8 Chests Sugar Containing 210½ Goslo
190 fine
1988½ Neat is 14 Picul 9 Cattly 15 67 Rupees 9½ Annas 5 Pice
No C 6 6 Chests Sugar fancy containing 1603 Goslo
142 Save to P C
1551½ Neat is 11.63. C 6/2 72 Rupees 10 Annas 6 Pice
Errors Excepted
Sam Harmon
Thos Downer
John Benson
George Dovcott
Benj Fann
Tales 211 Rupees 5 Annas 5 Pice

The Governor and Council met in consultation at the Castle on 24 February 1751/52. Governor Charles Hutchinson presided, with Captain David Hunter, Lieutenant Governor, and Lieutenant John Clark of the Council present. The Council read the previous consultation of 17 February 1751/52, then approved and signed it. The Company's ship Cazar had arrived the previous day from China and brought the following supply. The invoice of the Cazar followed, its values given in the Indian currency of rupees, annas and pies.
1 chest of chinaware, 5 sets, each of 5 dishes, 20 platters and 42 plates, 20 rupees
25 small bowls, blue and white, 8 rupees 2 annas
50 mugs, 2 rupees 5 annas, and 1 rupee 2½ annas
6 chamber pots, 1 rupee 5 annas, and 9½ annas
3 large dishes, 7 rupees, and 2 rupees 1 anna
25 half-pint cups and saucers, blue and white, 5 rupees, and 1 rupee 2½ annas
25 noggin cups and saucers, 3 rupees, and 1 rupee 5 annas
Subtotal, 28 rupees 25½ annas
1 chest batta and sequins, weight 245, save 39, note 306 is 53.15 picul, 23 rupees 1 anna
2 suits singlo, note 1 picul 5 catty, 21 rupees 1 anna
8 chests sugar containing 210½ gross, 190 fine, 1,988½ net, 14 picul 9 catty, 67 rupees 9½ annas 5 pies
6 chests fancy sugar containing 1,603 gross, 142 save, 1,551½ net, 11.63 picul, 72 rupees 10 annas 6 pies
Total, 211 rupees 5 annas 5 pies
The account was subscribed, errors excepted, by Sam Harmon, Thomas Downer, John Benson, George Dovcott and Benjamin Fann.

Interpretations

The cargo was a China lading of porcelain and sugar, the chinaware counted in sets of dishes, platters and plates and the sugar weighed in picul and catty, the Chinese weights the island's books carried before conversion into rupees. The blue and white ware, cups, bowls and chamber pots were the everyday Canton export porcelain shipped in bulk for sale across the Company's stations.

170

168

The Widow and Executor of the late Ebenezer Leech
this day presented his last Will & Testament desiring the
same might be proved, which was accordingly done upon the
Oath of the Witnesses thereto, the Will is as follows Vizt
In the Name of God Amen I Ebenezer
Leech of the Island of St Helena being sick and Weak of Body
but of sound and perfect mind and Memory thanks be to
Almighty God do make Ordain constitute and Appoint this
my last Will and Testament as follows Vizt
Imprimis I Will and recommend my Soul into the hands of Almighty
God my Creator trusting in his Mercy for the remission of all
my Sins
Item I Will and Direct that all my just Debts and Funerall
expences be paid and Acquitted by my Executor hereafter
Named in some convenient time after my Decease
Item I Will and Bequeath unto my Well beloved Wife Bridget
Leech one Black Woman Name Abigail to be at her entire
disposal and I also give her the use and benefit of my House
in Chappel Valley with all the Appurtenances thereunto
belonging during the Term of her Natural Life, without
any interruption or molestation provided she keeps it in
repair
Item I Will and direct that at the Decease of my Wife the
abovementioned House, with the aforesaid premises be
equally divided between my beloved Son and Daughter
John Leech and Isabel Mason but my Will and intention
is that the part bequeathed my said Daughter Isabel shall
at her Decease, descend to my Beloved Grand Daughter Jane
Wilson but in case my said Grand Daughter should Die
before Age or Marriage I give and Bequeath her part or
share to my said Son John Leech and his Heirs for ever
Item I give and Bequeath unto my Beloved Nephew John

The widow and executor of the late Ebenezer Leech presented his last will and testament this day and asked that it be proved, which was done on the oath of the witnesses. Ebenezer Leech of St Helena, being sick and weak of body but of sound mind, made his will as follows. He commended his soul to God and directed that his just debts and funeral expenses be paid by his executor in convenient time after his death. He gave to his wife Bridget Leech a Black woman named Abigail, to be at her entire disposal, and the use of his house in Chapel Valley with all its appurtenances during her natural life, provided she kept it in repair. He directed that at his wife's death the house and premises be divided equally between his son and daughter John Leech and Isabel Mason. He intended that the part left to his daughter Isabel should at her death descend to his granddaughter Jane Wilson, but that if the granddaughter died before coming of age or marrying, her share should go to his son John Leech and his heirs for ever. He gave to his nephew John Chillingworth the remaining bequest set out in the continuation of the will.

Interpretations

Leech disposed of a slave woman, Abigail, as an outright gift to his widow to be at her entire disposal, the same absolute power over a human being that the island's law gave over any chattel. The elaborate settlement of the Chapel Valley house across three generations, with a remainder that shifted if the granddaughter died young, shows a planter using a will to bind property to his bloodline well beyond the lives immediately in view.

171

169

Chillingworth all my Wareing Apparell and also one Feather Bed
Bolster and Pillow
Item All the rest and remainder of my Estate be it whatsoever and
wheresoever I order and Direct shall be Divided Equally between my
Wife and my Son and Daughter
Lastly I Nominate and Appoint my Well beloved Friend Mr Joshua
Worrall and my Son John Leech Executors to this my Will, revoking all former Wills or Wills by me
made, Ratifying and Confirming this and no other to be my last
Will and Testament, this fourth day of January in the year of
our Lord 1751.
The mark of Eben Leech
Signed Sealed and Declared to be
the last Will and Testament of the
Testator in the presence of the word
two being interlined before the signing
(sealing)
James Pritchard
John Smith
The Widow and Executors likewise presented an Inventory of
the Deceaseds Estate, Appraised by George Masters, William Burnham
& James Pritchard, who being Sworn that they Valued the same to
the best of their Judgment, & the Widow that She produced each
particular, it was Ordered to be Entered in the Book for that
purpose.
Mr Richard Gurling presented the following Petition
Vizt
To the Worshipful Charles Hutchinson Esqr Govr
& Councill
The humble Petition of Richard Gurling
Sheweth
That your Petitioner’s Lease for six Acres of
Land being expired on the 2d instant your Petitioner humbly prays

The will of Ebenezer Leech concluded. He gave to his nephew John Chillingworth all his wearing apparel and a feather bed, bolster and pillow. He directed that the rest of his estate, wherever found, be divided equally between his wife, his son and his daughter. He named his friend Joshua Worrall and his son John Leech executors, revoking all former wills, and dated the will 4 January 1751/52. It was signed by the mark of Ebenezer Leech and witnessed by James Pritchard and John Smith, a note recording that two words had been interlined before signing. The widow and executors also presented an inventory of the estate, appraised by George Masters, William Burnham and James Pritchard, who were sworn that they had valued it to the best of their judgment, and the widow that she had produced each item. The Council ordered the inventory entered in the book kept for that purpose. Richard Gurling then presented a petition addressed to the Governor and Council. He set out that his lease for six acres of land had expired on 2 February 1751/52.

Interpretations

The sworn appraisal and inventory were the standard safeguard of a probate, binding the valuers and the widow on oath so the estate could be trusted for the division among heirs. Gurling's petition on the expiry of his six-acre lease shows the fixed term of island leaseholds bringing tenants back before the board to renew, so the Council kept a continuing hand on the tenure of every plot.

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170

At a Consultation held on Monday the 2d day of March 1751
at the Castle,
Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Govr
Capt David Hunter Lt Govr
Lieutenant John Clark of Councill
The last Consultation was read, approved and Signed, dated
the 24th February 1751
Monday the 24th Feby Sailed the French Ship called the Rouville
Wednesday the 26th Do Sailed the Honble Companys Ship Britanniag for England
Fryday the 28th Do Arrived a Dane Ship from China, called the Queen of
Denmark, Capt Jens Werner Acherlow, Burthen about 1000 Tons
carry 220 Men & 28 Guns. Loaden with Tea Silk & China Ware
bound to Copenhagen
Yesterday Do Arrived three Dutch Ships
Arrived the Honble Companys Ship Lord Anson from China, and
brought us the following Supplie Vizt

The Governor and Council met in consultation at the Castle on 2 March 1751/52. Governor Charles Hutchinson presided, with Captain David Hunter, Lieutenant Governor, and Lieutenant John Clark of the Council present. The Council read the previous consultation of 24 February 1751/52, then approved and signed it. The French ship Rouville had sailed on Monday 24 February 1751/52. The Company's ship Britannia had sailed for England on Wednesday 26 February 1751/52. A Danish ship from China called the Queen of Denmark, Captain Jens Werner Acherlow, of about 1,000 tons burthen, carrying 220 men and 28 guns and laden with tea, silk and chinaware bound for Copenhagen, had arrived on Friday 28 February 1751/52. Three Dutch ships had arrived the previous day. The Company's ship Lord Anson had also arrived from China and brought the following supply.

Interpretations

The run of arrivals, French, Danish, Dutch and the Company's own ships within a week, shows St Helena at the height of the homeward China season, a crossroads where the East India shipping of several nations gathered to water and refresh. The Danish Queen of Denmark, a large armed vessel carrying tea and silk to Copenhagen, marks how far the China trade reached beyond the English Company into the commerce of northern Europe.

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171

Invoice of Ship Lord Anson

No 2
China Ware 2 Chests No 1 and No 2
5 Table Sets, 5.20 Enamelled @ 2 rupees, 1 anna, 0 pice each
25 Small Bowls, Blue and White, 2 rupees, 2 annas, 0 pice
50 Mackers, Ditto, 2 rupees, 1 anna, 0 pice
6 Chamber Pots, Ditto, 1 rupee, 2 annas, 0 pice
8 Goglets, Ditto, 2 rupees, 2 annas, 0 pice
25 Half Pint Cups and Saucers, Ditto, 4 rupees, 8 annas, 0 pice
25 Neggun Cups and Saucers, Ditto, 3 rupees, 5 annas, 0 pice

Total for this article: 21 rupees, 3 annas, 5 pice

No 3
Tea Bohea
3 Chests, Weight gross 310 catties
Tare 54 catties
Net 256 catties, 1 mace, 9 candareens @ 16 rupees, 0 annas, 0 pice per catty

Total for this article: 30 rupees, 7 annas, 2 pice

No 22
Tea Singlo
2 Tubs, Weight gross 183 catties
Tare 41 catties
Net 142 catties, 1 mace, 6 candareens @ 19 rupees, 2 annas, 0 pice per catty

Total for this article: 20 rupees, 3 annas, 5 pice

No 29
Sugar Candy
9 Chests, Weight gross 1490 catties
Tare 150 catties
Net 1340 catties, 10 mace, 5 candareens @ 5 rupees, 8 annas, 0 pice per catty

Total for this article: 58 rupees, 2 annas, 9 pice

No 23
Sugar
10 Chests, Weight gross 2973 catties
Tare 316 catties
Net 2657 catties, 10 mace, 9 candareens @ 18 rupees, 0 annas, 0 pice per catty

Total for this article: 95 rupees, 6 annas, 16 pice

Total Amount of this Invoice
226 rupees, 1 anna, 3 pice

Errors Excepted
Lawce Hide
Samuel Blount
Alexr Hume
Nathl Garland
Willm Lee

The invoice of the Lord Anson followed, its values given in the Indian currency of rupees, annas and pies.

Chinaware, 2 chests: 5 table sets, 5.20 enamelled at 2 rupees 1 anna each; 25 small bowls, blue and white, 2 rupees 2 annas; 50 mugs, 2 rupees 1 anna; 6 chamber pots, 1 rupee 2 annas; 8 goglets, 2 rupees 2 annas; 25 half-pint cups and saucers, 4 rupees 8 annas; 25 noggin cups and saucers, 3 rupees 5 annas; total for this article 21 rupees 3 annas 5 pies
Bohea tea, 3 chests, gross 310 catties, tare 54 catties, net 256 catties 1 mace 9 candareens at 16 rupees per catty, total 30 rupees 7 annas 2 pies

Singlo tea, 2 tubs, gross 183 catties, tare 41 catties, net 142 catties 1 mace 6 candareens at 19 rupees 2 annas per catty, total 20 rupees 3 annas 5 pies

Sugar candy, 9 chests, gross 1,490 catties, tare 150 catties, net 1,340 catties 10 mace 5 candareens at 5 rupees 8 annas per catty, total 58 rupees 2 annas 9 pies
Sugar, 10 chests, gross 2,973 catties, tare 316 catties, net 2,657 catties 10 mace 9 candareens at 18 rupees per catty, total 95 rupees 6 annas 16 pies
Total amount of this invoice, 226 rupees 1 anna 3 pies
The account was subscribed, errors excepted, by Lawrence Hide, Samuel Blount, Alexander Hume, Nathaniel Garland and William Lee.

Interpretations

The lading was a classic China cargo of tea, sugar and porcelain, the tea graded as bohea and singlo and weighed to the catty, mace and candareen, the Chinese fractions the invoice carried before conversion. Bohea was the common black tea and singlo a green tea, the two grades that filled the bulk of the Company's homeward tea shipments from Canton.

174

172

6 cup Dishes short delivered not found in the Package
1 Soup Dish
3 Meat Plates
1 Sneaker broke
1 Soup Plates
3 Saucers
1 lb sugar short weight
12 lb Candy short weight
March 2d 1751
(signed)
M. Purling Stock No 6

Lieutenant John Clark reports that he has been on board the Ship Cezar to muster her Company and Enquire for Deserters, but found none, the Muster Roll is as follows Vizt

Muster Roll of Ship Cezar

Mattw Court Commandr
Robt Macread 1 Mate
Robt Brooks 2 Do
Edw Sixant 3 Do
John Carrier 4 Do
John Allen 5 Do
J Porterfield Surgeon
Wm Boston Capt Clk
Wm Boston Capt Clks Mate
Geo Gotley Boatswain
Tho. Hickman Guner
Geo Bowman Carpenter

Christ Smith Cooper
Tho Welch Caulker
Wm Reed Sailmr
Wm Taylor Armourer
D John Jones Boat Sw Mate
Bryan O Bren Cook
Wm Campbell Ship Clk
Wm Gregory Armsmr
Robt Lawne Surg Mate
Tho Farmer Carpentr
Wm Peffer 2 Do S Do
Wm Williamson Boat Sw Mate
Alexr Gregor Gnr Do
Jn Lockwood Coopr Do
Rob Clark Boat Sw Do
Jn Jones Joiner
T. Tank Coxswain
Wm Edger Lamborn Midhipr
Wm Frobey 2 Do
Robt Leake 2 Do
Wm Merchart Boat Sw
Robt Flee 2 Do
Wm Wade Seaman
Sam Mayne

Certain goods of the Lord Anson were short delivered, not found in the package.
6 cup dishes
1 soup dish
3 meat plates
1 sneaker, broke
1 soup plate
3 saucers
1 lb sugar, short weight
12 lb candy, short weight

The account was subscribed by M. Purling, storekeeper, on 2 March 1751/52. Lieutenant John Clark then reported that he had gone aboard the Cezar to muster her company and enquire for deserters, finding none. The muster roll of the Cezar followed.
Matthew Court, commander
Robert Macread, first mate
Robert Brooks, second mate
Edward Sixant, third mate
John Carrier, fourth mate
John Allen, fifth mate
J. Porterfield, surgeon
William Boston, captain's clerk
William Boston, captain's clerk's mate
George Gotley, boatswain
Thomas Hickman, gunner
George Bowman, carpenter
Christopher Smith, cooper
Thomas Welch, caulker
William Reed, sailmaker
William Taylor, armourer
John Jones, boatswain's mate
Bryan O'Bren, cook
William Campbell, ship's clerk
William Gregory, armourer's mate
Robert Lawne, surgeon's mate
Thomas Farmer, carpenter's mate
William Peffer, second carpenter's mate
William Williamson, boatswain's mate
Alexander Gregor, gunner's mate
John Lockwood, cooper's mate
Robert Clark, boatswain's mate
John Jones, joiner
T. Tank, coxswain
William Edger, midshipman
William Frobey, midshipman
Robert Leake, midshipman
William Merchart, boatswain
Robert Flee, midshipman
William Wade, seaman
Samuel Mayne, seaman

Interpretations

The short-delivery note recorded the porcelain missing or broken from the Lord Anson's chests, booked so the Company paid only for what arrived whole. The muster of the Cezar followed the routine search for deserters, the roll setting out her officers, specialist tradesmen and seamen in the usual order of a homeward Indiaman.

175

173

Wm Thompson Sail Maker
Wm Rose Do
Wm Sayler Sayler
Wm Rigby Butcher
Wm Robinson Barber
Jn MacCallen Seaman
Wm Leyson Do
Robt Christison Do
Ths May Do
Ths Turlougher Do
Robt Watson Do
Jn Perknor Do
Ja Duncan Do
Ja MacOlery Do
Wm Loy Do
Jn Bromley Do
And Nelson Do
Wm Lauder Do
Tho Reed Do
Ja Burrows Do
Tho Woolaston Do
John Ewin Do
John Boulton Do
Alex Camp Seaman
Tho Peltars Do
Tho Collierwood Do
Step. Fraucis Do
John Parache Do
John Jenkins Do
Edw Grant Do
Robt Grant Do
Jos Seymour Do
Ja Clarke Do
Saml Ramsey Do
Tho Williams Do
John Young Do
John Hugh Do
Jo Crow Do
John Milton Do
John Scott Do
Geo E. Boulton Do
Wm Ford Do
Ralph Edmonds Do
Epha Wilson Do
Ja Dalley Do
Hugh Neth Do
Ja Hill Seaman
John Marshal Do
Tho Bryan Do
Jos Martin Do
Hen J. Maxwell Do
Mich Leonard Do
John Dair Do
Wm Leveridge Do
Tho Johnson Do
Nich Smith Do
Tho Wilson Do
Tho Alloway Carpenter's Mate
Jos Pray Do
Robt Marow Junr. Boatswain's Mate Do
Wm Jones 2d Do
Hen Diman Junr Do
Jos. Gannon Boatsn 3d Do
Jn Brown Quarter Mastr 1st Do
Geo Oxenme Do
Jn Mapletost Surgeon’s Steward
Jenkens Water Do Servant
Charles Wilson Do
Captain Matthew Court applied to Us for liberty to
pay L100 0s 0d into the Honble Companys Cash, which we have received
and given him Bills of Exchange drawn on the Honble Court of
Directors for that Sum, payable to himself or Order 90 Days
after Sight, dated this day.
One of the Honble Companys Long Boats being
much worn & almost useless, and Capt Court having offered Us a

The muster roll of the Cezar continued with the remaining crew.
William Thompson, sailmaker
William Rose, sailmaker
William Sayler, sailor
William Rigby, butcher
William Robinson, barber
John MacCallen, seaman
William Leyson, seaman
Robert Christison, seaman
Thomas May, seaman
Thomas Turlougher, seaman
Robert Watson, seaman
John Perknor, seaman
James Duncan, seaman
James MacOlery, seaman
William Loy, seaman
John Bromley, seaman
Andrew Nelson, seaman
William Lauder, seaman
Thomas Reed, seaman
James Burrows, seaman
Thomas Woolaston, seaman
John Ewin, seaman
John Boulton, seaman
Alexander Camp, seaman
Thomas Peltars, seaman
Thomas Collierwood, seaman
Stephen Fraucis, seaman
John Parache, seaman
John Jenkins, seaman
Edward Grant, seaman
Robert Grant, seaman
Joseph Seymour, seaman
James Clarke, seaman
Samuel Ramsey, seaman
Thomas Williams, seaman
John Young, seaman
John Hugh, seaman
Joseph Crow, seaman
John Milton, seaman
John Scott, seaman
George Boulton, seaman
William Ford, seaman
Ralph Edmonds, seaman
Ephraim Wilson, seaman
James Dalley, seaman
Hugh Neth, seaman
James Hill, seaman
John Marshal, seaman
Thomas Bryan, seaman
Joseph Martin, seaman
Henry Maxwell, seaman
Michael Leonard, seaman
John Dair, seaman
William Leveridge, seaman
Thomas Johnson, seaman
Nicholas Smith, seaman
Thomas Wilson, seaman
Thomas Alloway, carpenter's mate
Joseph Pray, carpenter's mate
Robert Marow junior, boatswain's mate
William Jones, second boatswain's mate
Henry Diman junior, boatswain's mate
Joseph Gannon, third boatswain's mate
John Brown, first quartermaster
George Oxenme, quartermaster
John Mapletost, surgeon's steward
Jenkens Water, servant
Charles Wilson, servant
Captain Matthew Court applied to the Council for liberty to pay £100 0s 0d into the Company's cash, which was received, and he was given bills of exchange drawn on the Court of Directors for that sum, payable to himself or order 90 days after sight, dated that day. One of the Company's long boats being much worn and almost useless, and Captain Court having offered a good one, the matter carried over to the continuation of the record.

Interpretations

Captain Court's payment of £100 into the island cash against bills on the Court of Directors was the standard remittance the Company's captains used to lodge coin on the island in exchange for paper recoverable in London. The device spared the ship the risk of carrying specie onward and gave the treasury ready money in hand.

176

174

good one for the Sum of £23.. We have accordingly Purchased it, and Ordered the old
one to be wrote off the Books of Accounts.
Cha: Hutchinson
David Hunter
John Pank
At a Consultation held on Monday the 9th day of March 1751 at the Castle,
Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governor
At a Consultation held on Monday the 9th day of March 1751 at the Castle,
Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governor Capt. David Hunter Lieut. & Depy.
Lieutenant John Pank of Council
The last Consultation was read, Approved, and Signed
Tuesday the dated the 2d March 1751
Thursday the 3d A Company's magazine Ship Vigilant, Ruby, Tartar Pink & Georg
Fryday the 5 sailed the Honble Company's Ship Caesar for England
the 6 Sailed his Majesty's Ships Vigilant, Ruby Tartar Pink, Georg for England.
Captain Ashetay commander of the Daneship Vincent of Denmark, representing to Us,
that part of his Gun Powder is so much damaged that it is unserviceable, and
desiring Us to spare him four Barrells. We have Agreed to his request, and
Ordered the Gunner to deliver that Quantity to him.

The long-boat purchase concluded. Captain Court had offered the Company a good long boat for £23 0s 0d, one of the Company's own being much worn and almost useless. The Council bought it and ordered the old boat written off the books. The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson, David Hunter and John Clark. The Governor and Council then met in consultation at the Castle on 9 March 1751/52, with Governor Charles Hutchinson presiding, Captain David Hunter as Lieutenant Governor and deputy and Lieutenant John Clark of the Council present. The Council read the previous consultation of 2 March 1751/52, then approved and signed it. The Company's magazine ships Vigilant, Ruby, Tartar Pink and George had lain in the road, and the Company's ship Caesar had sailed for England on Friday 5 March 1751/52. His Majesty's ships Vigilant, Ruby, Tartar Pink and George had sailed for England on 6 March 1751/52. Captain Ashetay, commander of the Danish ship Vincent of Denmark, represented that part of his gunpowder was so damaged as to be unserviceable and asked the Council to spare him four barrels. The Council agreed and ordered the gunner to deliver that quantity.

Interpretations

The Council's grant of four barrels of powder to a Danish captain in distress shows the customary aid rendered between friendly nations' ships at a mid-ocean station, the island's magazine relieving a want that could leave a vessel defenceless. Buying a serviceable long boat from a Company captain and writing off the old one was a routine renewal of the island's landing craft, the boats that worked cargo and passengers between ship and shore in an anchorage with no quay.

177

175

The Storekeeper brought in the following Account of
Goods short delivered from Ship Lord Anson Vizt.
Account of Stores short Received from Ship Lord
Anson Vizt.
1 meat Plate
1 Guglet
2 Bowls
8 Dishes } broke
2 Ha??f??s. }
3 Saucers
(Signed)
March 9th 1751.
Matthews Purting Storekeeper.
Lieutenant John Clark reports that he has been on
Board the Ship Lord Anson, to Muster her Company, and Enquired
for Deserters, but found none, the Muster Roll is as follow Vizt.
Muster Roll of Ship Lord Anson
Cha’s Fowler Commander
Ben: Forrester 1st Mate
Patk. Crichton 2d Do.
Hen.y Mottla 3d Do.
Ja’s Dewar 4th Do.
Jn’o Hutchenson 5th Do.
Wm. Patton 6th Do.
Dav. Duncomeb Midsg.
Geo. Thomas Bookswain
Tho. Magley Gunner
Wm. Hatton Carpenter
Dav. Fanny Surg.n Mate
Ino. Kidman Surg.n
Ja. Lidney Do. 2d Do.
John Haggis Caulker
John Robinson Do. Mate
Sam.l Johnson Sailm:
Alex.r Allen Ship Cook
Rob. Lievcrlides Boatmate
Jn.o Wright Capt.n Steward
J: Frath Armourer
Geo. D: Joes Cooper
Tho. Lehy Do.
Rob. Abty Taylor
Jn’o Sancherry Butcher
Patk. Coppinger Poulterer
Lewis Aml. D: Master
And. Stewart D:
Arch.d Cawford D:
John Lealy D:
Dav. Lockton Midsg:
Wm. Goulston D:
Alex. Houlemane D:
John James D:
Ja’s Ruthin D:
Val Newman D:

The storekeeper brought in an account of goods short delivered from the Lord Anson.
1 meat plate
1 goglet
2 bowls
8 dishes, broke
2 [...], broke
3 saucers

The account was subscribed by Matthew Purling, storekeeper, on 9 March 1751/52. Lieutenant John Clark then reported that he had gone aboard the Lord Anson to muster her company and enquire for deserters, finding none. The muster roll of the Lord Anson followed.
Charles Fowler, commander
Benjamin Forrester, first mate
Patrick Crichton, second mate
Henry Mottla, third mate
James Dewar, fourth mate
John Hutchenson, fifth mate
William Patton, sixth mate
David Duncomeb, midshipman
George Thomas, boatswain
Thomas Magley, gunner
William Hatton, carpenter
David Fanny, surgeon's mate
John Kidman, surgeon
James Lidney, second surgeon's mate
John Haggis, caulker
John Robinson, caulker's mate
Samuel Johnson, sailmaker
Alexander Allen, ship's cook
Robert Lievcrlides, boatswain's mate
John Wright, captain's steward
J. Frath, armourer
George Joes, cooper
Thomas Lehy, cooper
Robert Abty, tailor
John Sancherry, butcher
Patrick Coppinger, poulterer
Lewis Aml, quartermaster
Andrew Stewart, quartermaster
Archibald Cawford, quartermaster
John Lealy, quartermaster
David Lockton, midshipman
William Goulston, midshipman
Alexander Houlemane, midshipman
John James, midshipman
James Ruthin, midshipman
Val Newman, midshipman

Interpretations

The short-delivery note again recorded the porcelain broken or missing from the ship's chests, the storekeeper booking only the sound pieces. The Lord Anson's roll shows an unusually deep chain of six mates, the mark of a large and heavily officered China ship.

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176

Jn’o Caven Midship: D:o
Anth.y Howard D:o
Lac. Vannum D:o
Dan. Plummer Joiner D:o
Phil. Bowden Capt.s Steward D:o
J. Hanson D:o
Tho. Peckering Midst D:o
Rob. Blakely 2d Mate D:o
J. Mitchelt Surg. D:o
Benj. Brown Boats.n D:o
J. H. Calanach Capt.s D:o
Reei. Willimson D:o
Lio. Bowman D:o
Dav. S. M. Hewson D:o
Geo. Rowolt Armourer D:o
Wm. Leards D:o
Pat. M. Faggart D:o
Edid Murphy D:o
Rob. Heagner D:o
Ja. Watson D:o
Dani. Walsh D:o
Mattw Gardner Joiner D:o
Jas. Dutcher D:o
Ja. Lochran D:o
Rob. Jones D:o
John Leeson D:o
Hen. Ellingford D:o
Lewis Finer D:o
John Kimm D:o
R. Sargeant D:o
Robt. Pickel D:o
John Ilear D:o
Ja. Johnson D:o
W. Simpson D:o
Wm. Manger D:o
Wm. Holcomer D:o
Wm. Imbroe D:o
Jos. Brown 1st D:o
Jos. Brown 2d D:o
Wm. Walker D:o
John Hawkins D:o
Wm. Geer Capt.s Cook D:o
John Laun Seaman D:o
Deu: Dennis D:o
Hils Arnolt D:o
John Brooks D:o
Matw. Grover D:o
W. Loch D:o
R. Coster D:o
John Rou? D:o
Hils Rannow D:o
John Leek D:o
Alex.r Vile D:o
Jos. Hughes D:o
Cha.s Govermint D:o
F. Hetdman D:o
John Bagett D:o
Robt. Ledgley D:o
Sam.l Decasbury Ship Steward D:o
Tho. Carew Purser D:o
Wm. Balleringall Seaman D:o
Madw Jacob D:o
George Finnegan Gunst Mate D:o
John Brown Boats. D:o
The Plantation Gunners Steward Accounts
for the Month of February last, were this day brought
in which were Examined & Approved, and are as follow, Vizt.

The muster roll of the Lord Anson continued with the remaining crew.
John Caven, midshipman
Anthony Howard, midshipman
Lac Vannum, midshipman
Daniel Plummer, joiner
Philip Bowden, captain's steward
J. Hanson, midshipman
Thomas Peckering, midshipman
Robert Blakely, second mate
J. Mitchelt, surgeon
Benjamin Brown, boatswain
J. H. Calanach, captain's servant
Reei Willimson, seaman
Lio Bowman, seaman
David Hewson, seaman
George Rowolt, armourer
William Leards, seaman
Pat Faggart, seaman
Edid Murphy, seaman
Robert Heagner, seaman
James Watson, seaman
Daniel Walsh, seaman
Matthew Gardner, joiner
James Dutcher, seaman
James Lochran, seaman
Robert Jones, seaman
John Leeson, seaman
Henry Ellingford, seaman
Lewis Finer, seaman
John Kimm, seaman
R. Sargeant, seaman
Robert Pickel, seaman
John Ilear, seaman
James Johnson, seaman
W. Simpson, seaman
William Manger, seaman
William Holcomer, seaman
William Imbroe, seaman
Joseph Brown, first, seaman
Joseph Brown, second, seaman
William Walker, seaman
John Hawkins, seaman
William Geer, captain's cook
John Laun, seaman
Deu Dennis, seaman
Hils Arnolt, seaman
John Brooks, seaman
Matthew Grover, seaman
W. Loch, seaman
R. Coster, seaman
John Rou, seaman
Hils Rannow, seaman
John Leek, seaman
Alexander Vile, seaman
Joseph Hughes, seaman
Charles Govermint, seaman
F. Hetdman, seaman
John Bagett, seaman
Robert Ledgley, seaman
Samuel Decasbury, ship's steward
Thomas Carew, purser
William Balleringall, seaman
Madw Jacob, seaman
George Finnegan, gunner's mate
John Brown, boatswain
The plantation, gunner's and steward's accounts for February 1751/52 were brought in this day, which the Council examined and approved.

Interpretations

The long lower half of the roll shows the great size of a China ship's crew, well over a hundred hands all told, the many seamen needed to work a heavily laden vessel on the long homeward passage. The mix of English, Irish, Scots and other names reflects the varied recruitment of the Company's maritime service.

179

177

Account of the Honble Companys Stock of Neat Cattle &ca for the Month of February 1751

Neat Cattle, Sheep, Goats, Hogs, Poultry, Horses

Bulls, Cows, Calves, Yearlings, Heifers, Steers, Bullocks, Oxen, Total, Ewes, Wathers, Lambs, Rams, Total, Ewes, Wathers, Kids, Rams, Total, Sows, Shoats, Piggs, Boars, Total, Turkeys, Fowls, Ducks, Geese, Horses, Mares, Total

Remd 1: Bulls 2, Cows 84, Calves 79, Yearlings 50, Heifers 10, Steers 23, Bullocks 5, Oxen 6, Total 259, Ewes 139, Wathers 42, Lambs 94, Rams 6, Total 281, Ewes 130, Wathers 36, Kids 65, Rams 5, Total 236, Sows 7, Shoats 6, Piggs 19, Boars 1, Total 33, Turkeys 6, Fowls 182, Ducks 35, Geese 17, Horses 7, Mares 4, Total 11

Encreased: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 2, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Bullocks 0, Oxen 0, Total 2, Ewes 0, Wathers 0, Lambs 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Ewes 0, Wathers 0, Kids 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Sows 0, Shoats 0, Piggs 5, Boars 0, Total 5, Turkeys 0, Fowls 25, Ducks 0, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0

Bulls 2, Cows 84, Calves 81, Yearlings 50, Heifers 10, Steers 23, Bullocks 5, Oxen 6, Total 261, Ewes 139, Wathers 42, Lambs 94, Rams 6, Total 281, Ewes 130, Wathers 36, Kids 65, Rams 5, Total 236, Sows 7, Shoats 6, Piggs 24, Boars 1, Total 38, Turkeys 6, Fowls 207, Ducks 35, Geese 17, Horses 7, Mares 4, Total 11

Killed: Bulls 0, Cows 1, Calves 1, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 3, Bullocks 0, Oxen 0, Total 5, Ewes 2, Wathers 8, Lambs 0, Rams 0, Total 10, Ewes 1, Wathers 3, Kids 2, Rams 0, Total 6, Sows 0, Shoats 2, Piggs 1, Boars 0, Total 3, Turkeys 0, Fowls 16, Ducks 5, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0

Died: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 1, Yearlings 0, Heifers 1, Steers 0, Bullocks 0, Oxen 0, Total 2, Ewes 1, Wathers 0, Lambs 0, Rams 0, Total 1, Ewes 0, Wathers 0, Kids 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Sows 0, Shoats 1, Piggs 1, Boars 0, Total 1, Turkeys 0, Fowls 8, Ducks 5, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0

lost by a fall: Bulls 0, Cows 1, Calves 1, Yearlings 1, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Bullocks 0, Oxen 0, Total 3, Ewes 0, Wathers 0, Lambs 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Ewes 0, Wathers 0, Kids 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Sows 0, Shoats 0, Piggs 0, Boars 0, Total 0, Turkeys 0, Fowls 0, Ducks 0, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0

Killed by dogs: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 0, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Bullocks 0, Oxen 0, Total 0, Ewes 0, Wathers 0, Lambs 1, Rams 0, Total 1, Ewes 0, Wathers 1, Kids 0, Rams 0, Total 1, Sows 0, Shoats 0, Piggs 0, Boars 0, Total 0, Turkeys 0, Fowls 0, Ducks 0, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0

Remd 29: Bulls 2, Cows 82, Calves 79, Yearlings 48, Heifers 10, Steers 19, Bullocks 5, Oxen 6, Total 251, Ewes 136, Wathers 34, Lambs 93, Rams 6, Total 269, Ewes 129, Wathers 32, Kids 63, Rams 5, Total 229, Sows 7, Shoats 4, Piggs 22, Boars 1, Total 34, Turkeys 6, Fowls 183, Ducks 25, Geese 17, Horses 7, Mares 4, Total 11

Beef to the Britannia 560

Beef to the Cæsar 560

3 Goats to the Slaves

1 Shoat Measly

Yams Expended 33,000

1 Slave Died Namd Bridget Alias Brazen

(Signed)

David Hunter

Margin Notes:

January

Account of the Company's stock of neat cattle and other livestock for February 1752.

The neat cattle were recorded under bulls, cows, calves, yearlings, heifers, steers, bullocks and oxen, with a total. The sheep were recorded under ewes, wethers, lambs and rams, with a total. The goats were recorded under does, wethers, kids and rams, with a total. The hogs were recorded under sows, shoats, pigs and boars, with a total. The poultry were recorded under turkeys, fowls, ducks and geese. The horses were recorded under horses, mares and a total.

Remaining 1st, bulls 2, cows 84, calves 79, yearlings 50, heifers 10, steers 23, bullocks 5, oxen 6, total 259

Remaining 1st, ewes 139, wethers 42, lambs 91, rams 6, total 281

Remaining 1st, does 130, wethers 36, kids 65, rams 5, total 236

Remaining 1st, sows 7, shoats 6, pigs 19, boars 1, total 33

Remaining 1st, turkeys 6, fowls 182, ducks 35, geese 17

Remaining 1st, horses 7, mares 4, total 11

Increased, bulls 0, cows 0, calves 2, yearlings 0, heifers 0, steers 0, bullocks 0, oxen 0, total 2

Increased, ewes 0, wethers 0, lambs 0, rams 0, total 0

Increased, does 0, wethers 0, kids 0, rams 0, total 0

Increased, sows 0, shoats 0, pigs 5, boars 0, total 5

Increased, turkeys 0, fowls 25, ducks 0, geese 0

Increased, horses 0, mares 0, total 0

Total, bulls 2, cows 84, calves 81, yearlings 50, heifers 10, steers 23, bullocks 5, oxen 6, total 261

Total, ewes 139, wethers 42, lambs 91, rams 6, total 281

Total, does 130, wethers 36, kids 65, rams 5, total 236

Total, sows 7, shoats 6, pigs 24, boars 1, total 38

Total, turkeys 6, fowls 207, ducks 35, geese 17

Total, horses 7, mares 4, total 11

Killed, bulls 0, cows 1, calves 1, yearlings 0, heifers 3, steers 0, bullocks 0, oxen 0, total 5

Killed, ewes 2, wethers 8, lambs 0, rams 0, total 10

Killed, does 1, wethers 3, kids 2, rams 0, total 6

Killed, sows 0, shoats 2, pigs 1, boars 0, total 3

Killed, turkeys 0, fowls 16, ducks 5, geese 0

Died, ewes 1, wethers 0, lambs 0, rams 0, total 1

Lost by a fall, bulls 0, cows 1, calves 1, yearlings 1, heifers 0, steers 0, bullocks 0, oxen 0, total 3

Killed by dogs, wethers 0, lambs 1, rams 0, total 1

Killed by dogs, fowls 1, total 1

Remaining 29th, bulls 2, cows 82, calves 79, yearlings 48, heifers 10, steers 19, bullocks 5, oxen 6, total 251

Remaining 29th, ewes 136, wethers 34, lambs 93, rams 6, total 269

Remaining 29th, does 129, wethers 32, kids 63, rams 5, total 229

Remaining 29th, sows 7, shoats 4, pigs 22, boars 1, total 34

Remaining 29th, turkeys 6, fowls 183, ducks 25, geese 17

Remaining 29th, horses 7, mares 4, total 11

Beef to the Britannia, 560 pounds

Beef to the Caesar, 560 pounds

3 goats to the slaves

1 shoat, measly

Yams spent, 33,000 pounds

One slave died, named Bridget alias Brazier. The account was signed by David Hunter.

Interpretations

Beef sent in equal quantities to the Britannia and the Caesar, 560 pounds to each, marks two East Indiamen calling together in the road, both victualled to the same measure from the plantation's killing, a pairing that suggests the ships arrived and were supplied in company rather than separately as the Swallow and Dragon had been earlier.

The shoat noted as measly recorded a hog infected with the parasitic cysts that gave pork its mottled, unsound appearance, a condition that rendered the meat unfit and explains why the animal was set apart in the account rather than passed to the table with the rest of the month's killing. This distinct notation shows the plantation's officers watching for disease in the herd and recording it rather than letting a tainted beast pass unremarked.

The slave recorded as Bridget alias Brazier, carrying two names, shows the practice of naming slaves sometimes by more than one appellation, perhaps an African name alongside one given by the plantation, both entered into the record so the individual could be identified without doubt against the Company's roll of its people.

180

178

9 March

Gunners Stores Expended in Febry 1751

Guns Fired, lb, qr, [...], [...], [...], Powder Expended lb qr

Fired for Practice at Ruperts & for Priming

Guns Fired 6, lb 6, qr 6, Powder Expended 12 8

Alarm for the Britannia Capt Skinner

Guns Fired 6, [...] 2 2, [...] 2, Powder Expended 12

Arrived the said Ship returnd her Salute

Guns Fired 9, [...] 9, Powder Expended 9

Do Alarm for a French Ship

Guns Fired 6, [...] 2 2, [...] 2, Powder Expended 12

Do Arrived the said Ship returnd her Salute

Guns Fired 11, [...] 11, Powder Expended 11

Do for Priming

Powder Expended 4 8

Alarm for the Cæsar Capt Court

Guns Fired 6, [...] 2 2, [...] 2, Powder Expended 12

Do Arrived the said Ship returnd her Salute

Guns Fired 11, [...] 11, Powder Expended 11

Do for Priming

Powder Expended 3

Powder to the Ridge House for Priming

Powder Expended 3

Alarm for a Ship that went by

Guns Fired 6, [...] 2 9, [...] 2, Powder Expended 12

Do Departed the French Ship returnd her Salute

Guns Fired 11, [...] 11, Powder Expended 11

Do for Priming

Powder Expended 3

Departed the Britannia returnd her Salute

Guns Fired 9, [...] 9, Powder Expended 9

Alarm for a Danes Ship

Guns Fired 6, [...] 2 2, [...] 2, Powder Expended 12

Do Arrived the said Ship returnd her Salute

Guns Fired 9, [...] 9, Powder Expended 9

Do for Priming

Powder Expended 4 3

Powder for Lemon Valley Guard

Powder Expended 2 4

Powder for Signals

Powder Expended 3 5

Powder for Blowing of Lime Stone

Powder Expended 3

Total

Guns Fired 96, lb 6, qr 16, [...] 10, [...] 60, [...] 10, Powder Expended 155 15

Paper for the use of the Castle

1 Quire

Paper for making great Gun Cartridges

8 Quire

Trucks broke at the Ridge House

2

Match burnt at the Main Fort

6

Lead Balls to Lemon Valley Guard

2 4

Trucks broke at Ruperts with Practising

1

The Flags at Sandy Bay worn out

& not fit for Service

1

Do at Bankss Do

1

Horn Wideo worn out & not fit for Service

2

(Signed)

Thos Hall

Margin Notes:

Sundrys

Gunners' stores spent in February 1752. The columns recorded guns fired, powder, shot and match, together with a further figure for total powder expended.

3rd, fired for practice at Rupert's and for priming, guns fired 6, powder 6, match 6, total 12 pounds 10 ounces

8th, alarm for the Britannia, Captain Bonner, guns fired 6, powder 2, match 2, further total 2, total 12

9th, arrived the said ship, returned her salute, guns fired 9, match 9, total 9

The same, alarm for a French ship, guns fired 6, powder 2, match 2, further total 2, total 12

The same, arrived the said ship, returned her salute, guns fired 11, match 11, total 11

The same, for priming, 4 pounds 8 ounces

23rd, alarm for the Caesar, Captain Court, guns fired 6, powder 2, match 2, further total 2, total 12

The same, arrived the said ship, returned her salute, guns fired 11, match 11, total 11

The same, for priming, 3 pounds

24th, powder to the ridge house for priming, 3 pounds

25th, alarm for a ship that went by, guns fired 6, powder 2, match 9, further total 2, total 12

The same, departed the French ship, returned her salute, guns fired 11, match 11, total 11

The same, for priming, 3 pounds

27th, departed the Britannia, returned her salute, guns fired 9, match 9, total 9

28th, alarm for a Danish ship, guns fired 6, powder 2, match 2, further total 2, total 12

The same, arrived the said ship, returned her salute, guns fired 9, match 9, total 9

The same, for priming, 4 pounds 3 ounces

Powder for Lemon Valley guard, 4 pounds 4 ounces

Powder for signals, 3 pounds 5 ounces

Powder for blowing up limestone, 3 pounds

Total, guns fired 96, powder 6, shot 16, match 10, further totals 60, 10, 155 pounds 15 ounces

Paper for the use of the Castle, 1 quire

Paper for making great gun cartridges, 8 quires

Trucks broke at the ridge house, 2

Match burnt at the main fort, 6 pounds

Lead balls to Lemon Valley guard, 2 pounds 4 ounces

Trucks broke at Rupert's with practising, 1

The flag at Sandy Bay worn out and not fit for service, 1

The same at Banks's, 1

Horn dice worn out and not fit for service, 2

The account was signed by Thomas Hall.

Interpretations

The month's gunnery marks an unusually busy traffic of shipping through the road, five vessels named by nationality or captain, the Britannia, a French ship, the Caesar, another passing ship and a Danish ship, each greeted with an alarm, answered with a returned salute on arrival, and saluted again on departure. This dense sequence of exchanges, far beyond the occasional single call of earlier months, shows February a season of unusually heavy sea traffic past the island, the batteries kept in nearly constant use answering the ordinary courtesies of the sea.

The two flags noted as worn out and not fit for service, one at Sandy Bay and one at Banks's, mark the routine failure of the coloured bunting flown at the island's several outlying batteries, exposed constantly to sun, salt and wind. Their replacement, following the bunting issued from store in earlier quarters, shows the standing signal apparatus of the coastal defences kept under regular review and renewed as it wore past use.

The powder issued to the Lemon Valley guard, together with lead balls for the same post, marks that outlying station kept armed and supplied like the main batteries, its garrison ready to fire in earnest as well as to salute, a reminder that behind the courtesies of the road lay a settlement genuinely fortified against attack.

181

179

1751

Sundrys Expended at the Honble Companys General Table

in the Month of February 1751 Viz

20 Bottles Port Wine

1 10

32 Do Lisbon

2 8

15 Do Madeira

1 12 2 1/2

114 Do Arrack

3 8 10 1/2

88 Do Beer

1 2

250 Flour

1 13 10 1/2

127 Beef

1 11 9

326 1/2 Mutton

6 16 9 1/2

34 Pork

17

22 Goat

7 4

71 Veal

1 13 6

8 Ps Salt Pork

16

16 Fowls

1 4

5 Ducks

7 6

1 Pigg

5

120 Candy

1 7 6

2 Kids

10

13 1/2 Butter

13 6

28 6 3 1/2

Chas Hutchinson

David Hunter

John Clark

Sundries spent at the Company's general table on St Helena during February 1752:

20 bottles of port wine, £1 10s 0d

32 bottles of Lisbon wine, £2 8s 0d

15 bottles of Madeira wine, £1 12s 2d

114 bottles of arrack, £3 8s 10d

88 bottles of beer, £1 2s 0d

250 pounds of flour, £1 13s 10d

127 pounds of beef, £1 11s 9d

326 and a half pounds of mutton, £6 16s 9d

34 pounds of pork, £0 17s 4d

22 pounds of goat, £0 7s 4d

71 pounds of veal, £1 13s 6d

8 pounds of salt pork, £0 16s 0d

16 fowls, £1 4s 0d

5 ducks, £0 7s 6d

1 pig, £0 5s 0d

120 pounds of candy, £1 7s 6d

2 kids, £0 10s 0d

13 and a half pounds of butter, £0 13s 6d

Total, £28 6s 3d

The account was signed by Charles Hutchinson, David Hunter and John Clark.

Interpretations

The very heavy issue of mutton this month, 326 and a half pounds worth nearly seven pounds sterling, the largest single meat charge on the page, points to a season of plentiful sheep on the plantation, the flock drawn on well beyond the modest quantities of earlier months. Its dominance over the beef, halved from the January figure, suggests the household turning to mutton as the readier meat while cattle numbers were spared after the heavy killing of the preceding months.

The steady presence of veal alongside the mutton and beef marks continued calving in the herd feeding the table through the early months of the year, the young meat now a settled rather than occasional item on the board, following its first appearance in the accounts the previous autumn.

182

180

At a consultation held on Monday the 16th day of March
1751 at the Castle
Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governor
Capt. David Hunter Lt. Govr.
Lieutenant John Pank of Council
The last Consultation was read, Approved, and Signed,
dated the 9th March 1751
Monday the 9 Arrived the Barlow Capt. Tho. Hider from Fort Marlbro
Sunday the 10 Sailed the Queen of Denmark, a Dane Ship
Wednesday the 11 Arrived the Trial Boston, Capt. Edw.y Brackley from China
D?? An Alarm and passed by two Ships
Fryday the 13. Sailed the Honble Companys Ship Lord Anson for England.
Counted and Examined the Honourable
Companys Cash for the Month of February last, which
is as follows Vizt.

The Governor and Council met in consultation at the Castle on 16 March 1751/52. Governor Charles Hutchinson presided, with Captain David Hunter, Lieutenant Governor, and Lieutenant John Pank of the Council present. The Council read the previous consultation of 9 March 1751/52, then approved and signed it. The Barlow, Captain Thomas Hider, had arrived on Monday 9 March 1751/52 from Fort Marlborough. The Danish ship Queen of Denmark had sailed on Sunday 10 March 1751/52. The Trial of Boston, Captain Edward Brackley, had arrived from China on Wednesday 11 March 1751/52. An alarm was raised when two ships passed. The Company's ship Lord Anson had sailed for England on Friday 13 March 1751/52. The Council then counted and examined the Company's cash for February 1751/52.

Interpretations

The appearance of Lieutenant John Pank at the board in place of John Clark marks a change in the Council's membership between consultations. The continued procession of arrivals and departures, English, Danish and a New England ship from Boston, confirms St Helena's heavy traffic through the homeward China season.

183

181

Cash
1751
Feby 7th To Balance remaining £4089 5s 11d
26 To Ship Britannia the Balance of her Account } 31 10s 7 1/2d
£4120 16s 6 1/2d

Per Contra
1751
Feby 29th
By Balance over in the following Species Vizt

4 of Gold Wt 11 ounces 15 pennyweights 11 grains @ £3 18s 3d per troy ounce = £46 18s 1/2d

4 of Do. 3 ounces 9 pennyweights 12 grains @ £3 18s 0d per troy ounce = £13 11s 1/2d

70 Venetrane @ 10s each = £35 0s 0d

12 Rupees @ 30s each = £18 0s 0d

6000 Pagodas @ 8s each = £2400 0s 0d

= £2512 12s 9d

Gold Amounting to

3261 Dollars @ 5s each = £815 5s 0d

1571 Rials @ 1s 7 1/2d each = £47 8s 1/2d

12948 half Rials @ 3 1/2d each = £202 6s 3d

441 French pieces @ 1/2d each = £3 3s 6d

Old Money = £11 0s 0d

Silver Amounting to = £1068 13s 9 1/2d

146 Cash Notes @ 10s each = £292 0s 0d

162 Do. @ 20s each = £162 0s 0d

262 Do. @ 5s each = £65 10s 0d

160 Do. @ 2s 6d each = £20 0s 0d

Cash Notes Amounting to = £539 10s 0d

£4120 16s 6 1/2d

The Company's cash account for February 1751/52 opened with the sums received.
On 7 February, balance remaining, £4,089 5s 11d
On 26 February, by the ship Britannia, the balance of her account, £31 10s 7½d
Total, £4,120 16s 6½d

The account showed on the credit side the balance remaining on 29 February in the following species. The coin headings were partly abbreviated in the source and are supplied here as weight and value.
1 gold, weight 11 oz 15 dwt 11 gr, at £3 18s 3d per troy ounce, £46 18s 0½d
1 gold, 3 oz 9 dwt 12 gr, at £3 18s 0d per troy ounce, £13 11s 0½d
70 Venetians at 10s each, £35 0s 0d
12 rupees at 30s each, £18 0s 0d
6,000 pagodas at 8s each, £2,400 0s 0d
Gold amounting to £2,512 12s 9d
3,261 dollars at 5s each, £815 5s 0d
1,571 rials at 1s 7½d each, £47 8s 0½d
12,948 half rials at 3½d each, £202 6s 3d
441 French pieces at 1s 2d each, £3 3s 6d
Old money, £11 0s 0d
Silver amounting to £1,068 13s 9½d
146 cash notes at 10s each, £292 0s 0d
162 cash notes at 20s each, £162 0s 0d
262 cash notes at 5s each, £65 10s 0d
160 cash notes at 2s 6d each, £20 0s 0d
Cash notes amounting to £539 10s 0d
Total, £4,120 16s 6½d

Speculations

The stated subtotals for gold, silver and cash notes do not add to the total as the figures stand, and several coin lines cannot be squared against their stated rates. The account was carried as written without arithmetical correction, so the discrepancy is recorded but not resolved.

184

182

Lieutenant John Clark reports that he has
been on board the Ships Barlow and Live Boston to Muster
their Companys & Enquire for Deserters, but found none,
their Muster Rolls as follow Vizt.
Muster Roll of Ship Barlow
Tho. Hinde Commander
Mr. Ja’s Dale 1st Mate D:o
Mr. Jos. Blane 2d Do.
Mr. Henk Cock 3d Do.
Mr. Wm. Baller 4th Do.
Mr. Geo. Wolverns 5th Do.
Mr. Pat. Compbell 6th Do.
Mr. Jn’o Smith D’o Mate
Step’n Bentley Gunner
Wm. Wells Cooper
Tho. Billock Boats’n
Jn’o Lindsay Caulker
Sam’l Spencer Sailm’t
J. L. Alexander Cooper
Jn’o Norman Midship’t
Rob. Bolton D:o
Geo. Lempking D:o
Sam’l Isones D:o
Nath. Ishineng Mate
Sam’l Tucker D:o
Tho. Gout D:o
Tho. Bladwin D:o
Ab. Wheatley Gunr Mate
Jn’o Bothwell Capt’n
Wm. Constantine Capt’n
Edw. Holy caulker’s mate D:o
In Mathew Sailm’t D:o
Mamonsom Ship’s Cook D:o
Sam Johnson Butcher
Argent for Capt’n Hinde
J. Stephens
Jn’o Bacchus Capt’n’s Cook
Rob. George seaman
Jos. Power D:o
Rob. Cornwall D:o
D. Anderson D:o
Rob. Abbot D:o
J. Ruby D:o
Wm. Vallicott D:o
Chro. F. Walbro D:o
Pat. Nowland Boat Mate D:o
Pat. Kelly Seaman D:o
Wm. Panton D:o
John Roach D:o
Alex’r Brown D:o
Jn’o Puchey D:o
Tho. Lyons D:o
Wils Turner D:o
Rob. Ludlow D:o
John Roy Seaman D:o
Wm. Davis D:o
Rob. Robinson D:o
John Sowlade D:o
J. Nightball D:o
W. Tyrelle D:o
Ant’y Lawrence D:o
Edw. Holloway Barber D:o
Tho. Walker Seaman D:o
Den Fowler D:o
Dan. Hails D:o
Jon. Jenwood D:o
Rob. Hayer D:o
Jos. Ford D:o
John Vame D:o
Mich. Carr D:o
Mich. Skilly D:o
Rich. Sampson D:o
Rob. Bad D:o
John Anthony D:o
Geo. Beedles D:o
Jn’o Bowden Taylor D:o
Tho’s Murphy Seaman D:o
Ja’s Bevino D:o
Nick. Miller D:o

Lieutenant John Clark reported that he had gone aboard the Barlow and the Trial of Boston to muster their companies and enquire for deserters, finding none. The muster roll of the Barlow followed.
Thomas Hinde, commander
James Dale, first mate
Joseph Blane, second mate
Henk Cock, third mate
William Baller, fourth mate
George Wolverns, fifth mate
Patrick Compbell, sixth mate
John Smith, mate
Stephen Bentley, gunner
William Wells, cooper
Thomas Billock, boatswain
John Lindsay, caulker
Samuel Spencer, sailmaker
J. L. Alexander, cooper
John Norman, midshipman
Robert Bolton, midshipman
George Lempking, midshipman
Samuel Isones, midshipman
Nathaniel Ishineng, mate
Samuel Tucker, midshipman
Thomas Gout, midshipman
Thomas Bladwin, midshipman
Abraham Wheatley, gunner's mate
John Bothwell, captain's servant
William Constantine, captain's servant
Edward Holy, caulker's mate
John Mathew, sailmaker
Mamonsom, ship's cook
Sam Johnson, butcher
J. Stephens, servant to Captain Hinde
John Bacchus, captain's cook
Robert George, seaman
Joseph Power, seaman
Robert Cornwall, seaman
D. Anderson, seaman
Robert Abbot, seaman
J. Ruby, seaman
William Vallicott, seaman
Chro F. Walbro, seaman
Patrick Nowland, boatswain's mate
Patrick Kelly, seaman
William Panton, seaman
John Roach, seaman
Alexander Brown, seaman
John Puchey, seaman
Thomas Lyons, seaman
Wils Turner, seaman
Robert Ludlow, seaman
John Roy, seaman
William Davis, seaman
Robert Robinson, seaman
John Sowlade, seaman
J. Nightball, seaman
W. Tyrelle, seaman
Anthony Lawrence, seaman
Edward Holloway, barber
Thomas Walker, seaman
Den Fowler, seaman
Daniel Hails, seaman
Jon Jenwood, seaman
Robert Hayer, seaman
Joseph Ford, seaman
John Vame, seaman
Michael Carr, seaman
Michael Skilly, seaman
Richard Sampson, seaman
Robert Bad, seaman
John Anthony, seaman
George Beedles, seaman
John Bowden, tailor
Thomas Murphy, seaman
James Bevino, seaman
Nick Miller, seaman

Interpretations

The joint muster of two ships in one visit was the routine desertion check, the officer counting each company against its roll. The Barlow, in from Fort Marlborough on Sumatra rather than from China, shows the island receiving Company shipping from the Sumatran pepper settlement as well as from Canton.

185

183

Jo’n Bowden Seaman D:o
Rob.t Berry D:o
Tho. Jones D:o
John Wonnend D:o
John Maunnett D:o
John Saye D:o
John Maderow D:o
Wm Mann Seaman D:o
R.d Butler Mid.shipmt. sen.r D:o
Phil. Illes Gun.r D:o
Tho. Perry Capt.n Do.r
John Arwood Boat.sw.n D:o
Ja.s Reynolds Ship.s Steward
Passengers
Jos.h Hurlock Esq.r
Anthony Alley his Servant
Lewang
Mr. Albut Passenger
William Matthew
Muster Roll of Ship Lord Boston
Hen.y Broadley Commr
Mr. John Slater 1 Mate D:o
Mr. Edm Mathews 2d Do.
Mr. Gab.l Steward 3d Do.
Mr. Ja.s Gaunton 4th Do.
Mr. Wm Aldis 5 D:o
Rob.t Broadley Surg.n
Wm Roger Purser
Dan.l Blair Gunner
Wm Emery Carpenter
Wal.r Gaul Boats.n
Dan.l Davis Ships Co.k
Wm Douglas Capt.s Co.k
Rob.t Hall Midship.t
Valent.r Taylor D:o
John Lealy D:o
Tho.s M. Bryne D:o
Tho.s Morgan G. Mast D:o
Sam.l Walden D:o
Cha.s Smith D:o
Sam.l Watts D:o
Isaac Burgos Sail.mt
Ja.s Jury Capt Cook
Jn.o Soper Ship Steward
Wm Ede qr.ma.ster
John Minogy Cooper
John Taylor Taylor
Tho.s Seymour Sail.r
Jo.s Thompson Butcher
G.r Henderson Barton
Tim Simpson Gun.r Mast
Ja.s Guy Cap.t Cook
Wal.r Webb Boat.n
Wm Smith Caulker
Wm Reod Cooper
Rob. Barclay Surg.ns
W.m Black Baptis.n
W.m Munet D:o
Ro.t E. Wought Seaman
Jonas Hoyden D:o
John Ford D:o
John Moye D:o
Rob.t Pallett D:o
Tho.s Farewall D:o
Hugh Boyd Seaman
Wm Lourie D:o
And. Brown D:o
Wm Nightingall D:o
Matt.d Lord D:o
John Twymay D:o
Alex.r Hoitor D:o
Wm Miller D:o
Cha.s Harvey D:o
Wm Baird D:o
Jas Hallowell D:o
Alex.r Davidson D:o
Dan.l Bizett D:o
Rob.t Canell D:o
Sol. Huntrop D:o
John Wilson D:o
John Smith D:o
Tho. Williamson D:o
Edw.d Murphy D:o
Step.n Parker D:o
John Martin D:o
Magnus Moore D:o

The muster roll of the Barlow concluded, and the muster roll of the Lord Boston followed.

Barlow, remaining crew and passengers: John Bowden, seaman; Robert Berry, seaman; Thomas Jones, seaman; John Wonnend, seaman; John Maunnett, seaman; John Saye, seaman; John Maderow, seaman; William Mann, seaman; Richard Butler, midshipman senior; Philip Illes, gunner; Thomas Perry, captain's servant; John Arwood, boatswain; James Reynolds, ship's steward; passengers Joseph Hurlock Esquire; Anthony Alley, his servant; Lewang; Mr Albut, passenger; William Matthew
Lord Boston: Henry Broadley, commander
John Slater, first mate
Edmund Mathews, second mate
Gabriel Steward, third mate
James Gaunton, fourth mate
William Aldis, fifth mate
Robert Broadley, surgeon
William Roger, purser
Daniel Blair, gunner
William Emery, carpenter
Walter Gaul, boatswain
Daniel Davis, ship's cook
William Douglas, captain's cook
Robert Hall, midshipman
Valentine Taylor, midshipman
John Lealy, midshipman
Thomas Bryne, midshipman
Thomas Morgan, gunner's mate
Samuel Walden, midshipman
Charles Smith, midshipman
Samuel Watts, midshipman
Isaac Burgos, sailmaker
James Jury, captain's cook
John Soper, ship's steward
William Ede, quartermaster
John Minogy, cooper
John Taylor, tailor
Thomas Seymour, sailor
Joseph Thompson, butcher
G. Henderson, barton
Tim Simpson, gunner's mate
James Guy, captain's cook
Walter Webb, boatswain
William Smith, caulker
William Reod, cooper
Robert Barclay, surgeon's mate
William Black, baptison
William Munet, seaman
Robert Wought, seaman
Jonas Hoyden, seaman
John Ford, seaman
John Moye, seaman
Robert Pallett, seaman
Thomas Farewall, seaman
Hugh Boyd, seaman
William Lourie, seaman
Andrew Brown, seaman
William Nightingall, seaman
Matthew Lord, seaman
John Twymay, seaman
Alexander Hoitor, seaman
William Miller, seaman
Charles Harvey, seaman
William Baird, seaman
James Hallowell, seaman
Alexander Davidson, seaman
Daniel Bizett, seaman
Robert Canell, seaman
Solomon Huntrop, seaman
John Wilson, seaman
John Smith, seaman
Thomas Williamson, seaman
Edward Murphy, seaman
Stephen Parker, seaman
John Martin, seaman
Magnus Moore, seaman

Interpretations

The two rolls set side by side show the full complements of a Fort Marlborough ship and a New England vessel wintering at the island together. The Lord Boston, a Boston ship in the China trade, marks how far the colonial American merchant marine had reached into the eastern commerce that St Helena served.

186

184

Wm Cook Seaman D:o
Wm Daley D:o
Ro: Owen D:o
Tho: Rode D:o
Barn. Rachie D:o
Wm Williams Seaman D:o
Ian Jansen D:o
Benj. Smiths Mast Serv.t D:o
Rob. Andrews 2d Do.
John Bond Surg.n D:o
Jac. Montgomery Gunr Serv.t
And: Boyer Carp.t D:o
Den. Mc Daniel Boat’n D:o
Alex.r Hambleton Seaman
Charles Constable D:o
Cha.s Hutchinson
David Hunter
John Pank
At a consultation held on Saturday the 21st day of March
1751 at the Castle
Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Govr
Capt. David Hunter Lt. Govr.
Lieutenant John Clark of Council
The last Consultation was read, approved, and Signed dated
the 16th March 1751
Tuesday the 17th Arrived the Glocester Capt. George Jackson from China
Received this day the following letter
from Capt. Tho: Hinde Vizt.

The muster roll of the Lord Boston concluded.
William Cook, seaman
William Daley, seaman
Robert Owen, seaman
Thomas Rode, seaman
Barnabas Rachie, seaman
William Williams, seaman
Ian Jansen, seaman
Benjamin Smith, master's servant
Robert Andrews, second master's servant
John Bond, surgeon
Jacob Montgomery, gunner's servant
Andrew Boyer, carpenter's servant
Den McDaniel, boatswain
Alexander Hambleton, seaman
Charles Constable, seaman

The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson, David Hunter and John Pank. The Governor and Council then met in consultation at the Castle on 21 March 1751/52, with Governor Charles Hutchinson, Lieutenant Governor David Hunter and Lieutenant John Clark of the Council present. The Council read the previous consultation of 16 March 1751/52, then approved and signed it. The Gloucester, Captain George Jackson, had arrived from China on Tuesday 17 March 1751/52. The Council received a letter this day from Captain Thomas Hinde.

187

185

To the Worshipful Charles Hutchinson Esqr
Govr & Council of St Helena
Worshipful Sir & Sirs
The Company having given me leave for paying
in, what Cash I have, more than can Invest, into their Cash on
the Customary Terms of their own Servants.
I should take it, as a favour to permit me, to pay
in two Hundred Pounds
Am Worshipful Sir & Sirs
Your most Oblig’d Servant to Commd
(signed)
Tho: Hinde
21 March 1751
We Agreed to Capt: Hindes request, & have
received the said Sum of L200 - - into the Honble Company’s
Cash, & given him Bills drawn on the Honble the Court of
Directors for it, dated this day, & payable to himself or Order Ninety
days after sight.
The following Protest was this day delivered in by Capt:
George Jackson, & Entered at his Request Vizt.
George Jackson Commander of the Ship Glocester in the service
of the Honble the United Company of Merchants of England trading
to the East Indies, Apprehending the Company’s Cargo on board
the said Ship may suffer by the present Violence of the Winds &
Weather, Do in the port, & behalf of the several Owners of the
said Ship, Protest against the Sea for all Damages the said
Cargo may sustain by the same, dated on board the said Ship Gloc
in the Latitude of 48.58. South Meridian Distance 32d 11 Wt
from Buw Goald the 28 day of June in the year 1751
The Protest taken in the Presence of Us
(signed) George Jackson
Charles Newton
Charles Sheldon.

The Council received a letter from Captain Thomas Hinde, who wrote that the Company had given him leave to pay in what cash he had beyond what he could invest, on the customary terms of their own servants, and asked to pay in £200. The Council agreed and received £200 into the Company's cash, giving him bills drawn on the Court of Directors dated that day, payable to himself or order 90 days after sight. Captain George Jackson then delivered a protest, entered at his request. Jackson, commander of the ship Gloucester in the Company's service, apprehending that the Company's cargo aboard might suffer by the present violence of the winds and weather, protested on behalf of the ship's owners against the sea for all damage the cargo might sustain. The protest was dated aboard the Gloucester in latitude 48 degrees 58 minutes south on 28 June 1751 and taken in the presence of Charles Newton and Charles Sheldon.

Interpretations

The captain's protest was a formal maritime instrument, a master's sworn declaration entered on arrival to record that heavy weather had threatened the cargo, so that any later loss could not be laid to his negligence. Registering it before the Council gave the document an official standing that would protect the owners and the master in any dispute over damage with the Company or its insurers.

188

186

Mr Gabriel Steward presented the following Petition
Vizt
To the Worshipfull Charles Hutchinson Esqr
Govr & the Councell of Sᵗ Helena
The Humble Petition of Gabᵗ Steward
Sheweth
That your Petitioner having received part of
his Dividend of his late Fathers Estate, upon this Island, which
would be a great loss to your Petitioner to carry to England in
Specy
Your Petitioner therefore humbly prays that
your Worship & Councell will be pleased to receive £300 into the
Honble Companys Cash here, & grant your Petitioner Bills
of Exchange, drawn upon their Honours for that Sum
payable to your Petitioner in England
And your Petitioner shall ever pray
(signed) Gabriel Steward
21ˢᵗ March 1751
Granted.
Enlisted Robert Berry a Discharged Soldier
from Fort Marlbro to serve the Honble Company here as a
Soldier for five Years at £10 - Bounty Money.
Chaˢ Hutchinson
David Hunter
John Clark

Gabriel Steward presented a petition addressed to the Governor and Council. He set out that he had received part of his dividend of his late father's estate on the island, which it would be a great loss to carry to England in coin. He asked the Council to receive £300 into the Company's cash and grant him bills of exchange drawn on the Court of Directors for that sum, payable to him in England. The Council granted the request. The Council enlisted Robert Berry, a soldier discharged from Fort Marlborough, to serve the Company as a soldier for five years at £10 bounty money. The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson, David Hunter and John Clark.

Interpretations

Steward's petition shows the remittance service the Council ran for private individuals as well as for ship's captains, taking a legacy in island coin and issuing a paper bill payable in London so the money need not travel as vulnerable specie. The enlistment of a soldier discharged from Fort Marlborough at the full European bounty of £10 shows the garrison drawing experienced men from the Company's other eastern settlements as they passed through.

189

187

A Chest of China Ware containing 25 table plates (25 pieces), 6 large dishes (6 pieces), 12 neat dishes (12 pieces), 3 dishes (3 pieces), 20 plates (20 pieces), 16 deep dishes (16 pieces), 12 plates (12 pieces),
25 small bowls (25 pieces) – value £2 0s 0d
50 sneakers (50 pieces) – value £2 2s 6d
16 chamber pots (16 pieces) – value £1 9s 1d
3 soup dishes (3 pieces) – value £1 2s 1d
25 half pint cups and saucers (25 pairs) – value £1 2s 6d
25 noggins (25 pieces) – value £0 7s 3d

Total for E No.1: £28 2s 5d

B No.1 – 1 Chest Bohea Tea containing 7 neet wt. (7 catties) and recd wt. 62 catties @ 15 dollars per picul
Value £21 3s 0d

S No.2 – 2 tubs Singlo Tea containing 9 neet wt. (9 catties) and recd wt. 5 catties @ 20 dollars per picul
Value £21 0s 0d

S No.8 – 8 Chests Sugar containing:
2147 catties gross
1876 catties tare
1961 catties nett wt. valued at 14.70 dollars per picul at 1 dollar 5 shillings exchange
Value £66 15s 0d

Sc No.6 – 6 Chests Sugar Candy containing 7 piculs (7 piculs gross):
111 catties tare
1567 catties nett wt. in all = 11.76 piculs at 6.2 dollars per picul
Value £72 9s 12d (corrected to £72 10s 0d)

Total: £212 7s 0d

The Gloucester had brought the following supply. The invoice of the Gloucester followed.
1 chest of chinaware, containing 25 table plates, 6 large dishes, 12 neat dishes, 3 dishes, 20 plates, 16 deep dishes and 12 plates
25 small bowls, £2 0s 0d
50 sneakers, £2 2s 6d
16 chamber pots, £1 9s 1d
3 soup dishes, £1 2s 1d
25 half-pint cups and saucers, £1 2s 6d
25 noggins, £0 7s 3d
Total for this chest, £28 2s 5d
1 chest bohea tea, 7 catties net, received weight 62 catties, at 15 dollars per picul, £21 3s 0d
2 tubs singlo tea, 9 catties net, received weight 5 catties, at 20 dollars per picul, £21 0s 0d
8 chests sugar, 2,147 catties gross, 1,876 catties tare, 1,961 catties net, at 14.70 dollars per picul at 1 dollar 5 shillings exchange, £66 15s 0d
6 chests sugar candy, 7 piculs gross, 111 catties tare, 1,567 catties net, 11.76 piculs, at 6.2 dollars per picul, £72 10s 0d
Total, £212 7s 0d

Interpretations

The invoice was reckoned here directly in sterling at a stated exchange of 1 dollar to 5 shillings, so the China cargo of tea, sugar and porcelain could be booked at once in the currency of the island's accounts. The gross, tare and net weighing of every chest in catties and piculs shows the care taken to charge only the true weight of goods that came packed in heavy chests and tubs.

Speculations

The individual sterling values of the chinaware, tea and sugar do not sum exactly to the stated total as the figures stand. The invoice was carried as written without arithmetical correction, so the small discrepancy is recorded but not resolved.

190

188

The Storekeeper brought in the following Accounts
of Goods short delivered from Ship Gloc Vizt. C
Account of Stores short received from Ship
Gloc Vizt C
5 Soup Dishes short delivered not found in the Package
2 Soup Dishes
1 Meat Dish
7 meat Plates broke
1 Soup Plate
10 Caddy
9 Bohea Tea short Weight
March 23d 1751
(signed) Mattw. Purling Storekp.

Ordered an Advertisement to be Published
requiring the Planters to meet in Vestry on Monday next the
30th instant, to chuse Parish Officers for the ensuing Year
Miss Rachel Alexandr presented the following
Petition Vizt. D
To the Worshipful Charles Hutchinson Esqr.
Govr. &c & the Councill of St Helena
The Humble Petition of Rachel Alexandr
Sheweth
That your Petitioner apprehends that her Effects would
be managed more to her Advantage, by putting them into the Hands
of a Guardian, which your Petitioner thinks she is of Age to chuse
Your Petitioner therefore having requested that power
of Mr Richd. Beale, who is willing to undertake it, humbly prays
that he may be permitted to be the Guardian to your Petitioner
for which she will ever pray
23d March 1751
Granted
(signed)
Rachel Alexandr
Leiuetenant

The storekeeper brought in an account of goods short delivered from the Gloucester.
5 soup dishes, not found in the package
2 soup dishes
1 meat dish
7 meat plates, broke
1 soup plate
10 caddy
9 bohea tea, short weight

The account was subscribed by Matthew Purling, storekeeper, on 23 March 1751/52. The Council ordered an advertisement published requiring the planters to meet in vestry on Monday 30 March 1752 to choose parish officers for the coming year. Rachel Alexander presented a petition addressed to the Governor and Council. She set out that her effects would be managed more to her advantage in the hands of a guardian, which she thought herself of age to choose. Having requested that power of Richard Beale, who was willing to undertake it, she asked that he be permitted to be her guardian. The Council granted the request, dated 23 March 1751/52.

Interpretations

Rachel Alexander's petition to choose her own guardian shows a young woman of property exercising a legal right to name who should manage her estate, the Council confirming her choice of Richard Beale. The provision let a minor or young heir put her affairs under a trusted hand while the board retained oversight of the arrangement.

191

189

Lieutenant John Clark reports that he has been on
Board the Ship Gleas to Muster her Company & Enquire for
Deserters but found none the Muster Roll is as follows Vizt

Muster Roll of Ship Gleas

George Jackson Commdr Do Edwd Syckmour 1st Mast Do Jas Nicholson Seaman Do
Chas Newton 1st Mate Do Wm Goucher Sailmaker Do Tho. Hee Do
Isa. Harden 2d Do Rob. Johnson Ships Cook Do Robt. Smith Do
Abr. Sheppey 3d Do Jo. Smith Capt. Steward Do Wm Duny Do
Sam. Eldred 4th Do Ja. Pound Butcher Do Jno. Barry Do
Tho. Hendricks 5th Do Septimus Leed Poulter Do Wm Dry Rolts Do
Savage Trotter 6th Do Sam. Gellon Capt. Caulk. Do Tho. Herring Do
Ronald Waugh Surgeon Do Jac. Ogdenhorn Ships Do Eugene Aldredson Do
Markw. Clark Purser Do Sec. Clayton Purser Do Jon. Lawson Do
Wm Garne Gunner Do Jac. Cotter Boats Do In. Howard Do
Kisley Bayler Capt. Do Wm Poplow Capt. Mate Do Goran Gronnen Do
Hen. J. Hankey Boat: Do Wm Woodgate 2d Do Alec. Strange Do
Robt. West Cooper Do Jno. Hayler Boat. Mate Do Tho. Parker Do
Wm Hasting Caulker Do Tho. Newton 2d Do Benjn. Morris Do
Jn. Donovan Midship: Do Jo. Grey Gunt. Mate Do Tho. Greenwood Do
Sim. Mounfield Do Absalom Robinson Capt. Id Do Jas. Bain Do
Witham Newton Do In. Shepherd Caulk. Id Do Richd. McHerool Do
Geo. Foorth Do Walf. F. Henker Surgn. Do Wm. Salmon Do
Novers Dunstall Do Tho. Gorman Seaman Do Robt. Oliver Do
Edw. Lenox Do Jonas Leonard Do Nancy Willson Do
Wm Brand Do Rob. Blackstock Do Wale? Dunkerson Do
Cha. Bruce Do Vance Michell Voyage Do Anty. Mills Do
Robt. Paterson Do Jos. Littleton Do Law. Mills Do
Wm Bryan G. Master Do Tho. Supphey Do Eleanor Laurance Do
Tho. Hainslop Do Jona. Beach Do Tho. Pocock Do
Andw. Loggan Do Tho. Odwell Do Tho. McClear Do
Rob. Duncan Do

Lieutenant John Clark reported that he had gone aboard the Gloucester to muster her company and enquire for deserters, finding none. The muster roll of the Gloucester followed.
George Jackson, commander
Charles Newton, first mate
Isaac Harden, second mate
Abraham Sheppey, third mate
Samuel Eldred, fourth mate
Thomas Hendricks, fifth mate
Savage Trotter, sixth mate
Ronald Waugh, surgeon
Markw Clark, purser
William Garne, gunner
Kisley Bayler, captain's servant
Henry Hankey, boatswain
Robert West, cooper
William Hasting, caulker
John Donovan, midshipman
Simon Mounfield, midshipman
Witham Newton, midshipman
George Foorth, midshipman
Novers Dunstall, midshipman
Edward Lenox, midshipman
William Brand, midshipman
Charles Bruce, midshipman
Robert Paterson, midshipman
William Bryan, gunner's master
Thomas Hainslop, midshipman
Andrew Loggan, midshipman
Robert Duncan, midshipman
Edward Syckmour, first master
William Goucher, sailmaker
Robert Johnson, ship's cook
John Smith, captain's steward
James Pound, butcher
Septimus Leed, poulterer
Samuel Gellon, captain's caulker
Jacob Ogdenhorn, ship's servant
Sec Clayton, purser
Jacob Cotter, boatswain
William Poplow, captain's mate
William Woodgate, second mate
John Hayler, boatswain's mate
Thomas Newton, second mate
Joseph Grey, gunner's mate
Absalom Robinson, captain's servant
John Shepherd, caulker's servant
Walter Henker, surgeon's servant
Thomas Gorman, seaman
Jonas Leonard, seaman
Robert Blackstock, seaman
Vance Michell, voyage
Joseph Littleton, seaman
Thomas Supphey, seaman
Jonathan Beach, seaman
Thomas Odwell, seaman
James Nicholson, seaman
Thomas Hee, seaman
Robert Smith, seaman
William Duny, seaman
John Barry, seaman
William Dry Rolts, seaman
Thomas Herring, seaman
Eugene Aldredson, seaman
Jonathan Lawson, seaman
John Howard, seaman
Goran Gronnen, seaman
Alec Strange, seaman
Thomas Parker, seaman
Benjamin Morris, seaman
Thomas Greenwood, seaman
James Bain, seaman
Richard McHerool, seaman
William Salmon, seaman
Robert Oliver, seaman
Nancy Willson, seaman
Wale Dunkerson, seaman
Anthony Mills, seaman
Lawrence Mills, seaman
Eleanor Laurance, seaman
Thomas Pocock, seaman
Thomas McClear, seaman

Interpretations

The muster followed the routine desertion check on the ship whose captain had entered a weather protest at the same consultation. The long roll of officers, tradesmen and seamen shows the full complement of a China ship, the deep chain of six mates matching the scale of her cargo and crew.

192

190

Robt Jones Seaman
Oney Charley D°
Hen°y Mitchell D°
Wm Holloday D°
Wm Whetford D°
Robt Patten Barber
Wm Blackmore Saylor

Ja° Mitchell Capt Servt
Robt Webster Maker D°
Tho° Harden idem D°
Jn° Game Gunr D°
Edm° Fowle Capt Servt
Ja° Arderon Boat D°
Robt Baileys Servt D°

Domenic Bernard Capt Wills Mate
Jonn Harman Capt Symons servant
John Bunow Capt D°
Benj° Toin Capt D°
Jn° Broad S°
Jos: Atlay
Tho: Stanley

Chas. Hutchinson
David Hunter
John Clark

A Consultation held on Sunday the 29th day of March
1752 at the Castle.

Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Govr
Capt David Hunter Lieut Govr
Lieutenant John Clark of Councill

The last Consultation was read, Approved and Signed, dated
the 23d March 1751

Early this Morning Arrived the Honble
Companys Ship Exeter from England and about ten O’Clock,
Capt Fernell came on shore with a Packet to Us from the
Honble Court of Directors, which we Open’d, and Read
their Honours Letter to Us.

Chas. Hutchinson
Da: P: Hunter
John Clark

The muster roll of the Gloucester concluded.
Robert Jones, seaman
Oney Charley, seaman
Henry Mitchell, seaman
William Holloday, seaman
William Whetford, seaman
Robert Patten, barber
William Blackmore, sailor
James Mitchell, captain's servant
Robert Webster, sailmaker
Thomas Harden, sailmaker
John Game, gunner
Edmund Fowle, captain's servant
James Arderon, boatswain
Robert Bailey, servant
Domenic Bernard, captain's servant
Jonn Harman, captain's servant
John Bunow, captain's servant
Benjamin Toin, captain's servant
John Broad, seaman
Joseph Atlay, seaman
Thomas Stanley, seaman

The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson, David Hunter and John Clark. The Governor and Council then met in consultation at the Castle on Sunday 29 March 1752, with Governor Charles Hutchinson, Lieutenant Governor David Hunter and Lieutenant John Clark of the Council present. The Council read the previous consultation of 23 March 1751/52, then approved and signed it. The Company's ship Exeter had arrived from England early that morning, and about ten o'clock Captain Fernell came ashore with a packet from the Court of Directors, which the Council opened and read.

Interpretations

The Sunday sitting, out of the usual Monday order, marks the urgency the arrival of a packet from the Court of Directors created, the board meeting at once to open and read their masters' instructions. The letter from London was the channel through which the Company governed its distant island, and its coming set the agenda for the consultations that followed.

193

191

A Consultation held on Monday the 30 day of March
1752 at the Castle
Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governor
Captᵗ David Hunter Lieutᵗ Govʳ
Lieutenant John Clarke of Council
The last Consultation was read, approved, and signed, dated
the 29 day of March 1752.
Yesterday sailed the Honᵇˡᵉ Companys Ship Essex for England
This Morning died Philip Catchpole Soldier
Joseph Andrews Soldier Petitioned for his
Discharge from the Garrison, having served the Honourable
Company his contracted time.
Granted.
According to the Advertisement Published last
Monday, the Planters this day Assembled in Vestry to chuse Parish
Officers for the ensuing Year, and returned the following Persons
Vizᶻ
Mr Francis Wrangham Junʳ
Mr Richard Beale } Church Wardens
Mr John Bagley
Mr Joshua Worralls
Mr Samᵘˡ Desfontain } Overseers of the East Division
Mr William Beale
Mr Richard Goodwin } Overseers of the West Division
Mr Richard Gurling
Mr John Worralls } Overseers of the South Division
Mr John Swatts

The Governor and Council met in consultation at the Castle on 30 March 1752. Governor Charles Hutchinson presided, with Captain David Hunter, Lieutenant Governor, and Lieutenant John Clark of the Council present. The Council read the previous consultation of 29 March 1752, then approved and signed it. The Company's ship Essex had sailed for England the previous day. Philip Catchpole, a soldier, had died that morning. Joseph Andrews, soldier, petitioned for his discharge, having served the Company his contracted time, which the Council granted. In accordance with the advertisement of the previous Monday, the planters assembled in vestry this day to choose parish officers for the coming year and returned the following. Francis Wrangham junior and Richard Beale, churchwardens. John Bagley and Joshua Worrall, and Samuel Desfontain and William Beale, overseers of the East division. Richard Goodwin and Richard Gurling, overseers of the West division. John Worrall and John Swatts, overseers of the South division.

Interpretations

The annual choosing of parish officers in vestry shows the island's local government run on the English parish model, churchwardens and overseers of the poor elected yearly by the assembled inhabitants. Dividing the overseers among East, West and South divisions shows the parish organised into districts for the administration of poor relief and local charge across a scattered rural population.

194

192

Whereupon we Ordered Warrants to be made
out for Messʳˢ Francis Wrangham Junʳ & Richᵈ Beale
Church Wardens, and Messʳˢ Samᵘˡ Desfontain, Richard
Goodwin, and John Worralls Overseers.
We this day acquainted the Military Officers
with the Honᵇˡᵉ Companys favour to them in Augmenting
their pay for which Indulgence, they desired to return their
humble thanks.
Chas. Hutchinson
David Hunter
John Clarke

The election of parish officers concluded. The Council ordered warrants made out for Francis Wrangham junior and Richard Beale as churchwardens, and for Samuel Desfontain, Richard Goodwin and John Worrall as overseers. The Council this day acquainted the military officers with the Company's favour in augmenting their pay, for which the officers desired to return their humble thanks. The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson, David Hunter and John Clark.

Interpretations

The augmentation of the military officers' pay, notified here as a favour from the Company, was almost certainly one of the instructions contained in the Court of Directors' packet just received, the London directors raising the garrison officers' allowances. Issuing warrants to the elected churchwardens and overseers gave the parish officers their formal authority to act for the coming year.

195

193

At a Consultation held on Monday the 6th day of April 1752 at the Castle
Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governor
Capt David Hunter Lieut Governor
Lieutenant John Clarke of Council

The last Consultation was read approved and signed dated the 30th March 1752

Tuesday the 31st Arrived the Honble Companys Ship the St George from China
Wednesday the 1st Instant Arrived a French Ship from Mauritius called the Duke of Parma Captn Dange de la Raberre Burthen 600 Tons came 30 Guns & 160 Men including Passengers Loaden with Bale Goods from Bengall bound to Port Lorrient
Friday the 3d Sailed by with a sob great distance
Saturday the 4th Sailed the French Ship called the Duke of Parma

Enlisted John Spencer to serve the Honble Company as a Soldier for five Years at £10 Bounty Money

Enlisted Richard Vaughan a Native to serve the Honble Company as a Soldier for five Years without any Bounty Money

Ordered an Advertisement to be Published directing all the Stone Horses Ridge & Stone Colts to be Gelt forthwith according to the Honble Companys Directions in their last Letter

Received of Lieutenant Beale the Sum of £6.1.1 in full of John Aldrichs Debt due to the Estate of Governor Goodwin Dec.

The Governor and Council met in consultation at the Castle on 6 April 1752. Governor Charles Hutchinson presided, with Captain David Hunter, Lieutenant Governor, and Lieutenant John Clark of the Council present. The Council read the previous consultation of 30 March 1752, then approved and signed it. The Company's ship St George had arrived from China on Tuesday 31 March 1752. A French ship from Mauritius called the Duke of Parma, Captain Dange de la Raberre, of 600 tons burthen, carrying 30 guns and 160 men including passengers and laden with bale goods from Bengal bound for Port L'Orient, had arrived on Wednesday 1 April 1752. A ship passed at a great distance on Friday 3 April 1752, and the French Duke of Parma sailed on Saturday 4 April 1752. The Council enlisted John Spencer to serve the Company as a soldier for five years at £10 bounty money, and Richard Vaughan, a native, for five years without any bounty money. The Council ordered an advertisement published directing all the stone horses and stone colts to be gelded forthwith, according to the Company's directions in their last letter. The Council received of Lieutenant Beale £6 1s 1d in full of the late John Aldrich's debt due to the estate of the late Governor Goodwin.

Interpretations

The order to geld all the island's stallions and colts came directly from the Court of Directors' last letter, a deliberate control on the breeding of horses that the London directors chose to impose from afar. The difference in bounty, £10 for one recruit and nothing for the island-born native, again marks the fixed racial scale in the price the Company paid for soldiers.

196

194

W.m James Stevenson Presented the following Petition
Viz.t 7.6

To the Worshipful Charles Hutchinson Esq.r
Gov.r &c.a Council of St. Helena
The humble Petition of James Stevenson

Sheweth
That your Petitioners Salary from the Honble Company not being sufficient for his Maintenance here, whereon in his Imploy cannot have an opportunity of makeing any thing by practice, has been obliged to draw on his friends in Europe for Money to support him, and haveing an Inclination to go to Fort Marlborough from the Gov.r & Council, which he herewith presents to you, humbly begs that your Worships Honours will permit his takeing Passage to that Settlement, where he hopes to do better on the Ships Consigned thither.

And your Petitioner as in Duty bound will ever pray
(signed)
James Stevenson

April 6th 1752

Granted

Mr Richard Beale likewise Presented the following Petition Viz.t 8

To the Worshipful Charles Hutchinson Esq.r
Gov.r &c.a Council of St. Helena
The humble Petition of Richard Beale

Sheweth
That Rachel Alexander to whom your Petitioner is Guardian being very desirous to go to Benecoulen in the Ship Exeter now lying in the Road, and most of her Fortune here consists in lease hold land

Your Petitioner therefore humbly prays that he may be permitted to dispose of the Lease hold Lands belonging to her, and remit the produce thereof to her at Benecoulen.

James Stevenson presented a petition addressed to the Governor and Council. He set out that his salary from the Company was not sufficient for his maintenance, that his employment gave him no opportunity of earning by practice, and that he had been obliged to draw on his friends in Europe for support. Having an inclination to go to Fort Marlborough, he asked leave to take passage to that settlement, where he hoped to do better on the ships consigned there. The Council granted the request, dated 6 April 1752. Richard Beale then presented a petition addressed to the Governor and Council. He set out that Rachel Alexander, to whom he was guardian, was very desirous to go to Bencoolen in the Exeter then in the road, and that most of her fortune consisted in leasehold land. He asked leave to dispose of her leasehold lands and remit the produce to her at Bencoolen.

Interpretations

Stevenson's petition, the plea of an underpaid surgeon's mate seeking a more profitable posting, shows how thinly the Company's salaried servants were kept, obliged to borrow from home to live at their station. Beale's request to sell his ward's leasehold and remit the money to Bencoolen shows the island's leasehold tenure being liquidated to fund a departure, the guardian turning fixed land into cash the young woman could carry to another settlement.

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you will be pleased to grant him liberty to dispose of the said Lease
hold Land to the best bidder, for the benefit and account of the said
Rachel Alexander.
And your Petitioner shall ever pray
(Signed)
Richard Beale.

6th April 1752.
Granted.

The Store keeper brought in the following Account of
Stores short delivered from Ship St George Vizt

Account of Stores short delivered from Ship St George Vizt
3 Sugar
1 Cask } short weight
6 Bowls
6 Meatters
5 Saucers } broke
3 Meat Dishes
4 Meat Plates

April 6th 1752

Signed
Wm Burlington Storekpr

The St George brought Us the following Supply Vizt

Invoice of Ship St George

No 2 China Ware 2 Chests Vizt
5 Table Setts 3 Do 20 Enamelld ab P m 2. 4. pr sett
25 Small Bowls blue & white Do 1. 2.
50 Meakers Do 2. 1.
6 Chamber Potts Do 1. 8.
6 Ewgless & Barons Do 2. 8.
25 half pt blue Saucers Do 4. 8.
25 Vergin Cups Saucers Do 3. 6.

Gandedown to sale 21. 3. 5.

Beale's petition concluded. He asked leave to dispose of Rachel Alexander's leasehold land to the best bidder, for her benefit and account. The Council granted the request, dated 6 April 1752. The storekeeper brought in an account of goods short delivered from the St George.
3 sugar, short weight
1 cask, short weight
6 bowls, broke
6 [...], broke
5 saucers, broke
3 meat dishes
4 meat plates

The account was subscribed by William Burlington, storekeeper, on 6 April 1752. The St George had brought the following supply. The invoice of the St George followed.

1 chest of chinaware: 5 table sets, 3 sets of 20 enamelled at 2 rupees 4 annas per set; 25 small bowls, blue and white, 1 rupee 2 annas; 50 mugs, 2 rupees 1 anna; 6 chamber pots, 1 rupee 8 annas; 6 ewers and basins, 2 rupees 8 annas; 25 half-pint blue saucers, 4 rupees 8 annas; 25 virgin cups and saucers, 3 rupees 6 annas
Carried down to sale, 21 rupees 3 annas 5 pies

Interpretations

The short-delivery note under a new storekeeper, William Burlington, records the broken and missing porcelain of the St George's chests. The invoice again itemised Canton export ware, the plates, bowls, chamber pots, ewers and cups that made up the bulk cargo of everyday porcelain shipped for sale across the Company's stations.

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Brought over £21 3s 5d

No @ 3
Tea Bohea
3 chests weight 309 grops
Tare 60 grops
Nett 249 grops at 1s 3.5d per grop at £16
Sold £29 7s 6d

No @ 2
Teasinglo
2 chests weight 176 grops
Tare 47 grops
Nett 129 grops at 0s 9.5d per grop at £20
Sold £19 2s 0d

No @ 29
Sugar Candy
2 chests weight 1462 grops
Tare 170 grops
Nett 1292 grops at 0s 9d per grop at £5 8s 0d
Sold £56 2s 2d

No @ 19
Sugar
19 chests weight 2929 grops
Tare 353 grops
Nett 2576 grops at 0s 10.75d per grop at £48
Sold £92 13s 6d

Total amount of this Invoice £218 9s 3d
Errors Excepted
(signed) Isaack Heeze
Saml. Blount
Nathl. Garland Junr

Lieutenant John Clark reports that he has been
on Board the Ship St George to Muster her Company and
Enquire for Deserters but found none, the Muster Roll is as
follows Vizt

Muster Roll of St George

Robt Robinson Commd
Thos Harnson 1st Mate
Caston Fenner 2d Do
Danl Pryce 3d Do

Chs Weller 4th Mate
Jacob Voyce 5th Do
Thos Brown Surgeon
Bdenwill Chatean Purser

John Davis Captn
Wm Bendale Gunr
Jn Peasy Point Boatsn
Wllam Farley Boatsn Mate

The invoice of the St George continued, the sum brought over standing at £21 3s 5d.
Bohea tea, 3 chests, gross 309, tare 60, net 249, at 1s 3½d each at £16, sold £29 7s 6d
Singlo tea, 2 chests, gross 176, tare 47, net 129, at 9½d each at £20, sold £19 2s 0d
Sugar candy, 2 chests, gross 1,462, tare 170, net 1,292, at 9d each at £5 8s 0d, sold £56 2s 2d
Sugar, 19 chests, gross 2,929, tare 353, net 2,576, at 10¾d each at £48, sold £92 13s 6d
Total amount of this invoice, £218 9s 3d

The account was subscribed, errors excepted, by Isaac Heeze, Samuel Blount and Nathaniel Garland junior. Lieutenant John Clark then reported that he had gone aboard the St George to muster her company and enquire for deserters, finding none. The muster roll of the St George followed.
Robert Robinson, commander
Thomas Harnson, first mate
Caston Fenner, second mate
Daniel Pryce, third mate
Charles Weller, fourth mate
Jacob Voyce, fifth mate
Thomas Brown, surgeon
Bdenwill Chatean, purser
John Davis, captain's servant
William Bendale, gunner
John Peasy Point, boatswain
William Farley, boatswain's mate

Interpretations

The tea and sugar of the St George were valued directly in sterling by the pound and sold on, the bohea and singlo grades and the sugar candy priced against a stated dollar rate. The reckoning shows the island not merely storing but selling the China cargo, turning the imported tea and sugar into ready money on the spot.

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197

Wm Haywood Midshipman

John Hatton D'o

Tho's Scanlan D'o

Tho's Hillord D'o

Benj'n Heles D'o

Sam'l Burgord

Dan'l De Acor

John Parton

Jno Hugh D'o

Jno Pemberton Quarter

Luke Feenkilt Quarter

Jno Putton

Jno Ferguson 2'd Mate

John Long Butcher

Dr. Holston Sailm'r

Tho's Tinckly Armourer

W'm Rob't Capt Cook's

W'm Lenard D'o Mate

John Salsogant Ship Cook

J'o Tobitt Ship's Steward

Mad'm Elhim Capt'n D'o

John Vow Cooper

Jno Williams D'o Mate

Cuffe Finkle Cook's D'o

Dan Solomon Gun'r D'o

R'd Anstey Boats'n D'o

Tho's Green Capt'n 1st Mate

Porter Loving D'o 2'd

Heny Master Butcher

Jas Needham Barber

Jn'o Betman Laman

Thomas Webber

Dav'd Simmons

Jas Bezalfs

Dav'd Johnson

John York D'o

Dav'd Pritchard

W'm Alexander

Jas Washer

Colin Douglast

George Finesman

Jn'o Fleming

Jas Miller

Paul Mc Davis

Edm'd Hagershy

Dav'd Bowls

Geo Calverly

W'm Hallum

Rob't Hoay

W'm Cammell

Ab'm Smith

Hon'y Whitefoot

W'm Crawford 1st

Jno Mc Clough

John Forrest

W'm Hanson

Sam'l Watson

Rob't Richardson

W'm Crawford 2'd Seaman

Rob't Welch

Rob't Mc Endorse

Tho's Thompson

Sam'l Douglaston

Tho's Barry

John Soner

John Barnet

W'm Walken

R'd Bigerton

Rob't Green

W'm Griffin

Ant'y Foster

Jas'n De Metz

Rob't Robinson

Jn'o Evens Capt. Serv't

George Smith D'o

Inocence Sargeant

Jn'o Anthony Mate D'o

Mad'm Bendall Gun'r D'o

Jn'o Fowler Capt'n D'o

W'm Driver Boat D'o

Joseph May

Isaac Ride Esq'r

Sam'l Blount Esq'r Supra

Nathanl Garland Esq'r

Joan Buchanan

Jn'o Ayrton Des'ert

John Moor

The muster roll of the St George continued with the remaining crew and others.
William Haywood, midshipman
John Hatton, midshipman
Thomas Scanlan, midshipman
Thomas Hillord, midshipman
Benjamin Heles, midshipman
Samuel Burgord, seaman
Daniel De Acor, seaman
John Parton, seaman
John Hugh, midshipman
John Pemberton, quartermaster
Luke Feenkilt, quartermaster
John Putton, seaman
John Ferguson, second mate
John Long, butcher
Dr Holston, sailmaker
Thomas Tinckly, armourer
William Robert, captain's cook
William Lenard, captain's cook's mate
John Salsogant, ship's cook
John Tobitt, ship's steward
Madam Elhim, captain's servant
John Vow, cooper
John Williams, cooper's mate
Cuffe Finkle, cook's mate
Dan Solomon, gunner's mate
Richard Anstey, boatswain's mate
Thomas Green, captain's first mate
Porter Loving, captain's second mate
Henry Master, butcher
James Needham, barber
John Betman, seaman
Thomas Webber, seaman
David Simmons, seaman
James Bezalfs, seaman
David Johnson, seaman
John York, seaman
David Pritchard, seaman
William Alexander, seaman
James Washer, seaman
Colin Douglast, seaman
George Finesman, seaman
John Fleming, seaman
James Miller, seaman
Paul McDavis, seaman
Edmund Hagershy, seaman
David Bowls, seaman
George Calverly, seaman
William Hallum, seaman
Robert Hoay, seaman
William Cammell, seaman
Abraham Smith, seaman
Henry Whitefoot, seaman
William Crawford, first, seaman
John McClough, seaman
John Forrest, seaman
William Hanson, seaman
Samuel Watson, seaman
Robert Richardson, seaman
William Crawford, second, seaman
Robert Welch, seaman
Robert McEndorse, seaman
Thomas Thompson, seaman
Samuel Douglaston, seaman
Thomas Barry, seaman
John Soner, seaman
John Barnet, seaman
William Walken, seaman
Richard Bigerton, seaman
Robert Green, seaman
William Griffin, seaman
Anthony Foster, seaman
James De Metz, seaman
Robert Robinson, seaman
John Evens, captain's servant
George Smith, captain's servant
Inocence Sargeant, seaman
John Anthony, mate's servant
Madam Bendall, gunner's servant
John Fowler, captain's servant
William Driver, boatswain's servant
Joseph May, seaman
Isaac Ride Esquire, passenger
Samuel Blount Esquire, passenger
Nathaniel Garland Esquire, passenger
Joan Buchanan, passenger
John Ayrton, deserter
John Moor, seaman

Interpretations

The full roll shows the great crew of a homeward China ship, well over a hundred hands with the usual mix of English, Scots, Irish and other names. The one man marked a deserter stands out against Clark's report of finding none aboard at the muster, the note recording a man already run before the ship reached the island.

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198

The Lieutenant Governor Acquainting Us that he had laid out about L30 - - in The Lodge in the Long Wood for his Accommodation as Companys Husband, and as that improvement will always be Convenient for the entertainments of the Honble Companys Servants that pass this way, We therefore at his Request have Agreed to pay him that Sum on Condition that he replace it if it shoud not meet with the Honble Companys Approbation.

Cha: Hutchinson
David Hunter
John Clark

At a Consultation held on Fryday the 10th day of April 1752 at the Castle,

Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Govr
Capt David Hunter Leivt Govr
Lieutenant John Clark of Council

The last Consultation was read, approved, and signed, dated the 6th April 1752
Monday the 6th Arrived the London Capt Richard Allwright from Bengall
Tuesday the 7th Arrived the Kent Capt George Nelson from Bengall
Wednesday the 8th Died Francis Funge Superannuated Armourer
This Day Arrived the Anson Capt John Ramsey from Prince

The Lieutenant Governor acquainted the Council that he had laid out about £30 0s 0d on the lodge in Long Wood for his accommodation as the Company's husband. Since the improvement would always be convenient for the entertainment of the Company's servants passing that way, the Council agreed at his request to pay him that sum, on condition that he replace it should it not meet the Company's approval. The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson, David Hunter and John Clark. The Governor and Council then met in consultation at the Castle on Friday 10 April 1752, with Governor Charles Hutchinson, Lieutenant Governor David Hunter and Lieutenant John Clark of the Council present. The Council read the previous consultation of 6 April 1752, then approved and signed it. The London, Captain Richard Allwright, had arrived from Bengal on Monday 6 April 1752, and the Kent, Captain George Nelson, from Bengal on Tuesday 7 April 1752. Francis Funge, superannuated armourer, had died on Wednesday 8 April 1752. The Anson, Captain John Ramsey, had arrived that day from Prince's Island.

Interpretations

The reimbursement to the Lieutenant Governor for improving the Long Wood lodge shows the Company meeting the cost of quarters that served its passing servants, the sum advanced on the express condition that he bear it himself if the directors disallowed it. The role of Company's husband was the officer charged with the upkeep and supply of the establishment, so his outlay on accommodation fell within his charge.

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199

In the ten Working days allowed by Charterparty for unloading the Exeter, being expired, We therefore gave Capt. Ternuth his Sailing Orders in Writing, to make the best of his way to Fort Marlborough, according to the Instructions he received from the Honble. the Court of Directors, to whom We gave the following Letters to the several Settlements in India Vizt.

To the Honble. Adam Dawson Esqre. President & Govr. &c Council of Bengalle
Honble. Sir & Sirs

Our last Advices to you were under date of the 25th March 1751, by the Honble. Companys Ship Onslow, since when we have received your several Letters of the 20th & 24th August, 2d Sept. & 30th Decr. 1750 & the 12th 16th & 18th & 29th Feby. 1751/2.

As you have fully complyed with our Indent for Piece Goods, We cannot doubt you will send Us for the use of this Island the ensuing Year 12 Maund good Wax Candles, & the rest of the one & half Catt in Arrack, Rice Paddy & Sugar.

Enclosed herewith we have sent you the Amount & Vouchers of Supplies &c (sent from this Place) for the Year past.

We are
Honble. Sir & Sirs
Your most humble servants
(signed)
Charles Hutchinson
David Hunter
John Clark

St. Helena
10th April 1752

To the Honble. Richd. Bourchier Esqre. President & Govr. &c Council of Bombay
Honble. Sir & Sirs

we wrote to you last under Date of the 25th March 1751 by the Honble. Companys Ship Onslow…

The ten working days allowed by charterparty for unloading the Exeter having expired, the Council gave Captain Ternuth his sailing orders in writing to make the best of his way to Fort Marlborough, according to the instructions he had from the Court of Directors. The Council gave him the following letters to the several settlements in India. To Adam Dawson, President and Governor, and the Council of Bengal, the Council wrote that its last advices had been of 25 March 1751 by the Onslow, and that it had since received their several letters of 20 and 24 August, 2 September and 30 December 1750 and 12, 16, 18 and 29 February 1751/52. As Bengal had fully complied with the indent for piece goods, the Council did not doubt they would send for the island's use the coming year 12 maunds of good wax candles and the rest of the one and a half chest in arrack, rice, paddy and sugar. The Council enclosed the amount and vouchers of supplies sent from the island for the past year. The letter was signed by Charles Hutchinson, David Hunter and John Clark at St Helena on 10 April 1752. The Council also wrote to Richard Bourchier, President and Governor, and the Council of Bombay, that it had last written on 25 March 1751 by the Onslow.

Interpretations

The letters show the island's place in the Company's Indian correspondence, St Helena reporting to and indenting upon the presidencies of Bengal and Bombay for the provisions it could not grow. The demand for wax candles, arrack, rice, paddy and sugar to be shipped the coming year fixes the staples the treeless island drew from India, its supply arranged a year ahead through this exchange of letters carried by the Company's ships.

Speculations

The charterparty set a fixed ten working days for unloading the Exeter, and once that term ran out the Council did not extend it but issued the captain his written sailing orders at once. The strict adherence shows the charterparty's demurrage terms governing the ship's stay, the master sent on to Fort Marlborough the moment his allowed lay-days expired rather than kept for the island's further convenience.

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200

March 1751 by the London. We have since received your Letters of the 15th Janry 1750

By the Alchester Capt John Read you sent the 100 prs Swab Chelloes, Fracquent etc that you will provide those we desired in our Address of the 22d June 1749, forward them to this place, by the first opportunity, which will be sufficient for some time, I therefore request that you will w’thdraw for the service of this Island, the one of Lent in only 9 prs & Yards, the Goa & Bombay Arrack proving so weak that it sells very slowly here, & the Honoble Company receive great loss by waste & leakage.

We transmit to you herewith the Annual Lists of Ships Arrivals & Departures to & from this place.

We are
Honoble Sir Sirs
Your most humble Servants
(signed)
Charles Hutchinson
David Hunter
John Clarke

St Helens
10 April 1752

To the Honoble Tho: Saunders Esq President & Govr &c’a Council of Fort St David

Honoble Sir Sirs.

Our last Letter to you went from hence by the London under date of the 23d March, We have since been favoured w’th yours of the 24 Octr 1751, you acquaint us that the Charter party Tonnage of the Britanna for this place was filled up by the President & Council of Fort William & therefore could not send any thing by her, but that we might expect it by a ship Dispatch’d in Janry which we hope will soon Arrive.

We have received sundry Goods by the Honble —

The Council's letter to Bombay continued, recording that it had since received their letter of 15 January 1750/51. It noted that by the Alchester, Captain John Read, Bombay had sent the 100 pairs of swab chelloes and other goods, and asked that those desired in the address of 22 June 1749 be forwarded by the first opportunity, which would suffice for some time. The Council requested that the supply be reduced, the Goa and Bombay arrack proving so weak that it sold very slowly and the Company suffering great loss by waste and leakage. The Council transmitted the annual lists of ships' arrivals and departures. The letter was signed by Charles Hutchinson, David Hunter and John Clark at St Helena on 10 April 1752. The Council also wrote to Thomas Saunders, President and Governor, and the Council of Fort St David, that its last letter had gone by the London dated 23 March 1751 and that it had since received theirs of 24 October 1751. Fort St David had acquainted the Council that the charterparty tonnage of the Britannia for the island had been filled up by the President and Council of Fort William, so that nothing could be sent by her, but that the island might expect its goods by a ship dispatched in January, which the Council hoped would soon arrive. The Council had received sundry goods by the Company's ship.

Interpretations

The complaint about weak Goa and Bombay arrack shows the island exercising a real check on the quality of what it was sent, asking Bombay to cut the supply of a spirit that sold slowly and wasted in store. The note that Fort William had taken up the Britannia's tonnage so that Fort St David could send nothing shows how the competing demands of the Indian presidencies on limited shipping could leave the island's orders unfilled from one quarter to the next.

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201

Honble Company’s Ship Dragon that arrived here the 23d Decr last. We now desire that you will send us for the service of this Island for the ensuing year, the one of Cent in Arrack, Spices
The Annual List of the Arrival & Departure of Ships at & from this Island comes herewith enclosed.
We are
St Helene
10th April 1752
Honble Sir & Sirs
your most humble servants
(signed)
Charles Hutchinson
David Hunter
John Clarke

To the Worshipful the Deputy Govr & Council of Fort Marlborough
Worshipful Sir & Sirs

By the Oarlow we received your Letter dated the 16th December last,

Agreeable to your earnest requests we have Consigned for you, on Account of the Honble Company by the Ship Exeter Capt Wm Fennell, two Cow & two Calves, with what fodder we could get for them, we hope they will come to you safe & that you may find the benefit you expect from them.

We observe that you kept a supply of Steel sent by the Honble Company for the use of this Island, and are sorry it could not be found when that Ship was here outward bound, as we were much in want of it.

The Soldier Wm Lawrence who you thought proper to send to serve the remainder of her Contracted time here arrived by the Oarlow. She proves to be a very disorderly, and troublesome fellow.

We transmit you herewith the List of his

The Council's letter to Fort St David continued, noting that the goods had come by the Company's ship Dragon, which arrived on 23 December 1751. The Council desired that Fort St David send for the island's use the coming year the arrack and spices set out, and enclosed the annual list of ships' arrivals and departures. The letter was signed by Charles Hutchinson, David Hunter and John Clark at St Helena on 10 April 1752. The Council also wrote to the Deputy Governor and Council of Fort Marlborough. By the Barlow it had received their letter of 16 December 1751. Agreeable to their earnest requests, the Council had consigned for them on the Company's account, by the Exeter, Captain William Fennell, two cows and two calves with what fodder could be got, hoping they would arrive safe and prove of the expected benefit. The Council observed that they had kept a supply of steel sent by the Company for the island's use, and was sorry it could not be found when that ship was there outward bound, the island being much in want of it. The soldier William Lawrence, sent to serve out the remainder of a contracted term on the island, had arrived by the Barlow and proved a very disorderly and troublesome fellow.

Interpretations

The consignment of live cattle and fodder to Fort Marlborough shows St Helena serving as a breeding and provisioning source for the Company's Sumatran settlement, the island's livestock shipped east to stock a station that could not raise its own. The complaint about the misdirected steel and the troublesome soldier shows the friction of the Company's internal logistics, supplies going astray between settlements and unwanted men passed from one garrison to another.

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202

Arrived & Departures of Ships at & from this Island for the
Year past, together with the Ship Exeter’s Charterparty, Victualling Bill,
& Manifest of Goods. We are

Worshipful Sirs & Sirs
your most humble Servants
(signed) Charles Hutchinson
David Hunter
John Clark

St Helena
10th April 1752

In a Consultation held on Monday the 13th day of April 1752
at the Castle,

Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Govr
Capt. David Hunter Lieut. Govr
Lieutenant John Clark of Council

The last Consultation was read, approved, & signed, dated the 10th April
1752 -

Yesterday Sailed the Honble Companys Ship St George for England

Enlisted on the 7th Instant Wm Mudge, a Native, to serve
the Honble Company as a Soldier for five years without any
Bounty Money.

Brought of Capt. George Wilson 28 hundred 23 & half
Paddy at 4/6 pr hundred Weight for the Lieut. Governors Stock,
there not being any in the Honble Companys Stores to be spared

The Council's letter to Fort Marlborough concluded, transmitting the arrivals and departures of ships at the island for the past year, together with the Exeter's charterparty, victualling bill and manifest of goods. The letter was signed by Charles Hutchinson, David Hunter and John Clark at St Helena on 10 April 1752. The Governor and Council then met in consultation at the Castle on 13 April 1752, with Governor Charles Hutchinson, Lieutenant Governor David Hunter and Lieutenant John Clark of the Council present. The Council read the previous consultation of 10 April 1752, then approved and signed it. The Company's ship St George had sailed for England the previous day. The Council enlisted William Mudge, a native, on 7 April 1752, to serve the Company as a soldier for five years without any bounty money. The Council bought of Captain George Wilson 28 hundredweight 23½ of paddy at 4s 6d per hundredweight for the Lieutenant Governor's stock, there being none in the Company's stores to spare.

Interpretations

The purchase of paddy for the Lieutenant Governor's stock from a ship's captain, the Company's own stores being empty, shows how tightly the island's grain supply ran, its officers buying rice in the husk from passing vessels when the depot could not provide. Paddy was unhusked rice, imported in bulk as both food and seed, and its scarcity in store marks the island's continuing dependence on shipped provisions.

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203

Lieutenant John Clark reports that he has been on board the Ship London, Armour & Kent, to Muster their Company & inquire for Deserters but found none, their Muster Rolls are as follows Vizt.

Muster Roll of Ship London

Rt Allwright Commander
Cornelius Ingler 1 Mate
Tho. Motte 2 Do.
Cha. Moore 3 Do.
Wm Mercer 4 Do.
Nich. Jackson 5 Do.
Tho. Wingon Purser
Jn. Sherwood Surjeon
Jn. Williams Carpenter
Jn. Hodge Boatswain
Thos. Clark Gunner
Jn. Bristow Surgeons Mate
Robt. Davy Ships New.
Saml. Clements Butcher
Ri. Thompson Cooper
Wm Gee Sailmaker
Jn. Pestler Capt. Cook
Jn. Fann Ships Do.
Hen. Leafe Cooks Mate
Jos. Frankling Capt. 1 Mate
Cha. Russell Capt. 2 Do.
Nathl. Wilson Butcher
Saml. Barnsley 1 Master
Abel Dickson Do.
Absalom Mardon Do.
Wm Dickson Do.

Jn. Cowan Midshipman
Ri. Parker Do.
Danl. Bothwell Do.
Tho. Cook Boats Mate
Alexr. Raunce Taylor
Wm. Saunders Butcher
Ja. Wooddaven Seaman
Geo. Holmes Do.
Edw. Woolfes Do.
Alexr. Tucker Do.
Nathl. Lancaster Do.
John Peters Do.
Wm. Nightengale Do.
George Wood Do.
John Morgan Do.
Matw. Dickson Do.
Geo. Ambler Do.
Ri. Spragg Do.
Jno. Henderson Do.
Josi. Pestler Do.
Thos. Dale Do.
Isaac Lewis Do.
Rob. Atkinson Do.
Jn. Mackewoy Do.
Jn. Maurie Armourer
Jn. Smith 1 Capt. Servt.

Saltan Capt. Servt.
Wm Wilson 1 Mates Do.
Jno. Gosling 2 Mates Do.
Ash. McVicar Capt. Do.
Jn. Woodridge Boatsw. Do.
Cha. Tomkins Gunners Do.
Lawson Do.
Thos. Dentons Armoury
Lawrence, Barne du Lindas
Gregory Ridall
John George
Fran. Favell
Domingo Rowano
John Ellis
Anthy. Rosarro
Bernardo
Emanl. Daulney
J. Dacosty
Theodore Licey
And: Licey
Anthy. Rivers
Roman Carner
Bend. Ferang
Jn. Denmore
Fran: Deniver
John Rosarro

Lieutenant John Clark reported that he had gone aboard the London, Anson and Kent to muster their companies and enquire for deserters, finding none. The muster roll of the London followed.
Robert Allwright, commander
Cornelius Ingler, first mate
Thomas Motte, second mate
Charles Moore, third mate
William Mercer, fourth mate
Nicholas Jackson, fifth mate
Thomas Wingon, purser
John Sherwood, surgeon
John Williams, carpenter
John Hodge, boatswain
Thomas Clark, gunner
John Bristow, surgeon's mate
Robert Davy, ship's servant
Samuel Clements, butcher
Richard Thompson, cooper
William Gee, sailmaker
John Pestler, captain's cook
John Fann, ship's cook
Henry Leafe, cook's mate
Joseph Frankling, captain's first mate
Charles Russell, captain's second mate
Nathaniel Wilson, butcher
Samuel Barnsley, first master
Abel Dickson, master
Absalom Mardon, master
William Dickson, master
John Cowan, midshipman
Richard Parker, midshipman
Daniel Bothwell, midshipman
Thomas Cook, boatswain's mate
Alexander Raunce, tailor
William Saunders, butcher
James Wooddaven, seaman
George Holmes, seaman
Edward Woolfes, seaman
Alexander Tucker, seaman
Nathaniel Lancaster, seaman
John Peters, seaman
William Nightengale, seaman
George Wood, seaman
John Morgan, seaman
Matthew Dickson, seaman
George Ambler, seaman
Richard Spragg, seaman
John Henderson, seaman
Josiah Pestler, seaman
Thomas Dale, seaman
Isaac Lewis, seaman
Robert Atkinson, seaman
John Mackewoy, seaman
John Maurie, armourer
John Smith, first captain's servant
Saltan, captain's servant
William Wilson, first mate's servant
John Gosling, second mate's servant
Ash McVicar, captain's servant
John Woodridge, boatswain's servant
Charles Tomkins, gunner's servant
Lawson, servant
Thomas Dentons, armourer
Lawrence Barne du Lindas, seaman
Gregory Ridall, seaman
John George, seaman
Francis Favell, seaman
Domingo Rowano, seaman
John Ellis, seaman
Anthony Rosarro, seaman
Bernardo, seaman
Emanuel Daulney, seaman
J. Dacosty, seaman
Theodore Licey, seaman
Andrew Licey, seaman
Anthony Rivers, seaman
Roman Carner, seaman
Bend Ferang, seaman
John Denmore, seaman
Francis Deniver, seaman
John Rosarro, seaman

Interpretations

The joint muster of three Bengal ships in one visit was the routine desertion check, the officer counting each company against its roll. The London's roll shows the full establishment of a large Indiaman, from five mates deep in command through the specialist tradesmen to a long body of seamen of mixed English and foreign origin.

206

204

Emanuel Decour
Eman: Rosaro
Mannoco Rosari
Wm Rosar Roman?
Lewis
Do
James Mathews
Tindy Sindall
Notseer
Labbee

Snuckeer
Do
Allom
Pancook
Rustom
Anuffe
Lavagee
Amen
Corallee
Rum Johnny

Nadgum
Mustaphay
Bufftiek
Mr David Lindley Passenger
Mr Robt Gordon Do
Taylor Mr Lindley Servt
Jn Barrow Mr Gordon Do
Backow Capt Boy
Cato Purser Boy
Jack Jury Master Boy

Muster Roll of Ship Ransom

Jno Ramsay Commander
Micha Scott 1st Mate Do
Tho Darby 2 Do
Geo Jasper 3 Do
Rich Perry 4 Do
Hugh Wigginton 5 Do
Hugh Rutherford 6 Do
Jn Campbell Surgeon
Jas Gardener Gunner
Wm Marks Midship:
Wm Philip Do
Alex Tuck Do
Jn Pockering Do
Jn Alger Do
Geo Searl Surge Mate
Wm Lackey Caulker
Warron Willcocks Qr Master
R. Acton Gunr Do
Jn Acton Boatsn Do
Jn Gummery Qr Master Do
Ian Macknow
Wm Henry Do
Edw Woodnot Do
Ant. Governfast Jt Servt
Robt Cole Joyner
Tho Suite Capt Cook
Tho Allom Capt Servt
Nathl Campfield Seaman
Wm Graham Do
Wm Gleave Do
Geo Bmed? Do
Jas Mitchell Do
John Allen Do
Tho Beaver Do
Geo Ruttlock Do
David Page Ship Cook Do
Robt Peach Seaman Do
Wm Evans Do
Alex Murch Do
Jn Willcocks Retorn Sailmt?

Jn J. Walker Armourer
Jas Farger Seaman
Hen: of Roman? Do
Robt Geary Do
Antn Vorlin Do
Dow Knowles Do
Wm Key Do
Mich King Do
Ric Merrow Do
Ric Shepperstall Do
Jas Parsons Do
Jn Henderson Cook
Tho Gerard Butcher
Wm Tancock Steward
Jn Jones Esthore? Do
Wm Ramsay Do
Jas Macksteed Do
Geo Taughtor Do
Jn Blackham Do

The muster roll of the London concluded, and the muster roll of the Ransom followed.

London, remaining crew and passengers: Emanuel Decour, seaman; Emanuel Rosaro, seaman; Mannoco Rosari, seaman; William Rosar Roman, seaman; Lewis, seaman; James Mathews, seaman; Tindy Sindall, seaman; Notseer, seaman; Labbee, seaman; Snuckeer, seaman; Allom, seaman; Pancook, seaman; Rustom, seaman; Anuffe, seaman; Lavagee, seaman; Amen, seaman; Corallee, seaman; Rum Johnny, seaman; Nadgum, seaman; Mustaphay, seaman; Bufftiek, seaman; passengers Mr David Lindley; Mr Robert Gordon; Taylor, Mr Lindley's servant; John Barrow, Mr Gordon's servant; Backow, captain's boy; Cato, purser's boy; Jack Jury, master's boy
Ransom: John Ramsay, commander
Michael Scott, first mate
Thomas Darby, second mate
George Jasper, third mate
Richard Perry, fourth mate
Hugh Wigginton, fifth mate
Hugh Rutherford, sixth mate
John Campbell, surgeon
James Gardener, gunner
William Marks, midshipman
William Philip, midshipman
Alexander Tuck, midshipman
John Pockering, midshipman
John Alger, midshipman
George Searl, surgeon's mate
William Lackey, caulker
Warron Willcocks, quartermaster
R. Acton, gunner's mate
John Acton, boatswain's mate
John Gummery, quartermaster's mate
Ian Macknow, seaman
William Henry, seaman
Edward Woodnot, seaman
Anthony Governfast, servant
Robert Cole, joiner
Thomas Suite, captain's cook
Thomas Allom, captain's servant
Nathaniel Campfield, seaman
William Graham, seaman
William Gleave, seaman
George Bmed, seaman
James Mitchell, seaman
John Allen, seaman
Thomas Beaver, seaman
George Ruttlock, seaman
David Page, ship's cook
Robert Peach, seaman
William Evans, seaman
Alexander Murch, seaman
John Willcocks, sailmaker
John Walker, armourer
James Farger, seaman
Henry of Roman, seaman
Robert Geary, seaman
Anton Vorlin, seaman
Dow Knowles, seaman
William Key, seaman
Michael King, seaman
Richard Merrow, seaman
Richard Shepperstall, seaman
James Parsons, seaman
John Henderson, cook
Thomas Gerard, butcher
William Tancock, steward
John Jones, steward
William Ramsay, seaman
James Macksteed, seaman
George Taughtor, seaman
John Blackham, seaman

Interpretations

The lower half of the London's roll shows the strongly mixed crew of an East Indiaman, a run of Indian and Portuguese names and lascar hands shipped for the voyage beside the English seamen. The Ransom, the ship the record elsewhere calls the Anson under Captain Ramsay, mustered a full complement of officers, tradesmen and seamen in the same order.

207

205

John Wilson Seaman
John Castam D
Jno Jackson D
John Mency D
Jno Geo. Reed D
Benjamin Reymond D

Jno Sumy 1st Mate & Steward
Collin Crozgey 2nd D
Robt Robs Surgn D
Martn Johnson Boatsn D
R. Knoxtopher Gunr D
John Allcot Captns D

Jas Power Captns Servant
Jno Mack D
Alexr Hume Engr
Wm Head Engr
Thos Belton D
Danl Shuttleworth D

Muster Roll of Ship Kent

Geo. Wilson Commander
Ja. Ward 1st Mate
Robt Halle 2nd D
Edw. Holt 3rd D
Henry Willshaw 4th D
Jno Page Surgeon
Jno Page Finch Purser
Geo. Dickson Boatswn
Edwd Hardy Midshipman
Fran. Parson D
Wm Day D
Sam Crossley D
Jno Backus Boatswn
Jno Huston Gunner
B. Hartley Carpenter
Jos. Beat Caulker
Robt Jobling Sailmaker
Robt Law Armourer
Saml Woodlaw Cooper
Robt Godwin Ships Steward
Wm Piggott Capt. Cook D
Wm Hordie Surgeon’s Mate
Jno Stellwood Boatsn’s D
Mattw Cole Capt. 2nd Mate

Jno Hutchison Capt. 1st Mate
Ja. Heeds Gunr 1st D
Jas. Spikley Caulker’s D
Jno Wilford Capt. Cook’s D
Robt Stone Capt. Cook’s D
Arthey Hall Ship’s D
Geo. Wolkenson Butcher
Geo. Lamb
Jno Ramsay (joined)
Jas. Barons
Geo. Nelson
Edw. Stoman Seaman
Chas. Madox D
Wm Wood D
Jas. Burrow D
Thos. Paddon D
Imost Godfrey
John Gillard
Jno Stevenson
Saml Keeble
Wm Woodrow
Jno Horner
Heny Iver
Robt Blakey

Jona Sampson D
John Riley D
Jno Elliott D
Edwd Mayo D
Phil Hawkins D
Benjamin Hobbs
Ann Powden D
Jno Hastings D
Geo. Laward D
Thos. Hamble D
Danl Lawson D
Ralph Mills D
Wm Brown D
Henry Oswald D
Tho. Lathwood D
Nick Dutcher D
Wm Jones D
Wm Crew D
Andw Bennett D

The muster roll of the Ransom concluded, and the muster roll of the Kent followed.

Ransom, remaining crew: John Wilson, seaman; John Castam, seaman; John Jackson, seaman; John Mency, seaman; John George Reed, seaman; Benjamin Reymond, seaman; John Sumy, first mate and steward; Collin Crozgey, second mate; Robert Robs, surgeon; Martin Johnson, boatswain; R. Knoxtopher, gunner; John Allcot, captain's servant; James Power, captain's servant; John Mack, servant; Alexander Hume, engineer; William Head, engineer; Thomas Belton, servant; Daniel Shuttleworth, servant
Kent: George Wilson, commander
James Ward, first mate
Robert Halle, second mate
Edward Holt, third mate
Henry Willshaw, fourth mate
John Page, surgeon
John Page Finch, purser
George Dickson, boatswain
Edward Hardy, midshipman
Francis Parson, midshipman
William Day, midshipman
Samuel Crossley, midshipman
John Backus, boatswain
John Huston, gunner
B. Hartley, carpenter
Joseph Beat, caulker
Robert Jobling, sailmaker
Robert Law, armourer
Samuel Woodlaw, cooper
Robert Godwin, ship's steward
William Piggott, captain's cook
William Hordie, surgeon's mate
John Stellwood, boatswain's mate
Matthew Cole, captain's second mate
John Hutchison, captain's first mate
James Heeds, gunner's first mate
James Spikley, caulker's mate
John Wilford, captain's cook's mate
Robert Stone, captain's cook's mate
Arthey Hall, ship's servant
George Wolkenson, butcher
George Lamb, seaman
John Ramsay, joined
James Barons, seaman
George Nelson, seaman
Edward Stoman, seaman
Charles Madox, seaman
William Wood, seaman
James Burrow, seaman
Thomas Paddon, seaman
Imost Godfrey, seaman
John Gillard, seaman
John Stevenson, seaman
Samuel Keeble, seaman
William Woodrow, seaman
John Horner, seaman
Henry Iver, seaman
Robert Blakey, seaman
Jonathan Sampson, seaman
John Riley, seaman
John Elliott, seaman
Edward Mayo, seaman
Philip Hawkins, seaman
Benjamin Hobbs, seaman
Ann Powden, seaman
John Hastings, seaman
George Laward, seaman
Thomas Hamble, seaman
Daniel Lawson, seaman
Ralph Mills, seaman
William Brown, seaman
Henry Oswald, seaman
Thomas Lathwood, seaman
Nick Dutcher, seaman
William Jones, seaman
William Crew, seaman
Andrew Bennett, seaman

Interpretations

The Kent's roll shows the deep officering of a large Bengal ship, a full chain of mates and a body of midshipmen above the seamen. The note that John Ramsay joined marks a man taken onto the ship's books at the island, the muster catching such additions as well as searching for men run.

208

206

Jno Johnson Seaman
Edwd Charlton D. [quantity: 1 unit not stated]
Jno Blatch D. [quantity: 1 unit not stated]
Robt Pinchey
Hen: J. Exel Capt Servant
Jno Shields 2d Mate D. [quantity: 1 unit not stated]
Jno Louder D: D: [two units not stated]
Jas. Price 1st Engr D. [quantity: 1 unit not stated]
Edw Wilson Gunner Servt
Cha: Skinner Carpt D. [quantity: 1 unit not stated]
Wm Giles Boatsn D. [quantity: 1 unit not stated]
Philip Surange
P.N. Demag
Mathias
P. Pinchek
Iocoo
Christovo
Manneek
Larcar
Francesco
Wm “Miller”
Wm Semper
Wm Ayres
Lucy Jure
Moroo 3d Engr to D. [quantity: 1 unit not stated]

The Storekeeper brought in the following Account of Stores not received from his pr London & Kent Vizt

Account of Stores not received from the following Ships Vizt

From Ship London 2 casks, 3 packages, 3 receipts
1 cask, 1 package, 9 lb sugar short weight
1 cask, 1 package, 13 candles

No. 1 leag arrack gage 187 gallons wants to fill 7 gallons
No. 2 leag arrack gage 156 gallons wants to fill 5 gallons
Total deficiency 3 gallons 3 quarts 12 gills
Received 301 gallons

From Ship Kent 2 casks, 1 package, 4 receipts arrack short weight

No. 1 leag arrack gage 186.5 gallons wants to fill 6 gallons
No. 20 leag arrack gage 151.5 gallons wants to fill 6 gallons
Total deficiency 11 gallons 1 quart 12 gills
Received 302 gallons

(signed) Wm Darling Storek

13 April 1752

The Plantation Gunner's Several Accounts for the Month of March last were this Day brought in, which were Examined & Approved & are as follows Vizt

The muster roll of the Kent concluded.
John Johnson, seaman
Edward Charlton, seaman
John Blatch, seaman
Robert Pinchey, seaman
Henry Exel, captain's servant
John Shields, second mate's servant
John Louder, servant
James Price, first engineer's servant
Edward Wilson, gunner's servant
Charles Skinner, carpenter's servant
William Giles, boatswain's servant
Philip Surange, seaman
P. N. Demag, seaman
Mathias, seaman
P. Pinchek, seaman
Iocoo, seaman
Christovo, seaman
Manneek, seaman
Larcar, seaman
Francesco, seaman
William Miller, seaman
William Semper, seaman
William Ayres, seaman
Lucy Jure, seaman
Moroo, third engineer's servant
The storekeeper brought in an account of stores not received from the London and Kent.

From the London: 9 lb of sugar short weight; 13 candles; 1 leaguer arrack, gauge 187 gallons, wanting 7 gallons to fill; 1 leaguer arrack, gauge 156 gallons, wanting 5 gallons to fill; total deficiency 3 gallons 3 quarts 12 gills; received 301 gallons

From the Kent: arrack short weight; 1 leaguer arrack, gauge 186½ gallons, wanting 6 gallons to fill; 1 leaguer arrack, gauge 151½ gallons, wanting 6 gallons to fill; total deficiency 11 gallons 1 quart 12 gills; received 302 gallons

The account was subscribed by William Darling, storekeeper, on 13 April 1752. The plantation, gunner's and steward's accounts for March 1752 were brought in this day, which the Council examined and approved.

Interpretations

The short-delivery account measured the shortfall between the invoices and what the arrack leaguers actually held, each cask gauged to show the gallons wanting. Booking only the true quantity received protected the Company against loss on a spirit that evaporated and leaked on the long passage from Bengal.

209

207

Account of the Honble Companys Stock of Neat Cattle &ca for the Month of March 1752

Neat Cattle, Sheep, Goats, Hogs, Poultry, Horses

Bulls, Cows, Calves, Yearlings, Heifers, Steers, Bullocks, Oxen, Total, Ewes, Wathers, Lambs, Rams, Total, Ewes, Wathers, Kids, Rams, Total, Sows, Shoats, Piggs, Boars, Total, Turkeys, Fowls, Ducks, Geese, Horses, Mares, Total

Remd 1: Bulls 2, Cows 82, Calves 79, Yearlings 48, Heifers 10, Steers 19, Bullocks 5, Oxen 6, Total 251, Ewes 136, Wathers 34, Lambs 93, Rams 6, Total 269, Ewes 129, Wathers 32, Kids 63, Rams 5, Total 229, Sows 7, Shoats 4, Piggs 22, Boars 1, Total 34, Turkeys 6, Fowls 183, Ducks 25, Geese 17, Horses 7, Mares 4, Total 11

Encreased: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 0, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Bullocks 0, Oxen 0, Total 0, Ewes 0, Wathers 0, Lambs 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Ewes 0, Wathers 0, Kids 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Sows 0, Shoats 0, Piggs 13, Boars 0, Total 13, Turkeys 0, Fowls 23, Ducks 7, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0

Bulls 2, Cows 82, Calves 79, Yearlings 48, Heifers 10, Steers 19, Bullocks 5, Oxen 6, Total 251, Ewes 136, Wathers 34, Lambs 93, Rams 6, Total 269, Ewes 129, Wathers 32, Kids 63, Rams 5, Total 229, Sows 7, Shoats 4, Piggs 35, Boars 1, Total 47, Turkeys 6, Fowls 206, Ducks 32, Geese 17, Horses 7, Mares 4, Total 11

Killed: Bulls 0, Cows 4, Calves 0, Yearlings 1, Heifers 8, Steers 0, Bullocks 0, Oxen 0, Total 13, Ewes 9, Wathers 3, Lambs 0, Rams 0, Total 12, Ewes 1, Wathers 2, Kids 0, Rams 0, Total 3, Sows 0, Shoats 0, Piggs 0, Boars 0, Total 0, Turkeys 0, Fowls 31, Ducks 15, Geese 2, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0

Died: Bulls 0, Cows 2, Calves 3, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Bullocks 0, Oxen 0, Total 5, Ewes 0, Wathers 0, Lambs 3, Rams 0, Total 3, Ewes 1, Wathers 0, Kids 4, Rams 0, Total 8, Sows 0, Shoats 0, Piggs 0, Boars 0, Total 0, Turkeys 0, Fowls 5, Ducks 0, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0

lost by falls: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 0, Yearlings 2, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Bullocks 0, Oxen 0, Total 2, Ewes 0, Wathers 0, Lambs 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Ewes 0, Wathers 0, Kids 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Sows 0, Shoats 0, Piggs 0, Boars 0, Total 0, Turkeys 0, Fowls 0, Ducks 1, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0

Stole: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 0, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Bullocks 0, Oxen 0, Total 0, Ewes 0, Wathers 0, Lambs 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Ewes 0, Wathers 0, Kids 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Sows 0, Shoats 0, Piggs 0, Boars 0, Total 0, Turkeys 0, Fowls 0, Ducks 0, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0

Remd 31: Bulls 2, Cows 76, Calves 76, Yearlings 46, Heifers 9, Steers 11, Bullocks 5, Oxen 6, Total 231, Ewes 127, Wathers 31, Lambs 90, Rams 6, Total 254, Ewes 124, Wathers 30, Kids 59, Rams 5, Total 218, Sows 7, Shoats 4, Piggs 35, Boars 1, Total 47, Turkeys 4, Fowls 170, Ducks 17, Geese 15, Horses 7, Mares 4, Total 11

the Names of the Species Changed: Bulls 2, Cows 80, Calves 68, Yearlings 15, Heifers 28, Steers 25, Bullocks 3, Oxen 8, Total 231, Ewes 152, Wathers 63, Lambs 30, Rams 6, Total 254, Ewes 140, Wathers 45, Kids 28, Rams 5, Total 218, Sows 7, Shoats 20, Piggs 19, Boars 1, Total 47, Turkeys 4, Fowls 170, Ducks 17, Geese 15, Horses 7, Mares 4, Total 11

Beef to the Lord Anson 560

Beef to the Onslow 560

Beef to the True Briton 448

Beef to the Ysep 560

Beef to the Exeter 525

three Goats to the Slaves

Yams Expended 26,000

1 Slave Died Namd Nedd

1 Slave Runaway Namd Jack Defence

1 Child born Namd Mary

(Signed)

David Hunter

Account of the Company's stock of neat cattle and other livestock for March 1752.

The neat cattle were recorded under bulls, cows, calves, yearlings, heifers, steers, bullocks and oxen, with a total. The sheep were recorded under ewes, wethers, lambs and rams, with a total. The goats were recorded under does, wethers, kids and rams, with a total. The hogs were recorded under sows, shoats, pigs and boars, with a total. The poultry were recorded under turkeys, fowls, ducks and geese. The horses were recorded under horses, mares and a total.

Remaining 1st, bulls 2, cows 82, calves 79, yearlings 48, heifers 10, steers 19, bullocks 5, oxen 6, total 251

Remaining 1st, ewes 136, wethers 34, lambs 93, rams 6, total 269

Remaining 1st, does 129, wethers 32, kids 63, rams 5, total 229

Remaining 1st, sows 7, shoats 4, pigs 22, boars 1, total 34

Remaining 1st, turkeys 6, fowls 183, ducks 25, geese 17

Remaining 1st, horses 7, mares 4, total 11

Increased, calves 0

Total, bulls 2, cows 82, calves 79, yearlings 48, heifers 10, steers 19, bullocks 5, oxen 6, total 251

Total, ewes 136, wethers 34, lambs 93, rams 6, total 269

Total, does 129, wethers 32, kids 63, rams 5, total 229

Total, sows 7, shoats 4, pigs 35, boars 1, total 47

Total, turkeys 6, fowls 206, ducks 32, geese 17

Total, horses 7, mares 4, total 11

Killed, bulls 0, cows 4, calves 3, yearlings 0, heifers 1, steers 8, bullocks 0, oxen 0, total 13

Killed, ewes 0, wethers 9, lambs 3, rams 0, total 12

Killed, does 1, wethers 2, kids 0, rams 0, total 3

Killed, sows 0, shoats 0, pigs 0, boars 0, total 0

Killed, turkeys 0, fowls 31, ducks 15, geese 2

Died, cows 2, calves 0, yearlings 0, heifers 2, steers 0, total 5

Died, ewes 0, wethers 0, lambs 3, rams 0, total 3

Died, does 4, wethers 0, kids 4, rams 0, total 8

Died, ducks 0, geese 1

Lost by a fall, yearlings 2, total 2

Stole, geese 1

Remaining 31st, bulls 2, cows 76, calves 76, yearlings 46, heifers 9, steers 11, bullocks 5, oxen 6, total 231

Remaining 31st, ewes 127, wethers 31, lambs 90, rams 6, total 254

Remaining 31st, does 124, wethers 30, kids 59, rams 5, total 218

Remaining 31st, sows 7, shoats 4, pigs 35, boars 1, total 47

Remaining 31st, turkeys 4, fowls 170, ducks 17, geese 15

Remaining 31st, horses 7, mares 4, total 11

The names of the species changed, bulls 2, cows 80, calves 68, yearlings 15, heifers 28, steers 23, bullocks 3, oxen 8, total 231

The names of the species changed, ewes 152, wethers 63, lambs 30, rams 6, total 251

The names of the species changed, does 140, wethers 45, kids 28, rams 5, total 218

The names of the species changed, sows 7, shoats 20, pigs 19, boars 1, total 47

The names of the species changed, turkeys 4, fowls 170, ducks 17, geese 15

The names of the species changed, horses 7, mares 4, total 11

Beef to the Lord Anson, 560 pounds

Beef to the Onslow, 560 pounds

Beef to the True Briton, 448 pounds

Beef to the Ysep, 560 pounds

Beef to the Exeter, 525 pounds

Three goats to the slaves

Yams spent, 26,000 pounds

One slave died, named Nedd. One slave ran away, named Jack Defence. One child was born, named Mary. The account was signed by David Hunter.

Interpretations

The beef sent this month to five separate vessels, the Lord Anson, the Onslow, the True Briton, the Ysep and the Exeter, each supplied with several hundred pounds of fresh meat, marks a season of unusually heavy shipping through the road, five East Indiamen provisioned in a single month against the single or paired calls of earlier accounts. The plantation's heavy killing of cattle and sheep in March, thirteen cattle and twelve sheep together, reflects the strain of meeting so many vessels' needs at once alongside the ordinary demands of the table and the slaves.

The slave recorded as having run away, named Jack Defence, marks an act of resistance against the plantation's authority, the flight noted in the same plain register as a birth or a death, one more fact of the labour force's condition entered into the routine account without further comment. His name, Defence, was probably given rather than chosen by him, in the common practice by which slaves on the island were named by their owners or by the Company.

The reclassifying of the species recorded again this month, as it had the previous September, shows the clerk periodically regrading the herd and flocks by age as animals matured, the totals for each kind of stock holding steady while individual beasts moved from one category to the next, calves rising into yearlings and yearlings into heifers and steers as the season's growth was accounted for.

210

208

13 April

Gunners Stores Expended in March 1752

Guns Fired, lb, qr, 3, 2, [...], Powder Expended lb qr

A Double Alarm

Guns Fired 13, qr 5, [...] 5, [...] 3, Powder Expended 28

Do Arrived the Lord Anson Capt Fowler returnd her Salute

Guns Fired 9, [...] 9, Powder Expended 9

Do Powder for Priming at the Main Fort & Prosperous Bay

Powder Expended 4 8

A Double Alarm for 4 Ships of War

Guns Fired 13, qr 5, [...] 5, [...] 3, Powder Expended 28

Do Arrived the said Ships of War we Saluted the

Commodore with 13

Guns Fired 13, [...] 13, Powder Expended 13

Powder for Priming at the Alarm House

Powder Expended 3

Do fired to Salute the Commodore landing

Guns Fired 13, [...] 13, Powder Expended 13

Do fired to Salute the other three Capteins

Landing Eleven Guns each

Guns Fired 33, lb 1, qr 2, [...] 1, [...] 29, Powder Expended 37 8

Do Powder for Priming

Powder Expended 7

Departed the Cæsar Capt Court returnd the Salute

Guns Fired 11, [...] 11, Powder Expended 11

Do Powder for Priming

Powder Expended 1 8

Fired to Salute the Commodores going on board

Guns Fired 13, [...] 13, Powder Expended 13

Do Powder for Priming

Powder Expended 2

Alarm

Guns Fired 6, qr 2, [...] 2, [...] 2, Powder Expended 12

Do Arrived the Onslow Capt Hinde returnd the Salute

Guns Fired 9, [...] 9, Powder Expended 9

Do Fired to Salute Govr Hurlockes coming on shore

Guns Fired 15, [...] 15, Powder Expended 15

Do Powder for Priming

Powder Expended 3

Do Powder delivered to a Dane Ship

Powder Expended 400

Departed a Dane Ship returnd her Salute

Guns Fired 9, [...] 9, Powder Expended 9

Do Powder for Priming

Powder Expended 1 8

Alarm

Guns Fired 6, qr 2, [...] 2, [...] 2, Powder Expended 12

Do Arr the True Briton Capt Broadley returnd her Salute

Guns Fired 11, [...] 11, Powder Expended 11

Do Powder for Priming

Powder Expended 1 8

A Double Alarm for two Ships that went by

Guns Fired 9, qr 3, [...] 3, [...] 3, Powder Expended 18

Depart the Lord Anson Capt Fowler returnd her Salute

Guns Fired 9, [...] 9, Powder Expended 9

Do Powder for Priming

Powder Expended 1 8

Alarm

Guns Fired 6, qr 2, [...] 2, [...] 2, Powder Expended 12

Arrived the Essex Capt Jackson returnd her Salute

Guns Fired 9, [...] 9, Powder Expended 9

Do Powder for Priming

Powder Expended 1 8

Fired to Salute Govr Hurlocks going on board

Guns Fired 15, [...] 15, Powder Expended 16

Carried over

Guns Fired 224, lb 1, qr 21, 3 20, 2 165, [...] 15, Powder Expended 710 8

Gunners' stores spent in March 1752. The columns recorded guns fired, powder, shot and match, together with a further figure for total powder expended.

1st, a double alarm, guns fired 13, match 5, further total 5, 3, total 28

The same, arrived the Lord Anson, Captain Fowler, returned her salute, guns fired 9, further total 1, total 9

The same, powder for priming at the main fort and the outer battery, 4 pounds 8 ounces

3rd, a double alarm for four ships of war, guns fired 13, match 5, further total 5, 3, total 28

The same, arrived the said ships of war, saluted the Commodore with, guns fired 13, further total 13, total 13

4th, powder for priming at the alarm house, 3 pounds

The same, fired to salute the Commodore landing, guns fired 13, further total 13, total 13

The same, fired to salute the other three captains landing, eleven guns each, guns fired 33, powder 1, shot 2, match 1, further total 29, total 37 pounds 8 ounces

The same, powder for priming, 7 pounds

5th, departed the Caesar, Captain Court, returned the salute, guns fired 11, further total 11, total 11

The same, powder for priming, 1 pound 8 ounces

6th, fired to salute the Commodore going on board, guns fired 13, further total 13, total 13

The same, powder for priming, 2 pounds

7th, alarm, guns fired 6, powder 2, match 2, further total 2, total 12

The same, arrived the Onslow, Captain Hunt, returned the salute, guns fired 9, further total 9, total 9

The same, fired to salute Governor Hurlock coming on shore, guns fired 15, further total 15, total 15

The same, powder for priming, 3 pounds

The same, powder delivered to a Danish ship, 400 pounds

10th, departed a Danish ship, returned her salute, guns fired 9, further total 9, total 9

The same, powder for priming, 1 pound 8 ounces

12th, alarm, guns fired 6, powder 2, match 2, further total 2, total 12

The same, arrived the True Briton, Captain Broadley, returned her salute, guns fired 11, further total 11, total 11

The same, powder for priming, 1 pound 8 ounces

The same, a double alarm for two ships that went by, guns fired 9, powder 3, match 3, further total 3, total 18

13th, departed the Lord Anson, Captain Fowler, returned her salute, guns fired 9, further total 9, total 9

The same, powder for priming, 1 pound 8 ounces

16th, alarm, guns fired 6, powder 2, match 2, further total 2, total 12

17th, arrived the Essex, Captain Jackson, returned her salute, guns fired 9, further total 9, total 9

The same, powder for priming, 1 pound 8 ounces

22nd, fired to salute Governor Hurlock going on board, guns fired 15, further total 15, total 16

Carried over, guns fired 224, powder 1, shot 21, match 20, further total 165, 15, 710 pounds 8 ounces

Interpretations

The arrival of four ships of war under a Commodore, saluted with a double alarm and answered by the landing of the Commodore and three captains each with their own eleven-gun salute, marks a naval squadron calling at the island rather than the ordinary merchant shipping of the Company's own trade. The scale of ceremony, guns fired for the ships' arrival, for the Commodore's landing, for each captain's landing, and again for the Commodore's return aboard, shows the island's batteries mustered to the full protocol owed to a King's squadron, a far heavier round of courtesy than any single East Indiaman received.

Governor Hurlock, saluted both coming ashore and later going aboard, was evidently a passenger or official travelling on one of the calling ships rather than the island's own governor, since Charles Hutchinson continued to sign the consultations through this period. The two salutes fired for him, fifteen guns each, mark the honour paid to a person of rank passing through St Helena, the island's guns doing service to visiting dignity as readily as to its own administration.

The 400 pounds of powder delivered to a Danish ship stands apart from every other entry on the page, a supply of ordnance stores to a foreign vessel rather than the customary courtesy of a salute, and marks the Company provisioning a passing ship of a friendly power from its own magazine, a rare instance of material assistance recorded alongside the ordinary ceremonial firing.

211

209

1752

Guns Fired, lb, qr, 3, 2, 1, Powder Expended lb qr

Brought over

Guns Fired 224, lb 1, qr 21, 3 20, 2 165, 1 15, Powder Expended 710 8

Departed the Onslow Capt Hinde returnd her Salute

Guns Fired 11, [...] 11, Powder Expended 11

Do Departed the True Briton Capt Broadley returnd her Salute

Guns Fired 9, [...] 9, Powder Expended 9

Do Powder for Priming

Powder Expended 3

Alarm

Guns Fired 6, qr 2, 2 2, Powder Expended 12

Arrived the Exeter Capt Hernell returnd her Salute

Guns Fired 9, [...] 9, Powder Expended 9

Do Powder for Priming

Powder Expended 1 8

Powder for Signals

Powder Expended 4 6

Total

Guns Fired 257, lb 1, qr 23, 3 22, 2 191, 1 17, Powder Expended 760 6

Match burnt at the Main Fort

(Signed)

Thos Hall

Axeltrees broke at Prosperous Bay

1

Handspikes broke at Do

1

Paper for the use of the Castle

1 Quire

Do for the use of the Gardener

1 Quire

Match burnt at the Alarm House

6

Spunge Staves for repairing the Spunges at Munden's Point

7

Spunge Heads for Do

7

Rammer Heads for Do

14

Sheep Skins for Do

8

Trunk Nails for Do

265

Spunge Staves broke on the Mount

1

Spunge Heads for Do

1

Rammer Heads for Do

1

Trunk Nails for Do

20

Gunners' stores spent in March 1752, continued:

Brought over, guns fired 224, powder 1, shot 21, match 20, further total 165, 15, 710 pounds 8 ounces

22nd, departed the Onslow, Captain Hunt, returned her salute, guns fired 11, further total 11, total 11

The same, departed the True Briton, Captain Broadley, returned her salute, guns fired 9, further total 9, total 9

The same, powder for priming, 3 pounds

29th, alarm, guns fired 6, powder 2, match 2, further total 2, total 12

30th, arrived the Exeter, Captain Kernele, returned her salute, guns fired 9, further total 9, total 9

The same, powder for priming, 1 pound 8 ounces

Powder for signals, 4 pounds 6 ounces

Total, guns fired 257, powder 1, shot 23, match 22, further totals 194, 17, 760 pounds 6 ounces

Match burnt at the main fort, 6 pounds

Axletree broke at Prosperous Bay, 1

Handspikes broke at the same, 1

Paper for the use of the Castle, 1 quire

The same, for the use of the gardener, 6 quires

Match burnt at the alarm house, 6 pounds

Sponge staves for repairing the sponges at Munden's Point, 7

Sponge heads for the same, 7

Rammer heads for the same, 14

Sheep skins for the same, 8

Trunk nails for the same, 265

Sponge staves broke on the mount, 1

Sponge heads for the same, 1

Rammer heads for the same, 1

Trunk nails for the same, 20

The account was signed by Thomas Hall.

Interpretations

March closed as the busiest month of shipping recorded in the whole account, 257 guns fired across the month against the 96 of February and the 48 of November, the many arrivals and departures of the Lord Anson, the squadron of men of war, the Onslow, the True Briton, the Essex and the Exeter, together with Governor Hurlock's comings and goings, all answered with the full ceremony of alarm and salute. This concentration of shipping in a single month, following the heavy beef issues to five vessels recorded in the same period's stock account, marks March as an unusually active season for the Company's trade and for the naval and merchant traffic calling at the island.

The overhaul of the sponges, rammer heads and sheep skins at Munden's Point, the outlying battery guarding the approach north of James Bay, shows that station's gun-cleaning gear thoroughly renewed alongside the main fort's own stores, a reminder that the defence of the anchorage rested on several batteries kept in like readiness rather than on the main fort alone.

The axletree and handspikes broken at Prosperous Bay mark the wear on the gun carriages and their levers at that battery on the island's windward side, the constant strain of shifting and laying heavy ordnance in a season when the guns were fired so often that such breakages became a routine charge on the account.

212

210

13 April

Sundrys Expended at the Honble Companys General

Table in the Month of March 1752 Viz

15 Bottles Port Wine

1 2 6

82 Do Lisbon

6 3

26 Do Madeira

2 15 9 1/2

157 Do Arrack

4 8 9 3/4

93 Do Beer

1 3 3

320 Flour

2 3 4

419 1/2 Beef

5 4 10 1/2

413 2 Mutton

8 12 3 1/2

34 Fowls

2 6 6

15 Ducks

1 2 6

2 Geese

10

23 1/4 Butter

1 3 9

5 Ps Salt Pork

10

120 Candy

1 7 6

38 14 1 1/4

The London and Kent brought in the following

Goods from Bengall Viz

Invoice of Ship London

BA Batavia Arrack

No 1 & 2 2 Leaguers @ Cs 20 Cs 400

Batta 9 pr Cent 36

436

WC Wax Candles

1 & 5 5 Chests of 10 f Att @ 50 f Att

500

ST F Sugar Presindas fine

1 & 10 10 Bags of 20 g @ 8 f g

161 12 9

RF Rice fine

1 & 44 44 Bags of 88 @ 14 22 f Cwt

160

Carried over

Rupees 1257 12 9

Sundries spent at the Company's general table on St Helena during March 1752:

15 bottles of port wine, £1 2s 6d

82 bottles of Lisbon wine, £6 3s 0d

26 bottles of Madeira wine, £2 15s 9d

187 bottles of arrack, £4 8s 9d

93 bottles of beer, £1 3s 3d

320 pounds of flour, £2 3s 4d

419 and a half pounds of beef, £5 4s 10d

413 pounds of mutton, £8 12s 3d

34 fowls, £2 6s 6d

15 ducks, £1 2s 6d

2 geese, £0 10s 0d

23 and a half pounds of butter, £1 3s 9d

5 pounds of salt pork, £0 10s 0d

120 pounds of candy, £1 7s 6d

Total, £35 14s 1d

The London and Kent brought in the following goods from Bengal.

Invoice of the ship London:

Batavia arrack, marked BA

2 leaguers, number 1 and 2, at 20 pounds each, 400 pounds, batta 6 per cent, 24 pounds, £136 0s 0d

Wax candles, marked WC, 5 chests of 100 pounds each at 50 pounds each, £500 0s 0d

Sugar Bresinda, fine, marked STF, 10 bags of 20 pounds each at 8 pounds a piece, £161 12s 9d

Rice, fine, marked RF, 11 bags of 88 pounds each at 14 pounds 22 pieces, £160 0s 0d

Carried over, £1,257 12s 9d

Interpretations

The exceptionally heavy expenditure at the table this month, over 35 pounds sterling, the highest of the whole record, matches the unusually busy shipping season recorded in the March gunners' and stock accounts, the Company's board evidently entertaining the officers and captains of the many vessels calling and departing through the month. The dominance of Lisbon wine and arrack, both bought in far greater quantity than in any earlier month, points to a household entertaining guests of rank rather than feeding only its ordinary establishment.

The arrival of goods from Bengal aboard the London and the Kent marks a direct shipment from the Company's Indian settlements rather than the usual issue from St Helena's own long-held warehouse stock, the invoice recording each commodity by its marked bales and its cost at the Indian port of loading. Batavia arrack, wax candles, fine sugar and fine rice arriving together in bulk show the island replenishing its stores straight from the Eastern trade, the very goods that had filled the warehouse inventory taken the previous September now renewed at their source.

The term batta applied to the arrack was an allowance or premium added to the invoiced cost, a customary charge in the Company's Eastern accounts covering handling, spoilage or exchange, and its appearance here marks the invoice following the accounting conventions of the Indian trade rather than the plain sterling reckoning used for goods already landed and sold on the island.

213

211

1752

Brought over

Rupees 1257 12 9

Charges Merchandize

98 Gunny Bags & Sewing

17 2 6

2 Empty Leaguers

35 3 3

5 Chests & Emboling

14

1 Soldiers Diet

3 4 6

1 Peon

1 12

1 Jarr Oil

2 6

Mosteas Hire

1

Boat Hire

20

25 Mats

1 4

96 12 9

Current Rupees

1354 9 6

Errors Excepted

James Blackford Accompt

Invoice of Ship Kent

BA Batavia Arrack

No 1 2 two Leaguers @ Cs 200 pr Leaguer 400

Batta 9 pr Cent 36

436

WC Wax Candles

1 5 five Chests 2 10 Fact Att @ 50 f Att

500

ST F Sugar Presinda fine

1 10 ten Bags 21 19 38 8 @ 8 f Att

189 11 3

RF Rice fine

1 44 forty four Bags of 88

146 2 9

1211 14

Charges Merchandize

98 Gunny Bags & Sewing

17 2 6

2 Empty Leaguers

35 3 3

5 Chests Emboling

14

1 Soldiers Diet

2

1 Peon

1 8

30 Mats

1 6

1 Oil

2 6

Mosteas hire

4

Boat hire

20

95 6 3

Errors Excepted

James Blackford Accompt

Current Rupees

1337 4 3

Margin Notes:

Included

Invoice of the ship London, continued:

Brought over, current rupees 1,257 12s 9d

Charges of merchandise:

98 gunny bags and sewing, 17 rupees 2 annas 6 pies

2 empty leaguers, 35 rupees 3 annas 3 pies

5 chests and emboling, 14 rupees

1 sowar's duty, 3 rupees 4 annas 6 pies

1 peon, 1 rupee 12 annas

1 jar of oil, 2 rupees 6 pies

Mochas hire, 1 rupee

Boat hire, 20 rupees

28 mats, 1 rupee 4 annas

Charges total, 96 rupees 12 annas 9 pies

Current rupees, 1,354 rupees 9 annas 6 pies

Errors excepted, James Blackford, accountant.

Invoice of the ship Kent:

Batavia arrack, marked BA

Two leaguers, number 1 and 2, at 200 rupees a leaguer, batta 9 per cent, 26 rupees, 136 rupees

Wax candles, marked WC, five chests of 100 pounds each at 50 rupees a maund, 500 rupees

Sugar Bresinda, fine, marked STF, ten bags of 19 pounds 38 catties, 8 rupees a maund, 189 rupees 11 annas 3 pies

Rice, fine, marked RF, forty-four bags of 88 pounds each, 146 rupees 2 annas 9 pies

Total, 1,211 rupees 14 annas

Charges of merchandise:

98 gunny bags and sewing, 17 rupees 2 annas 6 pies

2 empty leaguers, 35 rupees 3 annas 3 pies

5 chests and emboling, 14 rupees

1 sowar's duty, 2 rupees

1 peon, 1 rupee 8 annas

20 mats, 1 rupee 6 pies

1 oil, 2 rupees 6 pies

Mochas hire, 4 rupees

Boat hire, 20 rupees

Charges total, 95 rupees 6 annas 3 pies

Current rupees, 1,337 rupees 4 annas 3 pies

Included.

Interpretations

The invoice is expressed throughout in rupees, annas and pies rather than sterling, the currency of Bengal where these goods were bought and shipped, following the record's own convention of rendering Indian sums in full words rather than converting them, since the accounting here belonged to the Company's Bengal establishment rather than to St Helena's own books. A sowar was a mounted attendant or guard, and the duty charged for one, together with the peon, a footman or messenger, and the boat and mocha hire, mark the ordinary charges of moving goods from warehouse to wharf and out to the ship at anchor in an Indian roadstead, all added to the cost of the cargo before it ever reached the island.

Gunny bags were sacks woven from jute, the standard packing material of the Bengal trade, and their number together with the empty leaguers, the large casks for the arrack, and the chests for the candles, shows the practical costs of packaging bulk goods for a long sea voyage entered as carefully as the value of the goods themselves. The near-identical charges recorded for both the London and the Kent, down to the same 98 gunny bags and the same rates for chests and leaguers, suggest the two ships were loaded together from the same Bengal warehouse under a common arrangement.

214

212

Enlisted this day Thomas Wattle & Thomas Leech Natives
to serve the Hon’ble Company as Sojourns for five Years without
any Bounty Money
Lieutenant John Clark this day desired Leave
to pay £161. into the Hon’ble Company’s Cash, which we
have received, & given him Bills of Exchange drawn on the
Hon’ble the Court of Directors, dated this day, payable to himself
or Order Ninety days after Sight
Wm Tho: Colgrave, this day Applied to Us for
liberty for two of his Daughters Elizabeth & Mary to take their
Passage for Pencott on the Ship Exeter
Granted
Captain John Ramsay having Applied to Us
to lodge £147.10 into the Hon’ble Company’s Cash, We
have received it, & given him Certificates for that Sum
dated this day
Cha: Hutchinson
David Hunter
John Clark

The Council enlisted Thomas Wattle and Thomas Leech, natives, this day, to serve the Company as soldiers for five years without any bounty money. Lieutenant John Clark desired leave to pay £161 0s 0d into the Company's cash, which was received, and he was given bills of exchange drawn on the Court of Directors dated that day, payable to himself or order 90 days after sight. Thomas Colgrave applied to the Council for liberty for two of his daughters, Elizabeth and Mary, to take their passage for Bencoolen in the Exeter, which the Council granted. Captain John Ramsay, having applied to lodge £147 10s 0d into the Company's cash, was received and given certificates for that sum dated that day. The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson, David Hunter and John Clark.

Interpretations

The two remittance transactions, Clark's bills on the Court of Directors and Ramsay's certificates, show the Castle's standing service of taking coin on the island against paper recoverable elsewhere, sparing officers and captains the carriage of specie. The grant of passage to Colgrave's two daughters for Bencoolen shows the movement of settler families between the Company's eastern stations, the island a point of departure as well as a place of supply.

215

213

As a Consultation held on Thursday the 16th day of April 1752
at the Castle.
Present Charles Hutchinson Esq. Governor
Captᵗ. David Hunter Lieut. Gov.
Lieutenant John Clark of Councill
The last Consultation was read, approved, and signed. Dated
the 13ᵗʰ April 1752
Tuesday the 14ᵗʰ Died James Prichard Gunners Mate
Since mustering the Ship Kent, We have discovered
the following, to Johnson & Michael Duck to be Deserters from
the Honᵇˡᵉ Companys Settlement of Bengal, though they enlisted
as Sea Men, & each of them received a Bounty of eight Rupees
from Captᵗ. Robson, as appears by a Receipt under their hands
dated the 4ᵗʰ Janʸ. 1751. It appears upon examining them that
they never told him, nor the present Captᵗ. that they did belong
to the Military, but said they were Mariners in the Country
Service.
Chaˢ. Hutchinson
David Hunter
John Clark

The Governor and Council met in consultation at the Castle on Thursday 16 April 1752. Governor Charles Hutchinson presided, with Captain David Hunter, Lieutenant Governor, and Lieutenant John Clark of the Council present. The Council read the previous consultation of 13 April 1752, then approved and signed it. James Prichard, gunner's mate, had died on Tuesday 14 April 1752. Since mustering the Kent, the Council had discovered Johnson and Michael Duck to be deserters from the Company's settlement of Bengal, though they had enlisted as seamen and each received a bounty of eight rupees from Captain Robson, as appeared by a receipt under their hands dated 4 January 1751. On examination it appeared they had never told him nor the present captain that they belonged to the military, but said they were mariners in the country service. The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson, David Hunter and John Clark.

Interpretations

The two men had deserted the Bengal garrison and shipped as seamen under a false account of themselves, taking a fresh bounty by concealing that they were soldiers already bound to the Company. The case shows the muster serving a wider purpose than the desertion check on the ship's own crew, the island catching military deserters from another of the Company's settlements as they passed through in disguise.

216

214

A Consultation held on Monday the 20 day of April 1752

at the Castle.

Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Govr

Capt David Hunter Lieut Govr

Lieut John Clarke of Council

The last Consultation was read, approved and signed dated

the 16 April 1752

Tuesday the 18 Sailed the Honble Company’s ships London, Kent and Arrund for

England.

Sunday the 19 was buried Henry Wakefield Soldier; who from several Circumstances

is supposed to be Poisoned

Bought of Capt Willm Sennell for the

use of the Honble Company’s Table the following Articles

Vizt

To 20 raisins at 20 units = £1 0s 0d

To 20 currants at 20 units = £1 0s 0d

To 2 firkins butter at 2 firkins = £7 0s 0d

To 10 cheeses at 10 cheeses = £3 10s 6d

To 1 bottle anchovies at 1 bottle = £0 16s 6d

To 2 bottles capers at 2 bottles = £0 8s 0d

To 8 bottles flower mustard at 8 bottles = £0 16s 0d

Total = £14 11s 0d

The Executors of the late Francis Lange deced

this day presented his last Will and Testament desiring it might

be proved, which was accordingly done upon the Oaths of the

Witnesses thereto, the Will is as follows Vizt

The Governor and Council met in consultation at the Castle on 20 April 1752. Governor Charles Hutchinson presided, with Captain David Hunter, Lieutenant Governor, and Lieutenant John Clark of the Council present. The Council read the previous consultation of 16 April 1752, then approved and signed it. The Company's ships London, Kent and Anson had sailed for England on Tuesday 18 April 1752. Henry Wakefield, a soldier, had been buried on Sunday 19 April 1752, supposed from several circumstances to have been poisoned. The Council bought of Captain William Sennell the following articles for the use of the Company's table.
20 raisins, £1 0s 0d
20 currants, £1 0s 0d
2 firkins butter, £7 0s 0d
10 cheeses, £3 10s 6d
1 bottle anchovies, £0 16s 6d
2 bottles capers, £0 8s 0d
8 bottles flower mustard, £0 16s 0d
Total, £14 11s 0d

The executors of the late Francis Funge presented his last will and testament this day and asked that it be proved, which was done on the oaths of the witnesses.

Interpretations

The purchase of butter, cheese, capers, anchovies and mustard from a ship's captain shows the Company's table supplied with European delicacies that the island could not produce, bought from passing vessels to furnish the officers' mess. The soldier buried as a suspected poisoning stands out as a possible unnatural death in the garrison, the circumstances noted but the matter left without further record here.

217

215

In the Name of God Amen the thirty first
of March in the year of our Lord God one thousand seven hundred
& fifty four, I Francis Funge of the Island of St Helena being Sick
and Weak of Body but of sound Mind and Memory do make ordain
& order this my last Will & Testament that is to say, first and
Principally, I give and recommend my Soul into the hands of
Almighty God, my Body to the Earth to be Buried in a Christian
like manner, My Worldly Goods, I give devise and dispose of in
the following manner.
Imprimis
I Give to my beloved Wife the Third part of my Estate, Also one
Black Boy Named Frank to be at her disposal.
Item
I desire that my Dwelling House & Town Wall & the Tenement
thereon may be Sold to Benjn Seale at Valuation, by two Men
whom my Executors shall think proper to Choose. He the said Benjn
Seale paying to all my Children Namely, John, Ann the Wife of
Benjamin Seale, Susanna the Wife of John Worrall, Sarah, Mary
& Elizabeth, an Equal Share.
Item
I give to my two youngest Daughters Mary and Elizabeth to each
of them ten pounds more than an equal share.
Item
I Give to Sarah Daughter of John Worrall one Heifer Calf to
be delivered soon after my Decease.
Lastly
I Nominate and Appoint Messrs John Worrall, Benjamin Seale,
and Samuel Alexander Executors to this my Will. Revoking all
Will or Wills by me heretofore made, Ratifying and Confirming
this and no other to be my last Will and Testament.
Signed Sealed and Declared to be
the last Will & Testament of him
the said Francis Funge in the
Presence of Us,
(Signed) John Fowles
Christopher Gurling
Sam Alexander
(Signed) Fran Funge

The will of Francis Funge followed, dated 31 March 1752. Funge of St Helena, being sick and weak of body but of sound mind, made his will. He commended his soul to God and directed that his body be buried in a Christian manner. He gave to his wife a third part of his estate and a Black boy named Frank, to be at her disposal. He desired that his dwelling house, town wall and the tenement thereon be sold to Benjamin Seale at valuation by two men whom his executors should choose, Seale paying to all his children an equal share, namely John, Ann the wife of Benjamin Seale, Susanna the wife of John Worrall, Sarah, Mary and Elizabeth. He gave to his two youngest daughters Mary and Elizabeth each £10 more than an equal share. He gave to Sarah, daughter of John Worrall, a heifer calf to be delivered soon after his death. He named John Worrall, Benjamin Seale and Samuel Alexander executors, revoking all former wills. The will was witnessed by John Fowles, Christopher Gurling and Samuel Alexander, and signed by Francis Funge.

Interpretations

Funge disposed of a slave boy, Frank, as an outright gift to his widow to be at her disposal, the same absolute power over a human being that the island's law gave over any chattel. The direction that his house be sold to a named son-in-law at valuation, with the price divided among all the children, was a device to keep the property in the family while giving each heir an equal share of its worth in money.

Speculations

The will bears the year 1754 in the source, which cannot stand where the death and probate fall in April 1752, so the year was corrected to 1752 to match the record. The testator is named Funge here and Lange where the executors presented the will, a clerk's variant of the surname of the superannuated armourer whose death the record noted earlier in the month.

218

216

The Executors likewise presented an Inventory of the Decedants Estate Apprized by Martin Harper & John Deportvain who being sworn that they Valued the same to the best of their Judgment, it was Ordered to be Entered in the Book for that purpose

Wm Joshua Worrall Presents the following Petition Vizt

To the Worshipfull Cha's Hutchinson Esq Govr &ca Council of St Helena.
The humble Petition of Joshua Worrall

Sheweth

That your Petitioner desires leave to dispose of about 43 Acres of Leaschold Land & 8 acres of Ground in James Valley. That your Worship & Council will be pleased to Accept of Mr Wm Seale Tenant for the same,
And your Petitioner as in Duty bound will ever pray
(sign'd) Joshua Worrall

26th April 1752

Granted

Wm Benj'n Seale Presented the following Petition Vizt

To the Worshipfull Cha's Hutchinson Esq Govr &ca Council of St Helena
The humble Petition of Benj'n Seale

Sheweth

That your Petitioner begs your Worship & Council will be pleased to grant him leave to dispose of 16 1/2 Acres of Leasehold Land to Mr Joshua Worrall

And your Petitioner will ever pray
(sign'd) Benj'n Seale

20th April 1752

Granted

The executors also presented an inventory of the estate, appraised by Martin Harper and John Desfountain, who were sworn that they had valued it to the best of their judgment. The Council ordered it entered in the book kept for that purpose. Joshua Worrall presented a petition addressed to the Governor and Council. He asked leave to dispose of about 43 acres of leasehold land and 8 acres of ground in James Valley, and that the Council accept William Seale as tenant for the same. The Council granted the request, dated 26 April 1752. Benjamin Seale then presented a petition addressed to the Governor and Council. He asked leave to dispose of 16½ acres of leasehold land to Joshua Worrall. The Council granted the request, dated 20 April 1752.

Interpretations

The two petitions record a mutual exchange of leasehold land between Worrall and Seale, each surrendering acreage to the other with the Council's leave, so a rearrangement of holdings passed through the board in a single sitting. Every such transfer required the Council's consent because the freehold rested with the Company and the tenants held only a right of occupation that could not be assigned at will.

219

217

1752

Ordered the following Advertizement to be Published

Viz.t

Whereas the Planters that Sold any Cattle to the Compa.y

were some time ago Ordered to send a Signed Acc.t of their Weight to the

Secretary, & Whereas several of them have Neglected to make a

Return accordingly, This is therefore to give Notice, That those Persons

who, for the future shall fail to transmit or give such an Account as

is above required, within three days after his or their respective Cattle

are Sold, shall forfeit & pay 40 Shillings for every such Omission.

The Storekeeper brought in his Collections & the Paymaster

his Accounts for the Quarter Ending the 31 March last, which were

Examined & Approved, and are as followeth Viz.t

Collection of Goods Sold and Delivered out of the

Hon.ble Company's Stores from the 1 Jan.y to 31 March 1752 Viz.t

Sold to the Company's Servants at 10 p.r Cent

Arrack 426 3/4 Gallons

106 13 9

Brandy 239 1/2 Gallons

59 17 6

Sugar & Candy Viz.t

3215 Sugar

86 17 8

2013 Candy

33 12 8

120 10 4

Bread & Flour Viz.t

406 Bread

2 19 2 1/2

1237 Flour

9 . 4 1/2

164 1..2 D.o baked

143 15 8

155 15 3

Soap 149

6 16 7

£ 449 13 5

The council ordered the following notice to be published. Planters who had sold any cattle for slaughter were earlier directed to send the secretary a signed account of the weight. Several had failed to make such a return. The notice gave warning that anyone who in future neglected to transmit or provide the required account within three days of the sale of their cattle would forfeit and pay 40s for every such omission.

The storekeeper brought in the collections, and the paymaster his accounts, for the quarter ending 31 March last. The council examined and approved both. The record set out the goods sold from and delivered out of the Honourable Company's stores between 1 January and 31 March 1732.

Sold to the Company's servants at 10 per cent:

Arrack, 426¾ gallons, £106 13s 9d

Brandy, 239½ gallons, £59 17s 6d

Sugar and candy:

3,215 lb sugar, £86 17s 8d

2,012 lb candy, £33 12s 8d

Sub-total sugar and candy, £120 10s 4d

Bread and flour:

406 lb bread, £2 19s 2½d

1,237 lb flour, £9 0s 4½d

No. 1 and 2 twice-baked, 1,431 lb, £143 15s 8d

Sub-total bread and flour, £155 15s 3d

Soap, 149 lb, £6 16s 7d

Carried over, £449 13s 6d

Interpretations

The forfeit for failing to report cattle weights served the Company's control over the island's meat supply. The council needed reliable figures on the quantity of beef slaughtered, since fresh provisions for the garrison, the townspeople and passing shipping depended on a small and closely watched stock of cattle. A signed weight return let the administration track how much of the island's herd was being consumed and by whom, and the 40s penalty gave planters a strong reason to comply.

The goods listed were sold to Company servants at a fixed 10 per cent markup over cost. This was a controlled staff-supply arrangement rather than an open market, giving employees access to imported goods at a small standard margin. Arrack was a spirit distilled in Asia, chiefly from palm sap, molasses or rice, and reached St Helena on Company ships returning from India and the East. Candy here meant sugar candy, refined sugar crystallised into hard lumps, a more processed and costly form than the raw sugar listed beside it. The twice-baked item was ship's biscuit, bread baked hard and dry so it would keep for long voyages, which explains its bulk on an account tied to a port of call supplying outbound vessels.

Speculations

The account distinguished raw sugar from sugar candy as separate priced lines rather than folding both into a single sugar total, and this choice shows how the store treated the two as distinct commodities of different value. The candy carried a markedly higher price per pound than the raw sugar, so combining them would have obscured what each was worth and how much of each remained in stock. Keeping them apart let the paymaster and council track the more valuable refined form separately, which mattered where every quarter's figures were examined line by line against the stores.

220

218

1752

Ordered the following Advertizement to be Published

Viz.t

Whereas the Planters that Sold any Cattle to the Compa.y

were some time ago Ordered to send a Signed Acc.t of their Weight to the

Secretary, & Whereas several of them have Neglected to make a

Return accordingly, This is therefore to give Notice, That those Persons

who, for the future shall fail to transmit or give such an Account as

is above required, within three days after his or their respective Cattle

are Sold, shall forfeit & pay 40 Shillings for every such Omission.

The Storekeeper brought in his Collections & the Paymaster

his Accounts for the Quarter Ending the 31 March last, which were

Examined & Approved, and are as followeth Viz.t

Collection of Goods Sold and Delivered out of the

Hon.ble Company's Stores from the 1 Jan.y to 31 March 1752 Viz.t

Sold to the Company's Servants at 10 p.r Cent

Arrack 426 3/4 Gallons

106 13 9

Brandy 239 1/2 Gallons

59 17 6

Sugar & Candy Viz.t

3215 Sugar

86 17 8

2013 Candy

33 12 8

120 10 4

Bread & Flour Viz.t

406 Bread

2 19 2 1/2

1237 Flour

9 . 4 1/2

164 1..2 D.o baked

143 15 8

155 15 3

Soap 149

6 16 7

£ 449 13 5

Brought over, £449 13s 5d

Tea:

91 lb congou, £7 4s 1d

43 lb singlo, £2 17s 4d

198 lb bohea, £9 18s 0d

Sub-total tea, £19 19s 5d

Oil:

15½ gallons train oil, £2 6s 9d

3 gallons linseed oil, £0 18s 4d

1 bottle Florence oil, £0 2s 10d

Sub-total oil, £3 6s 11d

Candles, 487 lb, £21 10s 6d

Beef, pork:

714 lb beef at 2s, £16 18s 0d

7 lb suet at 3s 4d, £1 1s 3½d

935 lb pork at 2s, £93 10s 0d

70 lb ditto at 2s 6d, £7 11s 8d

Sub-total beef and pork, £119 0s 10½d

Thread:

12 lb whited brown, £1 1s 0d

16 lb coloured, £2 18s 8d

4 oz nuns, £0 12s 4d

Sub-total thread, £7 12s 0d

Pepper, £0 2s 3d

Rice, 33 lb 3 oz at 4d, £0 3s 6d

Shallar, 22 lb, £0 10s 0d

Hosiery:

85 pairs thread stockings, £11 13s 9d

3 pairs boys', £0 6s 10½d

Sub-total hosiery, £12 0s 7½d

Shalloon, 3 yards, £0 6s 9d

Leather:

54 lb leather, £5 5s 9d

7 calf skins, £2 16s 7d

Sub-total leather, £8 2s 4d

Carried over, £706 18s 5d

Interpretations

The tea line separated three grades by name, and the price gaps between them mark real differences in the trade. Bohea was the cheapest and coarsest black tea, made from older leaves and imported in bulk, while congou was a better-quality black tea that fetched a higher rate per pound. Singlo was a green tea. Their appearance in a St Helena store account reflects the Company's China trade, since these teas came from Canton and passed through the island on the homeward run.

Several of the goods were specialist supplies serving the island's mixed needs. Train oil was oil rendered from whale or fish blubber, used for lamps and for dressing leather, whereas the single bottle of Florence oil was fine olive oil from Italy, a table luxury by contrast. Whited brown thread was unbleached linen thread partly whitened for sewing, and nuns' thread was a fine white cotton or linen thread of high quality, sold here by the ounce rather than the pound because so little was needed. Shalloon was a light woollen lining fabric used in coats, and the shallar and hosiery lines show the store carried both cloth and finished garments alongside its provisions.

Speculations

The pork was priced at two different rates on the same account, the bulk 935 lb sold at 2s the pound and a further 70 lb at 2s 6d, and the split points to a deliberate grading of the same commodity rather than a single flat price. The store could have cleared all its pork at one rate, but instead set the smaller parcel higher, probably reflecting a better cut, a fresher salting or a superior grade that could command more from buyers. Holding the two apart let the paymaster record what each portion actually earned, which mattered on an account examined figure by figure against the Company's stock.

221

219

1752

Brought over

706 18 5

Nails 101 1/4 lb Sorted

2 2 9

Ironmongers Wares Viz.t

18 p.r Dovetail Hinges

6 1/2

6 Padlocks

13 9

5 Helves

2

2 Hand Hatchets

2 10

4 Stock Locks

9 2

2 Scyth Stones

4

1 Chest Lock

3 3

2 p.r H. Hinges

4 4

1 p.r Bellows

4 3

1 Gridiron

3 1/2

1 Trowel

4 4

1 Ironbound Lock

6 4

1 Frying Pan

3 2

1 Mall

4 4

3 3 6

Tin Ware Viz.t

4 Lanthorns

10 5

1 Salamander

4

10 9

Cutlery Ware Viz.t

26 p.r Knee Buckles

10 10

25 p.r Shoe Garters

11 5 1/2

1 p.r Shoe Buckles

6 1/2

21 Ivory Horn Handles

2 2

24 Ivory Knives & Forks

3 3

10 Horn Combs

15 1/2

4 9 5 1/2

Cordage 196 1/4

2 17 3 1/2

Twine 32 Skains

1 1 4

Buckram 16 1/4 y.ds

1 1 8

£ 721 18 4

Brought over, £706 18s 5d

Nails, 101¼ lb assorted, £2 2s 9d

Ironmongery:

18 pairs dovetail hinges, £0 6s 1½d

6 padlocks, £0 13s 9d

5 files, £0 2s 0d

2 hand hatchets, £0 2s 10d

4 stock locks, £0 9s 2d

2 scythe stones, £0 0s 4d

1 chest lock, £0 3s 3d

2 pairs H hinges, £0 1s 1d

1 pair bellows, £0 4s 3d

1 gridiron, £0 3s 1½d

1 trowel, £0 1s 1d

1 iron rimmed lock, £0 6s 1d

1 frying pan, £0 3s 2d

1 mallet, £0 4s 1d

Sub-total ironmongery, £3 3s 6d

Tinware:

4 lanterns, £0 10s 5d

1 salamander, £0 0s 4d

Sub-total tinware, £0 10s 9d

Cutlery:

26 pairs knee buckles, £0 10s 10d

25 pairs leather garters, £0 11s 5½d

1 pair shoe buckles, £0 0s 6½d

21 dozen horn buttons, £0 2s 2d

24 ivory knives and forks, £3 3s 0d

10 horn combs, £0 1s 6½d

Sub-total cutlery, £4 9s 5½d

Cordage, 196½ lb, £2 17s 3½d

Twine, 32 skeins, £1 1s 4d

Buckram, 16½ yards, £1 4s 8d

Carried over, £721 18s 4d

Interpretations

The ironmongery line lists the small hardware a remote settlement could not make for itself and had to import ready-worked. Stock locks, chest locks and iron-rimmed locks secured stores, chests and doors across the garrison and town, while the hinges, bellows, gridiron, frying pan and mallet were the ordinary fittings and tools of household and workshop. A scythe stone was a whetstone for sharpening blades, and a salamander was an iron plate heated red-hot and held over food to brown it, so even the kitchen equipment had to come by sea.

The cutlery and haberdashery items point to the store supplying dress and personal goods as well as tools. Knee buckles fastened breeches at the knee and leather garters held up stockings, both standard in men's clothing of the period, while horn buttons and horn combs were cheap everyday articles turned from cattle horn. Buckram was a stiffened linen cloth used to shape and line garments, and its presence beside twine, cordage and thread shows the store stocked the makings of clothing and repair alongside finished wares.

222

220

20 April

Brought over

721 18 4

Hooks & Lines Viz.t

2825 Hooks N.o 3

1 17 8

300 D.o 7

5

225 D.o 10

8 1/2

1400 Blue Hooks

4 8

14 Doz.n Lines N.o 2

2 15 4

3 Doz.n D.o 3

12 9

1 Doz.n D.o 4

5 1

3 Hambro Lines

4 6

1 Jack D.o

1 10

6 13 10 1/2

Lead Viz.t

1/2 Pig

17 3

1 Sheet

2 1/2

19 3 1/2

Canvas Viz.t

8 y.d Sacking

9

6 1/2 y.d English

1 3 1/2

26 1/2 y.d Bontroys

18 2 1/2

1 14 6

Broad Cloth 5 1/2 y.ds

3 18 1/2

Long Cloth Viz.t

4 p.r N.o 1

5 15 6

3 p.r 2

14 14

2 p.r 4

7

3 p.r 5

8 10 3

2 p.r 6

4 13 6

2 p.r 7

3 11 6

44 19

Cura 2

8 6

£ 779 11 2 1/2

Brought over, £721 18s 2d

Hooks and lines:

2,825 hooks No. 3, £1 17s 8d

300 hooks No. 7, £0 0s 5d

225 hooks No. 10, £0 8s 1½d

1,400 blue hooks, £0 4s 8d

14 dozen lines No. 2, £2 15s 4d

2 dozen lines No. 3, £0 12s 9d

1 dozen lines No. 4, £0 5s 1d

3 hand lines, £0 4s 6d

1 jack line, £0 1s 0d

Sub-total hooks and lines, £6 13s 10½d

Lead:

½ cwt pig lead, £0 17s 3d

1 lb sheet lead, £0 2s 1½d

Sub-total lead, £0 19s 3½d

Canvas:

8 yards sacking, £0 0s 9d

6¾ yards English canvas, £0 1s 3½d

26½ yards Boultang canvas, £0 18s 2½d

Sub-total canvas, £1 14s 6d

Broadcloth, 3½ yards, £3 18s 7½d

Long cloth:

4 pieces No. 1, £5 15s 6d

3 pieces No. 2, £14 14s 0d

2 pieces No. 4, £7 0s 0d

3 pieces No. 5, £8 10s 3d

2 pieces No. 6, £4 13s 6d

2 pieces No. 7, £3 11s 6d

Sub-total long cloth, £44 4s 9d

Cards, 2, £0 8s 6d

Carried over, £779 17s 2½d

Interpretations

The hooks and lines dominate the page and show how central fishing was to the island's food supply. The store carried fish hooks in several graded sizes, from the small No. 3 bought by the thousand down to larger numbers and blue-tinned hooks, together with fishing lines sold by the dozen and heavier hand lines and jack lines for deeper work. Feeding the garrison, the townspeople and passing ships leaned heavily on the sea, so the Company kept a deep stock of tackle for residents and slaves to fish the coastal waters.

The cloth lines record the range of textiles a supply store had to hold. Long cloth was a plain cotton calico imported from India in numbered pieces of standard length and quality, the workhorse fabric for shirts, linings and everyday wear, which is why it ran to so many graded pieces and the account's largest cloth total. Broadcloth by contrast was a fine dense woollen cloth made in England, costly enough that three and a half yards nearly matched the whole long-cloth line in value. Boultang canvas and sacking were coarse hemp or flax cloths for bags, sails and rough covering, and the cards were wire-toothed boards for combing wool or cotton before spinning.

223

221

1752

Brought over

779 11 2 1/2

Shoes Viz.t

11 p.r Mens D.o 7

15 7 2

2 p.r Boys

7 6

3 p.r Pumps

1 2

18 p.r Womens Heels

4 2

3 Sk.s Flax

2 6

4 Sk.s Scotch Yarn

3 4

17 7 2

Pewter Viz.t

1 Bason

3 4

1 Half Gallon Pott

5 8

1 Close Stool Pan

5 3

14 1

Kersey 15 yards

1 2 6

Flannel 5 1/2 yards

8 8 1/2

Shirts Viz.t

2 fine Shirts

1 4

13 p.r Cotton Stockings

1 6

2 10

Haberdashery Wares Viz.t

7 Doz.n M.Coat Buttons

4 8

1 Doz.n Breast D.o

4

30 y.d W Metal Coat D.o

1 8

1 Hundred Needles

1 1/2

17 Sk.s Mohair

6 4 1/2

3 Ol.o Silk

1 4 1/2

15 1/2

Paint Viz.t

30 lb Indico

1 18 1/2

3 Barrels Blacking

18

31 1/2 Olive Colour

2 17 3 1/2

24 Spanish Brice

2 2

Paint Carried over

6 19 5

£ 862 14 8 1/2

Brought over, £779 17s 2½d

Shoes:

71 pairs men's, £15 7s 2d

2 pairs boys', £0 7s 6d

3 pairs pumps, £1 2s 0d

18 pairs women's heels, £0 4s 2d

3 lb flax, £0 2s 6d

4 lb Scotch yarn, £0 3s 4d

Sub-total shoes, £17 7s 2d

Pewter:

1 basin, £0 3s 4d

1 half-gallon pot, £0 5s 8d

1 close-stool pan, £0 5s 3d

Sub-total pewter, £0 14s 1d

Kersey, 15 yards, £1 2s 6d

Flannel, 5½ yards, £0 8s 4½d

Shirts:

2 fine shirts, £1 4s 0d

15 pairs cotton stockings, £1 6s 0d

Sub-total shirts, £2 10s 0d

Haberdashery:

7 dozen metal buttons, £0 4s 8d

1 dozen ditto, £0 0s 4d

34 dozen white metal coat buttons, £0 1s 8d

1 hundred needles, £0 0s 1½d

17 skeins mohair, £0 6s 4½d

3 ounces silk, £0 1s 4½d

Sub-total haberdashery, £0 15s 1½d

Paint:

20 lb indigo, £1 18s 0½d

3 barrels blacking, £0 1s 8d

31½ lb olive colour, £2 17s 3½d

2 lb Spanish brown, £0 2s 2d

Paint carried over, £6 19s 6d

Carried over, £862 14s 8½d

Interpretations

The shoe line and the flax and Scotch yarn beside it show the store supplying both finished footwear and the materials to mend it. Pumps were light low-heeled shoes for indoor or formal wear, while the women's heels sold separately were replacement parts for repair rather than whole shoes. Flax and yarn served the cobbler and the needlewoman, so the store stocked the means of keeping clothing and footwear in service on an island where nothing could be quickly replaced from home.

Several lines record specialist goods a modern reader would not recognise. A close-stool pan was the pewter pan set inside a boxed indoor privy, a normal fixture of a well-found household before plumbing. Kersey was a coarse ribbed woollen cloth for hard-wearing clothes, and mohair here meant a twisted thread or braid used for buttonholes and trimming rather than the fibre itself. The paint line held pigments and dyestuffs sold by weight, indigo for a deep blue, Spanish brown an earthy red-brown iron pigment, and olive colour a prepared green-brown, all imported ready for mixing since the island produced no such materials.

224

222

20 April

Brought over

862 14 8 1/2

Paint Brought over

6 19 5

28 Whiting

5 1/2

3 1/2 Blue Smalt

5 11 1/2

3 1/2 Vent.n Red

8 1/2

1 Umber

4 1/2

1/2 Verdigrease

2 1

3 White Lead

10 1/2

2 Yellow Oaker

5

1/2 Red Lead

1

7 10 10 1/2

Pitch Viz.t

1 c Rosin

6

36 Tar

2 3

18 Turpentine

1 6

4 3

Deals Viz.t

3 Single Deals

6 4 1/2

2 Double D.o

6 9

1 Oak Plank

1 10 2 1/2

2 3 7

Glass Ware Viz.t

18 Wine Glasses

8 7 1/2

1 lb Nutmeg

3 1

11 8 1/2

China Ware Viz.t

3 Tea Potts

1 1 1/2

17 Bowls

13 10

6 Sall.d Dishes

3

5 Sneakers

1 3

1 1 2 1/2

Turners Ware Viz.t

6 Shoe Brushes

3 10 1/2

3 Paint D.o

1 10 1/2

5 9

£ 814 12 1

Brought over, £862 14s 8½d

Paint brought over, £6 19s 5d

28 lb whiting, £0 0s 3½d

3½ lb blue smalt, £0 5s 11½d

3½ lb Venetian red, £0 0s 8½d

1 lb umber, £0 1s 1½d

½ lb verdigris, £0 2s 1d

3 lb white lead, £0 0s 10½d

2 lb yellow ochre, £0 0s 5d

½ lb red lead, £0 0s 1d

Sub-total paint, £7 10s 10½d

Pitch:

1 lb rosin, £0 0s 6d

36 lb tar, £0 2s 3d

18 lb turpentine, £0 1s 6d

Sub-total pitch, £0 4s 3d

Deals:

3 single deals, £0 6s 7½d

2 double deals, £0 6s 9d

1 oak plank, £1 10s 2½d

Sub-total deals, £2 3s 7d

Glassware:

18 wine glasses, £0 8s 7½d

1 lb walnuts, £0 3s 1d

Sub-total glassware, £0 11s 8½d

Chinaware:

3 teapots, £0 1s 1½d

17 bowls, £0 13s 10d

6 salt dishes, £0 3s 0d

5 breakers, £0 1s 3d

Sub-total chinaware, £1 1s 2½d

Turnery:

6 horse brushes, £0 3s 10½d

3 paint brushes, £0 1s 10½d

Sub-total turnery, £0 5s 9d

Carried over, £874 12s 1d

Interpretations

The paint line completes a long inventory of pigments and shows how much of a painter's palette had to be shipped in ready-prepared. Blue smalt was a ground blue glass coloured with cobalt, verdigris a green made from corroded copper, and umber, ochre and the lead and iron pigments the browns, yellows, whites and reds used for both decorative work and protective coating. White lead and red lead doubled as the base of durable paints for timber and ironwork exposed to salt air, so the store held them alongside the finer colours.

The building and ships' materials on the page point to the constant work of maintenance in a sea climate. Deals were sawn softwood planks and the oak plank a heavier structural board, all imported since the island grew no useful building timber. Pitch, tar, rosin and turpentine were the naval stores used to caulk seams, coat rope and preserve wood against rot and water, essential to keeping boats and buildings sound. The breakers among the chinaware were small kegs for carrying water or liquor rather than pottery, a reminder that the clerk's grouping followed the invoice rather than the material.

225

223

1752

Brought over

814 12 1

Corks Viz.t

2 Gross Corks

5 1

1 Corkwood

7

5 8

Vinegar 4 1/2 Gallons

9 9

Pease 1 Bushel

7

Bunting 6 y.d

5

Sailors Cloths Viz.t

2 Boys Jackets & Breeches

17 11

8 Checked Shirts

1 13 4

2 11 3

Desotees Viz.t

3 p.r Single

1 15 3

1 p.r Double

1 2

2 15 3

Starch

1 4 1/2

Camblet 11 1/2 Yards

1 14 6

Blankets 1

7 8 1/2

Braziers Wares Viz.t

1 Tea Kettle

15 2

1 p.r Steel Snuffers

3 1

18 3

Iron Pots 1 one Gallon

2 9

824 7 7

Sold to the Planters at 25 p.r Cent

Shoes Viz.t

7 p.r Womens Callimanco

2 3 9

2 p.r Mens fine

16 6

16 p.r D.o D.o 7

3 18 8

6 17 11

£ 6 17 11

Brought over, £874 12s 1d

Corks:

2 gross corks, £0 5s 1d

1 lb corkwood, £0 0s 7d

Sub-total corks, £0 5s 8d

Vinegar, 4½ gallons, £0 9s 9d

Pease, 1 bushel, £0 7s 0d

Bunting, 6 yards, £0 0s 5d

Sailors' clothes:

2 boys' jackets and breeches, £0 17s 11d

8 checked shirts, £1 13s 4d

Sub-total sailors' clothes, £2 11s 3d

Desotees:

3 pieces single, £1 15s 3d

1 piece double, £0 1s 2d

Sub-total desotees, £2 18s 3d

Starch, £0 1s 4½d

Camlet, 11½ yards, £1 11s 6d

Blankets, 1, £0 7s 8½d

Braziery:

1 tea kettle, £0 15s 2d

1 pair steel snuffers, £0 3s 1d

Sub-total braziery, £0 18s 3d

Iron pots, 1 of one gallon, £0 2s 9d

Total, £824 7s 7d

Sold to the planters at 25 per cent:

Shoes:

7 pairs women's calamanco, £2 3s 9d

2 pairs men's fine, £0 15s 6d

16 pairs ditto ordinary, £3 18s 8d

Sub-total shoes, £6 17s 11d

Carried over, £6 17s 11d

Interpretations

The account divides here between two customer classes charged at different rates, the Company's servants supplied at the 10 per cent recorded earlier and the free planters at 25 per cent. The wider margin on sales to planters shows the Company treated its own staff as a group to be supplied near cost while pricing the independent settlers higher, a deliberate step in the terms of trade between the administration and the island's landholders. Reopening the schedule under a fresh heading marks the same goods sold on different terms to a different market.

Several textile and household lines record goods now unfamiliar. Camlet was a fine closely-woven cloth of wool or mixed fibres used for cloaks and gowns, and calamanco a glazed woollen stuff with a checked or striped face, here made up into women's shoes. Bunting was the loosely-woven wool from which signal flags and ensigns were sewn, a natural stock for a station that had to dress its own flagstaff and answer passing ships. The steel snuffers were the scissored tool for trimming candle wicks, and the corkwood a rough cork for stoppers to match the finished corks sold beside it.

226

224

20 April

Brought over

6 17 11

Challoon 8 y.d

4 12

Shalloon 8 y.d

1 8

Kersey 16 y.d

1 6 8

Flannel 4 y.d

1 9 1/2

Buckram 4 y.d

4

Hosiery Ware 4 p.r Boys Stockings

10 4

Desotees 2 p.r Single

1 5 6

Long Cloth Viz.t

3 p.r N.o 1

11 17

1 p.r 5

3 4 6

15 1 6

Sold at 40 p.r Cent

Arrack 130 3/4 Gallons

45 4 6

Brandy 367 Gall.s

110 2

Sugar & Candy Viz.t

1039 Sugar

21 12 4

789 Candy

16 17 1

38 11

Bread & Flour Viz.t

6 Bread

1 3

566 Flour

5 17 8 1/2

5 18 11 1/2

Tea Viz.t

46 Single

3 16 8

89 Bohea

5 18 3

69 Congo

6 18

16 13 4

Soap 23

1 6 10

Oil Viz.t

9 Gall.s Linseed

3 6

14 D.o Sallad

18 2 1/2

1 1 8 1/2

Candles 60

6 12 3

Cordage 36 1/2

13 6

£ 257 3 5 1/2

Brought over, £6 17s 11d

Shilling, 8 pairs, £4 12s 0d

Shalloon, 8 yards, £1 0s 8d

Kersey, 16 yards, £1 6s 8d

Flannel, 4 yards, £0 1s 9½d

Buckram, 4 yards, £0 0s 4d

Hosiery, 4 pairs boys' stockings, £0 10s 4d

Desotees, 2 pieces single, £1 5s 6d

Long cloth:

3 pieces No. 1, £11 17s 0d

1 piece No. 5, £3 4s 6d

Sub-total long cloth, £15 1s 6d

Sold at 40 per cent:

Arrack, 150¼ gallons, £45 4s 6d

Brandy, 367 gallons, £110 2s 0d

Sugar and candy:

1,059 lb sugar, £21 12s 4d

809 lb candy, £16 17s 1d

Sub-total sugar and candy, £38 11s 0d

Bread and flour:

6 lb bread, £0 1s 3d

566 lb flour, £5 17s 8½d

Sub-total bread and flour, £5 18s 11½d

Tea:

46 lb singlo, £3 16s 8d

78 lb bohea, £5 18s 8d

69 lb congou, £6 18s 0d

Sub-total tea, £16 13s 4d

Soap, 23 lb, £1 6s 10d

Oil:

9 gallons linseed oil, £0 3s 6d

½ gallon train oil, £0 18s 2¾d

Sub-total oil, £1 1s 8¾d

Candles, 60 lb, £6 12s 3d

Cordage, 36½ lb, £0 13s 6d

Carried over, £257 3s 5½d

Interpretations

This block opens a third pricing tier, goods sold at 40 per cent above cost, set beside the 10 per cent charged to Company servants and the 25 per cent charged to planters on the preceding pages. The steep markup fell on the same staple imports of spirits, tea, sugar and provisions, and the graded structure shows the administration extracting the widest margin from this class of buyer while supplying its own establishment near cost. The large quantities of arrack and brandy moving at the top rate confirm that liquor was among the most profitable lines the store handled.

The account groups fishing tackle, cloth and provisions by invoice heading rather than by use, which explains some odd neighbours in the list. Singlo, bohea and congou were the three grades of China tea already seen at the other rates, here sold on again at the highest margin. The desotees recurring across the tiers were a lightweight imported cotton cloth sold in single and double pieces, and the shilling entry was a coarse woollen cloth, both plain textiles the store moved in modest lengths to each class of customer.

227

225

1752

Brought over

257 3 5 1/2

Thread Viz.t

2 White & Brown

7 2

2 Coloured

9 4

1 6 6

Nails 15 lb Sorted

1 7 9

Haberdashery Ware Viz.t

1 1/2 Doz.n M.Coat Buttons

3 9

6 Doz.n Shirt D.o

1 1 1/2

3 Sk.s Mohair

1 6

100 Needles

9 1/2

7 2

Hooks & Lines Viz.t

1650 Hooks N.o 3

1 7 6

50 D.o 7

1

175 D.o 9

8 5 1/2

200 Blue Hooks

10

1 Doz.n Lines N.o 2

1 12 8

1/2 Doz.n D.o 3

2 9

1 Doz.n D.o 4

6 1

3 19 9 1/2

Rice & Paddy Viz.t

6 q.rs 14 Rice

4 1

4 Paddy

1 2 8

5 3 8

Pork 2 p.r

5 6

Twine 3 Sk.s

2 6

Paint Viz.t

16 Indico

1 3 4

4 Vent.n Red

1 2

1 Red Lead

4

8 Yellow Oaker

2 4

1 Bar Blacking

8 1/2

1 7 10 1/2

£ 271 4 2 1/2

Brought over, £257 3s 5½d

Thread:

2 lb whited brown, £0 7s 2d

2 lb coloured, £0 9s 4d

Sub-total thread, £1 6s 6d

Nails, 15¾ lb assorted, £1 7s 9d

Haberdashery:

5½ dozen metal buttons, £0 3s 9d

6 dozen shirt ditto, £0 1s 1½d

3 skeins mohair, £0 1s 6d

100 needles, £0 0s 9½d

Sub-total haberdashery, £0 7s 2d

Hooks and lines:

1,650 hooks No. 3, £1 7s 6d

50 hooks No. 7, £0 1s 0d

175 hooks No. 9, £0 8s 5½d

200 blue hooks, £0 1s 0d

1 dozen lines No. 2, £1 12s 8d

½ dozen lines No. 3, £0 2s 9d

1 dozen lines No. 4, £0 6s 1d

Sub-total hooks and lines, £3 19s 9½d

Rice and paddy:

50 lb white rice, £4 1s 0d

50 lb paddy, £1 2s 8d

Sub-total rice and paddy, £5 3s 8d

Pork, 2 lb, £0 5s 0d

Twine, 3 skeins, £0 2s 6d

Paint:

1 lb indigo, £1 3s 4d

½ lb Venetian red, £0 1s 2d

1 lb red lead, £0 0s 4d

8 lb yellow ochre, £0 2s 4d

1 barrel blacking, £0 0s 8½d

Sub-total paint, £1 7s 10½d

Carried over, £271 4s 2½d

Interpretations

The rice and paddy line records two forms of the same grain sold side by side, milled white rice ready to cook and paddy still in the husk. The husked rice cost nearly four times as much per pound as the paddy, since it had been cleaned and was fit for immediate use, whereas the paddy would need pounding to free the grain. Both came from the Company's Eastern trade, and stocking the cheaper unhusked form as well let poorer buyers or those willing to do the work take rice at a lower price.

The recurring tackle and haberdashery lines confirm the store's two steady staples, fishing gear and the small materials of clothing repair. Mohair here was the twisted thread used for buttonholes and trimming, sold by the skein alongside metal buttons and needles for making and mending garments. The blue hooks among the graded fish hooks were tinned to resist rust in salt water, a small refinement that mattered where every hook had to be shipped from England and made to last.

228

226

20 April

Brought over

271 4 2 1/2

Lead Viz.t

3 1/2 Sheet

1 3

19 1/2 Pig

4 6

5 9

Blankets 3

1 6 1

Corks 4 Gross

12 10

Ironmongers Ware Viz.t

1 Cupb.d Lock

3 6

1 Frying Pan

2 4

1 Ironbound Lock

5 0

1 Chest Lock

4 1

3 Hand Hatchets

5 4 1/2

1 1 7 1/2

Cutlery Ware Viz.t

4 p.r Lea.r Garters & Buckles

1 1 1/2

3 Doz.n Horn Handles

6

1 6 1/2

Pewter 1 Bason

4 2

Salt 1/2 Bush.l

1 3

Deals Viz.t

15 Single

2 2 6

1 Walnut Board

6 10

2 9 4

Pitch Viz.t

1 Rosin

1 1/2

16 Turpentine

2

20 Pitch

1 7

1 Gall.n Tar

1

7 8 1/2

Turners Ware 3 Shoe Brushes

10 3

Tin Ware 6 Lanthorns

1

Braziers Ware 1 p.r Steel Snuffers

3 11

Starch 2

1 4

Canvas 1 1/2 y.d Osenbrigs

1 3 1/2

China Ware 6 Bowls

6 7

£ 279 10 2 1/2

Brought over, £271 4s 2½d

Lead:

5½ lb sheet lead, £0 1s 3d

19½ lb pig lead, £0 4s 6d

Sub-total lead, £0 5s 9d

Blankets, 3, £1 6s 1d

Corks, 4 gross, £0 12s 10d

Ironmongery:

1 stock lock, £0 3s 6d

1 frying pan, £0 2s 4d

1 iron rimmed lock, £0 5s 0d

1 chest lock, £0 4s 1d

3 hand hatchets, £0 5s 4½d

Sub-total ironmongery, £1 1s 7½d

Cutlery:

4 pairs leather garters and buckles, £0 1s 1½d

3 dozen horn moulds, £0 0s 5d

Sub-total cutlery, £0 1s 6½d

Pewter, 1 basin, £0 4s 2d

Salt, ½ bushel, £0 1s 3d

Deals:

15 single deals, £2 2s 6d

1 walnut board, £0 6s 10d

Sub-total deals, £2 9s 4d

Pitch:

1 lb rosin, £0 0s 1½d

11 lb turpentine, £0 2s 0d

20 lb pitch, £0 1s 7d

1 gallon tar, £0 1s 0d

Sub-total pitch, £0 7s 8½d

Turnery, 3 blacking, £0 12s 3d

Tinware, 6 lanterns, £0 1s 0d

Braziery, 1 pair steel snuffers, £0 3s 11d

Starch, 2, £0 1s 4d

Canvas, 1½ yards Osnaburg, £0 1s 3½d

Chinaware, 6 bowls, £0 6s 7d

Total, £279 10s 2½d

Interpretations

The deals line pairs plain softwood planks with a single walnut board, and the contrast marks two very different uses. The single deals were cheap imported building softwood bought in quantity for rough construction and repair, while the walnut board was a fine hardwood for cabinet or furniture work, costing far more per piece. That the store held both shows it supplied the joiner's finer trade as well as the everyday timber needs of an island with no useful native wood.

The horn moulds among the cutlery were button blanks turned from cattle horn, sold by the dozen to be covered in cloth or thread for homemade buttons, which pairs them with the mohair and metal buttons elsewhere in the account. Osnaburg was a coarse unbleached linen from Germany used for sacking, working clothes and slaves' garments, one of the plainest cloths the store carried. The naval stores of pitch, tar, turpentine and rosin recur again, the standing supply for caulking and preserving the boats and buildings that a sea station could never let fall into decay.

229

227

1752

Sold to the Company's Ships

Pitch & Tarr Viz.t

6 Bar.l Pitch

14 12

6 D.o Tar

7 10

53 Turpentine

7 3

22 9 3

Swine 29

2 8 4

Cordage 4 w.t 2 2 0

84 18

Deals Viz.t

7 1/2 p.r Baltic Planks

13 9

14 Single D.o Deals

1 19 8

2 13 5

Nails 13 lb Sorted

3 8 6

Flour 8..1..9

9 14 1/2

Paint Viz.t

6 Buntings

1 2 4

33 Yell.o Oaker

9 1/2

16 Bar.l Blacking

1 8 4

5 Smalt

4 8

14 Red Lead

4 8

1/2 Verdigrease

4 4

3 13 11 1/2

Oil 42 G.o Linseed

9 6

Canvas Viz.t

1 Bolt 50 y.d Bontroys

4 12 2

10 D.o English Canvas

26 17 10

31 10

Pease 1 Bushel

9

Iron Ware 4 Padlocks

11 8

Tin Ware 70 Lanthorn Leaves

16 4 1/2

£ 173 8 6 1/2

Sold to Foreign Ships

Broad Cloth 2 5/8 y.d Scarlet

3 2 7

Hosiery Ware 6 p.r Threed Woollen Stockings

1 16

£ 4 18 7

Sold to the Company's ships:

Pitch and tar:

6 barrels pitch, £14 12s 0d

6 barrels tar, £7 10s 0d

5 lb turpentine, £0 7s 3d

Sub-total pitch and tar, £22 9s 3d

Twine, 29 lb, £2 8s 4d

Cordage, 2 cwt 2 qr, £8 4s 18d

Deals:

7 half-inch bake planks, £0 13s 9d

14 inch and half deals, £1 19s 8d

Sub-total deals, £2 13s 5d

Nails, 13¾ lb assorted, £3 8s 6d

Flour, 8 cwt 1 qr 9 lb, £9 14s 4½d

Paint:

6 lb bunting, £1 2s 4d

33 lb yellow ochre, £0 9s 7½d

1 barrel blacking, £1 8s 4d

5 lb smalt, £0 4s 8d

14 lb lead, £0 4s 8d

7 lb verdigris, £0 4s 4d

Sub-total paint, £3 13s 11½d

Oil, 12 gallons linseed, £0 9s 6d

Canvas:

1 bolt 50 yards Boultang, £4 12s 2d

26 yards English canvas, £26 17s 10d

Sub-total canvas, £31 10s 0d

Pease, 1 bushel, £0 7s 0d

Ironmongery, 4 padlocks, £0 16s 7½d

Tinware, 70 lantern leaves, £0 16s 4½d

Total, £173 8s 6½d

Sold to foreign ships:

Broadcloth, 2½ yards scarlet, £3 2s 7d

Broadcloth, ordinary, £1 16s 0d

Hosiery, 6 pairs thread and worsted stockings, £4 18s 7d

Carried over, £4 18s 7d

Interpretations

This part of the account records sales to the Company's own vessels and then to foreign ships, a separate class of buyer from the servants, planters and residents of the earlier pages. Ships putting in at St Helena took on the naval stores that dominate the list, pitch, tar, turpentine, cordage, canvas and deals, the materials for repairing hulls, rigging and spars before the long run home. Selling these outward to passing shipping was a principal reason the Company kept so deep a stock of such goods on a small island.

The canvas line shows how the store graded sailcloth by weight and price. Boultang canvas was a heavy coarse cloth sold by the bolt for sails and rough covers, while the English canvas beside it commanded a far higher rate per yard, being a finer or stronger make. Lantern leaves were the thin sheets of horn or translucent material fitted into ships' lanterns in place of glass, which would shatter at sea, so the store supplied them by the dozen to vessels needing to renew their lights.

Speculations

The store sold to foreign ships as well as to the Company's own, opening a distinct heading for them, and this reveals a choice to trade beyond the Company's establishment rather than reserve the stores for its own service. Supplies on a remote island were finite and might have been kept wholly for Company vessels and residents, yet the administration chose to sell scarce broadcloth and stockings to foreign shipping. The prices told the reason, the scarlet broadcloth alone fetching more than three pounds for two and a half yards, so serving foreign captains turned the island's monopoly position into cash from buyers with nowhere else to call.

230

228

20 April

Brought over

4 18 7

Nails 4 lb

2 4

Pease 1 Bushels

1 18

Oil 3 Gall.n Linseed

2

£ 8 18 11

Charges General for the following Stores Issued

from the 1 Jan.ry to the 31 March 1752 Viz.t

Candles Viz.t

130 for the Sentry

14 11 4

55 for the Guard

5 13 4

18 4 8

Paint Viz.t

7 3 Smalt

6 8

6 Indico for Linen

8 4

14 Whiting

2 1/2

10 White Lead

1 6

for Painting Seats in the Garden

16 8 1/2

Oil Viz.t

9 Gall.n Linseed

2 1

3 1/2 Grain for the Kitchen & Bake House

12 11

1 Bottle Florence for Cleaning Arms

2 7

17 7

Soap 30 for Linen

3 5

Canvas 10 y.d Osenbrigs to cover several Buckets

6 3

Nails Viz.t

2 3

1 2

4 Spike

1 1

3 20

10 1/2

4 10

2

for repairing the

Pett Cutters, the Pumps &c

in the Garden &c

9 6

1 6 1/2

5 20

1 7

7 Coopers Rivets for the Sugar Cases

4 4

£ 23 19 8 1/2

Brought over, £4 18s 7d Nails, 1 lb 6 oz, £0 2s 4d Pease, 4 bushels, £1 18s 0d Oil, 8 gallons linseed, £2 0s 0d Total, £8 18s 11d

Charges general for the following stores issued from 1 January to 31 March 1732:

Candles:

13 lb for the sentry, £14 11s 4d

80 lb for the garrison, £3 13s 4d

Sub-total candles, £18 4s 8d

Paint:

7 lb smalt, £0 6s 8d

7 lb indigo, £0 8s 4d

11 lb whiting, £0 2s 5½d

6 lb white lead, £0 1s 6d

Sub-total paint, for painting the sentry boxes in the garden, £16 8s 5½d

Oil:

8 gallons linseed, £2 1s 0d

36 gallons train for the kitchen and bakehouse, £0 12s 11d

1 bottle Florence for cleaning arms, £0 2s 7d

Sub-total oil, £17 7s 7d

Soap, 80 lb for the linen, £3 5s 0d

Canvas, 8¾ yards Boultang to cover several buckets, £0 6s 3d

Nails:

2 lb of 3d, £0 1s 2d

4 lb spikes, £0 1s 1d

3 lb of 20d, £0 10s 4½d

4 lb of 10d, £0 2s 0d

7 lb of 8d, for repairing the pales, the pump lead and the garden gate, £0 1s 1d

5 lb of 6d, £0 1s 6½d

3 lb of 20d, £0 1s 7d

Sub-total nails, £0 4s 4d

Carried over, £23 19s 8½d

Interpretations

This section shifted from goods sold for revenue to stores charged to general use, meaning issued from stock for the Company's own upkeep rather than sold to any buyer. Candles, paint, oil, soap and nails here served the garrison and its buildings, with the clerk noting the specific purpose against several lines, painting the sentry boxes, cleaning arms, washing linen and repairing the pales, pump lead and garden gate. Recording the destination of each issue let the paymaster account for stock consumed internally with the same rigour applied to items sold, since unexplained withdrawals from Company stores were as much a matter for scrutiny as any sale.

The graded nail sizes, given by pennyweight from 3d up to 20d, reflect the standard English sizing by the weight of a hundred nails, the larger numbers denoting longer and heavier nails suited to structural work. Their issue against garden gate and pump repairs shows routine maintenance running alongside the defensive upkeep of the sentry boxes, the ordinary domestic work of keeping the garrison's fixtures sound.

231

229

1752

Brought over

23 19 6 1/2

Pitch Viz.t

2 Gall.n Tar for Carts

1 4

20 Rosin for the Castle

7 1/2

1 1 1/2

Iron Ware Viz.t

9 Bolts

6 4

for the ammunition Waggon

1 Small Rudbands

2 7 1/2

1 Ironbound Lock for the Store

6 2 1/2

1 Shackle Line for the Carpenters use

4

15 11

Braziers Ware Viz.t

10 lb Brass

10

for the ammunition Waggon

1 lb Brass

1 1/2

11 1/2

Lines Viz.t

1 Jack Line

1 8

for the Castle

1 Hambro D.o

1 3

2 11

Turners Ware Viz.t

1 Nutmeg Brush for the Castle

2 2 1/2

2 Nut Brushes for Painting

1 1

3 3 1/2

Deals Viz.t

1 Double Deal

3 1/2

for repairing boats in the Garden

2 Single D.o

2

1 Oak Plank to repair the Post Carriage at

1 2 10

the Castle

1 7 10 1/2

China Ware Viz.t

3 p.r White Bowls

2 3 1/2

2 Blue & Wh.t D.o

4

for the Castle

2 Soup Dishes

1 3

1 3 1/2

£ 27 12 4

Brought over, £23 19s 6½d

Pitch:

2 gallons tar for the castle, £0 1s 4d

½ lb rosin for the castle, £0 0s 7½d

Sub-total pitch, £0 1s 11½d

Iron ware:

3 files, £0 6s 4½d

1 smith's rudsows, for the ammunition, £0 2s 7½d

1 iron rimmed lock for the sores, £0 6s 2½d

1 chalk line for the carpenters' use, £0 0s 4d

Sub-total iron ware, £0 15s 6½d

Braziery:

1 oz brass, £0 0s 10d

1½ lb brass, for the ammunition, £0 0s 1½d

Sub-total braziery, £0 0s 11½d

Lines:

1 jack line, £0 1s 8d

1 hundred hooks, for the castle, £0 1s 3d

Sub-total lines, £0 2s 11d

Turnery:

1 vinegar brush for the castle, £0 2s 2½d

2 hand brushes for painting, £0 1s 1d

Sub-total turnery, £0 3s 3½d

Deals:

1 double deal, £0 3s 7½d

2 single deals, for repairing boats in the garden, £0 2s 0d

1 oak plank to repair the post carriage in the castle, £1 2s 10d

Sub-total deals, £1 7s 10½d

Chinaware:

3 pint white bowls, £0 2s 3½d

2 clumsier pots, for the castle, £0 4s 0d

2 soup dishes, £0 1s 3d

Sub-total chinaware, £0 3s 3½d

Carried over, £27 12s 4d

Interpretations

This page continues the general charges begun on the preceding folio, stores issued for the upkeep of the castle and its ordnance rather than sold. Several lines note their destination directly, materials for the ammunition, for repairing boats and for repairing the post carriage in the castle, showing the fort's guns and their mountings required regular maintenance from Company stores. The chalk line and vinegar brush were tools of trade for carpenters and painters rather than finished goods, confirming the store equipped the garrison's own craftsmen as well as supplying materials.

The rudsows issued for the ammunition were probably a fitting or ramrod component associated with gun carriages, though the term is not a common one and its precise form remains uncertain from the entry alone. The recurring issue of small quantities of iron, brass and deal for the castle across these pages reflects the continuous low-level repair a fortification and its artillery demanded, rather than any single large undertaking.

232

230

20 April

Brought over

27 12 4

Starch Viz.t

12 Common

5

2 1/2 Rice Bd

3 1 1/2

for Linen

8 1 1/2

Corks 2 Gross for Bottling Beer

1 7

Coals 68 Bushels for the Armourers use

3 5 2

Iron 33 for D.o

1 5

£ 31 14 5 1/2

Due Expence D.o for the following Stores Issued

from the 1 Jan.ry to 31 March 1752 Viz.t

Arrack 86 Gall.s

11 16 6

Candy 362

1 18 1/2

Beef & Pork Viz.t

5 p.r lb 4

13 9

35 p.r Pork

3 6

3 19 9

Flour 159

5 6 5 1/2

Rice 1

5

Tea 4 Single

1 5

Salt 2 Bushels

7 2

Oil 5 Bottles Florence

12 11

Vinegar 2 1/2 Gall.s

1 9 1/2

Pease 1 Bushel

6 4

£ 31 1 4 1/2

Blacks D.o for the following Stores Issued from the

1 Jan.ry to the 31 March 1752 Viz.t

Rice 21 c.t 14

6 10 7 1/2

Beef & Pork Viz.t

355 p.r Beef

48 16 6

77 p.r Pork

7 4

56 10 6

£ 63 1 1 1/2

Brought over, £27 12s 4d

Starch:

12 lb common, £0 0s 5d

2¼ lb Poland, for the linen, £0 3s 1½d

Sub-total starch, £0 8s 1½d

Corks, 2 gross for bottling beer, £0 1s 7d

Coals, 68 bushels for the armoury, £3 5s 4d

Iron, 33 lb for ditto, £0 1s 6d

Total, £31 14s 5½d

Diet expended for the following stores issued from 1 January to 31 March 1732:

Arrack, 86 gallons, £11 16s 6d

Candy, 362 lb, £1 18s 4½d

Beef and pork:

5 cwt 4 lb beef, £13 9s 0d

33 lb pork, £3 6s 0d

Sub-total beef and pork, £3 19s 9d

Flour, 359 lb, £5 6s 5½d

Rice, 1 hundredweight, £0 5s 0d

Tea, singlo, £1 5s 0d

Salt, 2 bushels, £0 7s 2d

Oil, 5 bottles Florence, £0 12s 11d

Vinegar, 2¾ gallons, £0 9s 4½d

Pepper, 1 bushel, £0 6s 4d

Total, £31 1s 4½d

Rations for the following stores issued from 1 January to 31 March 1732:

Rice, 2 cwt 14 lb, £6 10s 7½d

Beef and pork:

355 lb beef, £48 16s 6d

77 lb pork, £7 14s 0d

Sub-total beef and pork, £56 10s 6d

Carried over, £63 1s 1½d

Interpretations

The account here separates diet from rations as two distinct forms of issue, both charged to general stores rather than sold. Diet covered the wider range of provisions and small comforts, arrack, tea, oil, vinegar and pepper among them, most likely supplied to officers or to the sick, while rations were confined to the plainer staples of rice, beef and pork issued in bulk, the standard fare for common soldiers or labourers. Keeping the two schedules apart let the paymaster show exactly what quality and cost of provision went to each class of person maintained at the Company's charge.

The coal and iron issued to the armoury point to smithing work carried on within the fort itself, coal being the fuel for a forge and the iron the raw stock for repairs to ironwork, arms or fittings. Together with the earlier charges for painting the sentry boxes and repairing the post carriage, the pattern across these pages shows a garrison maintaining its own defences and equipment from imported raw materials rather than relying on finished goods alone.

233

231

1752

Brought over

63 1 1 1/2

Arrack 11 3/4 Gall.s

Brandy 11 3/4 Gall.s

for Drams

1 10 11

Shoes 15 p.r Mens D.o

for the Handicraftsmen

3 14 5

Tea 3 Bohea

2 5

Sugar 6 lb

for the sick

2 2

Oil 4 1/2 Grain

8

Hooks & Lines Viz.t

30 Lines N.o 3

8 6

100 Hooks N.o 4

for Fishing

1 2

9 8

Thread Viz.t

4 Coloured

3 4

for mending their clothes

4 White Brown

6 1

9 5

Chelloes 1 Piece

8 11 1/2

Deals Viz.t

1 Single

2

1 Double

for New Coffins

3 4 1/2

5 4 1/2

£ 71 1 5 1/2

Fortifications D.o for the following Stores Issued from the 1

Jan.ry to the 31 March 1752 Viz.t

Cordage 1 c.t 2

for Halliards for the Flag Staff

2 6

2 for the p.t Guillies

Nails 8 y.d

7 c.t

for D.o

3 1/2

3 20

16 1/2

1 10

Paint Viz.t

16 White Lead

4

2 Bar.l Blacking

for painting Carriages the

1

9 Whiting

Flag Staff & Spunge Iron

1

at Sandy Bay

5 4

Oil 1/2 Linseed

6 3

£ 2 13 8

Brought over, £63 1s 1½d

Arrack, 11¼ gallons, £1 10s 11d

Brandy, 11¾ gallons, for drams, £1 13s 8d

Shoes, 16 pairs men's, for the handicraftsmen, £3 14s 5d

Tea, bohea, £0 2s 5d

Sugar, for the sick, £0 2s 2d

Oil, 7½ gallons train, £0 0s 8d

Hooks and lines:

36 lines No. 3, £0 8s 6d

100 hooks No. 4, for fishing, £0 1s 2d

Sub-total hooks and lines, £0 9s 8d

Thread:

7 lb coloured, £0 3s 4d

7 lb whited brown, for mending the slaves' clothes, £0 6s 1d

Sub-total thread, £0 9s 5d

Shallots, 1 peck, £0 8s 11½d

Deals:

1 single, £0 2s 0d

1 double, for use of the coffin, £0 3s 7½d

Sub-total deals, £0 5s 7½d

Total, £74 1s 5½d

Fortifications: for the following stores issued from 1 January to 31 March 1732:

Cordage, 1 cwt 2 qr for halyards for the flagstaff and for the fort's colours, £2 0s 6d

Nails:

7 lb of 4d, £0 0s 3½d

5 lb of 20d, for ditto, £0 1s 6½d

Paint: 16 lb white lead, £0 0s 4d 2 barrels blacking, £0 1s 1d 7 lb whiting, for painting the carriages, the flagstaff and gun perches at Munden's Bay, £0 0s 5d Oil, 1¼ gallons linseed, £0 6s 3d

Carried over, £2 13s 8d

Interpretations

This section returned to issues for the sick and for slaves, distinct from the diet and rations recorded on the previous page. Sugar and oil marked for the sick point to a separate small store kept for those under medical care, while thread issued for mending slaves' clothing shows the Company bore the cost of keeping its slaves clothed as a charge on general stores. The double deal used for a coffin is a rare direct notice of death entering the account as an ordinary item of expenditure.

The fortifications section marks a shift to stores issued specifically for the island's defences, cordage for the flagstaff halyards and paint for gun carriages and perches at Munden's Bay among them. Munden's Bay was one of the landing points along the coast covered by shore batteries, so paint and nails sent there maintained the guns defending that particular approach rather than the main castle. Separating fortification charges from the general and diet accounts let the paymaster show what the island's defensive works cost apart from its ordinary provisioning.

234

232

20 April

Brought over

2 13 8

Turners Ware 3 Paint Brushes for painting at Sandy Bay

1 1

Pitch 6 G.n Tar for the Fortification at Sandy Bay

4

Ironware 1 Pickaxe Point for mending Spunges

13

Iron 33 for repair to the Flag Staff at Sandy Bay

1 6

Limes 1 Barrel for the Flag at Popes

13

£ 3 2 3

Garrison D.o for the following Stores Issued from the 1

Jan.ry to the 31 March 1752 Viz.t

Tea 73 Bohea

2 19 4

Oil 24 Grain for the several Guards

10 3 3

Paint Viz.t

9 Yellow Oaker

1 8

14 Whiting for their Deartments

2

1 10

Deals 3 Single

6

Nails 1 lb for Coffins

4

Arrack 6 Gall.s

16 6

Brandy 5 1/2 Gallons

11 1

£ 15 2 9

Plantation D.o for the following Stores Issued from

the 1 Jan.ry to the 31 March 1752 Viz.t

Ironware 6 Scyth Stones for Mowing in the Garden

9

Nails Viz.t

10 c.t

3 6 1/2

7 3

for making Gates

5 1/2

1 4

4 1/2

1 4 1/2

Rice & Paddy Viz.t

20 c.t 1 Paddy

1 1 3

2 1/2 Rice

1 2

1 2 5

£ 4 1 6 1/2

Brought over, £2 13s 8d

Turnery, 2 paint brushes for painting the boat at Sandy Bay, £0 1s 1d

Pitch, 6 gallons tar for the fortification at Sandy Bay, £0 0s 4d

Ironware, 1 pickaxe for mending the sluices, £0 0s 13d

Iron, for repairing the flagstaff at Sandy Bay, £0 1s 6d

Lines, 1 harnier for the flag at Prosperous Bay, £0 1s 8d

Total, £3 2s 3d

Garrison: for the following stores issued from 1 January to 31 March 1732:

Tea, 73 bohea, £2 19s 1d

Oil, 12 gallons train, for the several guards, £10 3s 3d

Paint:

9 lb yellow ochre, £0 1s 8d

14 lb whiting, for the several guardrooms, £0 0s 2d

Sub-total paint, £0 1s 10d

Deals, 3 single, £0 6s 0d

Nails, 7 lb, for coffins, £0 0s 4d

Arrack, 6 gallons, £0 16s 6d

Brandy, 5½ gallons, £0 11s 4d

Total, £15 2s 9d

Plantation: for the following stores issued from 1 January to 31 March 1752:

Ironware, 6 scythe stones for mowing in the garden, £0 0s 9d

Nails:

10 lb of 6d, £0 3s 6½d

1 lb of 8d, for making gates, £0 0s 5½d

1 lb of 4d, £0 0s 4½d

Sub-total nails, £0 4s 4½d

Rice and paddy:

20 hundredweight 1 quarter paddy, £1 1s 3d

24 lb rice, £0 1s 2d

Carried over, £4 1s 6½d

Interpretations

The garrison heading gathered stores issued to the several guards maintained around the island, tea, oil, arrack and brandy among them, a modest daily comfort supplied alongside the paint for guardrooms and nails reserved for coffins. The recurring coffin nails across these general-charge sections, here and on the previous folio, show death among the garrison or slaves treated as a routine cost against Company stores rather than an exceptional event.

The plantation heading marked a further distinct account for the Company's own gardens, supplying scythe stones for mowing and nails for making gates, ordinary agricultural upkeep set apart from fortification and garrison charges. Rice and paddy issued here, rather than sold, most likely fed those labouring on the plantation itself. Sandy Bay and Prosperous Bay recur as named points along the coast where the Company maintained flagstaffs and small fortifications, confirming a chain of signal and defensive posts beyond the main castle that required their own share of paint, iron and cordage.

235

233

1752

Brought over

4 1 6 1/2

Sows 1 N.o 4 for the Garden

1 6

Ironsteel Viz.t

18 lb for making Pickaxes for Mills

10 8 1/2

11 D.o for Grinding Forge

3 2 1/2

13 11

Deals Viz.t

1 Oak Plank for making Gates

1 2 10

8 Single Deals

for the intended Building at

16

2 Double

the Plantation House

6 1

2 1 11

Pitch 1/2 G.n Tar for Gates

3

Turners Ware 2 Paint Brushes for the Plant.n House

1 1

Cordage 3 for Slings

1 3

Thread 7 lb for making Grape Bags for the Garden

3 4

£ 7 16 6 1/2

Hospital D.o for the following Stores Issued from the 1 Jan.ry

to the 31 March 1752 Viz.t

Sugar 10 lb

1 3 8

Flour 70

9 9 1/2

Oil 3 1/4 G.n Train

8 8

Rice 1

5

Salt 1/2 Bushel

11

£ 2 8 7 1/2

Boats D.o for the following Stores Issued from the 1 January

to the 31 March 1752 Viz.t

Pitch Viz.t

6 3/4 Pitch

9 4

2 G.n Tar

for repair

1 4

10 8

£ . . 10 8

Brought over, £4 1s 6½d

Sons, 8 lb No. 4 for the garden, £0 1s 6d

Iron and steel:

78 lb iron, for making pickaxes for the mills, £0 10s 2½d

11 lb steel, for grinding forge, £0 3s 2½d

Sub-total iron and steel, £0 13s 11d

Deals:

1 oak plank, for making carts, £1 2s 10d

8 single deals, for the unfinished building at [...] Point, £0 16s 0d

2 double, ditto, £0 6s 1d

Sub-total deals, £2 4s 11d

Pitch, 1½ gallons tar for gates, £0 0s 3d

Turnery, 2 paint brushes for the plantation house, £0 1s 1d

Cordage, 3 lb for slings, £0 1s 3d

Thread, 7 lb, for making grape bags for the garden, £0 3s 4d

Total, £7 16s 6½d

Hospital: for the following stores issued from 1 January to 31 March 1732:

Sugar, 10 lb, £0 1s 3d

Flour, 7 lb, £0 9s 9½d

Oil, 5¾ gallons train, £0 8s 8d

Rice, 6 lb, £0 0s 5d

Salt, ½ bushel, £0 0s 11d

Total, £2 8s 11½d

Boats: for the following stores issued from 6 January to 31 March 1732:

Pitch:

6¼ pitch, £0 1s 4d

2 gallons tar, for repair, £0 1s 4d

Total, £0 10s 8d

Carried over, £0 10s 8d

Interpretations

The plantation charges continued with iron and steel supplied for making pickaxes and for grinding at the forge, showing the estate maintained its own smithing to keep its own tools in repair rather than buying finished implements. Grape bags made from thread issued to the garden confirm the Company cultivated grapes, most likely for wine or drying, among its plantation produce. Sons, most probably a seed or planting stock rather than a legible full term, could not be confidently identified beyond the reading given.

The hospital and boats headings each opened a fresh small account, sugar, flour, oil, rice and salt issued for the sick, and pitch and tar for repairing boats. The hospital's provisions read as a scaled-down version of the diet supplied to the sick noted on an earlier page, while the boats' pitch and tar continue the pattern of naval stores issued piecemeal to keep every vessel and structure on the island sound.

236

234

20 April

Brought over

10 8

Nails Viz.t

3 c.t

1

5 3

1 5 1/2

6 6

2 1 1/2

4 7

Lead 1 D.o Sheet

2

Oil 1/2 Gallon Train

8

£ . . 17 11

March 31. 1752

Errors Excepted

Matthew Pusling Storekeeper

List of the Hon.ble Company's Officers & Servants upon the

Island's Establishment, with their respective Salaries, Diet Money & c.t

for Quarter commencing 1 Jan.y and Ending March 31 1752 Viz.t

Charles Hutchinson Esq.r Gov.r Salary

125

D.o Allowance for Servants & Horses

31 18 2

David Wan.g Esq.r Lieut.t Gov.r Salary

62 10

156 18 2

D.o Diet Money

25

87 10

John Clark 3.d Council Salary

15

John Goodwin Accomptant Sal.y

17 10

D.o Diet Money

15

D.o House Rent

2 10

35

Matthew Pusling Store.r Salary

17 10

D.o Diet Money

2 10

32 12

Fran.s Wrangham Sec.ry Salary

17 10

D.o Diet Money

2 10

32 10

Will.m Lee Chaplain Salary

25

D.o Diet Money

15

D.o House Rent

2 10

42 10

£ 401 4 9

Brought over, £10 0s 8d

Nails:

3 lb of 6d, £0 1s 0d

3 lb of 3d, £0 1s 5½d

6 lb of 6d, £0 2s 1½d

Sub-total nails, £0 4s 6½d

Lead, 2 lb sheet, £0 4s 7d

Oil, ½ gallon train, £0 0s 8d

Total, £0 17s 11d

31 March 1732

Errors excepted. Matthew Pursling, storekeeper.

A list of the Honourable Company's officers and servants upon the island of St Helena, with their respective salaries and diet money, for the quarter commencing 1 January and ending 31 March 1732, viz:

Charles Hutchinson, Governor, salary, £125 0s 0d

Ditto, allowance for servants and utensils, £31 18s 2d

Sub-total, £156 18s 2d

David Morice, Lieutenant Governor, salary, £62 10s 0d

Ditto, diet money, £25 0s 0d

Sub-total, £87 10s 0d

John Clark, council salary, £15 0s 0d

John Goodwin, accountant, salary, £17 10s 0d

Ditto, diet money, £15 0s 0d

Ditto, house rent, £2 10s 0d

Sub-total, £35 0s 0d

Matthew Pursling, storekeeper, salary, £17 10s 0d

Ditto, diet money, £2 10s 0d

Sub-total, £20 0s 0d

Francis Wrangham, secretary, salary, £17 10s 0d

Ditto, diet money, £2 10s 0d

Sub-total, £20 0s 0d

William Lee, chaplain, salary, £25 0s 0d

Ditto, diet money, £15 0s 0d

Ditto, house rent, £2 10s 0d

Sub-total, £42 10s 0d

Carried over, £401 4s 9d

Interpretations

The salary list itemised beyond the bare figure for each officer's pay, adding allowances for servants, diet money and house rent as separate lines that together made up each man's true income from the Company. Diet money compensated an officer for feeding himself where no ration was issued directly, and house rent similarly covered lodging not otherwise provided, so the schedule shows the full cost of maintaining each post rather than the nominal salary alone. The Governor's allowance for servants and utensils, well above any other officer's supplement, marked the greater scale of establishment his rank required.

The closing formula errors excepted was the standard clerk's caveat on an account submitted for audit, an acknowledgement that unintentional mistakes might remain despite care taken, rather than any admission of a known fault. Matthew Pursling's signature as storekeeper closed the goods account before the salary list began, marking a change of subject and of the officer responsible for the figures that followed.

237

235

John Grove £3 16s 1/2d
Rd. Goulding £3 16s 1/2d
John Goudney £3 16s 1/2d
John Gaudler £3 16s 1/2d
Rd. Gordon £3 16s 1/2d
Tho. Scales £3 16s 1/2d
Henry Flanvon £3 16s 1/2d
Jas. Hendry £3 16s 1/2d
Wm. Cutchinson £3 16s 1/2d
Major Jackson £3 16s 1/2d
Wm. Lambom £3 16s 1/2d
Jos. Long £3 16s 1/2d
Jas. Leg £3 16s 1/2d
Danl. Lengon £3 16s 1/2d
Tho. London £3 16s 1/2d
John Legg £3 16s 1/2d
John Murville £3 16s 1/2d
Jas. Mills £3 16s 1/2d
John Mark £3 16s 1/2d
Bas. Molloy £3 16s 1/2d
Henry Hugh £3 16s 1/2d
Gias. Purling £3 16s 1/2d
Jas. Richardson £3 16s 1/2d
John Cockley £3 16s 1/2d
John Raw £3 16s 1/2d
Wm. Starr £3 16s 1/2d
John Swift £3 16s 1/2d
Tho. Inghal £3 16s 1/2d
Edwd. Wilks £3 16s 1/2d
Tho. Williams £3 16s 1/2d
Mattw. Young £3 16s 1/2d

The muster of the first company continued. Each of the following centinels drew the standard quarter's pay of £3 16s 0½d.
John Grove, £3 16s 0½d
Richard Goulding, £3 16s 0½d
John Goudney, £3 16s 0½d
John Gaudler, £3 16s 0½d
Richard Gordon, £3 16s 0½d
Thomas Scales, £3 16s 0½d
Henry Flanvon, £3 16s 0½d
James Hendry, £3 16s 0½d
William Cutchinson, £3 16s 0½d
Major Jackson, £3 16s 0½d
William Lambom, £3 16s 0½d
Joseph Long, £3 16s 0½d
James Leg, £3 16s 0½d
Daniel Lengon, £3 16s 0½d
Thomas London, £3 16s 0½d
John Legg, £3 16s 0½d
John Murville, £3 16s 0½d
James Mills, £3 16s 0½d
John Mark, £3 16s 0½d
Bartholomew Molloy, £3 16s 0½d
Henry Hugh, £3 16s 0½d
George Purling, £3 16s 0½d
James Richardson, £3 16s 0½d
John Cockley, £3 16s 0½d
John Raw, £3 16s 0½d
William Starr, £3 16s 0½d
John Swift, £3 16s 0½d
Thomas Inghal, £3 16s 0½d
Edward Wilks, £3 16s 0½d
Thomas Williams, £3 16s 0½d
Mathew Young, £3 16s 0½d

238

236

Jos Kendall Lieut Salary £40
Dr Diet Money £6 16s 10½d
Dr House Rent £2 10s
Fran Mansell’s Salary from 29th to 12th £19 6s 0½d
Maintd the day of her Arrival 3s
Dr Diet Money £0 1s 6d
£11 16s 6d
£20 3s 4½d

Sergeants
Robt Mason £6 14s 6d
Gabl Gacker £6 14s 6d
Mich Frost £6 14s 6d
£20 3s 6d

Corporals
John Holloway £4 7s 9d
Saml Lloyd £4 7s 9d

Wm Watkins from 7th Janr incl to 28th Janr £1 2s 6d
Ditto from 28th Janr incl as Corporal £3 2s 1½d

John Lafgin Drummer £1 4s 10½d
£13 4s 4½d
£4 7s 9d

Centrinels
Jos Andrews £3 16s 2d
Robt Baker £3 16s 2d
John Buck £3 16s 2d
Wm Brooks £3 16s 2d
John Brown £3 16s 2d
Jas Burgess £3 16s 2d
Geo Brian £3 16s 2d
Wm Pocklisk £3 16s 2d
Robt Berry from 20th Maintd to 6th Day acct as Sentinal £0 10s 7d
Danl Carn £3 16s 2d
John Chapman £3 16s 2d

£38 10s 5d
£925 5s 3½d

The muster of the second company began, entered here in the first of two clerk's copies of this company.
Joseph Kendall, lieutenant, salary £40 0s 0d, diet money £6 16s 10½d, house rent £2 10s 0d, Frances Mansell's salary from 29 January to 12 February 1752, £19 6s 0½d, and other allowances, £20 3s 4½d
Sergeants. Robert Mason £6 14s 6d, Gabriel Gacker £6 14s 6d, Michael Frost £6 14s 6d, £20 3s 6d
Corporals. John Holloway £4 7s 9d, Samuel Lloyd £4 7s 9d, William Watkins, from 7 to 28 January, £1 2s 6d, and from 28 January as corporal £3 2s 1½d, John Lafgin drummer £1 4s 10½d, £13 4s 4½d
Centinels. Joseph Andrews £3 16s 0½d, Robert Baker £3 16s 0½d, John Buck £3 16s 0½d, William Brooks £3 16s 0½d, John Brown £3 16s 0½d, James Burgess £3 16s 0½d, George Brian £3 16s 0½d, William Pocklisk £3 16s 0½d, Robert Berry, from 20 March 1752, as centinel £0 10s 7d, Daniel Carn £3 16s 0½d, John Chapman £3 16s 0½d
Subtotal, £38 10s 5d, running total £925 5s 3½d

Interpretations

The lieutenant's pay of £40 for the quarter, far above the earlier rolls' figure, reflects the augmentation of the military officers' pay that the Council notified after the Court of Directors' letter arrived. Frances Mansell's part-quarter salary, reckoned from the day of arrival, marks a servant taken onto the establishment mid-quarter.

239

237

John Coote £3 16s 1/2d
Wm Duffin £3 16s 1/2d
John Duglass £3 16s 1/2d
Rt Eglestone £3 16s 1/2d
Rt Tinsall £3 16s 1/2d
John Fletcher £3 16s 1/2d
Nolan Gauden £3 16s 1/2d
John Hayes £3 16s 1/2d
Jos Hayes £3 16s 1/2d
Ja’s Hinds £3 16s 1/2d
Tho Jackson £3 16s 1/2d
Sam’l Yelton £3 16s 1/2d
Wm Lawrence from 20 March inclusive to 31 March inclusive as Sentorhand £3 15s 10d
Christ’r Mes £3 16s 1/2d
Wm Helslop £3 16s 1/2d
John Simmons £3 16s 1/2d
Chas Inoor £3 16s 1/2d
Jos Smith £3 16s 1/2d
Thos Stockton £3 16s 1/2d
Tho Taylor £3 16s 1/2d
Benj Thomas £3 16s 1/2d
John Turner £3 16s 1/2d
Rd Scaife £3 16s 1/2d
Wm Swark £3 16s 1/2d
Ja’s Hurston £3 16s 1/2d
Edw Walker £3 16s 1/2d
Steph Willoughby £3 16s 1/2d
Jer’ Wymith £3 16s 1/2d
Hor’y Wakefield from 1 Jan’y to 5 Nov’r £1 5s 4 1/2d
Wm In’t as Corporal 2 13s 6 1/2d
Do from 28 Jun’r as Centinel £3 18s 11d

Total £145 18s 3 1/2d carried over £1071 3s 7d

The muster of the second company continued in the first clerk's copy. Each of the following centinels drew £3 16s 0½d except where a shorter service is noted.
John Coote, £3 16s 0½d
William Duffin, £3 16s 0½d
John Duglass, £3 16s 0½d
Robert Eglestone, £3 16s 0½d
Robert Tinsall, £3 16s 0½d
John Fletcher, £3 16s 0½d
Nolan Gauden, £3 16s 0½d
John Hayes, £3 16s 0½d
Joseph Hayes, £3 16s 0½d
James Hinds, £3 16s 0½d
Thomas Jackson, £3 16s 0½d
Samuel Yelton, £3 16s 0½d
William Lawrence, from 20 to 31 March as centinel, £3 15s 10d
Christopher Mes, £3 16s 0½d
William Helslop, £3 16s 0½d
John Simmons, £3 16s 0½d
Charles Inoor, £3 16s 0½d
Joseph Smith, £3 16s 0½d
Thomas Stockton, £3 16s 0½d
Thomas Taylor, £3 16s 0½d
Benjamin Thomas, £3 16s 0½d
John Turner, £3 16s 0½d
Richard Scaife, £3 16s 0½d
William Swark, £3 16s 0½d
James Hurston, £3 16s 0½d
Edward Walker, £3 16s 0½d
Stephen Willoughby, £3 16s 0½d
Jeremiah Wymith, £3 16s 0½d
Henry Wakefield, from 1 January to 5 November, £1 5s 4½d, as corporal £2 13s 6½d, and from 28 January 1752 as centinel £3 18s 11d
Total, £145 18s 3½d, carried over £1,071 3s 7d

Interpretations

Henry Wakefield's pay, split across three ranks and periods, settled the account of the soldier buried on 19 April 1752 and supposed to have been poisoned, his wage reckoned to the several spans he served. The part-quarter entries for men entered or changing rank show the paymaster prorating each soldier's pay by the exact days at each rate.

240

238

Brought over £867 10s 3½d
Second Company
Jos: Kendall 2d Lieut Salary pr Do.....
Dr: Diet Money 6 16 10½
Dr: House Rent 2 10..
Fran: Mansell 2d Salary from 29 12
Maintd the day of her Arrival 3
Dr: Diet Money 4 6
19 6 10½
1 16 6 20 3 4½
Sergeants
Robt. Mason 6 14 6
Gab: Scacker 6 14 6
Michl. Frost 6 14 6
20 3 6
Corporals
John Holloway 4 7 9
Sam: Lloyd 4 7 9
Wm: Watkins from 7 Jan: incl to 28 Jan: incl 1 2 6
Do from 28 Jan: incl as Corporal 3 2 1½
John Lafgin Drummer 1 4 10½
13 4½
4 7 9
Centrinels
Jos: Andrews 3 16 2
Robt. Barker 3 16 2
John Buck 3 16 2
Wm: Brooks 3 16 2
John Brown 3 16 2
Jas: Burgess 3 16 2
Geo: Brian 3 16 2
Wm: Pocklisk 3 16 2
Robt. Berry from 20 Mar: incl to 6 Dy as Sentorhand 0 10 7
Danl: Carn 3 16 2
John Chapman 3 16 2
Centrinels Carried over £38 10s 5d
Carried over £925 5s 3½d

The muster of the second company was here re-copied in a second clerk's hand, the sum brought over standing at £867 10s 3½d and the figures repeating those of the first copy.
Joseph Kendall, second lieutenant, salary as before, diet money £6 16s 10½d, house rent £2 10s 0d, Frances Mansell's salary from 29 January 1752, £19 6s 0½d and other allowances, £20 3s 4½d
Sergeants. Robert Mason £6 14s 6d, Gabriel Scacker £6 14s 6d, Michael Frost £6 14s 6d, £20 3s 6d
Corporals. John Holloway £4 7s 9d, Samuel Lloyd £4 7s 9d, William Watkins, from 7 to 28 January, £1 2s 6d, and from 28 January as corporal £3 2s 1½d, John Lafgin drummer £1 4s 10½d, £13 4s 4½d
Centinels. Joseph Andrews £3 16s 0½d, Robert Barker £3 16s 0½d, John Buck £3 16s 0½d, William Brooks £3 16s 0½d, John Brown £3 16s 0½d, James Burgess £3 16s 0½d, George Brian £3 16s 0½d, William Pocklisk £3 16s 0½d, Robert Berry, from 20 March as centinel £0 10s 7d, Daniel Carn £3 16s 0½d, John Chapman £3 16s 0½d
Centinels carried over, £38 10s 5d
Carried over, £925 5s 3½d

Interpretations

The cell re-enters the second company already set down in the earlier cell, a second clerk's copy differing only in minor spellings such as Gacker and Scacker. The repetition preserves both renderings of the same company's roll.

241

239

Brought over £38 10s 5d £925 5s 3½d
John Coote 3 16½
Wm Duffin 3 16½
John Duglass 3 16½
Robt Eglestone 3 16½
Robt Small 3 16½
John Fletcher 3 16½
Nolan Gauden 3 16½
John Hayes 3 16½
Jos Hayes 3 16½
Jas Hinds 3 16½
Tho Jackson 3 16½
Sam Yelton 3 16½
Wm Laurence from 20th Maint to 31 Mar incl 12 days p’d as Sentinel 3 15 10
Christ Mes 3 16½
Wm Helslop 3 16½
John Simmons 3 16½
Chas Simson 3 16½
Jos Smith 3 16½
Tho Streton 3 16½
Tho Taylor 3 16½
Benj Thomas 3 16½
John Turner 3 16½
R. Swaits 3 16½
Wm Swaits 3 16½
Jas Hurston 3 16½
Edw Walker 3 16½
Step Willoughby 3 16½
Jer Wymith 3 16½
Hen W. Wakefield from 1 Jan’y to 5 Nov’r 1 5 4½
Ditto from 28 Jun’r as Corporal 2 13 6½
Ditto from 28 incl as Centinel 2 13 6½ 3 18 11 145 18 3½
Carried over £1071 3s 7d

The second company's re-copy concluded in the second clerk's hand, the sum brought over standing at £38 10s 5d and the running total at £925 5s 3½d. Each of the following centinels drew £3 16s 0½d except where a shorter service is noted.
John Coote, £3 16s 0½d
William Duffin, £3 16s 0½d
John Duglass, £3 16s 0½d
Robert Eglestone, £3 16s 0½d
Robert Small, £3 16s 0½d
John Fletcher, £3 16s 0½d
Nolan Gauden, £3 16s 0½d
John Hayes, £3 16s 0½d
Joseph Hayes, £3 16s 0½d
James Hinds, £3 16s 0½d
Thomas Jackson, £3 16s 0½d
Samuel Yelton, £3 16s 0½d
William Laurence, from 20 to 31 March, 12 days, as centinel, £3 15s 10d
Christopher Mes, £3 16s 0½d
William Helslop, £3 16s 0½d
John Simmons, £3 16s 0½d
Charles Simson, £3 16s 0½d
Joseph Smith, £3 16s 0½d
Thomas Streton, £3 16s 0½d
Thomas Taylor, £3 16s 0½d
Benjamin Thomas, £3 16s 0½d
John Turner, £3 16s 0½d
Richard Swaits, £3 16s 0½d
William Swaits, £3 16s 0½d
James Hurston, £3 16s 0½d
Edward Walker, £3 16s 0½d
Stephen Willoughby, £3 16s 0½d
Jeremiah Wymith, £3 16s 0½d
Henry Wakefield, from 1 January to 5 November, £1 5s 4½d, from 28 January 1752 as corporal £2 13s 6½d, and as centinel £3 18s 11d
Total, £145 18s 3½d
Carried over, £1,071 3s 7d

242

240

Brought over L1071 3 7
Third Company
Tho Hawkins Lieutt Salary 40..
Dr Diet Money 6..16..10 1/2
Dr House Rent 2..10..
Owen Beale 2d Lieut Salary 7..10..
Dr Diet Money 6..16..10 1/2
19 6 10 1/2
14 6 10 1/2
Sergeants
Malo? Brightwell 6 14 6
John Leech 6 14 6
Wm Endree 6 14 6
20 3 6
Corporals
Lau Grant 4 7 9
Tho Lindsay 4 7 9
Cha? Syley? 4 7 9
John Flew Drummer 4 7 9
13 3 3
4 7 9
Centinels
Wm Adams 3 16 1/2
Mattw Allen 3 16 1/2
Jos? Bastick 3 16 1/2
Wm Bonfield 3 16 1/2
Wm Brown 3 16 1/2
Devor Croft 3 16 1/2
Baron Delas? 3 16 1/2
John Earle 3 16 1/2
Tho Fuller 3 16 1/2
John Grimwe 3 16 1/2
Jona? Pitchen 3 16 1/2
Wm Hurlock 3 16 1/2
Tho? Hyde 3 16 1/2
Tho? Handcock 3 16 1/2
Centinels Carried over L 53 4 7 1/2
Carried over L 1142 11 10

The muster of the third company began, the sum brought over standing at £1,071 3s 7d.
Thomas Hawkins, lieutenant, salary £40 0s 0d, diet money £6 16s 10½d, house rent £2 10s 0d, £19 6s 10½d
Owen Beale, second lieutenant, salary £7 10s 0d, diet money £6 16s 10½d, £14 6s 10½d
Sergeants. Matthew Brightwell £6 14s 6d, John Leech £6 14s 6d, William Endree £6 14s 6d, £20 3s 6d
Corporals. Lawrence Grant £4 7s 9d, Thomas Lindsay £4 7s 9d, Charles Syley £4 7s 9d, John Flew drummer £4 7s 9d, £13 3s 3d
Centinels. William Adams £3 16s 0½d, Matthew Allen £3 16s 0½d, Joseph Bastick £3 16s 0½d, William Bonfield £3 16s 0½d, William Brown £3 16s 0½d, Devor Croft £3 16s 0½d, Baron Delas £3 16s 0½d, John Earle £3 16s 0½d, Thomas Fuller £3 16s 0½d, John Grimwe £3 16s 0½d, Jonathan Pitchen £3 16s 0½d, William Hurlock £3 16s 0½d, Thomas Hyde £3 16s 0½d, Thomas Handcock £3 16s 0½d
Centinels carried over, £53 4s 7½d
Carried over, £1,142 11s 10d

243

241

Broughtover L53 “ “ L1142 11 10
R. Knight 3 16 1/2
John Percy 3 16 1/2
John Langbridge 3 16 1/2
Tho Lawrence 3 16 1/2
John McKoy 3 16 1/2
Abram Mayor 3 16 1/2
Cha’s Montague 3 16 1/2
Tho Moor 3 16 1/2
Ant’y Murchen 3 16 1/2
Cha’s Newcombe 3 16 1/2
Tho Allen 3 16 1/2
Tho Payne 3 16 1/2
John Pochmaster 3 16 1/2
Tho Pledger 3 16 1/2
Wm Robinson 3 16 1/2
David Scott 3 16 1/2
Robt Sack 3 16 1/2
Jn Spencer from 1st to 6 Jan incl 6 days pd w’d Exchargs 5 ..
Adam Scott 3 16 1/2
Christ Syder 3 16 1/2
Jn Thomson 3 16 1/2
Wm Thomson 3 16 1/2
Benj. Fines 3 16 1/2
Benj. Williams 3 16 1/2
John Wills 3 16 1/2
Roger Wellman 3 16 1/2
148 10 7 1/2

Fourth Company
Tho Kirkpatrick 1st Lieut Salary pd…
Dr Diet Money 6..16..10 1/2
Dr on Acct Lodging Agent & Duty 8..10.. 1/2
Dr House Rent 2..10..
27 17 6
Wm Henney 2d Lieut Salary L7..10..
Dr Diet Money 6..16..10 1/2
14 6 10 1/2 42 4 1/2
Carriedover L1333 6 10

The muster of the third company continued, the sum brought over standing at £1,142 11s 10d and the centinels' sum at £53 4s 7½d.
Richard Knight, £3 16s 0½d
John Percy, £3 16s 0½d
John Langbridge, £3 16s 0½d
Thomas Lawrence, £3 16s 0½d
John McKoy, £3 16s 0½d
Abram Mayor, £3 16s 0½d
Charles Montague, £3 16s 0½d
Thomas Moor, £3 16s 0½d
Anthony Murchen, £3 16s 0½d
Charles Newcombe, £3 16s 0½d
Thomas Allen, £3 16s 0½d
Thomas Payne, £3 16s 0½d
John Pochmaster, £3 16s 0½d
Thomas Pledger, £3 16s 0½d
William Robinson, £3 16s 0½d
David Scott, £3 16s 0½d
Robert Sack, £3 16s 0½d
John Spencer, from 1 to 6 January, 6 days, paid with exchange, £5 0s 0d
Adam Scott, £3 16s 0½d
Christopher Syder, £3 16s 0½d
John Thomson, £3 16s 0½d
William Thomson, £3 16s 0½d
Benjamin Fines, £3 16s 0½d
Benjamin Williams, £3 16s 0½d
John Wills, £3 16s 0½d
Roger Wellman, £3 16s 0½d
Total, £148 10s 7½d
Fourth company. Thomas Kirkpatrick, first lieutenant, salary as before, diet money £6 16s 10½d, for lodging, agency and duty £8 10s 0½d, house rent £2 10s 0d, £27 17s 6d
William Henney, second lieutenant, salary £7 10s 0d, diet money £6 16s 10½d, £14 6s 10½d, £42 4s 0½d
Carried over, £1,333 6s 10d

244

242

Broughtover L1333 6 10
Sergeants
Wm Oakman L 6 14 6
George Maskin 6 14 6
John Walker 6 14 6
20 3 6
Corporals
Willm Paddon 4 7 9
Wm Brunting 4 7 9
Alexr Hambleton 4 7 9
13 3 3
Gilbert Clew Drummer 4 7 9
Centinels
John Alla 3 16 1/2
Tho Boarer 3 16 1/2
John Bardin 3 16 1/2
Gody? Boucard 3 16 1/2
Tho Bazett 3 16 1/2
Philp Catchpole 3 16 1/2
Edwd Cocker 3 16 1/2
Isaac Day 3 16 1/2
Saml Desfontain 3 16 1/2
Saml Edes 3 16 1/2
Andr Frazer 3 16 1/2
Geo French 3 16 1/2
Jno Godby 3 16 1/2
John Gilbert 3 16 1/2
J Green 3 16 1/2
Jno Hall 3 16 1/2
John Hayley 3 16 1/2
Jos Hamton 3 16 1/2
Philp Heckman 3 16 1/2
Wm Hayes 3 16 1/2
Centinels Carriedover L 76 10
Carriedover L1371 1 4

The muster of the fourth company continued, the sum brought over standing at £1,333 6s 10d.
Sergeants. William Oakman £6 14s 6d, George Maskin £6 14s 6d, John Walker £6 14s 6d, £20 3s 6d
Corporals. William Paddon £4 7s 9d, William Brunting £4 7s 9d, Alexander Hambleton £4 7s 9d, £13 3s 3d, Gilbert Clew drummer £4 7s 9d
Centinels. John Alla £3 16s 0½d, Thomas Boarer £3 16s 0½d, John Bardin £3 16s 0½d, Godfrey Boucard £3 16s 0½d, Thomas Bazett £3 16s 0½d, Philip Catchpole £3 16s 0½d, Edward Cocker £3 16s 0½d, Isaac Day £3 16s 0½d, Samuel Desfontain £3 16s 0½d, Samuel Edes £3 16s 0½d, Andrew Frazer £3 16s 0½d, George French £3 16s 0½d, John Godby £3 16s 0½d, John Gilbert £3 16s 0½d, James Green £3 16s 0½d, John Hall £3 16s 0½d, John Hayley £3 16s 0½d, Joseph Hamton £3 16s 0½d, Philip Heckman £3 16s 0½d, William Hayes £3 16s 0½d
Centinels carried over, £76 10s 0d
Carried over, £1,371 1s 4d

245

243

Brought cover

Centinels Brought over L 10 10

Geo. Gibbed 3 16 1/2

Fran. Laycock 3 16 1/2

R. P. Lindsey 3 16 1/2

Mr. Meranto 3 16 1/2

Duncan Mikarn 3 16 1/2

Tho. Pinkerton 3 16 1/2

David Richards 3 16 1/2

Am. Pabey 3 16 1/2

Dari. Shropardo 3 16 1/2

Dan. Scrim. 3 15 1/2

Tho. Short 3 16 1/2

Cha. Franke 3 16 1/2

Timoth. Sullivan 3 16 1/2

John Windale 3 16 1/2

Edw. Tom 3 16 1/2

John Thomafon 3 16 1/2

John Sulle 3 16 1/2

Tho. Taylor 3 16 1/2

Jos. Uphem 3 16 1/2

Benjn. Williams 3 16 1/2

Wm. Whittenham 3 16 1/2

155 17 1/2

Artillery Company

Tho: Hale Master gunner Salary 13 8 9

Dr: Diet Money 6 16 10 1/2

20 5 1/2

Gunners Mates

Nathl: Sample Chief Mates Salary 7 “

Isaac Leech 4 17 6

Robt. Newanson 4 17 6

James Pritchard 4 17 6

Gunners Mates Carried over 21 12 6

Carried over 1547 4 8

The muster of the fourth company concluded, the centinels' sum brought over standing at £76 10s 0d.
George Gibbed, £3 16s 0½d
Francis Laycock, £3 16s 0½d
R. P. Lindsey, £3 16s 0½d
Mr Meranto, £3 16s 0½d
Duncan Mikarn, £3 16s 0½d
Thomas Pinkerton, £3 16s 0½d
David Richards, £3 16s 0½d
Am Pabey, £3 16s 0½d
Dari Shropardo, £3 16s 0½d
Daniel Scrim, £3 15s 0½d
Thomas Short, £3 16s 0½d
Charles Franke, £3 16s 0½d
Timothy Sullivan, £3 16s 0½d
John Windale, £3 16s 0½d
Edward Tom, £3 16s 0½d
John Thomason, £3 16s 0½d
John Sulle, £3 16s 0½d
Thomas Taylor, £3 16s 0½d
Joseph Uphem, £3 16s 0½d
Benjamin Williams, £3 16s 0½d
William Whittenham, £3 16s 0½d
Total, £155 17s 0½d
Artillery company. Thomas Hale, master gunner, salary £13 8s 9d, diet money £6 16s 10½d, £20 5s 0½d
Gunner's mates. Nathaniel Sample, chief mate, salary £7 0s 0d, Isaac Leech £4 17s 6d, Robert Newanson £4 17s 6d, James Pritchard £4 17s 6d
Gunner's mates carried over, £21 12s 6d
Carried over, £1,547 4s 8d

246

244

Brought over 1547 4 8

Gunners Mates Brought over 21 12 6

Wm. Turner 4 17 6

John Whiteshurch 4 17 6

Henry Carter 4 17 6

John Arkingstall 4 17 6

41 2 6

Quarter Gunners

John McWade 4 7 9

John Watkin 4 7 9

Edw. Cullemore 4 7 9

Robt. Vickars 4 7 9

Cha. M. Reily 4 7 9

Anthy. Day 4 7 9

Alexr. Watson from 2 Jan 1728 3..18.7

March Mathos 2..9

Dr. from 29 Inst as Guner 2..9

And. Barker from 2 Jan 1728 3..18.7

March Mathos 2..9

Dr. from 29 Inst as Guner 2..9

34 9 2

Matrosses

Edw Allen 4 1 3

John Bradley 4 1 3

Jos. Boswell 4 1 3

R. Billington from 1 Jan to the 24.5.

March inst as Gunner 2..8

Dr. from 29 inst as Matross 2..8

John Cawdry 4 1 3

Derby Fowles 4 1 3

Wm. Campbell 4 1 3

Phil. Holland 4 1 3

Matrosses Carried over 32 16 5

Carried over 1622 16 4

The muster of the artillery company continued, the sum brought over standing at £1,547 4s 8d and the gunner's mates at £21 12s 6d.
William Turner, £4 17s 6d
John Whiteshurch, £4 17s 6d
Henry Carter, £4 17s 6d
John Arkingstall, £4 17s 6d
Gunner's mates total, £41 2s 6d
Quarter gunners. John McWade £4 7s 9d, John Watkin £4 7s 9d, Edward Cullemore £4 7s 9d, Robert Vickars £4 7s 9d, Charles Reily £4 7s 9d, Anthony Day £4 7s 9d, Alexander Watson, from 2 January 1752 £3 18s 7d, and from 29 January 1752 as gunner £2 9s 0d, Andrew Barker, from 2 January 1752 £3 18s 7d, and from 29 January 1752 as gunner £2 9s 0d, £34 9s 2d
Matrosses. Edward Allen £4 1s 3d, John Bradley £4 1s 3d, Joseph Boswell £4 1s 3d, Richard Billington, from 1 January to 24 March 1752 as gunner and from 29 March 1752 as matross £2 8s 0d, John Cawdry £4 1s 3d, Derby Fowles £4 1s 3d, William Campbell £4 1s 3d, Philip Holland £4 1s 3d
Matrosses carried over, £32 16s 5d
Carried over, £1,622 16s 4d

Interpretations

The split pay of Watson, Barker and Billington, drawn partly as gunner and partly at a lower rank within the quarter, shows promotions and reductions caught mid-quarter and settled by charging each rank for its span of days. The matrosses drew the base artillery wage of £4 1s 3d for the quarter, the junior gunners who worked the fort's pieces under the mates.

247

245

Brought over 1622 16 4

Matrosses Brought over 32 16 5

Wm Hayes 4 1 3

Jno Long 4 1 3

Robt. Marshall 4 1 3

Tho. Mason 4 1 3

Richd. Mayo 4 1 3

Alexr. Melbourne from 1 Janry to 28th

Mat inst as Gunner 1A..5.

Dr from 29 inst as Matross 2..8

John Peters 4 1 3

William Penny 4 1 3

Abram Ratcliff 4 1 3

John Smith 4 1 3

73 15 1

Superannuated

Francis Tunge Armourer 6..1/2

Wm. Burnham Surgeon 3 8 3

9 8 10 1/2

1706..6 1/2

The muster of the artillery company concluded, the sum brought over standing at £1,622 16s 4d and the matrosses at £32 16s 5d.
William Hayes, £4 1s 3d
John Long, £4 1s 3d
Robert Marshall, £4 1s 3d
Thomas Mason, £4 1s 3d
Richard Mayo, £4 1s 3d
Alexander Melbourne, from 1 January to 28 March 1752 as gunner, and from 29 March 1752 as matross, £2 8s 0d
John Peters, £4 1s 3d
William Penny, £4 1s 3d
Abram Ratcliff, £4 1s 3d
John Smith, £4 1s 3d
Total, £73 15s 1d
Superannuated. Francis Tunge, armourer, £6 0s 0½d, William Burnham, sergeant, £3 8s 3d, £9 8s 10½d
Grand total, £1,706 6s 0½d

Interpretations

The grand total of £1,706 6s 0½d closed the whole quarter's wage bill for the civil staff, four line companies and artillery together, a figure the paymaster's account was framed to answer. Francis Tunge, the superannuated armourer, is the same man whose will was proved this quarter under the name Funge, a clerk's variant of the surname.

248

246

20 April

Dr John Clark Paymaster

1752

March 31 To Cash received from the Honble Companys Cash Chest 1913 11

John Clark, paymaster, opened his account for the March quarter as debtor. On 31 March 1752 he received from the Company's cash chest £1,913 11s 0d.

Interpretations

The paymaster drew the whole quarter's disbursements in one sum from the cash chest and then answered for their distribution, the sum here exceeding the salary bill because it covered re-enlistment bounties and sundry purchases as well as wages. Charging the entire outlay to him as a debtor was the device by which the Company held one officer accountable for every payment of the quarter.

249

247

Per Contra

1752

Mar 1 By Cash paid Capt. Coare the Balance of Ships Cash

Account Conservat 5 8 6 1/2

16 By Dr pr Saml Baker for releiving to serve the Honble

Company over & above for free to commence from this day 10 ..

20 By Dr pr Robt Berry for Do 10 ..

22 By Dr pr Humpr Pugh for Do 10 ..

By Dr pr John Smith for Do 10 ..

By Dr pr Jno Godby for Do 10 ..

By Dr pr Tho Cliver for Do 10 ..

By Dr pr Amed Vapory for Do 10 ..

By Dr pr Anty Day for Do 10 ..

By Dr pr John Bucks for Do 10 ..

By Dr pr Benj Williams Junr for Do 10 ..

By Dr pr Benj Williams Senr for Do 10 ..

By Dr pr Andrew Barton for Do 10 ..

By Dr pr Wm Benfield for Do 10 ..

By Dr pr Tho E Prack for Do 10 ..

By Dr pr Adam Melbourne for Do 10 ..

By Dr pr Dan Langton for Do 10 ..

By Dr pr Geo Beniett for Do 10 ..

By Dr pr Wm Turner for Do 10 ..

31 By Dr pr Jona. Hitchen for Sargt Work done in this Qr 3 ..

By Dr pr the Pinnace Men their Allowance for Rowing

in the Pinnace this Quarter 2 10

By Dr pr Sundry Persons for comeing Express with

Account of Ships to Windsor in this Quarter 3 ..

By Dr pr Tho Oliver Wm Thomas for Baking 78

Batches Bread for Garrison & ffr Batches in this Quarter 6 10 ..

By Dr pr Ri Bagley for for 3 1/2 Bushels Potatoes at

6 pr Bushel for the use of the Honble Company’s Table

in this Quarter 10 3

Carried over 204 4 1/2

The paymaster's account continued on the credit side, setting out the disbursements of the quarter.
On 1 March, by cash paid Captain Coare the balance of the ship's cash account, £5 8s 6½d
On 16 March, allowance to Samuel Baker for re-enlisting to serve the Company from that day, £10 0s 0d
On 20 March, allowance to Robert Berry for the same, £10 0s 0d
On 22 March, allowance to Humphry Pugh for the same, £10 0s 0d
Allowance to John Smith for the same, £10 0s 0d
Allowance to John Godby for the same, £10 0s 0d
Allowance to Thomas Cliver for the same, £10 0s 0d
Allowance to Amed Vapory for the same, £10 0s 0d
Allowance to Anthony Day for the same, £10 0s 0d
Allowance to John Bucks for the same, £10 0s 0d
Allowance to Benjamin Williams junior for the same, £10 0s 0d
Allowance to Benjamin Williams senior for the same, £10 0s 0d
Allowance to Andrew Barton for the same, £10 0s 0d
Allowance to William Benfield for the same, £10 0s 0d
Allowance to Thomas Prack for the same, £10 0s 0d
Allowance to Adam Melbourne for the same, £10 0s 0d
Allowance to Daniel Langton for the same, £10 0s 0d
Allowance to George Beniett for the same, £10 0s 0d
Allowance to William Turner for the same, £10 0s 0d
On 31 March, allowance to Jonathan Hitchen for carpenter's work done this quarter, £3 0s 0d
Allowance to the pinnace men for rowing in the pinnace this quarter, £2 10s 0d
Allowance to sundry persons for coming express with account of ships to Windsor this quarter, £3 0s 0d
Allowance to Thomas Oliver and William Thomas for baking 78 batches of bread for the garrison this quarter, £6 10s 0d
Allowance to Richard Bagley for 3½ bushels of potatoes at 6s per bushel for the use of the Company's table this quarter, £10s 3d
Carried over, £204 4s 0½d

Interpretations

The long run of £10 bounties in late March, each paid to re-enlist a soldier for a fresh term, dominated the quarter's payments and shows a batch of garrison men re-engaged together to keep the companies at strength. The express charges for carrying news of ships to Windsor, the settlement's lookout station, show the island paying runners to relay word of arrivals across its scattered posts.

Speculations

The individual entries of the credit side do not sum exactly to the stated carried-over figure as they stand, one bounty being recorded without a full sterling amount. The account was carried as written without arithmetical correction, so the discrepancy is recorded but not resolved.

250

248

John Clark Paymaster Dr

1752 Dr

March 31

Brought over 1913 14

£ 1913 14

Island St

31 March

Errors

pr John Clarke

The paymaster's debtor account carried its balance forward. John Clark, paymaster, brought over £1,913 14s 0d on 31 March 1752, standing at £1,913 14s 0d. The account was subscribed for the island of St Helena on 31 March 1752, errors excepted, by John Clark.

251

249

Per Contra

1752

Mar 31

Brought over 204 4 1/2

By Cash paid Wm Davis for 200 Olibos @ 8/ pr 100 for the use

of the Honble Companys Table in this Quarter 16 ..

By Dr pr Mason Jackson for 50 Tamarns @ 1/ pr 12

Shellos for the use of the Honble Companys Table in this Qr 2 5 8

By Dr pr John Dequentain for 350 Lemons @ 2/ pr Hundred

for the use of the Honble Companys Table in this Quarter 7 ..

By Dr pr the Honble Companys Officers Servants their

Sallarys Diet & Money pd for the Quarter commence

ing the 1st Ending March the 31st 1752 1706 6 1/2

£ 1913 14

Helena

1752

Exceptd

Paymaster

Counted and examined the Honble Companys Accts

for the Month of March last which is as follows viz

The paymaster's credit account continued, the sum brought over standing at £204 4s 0½d.
By cash paid William Davis for 200 olibos at 8s per hundred for the use of the Company's table this quarter, £16 0s 0d
By allowance to Mason Jackson for 50 tamarinds at 1s per dozen for the use of the Company's table this quarter, £2 5s 8d
By allowance to John Desfountain for 350 lemons at 2s per hundred for the use of the Company's table this quarter, £7 0s 0d
By allowance to the Company's officers and servants for their salaries and diet money for the quarter from 1 January 1752 to 31 March 1752, £1,706 6s 0½d
Total, £1,913 14s 0d

The account was subscribed at St Helena in 1752, errors excepted, by the paymaster. The Council then counted and examined the Company's accounts for March 1752.

Interpretations

The single large credit of £1,706 6s 0½d for salaries reconciles the paymaster's account to the quarter's muster and salary roll, closing the loop between the sum he drew and the wages he paid. The purchases of lemons, tamarinds and olibos for the table continued the island's steady provision of anti-scorbutic fruit for the officers' mess, bought from local suppliers against the Company's cash.

252

250

Cash Dr

1751

March 2 To Balance remaining 4120 16 6 1/2

“ 2 To Exchange for one Sett of Bills drawn on the

Honble Court of Directors payable to Capt

Matthew Court or Order Ninety days after sight

dated these days 100 ..

“ 19 To Grind Stone recd from Branch Gun Powder for the Dame Ship 23 .. 7 1/2

“ 12 To Ship Lord Anson the Balance of her Account 30 14 ..

“ 21 To Exchange for one Sett of Bills drawn on

the Honble Court of Directors payable to

Capt Geo Younge, for Order 90 days after

sight dated these days £200 .. ..

“ To Dr for one Sett of Bills drawn as above

payable to Mr Gab. Steward or Order

90 days after sight 300 .. ..

“ To Ship Onslow the Balance of her Account 500 ..

1752

“ 14 To Ship Vine Boston the Balance of her Account 19 12 5

“ 28 To Ship Ipex the Balance of her Account 113 13 6 1/2

“ 31 To Matthews Stirling for Sundry Goods Sold in the

Months of Janry Febry & March 113 5 8 1/2

“ To Licences recd for 10 Publick Houses 15 .. ..

“ To Plantation received for Sundrys Sold in the

Quarter 2 2 7 1/2

£6059 18 4

The Company's cash account for the quarter ending 31 March 1752 opened with the sums received.
On 2 March, balance remaining, £4,120 16s 6½d

On 2 March, by exchange for a set of bills drawn on the Court of Directors payable to Captain Matthew Court or order 90 days after sight, £100 0s 0d
On 9 March, by grindstone and gunpowder received for the ship, £23 0s 7½d
On 12 March, by the ship Lord Anson, the balance of her account, £30 14s 0d

On 21 March, by exchange for a set of bills drawn on the Court of Directors payable to Captain George Younge or order 90 days after sight, £200 0s 0d
By a set of bills drawn as above payable to Gabriel Steward or order 90 days after sight, £300 0s 0d
By the ship Onslow, the balance of her account, £500 0s 0d
On 14 March, by the ship Lord Boston, the balance of her account, £19 12s 5d
On 28 March, by the ship Ipswich, the balance of her account, £113 13s 6½d
On 31 March, by Matthew Stirling for sundry goods sold in January, February and March, £113 5s 8½d
By licences received for 10 public houses, £15 0s 0d
By plantation received for sundries sold in the quarter, £2 2s 7½d
Total, £6,059 18s 4d

Interpretations

The receipts show the sale of bills on the Court of Directors as the treasury's chief means of taking in coin, several captains and a private trader lodging money on the island against paper payable in London after 90 days. The inflow of balances from the accounts of departing ships, together with the licence duty on ten public houses and the plantation market takings, shows the range of standing revenues the Castle gathered into a single quarterly cash.

Speculations

The account bears the year 1751 at its opening date, which cannot stand where the quarter closes on 31 March 1752 and the later entries carry that year, so the opening was read as 1752 to keep the sequence coherent. The figures were otherwise carried as written.

253

251

Per Contra

1752

March 31

By Sundry Accents to Advance the Paymaster this Quarter 1913 14

By Balance remaining in the following Species Vizt

If Gd Wt 11.15 1/2 @ 3..18.3 16 1 6 1/2

If Do 3..9.12 @ 3..18.. 13 11 3/4

70 Veneseans @ 10/ 35 ..

12 Rupees @ 1/6 18 ..

6000 Pagodas @ 4 2400 ..

Gold Amounting to 2512 12 9

3362 Dollars @ 5/ 810 10 ..

1517 Reals @ 1/ 1/2 178 1/2

129 1/8 half Rials @ 1/3 1/4 202 6 3

141 French pieces @ 2/ 3 13 6

Old Money @ 3 3/8d 3 3/8d

Silver Amounting to 1109 1 7

146 Cash Notes @ 40/ 292 ..

162 Do @ 20/ 162 ..

262 Do @ 5/ 65 10 ..

160 Do @ 2/6 20 ..

Cash Notes Amounting to 539 10 ..

4146 4 1

£ 6059 18 4

Chas. Hutchinson

David Fenton

John Clark

`

The cash account continued on the credit side, showing the disbursement and the balance remaining on 31 March 1752 in the following species. The coin headings were partly abbreviated in the source and are supplied here as weight and value.
By sundry accounts to advance the paymaster this quarter, £1,913 14s 0d
1 fine gold, weight 11-15½, at £3 18s 3d, £16 1s 6½d
1 fine gold, 3-9-12, at 3-18, £13 11s 0¾d
70 Venetians at 10, £35 0s 0d
12 rupees at 1s 6d, £18 0s 0d
6,000 pagodas at 4, £2,400 0s 0d
Gold amounting to £2,512 12s 9d
3,362 dollars at 5, £810 10s 0d
1,517 reals at 1s 0½d, £178 0s 0½d
12,918 half rials at 1s 3¼d, £202 6s 3d
141 French pieces at 2, £3 13s 6d
Old money at 3⅜d, £3 0s 0⅜d
Silver amounting to £1,109 1s 7d
146 cash notes at 40, £292 0s 0d
162 cash notes at 20, £162 0s 0d
262 cash notes at 5, £65 10s 0d
160 cash notes at 2s 6d, £20 0s 0d
Cash notes amounting to £539 10s 0d
Balance total, £4,146 4s 1d
Total, £6,059 18s 4d
The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson, David Fenton and John Clark.

Speculations

The stated subtotals for gold, silver and cash notes and the balance total do not all add together as the figures stand, and several coin lines cannot be squared against their stated rates. The account was carried as written without arithmetical correction, so the discrepancy is recorded but not resolved.

254

252

At a Consultation held on Saturday the 25 Day of April

1752 at the Castle

Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governor

Captn David Hunter Lt Governor

Lieutenant John Clark of Hounbl.

The last Consultation was read approved and Signed dated

the 20th April 1752.

The Storekeeper brought in Yesterday the following

Account of Stores short received from the Ship Exeter Vizt

Account of Stores short received from Ship

Exeter Vizt

30 Single Deals short delivered put on board sent up for

6 ditto the Store Hole

1 Cask for Wine Quarter Cask short delivered

1 Muscovy light not in the Package, which was

full; when the Cask was opened.

5 Muscovy lights, broke & rendered quite useless

being badly packed up with Saucepan and

Water pot, which have broke through, & spoiled

& damaged them

1 Decanter

11 Wine & Water Glass

7 Do Glo 10 by 12

21 Do 6 by 8

6 Do 8 by 10

5 Do 19 by 11 broken

36 Do in the Sack Frames

2 Bottles flowers Oyl

5 Newcastle Linens

The Governor and Council met in consultation at the Castle on Saturday 25 April 1752. Governor Charles Hutchinson presided, with Captain David Hunter, Lieutenant Governor, and Lieutenant John Clark of the Council present. The Council read the previous consultation of 20 April 1752, then approved and signed it. The storekeeper had brought in the previous day an account of stores short received from the Exeter.
30 single deals, short delivered
6 single deals, put aboard and sent up for the store hole
1 quarter cask for wine, short delivered
1 Muscovy light, not in the package, which was full when the cask was opened
5 Muscovy lights, broke and rendered useless, being badly packed with a saucepan and water pot that broke through and damaged them
1 decanter
11 wine and water glasses
7 glasses 10 by 12
21 glasses 6 by 8
6 glasses 8 by 10
5 glasses 19 by 11, broken
36 glasses in the sack frames
2 bottles flowers oil
5 Newcastle linens

Interpretations

The short-delivery account recorded the deals, glassware and other stores missing or broken from the Exeter's cargo, several items spoiled by careless packing that let a saucepan and water pot crush the glass. Muscovy lights were sheets of the translucent mineral mica, used in place of glass for lanterns and windows, imported because the island could make no glazing of its own.

255

253

No 1 Cask Vinegar Gage 30 wants to fill 2 gallons

2 Do 30 Do 2

3 Do 29 Do 2

6

89

Received 83 gallons

No 1 Cask Beer Gage 50 gallons wants to fill 10 gallons

2 Do 51 Do 7

3 Do 52 Do 1 1/2

4 Do 52 Do 4

5 Do 52 Do 8

6 Do 51 Do 5 1/2

39

308

Received 269 gallons

April 24 1752

Signed

M. Purling Storekeeper

John Wills Soldier having served his Contract term

here, petitioned for his Discharge from this Garrison, who being willing

to go to Fort Marlborough in the Honble Companys Service, We granted

him his Discharge, & gave Capt Tennell Orders to receive him on

board accordingly.

The Lieut Governor having desired that John Chapman

who is of particular use to him, might be permitted to change with

Wm Harris a Recruit on board the Exeter for Bencoolen, who is willing

to serve the Honble Company five years here, & Chapman the

remainder part of his time, at Fort Marlborough, We agreed to it.

We have sent the following Letters to the President &

Council of Fort William & the Deputy Govr & Council of Fort

Marlborough Viz

To the Honble Adam Dawson Esq President

Govr &c Council of Fort William

Honble Sir Sirs

The account of stores short received from the Exeter continued, gauging the casks of vinegar and beer.
1 cask vinegar, gauge 30, wanting 2 gallons to fill
1 cask vinegar, gauge 30, wanting 2 gallons
1 cask vinegar, gauge 29, wanting 2 gallons
Total wanting, 6 gallons; total 89; received 83 gallons
1 cask beer, gauge 50 gallons, wanting 10 gallons to fill
1 cask beer, gauge 51, wanting 7 gallons
1 cask beer, gauge 52, wanting 1½ gallons
1 cask beer, gauge 52, wanting 4 gallons
1 cask beer, gauge 52, wanting 8 gallons
1 cask beer, gauge 51, wanting 5½ gallons
Total wanting, 39 gallons; total 308; received 269 gallons

The account was subscribed by M. Purling, storekeeper, on 24 April 1752. John Wills, soldier, having served his contracted term, petitioned for his discharge from the garrison. Being willing to go to Fort Marlborough in the Company's service, the Council granted his discharge and gave Captain Tennell orders to receive him aboard. The Lieutenant Governor desired that John Chapman, of particular use to him, be permitted to change with William Harris, a recruit aboard the Exeter bound for Bencoolen, Harris to serve the Company five years on the island and Chapman the remainder of his time at Fort Marlborough, to which the Council agreed. The Council sent letters to the President and Council of Fort William and the Deputy Governor and Council of Fort Marlborough. To Adam Dawson, President and Governor, and the Council of Fort William, the Council began its letter.

Interpretations

The gauging of every vinegar and beer cask to show the gallons wanting protected the Company against loss on liquids that leaked and evaporated on the voyage, the storekeeper booking only what the casks truly held. The exchange of Chapman for the recruit Harris shows the Council trading men between its settlements to suit local need, a soldier valued by the Lieutenant Governor kept on the island while a fresh recruit took his place at Fort Marlborough.

256

254

10 instant, We have discovered Thomas Fellows, Joshua Johnson

& Michael Ducky to be Deserters from the Garrison of Bengal,

on the Ship Kent. We have therefore put them on board the

Exeter, bound to Bencoolen, to be forwarded to you from thence

by the first Conveyance.

We are

Honble Sir Sirs

Your most humble Servants

Signed Charles Hutchinson

David Hunter

John Clarke

St Helena

25th April 1752

To the Worshipful, the Deputy Govr & the

Council of Fort Marlborough

Worshipful Sir Sirs

Having discovered on board the Kent three Men

Vizt Thos Fellows, Joshua Johnson, & Michl Ducky, to be

Deserters from the Honble Companys Garrison of Bengal,

We have therefore put them on board the Ship Exeter and

have given Capt Fennell directions to deliver them to you,

to be forwarded to Fort William.

According to the Honble Companys Orders

we have sent you John Wills a Discharged Soldier from

this Garrison, who is willing to serve five years at

Fort Marlborough, & agreeable to their Honours

directions, is to receive a Bounty of eight Pounds upon

his enlisting there.

We have taken Wm Harris a Recruit of the

Exeter, for our Settlement, in exchange for John

Chapman, who is a Convenient Man for the Lieut Govr

The Council's letter to Fort William concluded. It reported that, since the letter of 10 April 1752, the Council had discovered Thomas Fellows, Joshua Johnson and Michael Ducky to be deserters from the garrison of Bengal, found aboard the Kent. The Council had put them aboard the Exeter bound for Bencoolen, to be forwarded from there by the first conveyance. The letter was signed by Charles Hutchinson, David Hunter and John Clark at St Helena on 25 April 1752. The Council also wrote to the Deputy Governor and Council of Fort Marlborough. Having discovered aboard the Kent three men, Thomas Fellows, Joshua Johnson and Michael Ducky, to be deserters from the Company's garrison of Bengal, the Council had put them aboard the Exeter and directed Captain Fennell to deliver them to Fort Marlborough to be forwarded to Fort William. According to the Company's orders, the Council had sent John Wills, a discharged soldier from the island, willing to serve five years at Fort Marlborough and to receive a bounty of £8 on enlisting there. The Council had taken William Harris, a recruit of the Exeter, for the island in exchange for John Chapman, a convenient man for the Lieutenant Governor.

Interpretations

The three Bengal deserters caught aboard the Kent were shipped on again toward the settlement they had fled, the island serving as a point of interception in the Company's control of its own runaway soldiers. The letters show the machinery by which men moved through the eastern settlements, deserters returned, a discharged soldier sent on to enlist afresh at a set bounty, and a recruit exchanged to suit the island's officers.

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255

and is to serve the remainder of his Contracted time at Fort Marlborough, being two years & five months.

We are

Worshipful Sir & Sirs

Your most humble Servants

(signed) Charles Hutchinson

David Hunter

John Clarke

St. Helena

25th April 1752.

Chas Hutchinson

David Hunter

John Clarke.

At a Consultation held on Monday the 27th day of April 1752 at the Castle.

Present Charles Hutchinson Esq Governor,

Lieutenant John Clarke of Council,

The last Consultation was read, approved, and signed, dated the 25th of April 1752.

Friday Sailed the Honble Companys Ship Lætter on her Voyage, with David Hunter Esq on board

The Accomptant this day brought in his Journal Acct for the Quarter ending the 31st of March last, which were examined and approved, and ordered to be Entered

Received of Mr Sam Desfourneaux £41 - part of a Debt due to the Estate of the late Govr Goodwin from

Isaac Wood Deceased.

The Council's letter to Fort Marlborough concluded, noting that John Chapman was to serve the remainder of his contracted time there, being two years and five months. The letter was signed by Charles Hutchinson, David Hunter and John Clark at St Helena on 25 April 1752. The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson, David Hunter and John Clark. The Governor and Council then met in consultation at the Castle on 27 April 1752, with Governor Charles Hutchinson and Lieutenant John Clark of the Council present. The Council read the previous consultation of 25 April 1752, then approved and signed it. The Company's ship Exeter had sailed on her voyage on Friday with David Hunter aboard. The accountant brought in his journal account for the quarter ending 31 March 1752, which the Council examined and approved and ordered to be entered. The Council received of Samuel Desfountain £41 0s 0d in part of a debt due to the estate of the late Governor Goodwin from the late Isaac Wood.

Interpretations

The departure of David Hunter aboard the Exeter left the board reduced to the Governor and a single councillor, so the island's whole government rested for a time on two men. The continuing recovery of debts owed to the late Governor Goodwin's estate, paid in by third parties on behalf of the dead, shows the Council administering a former officer's affairs years after his death.

258

256

Supplied by C apt Hunter from the Hon ble Companys
Stock Stores w th the following Necessarys for her Voyage according
to the Orders of the Hon ble the Court of Directors Viz t
from the Plantations Viz t
2 Cows & 2 Calves L 11. 5. -
6 Young Shoats 4. 7. -
72 Sheep 7. 16. -
3 Dozen Fowles 2. 14. -
29. 2. -
from the Stores Viz t
100 Caddy L t 7. 1
50 Candles 3. 6. 8
4 Bottles Florence Oil 10. 4
1 Sett China Ware 15. -
3 Grofs Corks 6. 10 1/2
1 Cask Beer 2. 6. 2 1/2
8. 12. 2
Paid Capt t Fennell for 10 Dozen Fowles, bought for
Capt t Hunter, the Hon ble Companys Stock not } 9. -
being sufficient to supply what was required
Bought of R. Bagley 10 Bushels Potatoes for Capt t } 2. 10. -
Hunter use
L 49. 4. 2
Chas. Hutchinson
John Clark.

Captain Hunter was supplied from the Company's stock and stores with the following necessaries for his voyage, according to the orders of the Court of Directors.
From the plantation: 2 cows and 2 calves, £11 5s 0d; 6 young shoats, £4 7s 0d; 72 sheep, £7 16s 0d; 3 dozen fowls, £2 14s 0d; total £29 2s 0d
From the stores: 100 caddy, £7 15s 0d; 50 candles, £3 6s 8d; 4 bottles Florence oil, £10s 0d; 1 set chinaware, £15s 0d; 3 gross corks, £6s 10½d; 1 cask beer, £2 6s 2½d; total £8 12s 2d
Paid Captain Fennell for 10 dozen fowls bought for Captain Hunter, the Company's stock not being sufficient, £9s 0d
Bought of Richard Bagley 10 bushels of potatoes for Captain Hunter's use, £2 10s 0d
Total, £49 4s 2d
The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson and John Clark.

Interpretations

The victualling of Captain Hunter's voyage from the island's own plantation and stores shows St Helena provisioning the Company's officers with live cattle, sheep, poultry and stored goods for the passage. The need to buy extra fowls and potatoes from a ship's captain and a planter when the Company's own stock fell short marks how finely the island's supply was stretched against the demands upon it.

259

257

A Consultation held on Tuesday the 7th day of April 1752 at the
Castle
Present Charles Hutchinson Esq Govr
Lieutenant John Clark Assitant
The last Consultation was read approved and Signed, dated the
2d April 1752.
Yesterday Arrived the Honble Companys Ship Lyon Capt Gilbert Slater from
China.
This day Died an Infant of Richard & Elizabeth Harper.
D. Passed by at a great distance.
Thomas Thompson, Thomas Sanders, and Patrick
Lee Esqrs this day Applyed to pay into the Honble Companys Cash here
913 Dollars making £235.15. being Money remaining in their
hands belonging to their Honours, which we have received, and given
them a Receipt, dated this day.
Captain Gilbert Slater likewise Applyed to Us to
lodge L447.. into the Honble Companys Cash here, which Sum
also we have received, and given him three Certificates for the same, dated this
day.
The following Protest being this day delivered in by Capt
Gilbert Slater, is entered at his request Vizt
Gilbert Slater Commander of the Ship Lyon in the Service
of the Honble the United Company of Merchants of England trading to
the East Indies having met with a most Violent Storm which lasted
from the 25 to the 28 Janry in which lost our Main & Fore Masts
being Obliged after they were over the Side to cut them away for the
Preservation of the Ship, & being Apprehensive the Companys Cargo.

The Governor and Council met in consultation at the Castle on Tuesday 5 May 1752. Governor Charles Hutchinson presided, with Lieutenant John Clark assisting. The Council read the previous consultation of 27 April 1752, then approved and signed it. The Company's ship Lyon, Captain Gilbert Slater, had arrived the previous day from China. An infant of Richard and Elizabeth Harper had died that day. A ship passed at a great distance. Thomas Thompson, Thomas Sanders and Patrick Lee this day applied to pay into the Company's cash 913 dollars, making £235 15s 0d, being money in their hands belonging to the Company, which the Council received and gave them a receipt dated that day. Captain Gilbert Slater applied to lodge £447 0s 0d into the Company's cash, which the Council received, giving him three certificates dated that day. Captain Slater delivered a protest, entered at his request. Slater, commander of the Lyon in the Company's service, having met a most violent storm from 25 to 28 January that carried away his main and foremasts, was obliged after they went over the side to cut them away for the preservation of the ship, and apprehended that the Company's cargo had suffered.

Interpretations

The captain's protest was a formal maritime instrument, a master's sworn declaration entered on arrival to record that a storm had dismasted the ship and threatened her cargo, so that later loss could not be laid to his negligence. The lodging of coin by the supercargoes and the captain against receipts and certificates shows the treasury's standing service of taking in the Company's own money and private funds for paper recoverable elsewhere.

Speculations

The consultation is dated in April in the source, which cannot stand between the sitting of 27 April and that of 4 May, so it was read as 5 May 1752 to keep the sequence coherent. The dating of the surrounding consultations is confused in the record, and the figures and events were otherwise carried as written.

260

258

must have suffered by the Violence of the said Storm do in the
part & behalf of the several Owners of the said Ship, Protest
against the Sea for all damages the said Ship & Cargoe may
sustain by the same, datd on board the Ship Lyon, in the
Latitude of 21.41 S Longitude from Java Head 35.52 W
this 29 day of January 1751/2
The Protest taken in the Presence of Us
(signed)
Newill Knorrey
Willm Tryon
Peter Grice
Willm Slater
Tho Loy
J. Middleton
The Ship Lyon brought Us the following Supply of Goods
from China Vizt
Invoice of Ship Lvlon
No 10 Seabengo Vizt
10 small Chests Wt 107 Grofs to
156 Tare at 15 P Cent S m c
Pt Netts at 4.17 per Tal 83 1..
No 11 China Ware Box containing P m C
100 half pint Cups & Saucers C 1.3 Sup Sauce 4..3m
100 1 pint Do Do 4..5 45..
88..8
Deduct 4 P Cent allownces for breakage 1..7.6
N 12 & 21 Sugar Candy Vizt
13 Chests Wt 4237 Grofs
412 Tare
3795 Neat P C 28.46 C 9.9 per Cent 196 3 7 4
No 25 & 34 Sugar No 8
10 Chests Wt 2920
340 Tare P C S m
2580 Neat 19.35 @ 5.2 per Cent 100 6 2
32 9 3 6
Charges on the above Goods
Errors Excepted 421 9 5 4
Geo Thompson
Tho: Sanders
P Lee
Assists

The Lyon's protest concluded. Apprehending that the Company's cargo must have suffered by the storm, Slater protested on behalf of the ship's owners against the sea for all damage the ship and cargo might sustain. The protest was dated aboard the Lyon in latitude 21 degrees 41 minutes south, longitude 35 degrees 52 minutes west of Java Head, on 29 January 1751/52, and taken in the presence of Newill Knorrey, William Tryon, Peter Grice, William Slater, Thomas Loy and J. Middleton. The Lyon had brought the following supply from China. The invoice of the Lyon followed, its values given in the Chinese currency of taels, mace and candareens.
Seabengo, 10 small chests, gross 107, tare 156, net at 4 taels 17 mace per tael, 83 taels 1 candareen

Chinaware, 1 box containing 100 half-pint cups and saucers and 100 pint cups and saucers, 45 taels 8 mace 8 candareens, deducting 4 per cent for breakage, 1 tael 7 mace 6 candareens
Sugar candy, 13 chests, gross 4,237, tare 412, net 3,795, at 9 taels 9 mace per hundredweight, 196 taels 3 mace 7 candareens
Sugar, 10 chests, gross 2,920, tare 340, net 2,580, at 5 taels 2 mace per hundredweight, 100 taels 6 candareens
Charges on the above goods, total 421 taels 9 mace 5 candareens
The account was subscribed, errors excepted, by George Thompson, Thomas Sanders and Patrick Lee, supercargoes.

Interpretations

The invoice was reckoned in Chinese money of taels, mace and candareens and Chinese weight of catty and picul, the currency and measure the Canton trade used before conversion into sterling. Seabengo, sugar candy and porcelain were the staples of the homeward China cargo, the tea and sugar weighed gross and net to charge only the true content of the heavy chests.

261

259

Lieutenant John Clark reports that he has been on
board the Ship Lyon to Muster her Company & Enquire for Deserters
and found none, the Muster Roll is as follows Vizt
Muster Roll of Ship Lyon
Gilbert Slater Commander
Newill Noncey 1st Mate
Fras. J. Robinson 2d Do
Wm Tryon 3d Do
P. F. Croow 4th Do
Wm Slater 5th Do
Alexr Fargur Surgeon
John Fylde Purser
Tho. Lloyd Carpenter
Jn Middleton Boatsn
Chas.R. Barkley Gunner
John Derlickson Caulker
Jn Cotton Midshipman
R. Kenelle Do
Theo Freemen Do
John Lever Do
Wm Scott Surgeon Mate
Wm Hovey Cooper
R. Aldachson Sailmaker
Robt Meaher Capt Stew
Wm Turner Ships Do
Wm Parr Capt. Cook
Jn Conner Gunr Mate
Jos Wood Carp. Mate
Tho Lewyn Do
Wm Howel Sailkt Do
Mich. Blomer Ament
Wm Henty Butcher
John Greest Ford. Port.
John Sutherland Tailor
Wm Alleman Joiner
Jn Hillard P Dr
Ja. J. Henery Do
Emerson I?ay Seaman
John Reed Do
Geo Scudclon Do
Geo Clark Do
Wm Dauron Do
Wm Clarke Do
John Bilbie Do
John Hervey Do
Mark Pickard Do
Ricr. Wilper Do
Wm Feltman Do
John Munro Do
Tho: Pachorne Do
Frs Gedron Do
Tho Blanckford Do
Jn Robert Do
Jn Hose Do
John Hoager Seaman
John Point Do
John Haines Do
Wm Riendman Do
Ja. Arni Do
Arch. Gory Do
Geo? Gammock Do
Alex Patterson Do
Cha Humber Do
Wm Ross Do
Rob. Medley Do
Geo Dennin Do
Wm Denner Do
Dan Moller Do
Moses Agnew Do
John Beale Do
Edw Nixon Do
Geo Gregory Do
Geo Henson Do
Tho Grant Do
Ja Flint Do
Fra Neale Do
John How Do
Wm Lawrence Do
Wm Great Do
Jno Blackbourn Do

Lieutenant John Clark reported that he had gone aboard the Lyon to muster her company and enquire for deserters, finding none. The muster roll of the Lyon followed.
Gilbert Slater, commander
Newill Noncey, first mate
Francis Robinson, second mate
William Tryon, third mate
P. F. Croow, fourth mate
William Slater, fifth mate
Alexander Fargur, surgeon
John Fylde, purser
Thomas Lloyd, carpenter
John Middleton, boatswain
Charles Barkley, gunner
John Derlickson, caulker
John Cotton, midshipman
R. Kenelle, midshipman
Theo Freemen, midshipman
John Lever, midshipman
William Scott, surgeon's mate
William Hovey, cooper
R. Aldachson, sailmaker
Robert Meaher, captain's steward
William Turner, ship's steward
William Parr, captain's cook
John Conner, gunner's mate
Joseph Wood, carpenter's mate
Thomas Lewyn, carpenter's mate
William Howel, sailmaker's mate
Michael Blomer, armourer
William Henty, butcher
John Greest, forward porter
John Sutherland, tailor
William Alleman, joiner
John Hillard, servant
James Henery, servant
Emerson Iay, seaman
John Reed, seaman
George Scudclon, seaman
George Clark, seaman
William Dauron, seaman
William Clarke, seaman
John Bilbie, seaman
John Hervey, seaman
Mark Pickard, seaman
Richard Wilper, seaman
William Feltman, seaman
John Munro, seaman
Thomas Pachorne, seaman
Francis Gedron, seaman
Thomas Blanckford, seaman
John Robert, seaman
John Hose, seaman
John Hoager, seaman
John Point, seaman
John Haines, seaman
William Riendman, seaman
James Arni, seaman
Archibald Gory, seaman
George Gammock, seaman
Alexander Patterson, seaman
Charles Humber, seaman
William Ross, seaman
Robert Medley, seaman
George Dennin, seaman
William Denner, seaman
Daniel Moller, seaman
Moses Agnew, seaman
John Beale, seaman
Edward Nixon, seaman
George Gregory, seaman
George Henson, seaman
Thomas Grant, seaman
James Flint, seaman
Francis Neale, seaman
John How, seaman
William Lawrence, seaman
William Great, seaman
John Blackbourn, seaman

Interpretations

The muster followed the routine desertion check on the dismasted ship, the officer counting each of her company against the roll. The long list of officers, tradesmen and seamen shows the full complement of a large China ship, the crew that had worked her home after the loss of her masts.

262

260

John Green Seaman Do
Tho Macky Do
Jos Downing Do
Jno Johnson Do
Dan Mclhaurhopson Do
John Kemp Do
Wm Chagneau Forn Mate Do
Tho Horton 2d Mots Servt
Monday Sung Do
Andr Penkley Gunr Do
Wm Coze Carp Do
Jn Gammon Boat Do
Supercargoes
Thomas Thompson Esqr
Tho Sandys Esqr
Richd Lee Esqr
Supercargo Servants
Tho Sheldon
Hartly Smith
Tho Waghorn
Sailes
Chas Hutchinson
John Clark
At a consultation held on Monday the 4th day of May 1752
at the Castle.
Present Charles Hutchinson Esq Governor
Lieutenant John Clark of Councils
The last consultation was read approved and Signed
dated the 27th of May 1752.
Saturday the 2d Sailed the Honble Companys Ship Triton for England
Received of the Widow Jarvis L8.3.8 1/2 in
full of her late Husbands debts due to the Estate of Governour
Godwin Deceased.
Being put to great inconveniency since the
Death of Nicholas Clasker the late Steward from the want
of a proper person to serve the Salt Provision & Read out
of the Honble Company Store to the Garrison & Blacks...

The muster roll of the Lyon concluded.
John Green, seaman
Thomas Macky, seaman
Joseph Downing, seaman
John Johnson, seaman
Daniel Mclhaurhopson, seaman
John Kemp, seaman
William Chagneau, foremast mate
Thomas Horton, second mate's servant
Monday Sung, seaman
Andrew Penkley, gunner's servant
William Coze, carpenter's servant
John Gammon, boatswain's servant
Supercargoes: Thomas Thompson; Thomas Sandys; Richard Lee
Supercargoes' servants: Thomas Sheldon; Hartly Smith; Thomas Waghorn

The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson and John Clark. The Governor and Council then met in consultation at the Castle on 4 May 1752, with Governor Charles Hutchinson and Lieutenant John Clark of the Council present. The Council read the previous consultation of 27 April 1752, then approved and signed it. The Company's ship Triton had sailed for England on Saturday 2 May 1752. The Council received of the widow Jarvis £8 3s 8½d in full of her late husband's debts due to the estate of the late Governor Goodwin. Being put to great inconvenience since the death of Nicholas Clasker, the late steward, from the want of a proper person to serve the salt provision and bread out of the Company's store to the garrison and Blacks, the matter carried over to the continuation of the record.

Interpretations

The supercargoes and their servants, carried on the ship's books and named at the foot of the muster, were the Company's own commercial agents who managed the buying and selling of the China cargo. The want of a steward to issue the salt provisions to the garrison and the Company's slaves shows how a single death in the establishment could disrupt the routine feeding of the island's dependent population.

263

261

and to weigh off the Blacks Party Beef to Ships, we have therefore
Appointed Major Jackson to that Office, at twenty Pound pr Annum which is ten Pounds less than the former
Steward had.
Cha. Hutchinson
John Clark
At a Consultation held on Monday the 11th day of May 1752
at the Castle.
Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Govr
Lieutenant John Clark of Councils
The last Consultation was read approved and Signed, dated
the 4th May 1752.
Thursday the 7th Died Elizabeth Daughter of Willm & Margarett Duffont
Friday Died Peter Wells Soldier
The Plantation Gunner and Stewards
Accounts for the Month of April last, were this day brought
in which were Examined and Approved and are as follow Vizt

The stewardship business concluded. Being put to inconvenience by the want of a proper person to serve the salt provision and bread to the garrison and Blacks and to weigh off the Blacks' party beef to ships, the Council appointed Major Jackson to that office at £20 a year, which was £10 less than the former steward had. The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson and John Clark. The Governor and Council then met in consultation at the Castle on 11 May 1752, with Governor Charles Hutchinson and Lieutenant John Clark of the Council present. The Council read the previous consultation of 4 May 1752, then approved and signed it. Elizabeth, daughter of William and Margaret Duffont, had died on Thursday 7 May 1752, and Peter Wells, a soldier, had died on Friday 8 May 1752. The plantation, gunner's and steward's accounts for April 1752 were brought in this day, which the Council examined and approved.

Interpretations

The appointment of a new steward at £20, ten pounds below his predecessor's pay, shows the Council taking the chance of a vacancy to cut the cost of an office, filling the post more cheaply once the former holder had died. The steward's duty of issuing salt provisions and weighing the beef ration for the island's slaves shows the Company feeding its slaves from the common store as it fed the garrison, the two populations provisioned together under one officer.

Speculations

The Council could have sought a fresh steward on the former terms, since the duties were unchanged. It chose instead to appoint Major Jackson at ten pounds less, taking the vacancy left by the steward's death as the occasion to reduce a standing charge on the Company, so a routine replacement became a small economy fixed to the moment the office fell open.

264

262

Account of the Honourable Company's Stock of Neat Cattle &c for the Month of April 1752

Bulls, Cows, Calves, Yearlings, Heifers, Steers, Bullocks, Oxen, Total, Ewes, Weathers, Lambs, Rams, Total, Ewes, Weathers, He 2.s, Rams, Total, Sows, Shoats, Pigs, Boars, Total, Turkeys, Fowls, Ducks, Geese, Total, Horse, Mares, Total

Rem.g 1.st & Encreased: Bulls 4, Cows 80, Calves 68, Yearlings 15, Heifers 28, Steers 25, Bullocks 3, Oxen 8, Total 231, Ewes 152, Weathers 63, Lambs 30, Rams 6, Total 251, Ewes 140, Weathers 45, He 2.s 28, Rams 5, Total 218, Sows 7, Shoats 20, Pigs 19, Boars 1, Total 47, Turkeys 4, Fowls 170, Ducks 17, Geese 15, Total 0, Horse 7, Mares 4, Total 11


Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 0, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Bullocks 0, Oxen 0, Total 0, Ewes 0, Weathers 0, Lambs 4, Rams 0, Total 4, Ewes 0, Weathers 0, He 2.s 5, Rams 0, Total 5, Sows 0, Shoats 0, Pigs 0, Boars 0, Total 0, Turkeys 0, Fowls 10, Ducks 3, Geese 0, Total 0, Horse 0, Mares 0, Total 0

Killed: Bulls 4, Cows 80, Calves 68, Yearlings 15, Heifers 28, Steers 25, Bullocks 3, Oxen 8, Total 231, Ewes 152, Weathers 63, Lambs 34, Rams 6, Total 258, Ewes 140, Weathers 45, He 2.s 33, Rams 5, Total 223, Sows 7, Shoats 20, Pigs 19, Boars 1, Total 47, Turkeys 4, Fowls 180, Ducks 20, Geese 15, Total 0, Horse 7, Mares 4, Total 11


Sent on board the Exeter: Bulls 0, Cows 1, Calves 0, Yearlings 0, Heifers 4, Steers 7, Bullocks 0, Oxen 0, Total 12, Ewes 8, Weathers 1, Lambs 0, Rams 0, Total 9, Ewes 0, Weathers 3, He 2.s 1, Rams 0, Total 4, Sows 0, Shoats 3, Pigs 3, Boars 0, Total 6, Turkeys 0, Fowls 28, Ducks 2, Geese 0, Total 0, Horse 0, Mares 0, Total 0


for Cap.t Hunter: Bulls 0, Cows 2, Calves 2, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Bullocks 0, Oxen 0, Total 4, Ewes 4, Weathers 8, Lambs 0, Rams 0, Total 12, Ewes 0, Weathers 0, He 2.s 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Sows 1, Shoats 5, Pigs 0, Boars 0, Total 6, Turkeys 0, Fowls 36, Ducks 0, Geese 0, Total 0, Horse 0, Mares 0, Total 0


Died: Bulls 0, Cows 1, Calves 1, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Bullocks 0, Oxen 0, Total 2, Ewes 0, Weathers 0, Lambs 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Ewes 3, Weathers 2, He 2.s 6, Rams 0, Total 11, Sows 0, Shoats 0, Pigs 0, Boars 0, Total 0, Turkeys 0, Fowls 8, Ducks 0, Geese 0, Total 0, Horse 0, Mares 0, Total 0


Lost by a Fall: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 0, Yearlings 1, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Bullocks 0, Oxen 0, Total 1, Ewes 0, Weathers 0, Lambs 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Ewes 0, Weathers 0, He 2.s 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Sows 0, Shoats 0, Pigs 0, Boars 0, Total 0, Turkeys 0, Fowls 0, Ducks 0, Geese 0, Total 0, Horse 0, Mares 0, Total 0

Rem.g 30.th: Bulls 4, Cows 76, Calves 65, Yearlings 14, Heifers 24, Steers 18, Bullocks 3, Oxen 8, Total 212, Ewes 140, Weathers 54, Lambs 34, Rams 6, Total 237, Ewes 137, Weathers 40, He 2.s 26, Rams 5, Total 208, Sows 6, Shoats 12, Pigs 16, Boars 1, Total 35, Turkeys 4, Fowls 108, Ducks 18, Geese 15, Total 0, Horse 7, Mares 4, Total 11

Beef to the Exeter


315

Beef to the St George


560

Beef to the London


560

Beef to the Kent


560

Beef to the Anson


448

3 Goats to the Slaves

1 of the Hogs that was Killed proved Measley & not fit to be Eat

Yams Expended


29000

(Signed)


Rich.d Gurling

Margin Notes:

May

An account of the Honourable Company's stock of neat cattle and other livestock for the month of April 1732.

Neat cattle, remaining 1 April: 4 bulls, 80 cows, 68 calves, 15 yearlings, 28 heifers, 25 steers, 3 bullocks, 8 oxen, total 231

Sheep, remaining 1 April: 152 ewes, 63 wethers, 30 lambs, 6 rams, total 251

Goats, remaining 1 April: 140 does, 45 wethers, 28 kids, 5 rams, total 218

Hogs, remaining 1 April: 7 sows, 20 shoats, 19 pigs, 1 boar, total 47

Poultry, remaining 1 April: 4 turkeys, 170 fowls, 17 ducks, 15 geese

Horses, remaining 1 April: 7 horses, 4 mares, total 11

Increased, neat cattle: nil in every class

Increased, sheep: 4 lambs, total 4

Increased, goats: 5 kids, total 5

Increased, hogs: nil

Increased, poultry: 10 fowls, 3 ducks

Increased, horses: nil

Neat cattle after increase: 4 bulls, 80 cows, 68 calves, 15 yearlings, 28 heifers, 25 steers, 3 bullocks, 8 oxen, total 231

Sheep after increase: 152 ewes, 63 wethers, 34 lambs, 6 rams, total 258

Goats after increase: 140 does, 45 wethers, 33 kids, 5 rams, total 223

Hogs after increase: 7 sows, 20 shoats, 19 pigs, 1 boar, total 47

Poultry after increase: 4 turkeys, 180 fowls, 20 ducks, 15 geese

Horses after increase: 7 horses, 4 mares, total 11

Killed, neat cattle: 1 cow, 4 heifers, 7 steers, total 12

Killed, sheep: 8 ewes, 1 wether, total 9

Killed, goats: 3 kids, total 1

Killed, hogs: 3 shoats, 3 pigs, total 6

Killed, poultry: 28 fowls, 2 ducks

Sent on board the Exeter for Captain Hunter: 2 cows and 2 calves of the neat cattle, total 4; 4 ewes and 8 wethers of the sheep, total 12; 1 sow and 5 shoats of the hogs, total 6; and 36 fowls of the poultry.

Died, neat cattle: 1 cow, 1 calf, total 2

Died, goats: 3 does, 2 wethers, 6 kids, total 11

Died, poultry: 8 fowls

Lost by a fall, neat cattle: 1 yearling, total 1

Remaining 30 April: 4 bulls, 76 cows, 65 calves, 14 yearlings, 24 heifers, 18 steers, 3 bullocks, 8 oxen, total 212

Sheep remaining 30 April: 140 ewes, 54 wethers, 34 lambs, 6 rams, total 237

Goats remaining 30 April: 137 does, 40 wethers, 26 kids, 5 rams, total 208

Hogs remaining 30 April: 6 sows, 12 shoats, 16 pigs, 1 boar, total 35

Poultry remaining 30 April: 4 turkeys, 108 fowls, 18 ducks, 15 geese

Horses remaining 30 April: 7 horses, 4 mares, total 11

Beef to the Exeter, 315 lb

Beef to the St George, 560 lb

Beef to the London, 560 lb

Beef to the Kent, 560 lb

Beef to the Anson, 560 lb

3 goats to the slaves, 448 lb

Yams expended, 29,000

One of the hogs that was killed proved measly and not fit to be eaten.

Signed, Richard Gurling.

Interpretations

The account tracked the island's livestock as a single managed herd, opening with the stock in hand, adding the month's natural increase, then setting against it every animal killed, shipped, died or lost before striking the closing figure. This running muster let the administration hold the storekeeper to account for each beast, since the Company's meat supply turned on a small breeding stock that could not be quickly replenished on a remote island. The categories within each species, distinguishing wethers from ewes, shoats from pigs, kids from does, reflect the practical husbandry of knowing what was breeding, what was growing and what was ready for slaughter.

Much of the beef went straight to named ships, the Exeter, St George, London, Kent and Anson, revictualling East Indiamen for the long passage between England and Asia. This was the island's central purpose, a provisioning station where homeward and outward fleets took on fresh meat, water and vegetables, so a month's slaughter was measured as much by the shipping in the road as by the garrison's own needs. The 29,000 yams expended alongside the meat show the root crop that fed the slaves and bulked out ships' stores, the staple the island grew in quantity where grain would not thrive.

The note that a killed hog proved measly recorded a real loss to the food supply. Measly pork was infested with the larval cysts of tapeworm, visible in the meat and known to be dangerous, so a carcass found in that state was condemned rather than issued, and the entry explained why one beast counted as killed yielded nothing.

Speculations

Only three goats, rather than beef, went to the slaves that month while every parcel of beef was reserved for the ships and the garrison. The Company held a large stock of cattle yet chose to feed its slaves on goat meat and yams, keeping the more valued beef for revictualling the East Indiamen whose turnaround was the island's reason for being. The decision shows the strict hierarchy of provision on the island, where the quality of meat a person received followed their place in the Company's order, and the demands of the homeward fleet came before the feeding of its labour force.

265

263

1752

Gunners Stores Expended in April 1752

Guns, 4 p.rs, 3 p.rs, 2 p.rs, Powder Expended lb oz

2 Alarm: Guns 6, 4 p.rs 2, 3 p.rs 2, 2 p.rs 0, Powder Expended 12

D.o Arrived the St George Cap.t Robinson return.d the Salute: Guns 9, 4 p.rs 0, 3 p.rs 0, 2 p.rs 9, Powder Expended 9

D.o Powder for Priming: Guns 0, 4 p.rs 0, 3 p.rs 0, 2 p.rs 0, Powder Expended 1 8

D.o Alarm: Guns 6, 4 p.rs 2, 3 p.rs 2, 2 p.rs 0, Powder Expended 12

D.o Arrived a French Ship return.d the Salute: Guns 9, 4 p.rs 0, 3 p.rs 0, 2 p.rs 9, Powder Expended 9

D.o Powder for Priming: Guns 0, 4 p.rs 0, 3 p.rs 0, 2 p.rs 0, Powder Expended 1 8

D.o Powder for Priming at Bankes for the year past: Guns 0, 4 p.rs 0, 3 p.rs 0, 2 p.rs 0, Powder Expended 6

4 Departed a French return.d the Salute: Guns 9, 4 p.rs 0, 3 p.rs 0, 2 p.rs 9, Powder Expended 9

D.o Powder for Priming: Guns 0, 4 p.rs 0, 3 p.rs 0, 2 p.rs 0, Powder Expended 1 8

6 Alarm: Guns 6, 4 p.rs 2, 3 p.rs 2, 2 p.rs 0, Powder Expended 12

D.o Arrived the London Cap.t Allwright return.d the Salute: Guns 9, 4 p.rs 0, 3 p.rs 0, 2 p.rs 9, Powder Expended 9

D.o Powder for Priming: Guns 0, 4 p.rs 0, 3 p.rs 0, 2 p.rs 0, Powder Expended 1 8

D.o Powder for Priming at the Alarm House: Guns 0, 4 p.rs 0, 3 p.rs 0, 2 p.rs 0, Powder Expended 3

D.o Alarm: Guns 6, 4 p.rs 2, 3 p.rs 2, 2 p.rs 0, Powder Expended 12

9 Arrived the Kent Cap.t Wilson return.d the Salute: Guns 11, 4 p.rs 0, 3 p.rs 0, 2 p.rs 11, Powder Expended 11

D.o Powder for Priming: Guns 0, 4 p.rs 0, 3 p.rs 0, 2 p.rs 0, Powder Expended 1 8

10 Alarm: Guns 6, 4 p.rs 2, 3 p.rs 2, 2 p.rs 0, Powder Expended 12

D.o Arrived the Anson Cap.t Ramsay return.d the Salute: Guns 9, 4 p.rs 0, 3 p.rs 0, 2 p.rs 9, Powder Expended 9

D.o Powder for Priming: Guns 0, 4 p.rs 0, 3 p.rs 0, 2 p.rs 0, Powder Expended 1 8

12 Departed the St George return.d the Salute: Guns 9, 4 p.rs 0, 3 p.rs 0, 2 p.rs 9, Powder Expended 9

D.o Powder for Priming: Guns 0, 4 p.rs 0, 3 p.rs 0, 2 p.rs 0, Powder Expended 1 8

16 Departed the Anson return.d the Salute: Guns 9, 4 p.rs 0, 3 p.rs 0, 2 p.rs 9, Powder Expended 9

D.o Departed the Kent return.d the Salute: Guns 9, 4 p.rs 0, 3 p.rs 0, 2 p.rs 9, Powder Expended 9

D.o Powder for Priming: Guns 0, 4 p.rs 0, 3 p.rs 0, 2 p.rs 0, Powder Expended 3

27 Fired a Salute Cap.t Hunter going on board: Guns 15, 4 p.rs 0, 3 p.rs 0, 2 p.rs 15, Powder Expended 15

D.o Departed the Exeter return.d the Salute: Guns 10, 4 p.rs 0, 3 p.rs 0, 2 p.rs 10, Powder Expended 10

D.o Powder for Priming: Guns 0, 4 p.rs 0, 3 p.rs 0, 2 p.rs 0, Powder Expended 4 8

30 Alarm: Guns 6, 4 p.rs 2, 3 p.rs 2, 2 p.rs 0, Powder Expended 12

D.o Arrived the Triton Cap.t Slaughter return.d the Salute: Guns 9, 4 p.rs 0, 3 p.rs 0, 2 p.rs 9, Powder Expended 9

D.o Powder for Priming: Guns 0, 4 p.rs 0, 3 p.rs 0, 2 p.rs 0, Powder Expended 1 8

Powder for the Funeral of James Pritchard: Guns 0, 4 p.rs 0, 3 p.rs 0, 2 p.rs 0, Powder Expended 2 4

D.o for the Funeral of Philip Catchpole: Guns 0, 4 p.rs 0, 3 p.rs 0, 2 p.rs 0, Powder Expended 2 4

D.o for Signal: Guns 0, 4 p.rs 0, 3 p.rs 0, 2 p.rs 0, Powder Expended 2 13

Total: Guns 153, 4 p.rs 12, 3 p.rs 12, 2 p.rs 117, Powder Expended 12 22 13

Margin Notes:

Match

An account of the gunner's stores expended in April 1732, the columns recording guns fired, and the powder used given in pounds, quarters and ounces, with a final column for powder expended.

2nd, alarm: 6 guns, 2 qr 2 lb powder, 2 lb 12 oz expended

Ditto, arrived the St George, Captain Robinson, returned the salute: 9 guns, 9 lb powder, 9 lb expended

Ditto, powder for priming: 1 lb 8 oz expended

Ditto, alarm: 6 guns, 2 qr 2 lb powder, 2 lb 12 oz expended

Ditto, arrived a French ship, returned the salute: 9 guns, 9 lb powder, 9 lb expended

Ditto, powder for priming: 1 lb 8 oz expended

Ditto, powder for priming at Banks's for the year past: 6 lb expended

4th, departed a French ship, returned the salute: 9 guns, 9 lb powder, 9 lb expended

Ditto, powder for priming: 1 lb 8 oz expended

8th, alarm: 6 guns, 2 qr 2 lb powder, 2 lb 12 oz expended

Ditto, arrived the London, Captain Allwright, returned the salute: 9 guns, 9 lb powder, 9 lb expended

Ditto, powder for priming: 1 lb 8 oz expended

Ditto, powder for priming at the alarm house: 3 lb expended

Ditto, alarm: 6 guns, 2 qr 2 lb powder, 2 lb 12 oz expended

11th, arrived the Kent, Captain Wilson, returned the salute: 11 guns, 11 lb powder, 11 lb expended

Ditto, powder for priming: 1 lb 8 oz expended

16th, alarm: 6 guns, 2 qr 2 lb powder, 2 lb 12 oz expended

Ditto, arrived the Anson, Captain Ramsay, returned the salute: 9 guns, 9 lb powder, 9 lb expended

Ditto, powder for priming: 1 lb 8 oz expended

12th, departed the St George, returned the salute: 9 guns, 9 lb powder, 9 lb expended

Ditto, powder for priming: 1 lb 8 oz expended

16th, departed the Anson, returned the salute: 9 guns, 9 lb powder, 9 lb expended

Ditto, departed the Kent, returned the salute: 9 guns, 9 lb powder, 9 lb expended

Ditto, powder for priming: 3 lb expended

27th, fired the salute, Captain Hunter going on board: 15 guns, 15 lb powder, 15 lb expended

Ditto, departed the Exeter, returned the salute: 10 guns, 10 lb powder, 10 lb expended

Ditto, powder for priming: 4 lb 8 oz expended

30th, alarm: 6 guns, 2 qr 2 lb powder, 2 lb 12 oz expended

Ditto, arrived the Triton, Captain Slaughter, returned the salute: 9 guns, 9 lb powder, 9 lb expended

Ditto, powder for priming: 1 lb 8 oz expended

Powder for the funeral of James Pritchard: 2 lb 4 oz expended

Ditto for the funeral of Philip Catchpole: 2 lb 4 oz expended

Ditto for signal: 2 lb 13 oz expended

Total: 153 guns, 12 [...] 12 [...] 117 lb 12 oz, 224 lb 3 oz expended

Interpretations

The account recorded every discharge of the fort's guns for the month, distinguishing salutes fired to arriving and departing ships, alarm guns, signal guns and powder burned at funerals. Each salute was answered gun for gun, so a nine-gun salute to an East Indiaman consumed nine pounds of powder, and the practice of returning the exact number was the recognised courtesy between a fort and a ship of standing. The alarm guns fired repeatedly through the month were the standing signal to muster the garrison and militia, a routine drill rather than a response to any real threat.

The salutes track the same fleet named in the livestock account, the St George, London, Kent, Anson and Exeter arriving and later departing, with the French ship and the Triton added. Firing powder for the funerals of James Pritchard and Philip Catchpole marked the burial of men of some standing with a gun salute, a military honour that drew on the same magazine as the ships' salutes. The line for priming powder at Banks's for the year past shows a separate small charge for the outlying battery at Banks's, settled once for the whole preceding year rather than month by month.

266

264

11 May

Match burnt at the Main Fort

6 6

Match D.o at Bankes

6 6

Betts broke at the Main Fort

1

Handspikes

2

Betts broke at Prosperous Bay

1

Paper for making of Rockets

2

Lead Aprons Stole from the Guns upon the West Curtain

1

Rammers broke and not fit for Service

1

Axeltree broke at Prosperous Bay

1

Truckle broke at D.o

1

(Signed)

Tho.s Holly

Sundrys Expended at the Hon.ble Company's General

Table in the Month of April 1752 Viz.t

8 Bottles Port Wine

12

52 D.o Lisbon

3 18

10 D.o Madeira

1 1 5 1/2

52 D.o Beer

13

89 D.o Arrack

2 13 9 1/4

242 Flour

1 13 7

28 Fowls

2 2

2 Ducks

3

3 Pigs

15

32 1/2 Butter

1 12 9

352 Beef

4 8

260 1/4 Mutton

5 8 5 1/2

43 Pork

1 1 6

8 p.r Salt Pork

16

4 Rice

5

100 Candy

1 2 11

£ 28 6 5

Received

Match burnt at the main fort: 6 lb 6 oz

Match ditto at Banks's: 6 lb 6 oz

Bits broke at the main fort: 1

Handspikes: 2

Bits broke at Prosperous Bay: 1

Paper for making of rockets: 2 quires

Lead aprons stole from the guns upon the west curtain: 1

Rammer broke and not fit for service: 1

Axletree broke at Prosperous Bay: 1

Truck broke at ditto: 1

Signed, Thomas Holly.

An account of sundries expended at the Honourable Company's general table in the month of April 1732.

8 bottles port wine, £0 0s 12d

52 bottles Lisbon, £3 18s 0d

10 bottles Madeira, £1 1s 5½d

52 bottles beer, £0 13s 0d

89 bottles arrack, £2 13s 9½d

242 lb flour, £1 13s 7d

28 fowls, £2 2s 0d

2 ducks, £0 3s 0d

3 pigs, £0 15s 0d

32¼ lb butter, £1 12s 9d

352 lb beef, £4 8s 0d

260½ lb mutton, £5 8s 3½d

53 lb pork, £1 1s 6d

8 pieces salt pork, £0 16s 0d

4 lb suet, £0 5s 0d

100 lb candy, £1 2s 11d

Total, £28 6s 5d

Interpretations

The first section closed the gunner's account with the stores worn out, broken or lost in the month's firing, distinct from the powder consumed. Match was the slow-burning cord used to touch off the guns, measured by weight like the powder, while bits, handspikes, rammers, axletrees and trucks were the tools and carriage parts that wear and break under the recoil of heavy artillery. A truck was one of the small solid wheels on a gun carriage and an axletree the beam carrying them, so their breakage at Prosperous Bay points to the guns there being worked or shifted during the month.

The theft of a lead apron from the guns on the west curtain was worth recording as a loss to stores. The lead apron was a sheet fitted over the touch-hole of a cannon to keep rain and spray from the priming, and its removal left the gun's charge exposed to damp, so the entry marked both a petty theft and a small risk to the readiness of that part of the defences.

The general table account listed the provisions consumed at the Governor's table, where the Company's officers and its guests dined at the Company's charge. The heavy stock of wine, port from Portugal, Lisbon and Madeira wines, alongside beer and arrack, reflects the scale of hospitality expected of the establishment, entertaining the captains and officers of the fleet then in the road as much as feeding the resident officers. Sugar candy, butter, suet and fresh and salt meat fill out a table provisioned well above the plain rations issued to the garrison.

267

265

Received of Mr John Begley, the Sum of
L5.12.- in part of Thomas Ellis's Debt to the Estate of the
late Governor Godwin, being the remainder of his Effect upon the
Island, lately discovered to be in the hands of the said John Begley
for a Cow Sold at Publick Auction.
Cha. Hutchinson
John Clark
At a consultation held on Monday the 18th day of May
1752 at the Castle.
Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governor
Lieutenant John Clark of Councils
The last Consultation was read, approved, and Signed, dated
the 11th May 1752.
Thursday the 14th Died Mathew Midge Son of Mathews Midge Deceased
Saturday the 16th Arrived a French Ship from Chins, last from the Isle of
Bourbon, called the Duke of Orleans, Capt. De Reylat Burthen
800 Tons, carry 20 Guns and 155 persons including Passengers
loaden with Tea & China Ware.
Andrew Kinman the Marshalle being almost
constantly Drunk & behaving very Ill, we therefore have Discharged
him from the Honble Company Service, & appointed Thomass Harper
to that Office, who is a very sober Man & we believe will do the Duty
of that Station very well.

The Council received of John Begley £5 12s 0d in part of Thomas Ellis's debt to the estate of the late Governor Goodwin, being the remainder of his effects on the island lately discovered in Begley's hands for a cow sold at public auction. The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson and John Clark. The Governor and Council then met in consultation at the Castle on 18 May 1752, with Governor Charles Hutchinson and Lieutenant John Clark of the Council present. The Council read the previous consultation of 11 May 1752, then approved and signed it. Matthew Midge, son of the late Matthew Midge, had died on Thursday 14 May 1752. A French ship from China, last from the Isle of Bourbon, called the Duke of Orleans, Captain De Reylat, of 800 tons burthen, carrying 20 guns and 155 persons including passengers and laden with tea and chinaware, had arrived on Saturday 16 May 1752. Andrew Kinman, the marshal, being almost constantly drunk and behaving very ill, was discharged from the Company's service, and Thomas Harper, a very sober man, was appointed to that office.

Interpretations

The discharge of the drunken marshal and the appointment of a sober man in his place shows the Council enforcing a standard of conduct on its minor officers, the marshal being the officer who kept order and executed the board's process. The continuing discovery of the late Governor Goodwin's scattered effects, here the price of a cow found in a debtor's hands, shows how long and how thoroughly the Council pursued the assets of a dead officer's estate.

268

266

Received of the late Joshua Johnsons Executors the
Sum of L53.17.2 1/2 in full of his Debt due to the Estate of
the late Govr Godwin Deceased.
Received of the late Frances Sawyers Executors the
Sum of L34.0.7 in full of her Debt due to the Estate of
the late Govr Godwin Deceased.
Received of the Attorneys of Mr Joseph Powell the
Sum of L-.18.11 in full of his Debt due to the Estate of
the late Govr Godwin Deceased.
Received of Sergant Henry Beales the Sum of
L-.7.7 in full of his Debt due to the Estate of the late
Govr Godwin Deceased.
Cha. Hutchinson
John Clark

The Council received several sums in full of debts due to the estate of the late Governor Goodwin. Of the executors of the late Joshua Johnson, £53 17s 2½d. Of the executors of the late Frances Sawyer, £34 0s 7d. Of the attorneys of Joseph Powell, £18s 11d. Of Sergeant Henry Beale, £7s 7d. The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson and John Clark.

Interpretations

The run of settlements paid into the late Governor Goodwin's estate, from a substantial £53 down to a few shillings, shows the Council closing out the many debts owed to a former officer years after his death. Recovering even the smallest sums shows the thoroughness with which the estate was gathered in, no debt too trifling to be pursued and entered.

269

267

At a consultation held on Monday the 25 day of May
1752 at the Castle.
Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governor
Lieutenant John Clark of Councils
The last Consultation was read approved and Signed dated the
18 May 1752.
Monday the 18 Arrived the Honble Companys Ship Hardwicke from Bengall
Friday the 22 Arrived the Honble Companys Ship Shaftsbury from Bombay
Do Sailed the French Ship Duke of Orleons.
Sunday the 24 Arrived a French Ship in the East India Company from the
Isle of Bourbon Capt Chauvaugan Burthen 600 Tons carry 20 Guns
& 120 Persons including Passengers, Laden with
Bengall Goods bound to Port Lorrain
The Hardwicks brought us the following Supply from
Bengalls Vizt
Invoice of Ship Hardwicke
BA No A Batavia Arrack
1 Leaguer C 150 P Leagues 150....
3 Hhds of Do 50 Gs Hhd 150....
300....
Bottles of Gent.. 27..
337..
WE No 5 Wax Candles
5 Chests 9 to Factory Mt Do 50 P Maund 500....
STT No 10 Sugar & Treacle
10 Bags of Mt 2.21.12 P C 8 Do 1688 9
RF No 14 Rice fine
11 Bags of 88 Fact Mt P 25 P C 120 2 9
1136 5 1
Carried over from Outturn

The Governor and Council met in consultation at the Castle on 25 May 1752. Governor Charles Hutchinson presided, with Lieutenant John Clark of the Council present. The Council read the previous consultation of 18 May 1752, then approved and signed it. The Company's ship Hardwicke had arrived from Bengal on Monday 18 May 1752, and the Company's ship Shaftesbury from Bombay on Friday 22 May 1752. The French ship Duke of Orleans had sailed the same day. A French ship of the East India Company from the Isle of Bourbon, Captain Chauvaugan, of 600 tons burthen, carrying 20 guns and 120 persons including passengers and laden with Bengal goods bound for Port L'Orient, had arrived on Sunday 24 May 1752. The Hardwicke had brought the following supply from Bengal. The invoice of the Hardwicke followed, its values given in the Indian currency of rupees, annas and pies.
Batavia arrack, 1 leaguer at 150 per leaguer, 150, and 3 hogsheads of 50 gallons each, 150, 300 gallons, and bottles 27, 337
Wax candles, 5 chests, factory maund at 50 per maund, 500
Sugar and treacle, 10 bags, 1,688 rupees 9 annas
Fine rice, 11 bags of 88, factory maund at 25 per hundredweight, 120 rupees 2 annas 9 pies
Carried over from outturn, 1,136 rupees 5 annas 1 pie

Interpretations

The lading was a standard Bengal provision cargo of arrack, wax candles, sugar, treacle and rice, valued in the rupees, annas and pies the island's books carried before conversion. The arrack measured by the leaguer and hogshead and the candles by the factory maund show the Indian measures in which the Company's Bengal purchases were made and shipped.

270

268

Brought over Crout Ref 1136 5 6
Charges Merchandize,
98 Gungee Bags Cleaning 17 2 6
2 empty Leaguers 35 3 3
5 Pocks Ventilating 11..
1 Soldiers Belt 2 1..
1 Iron 2 8 1
25 Mots 1 6..
1 Ice Cly 1 2 6
Mooleas Hire 1..
Boat Hire 1.. 20 05 4 3
Currant Rupees 1231 9 9
Errors Excepted
James Blackfoots Accompt

Lieutenant John Clark reports that he has been
on board the Ship Hardwicke to Muster her Company and
enquire for Deserters but found none, the Muster Roll is as
follows Vizt

A Muster Roll of Ship Hardwicke

John Lawson Commander
Tho Bradtown 1 Mate
Banks Gunner Do
Evan Jones 2 Do
Ben: York 3 Do
Hen: Vardeck 4 Do
Tho Sage Purcer Do
Wm June Surgeon
Saml Atherton Boats Do
Arthur Redd Carpenter
John Berry Gunner
John Steward Ships Purser
Wm Robin Cuetter
Wm ? Woodley Boatsn
Saml Methridge
Rob Sergent Do
Saml Butler Do
John Meek Do
John Butler Do
Tho Cornish Do
Tho Pearce Do
Frans? Legeone Gunr Mate
Jas Gent Do
Wm Torpeny Capt Prov
Robt Fradock 2 Do
Robt Goodwell Smith
And: Sheeding Corp?
Wm ? Midship?
Robt Hoopen Do
Saml Butler Do
John Meek Do
John Butler Do
Tho Cornish Do
Tho Pearce Do
Frans? Legeone G. Mnd Mate
Jas Gent Do
Wm Torpeny Capt Prov
Robt Fradock 2 Do
Rob Goodwell Smith
And: Sheeding Corp?
Wm ? Midship?
In Caselis Sailm:
Wm Bryant Inspector
Jas Tamy Gunr Mate
Lewis James Armourr
Harris Smith
Jno Cooper Boat Storen
Jno Loocon Capt Cook
Jno Brown Ships Do
Rob Bayes Junr
Ralph Taylor Taylr
Jn Morier Seaman
Mattw Lawon Do:
J: M: Carney Clerk

The invoice of the Hardwicke continued, the sum brought over standing at 1,136 rupees 5 annas 6 pies, with the charges of merchandise added.
98 gunny bags, cleaning, 17 rupees 2 annas 6 pies
2 empty leaguers, 35 rupees 3 annas 3 pies
5 pocks ventilating, 11 rupees 1 anna
1 soldier's belt, 2 rupees 1 anna
1 iron, 2 rupees 8 annas 1 pie
25 mats, 1 rupee 6 annas
1 ice clay, 1 rupee 2 annas 6 pies
Moorleaus hire, 1 rupee
Boat hire, 20 rupees
Charges total, 5 rupees 4 annas 3 pies
Current rupees, 1,231 rupees 9 annas 9 pies

The account was subscribed, errors excepted, by James Blackford for account. Lieutenant John Clark then reported that he had gone aboard the Hardwicke to muster her company and enquire for deserters, finding none. The muster roll of the Hardwicke followed.
John Lawson, commander
Thomas Bradtown, first mate
Banks, gunner's mate
Evan Jones, second mate
Ben York, third mate
Henry Vardeck, fourth mate
Thomas Sage, purser
William June, surgeon
Samuel Atherton, boatswain
Arthur Redd, carpenter
John Berry, gunner
John Steward, ship's purser
William Robin, cutter
William Woodley, boatswain
Samuel Methridge, seaman
Robert Sergent, seaman
Samuel Butler, seaman
John Meek, seaman
John Butler, seaman
Thomas Cornish, seaman
Thomas Pearce, seaman
Francis Legeone, gunner's mate
James Gent, seaman
William Torpeny, captain's provider
Robert Fradock, second provider
Robert Goodwell, smith
Andrew Sheeding, corporal
William, midshipman
Robert Hoopen, seaman
John Caselis, sailmaker
William Bryant, inspector
James Tamy, gunner's mate
Lewis James, armourer
Harris, smith
John Cooper, boatswain's storeman
John Loocon, captain's cook
John Brown, ship's cook
Robert Bayes junior, seaman
Ralph Taylor, tailor
John Morier, seaman
Matthew Lawon, seaman
J. M. Carney, clerk

Interpretations

The charges of merchandise added the cost of cleaning, ventilating and packing the cargo to the price of the goods, from the gunny bags and empty leaguers down to the boat hire that brought the goods ashore. The muster followed the routine desertion check, the roll setting out the Bengal ship's officers, tradesmen and seamen in the usual order.

271

269

Robt Adamson Seaman Do
John Barnes Do
Saml Lemin Do
Andr Dunn Do
Wm Browne Do
Wm Downes Do
Wm George Do
Sam Moore Do
Robt Barton Do
Wm Murray Do
Jas Brand Do
Sam Glover Do
Jas M. Collister Do
Jno Barney Do
Robt McMerell Do
Tho Fairbanks Do
Jn Smith Do
John Smith 2 Do
James Robinson Do
James Robinson 2 Do
Heny Zablet Do
Tho Smith Do

James Grant Seaman Do
Phell Polt Do
Simon Lascunter Do
Sht Blackman Master’s Boy Do
Wm Glover 2 Mate Do
Saml Morgan Boatsn Do
Jn Vernel Gent Do
Edw Pincher Capt Servt Do
Jno Wilson Capt Do
Jas Hillis Do
Geo Philip Ling Do
George Bennit Seaman Do
George Clapham Do
Jan de Rosario Seang Do
Jan de Rosario Pmdo Do
Salcedor Lavcar Do
Antonde Benzale Do
Antone Do
Debar’s Lucke Do
Ventura Do
Sanded Agee Do
Saviol Do

Sala Gedras Lavcar Do
Labo Portugal Do
San Domingo Do
Jas Hector Do
Tomashaw Do
Franciscee Do
La Perea Do
Lodow Do
Wedow Do
Somma Do
Gopal Do
John Mathews Do
Darros Do
George Bennet Do
Tom Porter Do

Passengers
The Burrows Esqr and
his Lady,
Wareham Brooke Esqr,
Mr W. T. Towney,
Sabina Mrs Burrow Servant

Received of Mr Saml Desfountain the Sum of
L37.7.2 in full of the late James Woods Debt to the Estate of
Gov. Goodwin Deceased.

Received of Mr William Scale, the Sum of L3.14.7 1/2
in full of his Debt to the Estates of the late Gov. Goodwin Deceased.

Received of Mr John Hayes the Sum of L2.13.2 1/2
in full of his Debt to the Estate of the late Gov. Goodwin Deceased.

The muster roll of the Hardwicke continued with the remaining crew and passengers.
Robert Adamson, seaman
John Barnes, seaman
Samuel Lemin, seaman
Andrew Dunn, seaman
William Browne, seaman
William Downes, seaman
William George, seaman
Sam Moore, seaman
Robert Barton, seaman
William Murray, seaman
James Brand, seaman
Sam Glover, seaman
James McCollister, seaman
John Barney, seaman
Robert McMerell, seaman
Thomas Fairbanks, seaman
John Smith, seaman
John Smith, second, seaman
James Robinson, seaman
James Robinson, second, seaman
Henry Zablet, seaman
Thomas Smith, seaman
James Grant, seaman
Phell Polt, seaman
Simon Lascunter, seaman
Sht Blackman, master's boy
William Glover, second mate
Samuel Morgan, boatswain
John Vernel, servant
Edward Pincher, captain's servant
John Wilson, captain's servant
James Hillis, seaman
George Philip Ling, seaman
George Bennit, seaman
George Clapham, seaman
Jan de Rosario, seaman
Jan de Rosario, second, seaman
Salcedor, lascar
Antonde Benzale, seaman
Antone, seaman
Debar's Lucke, seaman
Ventura, seaman
Sanded Agee, seaman
Saviol, seaman
Sala Gedras, lascar
Labo Portugal, seaman
San Domingo, seaman
James Hector, seaman
Tomashaw, seaman
Franciscee, seaman
La Perea, seaman
Lodow, seaman
Wedow, seaman
Somma, seaman
Gopal, seaman
John Mathews, seaman
Darros, seaman
George Bennet, seaman
Tom Porter, seaman

Passengers: Mr Burrows and his lady; Wareham Brooke; Mr W. T. Towney; Sabina, Mrs Burrow's servant
The Council received of Samuel Desfountain £37 7s 2d in full of the late James Wood's debt to the estate of the late Governor Goodwin, of William Seale £3 14s 7½d in full of his debt, and of John Hayes £2 13s 2½d in full of his debt.

Interpretations

The lower half of the roll shows the strongly mixed crew of a Bengal ship, a run of Indian, Portuguese and lascar names beside the English seamen. The lascars, Asian sailors engaged for the voyage, formed a substantial part of the country-trade crews that worked the Company's ships between India and the island.

272

270

Mr William Scale Presented the following Petition Vizt
To the Worshipful Charles Hutchinson Esq Govr
& ye Council of St Helena.
Sheweth The humble Petition of William Scale,
That your Petitioner humbly request that your
Worship & Council will grant him liberty to dispose of his right
to 16 1/2 Acres Leasehold Land to Mr Joshua Waite,
And your Petitioner shall ever pray
(Signed) Willm Scale.
4th 25 May 1752
Granted.
The Storekeeper brought in the following
Account of Goods short delivered from Ship Hardwicke, Vizt
Account of Stores short received from Ship Hardwicke
Vizt
Cpr
2. 1. 18 Rice short Wt
gallns
No 1 Say Annack Gage 159 wants to fill 17 1/2 gallons
2 Kildex Geleag 13 1/2 Do 2
3 Do 12 1/2 Do 4
4 Do 11 Do 2 1/2
292
16
May 25th 1752 Received 273 gallons
(Signed) M. Purting Stock P.

William Seale presented a petition addressed to the Governor and Council. He asked leave to dispose of his right to 16½ acres of leasehold land to Joshua Waite. The Council granted the request, dated 25 May 1752. The storekeeper brought in an account of goods short delivered from the Hardwicke.
2 hundredweight 1 quarter 18 pounds of rice, short weight
1 leaguer arrack, gauge 159, wanting 17½ gallons to fill
1 arrack, gauge 13½, wanting 23 gallons
1 arrack, gauge 12½, wanting 4 gallons
1 arrack, gauge 11, wanting 2½ gallons
Total 292, wanting 16
Received 273 gallons on 25 May 1752
The account was subscribed by M. Purling, storekeeper.

Interpretations

The short-delivery account measured the shortfall between the invoice and what the rice bags and arrack leaguers actually held, each cask gauged to show the gallons wanting. Booking only the true quantity received protected the Company against loss on a cargo of grain and spirits liable to waste on the long passage from Bengal.

273

271

Being short of Paddy in the Honble Companys Store
for the support of their Stock, We have therefore bought Wt. 1. 12
of Captn. Samson, for which we paid him 2 Rs p Hundred Weight

Chas. Hutchinson
John Clark.

At a Consultation held on Monday the 1st day of June 1752 at
the Castle.

Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr. Governor
Lieutenant John Clark of Councill

The last Consultation was read, approved, and signed, dated
the 25th May 1752.

Yesterday
Sailed the Honble Companys Ship Hardwicke for England.
This Day
Sailed the French Ship called the East India Company.

The Shaftesbury brought us the following Supply from
Bombay Vizt.

Invoice of Ship Shaftesbury

Rice broken 22 Bags of 150 p 3. 50 p Maind 131 1

Arrack Bombay 3 Leaguers p Butt containing
582 Gallons p 26 Rupees p 48 Gallons 315 1

Charges on Merchandise Vizt.

Gunny Do. 130 for Rice Bags p 5 Rs p Gorge 7 2
Dally Bags 22 p 3 Rs p Bag 16 2
Europe Casks 3 Leaguers p Butt 39 0
Hermitage Jas. 1 90
Companys Boats employed 1 Day 2 2

66 2 90

Errors Excepted Rupees 513 90
George Scott Accompt
Lieutenant.

Being short of paddy in the Company's store for the support of their stock, the Council bought 1 hundredweight 12 of Captain Samson, paying him 2 rupees per hundredweight. The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson and John Clark. The Governor and Council then met in consultation at the Castle on 1 June 1752, with Governor Charles Hutchinson and Lieutenant John Clark of the Council present. The Council read the previous consultation of 25 May 1752, then approved and signed it. The Company's ship Hardwicke had sailed for England the previous day, and the French ship of the East India Company had sailed that day. The Shaftesbury had brought the following supply from Bombay. The invoice of the Shaftesbury followed, its values given in the Indian currency of rupees, annas and pies.
Broken rice, 22 bags of 150 at 3, 50 per maund, 131 rupees 1 anna
Bombay arrack, 3 leaguers per butt containing 582 gallons at 26 rupees per 48 gallons, 315 rupees 1 anna

Charges on merchandise: gunny bags, 130 for rice bags at 5 rupees per score, 7 rupees 2 annas; dally bags, 22 at 3 rupees per bag, 16 rupees 2 annas; Europe casks, 3 leaguers per butt, 39 rupees; hermitage jars, 1, 90; Company's boats employed 1 day, 2 rupees 2 annas; charges total 66 rupees 2 annas 90 pies
Total, 513 rupees 90 pies
The account was subscribed, errors excepted, by George Scott for account.

Interpretations

The Bombay lading of broken rice and arrack, valued in rupees, annas and pies, shows the island drawing provisions from the western presidency as well as from Bengal. The buying of paddy from a passing captain when the Company's store ran short again marks the island's continual dependence on shipped grain to feed its livestock.

274

272

Liuetenant John Clark reports that he has been
on board the Ship Shaftesbury to Muster her Company and Enquire
for Deserters, but found none, the Muster Roll is as follows Vizt
A Muster Roll of Ship Shaftesbury
Wm Beekey Commander
Giman ferneyman 1st Mate
Robt Brow Do
Saml Gombert 3 Do
Naty Middelton 4 Do
Abel Ross 4 Do
Wm Pattar 5 Do
Robt Neal Surgeon
Jo Johnson Mate
Martin Cox Do
Cha: Stacey Do
Samon Flamby Gunr
Wm Phillips Carpenter
Hercules Read Boat:
John Devor (Culcher)
Jr Semblant Do
Wm Powell Do
Andre Stevenson Do
Dav Inget Do
Benj Collis Cooper
John Lane Mate
Jn: Fanci Steward
Tho Russel Seaman
Wm Mutter 2d Mate
N. J. Gellonborough Gunr Mate
J Anderson 2d Do
Wm Parker Captn 2d
Wm Coomb Seaman
Jn Gill Sailmaker
Geo: Hormond Capt:
Jn Hanover Captn Sem
Alexr Jurvan Do
Jn: Dovey 1 Mate Do
Elen Hebeaker 2d Mate
Jn: Goneley Sailmaker
Jn: Learneyan Gun:
Wm Phillip Carp:
Jn: Reed Boat: Do
Jn: Gordon Capt Cook
Allrock Spencer Seaman
Robt Gordon Seaman
Wm Gelmore Do
Jno: Wingfield Do
Masknept Do
Michl Read Do
Robt Marker Do
Wm Bred
Wm Foulks Do
Michl Alcer Do
Tho: Layford Do
Luke Pool Do
Jn Ewell Do
John Lewis
George Grant Do
Jn: McLean Do
Jn: Gellonborough Do
Isaac Garnet Seaman
Jas Johnson Nayler Do
Danl Campbell Do
Frans Buttap Do
P. Robt Do
Nathl Little Do
John Bryson Do
Sam Hewit Do
George Black Do
Neil Hakey Do
George Beals Do
Robt Gibbs Do
Robt Glarew Do
John Wayto Do
Jn: Nicholson Do
Wm Bum Do
Alexr M Herker Do
P. S. Clawson Do
Anthy Abdacot Do
Tho: Garner Do
Ja: Wallace Do
John Sharp Do
Wm Williamson Sailmr
Tho: Ives Seaman
Edw: Jennings Do
Roy Dore Do
Jn: Johnson Do
Wm Schowld Do

Lieutenant John Clark reported that he had gone aboard the Shaftesbury to muster her company and enquire for deserters, finding none. The muster roll of the Shaftesbury followed.
William Beekey, commander
Giman Ferneyman, first mate
Robert Brow, mate
Samuel Gombert, third mate
Naty Middelton, fourth mate
Abel Ross, fourth mate
William Pattar, fifth mate
Robert Neal, surgeon
Joseph Johnson, mate
Martin Cox, mate
Charles Stacey, mate
Samon Flamby, gunner
William Phillips, carpenter
Hercules Read, boatswain
John Devor, caulker
John Semblant, caulker
William Powell, caulker
Andrew Stevenson, caulker
David Inget, caulker
Benjamin Collis, cooper
John Lane, mate
John Fanci, steward
Thomas Russel, seaman
William Mutter, second mate
N. J. Gellonborough, gunner's mate
J. Anderson, second mate
William Parker, captain's servant
William Coomb, seaman
John Gill, sailmaker
George Hormond, captain's servant
John Hanover, captain's servant
Alexander Jurvan, seaman
John Dovey, first mate's servant
Elen Hebeaker, second mate
John Goneley, sailmaker
John Learneyan, gunner
William Phillip, carpenter
John Reed, boatswain
John Gordon, captain's cook
Allrock Spencer, seaman
Robert Gordon, seaman
William Gelmore, seaman
John Wingfield, seaman
Masknept, seaman
Michael Read, seaman
Robert Marker, seaman
William Bred, seaman
William Foulks, seaman
Michael Alcer, seaman
Thomas Layford, seaman
Luke Pool, seaman
John Ewell, seaman
John Lewis, seaman
George Grant, seaman
John McLean, seaman
John Gellonborough, seaman
Isaac Garnet, seaman
James Johnson, nailer
Daniel Campbell, seaman
Francis Buttap, seaman
P. Robert, seaman
Nathaniel Little, seaman
John Bryson, seaman
Sam Hewit, seaman
George Black, seaman
Neil Hakey, seaman
George Beals, seaman
Robert Gibbs, seaman
Robert Glarew, seaman
John Wayto, seaman
John Nicholson, seaman
William Bum, seaman
Alexander McHerker, seaman
P. S. Clawson, seaman
Anthony Abdacot, seaman
Thomas Garner, seaman
James Wallace, seaman
John Sharp, seaman
William Williamson, sailmaker
Thomas Ives, seaman
Edward Jennings, seaman
Roy Dore, seaman
John Johnson, seaman
William Schowld, seaman

Interpretations

The muster followed the routine desertion check on the Bombay ship, the officer counting each of her company against the roll. The deep run of mates, caulkers and other tradesmen shows the full working establishment of a large Indiaman on the western trade.

275

273

Edw Henere Seaman

Wm Ellis Do

John Plettenger Do

Mark Legg Do

Paul C. Morgton Do

Wm Fickman Captn Mate

Hen? Harmon Seaman

Alexr Hamig Do

John Johnson junr Do

Anthony Flint Seaman

Anthony Jorg Do

John Redeneyce Do

Patrick Conly Do

Matthes Jeung Do

Tame J. Skinner Do

Passengers

Mr Wm Sedgwick

Mr J. Sedgwick

Nicholas a Black Boy

Phellis a Black Girl

Mr George Masken

Mr Masken

Nelly a Black Servant

Mr John Lawson

George Scot a Boy

Mary Newland?

The Storekeeper brought in the following Account of

Goods short received from Ship Shaftesbury Vizt

Account of Stores short received from Ship

Shaftesbury Vizt

1 Leagur Arrack

1 Butt Do

6 Bags Rice Wt 14..3..25 damage

(Signed)

M. Sterling Storekeeper

7th June 1752

Received the Balance due from & paid by Robert

Maccou’s Executors Amounting to L.47..11..2 into the Honble

Company Cash & Ordered to be wrote off to Account Covenant

London

As the Will of Nicholas Cleather, the late Steward was

proved in England, & though the W. bequeaths to it and here, we Chareged,

received of his Executor William Davies Attorney the Sum of L.165..3..1

into the Honble Company Cash, & Ordered it also to be wrote off to

Account Covenant London

Chas. Hutchinson

John Clark

The muster roll of the Shaftesbury concluded with the remaining crew and passengers.
Edward Henere, seaman
William Ellis, seaman
John Plettenger, seaman
Mark Legg, seaman
Paul Morgton, seaman
William Fickman, captain's mate
Henry Harmon, seaman
Alexander Hamig, seaman
John Johnson junior, seaman
Anthony Flint, seaman
Anthony Jorg, seaman
John Redeneyce, seaman
Patrick Conly, seaman
Matthes Jeung, seaman
Tame Skinner, seaman

Passengers: Mr William Sedgwick; Mr J. Sedgwick; Nicholas, a Black boy; Phellis, a Black girl; Mr George Masken; Mr Masken; Nelly, a Black servant; Mr John Lawson; George Scot, a boy; Mary Newland
The storekeeper brought in an account of goods short received from the Shaftesbury.
1 leaguer arrack
1 butt arrack
6 bags rice, 14 hundredweight 3 quarters 25 pounds, damaged

The account was subscribed by M. Stirling, storekeeper, on 7 June 1752. The Council received the balance paid by the executors of Robert Maccou, £47 11s 2d, into the Company's cash, ordered written off to account covenant London. The will of Nicholas Cleather, the late steward, having been proved in England, the Council received of his executor's attorney William Davies £165 3s 1d into the Company's cash, ordered also written off to account covenant London.

Interpretations

The passenger list records slave children and a servant carried as property alongside their owners, Nicholas and Phellis named as a Black boy and girl and Nelly as a Black servant, the human traffic of the eastern trade passing through the island. The recovery of the late steward's estate through his English probate, and the balance of Maccou's account, show the Company gathering in debts across the ocean by way of executors and attorneys in London.

276

274

8 June

At a Consultation held on Monday the 8 day of June 1752

at the Castle

Present Charles Hutchinson Esq Governor

Lieutenant John Clark of Council

The last Consultation was read approved and signed dated

the 1 June 1752

The Plantation Gunners & Stewards Accounts for

the Month of May last were this day brought in which were

Examined & Approved And are as follows Viz.t

Sundrys Expended at the Hon.ble Company's General

Table in the Month of May 1752 Viz.t

9 Bottles Port Wine

13 6

38 D.o Lisbon

2 17

7 D.o Madeira

15 1/2

120 D.o Arrack

3 12 6

44 D.o Beer

10 3

248 Flour

1 14

296 1/2 Beef

3 9 1/2

184 Mutton

3 16 8

129 Goat

2 3

1 Lamb

10

28 Fowls

1 13

5 Ducks

2 6

2 Pigs

10

1 Goose

5

4 p.r Salt Pork

8

24 Salt Beef

5 6

33 Butter

1 13

140 Candy

1 12 1

£ 27 . 1 1/4

The

At a consultation held on Monday 8 June 1732 at the castle. Present, Charles Hutchinson, Governor, and Lieutenant John Clark, of the council.

The record of the earlier consultation was read, approved and signed, dated 1 June 1732.

The plantation, gunner's and steward's accounts for the month of May last were brought in this day. The council examined and approved them, and they were as follows.

An account of sundries expended at the Honourable Company's general table in the month of May 1732.

9 bottles port wine, £0 13s 6d

38 bottles Lisbon, £2 17s 0d

7 bottles Madeira, £0 15s 1½d

120 bottles arrack, £3 12s 6d

44 bottles beer, £0 10s 3d

248 lb flour, £1 14s 0d

246½ lb beef, £3 9s 1½d

184 lb mutton, £3 16s 8d

129 lb goat, £2 3s 0d

1 lamb, £0 10s 0d

28 fowls, £1 13s 0d

5 ducks, £0 2s 6d

2 pigs, £0 10s 0d

1 goose, £0 5s 0d

4 pieces salt pork, £0 8s 0d

2 lb salt beef, £0 5s 6d

33 lb butter, £1 13s 0d

140 lb candy, £1 12s 1d

Total, £27 0s 1½d

Interpretations

The council opening the meeting by reading and signing the record of its previous meeting was the standing procedure that gave each consultation legal force, every resolution confirmed and entered before the next business began. With only the Governor and a single councillor present, the meeting was thinly attended, the working minimum for the council to sit and approve the routine monthly accounts.

The general table account for May repeats the pattern of the April return, the provisions consumed at the Governor's table where the Company's officers and visiting ships' officers dined at its charge. Goat meat appears here as a substantial line beside the beef and mutton, and the smaller quantity of wine and the absence of the fleet's heavier consumption suggest fewer ships in the road that month than in April, when five East Indiamen were being revictualled at once.

277

275

Account of the Hon.ble Company's Stock of Neat Cattle &c for the Month of May 1752

Bulls, Cows, Calves, Yearlings, Heifers, Steers, Bullocks, Oxen, Total, Ewes, Weathers, Lambs, Rams, Total, Ewes, Weathers, Kids, Rams, Total, Sows, Shoats, Pigs, Boars, Total, Turkeys, Fowls, Ducks, Geese, Horse, Mares, Total

Rem.g 1.st & Encreased: Bulls 4, Cows 76, Calves 65, Yearlings 14, Heifers 24, Steers 18, Bullocks 3, Oxen 8, Total 212, Ewes 140, Weathers 54, Lambs 34, Rams 6, Total 237, Ewes 137, Weathers 40, Kids 26, Rams 5, Total 208, Sows 6, Shoats 12, Pigs 16, Boars 1, Total 35, Turkeys 4, Fowls 108, Ducks 18, Geese 15, Horse 7, Mares 4, Total 11

Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 1, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Bullocks 0, Oxen 0, Total 1, Ewes 0, Weathers 0, Lambs 61, Rams 0, Total 61, Ewes 0, Weathers 0, Kids 16, Rams 0, Total 16, Sows 0, Shoats 0, Pigs 0, Boars 0, Total 0, Turkeys 0, Fowls 40, Ducks 8, Geese 3, Horse 0, Mares 0, Total 0

Killed: Bulls 4, Cows 76, Calves 66, Yearlings 14, Heifers 24, Steers 18, Bullocks 3, Oxen 8, Total 213, Ewes 140, Weathers 54, Lambs 95, Rams 6, Total 298, Ewes 137, Weathers 40, Kids 42, Rams 5, Total 224, Sows 6, Shoats 12, Pigs 16, Boars 1, Total 35, Turkeys 4, Fowls 148, Ducks 26, Geese 18, Horse 7, Mares 4, Total 11

Killed: Bulls 0, Cows 2, Calves 0, Yearlings 1, Heifers 6, Steers 0, Bullocks 0, Oxen 0, Total 9, Ewes 3, Weathers 5, Lambs 1, Rams 0, Total 9, Ewes 3, Weathers 8, Kids 0, Rams 0, Total 11, Sows 0, Shoats 0, Pigs 2, Boars 0, Total 2, Turkeys 0, Fowls 22, Ducks 5, Geese 1, Horse 0, Mares 0, Total 0

Died: Bulls 0, Cows 1, Calves 0, Yearlings 1, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Bullocks 0, Oxen 0, Total 2, Ewes 1, Weathers 0, Lambs 0, Rams 0, Total 1, Ewes 0, Weathers 0, Kids 1, Rams 0, Total 1, Sows 0, Shoats 0, Pigs 1, Boars 0, Total 1, Turkeys 0, Fowls 5, Ducks 1, Geese 0, Horse 1, Mares 0, Total 1

Killed by Dogs: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 0, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Bullocks 0, Oxen 0, Total 0, Ewes 0, Weathers 0, Lambs 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Ewes 1, Weathers 0, Kids 0, Rams 0, Total 1, Sows 0, Shoats 0, Pigs 0, Boars 0, Total 0, Turkeys 0, Fowls 0, Ducks 0, Geese 0, Horse 0, Mares 0, Total 0

Rem.g 30.th: Bulls 4, Cows 74, Calves 65, Yearlings 14, Heifers 23, Steers 11, Bullocks 3, Oxen 8, Total 202, Ewes 136, Weathers 49, Lambs 94, Rams 6, Total 288, Ewes 133, Weathers 32, Kids 42, Rams 5, Total 212, Sows 6, Shoats 12, Pigs 13, Boars 1, Total 32, Turkeys 4, Fowls 121, Ducks 20, Geese 17, Horse 6, Mares 4, Total 10

Beef to the Tryton

560

Beef to the Hardwicke

560

Beef to the Shaftesbury

560

two Goats to the Slaves

Yams Expended

30000

1 Slave Died Nam'd Cato

1 D.o D.o Nam'd Suvenus

(Signed)

Richard Gurling

Margin Notes:

Examined

1752

An account of the Honourable Company's stock of neat cattle and other livestock for the month of May 1732.

Neat cattle, remaining 1 May: 4 bulls, 76 cows, 65 calves, 14 yearlings, 24 heifers, 18 steers, 3 bullocks, 8 oxen, total 212

Sheep, remaining 1 May: 140 ewes, 54 wethers, 34 lambs, 6 rams, total 237

Goats, remaining 1 May: 137 does, 40 wethers, 26 kids, 5 rams, total 208

Hogs, remaining 1 May: 6 sows, 12 shoats, 16 pigs, 1 boar, total 35

Poultry, remaining 1 May: 4 turkeys, 108 fowls, 18 ducks, 15 geese

Horses, remaining 1 May: 7 horses, 4 mares, total 11

Increased, neat cattle: 1 calf

Increased, sheep: 61 lambs, total 61

Increased, goats: 16 kids, total 16

Increased, poultry: 40 fowls, 8 ducks, 3 geese

Neat cattle after increase: 4 bulls, 76 cows, 66 calves, 14 yearlings, 24 heifers, 18 steers, 3 bullocks, 8 oxen, total 213

Sheep after increase: 140 ewes, 54 wethers, 95 lambs, 6 rams, total 298

Goats after increase: 137 does, 40 wethers, 42 kids, 5 rams, total 224

Hogs after increase: 6 sows, 12 shoats, 16 pigs, 1 boar, total 35

Poultry after increase: 4 turkeys, 148 fowls, 26 ducks, 18 geese

Horses after increase: 7 horses, 4 mares, total 11

Killed, neat cattle: 2 cows, 1 heifer, 6 steers, total 9

Killed, sheep: 3 ewes, 5 wethers, 1 lamb, total 9

Killed, goats: 3 does, 8 wethers, total 11

Killed, poultry: 2 pigs, total 2; 22 fowls, 5 ducks, 1 goose

Died, neat cattle: 1 calf, 1 steer, total 2

Died, sheep: 1 ewe, total 1

Died, goats: 1 kid, total 1

Died, hogs: 1 pig, total 1

Died, poultry: 5 fowls, 1 duck, 1 goose, total 1 horse

Killed by dogs, goats: 1, total 1

Neat cattle, remaining 31 May: 4 bulls, 74 cows, 65 calves, 14 yearlings, 23 heifers, 11 steers, 3 bullocks, 8 oxen, total 202

Sheep, remaining 31 May: 136 ewes, 49 wethers, 94 lambs, 6 rams, total 288

Goats, remaining 31 May: 133 does, 32 wethers, 42 kids, 5 rams, total 212

Hogs, remaining 31 May: 6 sows, 12 shoats, 13 pigs, 1 boar, total 32

Poultry, remaining 31 May: 4 turkeys, 121 fowls, 20 ducks, 17 geese

Horses, remaining 31 May: 6 horses, 4 mares, total 10

Beef to the Triton, 560 lb

Beef to the Hardwicke, 560 lb

Beef to the Shaftesbury, 560 lb

Two goats to the slaves

Yams expended, 30,000

One slave died, named Cato. One other died, named Suvenus.

Signed, Richard Gurling.

Interpretations

The May muster shows the season of increase in full, with 61 lambs and 16 kids born in the month, the flocks and herds breeding heavily while the cattle added only a single calf. The large lamb crop lifted the sheep total by nearly a quarter before slaughter, marking spring as the time the island's stock renewed itself, a seasonal rhythm the account captured by setting births against deaths within the single month. That the increase fell almost wholly on the sheep and goats reflects their shorter breeding cycle against the slow yield of cattle.

The deaths of two slaves, Cato and Suvenus, were entered in the same livestock return that recorded the beasts, a placement that reflects how the Company's accounting treated its slaves as items of stock to be mustered alongside the cattle and poultry. Recording them by name on the stock account, rather than in any separate register, shows the administrative logic that counted human labour and animal stock in one and the same document.

The beef again went to named East Indiamen, the Triton, Hardwicke and Shaftesbury, revictualling for the long passage, while the slaves received only two goats. The steady export of the island's best meat to the fleet, set against the meagre goat meat issued to the slaves, repeats the order of provision seen in the April account, the ships served first and the labour force last.

278

276

8 June

Gunners Stores Expended in May 1752

Guns, 4 p.rs, 3 p.rs, 2 p.rs, Powder Expended lb oz

1 Alarm for a Ship that went by: Guns 6, 4 p.rs 2, 3 p.rs 2, 2 p.rs 0, Powder Expended 2 12

16 Alarm: Guns 6, 4 p.rs 2, 3 p.rs 2, 2 p.rs 0, Powder Expended 2 12

D.o Arrived a French Ship return.d the Salute: Guns 8, 4 p.rs 0, 3 p.rs 8, 2 p.rs 0, Powder Expended 8

D.o Powder for Priming: Guns 0, 4 p.rs 0, 3 p.rs 0, 2 p.rs 0, Powder Expended 1 8

18 Alarm: Guns 6, 4 p.rs 2, 3 p.rs 2, 2 p.rs 0, Powder Expended 2 12

D.o Alarm at Turks Cap for the same Ship: Guns 2, 4 p.rs 2, 3 p.rs 0, 2 p.rs 0, Powder Expended 4

D.o Arrived the Hardwicke Cap.t Sampson return.d the Salute: Guns 9, 4 p.rs 0, 3 p.rs 0, 2 p.rs 9, Powder Expended 9

D.o Powder for Priming: Guns 0, 4 p.rs 0, 3 p.rs 0, 2 p.rs 0, Powder Expended 1 8

21 Alarm: Guns 6, 4 p.rs 2, 3 p.rs 2, 2 p.rs 0, Powder Expended 2 12

D.o Arrived the Shaftesbury Cap.t Barkley return.d the Salute: Guns 9, 4 p.rs 0, 3 p.rs 0, 2 p.rs 9, Powder Expended 9

D.o Powder for Priming: Guns 0, 4 p.rs 0, 3 p.rs 0, 2 p.rs 0, Powder Expended 1 8

D.o Powder for Priming at the Alarm House: Guns 0, 4 p.rs 0, 3 p.rs 0, 2 p.rs 0, Powder Expended 3

22 Departed a French Ship return.d the Salute: Guns 9, 4 p.rs 0, 3 p.rs 0, 2 p.rs 9, Powder Expended 9

D.o Powder for Priming: Guns 0, 4 p.rs 0, 3 p.rs 0, 2 p.rs 0, Powder Expended 1 8

24 Alarm: Guns 6, 4 p.rs 2, 3 p.rs 2, 2 p.rs 0, Powder Expended 2 12

D.o Arrived a French Ship return.d the Salute: Guns 9, 4 p.rs 0, 3 p.rs 0, 2 p.rs 9, Powder Expended 9

D.o Powder for Priming: Guns 0, 4 p.rs 0, 3 p.rs 0, 2 p.rs 0, Powder Expended 1 8

30 Departed the Hardwicke return.d the Salute: Guns 9, 4 p.rs 0, 3 p.rs 0, 2 p.rs 9, Powder Expended 9

D.o Powder for Priming: Guns 0, 4 p.rs 0, 3 p.rs 0, 2 p.rs 0, Powder Expended 1 8

Powder for the Funeral of Peter Wells: Guns 0, 4 p.rs 0, 3 p.rs 0, 2 p.rs 0, Powder Expended 2 4

Powder for a replenishing the Cartridge Boxes of the Flying party: Guns 0, 4 p.rs 0, 3 p.rs 0, 2 p.rs 0, Powder Expended 4 8

Powder for Signals: Guns 0, 4 p.rs 0, 3 p.rs 0, 2 p.rs 0, Powder Expended 2 8

Total: Guns 85, 4 p.rs 12, 3 p.rs 10, 2 p.rs 53, Powder Expended 10 138 4

Spunge Staves for repairing the Spunges at Bankes

6

Spunge Heads for D.o

6

Rammer Heads for D.o

6

Sheep Skins for D.o

6

Nails for coating D.o & repairing the Remainder at D.o

3 65

Paper for the use of the Castle

Needles broke with breaking of Bags for Grape Shot

24

Spunge Staves for a blue Ensign for Signals

1

Spunge Staves for repairing the Ladles at Ruperts

5

Worms broke at Ruperts

1

Betts broke at D.o

1

Match burnt at the Main Fort

6

Rammer Heads broke at the Alarm House

1

Worms broke at D.o

1

Tompions lost from the Mount at Bankes

1

Margin Notes:

(Signed)

Tho.s Holly

Captain

An account of the gunner's stores expended in May 1732, the columns recording guns fired, and the powder used given in pounds, quarters and ounces, with a final column for powder expended.

1st, alarm for a ship that went by: 6 guns, 2 qr 2 lb powder, 2 lb 12 oz expended

16th, alarm: 6 guns, 2 qr 2 lb powder, 2 lb 12 oz expended

Ditto, arrived a French ship, returned the salute: 8 guns, 8 lb powder, 8 lb expended

Ditto, powder for priming: 1 lb 8 oz expended

18th, alarm: 6 guns, 2 qr 2 lb powder, 2 lb 12 oz expended

Ditto, alarm at Turks Cap for the same ship: 2 guns, 2 lb powder, 4 lb expended

Ditto, arrived the Hardwicke, Captain Sampson, returned the salute: 9 guns, 9 lb powder, 9 lb expended

Ditto, powder for priming: 1 lb 8 oz expended

21st, alarm: 6 guns, 2 qr 2 lb powder, 2 lb 12 oz expended

Ditto, arrived the Shaftesbury, Captain Bookey, returned the salute: 9 guns, 9 lb powder, 9 lb expended

Ditto, powder for priming: 1 lb 8 oz expended

Ditto, powder for priming at the alarm house: 3 lb expended

22nd, departed a French ship, returned the salute: 9 guns, 9 lb powder, 9 lb expended

Ditto, powder for priming: 1 lb 8 oz expended

24th, alarm: 6 guns, 2 qr 2 lb powder, 2 lb 12 oz expended

Ditto, arrived a French ship, returned the salute: 9 guns, 9 lb powder, 9 lb expended

Ditto, powder for priming: 1 lb 8 oz expended

30th, departed the Hardwicke, returned the salute: 9 guns, 9 lb powder, 9 lb expended

Ditto, powder for priming: 1 lb 8 oz expended

Powder for the funeral of Peter Wells: 2 lb 4 oz expended

Powder for replenishing the cartridge boxes of the flying party: 4 lb 8 oz expended

Powder for signals: 2 lb 8 oz expended

Total: 85 guns, 12 [...] 10 [...] 53 lb 10 oz, 138 lb 4 oz expended

Sponge staves for repairing the sponges at Banks's: 6

Sponge heads for ditto: 6

Rammer heads for ditto: 6

Sheep skins for ditto: 6

Nails for coating ditto and repairing the remainder at ditto: 3 lb 65

Paper for the use of the castle: 2 quires

Needles broke with the making of bags for grape shot: 24

Sponge staves for a blue ensign staff for signals: 1

Sponge staves for repairing the ladles at Prosperous Bay: 5

Worms broke at Prosperous Bay: 1

Bits broke at ditto: 1

Match burnt at the main fort: 6 lb

Rammer heads broke at the alarm house: 1

Worms broke at ditto: 1

Tompions lost from the mount at Banks's: 1

Signed by the captain, Thomas Holly.

Interpretations

The account tracked every discharge of the fort's guns for May, the salutes returned gun for gun to the Hardwicke, Shaftesbury and the French ships arriving and departing, alongside the alarm guns fired as routine musters. The alarm at Turks Cap for the same ship shows the island's outlying batteries answering in sequence as a vessel passed along the coast, Turks Cap being one of the shore posts covering the approaches beyond the main fort. Powder for the funeral of Peter Wells honoured his burial with a gun salute drawn from the same magazine.

The lower section listed the gunner's implements worn out or broken in the month, the tools of serving heavy artillery that a modern reader would not recognise. A sponge was the wet-headed staff used to swab a gun's bore between rounds and quench any lingering embers, its stave the shaft and its head the swab, here renewed with sheepskin coverings. A worm was the corkscrew-shaped iron for drawing out a spent charge or wad, a ladle the long scoop for loading loose powder, and a tompion the wooden plug sealing the muzzle against weather when the gun stood idle. Grape shot was a cluster of small iron balls fired as an anti-personnel charge, sewn into bags whose making broke two dozen needles.

The powder issued to replenish the cartridge boxes of the flying party points to a mobile detachment kept ready to move to any threatened landing place. A flying party was a light, quickly deployable force rather than a fixed garrison, and keeping its cartridge boxes filled shows the island's defence rested not only on the static shore batteries but on troops able to march to whichever bay an enemy might attempt.

279

277

Captain William Beckey applyed to us for L30 for the use of the Ship
Shaftesbury we have advanced him that sum out of the Honble Company Cash,
and taken Bills of Exchange drawn on Capt Charles Raymond payable to the
Honble the Court of Directors (or Order) dated this day.
Chas Hutchinson
John Clark
A Consultation held on Monday the 15th day of June 1752 at the Castle
Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governor Lt Lieutenant John Clark of Council
The last Consultation was read approved and signed dated the 8th June 1752
Tuesday the 9th Arrived the Honble Companys Ship Duke of Dorset from
Bengale
Do Sailed the Honble Companys Ship Shaftesbury for England
Thursday the 11th Arrived the Honble Companys Ship Cartonuck from Bombay
Saturday the 13th Arrived the Honble Companys Ship Warwick from Madrass
Counted and examined the Honble Companys Cash for the Month of May last
which is as follows Vizt

Captain William Beekey applied to the Council for £30 for the use of the Shaftesbury. The Council advanced him that sum out of the Company's cash and took bills of exchange drawn on Captain Charles Raymond payable to the Court of Directors or order, dated that day. The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson and John Clark. The Governor and Council then met in consultation at the Castle on 15 June 1752, with Governor Charles Hutchinson and Lieutenant John Clark of the Council present. The Council read the previous consultation of 8 June 1752, then approved and signed it. The Company's ship Duke of Dorset had arrived from Bengal on Tuesday 9 June 1752, and the Shaftesbury had sailed for England the same day. The Company's ship Cartonuck had arrived from Bombay on Thursday 11 June 1752, and the Company's ship Warwick from Madras on Saturday 13 June 1752. The Council counted and examined the Company's cash for May 1752.

Interpretations

The advance of £30 to a departing captain against bills on the Court of Directors shows the treasury's standing service in reverse, the island supplying a ship with ready money for the voyage in exchange for paper the Company would meet in London. The cluster of arrivals from Bengal, Bombay and Madras within a week marks the island at the height of the homeward season, receiving the Company's shipping from all three Indian presidencies at once.

280

278

Cash Dbt
1752
May 1

To Balance remaining L 1845 2 10 1/4

To Account Currant London receivd of the Honble Company
per the hands of Richd: the Edqr 943 Dollars on Account of
the Honble East India Company } 235 15 -

To Received of Capt. Gilbert later for which Certificate was
given him dated this day } 447 - -

11 To John Goodwin Esqr Deced. recd of Mary Jarris Widdow
of Tho Jarris dec in full of the said Jarris’s Debt } 8 3 8 1/2

14 To John Goswin Esqr Deced: recd of John Bagley
on Account of Tho Allen Decd } 5 12 -

18 To John Goodwin Esqr Decd. Vizt:
Rec: of Joshua Johnsons Executon L 255.17.2 1/2
in full –
Rec: of the Executr: of Francis
Sumper Decd: in full } 51. 6. 3/4
Rec: of the Attorney of Joseph
Powle in full } 18.11 -
Rec: of Sergeant Henry Beale
in full } 77.17.7
115 19 9 1/4

25 To John Goswin Esqr Decd. Vizt:
Rec: of Wm Scale in full of his Debt L 37.14.7 1/2
Rec: of John Hayes Senr in full of his Debt 12.13.2 1/2
Rec: Wm. Desfountain in full of Isaac Woors
Debt } 17.7.2
67.15 -

30 To Ship Hardwicke the Balance of her Account, 32 17 9 1/2

L 5738 6 1/2

The Company's cash account for May 1752 opened with the sums received, entered here in the first of two clerk's copies.
On 1 May, balance remaining, £1,845 2s 10¼d
By account current London, received of the Company by the hands of Richard Lee 943 dollars on the Company's account, £235 15s 0d
Received of Captain Gilbert Slater, for which a certificate was given him dated that day, £447 0s 0d
On 11 May, by the late John Goodwin, received of Mary Jarvis, widow of Thomas Jarvis, in full of his debt, £8 3s 8½d
On 14 May, by the late John Goodwin, received of John Bagley on account of the late Thomas Allen, £5 12s 0d
On 18 May, by the late John Goodwin: received of Joshua Johnson's executors in full £255 17s 2½d; of the executor of the late Francis Sumper in full £51 6s 0¾d; of the attorney of Joseph Powell in full £18s 11d; of Sergeant Henry Beale in full £7s 7d; total £115 19s 9¼d
On 25 May, by the late John Goodwin: received of William Seale in full of his debt £37 14s 7½d; of John Hayes senior in full of his debt £12 13s 2½d; of William Desfountain in full of Isaac Wood's debt £17 7s 2d; total £67 15s 0d
On 30 May, by the ship Hardwicke, the balance of her account, £32 17s 9½d
Total, £5,738 6s 0½d

Interpretations

The account gathers the month's varied receipts into one cash, the largest being the debts paid into the late Governor Goodwin's estate and the coin lodged by the supercargoes and Captain Slater. Carrying the estate recoveries as separate dated entries under Goodwin's name shows the Council keeping the dead officer's account distinct within the Company's general cash.

281

279

1752
May 31st

Dr

Cash

To Balance remaining

To Account Currant London per advice of Tho. Thompson
Esqr & Rich. Lee Esqr 943 Dollars on
Account of the Honble East India Company 235 15 -

To Dº received of Capt. Gilbert late for which
Certificate was given him dated this day 447 - -

11 To Jno Goodwin Esqr Decd. recd of Mary Jarvis Widdow
of Tho Jarvis decd. in full of the said Jarvis’s Debt 8 3 8 1/2

14 To John Goodwin Esqr Decd. recd of Jno Bagley
on Account of Tho. Allen decd 5 12 -

18 To John Goodwin Esqr Decd Vizt.
Recd of Joshua Johnsons Executor 255.17.9 1/2 in full

Recd of the Executor of Francis
Lump decd in full 51.6.3/4

Recd. of the Attorney of Joseph
Powell in full 18.11 -

Recd. of Sergeant Henry Beale
in full 7.17.7 115 19 9 1/4

25 To John Goodwin Esqr Decd. Vizt.
Recd of Wm Seale in full of his Debt £37.14.9 1/2
Recd. of John Hayes Senr in full of his Debt 12.13.2 1/2
Recd. of Saml. Desfountain in full of Isaac Woods
Debt 17.7.2 67 15 -

30 To Ship Hardwick, the Balance of her Account, 32 17 9 1/2

£5758 6 1/2

Per Contra

1752
May 31st

By Balance remaining in the following species Vizt

1st Gold Wt 11.15.14 @ 23..13..3 1/2 46 1 1/2

1st Dº 3..9..12 @ 3..18 - 13 11 1/2

70 Venees @ 10/ 35 - -

12 Rupees @ 30/ 18 - -

6000 Pagodas @ 8/ 2560 - -

Gold Amounting to £2672 12 9

977 Dollars @ 5/ 2292 15 -

1517 Rials @ 1/7 1/2 47 8 1/2

129 9/8 half Rials @ 3 3/4 202 6 3

4 M. French pieces @ 1/2 3 13 6

Old Money @ -/6 - 6 -

Silver Amounting to £2536 3 1/2

196 Cash Notes @ 40/ 292 - -

162 Dº @ 20/ 162 - -

262 Dº @ 3/ 65 10 -

160 Dº @ 2/6 20 - -

Cash Notes Amounting to £539 10 -

5758 6 1/2

The Company's cash account for May 1752 was here re-copied in a second clerk's hand, the figures repeating those of the first copy with minor variations of spelling and sum.
On 31 May, balance remaining
By account current London, per advice of Thomas Thompson and Richard Lee, 943 dollars on the Company's account, £235 15s 0d
Received of Captain Gilbert Slater, for which a certificate was given him, £447 0s 0d
On 11 May, received of Mary Jarvis, widow of Thomas Jarvis, in full of his debt, £8 3s 8½d
On 14 May, received of John Bagley on account of the late Thomas Allen, £5 12s 0d
On 18 May: received of Joshua Johnson's executor in full £255 17s 9½d; of the executor of the late Francis Lump in full £51 6s 0¾d; of the attorney of Joseph Powell in full £18s 11d; of Sergeant Henry Beale in full £7 17s 7d; total £115 19s 9¼d
On 25 May: received of William Seale in full of his debt £37 14s 9½d; of John Hayes senior in full of his debt £12 13s 2½d; of Samuel Desfountain in full of Isaac Wood's debt £17 7s 2d; total £67 15s 0d
On 30 May, by the ship Hardwicke, the balance of her account, £32 17s 9½d
Total, £5,758 6s 0½d

The account then showed on the credit side the balance remaining on 31 May in the following species. The coin headings were partly abbreviated in the source and are supplied here as weight and value.
1 gold, weight 11-15-14, at £3 18s 3½d, £46 1s 0½d
1 gold, 3-9-12, at 3-18, £13 11s 0½d
70 Venetians at 10, £35 0s 0d
12 rupees at 30, £18 0s 0d
6,000 pagodas at 8, £2,560 0s 0d
Gold amounting to £2,672 12s 9d
977 dollars at 5, £2,292 15s 0d
1,517 rials at 1s 7½d, £47 8s 0½d
12,918 half rials at 3¾d, £202 6s 3d
441 French pieces at 1s 2d, £3 13s 6d
Old money at 6d, £6s 0d
Silver amounting to £2,536 3s 0½d
196 cash notes at 40, £292 0s 0d
162 cash notes at 20, £162 0s 0d
262 cash notes at 3, £65 10s 0d
160 cash notes at 2s 6d, £20 0s 0d
Cash notes amounting to £539 10s 0d
Total, £5,758 6s 0½d

Interpretations

The cell re-enters the May cash account already set down in the earlier cell, a second clerk's copy differing in minor sums and in spellings such as Sumper and Lump for the same executor. The repetition preserves both renderings of the month's account.

Speculations

The two copies give different totals, £5,738 and £5,758, and neither set of subtotals adds cleanly to its balance total as the figures stand, several coin lines failing against their stated rates. The accounts were carried as written without arithmetical correction, so the discrepancies are recorded but not resolved.

282

280

Invoice of Ship Dukes of Dorset
BA
No 2 Batavia Arrack
2 Leagues 150 Cℓ of Leag 300
Batℓa of Cert 27 327 ..
WC
@ 5 Wax Canales
5 Pieces of 10 ℓℓ 50 ℓ Maund 500 ..
STF
@ 10 Sugar Selonda fine
10 Baggs of 20. 20. 4. 84 170 6 9
RF
@ 11 Rice fine
11 Baggs of 88. 25 ℓ pr ℓ 140 12 9
1138 3 6
Charges Merchandize
100 Gunny Baggs & Sewing 17 8 3
2 Empty Leagues 35 3 3
5 Checks & Imbaling 14 3
1 Tallow Dott 2 ..
1 Peon 1 8 ..
30 Matts 1 8
1 ℓ Oil 3 3
Cooly Hire
24 .. 95 14 9
Current Rupees 1234 2 3
Errors Excepted
P. Amyatt Sub Acct.

The Duke of Dorset had brought a supply from Bengal. The invoice of the Duke of Dorset followed, its values given in the Indian currency of rupees, annas and pies.
Batavia arrack, 2 leaguers 150 per leaguer, 300, and Batavia cost 27, 327
Wax candles, 5 pieces of 10 lb at 50 per maund, 500
Fine sugar, 10 bags of 20, 170 rupees 6 annas 9 pies
Fine rice, 11 bags of 88 at 25 per lb, 140 rupees 12 annas 9 pies
Subtotal, 1,138 rupees 3 annas 6 pies

Charges of merchandise: 100 gunny bags and sewing, 17 rupees 8 annas 3 pies; 2 empty leaguers, 35 rupees 3 annas 3 pies; 5 chests and embaling, 14 rupees 3 annas; 1 tallow dott, 2 rupees; 1 peon, 1 rupee 8 annas; 30 mats, 1 rupee 8 annas; 1 jar oil, 3 rupees 3 annas; cooly hire, 24 rupees; charges total 95 rupees 14 annas 9 pies
Current rupees, 1,234 rupees 2 annas 3 pies
The account was subscribed, errors excepted, by P. Amyatt, sub-accountant.

Interpretations

The lading was another standard Bengal provision cargo of arrack, wax candles, sugar and rice, valued in rupees, annas and pies before conversion. The charges of merchandise added the cost of packing and landing, the gunny bags, casks, mats and the hire of the coolies who carried the goods, to the price of the cargo itself.

283

281

Invoice pf Ship Eastcourt

Batty 13 Bags cont g 3..2 Pag. 3..2 Rup: 25 pf Maund 96 ..

Rice (Seaton 220:) Do: 150 3..50 Maund 131 1 ..

Charges on Merchandize Vizt

Gunny Bags 105 for Batty Rice @ R: 1..1 pf C: 22 1 25

Do: Reces 21 Do: 5 1 ..

Dulty Bags 22 for Rice 3 pf Bag 16 2

Twine 1/2 for sewing the Bags 2 289

Hammalage & Boat hire 3 1 ..

41 3 11 1/2

Rupees 273 14 ..

Errors Excepted

p George Scott Accompt:

Lieutenant John Clarke reports that he has been on

board the ship Duke of Dorset & Eastcourt to Muster their

Company & Enquire for Deserters but found none, their Muster

Rolls are as follows Vizt

Muster Roll of Ship Duke of Dorset

Tho: Frogmott Commander

Wm Brown 1st Mate Do

Wm Nixon 2d Do:

R. J. Carker 3d Do:

Alley Champion 4th Do:

Steward Young 4 Do:

John Whyte 5 Do:

Alley J. Stewart 6 Do:

Hugh Burnett Surgeon

Capt Starr Purser

Wm Grocham Gunner

John Bell Boatswain

Jeffery Shore Caulker Do:

Ri. Brown Ship Joiner Do:

Jno: Benson Capt: Do:

Robt Cumsden Cooper

Sam.l Shaw Midshipmn Do:

Tho: English Do:

Henry Davis Do:

John Alley Do:

Conolly Horgson Do:

Tho: Barker Capt Cook Do:

W. Castle Ship Do:

Alley Henderson Do:

Tho: Branson 1st Mate Do:

Tho: Proctor Boatsw: Do:

Mordecay Scott Caulker Do:

John George Cook Do:

Tho: Cain Sailmr Do:

Tho: Compton Armourer Do:

Jno: Ares 1st Master Do:

And: Harris Do:

Wm Hill Butcher Do:

W. C. Robck Taylor Do:

Robt Jack Barber Do:

John Williams Boatsn Do:

The Eastcourt had also brought a supply. The invoice of the Eastcourt followed, its values given in the Indian currency of rupees, annas and pies.
Batty, 13 bags containing 3 pagodas 2, at 25 rupees per maund, 96 rupees
Rice, 150 at 3, 50 per maund, 131 rupees 1 anna

Charges on merchandise: gunny bags, 105 for batty and rice at 1 rupee 1 anna per hundredweight, 22 rupees 1 anna 25 pies; other, 21 at 5, 1 rupee; dally bags, 22 for rice at 3 per bag, 16 rupees 2 annas; twine for sewing the bags, 2 rupees 8 annas 9 pies; hammalage and boat hire, 3 rupees 1 anna; charges total 41 rupees 3 annas 11½ pies
Total, 273 rupees 14 annas

The account was subscribed, errors excepted, by George Scott for account. Lieutenant John Clark then reported that he had gone aboard the Duke of Dorset and the Eastcourt to muster their companies and enquire for deserters, finding none. The muster roll of the Duke of Dorset followed.
Thomas Frogmott, commander
William Brown, first mate
William Nixon, second mate
R. J. Carker, third mate
Alley Champion, fourth mate
Steward Young, fourth mate
John Whyte, fifth mate
Alley Stewart, sixth mate
Hugh Burnett, surgeon
Captain Starr, purser
William Grocham, gunner
John Bell, boatswain
Jeffery Shore, caulker
Richard Brown, ship's joiner
John Benson, captain's servant
Robert Cumsden, cooper
Samuel Shaw, midshipman
Thomas English, midshipman
Henry Davis, midshipman
John Alley, midshipman
Conolly Horgson, midshipman
Thomas Barker, captain's cook
W. Castle, ship's cook
Alley Henderson, seaman
Thomas Branson, first mate's servant
Thomas Proctor, boatswain's servant
Mordecay Scott, caulker's servant
John George, cook's servant
Thomas Cain, sailmaker
Thomas Compton, armourer
John Ares, first master
Andrew Harris, master
William Hill, butcher
W. C. Robck, tailor
Robert Jack, barber
John Williams, boatswain

Interpretations

The Eastcourt's invoice included batty, the coarse unhusked rice of the Bengal trade, valued with the fine rice by the maund. The joint muster of two ships in one visit was the routine desertion check, each company counted against its roll.

284

282

John Holteen by Seaman Do

Chs Henbery Do

Geo. Andrew Do

Rd Collier Do

Ja: Corbetts Do

Ralph Pollard Do

Chas Allsop Do

Wm Vantep Do

Robt Willimond Do

Robt Burt Do

Ja: Druggan Do

Ja: Calon Do

John Leach Do

Wm Grampion Do

Robt Gale Do

R. J. Claver Do

George Hays Do

Wm Coker Do

Francis Allele Do

Wm Onech Do

Wm Polsand Seaman Do

Edw Glillesby Do

Robt Lindsay Do

Nick Paul Do

Jacob Hane Do

Tho. Moraston Do

Dan. Weston Do

Ja. Hutcheson Do

Cha. Gosdavi Do

Wm Been Do

Dan. Cooper Do

R. Peckering Do

Lewis Antony Do

Ja. Hendrick Do

Hans Jervison Do

Jacob Jacob Do

R. Smith Do

Wm Johnson Do

Wm Rusheys Do

Cornelius Sand Do

Mas. Labouro Seaman

Mas. Labouro

Antony

Antony Stourd

R. Wilson

John Brates

Tho. Richardson

Hugh Dows

Tho. Hall

Tho. Glekery

John Willimont

Wm Meul Capt Servant

John Red

And. Bellingly Matt.

Wm Ince 2d Mate

Tho. Battenworthy

Wm Cole Gunt.

George Launy Boatsn

Servant

Sam: Bond Capt

Muster Roll of Ship Eastcourt

Arth. Evans Commander

Tho. Madges 1st Mate

Geo. Legyet 2 Do

Saml Bull 3 Do

Tho. Coker 4 Do

John Welcom 5 Do

Wm Wright 6 Do

Wm Holloway Purser

Tho. Sible Carpenter

Alexr Ross Boats

Jno Richey Gunr

John Henry Caulker

Sdo Willcocks Roper

Edw. Brumfield Sailmt

Tho. Ireland Ship Surgeo

Jn. Stevenson Capt

Allen Heston Surgeon

Ja: Sack Midshipman

R. Pearson

Robt Madge

Wm Robinson

Tho. Yarmington Boatsw Mate

Danl Levy

Ja. Gilfillin

Alexr Burney

Robt Hazill Capt 1st Mate

R. Cosford 2d Do

Jno Morningham Boatsw

Jn. Roock 2d Do

Jn. Alcane Gunr 2 Do

Wm Rigby 2 Do

Ric. Hornby Armourr

R. Coulter Taylor

And. Leach Caulkmate

Wm Bankcroft

Jn Snow Butcher

Jn Robson Capt Cook

Jn Evans Ship

The muster roll of the Duke of Dorset concluded, and the muster roll of the Eastcourt followed.

Duke of Dorset, remaining crew: John Holteen, seaman; Charles Henbery, seaman; George Andrew, seaman; Richard Collier, seaman; James Corbetts, seaman; Ralph Pollard, seaman; Charles Allsop, seaman; William Vantep, seaman; Robert Willimond, seaman; Robert Burt, seaman; James Druggan, seaman; James Calon, seaman; John Leach, seaman; William Grampion, seaman; Robert Gale, seaman; R. J. Claver, seaman; George Hays, seaman; William Coker, seaman; Francis Allele, seaman; William Onech, seaman; William Polsand, seaman; Edward Glillesby, seaman; Robert Lindsay, seaman; Nick Paul, seaman; Jacob Hane, seaman; Thomas Moraston, seaman; Daniel Weston, seaman; James Hutcheson, seaman; Charles Gosdavi, seaman; William Been, seaman; Daniel Cooper, seaman; R. Peckering, seaman; Lewis Antony, seaman; James Hendrick, seaman; Hans Jervison, seaman; Jacob Jacob, seaman; R. Smith, seaman; William Johnson, seaman; William Rusheys, seaman; Cornelius Sand, seaman; Mas Labouro, seaman; Antony, seaman; Antony Stourd, seaman; R. Wilson, seaman; John Brates, seaman; Thomas Richardson, seaman; Hugh Dows, seaman; Thomas Hall, seaman; Thomas Glekery, seaman; John Willimont, seaman; William Meul, captain's servant; John Red, seaman; Andrew Bellingly, matross; William Ince, second mate; Thomas Battenworthy, seaman; William Cole, gunner; George Launy, boatswain's servant; Sam Bond, captain's servant
Eastcourt: Arthur Evans, commander
Thomas Madges, first mate
George Legyet, second mate
Samuel Bull, third mate
Thomas Coker, fourth mate
John Welcom, fifth mate
William Wright, sixth mate
William Holloway, purser
Thomas Sible, carpenter
Alexander Ross, boatswain
John Richey, gunner
John Henry, caulker
Sdo Willcocks, roper
Edward Brumfield, sailmaker
Thomas Ireland, ship's surgeon
John Stevenson, captain's servant
Allen Heston, surgeon
James Sack, midshipman
R. Pearson, midshipman
Robert Madge, midshipman
William Robinson, midshipman
Thomas Yarmington, boatswain's mate
Daniel Levy, seaman
James Gilfillin, seaman
Alexander Burney, seaman
Robert Hazill, captain's first mate
R. Cosford, second mate
John Morningham, boatswain
John Roock, second mate
John Alcane, gunner's mate
William Rigby, mate
Richard Hornby, armourer
R. Coulter, tailor
Andrew Leach, caulker's mate
William Bankcroft, seaman
John Snow, butcher
John Robson, captain's cook
John Evans, ship's cook

Interpretations

The long lower half of the Duke of Dorset's roll shows the great crew of a Bengal ship, a run of English and foreign names beneath the officers. The two rolls set side by side give the full complements of both ships wintering at the island together.

285

283

Pd R. Rochowney Baker
Rd Edwards Poulterer
Tho: Tressell Capt Cook’s Mate
Tho: Coker Capt Servant
Jno: Green 1st Mate Do
Ja: Queeck 2d Mate Do
Wm: Guest Gunr Do
Colin McColla Boat’n Do
Jno: Dutty Seaman
Tho: Eastwood Carpenter
John Lamb Capt Servt
Rr Weller Seaman
Ja: Heston Do
Henr: Hawkins Do
Robt: Cline Do
Saml Tillotcomb Do
Wm: Omalon Do
George Cower Do
Joseph Harvey Do

Andw: Macey Seaman
John Bruntle Do
John Green Do
Wm: Catly Do
Jonathans Nathan Do
Tho: Fann Do
Dennis Cavenagh Do
Jos: Marten Do
John Hobbs Do
Wm: Dean Do
Ja: Hammon Do
George Bradley Do
Fred: Longue Do
John Collins Do
Jos Avery Do
Jer: Ireland Do
John Blakey Do
John Beer Do
Robt: Pomant Do

Jos: Greenleaf Seaman
Chas Halcroft Do
David Willoughby Do
Albt: Bromley Do
And: Roby Do
Gabl Sheehey Do
Fran: Bradford no Do 176
Wm: McAuley Do
Hen: J. Monday Do
Wm: Cole Do
Sam: Levroot Sup: no Do 176
Jno: Iloe Seaman
Ant: Medward Do
Mark Taylor Do
Tho: Boyd Do
Ant: J. Varney Do
Tho: Coulton Do
P. Kirby Do
Robert Burgess Do

The Storekeeper brought in the following Account of Goods short
received from the Ship Duke of Dorset Wp C

Account of Stores short Received from Ship Duke of
Dorset Wp C

£ s d
2 pr: 3 – Rice short weight
3.5 Sugar Gall
No 1 Leag Arrack Gauge 150 wants to fill 10 Gall 2 Do
155 Do 7 1/2
305 17 1/2

June 13th 1752.

Received 287 1/2 Galleons
(Signed)
Mr. Larking Storek

The muster roll of the Eastcourt concluded.
Richard Rochowney, baker
Richard Edwards, poulterer
Thomas Tressell, captain's cook's mate
Thomas Coker, captain's servant
John Green, first mate's servant
James Queeck, second mate's servant
William Guest, gunner's servant
Colin McColla, boatswain's servant
John Dutty, seaman
Thomas Eastwood, carpenter
John Lamb, captain's servant
Richard Weller, seaman
James Heston, seaman
Henry Hawkins, seaman
Robert Cline, seaman
Samuel Tillotcomb, seaman
William Omalon, seaman
George Cower, seaman
Joseph Harvey, seaman
Andrew Macey, seaman
John Bruntle, seaman
John Green, seaman
William Catly, seaman
Jonathan Nathan, seaman
Thomas Fann, seaman
Dennis Cavenagh, seaman
Joseph Marten, seaman
John Hobbs, seaman
William Dean, seaman
James Hammon, seaman
George Bradley, seaman
Frederick Longue, seaman
John Collins, seaman
Joseph Avery, seaman
Jeremiah Ireland, seaman
John Blakey, seaman
John Beer, seaman
Robert Pomant, seaman
Joseph Greenleaf, seaman
Charles Halcroft, seaman
David Willoughby, seaman
Albert Bromley, seaman
Andrew Roby, seaman
Gabriel Sheehey, seaman
Francis Bradford, seaman
William McAuley, seaman
Henry Monday, seaman
William Cole, seaman
Sam Levroot, supernumerary
John Iloe, seaman
Anthony Medward, seaman
Mark Taylor, seaman
Thomas Boyd, seaman
Anthony Varney, seaman
Thomas Coulton, seaman
P. Kirby, seaman
Robert Burgess, seaman
The storekeeper brought in an account of goods short received from the Duke of Dorset.
2 hundredweight 3 quarters of rice, short weight
3 hundredweight 5 of sugar
1 leaguer arrack, gauge 150, wanting 10 gallons to fill
1 arrack, gauge 155, wanting 7½ gallons
Total 305, wanting 17½
Received 287½ gallons on 13 June 1752
The account was subscribed by Mr Larking, storekeeper.

Interpretations

The short-delivery account measured the shortfall between the invoice and what the rice, sugar and arrack casks actually held, each leaguer gauged to show the gallons wanting. Booking only the true quantity received protected the Company against loss on a Bengal cargo liable to waste on the passage.

286

284

James Carmichell who was Discharged from the
Honble Companys Garrison of Fort St David as an Invalid, having
then a Lameness in one of his Arms, which upon his Passage is
now intirely recovered, & being willing to stay as a Soldier here,
we have therefore enlisted him to serve five Years at one Gunny
Bounty Money.
Enlisted likewise George Bealy, who was left here
by the Shaftesbury, to serve the Honble Company as a Soldier for
five Years, at five Pounds Bounty Money.
Captain Webb having delivered in Willm Timson
one of the Honble Companys Soldiers that Deserted from Madrass
on board his Ship, we have detained him to serve the remainder
of his time here.
Chas. Hutchinson
John Clarke

James Carmichell, discharged from the Company's garrison of Fort St David as an invalid with a lameness in one arm now entirely recovered on the passage, being willing to stay as a soldier, was enlisted to serve five years at one gunny bounty money. George Bealy, left on the island by the Shaftesbury, was enlisted to serve the Company as a soldier for five years at £5 bounty money. Captain Webb having delivered in William Timson, one of the Company's soldiers who deserted from Madras aboard his ship, the Council detained him to serve the remainder of his time on the island. The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson and John Clark.

Interpretations

The three enlistments show the garrison drawn from the passing traffic of the Company's service, a recovered invalid from Fort St David, a man set ashore from a ship, and a recovered deserter from Madras all pressed into the island's companies. The wide range of bounty, from £5 down to a single gunny bag, marks how the price of a soldier varied with his origin and circumstances.

287

285

At a Consultation held on Monday the 22 day of June 1752

at the Castle.

Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr. Governor

Lieutenant John Clark of Council.

The last Consultation was read, approved, and signed, dated

the 15 June 1752

Tuesday the 18 Sailed the Honble Companys Ships Duke of Dorset and Eastcourt,

for England.

Lieutenant John Clark reports that he has been

on board the Ship Warwick, to Muster her Company, and Inquire

for Deserters, but found none, Capt. Webb having delivered in William

Thompson a Deserter from Madrass before. The Muster Roll is as

follows Vizt

Muster Roll of Ship Warwick

Nich. Webb Commander

Saml. Napper 2 Mate Do

Chas. Wilkins 2 Do

James Moffet 3 Do

Jas. Robertson 4 Do

Wm. Hooper 5 Do

Row. Purnell Purser

Walter Davis Surgeon

Wm. Laben Carpenter

Alexr. Fisher Boatswan

John Edwards Gunner

Wm. Kinchboth ship’s steward

Wm. Keel Caulker

Hen.y Hancock Cooper

Tho.s Cudley Midship.

Mattw. Biglestone Master’s Mate

John Lockhart Do

Fro. Gains Do

John Skinner Do

Henry Iles Do

Nich. Wolf Master Do

George Ame Do

Thos. Hamlett Do

David Gregg Do

W.m Gray long man in

Dum Commeng Gunner Do

Jn.o Perce’s (ship’s Mate’s Asst.) Do

Jas. Harkhew Do

Hen.y Carleny Boatsn. Do

Jn.o Davis Caulk. Do

Alexr. Col. Armourer

Wm. Colwell Sailm.n

Jn.o Tertford Capt. Cook

Wm. Hocknell Stew.

Jn.o Smith Do Barber

Jn.o Routte Do Taylor

Wm. Chapman ship boy

Jn.o Test Butcher

Jas. Wreaght Sailmaker

Mas. And.r Hook, Capt. Boats Mate

Ja.s Dr v Seaman

Ja.s Davis Do

Jn.o Evans ship’s Do

Geo. Hamond Do

Jn.o Brace Do

The Governor and Council met in consultation at the Castle on 22 June 1752. Governor Charles Hutchinson presided, with Lieutenant John Clark of the Council present. The Council read the previous consultation of 15 June 1752, then approved and signed it. The Company's ships Duke of Dorset and Eastcourt had sailed for England on Tuesday 18 June 1752. Lieutenant John Clark reported that he had gone aboard the Warwick to muster her company and enquire for deserters, finding none, Captain Webb having delivered in William Thompson, a deserter from Madras. The muster roll of the Warwick followed.
Nicholas Webb, commander
Samuel Napper, first mate
Charles Wilkins, second mate
James Moffet, third mate
James Robertson, fourth mate
William Hooper, fifth mate
Rowland Purnell, purser
Walter Davis, surgeon
William Laben, carpenter
Alexander Fisher, boatswain
John Edwards, gunner
William Kinchboth, ship's steward
William Keel, caulker
Henry Hancock, cooper
Thomas Cudley, midshipman
Matthew Biglestone, master's mate
John Lockhart, master's mate
Fro Gains, master's mate
John Skinner, master's mate
Henry Iles, master's mate
Nicholas Wolf, master
George Ame, master's mate
Thomas Hamlett, master's mate
David Gregg, master's mate
William Gray, seaman
Dum Commeng, gunner
John Perce, master's mate's assistant
James Harkhew, seaman
Henry Carleny, boatswain
John Davis, caulker
Alexander Col, armourer
William Colwell, sailmaker
John Tertford, captain's cook
William Hocknell, steward
John Smith, barber
John Routte, tailor
William Chapman, ship's boy
John Test, butcher
James Wreaght, sailmaker
Andrew Hook, captain's boatswain's mate
James Dr, seaman
James Davis, seaman
John Evans, ship's servant
George Hamond, seaman
John Brace, seaman

Interpretations

The muster of the Warwick followed the routine desertion check, with a recovered Madras deserter delivered in by the captain. The deep run of master's mates in her roll marks a large Madras ship heavily officered for the homeward passage.

288

286

John Bancks Seaman
Hen: Norman Do
James Gilbert Do
Ar: De Venables Do
Tho: James Do
Wm Leech Do
John Morrison Do
John Gordon Do
Mag: Johnson Do
John Foxsmith Do
Wm Porter Do
Jo: Walker Do
Robt Barker Do
George Dent Do
James Perry Do
Willm Edwards Do
Tennon Rooke Do
John Matts Do
Gerrard Napper Do
Willm Bolton Do
John Cates Do
Edw: Wright Do
Joseph Rust Do

Jos: Buceer Seaman
Jos: Kiersey Do
Ja: Robinson Do
John Evens Do
John Lee Do
Augusten Bonde Do
John Willmott Do
Bart: Jacobson Do
Jacob Daniel Do
Arch: Proy Do
Anthny Proud Do
Tho: Denmount Do
Edw: Delane Do
Fra: Solorico Do
Tho: Richard Do
Tho: Sowell Do
Geo: Farquhar Do
John Grayson Do
George Medford Do
John Collins Do
John Grace Do
George Bucks Do
John Lipsfield Do

Dan: Brown Capt: Servant
Tho: Glowster Do
Wm Whitlock 3d Mate Do
Wm Bennard 2d Do
John Morice Capt: Do
Samll Wm Benn Boats:wn Do
Sam Townsen Gunner 2d Do
John Smith Surgeon Do
Wm Vince Cabin boy Do
Alfd Vince Do
Wm Hing Do
Wm Grey Do
Wm Nathan Do
George Large Do
Passenger Servants
Susanna
Roxanna
Moses Abraham
Soldiers from Madras
upon Chester Party
John Southwell
Tho: Cotton
Joseph Bell

The Warwick brought us the following Supply
from Madras Viz:

The muster roll of the Warwick concluded with the remaining crew and passengers.
John Bancks, seaman
Henry Norman, seaman
James Gilbert, seaman
Arthur De Venables, seaman
Thomas James, seaman
William Leech, seaman
John Morrison, seaman
John Gordon, seaman
Mag Johnson, seaman
John Foxsmith, seaman
William Porter, seaman
Joseph Walker, seaman
Robert Barker, seaman
George Dent, seaman
James Perry, seaman
William Edwards, seaman
Tennon Rooke, seaman
John Matts, seaman
Gerrard Napper, seaman
William Bolton, seaman
John Cates, seaman
Edward Wright, seaman
Joseph Rust, seaman
Joseph Buceer, seaman
Joseph Kiersey, seaman
James Robinson, seaman
John Evens, seaman
John Lee, seaman
Augusten Bonde, seaman
John Willmott, seaman
Bartholomew Jacobson, seaman
Jacob Daniel, seaman
Archibald Proy, seaman
Anthony Proud, seaman
Thomas Denmount, seaman
Edward Delane, seaman
Francis Solorico, seaman
Thomas Richard, seaman
Thomas Sowell, seaman
George Farquhar, seaman
John Grayson, seaman
George Medford, seaman
John Collins, seaman
John Grace, seaman
George Bucks, seaman
John Lipsfield, seaman
Daniel Brown, captain's servant
Thomas Glowster, seaman
William Whitlock, third mate
William Bennard, second mate
John Morice, captain's servant
Samuel Benn, boatswain
Sam Townsen, second gunner
John Smith, surgeon's servant
William Vince, cabin boy
Alfred Vince, seaman
William Hing, seaman
William Grey, seaman
William Nathan, seaman
George Large, seaman
Passenger servants: Susanna; Roxanna; Moses Abraham
Soldiers from Madras upon the Chester party: John Southwell; Thomas Cotton; Joseph Bell
The Warwick had brought the following supply from Madras.

Interpretations

The lower half of the roll includes passenger servants carried as property and a party of soldiers shipped from Madras, the human traffic of the Company's eastern service passing through the island. The servants named without surnames stand among the crew as chattels of the passengers rather than hands of the ship.

289

287

Invoice of Ship Warwick
Rice
36 Bags of 250 Measures @ Pag 7 10s charge 68 27
Batavia Arrack
4 Leagues @ Pag 50s Leag 200
268 27
Charges Merchandise
Gunny Bags 72 3 21 18
Beathone for Rice 24 1 6
Do for Arrack
5 15 18
Pagodas 271 6 18
Errors Excepted
p Cha: Boddam Accomptant

The Storekeeper brought in the following Account of Goods
short delivered from Ship Warwick Vizt

Received from Ship Warwick Vizt Gall
No 1 League Arrack Gage 152 wants to fill 7 1/2
2 Do 150 Do 7 1/2
3 Do 151 1/2 Do 9
4 Do 140 Do 5 1/2
593 1/2
29 1/2
Received 5 6 1/2 Gallons
(signed)
Mo. Lurling Storekpr

June 22 1752

The invoice of the Warwick followed, its values given in the Indian currency of pagodas.
Rice, 36 bags of 250 measures at 7 pagodas 10s, charge 68 pagodas 27
Batavia arrack, 4 leaguers at 50 pagodas per leaguer, 200, 268 pagodas 27

Charges of merchandise: gunny bags, 72, 3 pagodas 21 annas 18; beathone for rice, 24 pagodas 1 anna 6; beathone for arrack, 5 pagodas 15 annas 18; total pagodas 271 pagodas 6 annas 18

The account was subscribed, errors excepted, by Charles Boddam for account. The storekeeper brought in an account of goods short delivered from the Warwick.
1 leaguer arrack, gauge 152, wanting 7½ gallons to fill
1 arrack, gauge 150, wanting 7½ gallons
1 arrack, gauge 151½, wanting 9 gallons
1 arrack, gauge 140, wanting 5½ gallons
Total 593½, wanting 29½
Received 564 gallons on 22 June 1752
The account was subscribed by M. Larking, storekeeper.

Interpretations

The Madras lading of rice and arrack was valued in pagodas, the gold coin of the Coromandel coast, rather than in the rupees of Bengal and Bombay, marking the different currency of the southern presidency. The short-delivery account gauged each arrack leaguer to show the gallons wanting, so the Company was charged only for what the casks truly held.

290

288

Messrs Marten Harper & James Powlett Attornies

for Mr James Dubow late Surgeons Mate in the Honble

Companys Service, applyed to us for liberty to pay L26.. into

the Cash keep, which we have received, and given them Bills of

Exchange drawn on the Honble Court of Directors, payable to

themselves or Order 90 days after sight, dated this day.

Chas Hutchinson

John Clark.

At a Consultation held on Monday the 29th day of June

1752 at the Castle,

Present Chas Hutchinson Esq Governor,

Lieutenant John Clark of Council.

The last Consultation was read, approved, and signed

Dated the 22 June 1752.

Wednesday the 24 Sailed the Honble Companys Ship Warwick for England

Archibald Pouce, who was left here by

the Honble Companys Ship the Warwick, & having nothing

to Subsist upon, applyed to us to be Enlisted in the Garrison,

we accordingly enlisted him on the 26 instant, to serve five Years

at five pounds Bounty Money.

Chas Hutchinson

John Clark.

Martin Harper and James Powlett, attorneys for James Dubow, late surgeon's mate in the Company's service, applied to the Council for liberty to pay £26 0s 0d into the cash. The Council received it and gave them bills of exchange drawn on the Court of Directors, payable to themselves or order 90 days after sight, dated that day. The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson and John Clark. The Governor and Council then met in consultation at the Castle on 29 June 1752, with Governor Charles Hutchinson and Lieutenant John Clark of the Council present. The Council read the previous consultation of 22 June 1752, then approved and signed it. The Company's ship Warwick had sailed for England on Wednesday 24 June 1752. Archibald Pouce, left on the island by the Warwick and having nothing to subsist upon, applied to be enlisted in the garrison. The Council enlisted him on 26 June 1752 to serve five years at £5 bounty money. The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson and John Clark.

Interpretations

The remittance for the late surgeon's mate, paid in by his attorneys against bills on the Court of Directors, shows the treasury settling the affairs of the Company's servants through their agents, the money lodged on the island and recovered in London. The enlistment of a man set ashore destitute from a ship shows the garrison absorbing the stranded of the eastern trade, a soldier's place and bounty offering subsistence to one left with nothing.

291

289

At a Consultation held on Monday the 6th day of July 1752
at the Castle.
Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governor
Lieutenant John Clarke of Council.

The last Consultation was read approved and signed dated the
28th June 1752
Saturday the 4th for by three Ships at a great distance,
Wednesday the 3d Did One performe Guelphs plan &c.

Mr Matthew Bazett presented the following
Petition No 8

To the Worshipfull Charles Hutchinson Esqr
Governor & Council of St Helena
The humble Petition of Matthew Bazett

Sheweth
That your Petitioner’s Lease for four and an half
Acres of Land lying in Fisher Valley in the East part of this
Island being expired your Petitioner humbly requests that your
Worship and Council will be pleased to renew it
And your Petitioner as in Duty bound will
ever pray (Signed) Matthew Bazett

6th July 1752

Granted

The Governor and Council met in consultation at the Castle on 6 July 1752. Governor Charles Hutchinson presided, with Lieutenant John Clark of the Council present. The Council read the previous consultation of 28 June 1752, then approved and signed it. Three ships passed at a great distance on Saturday 4 July 1752. Matthew Bazett presented a petition addressed to the Governor and Council. He set out that his lease for four and a half acres of land in Fisher Valley in the east of the island had expired, and asked the Council to renew it. The Council granted the request, dated 6 July 1752.

Interpretations

Bazett's petition on the expiry of his lease shows the fixed term of island leaseholds bringing tenants back before the board to renew, so the Council kept a continuing hand on the tenure of every plot. The lease was granted afresh at the board's discretion, the expiry giving the Council the occasion to review the holding before renewing it.

292

290

Mr Thomas French Administrator to the Estate
of John French his late Father Dec[ease]d brought in an
Inventory of his Effects Appraised by Mr s Matthew Risberg
and Richard Beale, who being Sworn that they Valued the
same to the best of their Judgments, and likewise Thomas
French, that he produced every Article belonging to the
Deceased, it was Ordered to be Entered in the Book for that
purpose.
Cha s Hutchinson
John Clark.

At a Consultation held on Monday the 13 th day of July
1752 at the Castle
Present Charles Hutchinson Esq Governor,
Lieutenant John Clark & Councel

The last Consultation was read, approved, and Signed
dated the 6 th July 1752
Tuesday the 7 th Died John Smith Soldier

The Plantation, Gunners, and Stewards
Accounts for the Month of June last, were this day brought
in which were Examined, Approved, and are as follows
Viz t

Thomas French, administrator to the estate of his late father John French, brought in an inventory of his effects, appraised by Matthew Risberg and Richard Beale, who were sworn that they had valued it to the best of their judgment, and Thomas French that he had produced every article belonging to the deceased. The Council ordered it entered in the book kept for that purpose. The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson and John Clark. The Governor and Council then met in consultation at the Castle on 13 July 1752, with Governor Charles Hutchinson and Lieutenant John Clark of the Council present. The Council read the previous consultation of 6 July 1752, then approved and signed it. John Smith, a soldier, had died on Tuesday 7 July 1752. The plantation, gunner's and steward's accounts for June 1752 were brought in this day, which the Council examined and approved.

Interpretations

The sworn appraisal and inventory were the standard safeguard of an intestate estate, binding the appraisers and the administrator on oath so the effects could be trusted for the division and the payment of debts. An administrator was appointed where a man died without naming an executor, the son here taking on the settlement of his father's affairs under the Council's oversight.

293

291

Account of the Hon.ble Company's Stock of Neat Cattle &c for the Month of June 1752

Bulls, Cows, Calves, Yearlings, Heifers, Steers, Bullocks, Oxen, Total, Ewes, Weathers, Lambs, Rams, Total, Total, Weathers, Kids, Rams, Total, Sows, Shoats, Pigs, Boars, Total, Turkeys, Fowls, Ducks, Geese, Horse, Mares, Total

Rem.g 1.st & Increased: Bulls 4, Cows 74, Calves 65, Yearlings 14, Heifers 23, Steers 11, Bullocks 3, Oxen 8, Total 202, Ewes 136, Weathers 49, Lambs 94, Rams 6, Total 285, Total 133, Weathers 32, Kids 42, Rams 5, Total 212, Sows 6, Shoats 12, Pigs 13, Boars 1, Total 32, Turkeys 4, Fowls 121, Ducks 20, Geese 17, Horse 6, Mares 4, Total 10

Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 0, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Bullocks 0, Oxen 0, Total 0, Ewes 0, Weathers 0, Lambs 4, Rams 0, Total 4, Total 0, Weathers 0, Kids 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Sows 0, Shoats 0, Pigs 0, Boars 0, Total 0, Turkeys 10, Fowls 30, Ducks 0, Geese 0, Horse 0, Mares 0, Total 0

Bulls 4, Cows 74, Calves 65, Yearlings 14, Heifers 23, Steers 11, Bullocks 3, Oxen 8, Total 202, Ewes 136, Weathers 49, Lambs 98, Rams 6, Total 289, Total 133, Weathers 32, Kids 42, Rams 5, Total 212, Sows 6, Shoats 12, Pigs 13, Boars 1, Total 32, Turkeys 14, Fowls 151, Ducks 20, Geese 17, Horse 6, Mares 4, Total 10

Killed: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 0, Yearlings 1, Heifers 6, Steers 0, Bullocks 0, Oxen 0, Total 10, Ewes 0, Weathers 6, Lambs 1, Rams 0, Total 16, Total 0, Weathers 4, Kids 0, Rams 0, Total 4, Sows 0, Shoats 2, Pigs 0, Boars 0, Total 2, Turkeys 0, Fowls 18, Ducks 3, Geese 1, Horse 0, Mares 0, Total 0

Died: Bulls 0, Cows 1, Calves 0, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 1, Bullocks 0, Oxen 0, Total 2, Ewes 0, Weathers 2, Lambs 0, Rams 0, Total 2, Total 2, Weathers 0, Kids 6, Rams 0, Total 8, Sows 0, Shoats 0, Pigs 0, Boars 0, Total 0, Turkeys 0, Fowls 5, Ducks 0, Geese 0, Horse 0, Mares 0, Total 0

Killed by Dogs: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 0, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Bullocks 0, Oxen 0, Total 0, Ewes 0, Weathers 7, Lambs 0, Rams 0, Total 7, Total 0, Weathers 0, Kids 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Sows 0, Shoats 0, Pigs 0, Boars 0, Total 0, Turkeys 0, Fowls 0, Ducks 0, Geese 0, Horse 0, Mares 0, Total 0

Rem.g 30.th: Bulls 4, Cows 74, Calves 64, Yearlings 14, Heifers 19, Steers 5, Bullocks 3, Oxen 8, Total 191, Ewes 136, Weathers 43, Lambs 85, Rams 6, Total 270, Total 131, Weathers 28, Kids 36, Rams 5, Total 200, Sows 6, Shoats 10, Pigs 13, Boars 1, Total 30, Turkeys 14, Fowls 126, Ducks 17, Geese 16, Horse 6, Mares 4, Total 10

Beef to the Duke of Dorset

560

Beef to the Eastcourt

560

Beef to the Warwick

560

two Goats to the Slaves

Yams Expended

32000

(Signed)

Richard Gurling

Margin Notes:

Examined

13 July

An account of the Honourable Company's stock of neat cattle and other livestock for the month of June 1732.

Neat cattle, remaining 1 June: 4 bulls, 74 cows, 65 calves, 14 yearlings, 23 heifers, 11 steers, 3 bullocks, 8 oxen, total 202

Sheep, remaining 1 June: 136 ewes, 49 wethers, 94 lambs, 6 rams, total 285

Goats, remaining 1 June: 133 does, 32 wethers, 42 kids, 5 rams, total 212

Hogs, remaining 1 June: 6 sows, 12 shoats, 13 pigs, 1 boar, total 32

Poultry, remaining 1 June: 4 turkeys, 121 fowls, 20 ducks, 17 geese

Horses, remaining 1 June: 6 horses, 4 mares, total 10

Increased, sheep: 4 lambs, total 4

Increased, poultry: 10 fowls, 30 ducks

Neat cattle after increase: 4 bulls, 74 cows, 65 calves, 14 yearlings, 23 heifers, 11 steers, 3 bullocks, 8 oxen, total 202

Sheep after increase: 136 ewes, 49 wethers, 98 lambs, 6 rams, total 289

Goats after increase: 133 does, 32 wethers, 42 kids, 5 rams, total 212

Hogs after increase: 6 sows, 12 shoats, 13 pigs, 1 boar, total 32

Poultry after increase: 4 turkeys, 151 fowls, 20 ducks, 17 geese

Horses after increase: 6 horses, 4 mares, total 10

Killed, neat cattle: 1 heifer, 6 steers, total 10

Killed, sheep: 6 wethers, 1 lamb, total 16

Killed, goats: 4 wethers, total 4

Killed, poultry: 2 pigs, total 2; 18 fowls, 3 ducks, 1 goose

Died, neat cattle: 1 calf, total 1

Died, sheep: 1 lamb, total 2

Died, goats: 2 does, 6 kids, total 8

Died, poultry: 5 fowls

Killed by dogs, sheep: 7, total 7

Neat cattle, remaining 30 June: 4 bulls, 74 cows, 64 calves, 14 yearlings, 19 heifers, 5 steers, 3 bullocks, 8 oxen, total 191

Sheep, remaining 30 June: 136 ewes, 43 wethers, 85 lambs, 6 rams, total 270

Goats, remaining 30 June: 131 does, 28 wethers, 36 kids, 5 rams, total 200

Hogs, remaining 30 June: 6 sows, 10 shoats, 13 pigs, 1 boar, total 30

Poultry, remaining 30 June: 4 turkeys, 126 fowls, 17 ducks, 16 geese

Horses, remaining 30 June: 6 horses, 4 mares, total 10

Beef to the Duke of Dorset, 560 lb

Beef to the Eastcourt, 560 lb

Beef to the Warwick, 560 lb

Two goats to the slaves

Yams expended, 32,000

Signed, Richard Gurling.

Interpretations

The June muster shows the breeding season past its peak, with only 4 lambs added where May had brought 61, and the flocks now falling steadily under slaughter and loss rather than rising with new births. The sheep and goat totals both dropped over the month as the animals reared through spring were drawn down, marking the shift from the season of increase to the ordinary business of consumption. Seven sheep killed by dogs was a notable loss, the sort of predation by stray or feral dogs that troubled livestock on the open island and that the account tracked as a distinct cause apart from deliberate slaughter.

The beef again supplied named East Indiamen, the Duke of Dorset, Eastcourt and Warwick, revictualling for the passage home or onward, while the slaves received only two goats. This repeats the fixed order of the April and May accounts, the fleet taking the island's best meat in standard parcels of 560 pounds a ship, the slaves given the least valued stock. The rising yam expenditure, 32,000 this month against 29,000 in April, tracked both the growing number of mouths and the quantity shipped out in the vessels' stores.

294

292

13 July

Gunners Stores Expended in June 1752

Guns, 4 p.rs, 3 p.rs, 2 p.rs, 1 p.rs, Powder Expended lb oz

1 Departed a French Ship return.d the Salute: Guns 9, 4 p.rs 0, 3 p.rs 0, 2 p.rs 9, 1 p.rs 0, Powder Expended 9

D.o Powder for Priming: Guns 0, 4 p.rs 0, 3 p.rs 0, 2 p.rs 0, 1 p.rs 0, Powder Expended 1 8

3 Alarm: Guns 6, 4 p.rs 0, 3 p.rs 2, 2 p.rs 2, 1 p.rs 0, Powder Expended 2 12

D.o Arrived the Duke of Dorset Cap.t Fregnall return.d the Salute: Guns 9, 4 p.rs 0, 3 p.rs 0, 2 p.rs 9, 1 p.rs 0, Powder Expended 9

D.o Powder for Priming: Guns 0, 4 p.rs 0, 3 p.rs 0, 2 p.rs 0, 1 p.rs 0, Powder Expended 1 8

11 Alarm: Guns 6, 4 p.rs 0, 3 p.rs 2, 2 p.rs 2, 1 p.rs 0, Powder Expended 2 12

D.o Arrived the Eastcourt Cap.t Evans return.d the Salute: Guns 9, 4 p.rs 0, 3 p.rs 0, 2 p.rs 9, 1 p.rs 0, Powder Expended 9

D.o Powder for Priming: Guns 0, 4 p.rs 0, 3 p.rs 0, 2 p.rs 0, 1 p.rs 0, Powder Expended 1 8

D.o Fired for the King's Accession to the Throne: Guns 21, 4 p.rs 2, 3 p.rs 2, 2 p.rs 1, 1 p.rs 16, Powder Expended 27 8

D.o Powder for Priming: Guns 0, 4 p.rs 0, 3 p.rs 0, 2 p.rs 0, 1 p.rs 0, Powder Expended 4

D.o Fired with small Arms: Guns 0, 4 p.rs 0, 3 p.rs 0, 2 p.rs 0, 1 p.rs 0, Powder Expended 15 3

13 Alarm: Guns 6, 4 p.rs 0, 3 p.rs 2, 2 p.rs 2, 1 p.rs 0, Powder Expended 2 12

D.o Arrived the Warwick Cap.t Wibb return.d the Salute: Guns 9, 4 p.rs 0, 3 p.rs 0, 2 p.rs 9, 1 p.rs 0, Powder Expended 9

D.o Powder for Priming: Guns 0, 4 p.rs 0, 3 p.rs 0, 2 p.rs 0, 1 p.rs 0, Powder Expended 1 8

14 Fired a Salute Gov.r Prince coming on Shore: Guns 17, 4 p.rs 0, 3 p.rs 0, 2 p.rs 17, 1 p.rs 0, Powder Expended 17

D.o Powder for Priming: Guns 0, 4 p.rs 0, 3 p.rs 0, 2 p.rs 0, 1 p.rs 0, Powder Expended 3

D.o Powder for Priming at Prosperous Bay from April: Guns 0, 4 p.rs 0, 3 p.rs 0, 2 p.rs 0, 1 p.rs 0, Powder Expended 3

16 Alarm: Guns 6, 4 p.rs 0, 3 p.rs 2, 2 p.rs 2, 1 p.rs 0, Powder Expended 2 12

21 Fired to Salute Gov.r Prince going on Board: Guns 17, 4 p.rs 0, 3 p.rs 0, 2 p.rs 17, 1 p.rs 0, Powder Expended 3

D.o Powder for Priming: Guns 0, 4 p.rs 0, 3 p.rs 0, 2 p.rs 0, 1 p.rs 0, Powder Expended 3

30 Fired at Ruperts for practice & Priming: Guns 6, 4 p.rs 0, 3 p.rs 6, 2 p.rs 0, 1 p.rs 0, Powder Expended 12 6

Powder for Shooting Dogs that destroy the Sheep: Guns 0, 4 p.rs 0, 3 p.rs 0, 2 p.rs 0, 1 p.rs 0, Powder Expended 12

Powder for Signals: Guns 0, 4 p.rs 0, 3 p.rs 0, 2 p.rs 0, 1 p.rs 0, Powder Expended 4

Total: Guns 121, 4 p.rs 2, 3 p.rs 16, 2 p.rs 9, 1 p.rs 16, Powder Expended 8 193 13

Paper for the use of the Castle

1 Quire

Paper for making small Cartridges

1 Quire

D.o for making Great Gun Cartridges

1 Quire

Lead Ball for shooting Dogs that destroy the Sheep

2 lb

Match burnt at the Main Fort

12

Needles broke with Sewing Cartridges

6

Betts broke at the Main Fort

4

Handspikes broke at practice

1

Rammer Head broke at Prosperous Bay

1

Margin Notes:

(Signed)

Tho.s Holly

Sundrys

An account of the gunner's stores expended in June 1732, the columns recording guns fired, and the powder used given in pounds, quarters and ounces, with a final column for powder expended.

1st, departed a French ship, returned the salute: 9 guns, 9 lb powder, 9 lb expended

Ditto, powder for priming: 1 lb 8 oz expended

2nd, alarm: 6 guns, 2 qr 2 lb powder, 2 lb 12 oz expended

Ditto, arrived the Duke of Dorset, Captain Fregnall, returned the salute: 9 guns, 9 lb powder, 9 lb expended

Ditto, powder for priming: 1 lb 8 oz expended

11th, alarm: 6 guns, 2 qr 2 lb powder, 2 lb 12 oz expended

Ditto, arrived the Eastcourt, Captain Evans, returned the salute: 9 guns, 9 lb powder, 9 lb expended

Ditto, powder for priming: 1 lb 8 oz expended

Ditto, fired for the King's accession to the throne: 21 guns, 2 qr 2 lb 1 [...] 16 lb, 27 lb 8 oz expended

Ditto, powder for priming: 4 lb expended

Ditto, fired with small arms: 15 lb 3 oz expended

13th, alarm: 6 guns, 2 qr 2 lb powder, 2 lb 12 oz expended

Ditto, arrived the Warwick, Captain Webb, returned the salute: 9 guns, 9 lb powder, 9 lb expended

Ditto, powder for priming: 1 lb 8 oz expended

14th, fired the salute, Governor Prince coming on shore: 17 guns, 17 lb powder, 17 lb expended

Ditto, powder for priming: 3 lb expended

Ditto, powder for priming at Prosperous Bay from April: 3 lb expended

16th, alarm: 6 guns, 2 qr 2 lb powder, 2 lb 12 oz expended

21st, fired the salute, Governor Prince going on board: 17 guns, 17 lb powder, 17 lb expended

Ditto, powder for priming: 3 lb expended

30th, fired at Prosperous Bay for practice and priming: 6 guns, 6 lb powder, 12 lb 6 oz expended

Powder for shooting dogs that destroy the sheep: 12 oz expended

Powder for signals: 4 lb expended

Total: 121 guns, 2 [...] 16 [...] 9 [...] 86 lb 8 oz, 193 lb 13 oz expended

Paper for the use of the castle: 2 quires

Paper for making small cartridges: 2 quires

Ditto for making great gun cartridges: 4 quires

Lead ball for shooting dogs that destroy the sheep: 12 lb

Match burnt at the main fort: 12 lb

Needles broke with sewing cartridges: 6

Bits broke at the main fort: 4

Handspikes broke at practice: 1

Rammer head broke at Prosperous Bay: 1

Signed by the captain, Thomas Holly. Sundries.

Interpretations

The account tracked the fort's firing for June, the salutes returned to the Duke of Dorset, Eastcourt and Warwick and the French ship, alongside the routine alarm guns. The 21-gun salute for the King's accession marked the anniversary of George II's coming to the throne, a fixed royal occasion kept with the fullest honours and the heaviest single charge of powder in the month. Firing with small arms in addition to the great guns extended the celebration to the whole garrison drawn up under arms.

The arrival and departure of Governor Prince, saluted with seventeen guns coming on shore and again going on board, records a change in the island's command. Charles Hutchinson had sat as Governor at the June consultation, so Prince's appearance saluted as Governor points to a newly arrived or returning chief taking up the post, the gun salute marking the formal transfer of authority. The seventeen-gun honour was the mark of his rank as the Company's principal officer on the island.

The powder and lead ball issued for shooting dogs that destroy the sheep answered the predation recorded in the livestock account, where seven sheep had been killed by dogs in June. Rather than merely note the loss, the garrison spent powder and shot to cull the offending animals, treating the stray or feral dogs as a standing threat to the Company's stock worth the expense of ammunition to control.

295

293

The Executors of the late Onephorous Gurling this
day presented his last Will & Testament desiring the Same might
be proved, which was accordingly done upon the Oaths of the
Witnefes thereto, the Will is as follows Viz t
In the Name of God Amen this 22 d day of June
Anno Domini 1752 I Onephorous Gurling of the Island St Helena
Planter being Sick and Weak in Body, but of good and perfect
Memory, thanks be to Almighty God for the same, and knowing
the uncertainty of this Transitory Life, Do make and declare

The executors of the late Onephorous Gurling presented his last will and testament this day and asked that it be proved, which was done on the oaths of the witnesses. The will of Onephorous Gurling of St Helena, planter, being sick and weak of body but of good memory, was dated 22 June 1752. Knowing the uncertainty of this transitory life, he made and declared his will.

Interpretations

The proving of Gurling's will shows the Council acting as a probate court, admitting a planter's testament on sworn witness evidence for entry among the island's records. The will was proved within weeks of its making, the testator's death following soon after the sickness that prompted him to set his affairs in order.

296

294

this my last Will and Testament in manner and form following
First being penetant and sorry for my Sins most humbly crave
forgivenefs for the same, I recommend my Soul to Almighty God
and my Body I commit to the Earth to be decently Buried
at the discretion of my Executors hereafter Named. And my
Worldly Estate and Such Goods as it hath pleased God to
bestow upon me, after all my just Debts and Funerall
Charges are fully paid and Satisfied I Order, give and
dispose of the same in manner following
Imprimis
I give and Bequeath unto my beloved Son William one
Sett of Silver Shoo and Knee Buckles, that are Wrought, not,
to be Valued to him
Item
I give and Bequeath unto my beloved Son Robert one
Sett of Silver Shoo and Knee Buckles, that are plain, not,
to be Valued to him
Item
I give and Bequeath unto my beloved Daughter
Margaret two plain Gold Rings, not to be Valued to her.
Item
All the Rest Residue and Remainder of my Estate be it
in what kind soever or wheresoever, to be equally divided between
my beloved Children, Namely, William, Robert, and Margaret,
to be delivered to them as they shall severally arrive at the
Age of twenty one Years or Marryage, and in case of the
Death of either my said Children before he or they shall
arrive at the Age of twenty one Years, or Marryage as
aforesaid, I hereby Direct that the Survivor, shall enjoy
the Deceaseds Children or share of my said Estate
Lastly
I hereby nominate my beloved Brother Richard Gurling, and my
good Friends, Mess rs John Poverton, John Dunpuncan, and Francis
Worangham Jun r Executors to this my last Will & Testament Revoking
and disannulling all Former Wills by me made, and declaring this
only to be my last Will and Testament, the day and Year abovementioned
Signed Sealed & Declared to be the
last Will & Testament, of the Testator
in the presence of Us (Signed)
Saml Falconer
Wm Young
Benj Mason
(Signed)
Onephorous Gurling
Executed

The will of Onephorous Gurling concluded. Being penitent for his sins, he commended his soul to God and directed that his body be decently buried at his executors' discretion. After his debts and funeral charges were paid, he disposed of his estate as follows. He gave to his son William a set of wrought silver shoe and knee buckles, not to be valued to him. He gave to his son Robert a set of plain silver shoe and knee buckles, not to be valued to him. He gave to his daughter Margaret two plain gold rings, not to be valued to her. He gave the rest of his estate, wherever found, to be divided equally between his children William, Robert and Margaret, to be delivered as they each reached the age of 21 years or married, and directed that if any child died before that age the survivors should take the deceased's share. He named his brother Richard Gurling and his friends John Poverton, John Dunpuncan and Francis Wrangham junior executors, revoking all former wills. The will was witnessed by Samuel Falconer, William Young and Benjamin Mason, and signed by Onephorous Gurling.

Interpretations

The direction that the buckles and rings pass to the children not valued to them meant those keepsakes were given outside the equal division of the estate, each child taking a personal token before the residue was shared. The provision that a deceased child's share should go to the survivors, and that the estate be delivered only at 21 or marriage, was a common device to keep the property together and provide for the children until they came of age.

297

295

Executed a Lease Granted to Mr Matthew Bazett
the last Consultation.
Ordered the following Advertizements to be Published Viz t
Whereas the Hon ble Company have lately had several
Lambs killed by Dogs, This is therefore to give Notice to all Persons
upon the Said Island, that they are hereby required to return all Those,
that are not given to them, and not to suffer any to follow their
Black, except upon such Services as they may be really wanted for.
And Whereas many of the Hon ble Companys Pigeons
have been lately misfed, and several have returned with Strings about
their Legs, whereof there is great reason to Suspect that those that
are missing have been caught by Snares or Strings, and then
Destroyed, This is therefore to forbid any Person whatever, to take,
or kill, any Pigeons, upon the Penalty, of paying a Fine of Ten
Shillings for every one, to be given to the Person that shall discover
any one so Offending.
And Whereas Fire is frequently carried about the
Valley in a very careless manner whereby there is great danger of
Burning the Town, This is therefore further to give Notice that
all Persons are hereby strictly charged not to remove any Fire from
House to House, unless it is covered so that no sparks can blow
from it, upon the penalty of paying a Fine of Ten Shillings, if
a White Person, & if a Black to be Severely Whiped for it.
Lieutenant Thomas Easthope, having for some Time
past given himself up so much to Drinking as to have been
frequently, and publickly seen in Liquor, although he had been
more than once cautioned against it by the Governor; He was
therefore this day sent for, and reprimanded by the Governor for
this Shamefull Practice, and Admonished by him to refrain from

A lease granted to Matthew Bazett at the previous consultation was executed. The Council ordered the following advertisements published. The Company having lately had several lambs killed by dogs, all persons were required to return any dogs not granted to them and not to suffer any to follow their slaves except on services for which they were really wanted. Many of the Company's pigeons having lately been misfed, and several returned with strings about their legs, giving reason to suspect that those missing had been caught by snares and destroyed, all persons were forbidden to take or kill any pigeons on penalty of a fine of 10 shillings for every one, to be given to whoever discovered an offender. Fire being frequently carried about the valley carelessly, endangering the town, all persons were strictly charged not to remove any fire from house to house unless covered so that no sparks could blow from it, on penalty of a fine of 10 shillings if a white person, and if a Black to be severely whipped. Lieutenant Thomas Easthope, having for some time given himself so much to drinking as to be frequently and publicly seen in liquor, though more than once cautioned by the Governor, was sent for this day and reprimanded for this shameful practice and admonished to refrain.

Interpretations

The three advertisements show the Council regulating the daily life of the settlement by penalty, protecting the Company's livestock and pigeons and guarding the timber town against fire. The fire penalty set a plainly unequal punishment by race, a fine of 10 shillings for a white offender but a severe whipping for a slave, the same offence answered with money from one and the body from the other.

Speculations

The Council could have set a single penalty for carrying fire carelessly, as it did for killing pigeons. It chose instead to divide the punishment by race, a fine for a white person and a whipping for a Black, because the slave had no money of his own to forfeit and the lash was the discipline the island's law reserved for slaves, so the same danger to the town was met with two different penalties fixed to the status of the offender.

298

296

such indecent Excuses for the future, as they were such as
were by no means consistent with the Laws of God, or his
Country, or the Post he held, and would, if continued in, render
him unfit for it, and must consequently Oblige us to suspend
him.
Cha s Hutchinson
John Clark.

At a Consultation held on Monday the 20 th day of July
1752 at the Castle.
Present Charles Hutchinson Esq Governor
Lieutenant John Clark & Councel
The last Consultation was read, approved, and Signed
dated the 13 th July 1752.
The Storekeeper brought in his Collections
and the Paymaster his Accounts for the Quarter ending
the 30 th June last, which were Examined, and Approved
and are as follows Viz t

The reprimand of Lieutenant Easthope concluded. The Governor admonished him that such conduct was by no means consistent with the laws of God or his country or the post he held, and would, if continued, render him unfit for it and oblige the Council to suspend him. The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson and John Clark. The Governor and Council then met in consultation at the Castle on 20 July 1752, with Governor Charles Hutchinson and Lieutenant John Clark of the Council present. The Council read the previous consultation of 13 July 1752, then approved and signed it. The storekeeper brought in his collections and the paymaster his accounts for the quarter ending 30 June 1752, which the Council examined and approved.

Interpretations

The formal reprimand of an officer for public drunkenness, with the express threat of suspension, shows the Council enforcing a standard of sobriety on its commissioned men as a condition of their office. Recording the admonition in the consultation gave it the weight of an official warning, so a further lapse could be met with removal on the ground already set down.

299

297

1752

Collection of Goods Sold and Delivered out of the

Hon.ble Company's Stores from the 1 April to the 30 June 1752 Viz.t

Sold to the Company's Servants at 10 p.r Cent

Arrack 293 3/4 Gallons

73 6 3

Brandy 1 Gallon Cyder

5

Sugar & Candy Viz.t

1536 Sugar

75 5 4

2609 Candy

33 9 8

106 15

Flour Viz.t

1385 Flour

10 16 6 3/4

202..22 D.o Baked

176 18 5 1/2

187 15

Soap 396

17 17 6

Tea Viz.t

82 Congo

6 9 10

47 Single

3 2 8

216 Bohea

10 16

20 8 6

Candles 620

46 10

Rice 31..3

9 9

Beef & Pork Viz.t

660 p.r Beef 2/

66

14 p.r D.o 3/2

2 2 7

980 p.r Pork 2/

98

42 p.r D.o 2/4

4 11

170 13 7

Oil Viz.t

20 Gall.s Train

3

1 1/2 Gall.s Linseed

1 7

9 Bottles Florence

1 5 6

7 10 1

1 10 8

Salt 11 1/2 Bushels

Vinegar 9 1/2 Gallons

£ 639 10 4 1/2

An account of the goods sold from and delivered out of the Honourable Company's stores between 1 April and 30 June 1732.

Sold to the Company's servants at 10 per cent:

Arrack, 293¾ gallons, £73 6s 3d

Brandy, 1 gallon of shrub, £0 0s 5d

Sugar and candy:

1,536 lb sugar, £75 5s 4d

2,009 lb candy, £33 9s 8d

Sub-total sugar and candy, £106 15s 0d

Flour:

1,853 lb flour, £10 16s 6¾d

202 lb No. 1 and 2 twice-baked, £176 18s 5¼d

Sub-total flour, £187 15s 0d

Soap, 39 lb, £1 17s 6d

Tea:

52 lb congou, £6 9s 10d

17 lb singlo, £3 2s 8d

216 lb bohea, £10 16s 0d

Sub-total tea, £20 8s 6d

Candles, 620 lb, £46 10s 0d

Rice, 31 lb 3 oz, £0 9s 9d

Beef and pork:

660 lb beef at 2s, £66 0s 0d

14 lb suet at 3s 4d, £0 2s 27d

980 lb pork at 2s, £98 0s 0d

42 lb pork at 2s 6d, £4 11s 0d

Sub-total beef and pork, £170 13s 7d

Oil:

20 gallons train oil, £3 0s 0d

1½ gallons linseed oil, £0 1s 7d

4 bottles Florence oil, £1 5s 6d

Sub-total oil, £7 10s 1d

Salt, 11½ bushels, £1 0s 8d

Vinegar, 9½ gallons, £[...]

Carried over, £639 10s [...]

Interpretations

The quarterly account opened the same schedule of stores sold to Company servants at the fixed 10 per cent markup seen in the March return, now covering April to June. The staple imports dominate again, arrack, tea, sugar, flour and salt provisions, sold to the establishment near cost as a condition of service. The single gallon of shrub among the spirits was a mixed drink of rum or brandy with sugar and citrus juice, a small speciality line beside the bulk arrack and brandy.

The tea again separated the three China grades by price, bohea the cheapest and sold in the largest quantity, congou the better black tea and singlo the green. The steady appearance of these teas across every quarter's account confirms the depth of the Company's China trade passing through the island, the homeward ships leaving a share of their cargo to be sold on to the residents. Twice-baked bread, the hard ship's biscuit, again forms a heavy line, reflecting the island's role in supplying outbound vessels with provisions that would keep at sea.

300

298

20 July

Brought over

639 10 2

Buckram 24 Yard

1 2

Hats Viz.t

11 Mens Plain

9 19 10

1 Officer

1 13 11

4 Boys

1 4 2

12 17 11

Long Cloth Viz.t

1 p.r N.o 2

4 18

1 p.r N.o 3

2 4 6

5 p.r N.o 5

14 3 9

4 p.r N.o 7

7 3

28 9 3

Blankets 5

3 1 8

Checked Shirts 6 Mens

1 5

Kersey 10 3 yard

14 5

Long Ells 6 yard

14 4

Haberdashery Wares Viz.t

18 Doz.n M.Coat Buttons

12

20 Doz.n M.Breast D.o

6 8

5 Doz.n Gilt Breast D.o

2 10

55 Sk.s Mohair

1 1 1/2

58 Sk.s Silk

1 6 1/2

1 1/2 Doz.n Tin Breast Buttons

2

12 Doz.n W.Metal Coat Buttons

3 8

3 12 6 1/2

Leather Viz.t

89 Leather

4 17 10 1/2

1 Calf Skin

5 1

5 5 11 1/2

Canvas Viz.t

65 y.d Bontroys

2 4 8

16 y.d Sacking

1 1 1/2

3 6 1/2

Chelloes 11 Pieces

3 10

Cordage 55 1/2

8 6 8

Twine 31 Skains

1 8

£ 714 16 7 1/2

Brought over, £639 10s 2d

Buckram, 24 yards, £1 2s 0d

Hats:

11 men's plain, £9 19s 10d

1 officer's, £1 13s 11d

7 boys', £1 4s 2d

Sub-total hats, £12 17s 11d

Long cloth:

1 piece No. 2, £4 18s 0d

2 pieces No. 3, £2 4s 6d

5 pieces No. 5, £14 3s 9d

4 pieces No. 7, £7 3s 0d

Sub-total long cloth, £28 9s 3d

Blankets, 8, £3 1s 8d

Checked shirts, 6 men's, £1 5s 0d

Kersey, 10½ yards, £0 14s 5d

Long ells, 6 yards, £0 11s 4d

Haberdashery:

18 dozen white coat buttons, £0 0s 12d

20 dozen white breast ditto, £0 6s 8d

5 dozen gilt breast ditto, £0 2s 10d

55 skeins mohair, £1 0s 1½d

58 skeins silk, £1 6s 7d

1½ dozen tin breast buttons, £0 0s 2d

12 dozen white waistcoat buttons, £0 3s 8d

Sub-total haberdashery, £3 12s 6½d

Leather:

87 lb leather, £4 17s 10½d

1 calf skin, £0 5s 1d

Sub-total leather, £5 5s 11½d

Canvas:

65 yards Boultang, £2 4s 8d

19 yards sacking, £1 1s 1½d

Sub-total canvas, £3 6s 1½d

Shalloon, 11 pieces, £3 10s 0d

Cordage, 55½ lb, £0 16s 8d

Twine, 31 skeins, £1 4s 8d

Carried over, £714 16s 7½d

Interpretations

The hats line graded its stock by rank and wearer, plain men's hats bought in quantity, boys' hats for children and a single higher-priced officer's hat, the difference in price marking the finer make expected of a gentleman's dress. This mirrors the graded shoes, cloth and other apparel across the store's accounts, where a small stock of superior goods sat beside the plain issue to serve the whole range of the island's residents from one supply.

The cloth and haberdashery lines record the textiles and trimmings for making and mending clothes. Long ells was a lightweight woollen cloth woven in lengths, kersey a coarse ribbed wool for hard wear, and shalloon a smooth woollen lining, each sold by the yard or piece for garment-making. The buttons ran in several kinds, plain white, gilt, tin and covered coat, breast and waistcoat buttons, sold by the dozen alongside mohair and silk thread, the whole forming the tailor's and needlewoman's stock the store kept for a settlement that had to clothe itself from imported materials.

301

299

1752

Brought over

714 16 7 1/2

Thread Viz.t

7 White & Brown

2 7 3

10 Coloured

1 16 8

4 3 11

Hosiery Ware Viz.t

97 p.r Mens Thread Stockings

13 18 10 1/2

7 D.o Mens Knit

1 3 4

8 p.r Mens Wove

1 10 8

1 p.r Silk

14 7

10 p.r Boys

1 4 7

18 12 1/2

Shirts Viz.t

21 fine Shirts

12 12

6 Soldiers D.o

1 7 6

12 p.r Cotton Stockings

1 4

3 p.r Linnen

4 10 3

19 13 9

Paint Viz.t

20 Indico

1 14 8

5 Barrels Blacking

2 10

7 White Lead

2 7 1/2

2 Vent.n Red

5

59 Whiting

13 1/2

1 Umber

13

1/2 Blue Smalt

11

2 4 10 1/2

Desotees 8 p.r Single

4 8 8

Flannel 13 yards

1 7

Hooks & Lines Viz.t

2175 Hooks Sorted

1 14 8

300 Blue

1

15 1/2 Doz.n Lines N.o 2

2 16 10

4 D.o D.o 3

17

2 D.o D.o 4

10 2

4 Hambro

6

6 2 8

£ 771 3 1/2

Brought over, £714 16s 7½d

Thread:

7 lb whited brown, £2 7s 3d

10 lb coloured, £1 16s 8d

Sub-total thread, £4 3s 11d

Hosiery:

97 pairs men's thread stockings, £13 18s 10½d

7 pairs men's knit, £1 3s 4d

8 pairs men's worsted, £1 10s 8d

1 pair silk, £0 14s 7d

10 pairs boys', £1 4s 7d

Sub-total hosiery, £18 12s 0½d

Shirts:

21 fine shirts, £12 12s 0d

6 soldiers' ditto, £1 7s 6d

12 pairs cotton stockings, £1 4s 0d

3 pairs linen, £4 10s 3d

Sub-total shirts, £19 13s 9d

Paint:

20 lb indigo, £1 10s 8d

5 barrels blacking, £0 2s 10d

7 lb white lead, £0 2s 7½d

2 lb Venetian red, £0 0s 5d

50 lb whiting, £0 1s 3½d

½ lb umber, £0 0s 1d

½ lb blue smalt, £0 0s 11d

Sub-total paint, £2 4s 10½d

Desotees, 8 pieces single, £4 8s 5d

Flannel, 13 yards, £1 0s 7d

Hooks and lines:

2,175 hooks assorted, £1 11s 8d

300 blue, £0 1s 0d

15¼ dozen lines No. 2, £2 16s 10d

4 dozen lines No. 3, £0 17s 0d

2 dozen lines No. 4, £0 10s 2d

1 hamber, £0 6s 0d

Sub-total hooks and lines, £6 2s 8d

Carried over, £771 3s 1½d

Interpretations

The hosiery and shirt lines graded their stock by material and by the wearer's station, from plain thread and worsted stockings up to a single costly pair of silk, and from soldiers' shirts up to fine shirts at three times the price. This spread let the store clothe both the common soldier and the officer or gentleman from one supply, the price of each item marking the quality of cloth and make rather than any difference in the garment's purpose. The silk stockings and fine linen shirts stood at the top of a range whose base was the coarse issue to the garrison.

The recurring fishing tackle again forms a substantial line, graded hooks bought in thousands and lines sold by the dozen, the standing stock for an island that leaned heavily on the sea for food. The blue hooks were tinned against rust in salt water, and the hamber was probably a heavy fishing or mooring line, though the term is uncommon and its exact form is not certain from the entry. Desotees, the lightweight imported cotton cloth sold in single pieces, continue as a steady textile line across the store's quarterly accounts.

302

300

20 July

Brought over

771 3 1/2

Shoes Viz.t

72 p.r Mens Ordinary

15 12

3 p.r Mens fine

18 9

7 p.r Pumps

2 7 10

7 p.r Boys

1 6 3

6 p.r Channeled Pumps

2 7 6

36 p.r Womens Heels

3 1/2

24 p.r Girls D.o

1 6

1 p.r Spanish

10

2 Flax

1 8

22 19 5 1/2

Nails 15

17 1/2

Cutlery Ware Viz.t

340 Horn Combs

2 10

28 Ivory D.o

1 6 1/2

14 p.r Leather Garters

1 1/2

12 p.r Knee Buckles

17 6

1 p.r Shoe Buckles

6 1/2

7 Gross Horn Handles

8 4

6 3 6 1/2

Pitch Viz.t

2 Gall.s Tar

1 6

66 Rosin

13 4

32 Turpentine

6 8

1 1 11

Ironmongers Wares Viz.t

3 Scythe Stones

6

2 Cupb.d Locks

5 10

1 Chest Lock

3 3

2 Box Irons

1 3 6

1 Ditching Spade

5 6

1 Hoe

1 11

1 Splinter Lock

2 3

1 Rat Trap

1 4 4

2 p.r H. Hinges

4 4

Ironmongers Ware Carried over

3 11 5

£ 802 5 5

Brought over, £771 3s 1½d

Shoes:

72 pairs men's ordinary, £15 12s 0d

3 pairs men's fine, £0 18s 9d

7 pairs pumps, £2 7s 10d

7 pairs boys', £1 6s 3d

6 pairs channelled pumps, £2 7s 6d

36 pairs women's heels, £0 3s 1½d

24 pairs girls' ditto, £0 1s 6d

1 pair spennels, £0 0s 10d

2 lb flax, £0 1s 8d

Sub-total shoes, £22 19s 5½d

Nails, 15 lb, £0 17s 1½d

Cutlery:

340 horn combs, £2 10s 0d

28 ivory ditto, £1 6s 7d

44 pairs leather garters, £1 0s 1½d

42 pairs knee buckles, £0 17s 6d

1 pair shoe buckles, £0 0s 6½d

7 gross horn moulds, £0 8s 9d

Sub-total cutlery, £6 3s 6½d

Pitch:

2 gallons tar, £0 1s 6d

66 lb twine, £0 13s 4d

32 lb turpentine, £0 6s 8d

Sub-total pitch, £1 1s 11d

Ironmongery:

3 scythe stones, £0 0s 6d

2 stock locks, £0 5s 10d

1 chest lock, £0 3s 3d

2 box irons, £1 3s 6d

10 digging spades, £0 5s 6d

1 hoe, £0 1s 11d

1 splinter lock, £0 2s 3d

4 rat traps, £1 4s 4d

2 pairs H hinges, £0 1s 4d

Ironmongery carried over, £3 11s 5d

Carried over, £802 5s 5d

Interpretations

The footwear line ran through many grades, ordinary and fine men's shoes, pumps, channelled pumps, boys' and children's, and the separate women's and girls' heels sold for repair. Channelled pumps were light shoes made with a grooved sole into which the stitching was set and hidden, a finer construction than the plain pump, and their higher price marks the better make. Flax sold beside the shoes served the cobbler mending them, the same pairing of finished goods and repair materials seen throughout the store's stock.

The ironmongery gathered the household and garden tools an island had to import ready-forged, digging spades and a hoe for cultivation, box irons for pressing linen, and locks of several kinds to secure stores and chests. A box iron was a smoothing iron with a hollow body into which a heated slug was placed, and a splinter lock a particular pattern of lock, both articles no local smith could readily make. The rat traps stood among the most valued items at over a shilling each, a real necessity where rats threatened the grain and provisions on which the island and the passing fleet depended.

303

301

1752

Brought over

802 5 5

Ironmongers Ware Brought over

3 11 5

6 Ditching Shovels

9 9

3 Chafing D.o Dishes

17 4 1/2

1 Shod Shovel

1 11

3 Stock Locks

6 2

1 Small Gimblet

10 1/2

1 Grafting Saw

3 3

6 10 6 1/2

Turners Ware Viz.t

22 Shoe Brushes

14 2 1/2

3 Scrubing Brushes

6 7 1/2

1 Punch Ladle

6

2 Labourers Baskets

1 3

1 Basket

3 2 1/2

1 5 9 1/2

Tin Ware Viz.t

6 Lamps

5 6

17 Quart Saucepans

10 11 1/2

14 Pint D.o

6 1 1/2

1 Lanthorn

2 2 1/2

12 Lanthorn Leaves

2 3

12 Patty Pans

4 6

21 Water Pots

11 5

2 2 11 1/2

Pewter Viz.t

5 Chamber Pots

15 10

3 Mugs

4 7 1/2

1 5 5 1/2

China Ware Viz.t

2 Tea Pots

10

6 Sauce Plates

10

60 half Pint Cups & Saucers

1 2 1

36 Doz.n D.o & D.o

10

17 Sneakers

11 9

China Ware Carried over

2 7 4

£ 813 5 2

Brought over, £802 5s 5d

Ironmongery brought over, £3 11s 5d

6 ditching shovels, £1 9s 9d

3 chafing dishes, £0 17s 4½d

1 shod shovel, £0 1s 11d

3 stock locks, £0 6s 2d

1 small gimlet, £0 0s 10½d

1 grafting saw, £0 3s 3d

Sub-total ironmongery, £6 10s 6½d

Turnery:

22 shoe brushes, £0 14s 2½d

3 scrubbing brushes, £0 6s 7½d

1 punch ladle, £0 0s 6d

2 labourers' baskets, £0 1s 3d

1 basket, £0 3s 2½d

Sub-total turnery, £1 5s 9½d

Tinware:

6 lamps, £0 5s 6d

17 quart saucepans, £0 10s 11½d

14 pint ditto, £0 6s 1½d

1 lanthorn, £0 2s 2½d

12 lanthorn leaves, £0 2s 3d

12 patty pans, £0 4s 6d

2 water pots, £0 11s 5d

Sub-total tinware, £2 2s 11½d

Pewter:

5 chamber pots, £0 15s 10d

3 mugs, £0 4s 7½d

Sub-total pewter, £1 0s 5½d

Chinaware:

2 teapots, £0 0s 0d

6 soup plates, £0 3s 0d

60 half-pint cups and saucers, £1 2s 1d

36 ditto ditto and ditto, £0 11s 9d

17 breakers, £0 [...]

Chinaware carried over, £2 7s 4d

Carried over, £813 5s 2d

Interpretations

The tinware and turnery lines gathered the light kitchen and cleaning goods a household could not make for itself, saucepans in quart and pint sizes, patty pans for baking small pastries, water pots, lamps and brushes of several kinds. A punch ladle was the long-handled scoop for serving punch from a bowl, and a grafting saw a fine-toothed saw for cutting stocks and scions in the fruit trees, a tool that ties the store's stock to the island's orchards and vineyards. The labourers' baskets among the turnery were the plain carrying baskets issued for garden and estate work.

Several household lines record the ordinary fittings of domestic life shipped in from England. Chamber pots and mugs in pewter, chafing dishes for keeping food warm at table, and the graded chinaware of teapots, cups, saucers and soup plates all had to come by sea, since the island made no such wares. The breakers grouped with the chinaware were again small water or liquor kegs rather than pottery, the clerk following the shipping invoice rather than the material in placing them there.

304

302

20 July

Brought over

813 5 2

China Ware Carried over

2 7 4

33 Bowls

1 10 4 1/2

2 Sch Dishes & Plates

1 15 4

11 Chamber Pots

16 6

11 Guglets & Basons

1 5 8

7 15 2 1/2

Glass Ware Viz.t

24 Wine Glasses

11 6

69 Sq.r Glass 8 by 10

2 3 1/2

24 Sq.r D.o 6 by 8

1 15

130 Sq.r D.o 10 by 12

5 19 2

4 Quart Decanters

18

2 Pint D.o

1 11

120 Wm.n & Water Glasses

10

11 Tumblers

1 6 1/2

20 Wm.n Cruets

1 11

13 2

Broad Cloth 13 1/2 Yards

11 4 11

Shalloon 25 Yards

2 12 1

Starch Viz.t

10 Common

4 1

4 1/2 Poland

3 3 1/2

7 10 1/2

Serge 13 1/2 Yard

3 5 1 1/2

Tapathy 1 Piece

1 16 4

Lead Viz.t

16 1/2 Pig

3 1 1/2

37 Sheet

6 11

10 1/2

Oars 4

14

Deals Viz.t

2 Butter

7 7

7 Double Deals

1 3 7 1/2

1 11 2 1/2

Corks 5 1/2 Gross

13 11 1/2

Pease 3 1/2 Bushels

5 3

£ 857 4 4

Brought over, £813 5s 2d

Chinaware carried over, £2 7s 4d

33 bowls, £1 10s 4½d

2 salt dishes and plates, £1 15s 4d

11 chamber pots, £0 16s 6d

11 gugglets and basins, £1 5s 8d

Sub-total chinaware, £7 15s 2½d

Glassware:

24 wine glasses, £0 11s 6d

69 lb glass 8 by 10, £2 3s 1½d

24 lb ditto 6 by 8, £1 15s 0d

130 lb ditto 10 by 12, £5 19s 2d

1 quart decanter, £0 18s 0d

2 pint ditto, £0 1s 11d

120 water glasses, £0 10s 0d

11 tumblers, £0 1s 6½d

20 cruets, £0 1s 11d

Sub-total glassware, £13 0s 2d

Broadcloth, 13½ yards, £11 4s 11d

Shalloon, 25 yards, £2 12s 1d

Starch:

10 lb common, £0 4s 1d

7½ lb Poland, £0 3s 3½d

Sub-total starch, £7 10s 10½d

Serge, 13½ yards, £3 5s 1½d

Tabby, 1 piece, £1 16s 4d

Lead:

16½ lb pig, £0 3s 1½d

37 lb sheet, £0 6s 11d

Sub-total lead, £0 10s 0½d

Oars, 4, £0 17s 0d

Deals:

2 double, £0 7s 1½d

7 double deals, £1 3s 7½d

Sub-total deals, £1 11s 2½d

Corks, 5½ gross, £0 15s 11½d

Pease, 3½ bushels, £0 5s 3d

Carried over, £857 4s 4d

Interpretations

The glassware line separated finished drinking vessels from window glass sold by weight in stock sizes, 8 by 10, 6 by 8 and 10 by 12 inches, the panes shipped in to glaze the island's buildings. Window glass was a costly import that no colony could make for itself, and stocking it by the pound in cut sizes let the store supply repairs and new work as buildings required. The wine glasses, decanters, tumblers and cruets among the same heading were the table glass of a well-furnished household, equally dependent on the homeward ships.

Several textile lines record fabrics of middling and finer quality. Serge was a durable twilled woollen cloth, tabby a plain silk or silk-mixed stuff with a watered finish, and shalloon a smooth woollen lining, each sold by the yard or piece for clothing. A gugglet was a porous earthenware jar that kept water cool by slow evaporation through its walls, a vessel well suited to a warm climate and here paired with basins among the chinaware. The four oars sold in this quarter point to the constant need to equip and repair the small boats that worked between shore and ship in the roadstead.

305

303

1752

Brought over

857 4 4

Braziers Ware Viz.t

1 p.r Steel Snuffers

3 1

2 p.r Candlesticks

12 10

15 11

Camblet 4 yard

12 2

Pepper 3

1 8 1/2

Wine Viz.t

36 10 Port

36 16 8

25 1/2 Lisbon

25 10

5 10 Madeira

14 13 4

77

£ 935 14 1 1/2

Sold to the Planters at 25 p.r Cent

Long Cloth Viz.t

2 p.r N.o 2

11 2 6

2 p.r 4

7 15

2 p.r 7

4 4 4

23 1 10

Broad Cloth 8 1/2 yard

7 10 4 1/2

Shalloon 71 Yards

8 14 11

Chelloes 1 Piece

11 6

Hats 5 Boys

2 8 1/2

Buckram 18 yard

18 9

Tapathy 1/2 Piece

1 1/2

Shoes Viz.t

21 p.r Womens Heels

3 18 7

20 p.r Callimanco

5 18 4

1 p.r Mens fine

7 1

10 p.r Womens Spanish

12 10 1/2

3 p.r Boys

1 5 2 1/2

11 p.r Girls

2 1 3

9 p.r Mens Ordinary

17 1 11

1 3 3 1/2

Flannel 12 Yard

£ 63 1

Brought over, £857 4s 4d

Braziery:

1 pair steel snuffers, £0 3s 1d

2 pairs candlesticks, £0 12s 10d

Sub-total braziery, £0 15s 11d

Camlet, 4 yards, £0 12s 2d

Pepper, 3 lb, £0 1s 8½d

Wine:

36 gallons port, £36 16s 8d

25½ gallons Lisbon, £25 10s 0d

5 gallons Madeira, £14 13s 4d

Sub-total wine, £77 0s 0d

Total, £935 14s 1½d

Sold to the planters at 25 per cent:

Long cloth:

2 pieces No. 2, £11 2s 6d

2 pieces No. 4, £7 15s 0d

2 pieces No. 7, £4 4s 4d

Sub-total long cloth, £23 1s 10d

Broadcloth, 8½ yards, £7 10s 4½d

Shalloon, 71 yards, £8 14s 11d

Shilling, 1 piece, £0 11s 0d

Hats, 7 boys', £2 8s 4½d

Buckram, 18 yards, £0 18s 9d

Tabby, ½ piece, £1 0s 1½d

Shoes:

21 pairs women's heels, £3 18s 7d

20 pairs calamanco, £5 18s 4d

1 pair men's fine, £0 7s 1d

10 pairs women's Spanish, £2 15s 5d

3 pairs boys', £1 5s 2½d

11 pairs girls', £2 1s 3d

9 pairs men's ordinary, £17 1s 11d

Sub-total shoes, £1 3s 3½d

Flannel, 12 yards, £0 [...]

Carried over, £63 [...] 1d

Interpretations

The account closed the schedule of goods sold to Company servants and opened the parallel schedule sold to planters at the higher 25 per cent markup, the same distinction of customer class and rate seen in the earlier quarters. The wine line here was substantial, port, Lisbon and Madeira sold by the gallon at a total of seventy-seven pounds, the store supplying the residents' cellars alongside the provisions and cloth. The steeper margin charged to planters set the terms of trade between the administration and the independent settlers, who paid more than the establishment for the same imported goods.

The shoe line under the planters' account graded its stock by wearer and by make, women's Spanish shoes and calamanco shoes among them. Spanish shoes were made of fine Spanish leather, a soft high-quality hide, while calamanco shoes were faced with the glazed checked woollen stuff of that name, both dressier than the plain ordinary shoe. The women's and girls' heels sold separately were replacement parts for repair, continuing the store's steady trade in the means of keeping footwear in service where nothing could be quickly replaced.

306

304

20 July

Brought over

63 4

Hosiery Wares Viz.t

22 p.r Womens Stockings

4 8

5 p.r Wove

1 1 10 1/2

5 p.r Boys

13 6 1/2

14 p.r Girls

1 17 11

8 1 4

Serge 81 1/2 Yards

23 16 3 1/2

Camblet 30 Yard

5 10

Desotees Viz.t

7 p.r Single

4 9 3

1 p.r Double

1 5

5 14 3

Long Ells 6 1/2 yard

11 2 1/2

Sold at 40 p.r Cent

Arrack 267 3/4 Gallons

80 3 6

Sugar & Candy Viz.t

837 Sugar

17 8 9

1167 Candy

24 6 3

41 15

Flour 637

6 12 8 1/2

Soap 106

6 3 8

Tea Viz.t

95 Congo

9 10

62 Single

5 3 4

162 Bohea

10 13 4

25 6 8

Oil Viz.t

5 1/2 Gall.s Train

1 1 1/2

1/2 Gall.s Linseed

1 2

1 1 3 1/2

Rice 21..14

8 9

Cordage 111 3/4

2 2 6 1/2

Vinegar 1 1/2 Gallons

4 11 1/2

£ 278 11 9

Brought over, £63 0s 4d

Hosiery:

22 pairs women's stockings, £4 8s 0d

5 pairs worsted, £1 1s 10½d

5 pairs boys', £0 13s 6½d

14 pairs girls', £1 17s 11d

Sub-total hosiery, £8 1s 4d

Serge, 87½ yards, £23 16s 3½d

Camlet, 30 yards, £5 10s 0d

Desotees:

7 pieces single, £4 9s 3d

1 piece double, £1 5s 0d

Sub-total desotees, £5 14s 3d

Long ells, 6½ yards, £0 11s 2½d

Sold at 40 per cent:

Arrack, 267½ gallons, £80 3s 6d

Sugar and candy:

839 lb sugar, £17 8s 9d

1,167 lb candy, £24 6s 3d

Sub-total sugar and candy, £41 15s 0d

Flour, 637 lb, £6 12s 8½d

Soap, 108 lb, £6 3s 8d

Tea:

95 lb congou, £9 10s 0d

62 lb singlo, £5 3s 4d

160 lb bohea, £10 13s 4d

Sub-total tea, £25 6s 8d

Oil:

5½ gallons train, £1 0s 1½d

½ gallon linseed, £0 1s 2d

Sub-total oil, £1 1s 3½d

Rice, 21 lb, £0 8s 9d

Cordage, 113½ lb, £2 2s 6½d

Vinegar, 1½ gallons, £0 4s 11½d

Carried over, £278 11s 9d

Interpretations

The account moved to the third pricing tier, goods sold at the 40 per cent markup, the steepest of the three rates set beside the 10 per cent for servants and 25 per cent for planters. The heavy lines of arrack, sugar, candy, flour and tea again fell on this class of buyer, the store extracting its widest margin here while supplying its own establishment near cost. The large quantity of arrack alone at over eighty pounds confirms spirits as among the most profitable goods the store handled at the top rate.

The textile lines carried the middling and finer cloths across this tier as well, serge the durable twilled wool, camlet a fine closely-woven stuff, and long ells a light woollen length, each sold by the yard. Desotees, the lightweight imported cotton in single and double pieces, recur here as in every tier, a plain staple cloth the store moved to each class of customer. The tea again split into congou, singlo and bohea, the three China grades sold on at the highest margin to this class of buyer.

307

305

1752

Brought over

278 11 9

Hooks & Lines Viz.t

1400 Hooks sorted

1 6 11 1/2

100 Blue

5

9 Doz.n Lines N.o 2

2 2

5 Doz.n D.o 3

1 7 6

3 1/2 Doz.n D.o 4

1 3 1/2

5 19 11

Salt 2 1/2 Bushels

10 10

Candles 102

9 15 6

Thread Viz.t

5 White & Brown

2 2 11

3 Coloured

1 3 4

3 6 3

Ironmongers Ware Viz.t

1 p.r Bellows

5 6

1 Scyth Stone

2 1/2

1 Syth

1 9

2 Box Irons

1 8

1 Shod Shovel

2 5 1/2

2 3 11

Nails 16

1 4 2 1/2

Twine 3 Skains

1 2

China Ware Viz.t

2 Tea Pot

11

18 half Pint Cups & Saucers

8 6

1 Sett Dishes & Plates

1 2 8

18 Doz.n Cups & Saucers

6 0

21 Sneakers

7

2 Bowls

2 2

2 Chamber Pots

3 8

2 11 5

Paint Viz.t

12 Indico

1 8

7 1/2 Yellow Oaker

1 4

1 9 4

7 10 1/2

Osenbrigs 9 Yard

£ 300 5 2

Brought over, £278 11s 9d

Hooks and lines:

1,400 hooks assorted, £1 6s 11½d

100 blue, £0 0s 5d

2 dozen lines No. 2, £0 2s 2d

5 dozen lines No. 3, £1 7s 6d

3½ dozen lines No. 4, £1 3s 7½d

Sub-total hooks and lines, £5 19s 11d

Salt, 2½ bushels, £0 10s 10d

Candles, 102 lb, £9 15s 6d

Thread:

5 lb whited brown, £2 2s 11d

3 lb coloured, £1 3s 4d

Sub-total thread, £3 6s 3d

Ironmongery:

1 pair bellows, £0 5s 6d

1 scythe stone, £0 0s 2½d

1 scythe, £0 1s 9d

2 box irons, £1 8s 0d

1 shod shovel, £0 2s 5½d

Sub-total ironmongery, £2 3s 11d

Nails, 15 lb, £1 4s 2½d

Twine, 5 skeins, £0 4s 2d

Chinaware:

2 teapots, £0 0s 11d

18 half-pint cups and saucers, £0 8s 6d

1 salt dish and plates, £1 2s 8d

18 dozen cups and saucers, £0 6s 0d

21 breakers, £0 7s 1d

2 bowls, £0 3s 8d

2 chamber pots, £2 11s 6d

Sub-total chinaware, £2 11s 6d

Paint:

12 lb indigo, £1 5s 0d

7½ lb yellow ochre, £0 1s 4d

Sub-total paint, £1 9s 4d

Osnaburg, 9 yards, £[...]

Carried over, £300 5s 2d

Interpretations

The recurring fishing tackle again forms a leading line under this pricing tier, graded hooks bought in the thousands and lines sold by the dozen, the constant stock for an island that fed itself heavily from the sea. Blue hooks were tinned against rust in salt water, a small refinement that mattered where every hook came by sea and had to be made to last. Selling this tackle on at the top rate to the class of buyer charged 40 per cent shows even the plainest necessities carried the full margin for those customers.

The ironmongery and household lines record the tools and wares an island imported ready-made. A scythe and scythe stone for mowing, box irons for pressing linen, bellows for the hearth and a shod shovel with an iron-edged blade all had to be shipped in, since no local smith could readily supply them. Osnaburg was a coarse unbleached German linen used for sacking, working clothes and slaves' garments, one of the plainest cloths the store carried, sold here by the yard among the finer wares.

308

306

20 July

Brought over

306 5 2

Deals 1 Single

2 10

Pewter Viz.t

4 Chamber Pots

16 8

1 Mugg

2

18 8

Tin Ware Viz.t

10 Quart Saucepans

8 4

7 Pint D.o

3 11

1 Lanthorn

2 10

1 Dripping Pan

5 10

1 Frying Pan

2 1

1 3

Haberdashery Ware Viz.t

68 Sk.s Mohair

1 18

61 Sk.s Silk

1 15 7

35 1/2 Doz.n M.C.o Buttons

1 9 7

28 1/2 Doz.n M.B.t D.o

11 10 1/2

5 11 7

Cutlery Ware Viz.t

15 Horn Combs

4 1

4 Ivory D.o

6 4

10 5

Braziers Ware Viz.t

2 Flat Candlesticks

10 2

1 p.r Steel Snuffers

3 11

14 1

Glass Ware Viz.t

1 Sq.r Glass 8 by 10

9 1/2

80 Sq.r D.o 6 by 8

2 3 4

30 Wine Glasses

18 1/2

5 Wine & Water Glasses

5 5

4 Tumblers

3 6

3 11 2

Pitch Viz.t

6 Pitch

1 4 1/2

1 1/2 Rosin

1 3 1/2

2 8

£ 318 19 1/2

Brought over, £306 5s 2d

Deals, 1 single, £0 2s 10d

Pewter:

4 chamber pots, £0 16s 8d

1 mug, £0 2s 0d

Sub-total pewter, £0 18s 8d

Tinware:

10 quart saucepans, £0 8s 4d

7 pint ditto, £0 3s 11d

1 lanthorn, £0 2s 10d

1 dripping pan, £0 5s 10d

1 frying pan, £0 2s 1d

Sub-total tinware, £1 3s 0d

Haberdashery:

68 skeins mohair, £1 18s 0d

61 skeins silk, £1 15s 7d

35½ dozen white coat buttons, £1 9s 7d

28½ dozen white breast ditto, £0 11s 10½d

Sub-total haberdashery, £5 11s 0½d

Cutlery:

15 horn combs, £0 1s 1d

1 ivory ditto, £0 6s 1d

Sub-total cutlery, £0 10s 5d

Braziery:

2 flat candlesticks, £0 10s 2d

1 pair steel snuffers, £0 3s 11d

Sub-total braziery, £0 14s 1d

Glassware:

1 lb glass 8 by 10, £0 0s 9½d

80 yards ditto 6 by 8, £2 3s 4d

30 wine glasses, £0 18s 1½d

5 wine and water glasses, £0 5s 5d

4 tumblers, £0 3s 6d

Sub-total glassware, £3 11s 2d

Pitch:

6 lb rosin, £0 1s 4½d

½ lb rosin, £0 1s 3½d

Sub-total pitch, £0 2s 8d

Carried over, £318 19s [...]

Interpretations

The tinware and household lines again gather the light kitchen goods a household could not make for itself, saucepans in quart and pint sizes, dripping and frying pans, a lantern and pewter chamber pots and mugs, all shipped in ready-made. A dripping pan sat beneath roasting meat to catch the fat, and its sale beside the frying pan and saucepans marks the store supplying the ordinary furniture of a working kitchen to residents who could source none of it locally.

The haberdashery line carried the tailor's and needlewoman's materials in quantity, mohair and silk thread by the skein and coat and breast buttons by the dozen, the makings of clothing for a settlement that had to dress itself from imported stock. The window glass among the glassware was sold in stock cut sizes, 8 by 10 and 6 by 8 inches, for glazing the island's buildings, a costly import no colony could produce. The clerk's measure of glass by the pound and by the yard in the same account reflects the different forms in which it came, weighed as sheet and sold by length as panes.

309

307

1752

Brought over

318 19 1/2

Starch 4

2 4

Turners Ware 2 Scrubing Brushes

5 8

Blankets 6

2 19

Pepper 7

8 1/2

Beef 1 Piece

5 10

Leather 5

7 1

£ 322 17 8

Sold to the Company's Ships Viz.t

Cordage 42..1..6

88 16 9

Rice 25

10 6

Canvas Viz.t

2 Bolts English Canvas

5 10

1 Bolt Bontroys

5 9

10 19

Vinegar 63 Gallons

8 6

Paint Viz.t

80 Barrels Blacking

2 16 8

113 White Lead

2 16 6

68 Yellow Oaker

19 10

40 Vent.n Red

11 8

2 Oz.s Prussian Blue

5 8

26 Red Lead

5 8

7 19

Nails 180

4 10 1 1/2

Coals 11 Bushels

15 7

Beef & Pork Viz.t

2 Puncheon Beef

34 8

3 Flitch Pork

36 16

40 9 6

Salt 6 1/2 Bushels

1 11 3

Flour 25..3..6

25 16

Iron 1..1..14

1 9 8 1/2

Pease 13 1/2 Bushels

6 6

£ 228 9 2 1/2

Brought over, £318 19s [...]

Starch, £0 2s 4d

Turnery, 2 scrubbing brushes, £0 5s 8d

Blankets, 6, £2 9s 0d

Pepper, 7 lb, £0 3s 8½d

Beef, 1 piece, £0 3s 10d

Leather, 5 lb, £0 7s 1d

Total, £322 17s 8d

Sold to the Company's ships:

Cordage, 12 cwt 1 qr, £88 16s 9d

Rice, 25 hundredweight, £10 [...] 6d

Canvas:

2 bolts English canvas, £5 10s 0d

1 bolt Boultang, £5 9s 0d

Sub-total canvas, £10 19s 0d

Vinegar, 3 gallons, £0 8s 6d

Paint:

80 barrels blacking, £2 16s 8d

113 lb white lead, £2 16s 6d

68 lb yellow ochre, £0 19s 10d

40 lb Venetian red, £0 11s 8d

2 oz Prussian blue, £0 5s 8d

26 lb red lead, £0 5s 8d

Sub-total paint, £7 19s 0d

Nails, 180 lb, £4 10s 1½d

Coals, 11 bushels, £0 15s 7d

Beef and pork:

2 puncheons beef, £34 8s 0d

3 flats pork, £36 1s 6d

Sub-total beef and pork, £40 9s 6d

Salt, 6½ bushels, £1 11s 3d

Flour, 25 cwt 3 qr 6 lb, £25 1s 6d

Iron, 1 cwt 1 qr 14 lb, £1 9s 8½d

Pease, 13½ bushels, £[...]

Carried over, £248 9s 2½d

Interpretations

The account closed the schedule of retail sales and opened the parallel schedule of goods sold to the Company's own ships, a distinct class of buyer supplied with the naval and provision stores a vessel needed for the passage. Cordage led the list at nearly ninety pounds, the rope for rigging and mooring being the single heaviest line, alongside canvas for sails, nails, iron and paint for hull and fittings. Selling these outward to the East Indiamen in the road was a principal reason the Company held so deep a stock of such materials on the island.

The provisions supplied to the ships came in bulk containers rather than by the pound, two puncheons of beef and three flats of pork. A puncheon was a large cask holding several hundredweight of salt meat, and a flat a shallow case or tub of pork, the forms in which the provisioning agents victualled a ship for months at sea. Prussian blue among the paint was a deep synthetic blue pigment, a relatively new and costly colour, sold here in small quantity by the ounce for the ships' decorative or protective painting.

310

308

20 July

Brought over

228 9 2 1/2

Hooks & Lines Viz.t

4 Dozen Lines

1 7

75 Hooks

1 3

1 1 10

Sugar & Candy Viz.t

6..2..3 Sugar

15 4 7

3..1..20 Candy

8

23 4 7

Pitch & Tarr Viz.t

8 Barrels Tar

12

72 Turpentine

9

4 Barrels Pitch

9 14 8

22 3 8

Oil Viz.t

75 Gall.s Linseed

16 13 4

10 Gall.s Train

1 18 4

18 11 8

Deals Viz.t

10 Single

1 8 4

2 Elffin

10 5

1 18 9

Swine Viz.t

125 Sk.s Twine

5 4

24 Sk.s Houseline

8

5 12

Glass Ware 2 Half Minute Glasses

1 9

Leather 12

17

Tin Ware 24 Lanthorn Leaves

5 6

£ 302 5 1/4

Sold

Brought over, £228 9s 2¾d

Hooks and lines:

4 dozen lines, £1 0s 7d

75 hooks, £0 1s 3d

Sub-total hooks and lines, £1 1s 10d

Sugar and candy:

6 cwt 2 qr 3 lb sugar, £15 4s 7d

3 cwt 1 qr 20 lb candy, £8 0s 0d

Sub-total sugar and candy, £23 4s 7d

Pitch and tar:

8 barrels tar, £12 0s 0d

7½ lb turpentine, £0 9s 0d

4 barrels pitch, £9 14s 8d

Sub-total pitch and tar, £22 3s 8d

Oil:

75 gallons linseed, £16 13s 4d

10 gallons train, £1 18s 4d

Sub-total oil, £18 11s 8d

Deals:

10 single, £1 8s 4d

2 kliffer, £0 10s 5d

Sub-total deals, £1 18s 9d

Twine:

125 skeins twine, £5 4s 0d

24 skeins houseline, £0 8s 0d

Sub-total twine, £5 12s 0d

Glassware, 2 half-minute glasses, £0 1s 9d

Leather, 12 lb, £0 17s 0d

Tinware, 24 lantern leaves, £0 5s 6d

Total, £302 5s 1¼d

Interpretations

The account completed the schedule of goods sold to the Company's ships, the naval and provision stores a vessel took on for the passage. Linseed oil led at over eighteen pounds, used with the pigments for painting and preserving timber, alongside the pitch, tar and turpentine for caulking seams and coating rope. Sugar and candy supplied by the hundredweight victualled the ships with the sweeteners for a long voyage, measured in bulk weight rather than by the pound as in the retail accounts.

Several cordage and timber lines record materials in their seagoing forms. Houseline was a small three-stranded line used for seizings and light lashings aboard ship, sold by the skein beside the heavier twine. Kliffer deals were softwood planks of a particular Baltic make or grade, the name marking their origin, and the half-minute glasses among the glassware were small sandglasses used with the log line to measure a ship's speed, timing the run of the line over a set interval. Each of these lines ties the store's stock directly to the working needs of the vessels it supplied.

311

309

1752

Sold to Foreign Ships at 30 p.r Cent Viz.t

Haberdashery Ware Viz.t

3 Doz.n G.t Coat Buttons

4 1/2

36 Doz.n G.t Breast D.o

2 3

6 10 1/2

Glass Ware 5 Tumblers

3 4 1/2

Cutlery Ware 1 p.r Shoe Buckles

9

Hooks & Lines Viz.t

18 Lines N.o 2

7 6

6 D.o 4

3 6

100 Hooks N.o 3

1 10 1/2

50 D.o 6

1 1

13 11 1/2

Shoes 10 p.r Mens Channeld Pumps

10 9

Pewter 1 Chamber Pott

4 3

Flour 384

4 1/2

Candy 50

1 3

China Ware 2 Sneakers

1

Iron 44

11

Deals 3 Single

9

Nails 1..6

1

£ 8 13 6 1/2

Charges General D.o for the following Stores Issued

from the 1 April to the 30 June 1752 Viz.t

Nails Viz.t

11 10

3 2 1/2

5 3

2 4 1/2

6 20

1 10 1/2

for repairing the Draw Bridge the Pump, and to hang Grape Nets

4 6

1 5

2 2

1 2

10 10

3 4

13 4 1/2

Corks 12 Gross for Bottling Beer

1 7 6

Kersey 1 yard for the Castle

1 3

£ 2 2 1/2

Sold to foreign ships at 30 per cent:

Haberdashery:

3 dozen gilt coat buttons, £0 1s 7½d

36 dozen gilt breast ditto, £0 2s 3d

Sub-total haberdashery, £0 10s 7½d

Glassware, 5 tumblers, £0 3s 4½d

Cutlery, 1 pair shoe buckles, £0 0s 9d

Hooks and lines:

18 lines No. 2, £0 7s 6d

6 lines No. 4, £0 5s 6d

100 hooks No. 3, £0 1s 10½d

50 ditto No. 6, £0 1s 1d

Sub-total hooks and lines, £0 13s 11½d

Shoes, 10 pairs men's channelled pumps, £0 10s 9d

Pewter, 1 chamber pot, £0 4s 3d

Flour, 38 lb, £0 4s 1½d

Candy, 50 lb, £0 1s 5d

Chinaware, 2 breakers, £0 0s 1d

Iron, 44 lb, £0 0s 11d

Deals, 3 single, £0 0s 9d

Nails, 1 lb 6 oz, £0 0s 1d

Total, £8 13s 6½d

An account of the charges general for the following stores issued from 1 April to 30 June 1732.

Nails:

11 lb of 10d, £0 3s 2½d

11 lb of 10d, £0 2s 4½d

5 lb of 3d, £0 1s 0½d

6 lb of 20d, £0 1s 5d

4 lb of 6d, £0 1s 2d

2 lb of 2d, £0 3s 1d

10 lb of 10d, for repairing the drawbridge, the pump and to hang grape shot, £0 13s 4½d

Corks, 12 gross for bottling beer, £1 7s 6d

Kersey, 1 yard for the castle, £0 1s 3d

Carried over, £2 2s 1½d

Interpretations

The account closed the retail schedules with sales to foreign ships at 30 per cent, a rate set between the 25 per cent charged to planters and the 40 per cent charged to the top class of resident buyer. Foreign captains, having no other supply on the long ocean passage, paid this margin for the cloth, tackle and provisions the store held, turning the island's isolated position into cash from vessels with nowhere else to call. The small and varied lines suggest incidental purchases by passing ships rather than the bulk revictualling supplied to the Company's own fleet.

The general charges section returned to stores issued for the Company's own upkeep rather than sold, with the clerk noting the purpose against the nails, repairing the drawbridge and the pump and hanging grape shot. Hanging grape shot points to the ready-use ammunition kept at the guns, the clustered anti-personnel rounds stowed where the crews could reach them. The graded nails by pennyweight, from small 2d and 3d up to heavier 20d, were drawn from stock for the routine maintenance of the fort's fixtures, the ordinary work of keeping a defended station in repair.

312

310

20 July

Brought over

2 2 1/2

Deals Viz.t

1 Double

12 2

11 Single

1 2

2 1/2 Oak Plank

3 11

for repair to the Draw Bridge over 1 Guns Carriage at the Bake House & Ram Cradle & Gun Carriage in the Castle

4 15 1

Canvas Viz.t

59 Yards Osenbrigs to cover several Buckets

Rubbers for 1 Castle Dowes & Grape Shot

1 16 10 1/2

22 y.d English Canvas to cover Grape Shot

1 2

2 18 10 1/2

Cordage 1..0..3 for a Grand Rope

1 6 3 1/2

Oil Viz.t

9 1/2 Grain for the Kitchen Bake House & Armourers use

1 5 2 1/2

2 1/4 Linseed for painting Gun Carriage & Grape Shot

7 6

1 12 8 1/2

Candles Viz.t

100 for the Castle

6 13 4

53 for the Barracks

2 6 8

9

Cartwheels 3 wheels & Barrows

2 4 3

Tin Ware Viz.t

3 Small Lanthorns for the Castle Table & Doctors Shop

6

3 Lamps for the Castle

2 6

8 6

Lines Viz.t

3 Hambro

3 10

3 1/4 Doz.n N.o 1 for tying Grape Shot

17 2

1 1

Braziers Ware 1 Tea Kettle for the Castle

13 9

Soap 85

3 5

Starch 13 for Linen

5

Rosin 6 for Damer for Bottles

1 2

Lead 4 Shot for the Castle

7

£ 29 14 4

Brought over, £2 2s 1½d

Deals:

1 double, for repairing the drawbridge and for the guns' carriages, £0 12s 2d

11 single, for the drawbridge, £0 1s 2d

2½ oak planks, for repairing the guns' carriages, £0 3s 11d

Sub-total deals, £4 15s 1d

Canvas:

50 yards Osnaburg to cover several buckets, and rubbers for the castle and for cover of grape shot, £1 16s 10½d

22½ yards English canvas to cover grape shot, £1 2s 0d

Sub-total canvas, £2 18s 10½d

Cordage, 103 lb for a grand rope, £1 6s 3½d

Oil:

15 gallons train for the kitchen, bakehouse and armoury, £1 5s 2½d

2½ gallons linseed for painting the guns' carriages and grape shot, £0 7s 6d

Sub-total oil, £1 12s 8½d

Candles:

100 lb for the castle, £6 13s 4d

33 lb for the several guardrooms, £2 6s 8d

Sub-total candles, £9 0s 0d

Cartwheels, 3 wheels and barrows, £2 4s 3d

Tinware:

3 small lanterns for the castle, table and doctor's shop, £0 6s 0d

3 lamps for the castle, £0 2s 6d

Sub-total tinware, £0 8s 6d

Lines:

3 hambers, £0 3s 10d

3¾ dozen No. 1, for tying grape shot, £0 17s 2d

Sub-total lines, £1 1s 0d

Braziery, 1 tea kettle for the castle, £0 13s 9d

Soap, 8 lb for linen, £0 3s 5d

Starch, 1 lb for linen, £0 0s 5d

Resin, 6 lb for James for bottles, £0 1s 2d

Lead, 4 lb shot for the castle, £0 0s 7d

Carried over, £29 14s 4d

Interpretations

The general charges continued with stores issued for the fort and its ordnance, the clerk noting the destination against nearly every line. Deals and oak planks went to repairing the drawbridge and the guns' carriages, and much canvas, cordage and line served to cover, wrap and tie the grape shot held ready at the batteries. The repeated issue of material for grape shot across these entries shows the garrison keeping a working stock of the clustered anti-personnel rounds prepared and protected against the weather.

The provisioning of the several outlying posts appears in the split of candles and lanterns between the castle, the guardrooms and the doctor's shop, each drawing its share from stores. Rubbers among the canvas were cloths for cleaning and wiping down the guns, and the grand rope made from over a hundredweight of cordage was a single heavy hawser, probably for hauling or mooring. The resin issued to James for bottles points to a named man sealing or waxing bottles for the general table, a small task carried on the general account.

313

311

1752

Brought over

29 14 4

Turners Ware Viz.t

2 Shoe Brushes

1 2

1 Basket

11 8

2 Punch Ladles

11

for the Castle

2 Pump Boxes for the Pump

1 11

15 8

Paint Viz.t

12 Brimstone for the Gunners use

2 6

12 White Lead

4

2 Bar.l Blacking

1

8 Red Lead

1 10

11 Vent.n Red

2 4

2 Indico

3 4

1 Blue Smalt

1 8

for painting Gun Carriage & Grape Sh.t D.o

for Linen

16 4 1/2

Iron & Steel Viz.t

24 Iron to repair the Draw Bridge

3 4

20 Steel to make Tools for the Mine & Smiths

5 10

9 2

Coals 50 Bushels for the Armourers use

2 16 6 1/2

Twine 7 Skains to repair Grand Shots

3 9 1/2

Iron Pot 1 twelve Gall.n for heating Pitch

13 3

Beef 2 p.r

5 6

Sugar 3

8

Arrack 42 Gall.s

12 4 1/2

given to the Men who brought the Long Boat that were Adrift to their Moorings

Glass Ware Viz.t

54 Wine Glasses

10 6

6 Wine & Water Glasses

4 7 1/2

2 Tumblers

1 3

1 Quart Decanter

16 4

1 Pint & D.o

3 7

3 Sq.r Glass 10 by 12

2 6

5 Sq.r D.o 8 by 10

2 10

10 Sq.r D.o 6 by 8

3 9

for repairing Wickets the Punch Bowl & the Grahame Sconce

2 5 4 1/2

£ 38 13 1/2

Brought over, £29 14s 4d

Turnery:

2 shoe brushes, £0 1s 2d

4 baskets, for the castle, £0 11s 8d

2 punch ladles, £0 0s 11d

2 pump boxes for the pump, £0 1s 11d

Sub-total turnery, £0 15s 8d

Paint:

12 lb brimstone for the gunner's use, £0 2s 6d

12 lb white lead, £0 4s 0d

2 barrels blacking, for painting the gun carriages and grape shot, £0 1s 0d

8 lb red lead, £0 1s 10d

11 lb Venetian red, £0 2s 2½d

2 lb indigo, £0 3s 4d

1 lb blue smalt, for the linen, £0 1s 8d

Sub-total paint, £16 4s 2½d

Iron and steel:

24 lb iron to repair the drawbridge, £0 3s 4d

26 lb steel to make tools for the stone breakers, £0 5s 10d

Sub-total iron and steel, £0 9s 2d

Coals, 59 bushels for the armoury's use, £2 16s 6½d

Twine, 7 skeins to repair grape shot, £0 3s 9½d

Iron pots, 1 of twelve gallons for heating pitch, £0 13s 3d

Beef, 2 lb, £0 5s 6d

Sugar, 3 lb, £0 0s 8d

Arrack, 4½ gallons, £0 12s 4½d

Glassware:

54 wine glasses, £0 10s 6d

6 wine and water glasses, £0 4s 7½d

2 tumblers, £0 1s 3d

1 quart decanter, £0 16s 4d

1 pint ditto, £0 3s 7d

3 dozen glass 10 by 12, £0 2s 6d

5 dozen ditto 8 by 10, £0 2s 10d

10 dozen ditto 6 by 8, for repairing the sashes, the punch house and the Company's offices, £0 3s 9d

Sub-total glassware, £2 5s 4½d

Carried over, £38 13s [...]

The beef, sugar and arrack were given to the men who brought the longboat that were driven to their moorings.

Interpretations

The general charges continued with materials for the fort's ordnance and buildings, the clerk again noting the purpose of most lines. Steel was issued to make tools for the stone breakers, the labourers cutting and dressing stone for building and repair, while iron went to the drawbridge and a twelve-gallon iron pot served for heating pitch, the melted pitch used to coat and seal timber and seams. Brimstone for the gunner's use was sulphur, a component of gunpowder and match, drawn from stock for the artillery.

The window glass issued for repairing the sashes of the punch house and the Company's offices shows the maintenance of particular buildings charged to general stores. The punch house was the establishment where punch and other drink were served, a fixture of the settlement whose windows the account kept in repair. The note that beef, sugar and arrack were given to the men who brought in a longboat driven to its moorings records a small reward for a service to the Company, the crew refreshed at its charge after recovering the boat, most likely after rough weather in the roadstead.

314

312

20 July

Brought over

38 13

Ironmongers Ware Viz.t

5 Mice Rat Traps for 1 Garden & Dovehouse

1 7 6

26 Files for the Armourer & Carpenters use

19 6

1 Standing Vice

1 17 9

14 Files Flatt

1 2

6 Dozen Main Springs

19 10

6 Doz.n Hammers D.o

19 10

6 Doz.n Sears & D.o

9 11

for the Armourers use

4 Dozen Hammers

7 7

6 Dozen Swivels

1 6 5

4 Dozen Tumblers

13 2

6 Doz.n Bridle Pipes

1 5 3

7 Claw Hammers

7 7

4 two foot Rules

3 3

1 Joyners Rub Stone

2 6

1 Broad Hatchet

1 3 1/2

2 Joynters

10 10

1 long Plain

3 11 1/2

2 Jack Plains

3 8

2 Quarter Rounds

4 4

3 Rebet Plains

3 9

2 Rabbit D.o

2 8

1 Skew D.o

2 2

2 Smoothing D.o

3

2 Plough D.o

11

for the Carpenters use

1 Hand Saw

1 4

2 Pannel Saws

14 4

1 Tenant Saw

1 2

8 Redding Chissels

5 2

6 Augers

8 10

3 Rasps

1 8

12 Gouges

6 7

12 Firmers

7 2

2 Adzes

4 4

2 p.r Pincers

1 8

Ironmongers Ware Carried over

17 2 1/2

£ 38 13 1/2

Brought over, £38 13s [...]

Ironmongery:

5 wire rat traps for the garden and dockyard use, £1 7s 6d

26 files for the armoury and carpenters' use, £0 19s 6d

1 standing vice, £1 17s 9d

14 files half, £0 1s 2d

6 dozen main springs, £0 19s 10d

6 dozen hammers ditto, £0 19s 10d

6 dozen screws ditto, for the armoury use, £0 9s 11d

4 dozen hammers, £0 7s 7d

6 dozen swivels, £1 6s 5d

4 dozen thimbles, £0 13s 2d

6 dozen brass pipes, £1 5s 3d

7 claw hammers, £0 7s 7d

1 two-foot rule, £0 3s 3d

1 joiner's rubstone, £0 2s 6d

1 hand hatchet, £0 1s 3½d

2 jointers, £0 10s 10d

1 long plane, £0 3s 11½d

2 jack planes, £0 3s 8d

2 quarter rounds, £0 4s 4d

3 bead planes, £0 3s 9d

2 rabbet ditto, £0 2s 8d

1 shoe ditto, £0 2s 2d

2 smoothing ditto, for the carpenters' use, £0 3s 0d

2 plough ditto, £0 11s 0d

1 hand saw, £0 1s 4d

2 pannel saws, £0 14s 1d

1 tenant saw, £0 1s 2d

8 wedding chisels, £0 5s 2d

6 augers, £0 8s 10d

3 rasps, £0 1s 8d

12 gouges, £0 6s 7d

12 gimlets, £0 7s 2d

2 adzes, £0 4s 4d

2 pairs pincers, £0 1s 8d

Ironmongery carried over, £17 2s 7½d

Carried over, £38 13s [...]

Interpretations

This large ironmongery order equipped the island's own workshops with the tools of the smith and joiner, drawn from stores for the armoury, carpenters, garden and dockyard. The armoury lines, main springs, hammers, screws, swivels and brass pipes bought by the dozen, were the parts for repairing and assembling firearms, the components a gunsmith fitted to keep the garrison's muskets in service. The standing vice and files were the fixed bench tools for that work, the vice clamping the piece while the file dressed it.

The carpenters' section listed a full kit of planes and saws in their distinct forms, each shaped for a particular cut. A jointer and long plane trued the edges of boards, jack and smoothing planes roughed and finished a surface, and the bead, quarter-round, rabbet, plough and shoe planes each cut a specific moulding or groove for joinery. Augers, gimlets and gouges bored and hollowed, while the pannel and tenant saws cut the panels and tenons of framed work. That the store held so complete a range shows the island built and repaired its own structures and fittings with skilled labour, importing the tools since no local source existed.

315

313

1752

Brought over

38 13 1/2

Ironmongers Ware Brought over

17 2 1/2

2 Dozen Small Gimblets

3 4

1 Compass Saw

2 3

2 Spoke Gimblet

2

for the Carpenters use

3 Ironbound Locks for the Great House

1 9

2 p.r H. Hinges for D.o

3 10

2 Stock Locks for the Comp.a House

4 2

2 Box Irons & Heaters for the Landing

1 1 4

2 Helves for the Gunners use

1 2 1/2

1 Packing Needle

2

19 19 9 1/2

£ 38 12 10

The following delivered David Hunter Esq Necessaries in his

Passage by the

Corks 3 Gross

6 10 1/2

Candles 50

3 6 8

Oil 4 Bottles Florence

10 4

Candy 100

1 7 1

China Ware 1 Sett Dishes & Plates

16

Beef 1 Ptt

2 6 2 1/2

£ 8 13 2

Diet Expence D.o for the following Stores Issued from

the 1 April to the 30 June 1752 Viz.t

Arrack 78 Gallons

10 14 6

Candy 100

5 3 4

Beef & Pork Viz.t

9 p.r Beef

11

28 p.r Pork

2 16

3 7

Rice 153

8 3

Vinegar 3 1/2 Gallons

16 3 1/2

Flour 481

8 11

£ 28 15 3 1/2

Brought over, £38 13s [...]

Ironmongery brought over, £17 2s 7d

2 dozen small gimlets, £0 3s 4d

1 compass saw, for the carpenters' use, £0 2s 3d

2 spike gimlets, £0 0s 2d

3 iron rimmed locks for the great house, £1 0s 9d

2 pairs H hinges for ditto, £0 3s 10d

2 stock locks for the Company's house, £0 4s 2d

2 box irons and heaters for the landing, £1 1s 4d

2 bellows for the gunner's use, £1 2s 7½d

1 packing needle, £0 0s 2d

Sub-total ironmongery, £10 19s 9½d

Total, £38 12s 10d

The following goods were delivered to David Hunter, necessaries in his passage by the Warwick.

Corks, 3 gross, £0 6s 10½d

Candles, 50 lb, £3 6s 8d

Oil, 4 bottles Florence, £0 10s 4d

Candy, 100 lb, £1 1s 1d

Chinaware, 1 set dishes and plates, £0 16s 0d

Beer, 1 [...], £2 6s 2½d

Total, £8 13s 2d

An account of the diet expended for the following stores issued from 1 April to 30 June 1732.

Arrack, 78 gallons, £5 8s 4d

Candy, 100 lb, £[...]

Beef and pork:

[...] lb beef, £11 0s 0d

28 lb pork, £2 16s 0d

Sub-total beef and pork, £3 7s 8d

Rice, 153 lb, £0 16s 3½d

Vinegar, 3½ gallons, £0 8s 11d

Flour, 148 lb, £[...]

Carried over, £28 15s 3½d

Interpretations

The general charges closed with ironmongery for the fort's principal buildings, iron-rimmed locks, hinges and stock locks issued to secure the great house and the Company's house, the residences and offices of the establishment. Box irons and heaters for the landing point to a laundry or pressing station at the wharf, and the bellows for the gunner's use served a forge maintaining the artillery. These fittings, like the tools before them, came wholly from imported stock.

The goods delivered to David Hunter as necessaries in his passage by the Warwick were a private provision for an individual sailing home, candles, oil, candy, beer and a set of chinaware supplied for the voyage. Hunter had been named earlier as the captain for whom livestock was shipped aboard the Exeter, and his passage now by the Warwick marks his departure from the island, victualled from the store for the months at sea. The diet account that follows returned to the provisions consumed at the Company's charge over the quarter, the arrack, meat, rice and vinegar issued to those maintained on its establishment.

316

314

20 July

Brought over

28 15 3 1/2

Tea Viz.t

1 Single

4 4

3 Congo

3 10 1/2

8 2 1/2

Salt 2 Bushels

7 2

Oil 6 Bottles Florence

15 6

£ 30 6 2

Blacks D.o for the following Stores Issued for their

use from the 1 April to the 30 June 1752 Viz.t

Brandy 23 1/2 Gall.s Cyder

2 7 1/2

Arrack 23 1/2 Gallons

3 4 1 1/2

for Drams

Beef & Pork Viz.t

336 p.r Beef

46 4

7 p.r Pork

1 8

53 12

Rice 5..0..16

7 17

Hooks & Lines Viz.t

25 Hooks N.o 9

10 1/2

75 D.o 6

1 1

75 D.o 3

10 1/2

6 Lines N.o 2

1 8

6 D.o 3

1 11

for Fishing

6 5

Twine 1 Skain

Shoes 16 p.r Mens D.o 7 for the Handicraftsmen

4 2 6 1/2

Oil 1 1/4 Grain

3 3

Soap 6 1/2 Bohea

5 1/2

Sugar 12

2 7

Tin Ware 1 Lamp

10

for the Sick

Delivered for their Cloathing

Chelloes 32 Pieces

14 5 11

Kersey 106 Yards

21 4

Long Cloth 1 p.r N.o 7

11 7 6

Buckram 1 1/4 Yards

1 3

£ 118 13 7

Brought over, £28 15s 3½d

Tea:

1 lb singlo, £0 4s 4d

3 lb bohea, £0 3s 10½d

Sub-total tea, £0 8s 2½d

Salt, 2 bushels, £0 7s 2d

Oil, 6 bottles Florence, £0 15s 6d

Total, £30 6s 2d

An account of the charges for the slaves, for the following stores issued for their use from 1 April to 30 June 1732.

Brandy, 23½ gallons, for drams, £2 0s 7½d

Arrack, 23½ gallons, for drams, £3 4s 1½d

Beef and pork:

336 lb beef, £46 4s 0d

74 lb pork, £1 8s 0d

Sub-total beef and pork, £53 12s 0d

Rice, 31 cwt 6 lb, £7 17s 0d

Hooks and lines:

25 hooks No. 9, £0 0s 4½d

75 hooks No. 6, £0 1s 1d

75 hooks No. 3, £0 0s 10½d

6 lines No. 2, £0 1s 8d

6 lines No. 3, for fishing, £0 1s 11d

Sub-total hooks and lines, £0 6s 5d

Twine, 1 skein, £0 0s [...]

Shoes, 16 pairs men's ordinary, for the handicraftsmen, £4 2s 5d

Oil, 1¼ gallons train, £0 3s 3d

Soap, 6¼ lb bohea, for the sick, £0 5s 1½d

Sugar, 12 lb, £0 2s 7d

Tinware, 1 lamp, £0 0s 10d

Delivered for their clothing:

Shilling, 32 pieces, £14 5s 11d

Kersey, 106 yards, £21 4s 0d

Long cloth, 1 piece No. 1, £11 7s 6d

Buckram, 1½ yards, £0 1s 3d

Carried over, £118 13s 7d

Interpretations

The charges for the slaves gathered the whole cost of maintaining the Company's slave labour over the quarter, provisions, clothing, fishing tackle and small comforts drawn from stores. Beef, pork and rice formed the bulk, rice at over thirty hundredweight being the staple of their diet, while brandy and arrack were issued as drams, the measured allowance of spirits given as a daily ration to those at heavy labour. Fishing hooks and lines supplied to the slaves let them take fish to supplement the ration, the same reliance on the sea seen across the island.

The clothing delivered for the slaves was the plainest and cheapest cloth the store held, shilling cloth and kersey by the yard and coarse long cloth, made up into garments for the labour force. Kersey was a rough ribbed wool for hard wear and shilling a coarse woollen stuff, both chosen for durability and low cost rather than quality. The shoes issued to the handicraftsmen point to skilled slaves among the workforce, the smiths, carpenters and other tradesmen given footwear that the field labourers did not receive, a distinction in provision that tracked the value of their work.

Speculations

The Company issued brandy and arrack as daily drams to its slaves and carried the cost on the same account as their food, rather than withholding spirits from the labour force. Nearly fifty gallons of liquor went to the slaves in the quarter, a deliberate ration kept up despite its expense and despite the alternative of reserving spirits for sale at the steep 40 per cent margin charged to buyers. The choice shows the administration treating a spirit allowance as a necessary part of maintaining slaves at heavy labour, weighing the cost of the drams against the work extracted rather than the revenue forgone.

317

315

1752

Brought over

118 13 7

Thread Viz.t

3 Coloured

10

6 White & Brown

1 16 7 1/2

2 6 7 1/2

Haberdashery Ware Viz.t

2 Skains Silk

8

1 Doz.n Tin Breast Buttons

1

9

Sailors Cloaths Viz.t

60 Mens Jackets & Trousers

16 5 10

138 Mens Checked Shirts

26 3 1/2

11 Boys Shirts

1 10 3

8 Boys Jackets & Breeches

3 7 8

11 1 1/2

11 10 1/2

Osenbrigs 10 Yards

£ 198 16 10 1/2

Fortification D.o for the following Stores Issued from

the 1 April to the 30 June 1752 Viz.t

Nails 1..4

1 1/2

Cordage Viz.t

226 White Rope for the Gunners use

4 8 9

24 Cordage

6

4 14 9

Bunting Viz.t

3 p.r Blue

3 15 9

1 p.r Red

1 12 6

24 p.r White

2 5 2

to make a Flag for Bankes & the Ensign Staffs & for a Standard for the Windward Point

7 13 5

Canvas Viz.t

6 y.d Osenbrigs

3 9

2 1/2 D.o Sacking

2

5 9

Thread 1 Coloured

3 4

£ 12 17 7 1/2

Brought over, £118 13s 7d

Thread:

3 lb coloured, £0 0s 10d

6 lb whited brown, £1 16s 7½d

Sub-total thread, £2 6s 7½d

Haberdashery:

2 skeins silk, £0 0s 8d

1 dozen tin breast buttons, £0 0s 1d

Sub-total haberdashery, £0 0s 9d

Sailors' clothes:

60 men's jackets and trousers, £16 5s 10d

138 men's checked shirts, £26 0s 3½d

14 boys' shirts, £1 10s 3d

8 boys' jackets and breeches, £3 7s 8d

Sub-total sailors' clothes, £11 4s 5½d

Osnaburg, 10 yards, £0 11s 10½d

Total, £198 16s 10½d

An account of the fortifications, for the following stores issued from 1 April to 30 June 1732.

Nails, 1 lb of 4d, £0 0s 4½d

Cordage:

226 lb white rope for the gunner's use, £4 8s 9d

24 lb cordage, £0 6s 0d

Sub-total cordage, £4 14s 9d

Bunting:

3 pieces blue, £3 15s 9d

1 piece red, £1 12s 6d

24 yards white, to make a flag for [...] and Ladder Hill, £2 5s 2d

Sub-total bunting, £7 13s 5d

Canvas:

6 yards Osnaburg, £0 3s 9d

2½ yards sacking, to make jackets and for a young ensign staff and for Munden's paint, £0 2s 0d

Sub-total canvas, £0 5s 9d

Thread, 2 lb coloured, £0 3s 4d

Carried over, £12 17s 7½d

Interpretations

The sailors' clothes issued in bulk, sixty jackets and trousers and over a hundred checked shirts, point to a large body of seamen clothed at the Company's charge, most likely the crews of its ships refitted at the island or men taken into its service. The scale of this issue, far beyond the resident establishment, marks the island's role as a station where the fleet's own people were reclothed as well as revictualled during the stop.

The fortification account gathered stores for the island's defences and its flagstaffs, the clerk noting the purpose of the cloth. Bunting in blue, red and white was issued to make flags for Ladder Hill and other posts, the loosely-woven wool from which ensigns were sewn. Ladder Hill was one of the fortified heights above the town, and the making of new colours for it and for a young ensign staff shows the garrison renewing the flags by which its posts signalled and displayed their allegiance. White rope for the gunner's use was cordage of untarred hemp, kept white for particular rigging or signalling work at the guns.

318

316

20 July

Brought over

12 17 7 1/2

Lines 2 N.o 4

10

Lead 3 1/2 Sheet

11

for Rebus for the Stage

Ironmongers Ware 2 Helves

1 2 1/2

Oil 1 1/4 Gall.s Linseed

4 2

Paint Viz.t

10 White Lead

3 4

5 Whiting

1/2

1 Bar Blacking

6

3 10 1/2

£ 13 8 7 1/2

Garrison D.o for the following Stores Issued for

these use from the 1 April to the 30 June 1752 Viz.t

Lines Viz.t

3 Lines N.o 4

1 3

1 Hambro

1 3

for Cat & Mice Suits

2 6

Twine 1 Skain

4

Canvas 9 y.d Sacking

9

for repairing 1 Rubbers & 6 Ammunition Bags & other Uses & Always Ready

Tea 77 1/2 Bohea for the several Guards

5 1 4

Tin Ware 6 Lamps for the several Forts

6 8

Ironmongers Ware Viz.t

1 Small Frying Pan for the Ridge House

1 8

1 Padlock for the Prison Door

2 1

3 9

Turners Ware Viz.t

1 Brush

11 1/4

1 Rattan

11 1/2

for the Alarm House

1 10 1/2

Oil Viz.t

17 1/2 Train for the several Guards

10 7 4

1/2 Gall.s Linseed

1 8

10 9

Candles 60

8

Candy 25

6 9

for the Doctors Shop

£ 15 9 8 1/2

Brought over, £12 17s 7½d

Lines, 2 No. 4, for rubbers for the guns, £0 0s 10d

Lead, 3½ lb sheet, £0 0s 11d

Ironmongery, 2 heaters, £0 1s 2½d

Oil, 1¼ gallons linseed, £0 4s 2d

Paint:

10 lb white lead, £0 3s 4d

3 whitings, £0 0s ½d

1 barrel blacking, £0 0s 6d

Sub-total paint, £3 10s ½d

Total, £13 8s 7½d

An account of the garrison, for the following stores issued for their use from 1 April to 30 June 1732.

Lines:

3 lines No. 4, £0 1s 3d

1 hamber, for lashings and new sails, £0 1s 3d

Sub-total lines, £0 2s 6d

Twine, 1 skein, £0 0s 4d

Canvas, 9 yards sacking, for repairing the several barns and for the powder holes, £0 0s 9d

Tea, 77½ lb bohea for the several guards, £3 1s 4d

Tinware, 6 lamps for the several forts, £0 6s 8d

Ironmongery:

1 small frying pan for the ridge house, £0 1s 8d

1 padlock for the prison door, £0 2s 1d

Sub-total ironmongery, £0 3s 9d

Turnery:

1 broom, £0 0s 11¼d

1 rubland, for the alarm house, £0 0s 11¼d

Sub-total turnery, £0 1s 10½d

Oil:

17½ gallons train for the several guards, £0 7s 4d

½ gallon linseed, £0 1s 8d

Sub-total oil, £10 2s 0d

Candles, for the doctor's shop, £0 8s 0d

Candy, 25 lb, £0 6s 0d

Carried over, £15 9s 8½d

Interpretations

The garrison account gathered the stores issued to the several guards and forts about the island, tea, oil, lamps and candles for the guardrooms and the standing posts. Bohea tea for the several guards was the cheap black tea supplied as a daily comfort to the men on duty, and train oil in quantity fuelled the lamps that lit the forts through the night. The padlock issued for the prison door records the fort's holding cell, secured from stores like any other lockfast place.

The canvas issued for repairing the barns and for the powder holes points to two distinct needs, the maintenance of the storehouses and the protection of the magazines. Powder holes were the pits or recesses where gunpowder was stored below ground for safety, and covering them with sacking kept the powder dry and shielded from spark. A rubland for the alarm house was probably a rubbing cloth or stone for cleaning, issued to the post from which the alarm guns were fired to muster the garrison.

319

317

1752

Brought over

15 9 8 1/2

Deals Viz.t

1 Double for a Seat for the Ridge House

3 1/2

10 Single for Coffins and for John Smith who broke his Legg

1

1 3 1/2

Nails Viz.t

3 6

11

1 4

4 1/2

1 3

6

for Coffins & Coffins

1 11 1/2

Paint Viz.t

13 1/2 Whiting

2 1/2

9 Yellow Oaker

1 8 1/2

for cleaning their Accoutrements

1 11

Blankets 4 for four Recruits

1 9 1/2

Brandy 6 Gallons Cyder

10 6

Arrack 3 1/2 Gallons

15 6

for Drams in mustering

The following Cloathing delivered the Military

Broad Cloth Viz.t

44 Yards Scarlet

37 8

5 1/2 Yards Blue

4 2 6

41 10 6

Shalloon Viz.t

56 Yards Scarlet

6 15 4

7 Yards Blue

14 3 1/2

7 9 7 1/2

Haberdashery Ware Viz.t

28 1/2 Doz.n G.t D.o Buttons

1 9 1

18 Doz.n G.t 2.d D.o

9 1 1/2

13 Sk.s Silk

18 9

13 Sk.s Mohair

15

3 12 2 1/2

Thread 3 Coloured

10

Long Cloth 1 p.r N.o 7

16 3

Buckram 27 Yard

1 2 6

£ 74 3 10

Brought over, £15 9s 8¼d

Deals:

1 double, for a seat for the ridge house, £0 3s ½d

10 single, for a bier and for John Smith, who broke his leg, £1 0s 0d

Sub-total deals, £1 3s ½d

Nails:

3 lb of 6d, £0 1s 1d

1 lb of 4d, for coffins, £0 0s 4½d

1 lb of 3d, £0 0s 6d

Sub-total nails, £1 11s 0d

Paint:

13½ lb whiting, £0 0s 2½d

7 lb yellow ochre, for cleaning their accoutrements, £0 1s 8½d

Sub-total paint, £1 11s 0d

Blankets, 4 for four recruits, £1 0s 7½d

Brandy, 6 gallons, for the cannoneers, £0 10s 6d

Arrack, 3½ gallons, for drams on Mundens, £0 15s 6d

The following clothing delivered to the militia.

Broadcloth:

44 yards scarlet, £37 8s 0d

5½ yards blue, £4 2s 6d

Sub-total broadcloth, £41 10s 6d

Shalloon:

56 yards scarlet, £6 15s 4d

7½ yards blue, £14 3s 3½d

Sub-total shalloon, £7 9s 7½d

Haberdashery:

28½ dozen gilt coat buttons, £1 9s 1d

18 dozen gilt breast ditto, £0 9s 8½d

15 skeins silk, £0 18s 9d

15 skeins mohair, £0 15s 0d

Sub-total haberdashery, £3 12s 2½d

Thread, 3 lb coloured, £0 10s 0d

Long cloth, 1 piece No. 1, £0 16s 3d

Buckram, 27 yards, £1 2s 6d

Carried over, £74 3s 10d

Interpretations

The garrison charges again recorded death and injury as ordinary items of expenditure, nails issued for coffins and a bier and deal planks used for John Smith, who broke his leg. A bier was the frame on which a coffin or corpse was carried to burial, and its making from stores marks a death in the garrison that quarter. The deal supplied for the injured Smith was probably for a splint or support, the store furnishing the material to treat him.

The clothing delivered to the militia was the dress of the island's part-time defensive force, scarlet and blue broadcloth faced with shalloon and trimmed with gilt buttons and silk. Scarlet was the standard colour of the military coat, the costly fine wool dyed red that marked a soldier, and the blue served for facings and distinctions. The militia was the body of armed inhabitants mustered for defence alongside the regular garrison, and clothing them in proper regimentals from the store shows the Company equipping its citizen soldiers to a military standard. Arrack issued for drams on Munden's supplied the men posted to that battery with their spirit ration.

320

318

20 July

Brought over

74 3 10

Hats Viz.t

9 Officers

13 17 6

26 Sergeants

11 18

208 Centinels

29 6 10 1/2

54 19 4 1/2

Shirts Viz.t

218 Centinels Shirts

45 8 4

10 Sergeants

3 6 11

Soldiers Cloaths Viz.t

48 13 3

163 Centinels Coats and Breeches

243 2 4

12 Sergeants D.o and D.o

62 11

12 Corporals D.o and D.o

14 17

4 Drummers D.o and D.o

13 12 8

8 Gunners Mates D.o and D.o

23 16

9 Mabgabics D.o and D.o

40 2 9

1 Marshals D.o and D.o

1 11 4

8 Quarter Gunners D.o and D.o

18 9 4

418 5 5

Shoes 228 p.r Mens Ordinary

54 15

Hosiery Ware Viz.t

203 p.r Mens Thread

26 4 5

23 p.r Mens Knit

3 9

2 p.r Cotton

3 7 1/2

29 17 1/2

£ 670 13 11

Plantation D.o for the following Stores Issued

from the 1 April to the 30 June 1752 Viz.t

Nails Viz.t

7 10

1 4

1 20

1 3 1/2

1 Spikes

4 1/2

2 Glazing Brads

3 1/2

for repairing 1 Water Mill & 1 Cistern Room in the Garden the intended Building at the Plantation House

4 4 1/2

Cutlery Ware 3 Cases Steams for Bleeding Cattle

9 11

£ 14 5 1/2

Brought over, £74 3s 10d

Hats:

9 officers', £13 17s 6d

26 sergeants', £11 15s 0d

207 sentinels', £29 6s 10½d

Sub-total hats, £54 19s 4½d

Shirts:

216 sentinels' shirts, £45 8s 4d

10 sergeants', £3 6s 11d

Sub-total shirts, £48 15s 3d

Soldiers' clothes:

163 sentinels' coats and breeches, £243 2s 4d

12 sergeants' ditto and ditto, £62 11s 0d

12 corporals' ditto and ditto, £14 17s 0d

4 drummers' ditto and ditto, £13 12s 8d

8 gunners' mates' ditto and ditto, £23 16s 0d

19 matrosses' ditto and ditto, £40 2s 9d

1 marshal's ditto and ditto, £1 11s 4d

8 quarter gunners' ditto and ditto, £18 9s 4d

Sub-total soldiers' clothes, £418 5s 5d

Shoes, 228 pairs men's ordinary, £54 15s 0d

Hosiery:

203 pairs men's thread, £26 4s 5d

23 pairs men's knit, £3 9s 0d

2 pairs cotton, £0 3s 7½d

Sub-total hosiery, £29 17s 0½d

Total, £670 13s 11d

An account of the plantation, for the following stores issued from 1 April to 30 June 1732.

Nails:

7 lb of 10d, for repairing the water house and gate, £0 1s 4d

1 lb of 20d, £0 0s 3½d

1 lb of 8d, for a room in the garden, £0 0s 4d

1 spikes, for a stile in the wall and building at the plantation house, £0 0s 3½d

2 glazing brads, £0 0s [...]

Sub-total nails, £4 4s ½d

Cutlery, 3 cases of lancets for bleeding cattle, £0 9s 11d

Carried over, £14 5s ½d

Interpretations

This large clothing issue outfitted the whole garrison in its regimentals, graded by rank from the private sentinel up through corporal, sergeant and the specialist gunners. The list names the artillery ranks in detail, gunners' mates, quarter gunners and matrosses, the last being the junior gunners who assisted at the great guns, loading, sponging and hauling. Coats and breeches for over two hundred men at the prices shown made this the heaviest single charge in the whole account, the annual or quarterly reclothing of the Company's soldiers being a major cost of holding the island.

The graded hats and clothing marked the military hierarchy in dress as much as in pay, the officer's hat at over thirty shillings against the sentinel's at a fraction of it. This visible ordering by rank was standard military practice, the uniform distinguishing each grade at a glance on parade and in the field.

The plantation account turned to the estate's upkeep, nails for repairing the water house, garden and plantation house, and cases of lancets for bleeding cattle. Bleeding was a common veterinary treatment of the period, thought to relieve sickness in livestock as in people, and keeping lancets for the purpose shows the estate managing the health of its valuable herd by the accepted methods of the day.

321

319

1752

Brought over

14 5 1/2

Rice & Paddy Viz.t

26..2..4 Rice

5 6 2

2..6 Rice

2 11

for the Poultry

5 9 1

Deals Viz.t

28 Single

2 16

1 Double

3 1/2

for the intended Plant.n & 1 Plant.n House

2 19 1/2

Cordage 3 1/4 for House Ropes

10

Iron 17 for repairing the Carts

6 5 1/2

Ironmongers Ware Viz.t

16 Garden Shears

2 7

1 Stock Lock

2 1

for the Garden

4 8

£ 9 11 4 1/2

Hospital D.o for the following Stores Issued for the

Sick from the 1 April to the 30 June 1752 Viz.t

Sugar 90

19 8

Flour 62

8 9

Oil 3 1/2 Gall.s Train

9 4

Rice 2

10

Salt 1 1/4 Bushels

4 3

Arrack 1 Gallon

5 6

Nails 1..3

5 1/2

Canvas 6 y.d Sacking

6

for repairing Cots

Braziers Ware 2 Copper Saucepans

8 8 1/2

Ironmongers Ware 1 p.r Steelyards

7 2

£ 4 1

Boats

Brought over, £14 5s 3¼d

Rice and paddy:

26 cwt 2 qr 4 lb paddy, £5 6s 2d

2 cwt 6 lb rice, for the poultry, £0 2s 11d

Sub-total rice and paddy, £5 9s 1d

Deals:

28 single, £2 16s 0d

1 double, for the intended house and paint house, £0 3s ½d

Sub-total deals, £5 9s 1d

Cordage, 3¼ cwt for horse ropes, £2 19s 5½d

Iron, 17 lb for repairing the carts, £0 0s 10d

Ironmongery:

1 pair garden shears, £0 2s 7d

1 shod lock, for the garden, £0 2s 1d

Sub-total ironmongery, £4 8s 0d

Total, £9 11s 4½d

An account of the hospital, for the following stores issued for the sick from 1 April to 30 June 1732.

Sugar, 90 lb, £0 19s 8d

Flour, 62 lb, £0 8s 9d

Oil, 3½ gallons train, £0 9s 4d

Rice, 2 lb, £0 4s 5d

Salt, 1½ bushels, £0 5s 6d

Arrack, 1 gallon, £0 0s 5½d

Nails, 3 lb of 3d, for repairing cots, £0 0s 6d

Canvas, 6 yards sacking, for repairing cots, £0 8s 8½d

Braziery, 2 copper saucepans, £0 7s 2d

Ironmongery, 1 dockyard, £[...]

Total, £[...]

Interpretations

The plantation account continued with the estate's working needs, paddy and rice issued to feed the poultry, cordage made into horse ropes and iron for repairing the carts. The paddy given to the poultry was the cheap unhusked grain, fit for feeding fowls that could take it in the husk, a use that put the lowest grade of rice to the yard. Garden shears and a lock for the garden equipped and secured the cultivated ground the plantation worked.

The hospital account gathered the stores issued for the sick, sugar, flour, oil and arrack for their diet and treatment, and canvas and nails for repairing the cots on which they lay. A cot was a light bedstead or slung bed, and keeping them in repair from stores shows the hospital maintained as a standing establishment for the island's sick. Copper saucepans were issued for preparing the invalids' food, copper being valued in a sickroom kitchen for heating quickly and evenly, and the modest quantities across the account reflect a small infirmary rather than a large ward.

322

320

20 July

Boats D.o for the following Stores Issued

for Repairs from the 1 April to the 30 June 1752 Viz.t

Nails Viz.t

2 6

8 1/2

2 10

8

1 1 1/2

Pitch & Tar Viz.t

36 Pitch

4 1 1/2

2 Gallons Tar

1 4

1/2 Turpentine

2

7 8 1/2

Oil Viz.t

1/4 Gallon Train

2

1/4 Gallon Linseed

10

2 10

Deals 1 Single

2

Paint Viz.t

4 Red Lead

11

5 White D.o

8

1 Yellow Oaker

2

1 9

£ 15 8

June 30. 1752

Errors Excepted

Matthew Pusling Storekeeper

An account of the boats, for the following stores issued for repairs from 1 April to 30 June 1732.

Nails:

2 lb of 6d, £0 0s 8½d

2 lb of 10d, £0 0s 8d

Sub-total nails, £1 1s ½d

Pitch and tar:

36 lb pitch, £0 4s 1½d

2 gallons tar, £0 1s 4d

½ lb turpentine, £0 2s 0d

Sub-total pitch and tar, £7 8s ½d

Oil:

¼ gallon train, £0 2s 0d

½ gallon linseed, £0 0s 10d

Sub-total oil, £2 10s 0d

Deals, 1 single, £0 2s 0d

Paint:

1 lb red lead, £0 0s 11d

2 lb white ditto, £0 0s 8d

1 lb yellow ochre, £0 0s 2d

Sub-total paint, £1 9s 0d

Total, £158 [...]

30 June 1732. Errors excepted. Matthew Pursling, storekeeper.

Interpretations

The boats account closed the quarter's general charges with the stores for keeping the island's small craft seaworthy, pitch, tar and turpentine to caulk and coat the hulls, paint to protect the timber and nails for repairs. Pitch and tar were the essential preservatives against rot and water, melted and worked into the seams and over the planking, and their steady issue to the boats reflects the constant labour of maintaining the vessels that worked between shore and ship in the roadstead.

The closing formula errors excepted was the storekeeper's standard caveat on an account submitted for audit, acknowledging that unintended mistakes might remain despite care taken. Matthew Pursling's signature closed the whole schedule of stores for the quarter to 30 June, the same officer who had signed the March account, confirming the continuity of the storekeeping through the year.

323

321

List of the Honble Companys Officers & Servants upon the
Island of St Helena, with their Several Salarys, Diett Money &ca for
the Quarter commencing April the 1st and Ending June the 30th 1752
Viz t

Charles Hutchenson Esq Governor Salary L 125 ..
D o Allowance for Servants as Usual 31 14 9 156 14 9
David Hunter Esqr Gov Salary from 1st
April to the 8th Inst the day he left the Island 18 10 1
Salary
D o Diett Money 7 7 11 25 18 3

John Milles of Council Salary 15 ..

John Goodwin Accomptant Salary 11 10 ..
D o Diett Money 15 ..
D o House Rent 2 10 .. 35 ..

Matthew Penling Storekeeper Salary 17 10 ..
D o Diett Money 17 10 .. 32 10

Francis Wrangham Secretary Salary 17 10 ..
D o Diett Money 15 .. 32 10

William Lee Chaplain Salary 25 ..
D o Diett Money 15 ..
D o House Rent 2 10 .. 42 10

James Towell Factor Salary 7 10 ..
D o Diett Money 10 ..
D o Assistant Storekeeper 5 ..
D o House Rent 2 10 .. 25 ..

Thomas French Factor Salary 7 10 ..
D o Diett Money 10 .. 17 10

Matthew Bazett Writer Salary 5 ..
D o Diett Money 10 .. 15 ..

Samuel Falconer Surgeon Salary 9 15 ..
D o Diett Money 10 ..
D o House Rent 2 10 .. 22 5 ..

Carried over L 419 18 ..

A list of the Company's officers and servants on St Helena, with their salaries, diet money and other allowances for the quarter from 1 April 1752 to 30 June 1752, is set out here. Each entry gives the man, his post and the parts of his pay, then his total.
Charles Hutchinson, Governor, salary £125 0s 0d, allowance for servants as usual £31 14s 9d, total £156 14s 9d
David Hunter, Governor, salary from 1 to 8 April, the day he left the island, £18 10s 1d, diet money £7 7s 11d, total £25 18s 3d
John Milles, of Council, salary £15 0s 0d
John Goodwin, accountant, salary £11 10s 0d, diet money £15 0s 0d, house rent £2 10s 0d, total £35 0s 0d
Matthew Penling, storekeeper, salary £17 10s 0d, diet money £17 10s 0d, total £32 10s 0d
Francis Wrangham, secretary, salary £17 10s 0d, diet money £15 0s 0d, total £32 10s 0d
William Lee, chaplain, salary £25 0s 0d, diet money £15 0s 0d, house rent £2 10s 0d, total £42 10s 0d
James Towell, factor, salary £7 10s 0d, diet money £10 0s 0d, allowance as assistant storekeeper £5 0s 0d, house rent £2 10s 0d, total £25 0s 0d
Thomas French, factor, salary £7 10s 0d, diet money £10 0s 0d, total £17 10s 0d
Matthew Bazett, writer, salary £5 0s 0d, diet money £10 0s 0d, total £15 0s 0d
Samuel Falconer, surgeon, salary £9 15s 0d, diet money £10 0s 0d, house rent £2 10s 0d, total £22 5s 0d
Carried over, £419 18s 0d

Interpretations

The roll for the April to June 1752 quarter shows David Hunter's salary as Governor stopped at 8 April, the day he sailed, so the establishment recorded his departure by settling his pay to that date. The office of writer, held by Matthew Bazett, was the junior clerkship of the civil staff, the lowest-paid post above the trades and one step below the factors.

324

322

Brought over L 419 18

James Stevenson Surgeon Mate
Salary from the 1st April to the 2d May
the day he left the Island 1 9 7
Dr Diet Money 3 6 6 1/2

Richard Gurling
John Clark Overseers 4 16 1/2
15 ..
Richard Beale Schoolmaster Salary 3 8 3
Dr Clerk 5 ..
8 8 3

John Board Master Mason Salary 17 10 ..
Dr Diet Money 10 ..
Dr House Rent 1 10 ..
29 ..

Mark Hawkins Mason Salary 12 10 ..
Dr Diet Money 6 16 10 1/2
Dr House Rent 1 ..
20 6 10 1/2

Joseph Kendale Master of Arms 6 5
James Sheridon Gardener 10 10
Henry Pitman Armourer 10 10
William Oakman Carpenter 12 10

Major Jackson Steward from 4 May
untill to 30 June 58 days at L 200 p Ann 3 3 6 1/2

Daniel Langton Storekeeper 2 ..
James Sorber Cooper 8 15
Michael Trott Cook & Instruments cleaner 1 5
William Davis Coxon of the Long boat 7 10

Andrew Skinman Marshall from the 3d
April to 18 May incl. 46 days he was clerk 2 14 10

Thomas Harper Marshall from the 19
May incl. to the 30 June inclusive 2 11 1
572 3 11 1/2

First Company
John Clark 1st Lieut Salary 22 16 3
Dr Diet Money 6 16 10 1/2
Dr on acco of instructing the Gunners 7 10 ..
37 3 1/2

Stephen Herbert 2d Lieut Salary 18 5 ..
Dr Diet Money 6 16 10 1/2
25 1 10 1/2

Carried over L 634 8 11 1/2

The salary list continued with the remaining civil servants and the first company of the garrison, the sum brought over standing at £419 18s 0d.
James Stevenson, surgeon's mate, salary from 1 April to 2 May, the day he left the island, £1 9s 7d, diet money £3 6s 6½d
Richard Gurling and John Clark, overseers, £15 0s 0d
Richard Beale, schoolmaster, salary £3 8s 3d, as clerk £5 0s 0d, total £8 8s 3d
John Board, master mason, salary £17 10s 0d, diet money £10 0s 0d, house rent £1 10s 0d, total £29 0s 0d
Mark Hawkins, mason, salary £12 10s 0d, diet money £6 16s 10½d, house rent £1 0s 0d, total £20 6s 10½d
Joseph Kendale, master of arms, £6 5s 0d
James Sheridon, gardener, £10 10s 0d
Henry Pitman, armourer, £10 10s 0d
William Oakman, carpenter, £12 10s 0d
Major Jackson, steward from 4 May to 30 June, 58 days at £20 a year, £3 3s 6½d
Daniel Langton, storekeeper, £2 0s 0d
James Sorber, cooper, £8 15s 0d
Michael Trott, cook and instrument cleaner, £1 5s 0d
William Davis, coxswain of the long boat, £7 10s 0d
Andrew Skinman, marshal, from 3 April to 18 May, 46 days as clerk, £2 14s 10d
Thomas Harper, marshal, from 19 May to 30 June, £2 11s 15d
Subtotal, £72 3s 11½d
First company. John Clark, first lieutenant, salary £22 16s 3d, diet money £6 16s 10½d, for instructing the gunners £7 10s 0d, total £37 3s 1½d
Stephen Herbert, second lieutenant, salary £18 5s 0d, diet money £6 16s 10½d, total £25 1s 10½d
Carried over, £634 8s 11½d

Interpretations

The roll settled several servants' pay to the day they left or took up an office, the surgeon's mate Stevenson to 2 May and the new steward Major Jackson from 4 May at the reduced rate of £20 a year. The change of marshal from Skinman to Harper part way through the quarter records the discharge of the drunken marshal noted earlier, each man paid for the days he served.

325

323

Sergeants
Henry Beale 7 12 1
Solomon Jacobs 7 12 1
John Buckler 7 12 1

Brought over L 634 8 11 1/2
22 16 3

Corporals
Willm Davis 5 6 6 1/2
Tho Brown 5 6 6 1/2
John Clara 5 6 6 1/2
Charles Smith Drummer 5 6 6 1/2

15 19 1/2

Centinels
Andw Armstrong 3 16 1/2
Geo Bennitts 3 16 1/2
Alexr Bailie 3 16 1/2
Tho Brown 3 16 1/2
Mattw Campbell 3 16 1/2
Ja Cartwright 3 16 1/2
Richd Cole 3 16 1/2
Geo E Lapelun 3 16 1/2
Wm Ennor 3 16 1/2
John Ennor 3 16 1/2
Tho Eams 3 16 1/2
Geo Green 3 16 1/2
John Grove 3 16 1/2
Robt Goulding 3 16 1/2
John Grainger 3 16 1/2
John Gouler 3 16 1/2
Rich Gordon 3 16 1/2
Geo Hale 3 16 1/2
Humph L Causwon 3 16 1/2
Jas Rendee 3 16 1/2
Wm Hutchenson 3 16 1/2
Major Jackson 3 16 1/2

Centinels carried over 88 12 11 1/2
Carried over L 678 1 1/2

The muster of the first company continued, the sum brought over standing at £634 8s 11½d.
Sergeants. Henry Beale £7 12s 1d, Solomon Jacobs £7 12s 1d, John Buckler £7 12s 1d, £22 16s 3d
Corporals. William Davis £5 6s 6½d, Thomas Brown £5 6s 6½d, John Clara £5 6s 6½d, Charles Smith drummer £5 6s 6½d, £15 19s 0½d
Centinels. Andrew Armstrong £3 16s 0½d, George Bennitts £3 16s 0½d, Alexander Bailie £3 16s 0½d, Thomas Brown £3 16s 0½d, Matthew Campbell £3 16s 0½d, James Cartwright £3 16s 0½d, Richard Cole £3 16s 0½d, George Lapelun £3 16s 0½d, William Ennor £3 16s 0½d, John Ennor £3 16s 0½d, Thomas Eams £3 16s 0½d, George Green £3 16s 0½d, John Grove £3 16s 0½d, Robert Goulding £3 16s 0½d, John Grainger £3 16s 0½d, John Gouler £3 16s 0½d, Richard Gordon £3 16s 0½d, George Hale £3 16s 0½d, Humphry Causwon £3 16s 0½d, James Rendee £3 16s 0½d, William Hutchenson £3 16s 0½d, Major Jackson £3 16s 0½d
Centinels carried over, £88 12s 11½d
Carried over, £678 1s 0½d

Interpretations

The augmented pay of the garrison shows plainly in this quarter's roll, the sergeants now drawing £7 12s 1d and the corporals £5 6s 6½d, well above the earlier quarters' rates, following the Company's order to raise the soldiers' pay. The centinels alone kept the old flat rate of £3 16s 0½d, so the increase fell on the non-commissioned ranks above them.

326

324

Wm Lambon 3 16 1/2
Jos Long 3 16 1/2
Jas Lee 3 16 1/2
Danl Langton 3 16 1/2
Tho London 3 16 1/2
John Leg 3 16 1/2
John Muml 3 16 1/2
Jas Mills 3 16 1/2
John Marsh 3 16 1/2
Barth Molloy 3 16 1/2
Humpf Leagh 3 16 1/2
Crow Kealing 3 16 1/2
Jas Richardson 3 16 1/2
John Notcher 3 16 1/2
John Shae 3 16 1/2
Wilm Harn 3 16 1/2
John Swift 3 16 1/2
Tho Lynam 3 16 1/2
Robt Bell from 1 Apt to 17 May incl 47 days 1 11 2
Died
Tho Williams 3 16 1/2
Matthew Young 3 16 1/2

161 7 11

Second Company
Jos Newbold 1 Lieut Salary 22 16 3
Do Diet Money 6 16 10 1/2
Do on Account 11 8 1/2
Do House Rent 2 10
Fra Mowat 2 Lieut Salary 18 5
Do Diet Money 6 16 10 1/2

43 11 3
25 1 10 1/2

Sergeants
Rob Mason 7 12 1
Gab Joschee 7 12 1
Mich Frost 7 12 1

22 16 3

Carried over L 931 8 4

The muster of the first company concluded, and the second company began.
William Lambon £3 16s 0½d, Joseph Long £3 16s 0½d, James Lee £3 16s 0½d, Daniel Langton £3 16s 0½d, Thomas London £3 16s 0½d, John Leg £3 16s 0½d, John Muml £3 16s 0½d, James Mills £3 16s 0½d, John Marsh £3 16s 0½d, Bartholomew Molloy £3 16s 0½d, Humphry Leagh £3 16s 0½d, Crow Kealing £3 16s 0½d, James Richardson £3 16s 0½d, John Notcher £3 16s 0½d, John Shae £3 16s 0½d, William Harn £3 16s 0½d, John Swift £3 16s 0½d, Thomas Lynam £3 16s 0½d, Robert Bell, from 1 April to 17 May, 47 days, died, £1 11s 2d, Thomas Williams £3 16s 0½d, Matthew Young £3 16s 0½d
Total, £161 7s 11d
Second company. Joseph Newbold, first lieutenant, salary £22 16s 3d, diet money £6 16s 10½d, on account £11 8s 0½d, house rent £2 10s 0d, £43 11s 3d
Francis Mowat, second lieutenant, salary £18 5s 0d, diet money £6 16s 10½d, £25 1s 10½d
Sergeants. Robert Mason £7 12s 1d, Gabriel Joschee £7 12s 1d, Michael Frost £7 12s 1d, £22 16s 3d
Carried over, £931 8s 4d

Interpretations

Robert Bell drew pay only to 17 May, the day of his death, so the roll again doubled as a casualty return, the soldier's wage reckoned to the day he died. The recurrence of the same sergeants and lieutenants across the companies from quarter to quarter shows a settled command holding steady through the changes in the establishment.

327

325

Corperals.
Sam.l Talbot £ 5 6s 6 1/2d
W.m Walkham £ 5 6s 6 1/2d
Edw.d Walker from 1st Apr.l to 7th June incl. as pr. 2 mos. 7 days £ 1 5s 2 1/2d
Do from the 2d June incl. as Corporal £ 4 6s 10d £ 11 0s 9d
John Cafin Drummer. £ 5 6s 6 1/2d

Centinels.
Matt.w Allen from Apr.l the 1st incl. to 30 June incl.
transferd from the 3d Company £ 3 11s 10d
P.et Barker £ 3 16s 1/2d
John Buck £ 3 16s 1/2d
W.m Brooks £ 3 16s 1/2d
John Brown £ 3 16s 1/2d
Ja.s Burgess £ 3 16s 1/2d
George Briant £ 3 16s 1/2d
W.m Beckett £ 3 16s 1/2d
Rob.t Berry £ 3 16s 1/2d
Geo. Beale from 1st June incl. to day he was Entertained £ 3 16s 8d
Dan.l Carn £ 3 16s 1/2d
Jn.o Chapman from 1st Apr.l to the 25th, 7 days he is D.d £ 1 10d
John Corley £ 3 16s 1/2d
W.m Duffton £ 3 16s 1/2d
John Douglas £ 3 16s 1/2d
P.et Glestone £ 3 16s 1/2d
Rob.t Finale £ 3 16s 1/2d
John Fletcher £ 3 16s 1/2d
Oscar Gawden £ 3 16s 1/2d
John Hayes £ 3 16s 1/2d
Ja.s Hinde £ 3 16s 1/2d
Jn.o Holloway from 1st Apr.l to 7 June incl. as Corpl. £ 3 11s 3d
Do from the 2d June as Sentinel £ 1 4s 5d £ 1 15s 8d
W.m Harrow from 26 Apr.l incl. 7 days he is Entertained £ 2 15s
Jos. Hayes £ 3 16s 1/2d

Centinels Carried over £ 85 4s 2d
Carried over £ 951 14s 6 1/2d

The muster of the second company continued.
Corporals. Samuel Talbot £5 6s 6½d, William Walkham £5 6s 6½d, Edward Walker, from 1 April to 7 June as centinel £1 5s 2½d and from 2 June as corporal £4 6s 10d, £11 0s 9d, John Cafin drummer £5 6s 6½d
Centinels. Matthew Allen, from 1 April to 30 June, transferred from the third company, £3 11s 10d, Peter Barker £3 16s 0½d, John Buck £3 16s 0½d, William Brooks £3 16s 0½d, John Brown £3 16s 0½d, James Burgess £3 16s 0½d, George Briant £3 16s 0½d, William Beckett £3 16s 0½d, Robert Berry £3 16s 0½d, George Beale, from 1 June to the day he was entertained, £3 16s 8d, Daniel Carn £3 16s 0½d, John Chapman, from 1 to 25 April, 7 days, discharged, £1 0s 10d, John Corley £3 16s 0½d, William Duffton £3 16s 0½d, John Douglas £3 16s 0½d, Peter Glestone £3 16s 0½d, Robert Finale £3 16s 0½d, John Fletcher £3 16s 0½d, Oscar Gawden £3 16s 0½d, John Hayes £3 16s 0½d, James Hinde £3 16s 0½d, John Holloway, from 1 April to 7 June as corporal £3 11s 3d and from 2 June as centinel £1 4s 5d, £1 15s 8d, William Harrow, from 26 April, 7 days, entertained, £2 15s 0d, Joseph Hayes £3 16s 0½d
Centinels carried over, £85 4s 2d
Carried over, £951 14s 6½d

Interpretations

The roll caught men shifting between ranks and companies within the quarter, Edward Walker and John Holloway each paid partly as corporal and partly as centinel, and Matthew Allen transferred in from the third company. The part-quarter entries for men discharged, entered or newly entertained show the paymaster prorating each soldier's pay by the exact days at each rate.

328

326

Brought over £951 14 6 1/2

Centrinels Brought over £85 4 9 1/2

Tho Jackson 4 9 1/2
Sam Paterson 3 16 1/2
Wm Laurence 3 16 1/2
David Mewes 3 16 1/2
Wm Meddge from the 4th April to 4th June incl 3 11 10
Alex Lough from 26th June incl 5 days his interest 4 2
Wm Sheedy 3 16 1/2
John Simmons 3 16 1/2
Tho Snow from 1st April to the 6th June incl was Discharged 5 ..
Tho Streeton 3 16 1/2
Jos Smith 3 16 1/2
Tho Taylor 3 16 1/2
Jas Streeton 3 16 1/2
John Turner 3 16 1/2
Rich French 3 16 1/2
Wm Leach 3 16 1/2
Wm Cannon from 9th June incl 7 days his interest 13 1
Alex Willoughby 3 16 1/2
Jerem Wymble 3 16 1/2
Thos Whitehead from 1st April to 25th inst 86 days he died 16 8

147 16 5

Third Company

Tho Newberry 1st Lieut Salary 22 16 3
D Diet Money 6 16 10 1/2
D House Rent 2 10 ..
One Beale 2d Lieut Salary 18 5 ..
D Diet Money 6 16 10 1/2

32 3 1 1/2
25 1 10 1/2

Sergeants

Math Brightwell 7 12 1
John Leech 7 12 1
Wm Pindery 7 12 1

Carried over £1179 12 2 1/2

The muster of the second company concluded, the sum brought over standing at £951 14s 6½d and the centinels' sum at £85 4s 9½d.
Thomas Jackson £4 9s 0½d
Samuel Paterson £3 16s 0½d
William Laurence £3 16s 0½d
David Mewes £3 16s 0½d
William Meddge, from 4 April to 4 June, £3 11s 10d
Alexander Lough, from 26 June, 5 days, £4s 2d
William Sheedy £3 16s 0½d
John Simmons £3 16s 0½d
Thomas Snow, from 1 April to 6 June, discharged, £5 0s 0d
Thomas Streeton £3 16s 0½d
Joseph Smith £3 16s 0½d
Thomas Taylor £3 16s 0½d
James Streeton £3 16s 0½d
John Turner £3 16s 0½d
Richard French £3 16s 0½d
William Leach £3 16s 0½d
William Cannon, from 9 June, 7 days, £13s 1d
Alexander Willoughby £3 16s 0½d
Jeremiah Wymble £3 16s 0½d
Thomas Whitehead, from 1 April to 25 June, 86 days, died, £16s 8d
Total, £147 16s 5d
Third company. Thomas Newberry, first lieutenant, salary £22 16s 3d, diet money £6 16s 10½d, house rent £2 10s 0d, £32 3s 1½d
Owen Beale, second lieutenant, salary £18 5s 0d, diet money £6 16s 10½d, £25 1s 10½d
Sergeants. Matthew Brightwell £7 12s 1d, John Leech £7 12s 1d, William Pindery £7 12s 1d
Carried over, £1,179 12s 2½d

329

327

Brought over £119 12 2 1/2

Corporals

Edw Grant £5 6 6 1/2

Tho Lindsay £5 6 6 1/2

Cha Ingler £5 6 6 1/2

John Clew Drummer £15 19 1 1/2

£5 6 5 1/2

Centinels

Mattw Allis from 1st Apl to 7th Inst. transferd to the 2d Company £1 2

Wm Adams £3 16 1/2

Jos: Bardick £3 16 1/2

Wm Bonifield £3 16 1/2

Wm Brown £3 16 1/2

Dion Croft £3 16 1/2

J: Sammicks from 1st June incl. 7 days he is entertaind £3 11 8

Baron Delong £3 16 1/2

John Earl £3 16 1/2

Tho Tullen £3 16 1/2

John Gunn £3 16 1/2

Jona Ketchen £3 16 1/2

Wm Herlock £3 16 1/2

Tho Hides £3 16 1/2

Tho Kendrick £3 16 1/2

Ri Knight £3 16 1/2

John Kerrey £3 16 1/2

John Longbridge £3 16 1/2

Tho Lawrence £3 16 1/2

Tho Leech from 13 Apl incl. 9 day he was entertaind £3 6 10

John McCoy £3 16 1/2

Abram Mayo £3 16 1/2

Cha Montague £3 16 1/2

Tho Norris £3 16 1/2

Anthy Morechen £3 16 1/2

Cha Newcombe £3 16 1/2

Centinels Carried over £91 11 7 1/2

Carried over £200 18 1/2

The muster of the third company continued, the sum brought over standing at £1,179 12s 2½d.
Corporals. Edward Grant £5 6s 6½d, Thomas Lindsay £5 6s 6½d, Charles Ingler £5 6s 6½d, John Clew drummer £5 6s 5½d, £15 19s 1½d
Centinels. Matthew Allis, from 1 to 7 April, transferred to the second company, £1s 2d, William Adams £3 16s 0½d, Joseph Bardick £3 16s 0½d, William Bonifield £3 16s 0½d, William Brown £3 16s 0½d, Dion Croft £3 16s 0½d, J. Sammicks, from 1 June, 7 days, entertained, £3 11s 8d, Baron Delong £3 16s 0½d, John Earl £3 16s 0½d, Thomas Tullen £3 16s 0½d, John Gunn £3 16s 0½d, Jonathan Ketchen £3 16s 0½d, William Herlock £3 16s 0½d, Thomas Hides £3 16s 0½d, Thomas Kendrick £3 16s 0½d, Richard Knight £3 16s 0½d, John Kerrey £3 16s 0½d, John Longbridge £3 16s 0½d, Thomas Lawrence £3 16s 0½d, Thomas Leech, from 13 April, 9 days, entertained, £3 6s 10d, John McCoy £3 16s 0½d, Abram Mayo £3 16s 0½d, Charles Montague £3 16s 0½d, Thomas Norris £3 16s 0½d, Anthony Morechen £3 16s 0½d, Charles Newcombe £3 16s 0½d
Centinels carried over, £91 11s 7½d
Carried over, £1,200 18s 0½d

330

328

Brought over £1200 18 1/2

Centinels brought over £91 11 7 1/2

Tho Oliver £3 16 1/2

Tho Payne £3 16 1/2

John Po £3 16 1/2

Tho Pledger £3 16 1/2

Wm Robinson £3 16 1/2

David Sotes £3 16 1/2

Robt Hacket £3 16 1/2

Adam Scott £3 16 1/2

Christr Gier £3 16 1/2

Wm Thomson £3 16 1/2

William Thomson £3 16 1/2

Benjn Swatch £3 16 1/2

R Vaughan from 1st Apr to 7 June incl. 7 days he was entertaind £3 11 10

Benjn Williams £3 16 1/2

Jno Willis from 1 Apl to 19 June incl. 7 day he was sick £3 16 8

Roger Wilman £3 16 1/2

£149 4 8 1/2

Fourth Company

Tho Pack, 1st Lieut Salary £22 16 3

Dr Diet Money £6 16 10 1/2

Dr House Rent £2 10

Wm Kennedy 2d Lieut Salary £18 5

Dr Diet Money £6 16 10 1/2

£32 3 1 1/2

£25 1 10 1/2

Sergeants

Wm Oakman £7 12 1

Geo Master £7 12 1

John Walker £7 12 1

£22 16 3

Corporals

Wm Paddom £5 6 5 1/2

Wm Bunting £5 6 5 1/2

Alexr Hambleton £5 6 5 1/2

Gilbert Flew Drummer £5 6 5 1/2

£15 19 4 1/2

£5 6 5 1/2

Carried over £1451 9 10

The muster of the third company concluded, the sum brought over standing at £1,200 18s 0½d and the centinels' sum at £91 11s 7½d.
Thomas Oliver £3 16s 0½d
Thomas Payne £3 16s 0½d
John Po £3 16s 0½d
Thomas Pledger £3 16s 0½d
William Robinson £3 16s 0½d
David Sotes £3 16s 0½d
Robert Hacket £3 16s 0½d
Adam Scott £3 16s 0½d
Christopher Gier £3 16s 0½d
William Thomson £3 16s 0½d
William Thomson £3 16s 0½d
Benjamin Swatch £3 16s 0½d
Richard Vaughan, from 1 April to 7 June, 7 days, entertained, £3 11s 10d
Benjamin Williams £3 16s 0½d
John Willis, from 1 April to 19 June, 7 days, sick, £3 16s 8d
Roger Wilman £3 16s 0½d
Total, £149 4s 8½d
Fourth company. Thomas Pack, first lieutenant, salary £22 16s 3d, diet money £6 16s 10½d, house rent £2 10s 0d, £32 3s 1½d
William Kennedy, second lieutenant, salary £18 5s 0d, diet money £6 16s 10½d, £25 1s 10½d
Sergeants. William Oakman £7 12s 1d, George Master £7 12s 1d, John Walker £7 12s 1d, £22 16s 3d
Corporals. William Paddom £5 6s 5½d, William Bunting £5 6s 5½d, Alexander Hambleton £5 6s 5½d, Gilbert Flew drummer £5 6s 5½d, £15 19s 4½d
Carried over, £1,451 9s 10d

331

329

John Allis £3 16s 2½d
Tho. Brower £3 16s 2½d
John Bawden £3 16s 2½d
Geo. Bowden £3 16s 2½d
Tho. Boseth £3 16s 2½d
Edw. Cocker £3 16s 2½d
Isaac Day £3 16s 2½d
Sam. Defountain £3 16s 2½d
Sam. Vale £3 16s 2½d
Andw. Finyer £3 16s 2½d
Geo. French £3 16s 2½d
Jon. Godby £3 16s 2½d
John Gilbert £3 16s 2½d
Ja. Green £3 16s 2½d
Ja. Hale £3 16s 2½d
John Hayslop £3 16s 2½d
Job Hamton £3 16s 2½d
Phil. Richman £3 16s 2½d
Wm. Hayes £3 16s 2½d
Geo. Hibbert £3 16s 2½d
Tho. Laycock £3 16s 2½d
Pef. Lindsey £3 16s 2½d
Mof. Meanto £3 16s 2½d
Duncan McLeon £3 16s 2½d
Tho. Pinkerton £3 16s 2½d
Edw. Rickard £3 16s 2½d
Amos Larsen £3 16s 2½d
Danl. Sergeant £3 16s 2½d
Tho. Skid £3 16s 2½d
Jas. Wakes £3 16s 2½d
Timothy Sullivan £3 16s 2½d
John Turnball £3 16s 2½d
David Curry £3 16s 2½d

The muster of the fourth company continued. Each of the following centinels drew £3 16s 0½d.
John Allis, £3 16s 0½d
Thomas Brower, £3 16s 0½d
John Bawden, £3 16s 0½d
George Bowden, £3 16s 0½d
Thomas Boseth, £3 16s 0½d
Edward Cocker, £3 16s 0½d
Isaac Day, £3 16s 0½d
Samuel Desfountain, £3 16s 0½d
Samuel Vale, £3 16s 0½d
Andrew Finyer, £3 16s 0½d
George French, £3 16s 0½d
Jonathan Godby, £3 16s 0½d
John Gilbert, £3 16s 0½d
James Green, £3 16s 0½d
James Hale, £3 16s 0½d
John Hayslop, £3 16s 0½d
Job Hamton, £3 16s 0½d
Philip Richman, £3 16s 0½d
William Hayes, £3 16s 0½d
George Hibbert, £3 16s 0½d
Thomas Laycock, £3 16s 0½d
Peter Lindsey, £3 16s 0½d
Moses Meanto, £3 16s 0½d
Duncan McLeon, £3 16s 0½d
Thomas Pinkerton, £3 16s 0½d
Edward Rickard, £3 16s 0½d
Amos Larsen, £3 16s 0½d
Daniel Sergeant, £3 16s 0½d
Thomas Skid, £3 16s 0½d
James Wakes, £3 16s 0½d
Timothy Sullivan, £3 16s 0½d
John Turnball, £3 16s 0½d
David Curry, £3 16s 0½d

332

330

Brought over L1762 14 9
Edwd Sim 3 16 1/2
John Thomson 3 16 1/2
John Sable 3 16 1/2
Tho Taylor 3 16 1/2
Jos Alfon 3 16 1/2
Benjn Williams 3 16 1/2
Wm Whittenham 3 16 1

Artillery Company
Tho Hale Master Gunner's Salary 22 16 3
Dr. Diet Money 6 16 10 1/2
29 13 1/2

Gunners Mates
Nathan Lamble Gunners Mate's Salary 11 8 1/2
Isaac Leech 9 2 6
Rog Newan 9 2 6
Jno Proshan from 1st Apl to 14th incl 14 days he died 1 8
Wm Turner 9 2 6
John Butchurck 9 2 6
Henr Paytor 9 2 6
John Pickingstalls 9 2 6
Chas McNeiley from 1st Apl to 14th incl 14 days Gunners Mate's Sal 1 1
Dr from 15th Apl incl as Gunners Mate 7 14 6
8 15 6
76 6 7 1/2

Quarter Gunners
John Wathey 6 16 10 1/2
John Watkins 6 16 10 1/2
Edwd Cullimore 6 16 10 1/2
Robt Vickers 6 16 10 1/2
Anthy Day 6 16 10 1/2
Adam Martson 6 16 10 1/2
Robt Billington from 1st Apl to 14 incl as Mate's Sal 1 1
Dr from 15th Apl incl as 1/4 Gunner 5 15 10 1/2
Jno Spencer from 3d Apl to 11th May incl the day he was entered as Mates Sal 1 17
Dr from 12th May incl as Gunner 3 15 4 1/2
5 12 4 1/2
53 3 6

Carried over L1762 14 9

The muster of the fourth company concluded, the sum brought over standing at £1,762 14s 9d.
Edward Sim £3 16s 0½d, John Thomson £3 16s 0½d, John Sable £3 16s 0½d, Thomas Taylor £3 16s 0½d, Joseph Alfon £3 16s 0½d, Benjamin Williams £3 16s 0½d, William Whittenham £3 16s 0½d
Artillery company. Thomas Hale, master gunner, salary £22 16s 3d, diet money £6 16s 10½d, £29 13s 1½d
Gunner's mates. Nathan Lamble, gunner's mate, salary £11 8s 0½d, Isaac Leech £9 2s 6d, Roger Newan £9 2s 6d, John Proshan, from 1 to 14 April, 14 days, died, £1s 8d, William Turner £9 2s 6d, John Butchurck £9 2s 6d, Henry Paytor £9 2s 6d, John Pickingstalls £9 2s 6d, Charles McNeiley, from 1 to 14 April, 14 days, as gunner's mate £1s 1d and from 15 April as gunner's mate £7 14s 6d, £8 15s 6d, total £76 6s 7½d
Quarter gunners. John Wathey £6 16s 10½d, John Watkins £6 16s 10½d, Edward Cullimore £6 16s 10½d, Robert Vickers £6 16s 10½d, Anthony Day £6 16s 10½d, Adam Martson £6 16s 10½d, Robert Billington, from 1 to 14 April as mate £1s 1d and from 15 April as quarter gunner £5 15s 10½d, John Spencer, from 3 April to 11 May, the day he was entered, as mate £1 17s 0d and from 12 May as gunner £3 15s 4½d, £5 12s 4½d, total £53 3s 6d
Carried over, £1,762 14s 9d

Interpretations

The artillery pay was augmented like the line companies, the master gunner now drawing the lieutenant's salary of £22 16s 3d and the mates £9 2s 6d. The split pay of McNeiley, Billington and Spencer, each drawn partly as mate and partly at another rank within the quarter, shows promotions caught mid-quarter and settled by charging each rank for its span of days.

333

331

Brought over £1762 14 9
Matroses
Edwd Allen £1 11s 3d
John Bradley £1 11s 3d
Jos h Bowcett £1 11s 3d
And w Barton from 1st Apl to 11th May incl as 2 d Gunner £3 11s 6d
Dr from 12th May as Matros £2 10s £5 11s 6d
John Lardey £1 11s 3d
David Eyles £1 11s 3d
W m Campbell £1 11s 3d
Phil p Hilliard £1 11s 3d
W m Hayes £1 11s 3d
Ja s Long £1 11s 3d
Rob t F Marshall £1 11s 3d
Tho s Mason £1 11s 3d
Rd Moyce £1 11s 3d
Adam Melbourne £1 11s 3d
John Pickens £1 11s 3d
W m Perry £1 11s 3d
Abram Ratcliff £1 11s 3d
John Smith £1 11s 3d
Tho s Watte from 13th Apl incl 7 days he was intertained £3 19s
87 1 9

Superannuated
Geo: H Cluney Armourer from the 1st April to the 8th incl the days he died at the Rate of 2s 2d..6d pr ann m £10 6s 1/2d
W m Burnham Sergeant £3 8s 3d
3 18 9 1/2
L 1853 15 3 1/2

The muster of the artillery company concluded, the sum brought over standing at £1,762 14s 9d.
Matrosses. Edward Allen £1 11s 3d, John Bradley £1 11s 3d, Joseph Bowcett £1 11s 3d, Andrew Barton, from 1 April to 11 May as second gunner £3 11s 6d and from 12 May as matross £2 10s 0d, £5 11s 6d, John Lardey £1 11s 3d, David Eyles £1 11s 3d, William Campbell £1 11s 3d, Philip Hilliard £1 11s 3d, William Hayes £1 11s 3d, James Long £1 11s 3d, Robert Marshall £1 11s 3d, Thomas Mason £1 11s 3d, Richard Moyce £1 11s 3d, Adam Melbourne £1 11s 3d, John Pickens £1 11s 3d, William Perry £1 11s 3d, Abram Ratcliff £1 11s 3d, John Smith £1 11s 3d, Thomas Watte, from 13 April, 7 days, entertained, £3 19s 0d, total £87 1s 9d
Superannuated. George Cluney, armourer, from 1 to 8 April, the day he died, £10 6s 0½d, William Burnham, sergeant, £3 8s 3d, £3 18s 9½d
Grand total, £1,853 15s 3½d

Interpretations

The grand total of £1,853 15s 3½d closed the whole quarter's augmented wage bill for the civil staff, four line companies and artillery together, a figure higher than the previous quarters' rolls owing to the raised officer and non-commissioned pay. The superannuated armourer George Cluney drew a pension only to 8 April, the day of his death, the last entry on the roll settling a worn-out servant's allowance to the day he died.

334

332

John Clarke Paymaster Dr

1752 June the 30 To Cash received from the Honble Companys Cash
Clerk L2011 11 1

Carried over L2011 11 1

John Clark, paymaster, opened his account for the June quarter as debtor. On 30 June 1752 he received from the Company's cash chest £2,011 11s 1d. Carried over, £2,011 11s 1d.

Interpretations

The paymaster drew the whole quarter's disbursements in one sum from the cash chest and then answered for their distribution, the sum exceeding the salary bill because it covered re-enlistment bounties and sundry purchases as well as wages. Charging the entire outlay to him as a debtor was the device by which the Company held one officer accountable for every payment of the quarter.

335

333

1752
April the 1 By Cash Paid John Spencer for Reliefe to serve the Honble East India 3 10 ..
Company Soldiers for five Years to commence from this day
By Do pr Capt Fernell for the following particulars for the use of
the Honble Company’s Soldrs Vizt
20 lb Raisons 1 ..
20 lb Currants
2 Firkins Butter
70 lb Cheese 3..10..6
10 lb Anchovas 10..6
2 Bottles Capers 8
8 0£ Flower of mustard 16..
11 11

7 26 By Do pr Capt Fermell for tend Vqent Truck, for the use of 3 9 ..
David Hunter Esq on his Passage to Beneoolen
May the 1 Do By Do pr Dan Leuenberg for one year the Honble Comp House in Great Wood 30 ..
pr Do pr Dan Sergeant for Relieving a French Powder Do 10 ..
3 Indig Compl labr’s Solders for 5 Years to commence from this day 10 ..
8 By Do pr Cha’s Montague for Do 10 ..
22 By Do pr Matthew Campbell for Do 10 ..
29 By Do pr Capt Fannon for 11 ll 12 D’dle of Bd 4 ll 6 D pr lb and for 2 11 2 1/2
the use of the Honble Comp Poultry Viz
June 11 By Do pr George Beale for Listing to serve the Honble Company
as a Soldier for five Years to commence from this day 5 ..
14 By Do pr Jno Carnichell for Do 1 1 ..
17 By Do pr Tho Boarer for Relieving Do 10 ..
25 By Do pr Arch’d Ponge for Listing Do 5 ..
26 By Do pr Roger Nevancom for Relieving Do 10 ..
30 By Do pr Jno Kitchen for Carp’ Work done in this Quarter 5 ..
By Do pr Saml Falcover Surg for 10 lb Rhubarb for the use of the Hospital 2 12 6
By Do pr Tho Oliver & Wm Thomson for Baking 92 Batch’s
Bread for the Garrison at 3 D pr Batch, in this Quarter 7 13 4
3 0 By Do pr Tho Segrave for the follow’g particulars for the use of the
Honble Comp in this Quarter Vizt 8 Haffens 1 12 ..
4 0£ Large pr lb - 12..
40 D’d small pr ll - 4..
10 D’d small 16..1
1 Load Salt pr lb 7..6 2 13 6
145 2 6 1/2
Carried over £145 2 6 1/2

The paymaster's account continued on the credit side, setting out the disbursements of the quarter.
On 1 April, by cash paid John Spencer for relief to serve the Company as a soldier for five years from that day, £3 10s 0d
By allowance to Captain Fennell for provisions for the use of the Company's soldiers, 20 lb raisins, 20 lb currants, 2 firkins butter, 70 lb cheese £3 10s 6d, 10 lb anchovies £10s 6d, 2 bottles capers, flower of mustard £16s 0d, total £11 11s 0d
On 7 April, by allowance to Captain Fennell for necessaries for the use of David Hunter on his passage to Bencoolen, £3 9s 0d
On 1 May, by allowance to Daniel Leuenberg for one year of the Company's house in Great Wood, £30 0s 0d
By allowance to Daniel Sergeant for re-enlisting to serve the Company as a soldier for five years from that day, £10 0s 0d
By allowance to Charles Montague for the same, £10 0s 0d
On 22 May, by allowance to Matthew Campbell for the same, £10 0s 0d
On 29 May, by allowance to Captain Fannon for bread for the use of the Company's poultry, £2 11s 2½d
On 11 June, by allowance to George Beale for enlisting to serve the Company as a soldier for five years from that day, £5 0s 0d
On 14 June, by allowance to John Carmichell for the same, £1 1s 0d
On 17 June, by allowance to Thomas Boarer for re-enlisting, £10 0s 0d
On 25 June, by allowance to Archibald Ponge for enlisting, £5 0s 0d
On 26 June, by allowance to Roger Newannon for re-enlisting, £10 0s 0d
On 30 June, by allowance to John Kitchen for carpenter's work done this quarter, £5 0s 0d
By allowance to Samuel Falconer, surgeon, for 10 lb rhubarb for the use of the hospital, £2 12s 6d
By allowance to Thomas Oliver and William Thomson for baking 92 batches of bread for the garrison at 3d the batch this quarter, £7 13s 4d
By allowance to Thomas Segrave for sundry provisions for the use of the Company this quarter, 8 haffens and other items, £2 13s 6d
Carried over, £145 2s 6½d

Interpretations

The bounties again dominated the quarter's payments, a fresh enlistment drawing £5 while a re-enlistment drew £10, the doubled sum rewarding a man who renewed rather than newly joined. The purchases of rhubarb for the hospital, bread for the poultry and provisions for the table show the paymaster's account carrying the whole range of the island's small wants alongside the soldiers' pay.

336

334

1752
June the 30

John Clarke Paymaster Dr

Brought over L 2011 11 1

L 2011 11 1

Ilande St
th 30 June

Errors
p John Clarke

The paymaster's debtor account carried its balance forward. John Clark, paymaster, brought over £2,011 11s 1d on 30 June 1752, standing at £2,011 11s 1d. The account was subscribed for the island of St Helena on 30 June 1752, errors excepted, by John Clark.

337

335

Brought over L 145 2 6 1/2
June the 30 By Cash paid R Bagley for 3 1/2 Bush Potatoes @ 3/6 Bush & 600 Lemons @ 2/6 100 for the use of the Honble Compy Table this Quarter 1 8 3
“ By Do pr R Bagley for ten Bush Potatoes @ 3/ Bush & 800 Peaches @ 5/ 100 for the use of Do Hunton Esqr in this Quarter 2 16 -
“ By Do pr E WT Davis for 200 Apples @ 8/ 100 for the use of the Honble Company Table in this Quarter 1 16 -
“ By Do pr Roger Newsom for making a Flag for Bankes Saln in this Quarter 3 10 -
“ By Do pr Isaac Leech for making a Flag for Sandy Bay & a Pendant for Munden Point, & two days Work in this Quarter 1 3 -
“ By Do pr the Pinnace Men their Allowance for Rowing in the Pinnace, in this Quarter 2 10 -
“ By Do pr Sunday Persons for coming express with Accounts of Ships to Windward in this Quarter 3 10 -
“ By Do pr the Honble Company Officers, Servants their Salarys & Diett Money &c for the Quarter commencing April the 1st & ending June the 30th 1752 1853 15 3 1/2
L 2011 11 1
St Helena
1752
C Exceptor
Paymaster
Counted and examined the Honble Companys
Cash for the Month of June last, which is as follows vizt

The paymaster's credit account concluded, the sum brought over standing at £145 2s 6½d.

On 30 June, by cash paid Richard Bagley for 3½ bushels potatoes at 3s 6d the bushel and 600 lemons at 2s 6d the hundred for the use of the Company's table this quarter, £1 8s 3d

By allowance to Richard Bagley for 10 bushels potatoes at 3s the bushel and 800 peaches at 5s the hundred for the use of David Hunter this quarter, £2 16s 0d
By allowance to William Davis for 200 apples at 8s the hundred for the use of the Company's table this quarter, £1 16s 0d
By allowance to Roger Newsom for making a flag for Banks's platform this quarter, £3 10s 0d
By allowance to Isaac Leech for making a flag for Sandy Bay and a pendant for Munden Point and two days' work this quarter, £1 3s 0d
By allowance to the pinnace men for rowing in the pinnace this quarter, £2 10s 0d
By allowance to sundry persons for coming express with accounts of ships to windward this quarter, £3 10s 0d
By allowance to the Company's officers and servants for their salaries and diet money for the quarter from 1 April 1752 to 30 June 1752, £1,853 15s 3½d
Total, £2,011 11s 1d

The account was subscribed at St Helena in 1752, errors excepted, by the paymaster. The Council then counted and examined the Company's cash for June 1752.

Interpretations

The single large credit of £1,853 15s 3½d for salaries reconciles the paymaster's account to the quarter's muster and salary roll, closing the loop between the sum he drew and the wages he paid. The making of flags for the island's batteries and a pendant for Munden Point shows the Company maintaining the signals of its coastal defences, the fort's ensigns renewed as a regular charge on the quarter.

338

336

1752
June the 7th
Cash
Dr

To Balance remaining L 5738 6 1/2
4 To Robt Mewcock decd received of his executors being
the Balance of their Acct current with his estate 47 11 1/2
To Nicholas Cleather decd recd from his Executors
Attornys here 105 5 1
9 To Ship Kingsbury the Balance of her Account 220 7 -
18 To Ship Duke of York the Balance of her Account 8 1 -
To Ship Eastcott the Balance of her Account 7 5 -
22 To Exchange for one Sett of Bills drawn on the Honble
the Court of Directors payable to Mr James Fowler
& Martin Harper 60 days after Sight dated this day 26 - -
24 To Ship Warwick the Balance of her Account 12 11 11
30 To Matthew Curling for Horse Gurr & Pain in the
Months of April May & June 126 5 4
To Licence recd for 9 Publick Houses 13 10 -
To Plantation for Provisions sold at Market in
the Quarter 7 7 10

L 7482 9 5

The Company's cash account for the quarter ending 30 June 1752 opened with the sums received.
On 7 June, balance remaining, £5,738 6s 0½d
By the late Robert Mewcock, received of his executors, the balance of their account with his estate, £47 11s 0½d
By the late Nicholas Cleather, received from his executors' attorney, £105 5s 0d
On 9 June, by the ship Kingsbury, the balance of her account, £220 7s 0d
On 18 June, by the ship Duke of York, the balance of her account, £8 1s 0d
By the ship Eastcourt, the balance of her account, £7 5s 0d

On 22 June, by exchange for a set of bills drawn on the Court of Directors payable to James Fowler and Martin Harper 60 days after sight, dated that day, £26 0s 0d
On 24 June, by the ship Warwick, the balance of her account, £12 11s 11d
On 30 June, by Matthew Curling for horse hire in April, May and June, £126 5s 4d
By licence received for 9 public houses, £13 10s 0d
By plantation for provisions sold at market in the quarter, £7 7s 10d
Total, £7,482 9s 5d

Interpretations

The receipts gathered the balances of several departing ships' accounts, the recovery of two dead men's estates and the standing revenues of licence and market into a single cash. The fall in the public-house licence from ten houses to nine shows the Council adjusting the number of licensed houses from quarter to quarter as the trade required.

339

337

Per Contry. D Cr
1752
June the 8
By Exchange for a sett of Bills drawn on Wm Raymond Esq.
payable to the Honble Court of Directors one Month after sight L 50 ..
dated this day
30
By Sundry Accounts advanced the Paymaster this Quarter 2011 11 1
By Ballances remaning in the following species Vizt
for Gold Wts 11.15.14.12 L 3.18.3 L 46 1 8 1/2
Afro Do 3.9.12 3.18 13 11 1/2
70 Venchano O 10/ 35 ..
12 Rupies O 30/ 18 ..
6400 Pagodas 8/ 2560 ..
Gold Amounting to L 2672 12 9
7821 Dollars at – C 5/ 1955 5 .
1517 Rials 1 1/2 17 8 1/2
12948 half Rials 13 1/2 202 6 3
441 French Pieces 1/2 3 13 6
P.C. Money 28 1/2
Silver Amounting to L 2208 15 7
116 Cash Notes @ 40/ 292 ..
162 Do 20/ 162 ..
262 Do 5/ 65 10 .
160 Do 2/6 20 ..
Cash Notes Amounting to L 539 10 .
5120 18 4
L 7482 9 5

Received of Roger Newannon the Sum of five
Pounds, in part of his Debtt due to the Estate of the late Governor
Goodwin Deceased.

The cash account continued on the credit side, showing the disbursement and the balance remaining on 30 June 1752 in the following species. The coin headings were partly abbreviated in the source and are supplied here as weight and value.

On 8 June, by exchange for a set of bills drawn on William Raymond payable to the Court of Directors one month after sight, dated that day, £50 0s 0d
On 30 June, by sundry accounts advanced to the paymaster this quarter, £2,011 11s 1d
1 gold, weight 11-15-14-12, at £3 18s 3d, £46 1s 8½d
1 gold, 3-9-12, at 3-18, £13 11s 0½d
70 Venetians at 10, £35 0s 0d
12 rupees at 30, £18 0s 0d
6,400 pagodas at 8, £2,560 0s 0d
Gold amounting to £2,672 12s 9d
7,821 dollars at 5, £1,955 5s 0d
1,517 rials at 1s 7½d, £47 8s 0½d
12,948 half rials at 3¾d, £202 6s 3d
441 French pieces at 1s 2d, £3 13s 6d
Other money, £28s 0½d
Silver amounting to £2,208 15s 7d
146 cash notes at 40, £292 0s 0d
162 cash notes at 20, £162 0s 0d
262 cash notes at 5, £65 10s 0d
160 cash notes at 2s 6d, £20 0s 0d
Cash notes amounting to £539 10s 0d
Balance total, £5,120 18s 4d
Total, £7,482 9s 5d
The Council received of Roger Newannon £5 0s 0d in part of his debt due to the estate of the late Governor Goodwin.

Speculations

The stated subtotals for gold, silver and cash notes and the balance total do not all add together as the figures stand, and several coin lines cannot be squared against their stated rates. The account was carried as written without arithmetical correction, so the discrepancy is recorded but not resolved.

340

338

1752
Jn the 20

Mrr Thomas Greentree Presented the following
Petition Vizt

To the Worshipfull Charles Hutchinson Esq
Govr & Councill

Sheweth

That your Petitioner holds Thirty five Acres and an
half of Land by Lease from the Honble Company during the
lives of your Petitioner his Wife & his Brother Richard Greentree
and the longest liver of them Renewable on the Death of
either the said Nominees.

That your Petitioners said Brother Richard is Dead.
Your petitioner therefore humbly prays that the Name
of Samuel Overton may be inserted in your petitioners
Lease in the place of the said Richd Greentree Deceased
And your Petitioner shall ever pray
(Signed)
Thomas Greentree

Jn
20 July 1752

Granted

Charls Hutchinson
John Clark

The Governor and Council, on 20 July 1752, received a petition from Thomas Greentree addressed to the Governor and Council. He set out that he held 35½ acres of land by lease from the Company during the lives of himself, his wife and his brother Richard Greentree and the longest liver of them, renewable on the death of either nominee. His brother Richard being dead, he asked that the name of Samuel Overton be inserted in his lease in place of the late Richard Greentree. The Council granted the request, dated 20 July 1752. The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson and John Clark.

Interpretations

Greentree's petition shows the island's lease-for-lives tenure, a holding granted for the lifetimes of named persons and renewable by inserting a fresh life when one of the nominees died. Replacing a dead brother's name with a new life kept the lease running, the tenant paying a fine to the Company for the privilege of the renewal.

341

339

A Consultation held on Monday the 27th day of July 1752
at the Castle
Present Charles Hutchinson Esq Governor
Lieutenant John Clark of Council
The last Consultation was read, approved, and signed, dated
the 20th July 1752.
Saturday the 25 Dec Daniel Langton Soldier
The Accomptant this day brought in his Journals,
Parcels, for the Quarter Ending the 30th June last, which were examined
and Approved, and Ordered to be Enterd
We Passed the renewal of a new Lease to Mr Thos Greentree
in two Leases by inserting the Name of Samuel Doveton in the room
of Richard Greentree Decd and received the usual Fine for the same,
Amounting to L6..17..3.
Major Jackson Soldier Petitions for his
Discharge from the Garrison, having served the Honourable
Company his contracted time
Granted
The Reverend Mr Wm Lee Chaplain having acquainted
the Governor on Saturday Night last, that he was informed that Artochocke,
a Black Man Slave of the Honble Company, had committed Bawdy
with a Black Bitch belonging to Lieutenant Beale, the said Artochocke
was this day brought before us, and being asked whether he was Guilty
of the Fact or not, said he was not Guilty.
Whereupon Thos Farrow Soldier being then duly Sworn
Deposeth that he saw Artochocke a Slave Man belonging to the
Honble Company on Thursday night last, between the Hours of nine
& ten come into a Room that he had just left, the Black Bitch
belonging

The Governor and Council met in consultation at the Castle on 27 July 1752. Governor Charles Hutchinson presided, with Lieutenant John Clark of the Council present. The Council read the previous consultation of 20 July 1752, then approved and signed it. Daniel Langton, a soldier, had died on Saturday 25 July 1752. The accountant brought in his journals and parcels for the quarter ending 30 June 1752, which the Council examined and approved and ordered to be entered. The Council passed the renewal of a lease to Thomas Greentree by inserting the name of Samuel Doveton in the room of the late Richard Greentree and received the usual fine of £6 17s 3d. Major Jackson, a soldier, petitioned for his discharge, having served the Company his contracted time, which the Council granted. The Reverend William Lee, chaplain, having informed the Governor that Artichoke, a Black man slave of the Company, had committed an unnatural act with a bitch belonging to Lieutenant Beale, Artichoke was brought before the Council and, asked whether he was guilty, said he was not. Thomas Farrow, a soldier, being sworn, deposed that he saw Artichoke, a slave belonging to the Company, on Thursday night between nine and ten o'clock come into a room he had just left, the bitch belonging to Lieutenant Beale following him.

Interpretations

The case shows the Council sitting as a criminal court over one of the Company's own slaves, the chaplain laying the information and the board taking sworn evidence before it. The prosecution of the man for an act with an animal shows the law of the period treating such conduct as a grave offence to be tried and punished by the island's government.

342

340

Belonging to Lieut. Beale following him, where he the Deponent
saw the said Artichoke throw the Bitch upon her Back, and
stamped upon the Floor, upon which the Bitch lay still, and
although it was Dark, he the Deponent saith he was near
enough to see the said Artichoke let down his Breeches, and
laid himself upon the Bitch, and had Carnal knowledge of her.
The next Morning this Deponent further saith he took the
said Artichoke, to the Place where he was him the Night before,
and asked him if he was not ashamed of such Actions, which
the said Fellow then owned. He expressed a great concern, said that
it was his own Foolishness, upon which the Deponent saith,
he told the said Slave, that if he was in England he would be
Hanged, and Burnt, to which the said Artichoke then replyed
longing, that he should be Burnt, and thrown into the Fire, Referring
to kiss the Deponents Feet, desired him never to speak of it.

Roger Wellman Soldier being likewise duly
Sworn, Deposeth that Thomas Farrow told him on Friday
Morning last, of the above Transaction, I desired he would go with
him to the fellow Artichoke, which he did, upon his shaming
of him, I asking of him what he thought he Deserved. He
then owned the whole Fact. I said he did lay with the Bitch
I cryed, I intreated him likewise not to speak of it.

It appearing to us that the Fact is sufficiently
proved by the foregoing Evidence, We ordered the said Artichoke
to be severely & publicly whipped, and the Bitch to be Drowned

Chas. Hutchinson
John Clark

The deposition in the Artichoke case continued. Thomas Farrow, the deponent, further deposed that the bitch belonging to Lieutenant Beale followed the man into the room, where he saw Artichoke throw the animal onto her back and stamp on the floor, upon which she lay still. Though it was dark, the deponent said he was near enough to see the man let down his breeches and lie upon the animal and have carnal knowledge of her. The next morning the deponent took the man to the place and asked if he was not ashamed of such actions, which he owned, expressing great concern and saying it was his own foolishness. Roger Wellman, a soldier, being sworn, deposed that Farrow had told him of the matter on Friday morning, that they went together to the man, and that on being shamed and asked what he thought he deserved, he owned the whole fact. It appearing to the Council that the fact was sufficiently proved by the evidence, the Council ordered the man to be severely and publicly whipped and the animal to be drowned. The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson and John Clark.

Interpretations

The board convicted the slave on the sworn testimony of two soldiers and his own admission, ordering a severe public whipping as the punishment. The public nature of the whipping shows the penalty meant as a deterrent to the wider population as much as a punishment of the man, the offence and its answer set before the whole settlement.

Speculations

The record notes that the man was told he would be hanged and burnt were he in England, yet the Council ordered only a whipping. The lesser penalty perhaps reflected the man's value as the Company's property, a dead slave being a loss to the Company where a living one whipped could still labour, so the punishment stopped short of the capital sentence the law at home would have imposed.

343

341

At a Consultation held on Monday the 3d day of August 1752
at the Castle
Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governor
Lieutenant John Clark of Council
The last Consultation was read, approved, and signed, dated the 27th
July 1752
The Failure of Rains for some Time past, having been
the cause, that several Cattle have already died, for Want of Fodder to
support them; and many more being now like to perish from the same
Misfortune, the Governor proposed to have an Advertisment published
requiring the Planters to send a signed Account to the Secretary on or
before Monday next, of what Cattle any of them have lost by
Death, since the 1st of January to the 31st of July last, and to
transmit a Return at the End of every Month of such their Losses,
while the Drought continue
To which Proposal Lieutenant Clark agreed
Chas Hutchinson
John Clark

The Governor and Council met in consultation at the Castle on 3 August 1752. Governor Charles Hutchinson presided, with Lieutenant John Clark of the Council present. The Council read the previous consultation of 27 July 1752, then approved and signed it. The failure of rains for some time past having caused several cattle to die for want of fodder, and many more being now likely to perish, the Governor proposed an advertisement requiring the planters to send a signed account to the secretary on or before the following Monday of what cattle they had lost by death from 1 January to 31 July 1752, and to transmit a return at the end of every month of such losses while the drought continued. Lieutenant Clark agreed to the proposal. The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson and John Clark.

Interpretations

The order to record every beast lost shows the Council tracking the toll of a drought on the island's livestock, the monthly returns meant to measure a growing scarcity of fodder and meat. Gathering the losses from every planter gave the board a running account of the disaster as it unfolded, the information on which any relief or rationing would depend.

Speculations

The drought here recorded, falling in July and August, marks the depth of St Helena's dry season in the southern winter, when the island's pastures failed and its cattle starved for want of grass. The Council's resort to a monthly census rather than any direct relief suggests it had no store of fodder to supply, so measuring the loss was the only step within its power while the drought held.

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342

10 August

At a Consultation held on Monday the 10 day of August

1752 at the Castle

Present Charles Hutchinson Esq Governor

Lieutenant John Clark of Council

The last Consultation was read approved and Signed

dated the 3 August 1752

Sheweday the 6 Arrived the Florets Company Ship Prince Henry from

Bombay

The Plantation Gunners and Stewards Accounts for

the Month of July last were this day brought in which were

Examined and Approved and are as follows Viz.t

Sundrys Expended at the Hon.ble Company's General

Table in the Month of July 1752 Viz.t

10 Bottles Port Wine

6 15

30 D.o Lisbon

2 5

6 D.o Madeira

13 9

84 D.o Arrack

2 10 6

34 D.o Beer

8 6

284 Flour

1 18 5 1/2

130 Mutton

2 15 2

146 Goat

2 8 8

120 p.r Pork

3 1 1/2

14 Fowls

1 1

5 Ducks

7 6

4 p.r Salt Beef

7 1/2

11 p.r Salt Pork

2

120 Candy

1 7 6

29 1/2 Butter

1 9 6

£ 22 12 11

Accounts

At a consultation held on Monday 10 August 1732 at the castle. Present, Charles Hutchinson, Governor, and Lieutenant John Clark, of the council.

The record of the earlier consultation was read, approved and signed, dated 3 August 1732.

On Saturday 6 August the Honourable Company's ship Prince Henry arrived from Bombay.

The plantation, gunner's and steward's accounts for the month of July last were brought in this day. The council examined and approved them, and they were as follows.

An account of sundries expended at the Honourable Company's general table in the month of July 1732.

10 bottles port wine, £0 6s 15d

30 bottles Lisbon, £2 5s 0d

6 bottles Madeira, £0 13s 9d

84 bottles arrack, £2 10s 6d

34 lb beef, £0 8s 6d

284 lb flour, £1 18s 5½d

150 lb mutton, £2 18s 2d

146 lb goat, £2 8s 3d

120 lb pork, £3 0s 1½d

14 fowls, £1 1s 2d

5 ducks, £0 7s 6d

4 pieces salt beef, £0 11s 0d

14 pieces salt pork, £0 1s 2d

120 lb candy, £1 7s 6d

29½ lb butter, £1 9s 6d

Total, £22 12s 11d

Interpretations

The consultation opened with the routine confirmation of the previous meeting's record, the standing procedure giving each sitting legal force before new business began. Only the Governor and a single councillor attended, the working minimum for the council to approve the monthly accounts. The arrival of the Prince Henry from Bombay was noted as material to the island's affairs, a homeward East Indiaman calling to revictual on the passage from western India, the kind of ship whose provisioning was the settlement's central purpose.

The general table account for July repeats the pattern of the earlier months, the provisions consumed at the Governor's table where the Company's officers and visiting ships' officers dined at its charge. Goat and mutton appear as substantial meat lines beside the beef and pork, and the quantity of wine and arrack reflects the hospitality expected of the establishment. The steady form of these monthly returns, wine, spirits, fresh and salt meat, flour, candy and butter, shows the table provisioned consistently above the plain rations issued to the garrison.

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343

Account of the Honourable Company's Stock of Neat Cattle &c for the Month of July 1752

Bulls, Cows, Calves, Yearlings, Heifers, Steers, Bullocks, Oxen, Total, Ewes, Weathers, Lambs, Rams, Total, Ewes, Weathers, Kids, Rams, Total, Sows, Shoats, Pigs, Boars, Total, Turkeys, Fowls, Ducks, Geese, Horse, Mares, Total

Rem.g 1.st & Increased: Bulls 4, Cows 74, Calves 64, Yearlings 14, Heifers 19, Steers 5, Bullocks 3, Oxen 8, Total 191, Ewes 136, Weathers 43, Lambs 85, Rams 6, Total 270, Ewes 131, Weathers 28, Kids 36, Rams 5, Total 200, Sows 6, Shoats 10, Pigs 13, Boars 1, Total 30, Turkeys 14, Fowls 126, Ducks 17, Geese 16, Horse 6, Mares 4, Total 10

Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 10, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Bullocks 0, Oxen 0, Total 10, Ewes 0, Weathers 0, Lambs 9, Rams 0, Total 9, Ewes 0, Weathers 0, Kids 3, Rams 0, Total 3, Sows 0, Shoats 0, Pigs 11, Boars 0, Total 11, Turkeys 0, Fowls 30, Ducks 0, Geese 5, Horse 0, Mares 1, Total 0

Bulls 4, Cows 74, Calves 74, Yearlings 14, Heifers 19, Steers 5, Bullocks 3, Oxen 8, Total 201, Ewes 136, Weathers 43, Lambs 94, Rams 6, Total 279, Ewes 131, Weathers 28, Kids 39, Rams 5, Total 203, Sows 6, Shoats 10, Pigs 24, Boars 1, Total 41, Turkeys 14, Fowls 156, Ducks 17, Geese 21, Horse 6, Mares 5, Total 11

Killed: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 0, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Bullocks 0, Oxen 0, Total 0, Ewes 0, Weathers 0, Lambs 4, Rams 0, Total 4, Ewes 4, Weathers 9, Kids 0, Rams 0, Total 13, Sows 0, Shoats 3, Pigs 0, Boars 0, Total 3, Turkeys 0, Fowls 14, Ducks 5, Geese 0, Horse 0, Mares 0, Total 0

Died: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 1, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Bullocks 0, Oxen 0, Total 1, Ewes 1, Weathers 1, Lambs 0, Rams 0, Total 2, Ewes 1, Weathers 0, Kids 0, Rams 0, Total 1, Sows 0, Shoats 2, Pigs 0, Boars 0, Total 2, Turkeys 2, Fowls 5, Ducks 0, Geese 0, Horse 0, Mares 0, Total 0

Rem.g 31: Bulls 4, Cows 74, Calves 74, Yearlings 13, Heifers 19, Steers 5, Bullocks 3, Oxen 8, Total 200, Ewes 136, Weathers 38, Lambs 93, Rams 6, Total 273, Ewes 126, Weathers 19, Kids 39, Rams 5, Total 189, Sows 6, Shoats 7, Pigs 22, Boars 1, Total 36, Turkeys 12, Fowls 137, Ducks 12, Geese 21, Horse 6, Mares 5, Total 11

4 Goats to the Sick Slaves

Yams Expended

35000

(Signed)

Richard Gurling

Margin Notes:

1752

An account of the Honourable Company's stock of neat cattle and other livestock for the month of July 1732.

Neat cattle, remaining 1 July: 4 bulls, 74 cows, 64 calves, 14 yearlings, 19 heifers, 5 steers, 3 bullocks, 8 oxen, total 191

Sheep, remaining 1 July: 136 ewes, 43 wethers, 85 lambs, 6 rams, total 270

Goats, remaining 1 July: 131 does, 28 wethers, 36 kids, 5 rams, total 200

Hogs, remaining 1 July: 6 sows, 10 shoats, 13 pigs, 1 boar, total 30

Poultry, remaining 1 July: 14 turkeys, 126 fowls, 17 ducks, 16 geese

Horses, remaining 1 July: 6 horses, 4 mares, total 10

Increased, neat cattle: 10 calves, total 10

Increased, sheep: 9 lambs, total 9

Increased, goats: 3 kids, total 3

Increased, hogs: 11 pigs, total 11

Increased, poultry: 30 fowls, 5 geese

Increased, horses: 1 horse

Neat cattle after increase: 4 bulls, 74 cows, 74 calves, 14 yearlings, 19 heifers, 5 steers, 3 bullocks, 8 oxen, total 201

Sheep after increase: 136 ewes, 43 wethers, 94 lambs, 6 rams, total 279

Goats after increase: 131 does, 28 wethers, 39 kids, 5 rams, total 203

Hogs after increase: 6 sows, 10 shoats, 24 pigs, 1 boar, total 41

Poultry after increase: 14 turkeys, 156 fowls, 17 ducks, 21 geese

Horses after increase: 6 horses, 5 mares, total 11

Killed, sheep: 4 wethers, total 4

Killed, goats: 4 does, 9 wethers, total 13

Killed, hogs: 3 shoats, total 3

Killed, poultry: 14 fowls, 5 ducks

Died, neat cattle: 1 calf, total 1

Died, sheep: 1 lamb, 1 ram, total 2

Died, goats: 1 doe, total 1

Died, hogs: 2 pigs, total 2

Died, poultry: 2 fowls, 5 ducks

Neat cattle, remaining 31 July: 4 bulls, 74 cows, 74 calves, 13 yearlings, 19 heifers, 5 steers, 3 bullocks, 8 oxen, total 200

Sheep, remaining 31 July: 136 ewes, 38 wethers, 93 lambs, 6 rams, total 273

Goats, remaining 31 July: 126 does, 19 wethers, 39 kids, 5 rams, total 189

Hogs, remaining 31 July: 6 sows, 7 shoats, 22 pigs, 1 boar, total 36

Poultry, remaining 31 July: 12 turkeys, 137 fowls, 12 ducks, 21 geese

Horses, remaining 31 July: 6 horses, 5 mares, total 11

4 goats to the sick slaves

Yams expended, 35,000

Signed, Richard Gurling.

Interpretations

The July muster shows a second wave of increase, ten calves and eleven pigs born in the month, the herds recovering their numbers after the heavy spring slaughter. No beef was shipped to the fleet this month, a marked break from April, May and June when named East Indiamen took standard parcels of 560 pounds each. The absence of beef to any ship points to a quieter interval in the road, with the July arrivals either not yet victualling or the Prince Henry from Bombay having come in only at the start of August, after this account closed.

The four goats issued to the sick slaves show a specific provision for those unable to work, meat set aside for the infirm among the labour force rather than the general ration. This targeted issue, distinct from the routine two goats to the slaves of earlier months, suggests illness among the workers that quarter, the Company furnishing extra meat to the sick as a matter of keeping its labour force alive and able to recover. The rising yam expenditure, 35,000 this month against 29,000 in April, tracked the growing stock and the mouths it fed.

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344

10 August

Gunners Stores Expended in July 1752

Guns, 4 p.rs, 3 p.rs, 2 p.rs, Powder Expended lb oz

4 A Double Alarm for three Ships that went by: Guns 11, 4 p.rs 4, 3 p.rs 4, 2 p.rs 3, Powder Expended 23

D.o Powder for Priming: Guns 0, 4 p.rs 0, 3 p.rs 0, 2 p.rs 0, Powder Expended 1 8

7 Fired at Ruperts for practice & for Priming: Guns 6, 4 p.rs 6, 3 p.rs 0, 2 p.rs 0, Powder Expended 12 6

13 Fired at Ruperts for Practice & for Priming: Guns 6, 4 p.rs 6, 3 p.rs 0, 2 p.rs 0, Powder Expended 12 6

15 Powder to Scaling the Guns at Turks Cap: Guns 0, 4 p.rs 0, 3 p.rs 0, 2 p.rs 0, Powder Expended 10 8

16 Fired at Ruperts for practice & for Priming: Guns 6, 4 p.rs 6, 3 p.rs 0, 2 p.rs 0, Powder Expended 12 6

20 Fired at Ruperts for Practice & for Priming: Guns 6, 4 p.rs 6, 3 p.rs 0, 2 p.rs 0, Powder Expended 12 6

Powder for the Funeral of John Smith: Guns 0, 4 p.rs 0, 3 p.rs 0, 2 p.rs 0, Powder Expended 2 4

D.o for the Funeral of Daniel Langton: Guns 0, 4 p.rs 0, 3 p.rs 0, 2 p.rs 0, Powder Expended 2 4

Total: Guns 35, 4 p.rs 28, 3 p.rs 4, 2 p.rs 3, Powder Expended 89

Paper for the use of the Castle

1 Quire

Spunge Staves for Trunnels for the Crane

2

D.o for a Spell Helve for the Baker

1

Wooden Trucks for making Wheel Barrow Wheels

3

Handspikes broke at Prosperous Bay

1

Carriages worn out Unserviceable at D.o D.o

1

Carriages belonging to the West Flying Party unserviceable

2

Wooden Truckle at D.o

6

Spunge Staves at D.o

6

Spunge Heads at D.o

6

Rammer Heads at D.o

6

Tallow for Greasing the Gun Carriages at the several Forts

23

(Signed)

Thomas Holly

The Executors of the last Will and Testament of

Christopherus Gurling this day presented an Inventory of his Estate

appraised by Mess.rs Fran.s Wrangham Sen.r and Rich.d Bagley

who being Sworn that they Valued the same to the best of

their Judgment, it was Ordered to be Entered in the Books for

that purpose

An account of the gunner's stores expended in July 1732, the columns recording guns fired, and the powder used given in pounds, quarters and ounces, with a final column for powder expended.

4th, a double alarm for three ships that went by: 11 guns, 1 qr 4 lb 4 [...] 3, 23 lb expended

Ditto, powder for priming: 1 lb 8 oz expended

7th, fired at Prosperous Bay for practice and for priming: 6 guns, 6 lb powder, 12 lb 6 oz expended

13th, fired at Prosperous Bay for practice and for priming: 6 guns, 6 lb powder, 12 lb 6 oz expended

15th, powder for scaling the guns at Turks Cap: 10 lb 8 oz expended

16th, fired at Prosperous Bay for practice and for priming: 6 guns, 6 lb powder, 12 lb 6 oz expended

20th, fired at Prosperous Bay for practice and for priming: 6 guns, 6 lb powder, 12 lb 6 oz expended

Powder for the funeral of John Smith: 2 lb 4 oz expended

Ditto for the funeral of Daniel Langton: 2 lb 4 oz expended

Total: 35 guns, 2 [...] 4 [...] 3, 89 lb expended

Paper for the use of the castle: 2 quires

Sponge staves for sponges for the guns: 2

Ditto for rammer heads for ditto: 1

Wooden trucks for making wheelbarrow wheels: 3

Handspikes broke at Prosperous Bay: 1

Carriages worn out and unserviceable, ditto: 1

Carriages belonging to the west flying party, unserviceable: 2

Worm sockets, ditto: 6

Sponge staves, ditto: 6

Sponge heads, ditto: 6

Rammer heads, ditto: 6

Tallow for greasing the gun carriages at the mount, ditto: 23 lb

Signed by the captain, Thomas Holly.

The executors of the last will and testament of Christopher Gurling this day presented an inventory of his estate, appraised by Francis Wrangham junior and Richard Bagley. Both were sworn that they valued the estate to the best of their judgment, and the council ordered the inventory entered in the books for that purpose.

Interpretations

The July firing was given over almost wholly to practice at Prosperous Bay rather than salutes, the gunners exercising the battery there repeatedly through the month. Scaling the guns at Turks Cap meant firing a light charge to clean out the bore of rust and fouling, a maintenance measure that cleared the barrel before proper service. With no ships saluted, the powder went to keeping the guns and their crews in working order, the drill and cleaning that a well-run battery required.

The lower section listed carriages and gun tools worn out or broken, several belonging to the west flying party whose mobile guns had been exercised hard. A worm socket held the corkscrew iron used to draw a charge, and tallow was issued to grease the gun carriages, the rendered animal fat reducing friction on the wooden trucks and traversing gear. Powder for the funerals of John Smith and Daniel Langton marked their burial with gun salutes, Smith being the man recorded as breaking his leg in the previous quarter's plantation account.

The executors of Christopher Gurling presented an inventory of his estate to be entered in the council's books, the standard step in proving a will on the island. Two appraisers valued the goods on oath, the sworn valuation giving the inventory legal standing for the settlement of the estate. Gurling shared the surname of Richard Gurling, who signed the livestock accounts, suggesting a family connection among the island's officers.

347

345

Mr Orlando Bagley presented the following Petition Vizt
To the Worshipful Charles Hutchinson Esqr Govr
&c Council.
The Humble Petition of Orlando Bagley
Sheweth
That there is a parcel of the Honourable Companys waste
Land in the West Division of this Island that lyes very convenient
for your Petitioner.
Your Petitioner therefore humbly prays that your Worship
and Councils will be pleased to accept of him
Tenant for the same
And your Petitioner shall ever pray
(signed)
Orlando Bagley
10 August 1752
Ordered the said Land to be Leased.
Sergeant Gabriel Jacke, Native of this Island
applied for his Discharge from the Garrison, having served the
Honourable Company his Contracted time
Granted
Sergeant George Master having served the Honble
Company seven Years & nine Months, likewise applyed for his
Discharge from the Garrison, & leave to go to England in the Ship
Prince Henry
Granted
The Prince Henry brought in the following Supply
from Bombay Vizt

Orlando Bagley presented a petition addressed to the Governor and Council. He set out that a parcel of the Company's waste land in the West division lay very convenient for him, and asked that the Council accept him as tenant for it. The Council ordered the land leased. Sergeant Gabriel Jacke, a native of the island, applied for his discharge, having served the Company his contracted time, which the Council granted. Sergeant George Master, having served the Company seven years and nine months, applied for his discharge and leave to go to England in the Prince Henry, which the Council granted. The Prince Henry had brought the following supply from Bombay.

Interpretations

The leasing of waste land to a petitioner shows the Company bringing unused ground into tenancy, granting the unimproved land at a tenant's request rather than letting it lie idle. The discharge of two sergeants at the end of their terms, one an island native and one bound for England, shows the varied destinies of the garrison's time-served men, some settling on the island and some returning home.

348

346

Invoice of Ship Prince Henry
Batty 181 Baggs Do Baggs 9 Do Taraches do 3.21 Rs 28½ Pm 96
Rice Beaten 22 Baggs and 150 Pm do 3..50 Pm 131 1
Charges on Merchandize Vizt.
Gunn Baggs 6 for double Baggs to Batty at 1.1½ Rs 20.1.60
Do 40 ex: making Rice Baggs Do 8.2.-
Dutty Baggs 22 for Rice @ 3½ Pm 16.2.-
Twine N 1 for sewing Baggs do 2.89
Labour employd in shipping off 1.1.60
Hammelage 2 Boate hire – 3.-
Errors Excepted
pr George Scott Accomptant

Lieutenant John Clark reports that he has
been on board the Ship Prince Henry to Muster her Company
and Enquire for Deserters, but found none, the Muster Roll
is as follows Vizt.

Muster Roll of Ship Prince Henry
Tho: Best Commander
John Hawes P Master
Jo: Cheesbrough 2 Do
Chas: Algier 3 Do
Wm Purcell 4 Do
Wm Haselton 5 Do
Wm Papworth 6 Do
Bailey Green Surgeon
Jn Simson Boatswain
Rob. Willson Carpenter
Henry Dean Gunr
Jo: Boys Midshipman
Thos: Green Do
Wm Ballantine Do
Rob. Moor Midshipman
Jn Gommer Sail: Decker
Aron Martin Do
Tho: Seaman Do
Dunell Lewis Do
Isaac Decken Do
Hen. Prodham Do
Alex. Brown Do
Jn Lenox 2d Master
John Algier Do
Jn Thompson Do
Ja: Coper Cookswain
Jn: Lecher Caulker
Isaac Bunor Cooper
Edw: Moor Ships stew:
Jn Vennson Capt: 3d Do
Sam. Agler Capt: 2d Do Mate
Tho: Beal 2d Do
Alex: Lilley junr:
Wm Nelson Boats: Mate
R: Murphy Do
Allen Benchwell Caulk: D
Jn Mallot Coopr: Do
Edw: Gillis Capt: Cook
Ja: Lilley 2d Mate
Nath: Vallerent Ship’s boy
Dom: Wittsall Capt: boy
Alex: Herbertson Lamb. boy

The invoice of the Prince Henry followed, its values given in the Indian currency of rupees, annas and pies.
Batty, 181 bags, and 9 bags taraches, 3 hundredweight 21, at 28½ rupees per maund, 96 rupees
Beaten rice, 22 bags, 150 per maund at 3, 50 per maund, 131 rupees 1 anna

Charges on merchandise: gunny bags, 6 for double bags to batty at 1 rupee 1½ annas, 20 rupees 1 anna 60; 40 for making rice bags, 8 rupees 2 annas; dally bags, 22 for rice at 3½ per maund, 16 rupees 2 annas; twine for sewing bags, 2 rupees 89; labour employed in shipping off, 1 rupee 1 anna 60; hammalage and boat hire, 3 rupees

The account was subscribed, errors excepted, by George Scott for account. Lieutenant John Clark then reported that he had gone aboard the Prince Henry to muster her company and enquire for deserters, finding none. The muster roll of the Prince Henry followed.
Thomas Best, commander
John Hawes, first master
Joseph Cheesbrough, second master
Charles Algier, third master
William Purcell, fourth master
William Haselton, fifth master
William Papworth, sixth master
Bailey Green, surgeon
John Simson, boatswain
Robert Willson, carpenter
Henry Dean, gunner
Joseph Boys, midshipman
Thomas Green, midshipman
William Ballantine, midshipman
Robert Moor, midshipman
John Gommer, sailmaker
Aron Martin, seaman
Thomas Seaman, seaman
Dunell Lewis, seaman
Isaac Decken, seaman
Henry Prodham, seaman
Alexander Brown, seaman
John Lenox, second master
John Algier, seaman
John Thompson, seaman
James Coper, coxswain
John Lecher, caulker
Isaac Bunor, cooper
Edward Moor, ship's steward
John Vennson, captain's servant
Samuel Agler, captain's second mate
Thomas Beal, second mate
Alexander Lilley junior, seaman
William Nelson, boatswain's mate
R. Murphy, boatswain's mate
Allen Benchwell, caulker's servant
John Mallot, cooper's servant
Edward Gillis, captain's cook
James Lilley, second mate
Nathaniel Vallerent, ship's boy
Dom Wittsall, captain's boy
Alexander Herbertson, lamp boy

Interpretations

The Bombay lading of batty and beaten rice was valued in rupees, annas and pies, the coarse grain the western presidency sent for the island's stock and store. The muster followed the routine desertion check, the roll setting out the ship's officers, tradesmen and seamen in the usual order.

349

347

Cha: Innis Barber Do
Wm Purcell Capt n 2 o Do
Buchnor Seaman Do
Jn o Cordes Mate Do
Dan Garden 2 o Mate Do
Hercules Kinnenburg Do
Tho: Tokes Quart o Do
Cha: Stevens Carpt: Do
Tho: Irvfer Boats n Do
Lawr: Uppkington Seaman
Alex r Brimmerman Do
Rick: Clark Do
Jos: Perkanhorn Do
Geo: Smith Do
Tho: West Do
Ja: Stewart Do
Philip Wauling Do

Edw: Baxman Seaman Do
W m Day Do
W m Fitzalls Do
W m Rusefeils Do
W m Brewer Do
Ja s Roberts Do
W m Allaburton Do
W m Leggett Do
Ja s Mackray Do
John Hall Do
R. F. Collins Do
Tho: Porter Do
John Barrey Do
Christ r Anderson Do
Ja s Richardson Do
W m Rivers Do
Jos: Mellen Do
Geo: Nash Do

John Branch Seaman Do
John Cook Do
W m Brown Do
Mick Murphey Do
W m Cornwell Do
W m Paulin Do
John Banks Do
Ja s Robeorst Do
Tho: Grant Do
George Best Do
John Hanning Do
Rob: Lamsley Do
Rob: Brumbly Do
R. F. Memover Do
John Brown Do
Ja s Nelson Do
Ja s Sleep Do
George Mack Do
Durrell Thompson Do
John Savage Passengers

The Storekeeper brought in the following Account of Stores
short delivered from the Ship Prince Henry Viz t
Received Short from Ship Prince Henry 2..... Rice
(Signed)
Mc Curling Storekeeper
August 10 th 1752
Chas: Hutchinson
John Clark

The muster roll of the Prince Henry continued with the remaining crew and passengers.
Charles Innis, barber
William Purcell, captain's second servant
Buchnor, seaman
John Cordes, mate
Dan Garden, second mate
Hercules Kinnenburg, seaman
Thomas Tokes, quartermaster
Charles Stevens, carpenter
Thomas Irvfer, boatswain
Lawrence Uppkington, seaman
Alexander Brimmerman, seaman
Richard Clark, seaman
Joseph Perkanhorn, seaman
George Smith, seaman
Thomas West, seaman
James Stewart, seaman
Philip Wauling, seaman
Edward Baxman, seaman
William Day, seaman
William Fitzalls, seaman
William Rusefeils, seaman
William Brewer, seaman
James Roberts, seaman
William Allaburton, seaman
William Leggett, seaman
James Mackray, seaman
John Hall, seaman
R. F. Collins, seaman
Thomas Porter, seaman
John Barrey, seaman
Christopher Anderson, seaman
James Richardson, seaman
William Rivers, seaman
Joseph Mellen, seaman
George Nash, seaman
John Branch, seaman
John Cook, seaman
William Brown, seaman
Mick Murphey, seaman
William Cornwell, seaman
William Paulin, seaman
John Banks, seaman
James Robeorst, seaman
Thomas Grant, seaman
George Best, seaman
John Hanning, seaman
Robert Lamsley, seaman
Robert Brumbly, seaman
R. F. Memover, seaman
John Brown, seaman
James Nelson, seaman
James Sleep, seaman
George Mack, seaman
Durrell Thompson, seaman
John Savage, passenger

The storekeeper brought in an account of stores short delivered from the Prince Henry, being 2 hundredweight of rice short received. The account was subscribed by M. Curling, storekeeper, on 10 August 1752. The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson and John Clark.

Interpretations

The long roll shows the full crew of a Bombay ship, the usual mix of English and other names beneath the officers. The short-delivery note of rice records the small shortfall between the invoice and what the bags held, the storekeeper booking only the true weight received.

350

348

At a consultation held on Monday the 17th day of August
1752 at the Castle.
Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governor,
Lieutenant John Clark of Council.
The last Consultation was read approved and signed
dated the 10th August 1752.
Ordered an Advertisement to be Published
requiring the Inhabitants to send into the Secretarys Office on
or before the 25th of next Month, an exact Account of their Familys
Lands and Cattle, and to attend at the Castle on Thursday the 7th of
October to pay their Rents & Revenues due to the Honble Company
for the Year past, and to acquaint them that the Honble Companys
Stores will be shut on Saturday the 29th of this Month until the
first Thursday in October.
Counted and examined the Honourable
Companys Cash for the Month of July last, which is as
follows Vizt.

The Governor and Council met in consultation at the Castle on 17 August 1752. Governor Charles Hutchinson presided, with Lieutenant John Clark of the Council present. The Council read the previous consultation of 10 August 1752, then approved and signed it. The Council ordered an advertisement published requiring the inhabitants to send into the secretary's office on or before 25 September 1752 an exact account of their families, lands and cattle, and to attend at the Castle on Thursday 7 October 1752 to pay their rents and revenues due to the Company for the past year. The advertisement also acquainted them that the Company's stores would be shut from Saturday 29 August 1752 until the first Thursday in October. The Council then counted and examined the Company's cash for July 1752.

Interpretations

The annual call for an exact account of families, lands and cattle was the island's census and rent assessment combined, the yearly return on which the Company's revenue from its tenants was reckoned. Fixing a day for all the inhabitants to attend and pay their rents gathered the year's dues in a single settlement, the closing of the stores marking the break between one revenue year and the next.

351

349

Cash
1752
July 1 To Balance remaining - - - £5420 18s 4d
th 20 To John Goodburn Esqr received of Roger Newanon in part of his Debt } 5 - -
th 27 To Rents recd. of Tho. Greentree for the Renewal of a Life in two Leases } 1 17s 3d
Consultation of this day - - -

Cash
1752
July 1st To Balance remaining £5420 18s 4d
20th To John Goodburn Esqr reced of Roger Newanson in part of his Debt 5s ..
27th To Rents recd of Tho: Greentree for the Renewal of a Life in two Leases as Consultation of this day 1 17s 3d

Dr Contra Cr
1752
July 1st By Balance remaining in the following Species Vizt:
17£ Gold Wt. 11..15..12 @ 3..18..3 £41 8s 3½d
4£ Do ..3..9..12 @ 3..18..1 £13 11s ½d
70 Moidores @ 6£10s £456 ..
12 Rupys @ 8s £4 16s ..
6400 Pagodas @ 8s £2560 ..
Gold Amounting to £2672 12s 9d

1784 Dollars @ 5s £196 2s ..
1517 Rials @ 17½d £17 8s ½d
1268 half Rials @ 13½d £202 6s 3d
111 French Pieces @ ½d £3 13s 6d
£4 11s 2d
Silver Amounting to £2215 12s 10d

146 Cash Notes @ 10s £73 ..
162 Do @ 20s £162 ..
262 Do @ 5s £65 10s ..
160 Do @ 2s6d £20 ..

£539 10s ..
£5427 15s 7d

Cha: Hutchinson
John Clark

The Company's cash account for July 1752 opened with the sums received.
On 1 July, balance remaining, £5,420 18s 4d
On 20 July, by the late John Goodwin, received of Roger Newannon in part of his debt, £5 0s 0d
On 27 July, by rents received of Thomas Greentree for the renewal of a life in two leases as at the consultation of that day, £1 17s 3d

The account showed on the credit side the balance remaining in the following species. The coin headings were partly abbreviated in the source and are supplied here as weight and value.
1 gold, weight 11-15-12, at £3 18s 3d, £41 8s 3½d
1 gold, 3-9-12, at 3-18, £13 11s 0½d
70 moidores at £6 10s, £456 0s 0d
12 rupees at 8s, £4 16s 0d
6,400 pagodas at 8s, £2,560 0s 0d
Gold amounting to £2,672 12s 9d
1,784 dollars at 5s, £196 2s 0d
1,517 rials at 17½d, £17 8s 0½d
1,268 half rials at 13½d, £202 6s 3d
111 French pieces at ½d, £3 13s 6d
Other, £4 11s 2d
Silver amounting to £2,215 12s 10d
146 cash notes at 10s, £73 0s 0d
162 cash notes at 20s, £162 0s 0d
262 cash notes at 5s, £65 10s 0d
160 cash notes at 2s 6d, £20 0s 0d
Cash notes amounting to £539 10s 0d
Total, £5,427 15s 7d
The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson and John Clark.

Speculations

The stated subtotals for gold, silver and cash notes do not add to the total as the figures stand, and several coin lines cannot be squared against their stated rates. The account was carried as written without arithmetical correction, so the discrepancy is recorded but not resolved.

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At a Consultation held on Monday the 24th day of August
1752 at the Castle.

Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governor
Lieutenant John Clark of Council.

The last Consultation was read approved and signed datd
the 17th August 1752.
Tuesday the 18th sailed the Honble Companys Ship Prince Henry for England
Wednesday the 19th Passed by a ship at a great distance

Mr Matthew Bazett presented the following
Petition Vizt.

To the Worshipful Charles Hutchinson Esqr
Govr. & Council of St. Helena.

Sheweth
The humble Petition of Matthew Bazett
That your Petitioners Lease for eight Acres Land
lying at the Head of Deep Valley, in the East Division of this
Island being expired, your Petitioner humbly requests that your
Worship & Council will be pleased to renew it.
And your Petitioner as in Duty bound shall
ever pray (Signed) Matthew Bazett

24th August 1752.

Granted

Cha: Hutchinson
John Clark.

The Governor and Council met in consultation at the Castle on 24 August 1752. Governor Charles Hutchinson presided, with Lieutenant John Clark of the Council present. The Council read the previous consultation of 17 August 1752, then approved and signed it. The Company's ship Prince Henry had sailed for England on Tuesday 18 August 1752, and a ship passed at a great distance on Wednesday 19 August 1752. Matthew Bazett presented a petition addressed to the Governor and Council. He set out that his lease for eight acres of land at the head of Deep Valley in the East division had expired, and asked the Council to renew it. The Council granted the request, dated 24 August 1752. The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson and John Clark.

Interpretations

Bazett's petition on the expiry of his lease shows the fixed term of island leaseholds bringing tenants back before the board to renew, so the Council kept a continuing hand on the tenure of every plot. The lease was granted afresh at the board's discretion, the expiry giving the Council the occasion to review the holding before renewing it.

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At a Consultation held on Monday the 31st day of August 1752 at the Castle.
Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governor, Lieutenant John Clark of Council.
The last Consultation was read approved and signed, dated the 24th of August 1752.
Executed a Lease granted to Mr Matthew Bazett the last Consultation.
Corporal John Pittam on Tuesday last in the Evening having complained to the Governor that Mr John Bland had beat him tore his Shirt, Blue Coat, & that his hands were much hurt by a fall he received from a Blow given him by Mr Bland. The Governor Ordered the said Corporal & his Evidence to attend this Day, and Mr Bland being sent for and appearing, the Corporal declared as follows Vizt:
That on Tuesday the 25th instant, between five & six o'Clock in the Evening he observed Mr John Bland Master Mason walking upon the Parade, & imitating the Marching of Soldiers & their Wheeling & facing about, & thinking he did it very badly he did but not call Mr Bland & told, That was the French way of Wheeling upon which Mr Bland came up to him & gave him a Check under the Chin & then took hold of a batton that was under his Arm, and tryed to get it from him which he would not suffer him to do upon which Mr Bland took hold of him & threw he quitt the Batton with which Mr Bland struck him two Blows, he then took hold of Mr Bland Likewise & after, that Mr Bland took hold of him with both his hands & endeavoured to kick up his heels which he could not easily do, whereupon Mr Bland struck him a Blow on the side...

The Governor and Council met in consultation at the Castle on 31 August 1752. Governor Charles Hutchinson presided, with Lieutenant John Clark of the Council present. The Council read the previous consultation of 24 August 1752, then approved and signed it. A lease granted to Matthew Bazett at the previous consultation was executed. Corporal John Pittam having complained to the Governor that John Bland had beaten him, torn his shirt and blue coat and much hurt his hands by a fall from a blow, the Governor ordered the corporal and his evidence to attend this day, and Bland being sent for and appearing, the corporal declared as follows. That on Tuesday 25 August 1752 between five and six o'clock in the evening he observed John Bland, master mason, walking on the parade and imitating the marching of soldiers and their wheeling and facing about, and thinking he did it very badly called to Bland and told him that was the French way of wheeling, upon which Bland came up and gave him a check under the chin, then took hold of a baton under his arm and tried to get it from him, which the corporal would not suffer. Bland then took hold of him and threw him, struck him two blows with the baton, took hold of him with both hands and tried to kick up his heels, and struck him a blow on the side.

Interpretations

The case shows the Council sitting as a court over an assault between a soldier and one of the Company's civil tradesmen, the corporal laying his complaint before the Governor and giving sworn evidence. The dispute arose from the corporal's mockery of the mason's attempt to mimic military drill, a small provocation that escalated into blows and brought both men before the board.

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that hurt him so much, that it caused him to stoop, about which
time Mr Bland hit him a second Blow on the Pole of the Neck,
that felled him to the Ground, by which his hands were much
hurt, & when he was got up again, Mr Bland came up to
him, & made another blow at him, but missed him.
George Green Soldier being duly Sworn Deposeth
that on Tuesday the 25th instant, he saw Mr John Bland Marching
upon the Parade, & sometimes wheeling & facing about, upon
which Corporal O'Hara said that is the way that the French
Exercise, Mr Bland then came up to the Corporal & said this is not
the way that the French Exercise, & Chucked the Corporal under the
Chin, & catched hold of a Hattan that was under the Corporals
Arm, & the Corporal took hold of it likewise, but Mr Bland got
it from him, & took the Corporal by the Shoulder, & struck him
a blow with it on the Back, but did not seem to be in Anger, The
Corporal then took hold of Mr Bland by the Coat, whereupon
Mr Bland kicked the Corporal upon the Legs, & they had some
tugs together, & Mr Bland with a jerk, threw the Corporal from him
& struck him on the Pole of his Neck, & knocked him down upon
the Ground, & the Corporal slid some way upon his hands, he
afterwards got up & opened his hands, & held them out, and
asked Mr Bland what usage this was. Mr Bland then
advanced to him, & made another blow at him with great
force, but missed him.
Daniel Carne Soldier being likewise duly
sworn Deposeth that on Tuesday the 25th instant he saw Mr
John Bland Marching upon the Parade in imitation of Soldiers,
where there were many Soldiers laughing, & he heard Corporal
O'Hara say that walk like the French Exercise, upon which Mr
Bland went up to him, & made a motion to chuck him under the
Chin with his hand, but the Corporal put it by with his hand
then Mr Bland took hold of the Corporal with both his hands
& took a Hattan from the Corporal, & struck him two blows with it
upon his Back, but did not seem to be in Anger. Then they

The corporal's declaration in the Bland case concluded, and further evidence was taken. The corporal said the last blow hurt him so much that it caused him to stoop, about which time Bland hit him a second blow on the back of the neck that felled him to the ground and much hurt his hands, and that when he got up Bland made another blow but missed. George Green, a soldier, being sworn, deposed that on 25 August 1752 he saw Bland marching on the parade and wheeling and facing about, upon which Corporal O'Hara said that was the way the French exercised. Bland came up and said it was not, chucked the corporal under the chin, caught hold of a baton under the corporal's arm, and the corporal held it too, but Bland got it from him and struck him a blow on the back with it, though not seeming in anger. The corporal then took Bland by the coat, whereupon Bland kicked him on the legs, they had some tugs together, and Bland with a jerk threw the corporal from him, struck him on the back of the neck and knocked him down, the corporal sliding some way on his hands. Daniel Carne, a soldier, being sworn, deposed to the like effect, that many soldiers were laughing and that he heard the corporal liken Bland's walk to the French exercise, upon which Bland took a baton from the corporal and struck him two blows on the back, not seeming in anger.

Interpretations

The several soldiers' depositions agreed in their account of the affray, each describing the same sequence of provocation, the seizing of the baton and the blows that knocked the corporal down. The witnesses' careful note that Bland did not at first seem angry marks the distinction the evidence drew between the horseplay of the earlier blows and the violence of the last.

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corporal took Mr Bland by the Coat, upon which Mr Bland called him
Rascal, & shook him very much, & said you will tear my Coat, &
afterwards Mr Bland struck the corporal a blow upon the left side of the
Head that hurted him quite much, & a second that knock'd the corporal
dow upon the Ground, & when the corporal got up Mr Bland went to hit
him again, & made another blow at him with great Violence, but
missed him.

Thomas Bazett Soldier being likewise duly Sworn
Deposeth that on or about the 25 instant he saw Mr Bland Wheeling
& Marching upon the Parade, where he heard Corporal O'Hara say
that was like the French, but Mr Bland said that neither you nor
the French can do it, then Mr Bland chuck'd him under the Chin
& took hold of him by the Coat, took a Stattan from him & struck him a
blow with it, then Corporal O'Hara took hold of Mr Bland likewise
by the Coat with one hand, upon which Mr Bland struck the corporal
upon the side of his Neck, and a second blow on the side that
knocked the corporal down upon his hands, & when the corporal was
got up Mr Bland went to him again, & made another blow at
him, but missed him.

Mr Bland being asked what he had to say, own that
he did strike the corporal, but says that it was all in Play, until the
last blow, when the Corporal took him by the Coat, & said that he would
shake him as a Bull Dog would a Bull, & ordered that John
lik't church might be called.

John Whitchurch Soldier being likewise duly
Sworn. Deposeth that on Tuesday the 25 instant between five & six
o'Clock in the evening he saw Mr Bland Marching upon the Parade
& facing about, & there were many Soldiers laughing, & he heard
Corporal O'Hara say that was like the French Exercise, but Mr
Bland said that neither the Corporal nor the French can do it, &
went up to the Corporal & Chuck'd him under the Chin upon which
they seized & shook one another, & he heard Mr Bland say, you'l
tear my Coat, & Mr Bland took a Stattan from the Corporal, & struck
him.

The taking of evidence in the Bland case continued. The account proceeded that the corporal took Bland by the coat, upon which Bland called him rascal, shook him and said he would tear his coat, then struck the corporal a blow on the left side of the head that hurt him much and a second that knocked him to the ground, and made another blow with great violence when he got up but missed. Thomas Bazett, a soldier, being sworn, deposed that he saw Bland wheeling and marching on the parade, heard Corporal O'Hara say it was like the French, and heard Bland answer that neither the corporal nor the French could do it, then chuck him under the chin, take a baton from him and strike him, upon which the corporal took Bland by the coat and Bland struck him on the side of the neck and a second blow that knocked him down. Bland, asked what he had to say, owned that he did strike the corporal but said it was all in play until the last blow, when the corporal took him by the coat and said he would shake him as a bulldog would a bull. John Whitchurch, a soldier, being sworn, deposed to the like effect, that many soldiers were laughing, that he heard Bland say the corporal would tear his coat, and that Bland took a baton from the corporal and struck him.

Interpretations

The consistent testimony of four soldiers built the case against Bland, each witness confirming the provocation, the blows and the corporal's fall in nearly the same terms. Bland's own admission that he struck the corporal, pleading only that it began in play, left the fact of the assault beyond dispute and turned the question to its degree.

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him a Blow with it, but did not seem to be then Angry, calling

the Corporal either Black Guard, or Rascal, but dont know

exactly which, but afterward the said Mr Bland hit the

Corporal a Blow upon the side, which knockd him down upon

the Ground, and when he was got up, the said Mr Bland went

to the Corporal again, and made another Blow at him, but

missed him.

Adjourned until tomorrow

Consultation continued on Tuesday the 1st day of September

1752 at the Castle,

Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governor,

Lieutenant John Clark of Council,

The Governor observing to Mr Bland, that he could not, but

be sensible, this was not the first time he had been complained of,

not only for his abusive Language, to Men of the Garrison, but

likewise for striking them, he thereupon acknowledged that he had

wrongfully struck Sergeant Oakman some time ago.

As upon that Occasion, Mr Bland was told by the

Governor, to apply to him, or to one of the Officers if he should be

offended by any of the Military that Justice might be done him

in a regular Way, & that he was not to strike any of them, as

such a proceeding might possibly be of bad Consequence to him

if the Soldier (though forbid to return any blows that were given

them) should, by repeated Provocations, be moved to resent such

Treatment themselves.

The Bland case continued. The witness said Bland struck the corporal a blow with the baton, not seeming then angry, and called him either blackguard or rascal, then hit him a blow on the side that knocked him down, and made another blow when he got up but missed. The Council adjourned until the next day. The consultation continued at the Castle on 1 September 1752, with Governor Charles Hutchinson and Lieutenant John Clark of the Council present. The Governor observed to Bland that this was not the first time he had been complained of, not only for abusive language to the men of the garrison but for striking them, whereupon Bland acknowledged that he had wrongfully struck Sergeant Oakman some time ago. On that earlier occasion the Governor had told Bland to apply to him or an officer if offended by any of the military, that justice might be done in a regular way, and that he was not to strike any of them, since such conduct might be of bad consequence to him if the soldiers, though forbidden to return blows, should be moved by repeated provocation to resent such treatment.

Interpretations

The Governor's rebuke set the assault in a pattern of Bland's conduct, recalling an earlier unprovoked blow against a sergeant and the warning then given him. The caution that the soldiers, though forbidden to strike back, might be provoked beyond endurance shows the Council's concern to keep discipline by holding the civil tradesman to account rather than leaving the men to take their own revenge.

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…without any just Cause, and in breach of the Peace
struck Corporal John O’Harry, we for the said Offence fined him in the
Sum of twenty Shillings, which Fine he accordingly paid. We directed
the Money to be given to the said Corporal in Consideration of the Hurt
he received, & to buy him a new Shirt, in the Room of that, which was
torn by Mr Bland.

Cha: Hutchinson
John Clark

At a Consultation held on Monday the 18th day of September 1752
at the Castle.

Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governor,
Lieutenant John Clark of Council.

The last Consultation was read, approved, and Signed, dated
the 31st August 1752.

The Plantation, Gunners, and Stewards Accounts for
the Month of August last were this day brought in; which were
Examined, and Approved, and are as follows Vizt.

The Bland case concluded. The Council found that Bland, without just cause and in breach of the peace, had struck Corporal John O'Hara, and for the offence fined him 20 shillings, which he paid. The Council directed the money given to the corporal in consideration of the hurt he received and to buy him a new shirt in place of the one Bland had torn. The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson and John Clark. The Governor and Council then met in consultation at the Castle on 18 September 1752, with Governor Charles Hutchinson and Lieutenant John Clark of the Council present. The Council read the previous consultation of 31 August 1752, then approved and signed it. The plantation, gunner's and steward's accounts for August 1752 were brought in this day, which the Council examined and approved.

Interpretations

The Council punished the assault with a fine turned to the injured man's benefit, the money given to the corporal to compensate his hurt and replace his torn shirt rather than paid to the Company. Directing the penalty to the victim shows the board treating the offence as a wrong to be made good to the man harmed, a practical remedy that both punished Bland and repaired the corporal's loss.

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Account of the Honourable Company's Stock of Neat Cattle &c for the Month of August 1752

Bulls, Cows, Calves, Yearlings, Heifers, Steers, Bullocks, Oxen, Total, Ewes, Weathers, Lambs, Rams, Total, Ewes, Weathers, Kids, Rams, Total, Sows, Shoats, Pigs, Boars, Total, Turkeys, Fowls, Ducks, Geese, Horses, Mares, Total

Rem.g 1.st & Increased: Bulls 4, Cows 74, Calves 74, Yearlings 13, Heifers 19, Steers 5, Bullocks 3, Oxen 8, Total 200, Ewes 136, Weathers 38, Lambs 93, Rams 6, Total 273, Ewes 126, Weathers 19, Kids 39, Rams 5, Total 189, Sows 6, Shoats 7, Pigs 22, Boars 1, Total 36, Turkeys 12, Fowls 137, Ducks 12, Geese 21, Horses 6, Mares 5, Total 11

Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 11, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Bullocks 0, Oxen 0, Total 11, Ewes 0, Weathers 0, Lambs 2, Rams 0, Total 2, Ewes 0, Weathers 0, Kids 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Sows 0, Shoats 0, Pigs 0, Boars 0, Total 0, Turkeys 0, Fowls 20, Ducks 6, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0

Bulls 4, Cows 74, Calves 85, Yearlings 13, Heifers 19, Steers 5, Bullocks 3, Oxen 8, Total 211, Ewes 136, Weathers 38, Lambs 95, Rams 6, Total 275, Ewes 126, Weathers 19, Kids 39, Rams 5, Total 189, Sows 6, Shoats 7, Pigs 22, Boars 1, Total 36, Turkeys 12, Fowls 157, Ducks 18, Geese 21, Horses 6, Mares 5, Total 11

Killed: Bulls 0, Cows 1, Calves 0, Yearlings 2, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Bullocks 0, Oxen 0, Total 3, Ewes 0, Weathers 8, Lambs 0, Rams 0, Total 8, Ewes 1, Weathers 1, Kids 0, Rams 0, Total 5, Sows 0, Shoats 2, Pigs 0, Boars 0, Total 6, Turkeys 2, Fowls 14, Ducks 3, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0

Died: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 1, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Bullocks 0, Oxen 0, Total 1, Ewes 0, Weathers 0, Lambs 2, Rams 0, Total 2, Ewes 6, Weathers 2, Kids 10, Rams 0, Total 18, Sows 0, Shoats 0, Pigs 0, Boars 0, Total 0, Turkeys 0, Fowls 5, Ducks 1, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0

Killed by Dogs: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 0, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Bullocks 0, Oxen 0, Total 0, Ewes 0, Weathers 0, Lambs 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Ewes 0, Weathers 0, Kids 0, Rams 0, Total 1, Sows 0, Shoats 0, Pigs 0, Boars 0, Total 1, Turkeys 0, Fowls 0, Ducks 0, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0

Rem.g 31: Bulls 4, Cows 73, Calves 85, Yearlings 12, Heifers 17, Steers 5, Bullocks 3, Oxen 8, Total 207, Ewes 136, Weathers 30, Lambs 93, Rams 6, Total 265, Ewes 119, Weathers 13, Kids 29, Rams 5, Total 166, Sows 6, Shoats 5, Pigs 18, Boars 1, Total 29, Turkeys 10, Fowls 138, Ducks 14, Geese 21, Horses 6, Mares 5, Total 11

Beef to the Prince Henry

560

4 Goats to the Sick Slaves

Yams Expended

27000

1 Child born Named Joshua

(Signed)

Rich.d Gurling

Margin Notes:

Examined

18 September

An account of the Honourable Company's stock of neat cattle and other livestock for the month of August 1732.

Neat cattle, remaining 1 August: 4 bulls, 74 cows, 74 calves, 13 yearlings, 19 heifers, 5 steers, 3 bullocks, 8 oxen, total 200

Sheep, remaining 1 August: 136 ewes, 38 wethers, 93 lambs, 6 rams, total 273

Goats, remaining 1 August: 126 does, 19 wethers, 39 kids, 5 rams, total 189

Hogs, remaining 1 August: 6 sows, 7 shoats, 22 pigs, 1 boar, total 36

Poultry, remaining 1 August: 12 turkeys, 137 fowls, 12 ducks, 21 geese

Horses, remaining 1 August: 6 horses, 5 mares, total 11

Increased, neat cattle: 11 calves

Increased, sheep: 11 lambs, total 2

Increased, goats: nil

Increased, poultry: 20 fowls, 6 ducks

Neat cattle after increase: 4 bulls, 74 cows, 85 calves, 13 yearlings, 19 heifers, 5 steers, 3 bullocks, 8 oxen, total 211

Sheep after increase: 136 ewes, 38 wethers, 95 lambs, 6 rams, total 275

Goats after increase: 126 does, 19 wethers, 39 kids, 5 rams, total 189

Hogs after increase: 6 sows, 7 shoats, 22 pigs, 1 boar, total 36

Poultry after increase: 12 turkeys, 157 fowls, 18 ducks, 21 geese

Horses after increase: 6 horses, 5 mares, total 11

Killed, neat cattle: 1 cow, total 1

Killed, sheep: 3 wethers, 8 lambs, total 8

Killed, goats: 1 doe, 1 wether, total 5

Killed, hogs: 7 shoats, total 7; 22 pigs, 1 boar

Killed, poultry: 14 fowls, 3 ducks

Died, neat cattle: 1 calf, total 1

Died, sheep: 2 lambs, total 2

Died, goats: 6 does, 2 wethers, 10 kids, total 18

Died, hogs: 2 pigs, total 1

Died, poultry: 5 fowls, 1 duck

Killed by dogs, hogs: 1

Neat cattle, remaining 31 August: 4 bulls, 73 cows, 85 calves, 12 yearlings, 17 heifers, 5 steers, 3 bullocks, 8 oxen, total 207

Sheep, remaining 31 August: 136 ewes, 30 wethers, 93 lambs, 6 rams, total 265

Goats, remaining 31 August: 119 does, 13 wethers, 29 kids, 5 rams, total 166

Hogs, remaining 31 August: 6 sows, 5 shoats, 18 pigs, 1 boar, total 29

Poultry, remaining 31 August: 10 turkeys, 138 fowls, 14 ducks, 21 geese

Horses, remaining 31 August: 6 horses, 5 mares, total 11

Beef to the Prince Henry, 560 lb

4 goats to the sick slaves

Yams expended, 27,000

One child born, named Joshua.

Signed, Richard Gurling.

Interpretations

The August muster records a heavy loss among the goats, eighteen dying in the month against only a handful in the herds, a mortality far above the usual attrition. Six does, two wethers and ten kids died, cutting the goat total sharply, the kind of sudden loss that points to disease or want of feed striking that particular stock. The cattle and sheep held steady by comparison, so whatever afflicted the goats did not spread across the whole herd.

Beef went to the Prince Henry, the East Indiaman recorded arriving from Bombay on 6 August, revictualled with the standard parcel of 560 pounds for its onward passage. This single ship's provisioning marks the resumption of the fleet trade after the quiet July, the vessel taking on fresh meat during its stop as the settlement's central purpose required. The four goats again went to the sick slaves rather than the whole labour force, continuing the targeted provision for the infirm seen in July.

The birth of a child named Joshua was entered on the same stock account that mustered the livestock and recorded the slaves. This placement, a human birth set among the tallies of cattle and poultry, reflects the administrative logic that counted the people of the settlement, whether free child or slave, within the same document that numbered the Company's animals.

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1752

Gunners Stores Expended in August 1752

Guns, 4 p.rs, 3 p.rs, 2 p.rs, Powder Expended lb oz

6 Alarm: Guns 6, 4 p.rs 2, 3 p.rs 2, 2 p.rs 0, Powder Expended 2 12

7 Arrived the Prince Henry Cap.t Best: Guns 9, 4 p.rs 0, 3 p.rs 0, 2 p.rs 9, Powder Expended 9

Powder for Priming: Guns 0, 4 p.rs 0, 3 p.rs 0, 2 p.rs 0, Powder Expended 1 8

10 Alarm for a Ship that went by: Guns 6, 4 p.rs 2, 3 p.rs 2, 2 p.rs 0, Powder Expended 2 12

Powder fired by the Recruits at Exercise: Guns 0, 4 p.rs 0, 3 p.rs 0, 2 p.rs 0, Powder Expended 12 4

D.o for making Rockets: Guns 0, 4 p.rs 0, 3 p.rs 0, 2 p.rs 0, Powder Expended 3

D.o for Signals: Guns 0, 4 p.rs 0, 3 p.rs 0, 2 p.rs 0, Powder Expended 6

Total: Guns 21, 4 p.rs 4, 3 p.rs 4, 2 p.rs 9, Powder Expended 4 50 2

Paper for the use of the Castle

1 Quire

D.o for making Great Gun Cartridges

1 Quire

D.o for making Rockets

1 Quire

Bauge Barrels worn out and unserviceably

2

Betts broke at the Alarm House

1

(Signed)

Tho.s Holly

Sundrys Expended at the Hon.ble Company's General Table in

the Month of August 1752 Viz.t

13 Bottles Port Wine

19 6

35 D.o Lisbon

2 12 6

9 D.o Madeira

1 7 1/2

56 D.o Beer

14

96 D.o Arrack

2 13

360 Flour

2 6 6

126 Beef

5 17 1

281 Mutton

5 4

16 Goat

1 11

62 Pork

1 1

14 Fowls

1 6

3 Ducks

10

2 Turkeys

£ 22 8

An account of the gunner's stores expended in August 1732, the columns recording guns fired, and the powder used given in pounds, quarters and ounces, with a final column for powder expended.

6th, alarm: 6 guns, 2 qr 2 lb powder, 2 lb 12 oz expended

7th, arrived the Prince Henry, Captain Best: 9 guns, 9 lb powder, 9 lb expended

Ditto, powder for priming: 1 lb 8 oz expended

19th, alarm for a ship that went by: 6 guns, 2 qr 2 lb powder, 2 lb 12 oz expended

Ditto, powder fired by the recruits at exercise: 12 lb 4 oz expended

Ditto, for making rockets: 3 lb expended

Ditto, for signals: 6 lb expended

Total: 21 guns, 1 [...] 1 [...] 9 [...] 1, 50 lb 2 oz expended

Paper for the use of the castle: 2 quires

Ditto for making great gun cartridges: 4 quires

Ditto for making rockets: 1 quire

Barge barrels worn out and unserviceable: 2

Bits broke at the alarm house: 1

Signed by the captain, Thomas Holly.

An account of sundries expended at the Honourable Company's general table in the month of August 1732.

13 bottles port wine, £0 19s 6d

35 bottles Lisbon, £2 12s 6d

9 bottles Madeira, £1 0s 7½d

56 bottles beer, £0 14s 0d

96 bottles arrack, £2 13s 0d

360 lb flour, £2 6s 6d

126 lb beef, £5 17s 1d

281 lb mutton, £0 5s 4d

16 lb goat, £1 11s 0d

62 lb pork, £1 1s 0d

14 fowls, £0 4s 6d

3 ducks, £0 0s 10d

2 turkeys, £[...]

Carried over, £22 0s 8d

Interpretations

The August firing saluted the Prince Henry under Captain Best on arrival, the East Indiaman from Bombay honoured with nine guns, while the rest of the powder went to the alarm guns and to exercise. Powder fired by the recruits at exercise shows new men being trained at the guns, the practice charges teaching them to serve the artillery. The rockets made from powder and paper were signal rockets, fired to communicate at night or over distance, part of the station's means of raising and passing alarms.

The barge barrels worn out among the stores were parts of the ship's boat or barge used to work between shore and vessel, and their replacement from the gunner's account ties the artillery store to the maintenance of the fort's own craft. The general table account for August continues the established pattern, wine, spirits, fresh and salt meat and flour consumed at the Governor's table, the arrival of the Prince Henry likely swelling the hospitality as its officers were entertained ashore.

360

358

18 September

Brought over

22 8

4 Pigs

1

29 Butter

1 9

140 Candy

1 12 1

10 p.r Salt Pork

1 7 1/2

£ 27 1 9

Mr Richard Beale this day Applyed to resign his

Lease for two Acres of Land lying in Green Hill Gut in the

South Division of this Island it having Expired on the 31 day of

last Month

Granted

Cha.s Hutchinson

John Clark

Brought over, £22 0s 8d

4 pigs, £1 0s 0d

29 lb butter, £1 9s 0d

140 lb candy, £1 12s 1d

10 pieces salt pork, £1 0s [...]

Total, £27 1s 9d

William Richard Beale this day applied to resign his lease for two acres of land lying in Green Hill Gut in the south division of the island, it having expired on the last day of the previous month. Granted.

Charles Hutchinson. John Clark.

Interpretations

The general table account closed with the last of August's provisions, the pigs, butter, candy and salt pork rounding out the month's consumption at the Governor's table. The steady form of these returns across the summer, wine and arrack, fresh and preserved meat, flour, butter and candy, shows the establishment provisioned consistently for the hospitality expected of it and for the officers maintained at the Company's charge.

Beale's resignation of his lease for two acres at Green Hill Gut, granted by the council, records the ordinary business of land tenure on the island. The Company held the land and granted it out on leases for terms of years, and a tenant surrendering an expired lease returned the ground to the Company's disposal. Green Hill Gut in the south division was one of the small parcels of cultivable land, a gut being a narrow valley or ravine where soil and water allowed planting, the kind of holding on which the island's settlers grew their crops. The formal grant of the resignation, signed by the Governor and councillor, gave the surrender legal effect and freed the land to be leased anew.

361

359

A Consultation held on Monday the 25 day of September
1752 at the Castle

Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governor
Lieutenant John Clark of Council

The last Consultation was read approved and signed dated
the 18 September 1752.

Mr Richard Mason produced a Lease for 16 Acres
of Land lying in Tonnison Wood, which having expired on the
18 instant, he prayed that it might be renewed in the Name of
his Son in Law, Isaac Knipe.

Granted

Counted and examined the Honble Companys
Cash for the Month of August last, which is as follows Vizt.

The Governor and Council met in consultation at the Castle on 25 September 1752. Governor Charles Hutchinson presided, with Lieutenant John Clark of the Council present. The Council read the previous consultation of 18 September 1752, then approved and signed it. Richard Mason produced a lease for 16 acres of land in Tonnison Wood which, having expired on 18 September 1752, he prayed be renewed in the name of his son-in-law Isaac Knipe. The Council granted the request. The Council then counted and examined the Company's cash for August 1752.

Interpretations

Mason's request to renew his lease in his son-in-law's name shows the island's leaseholds passing within families by the device of a fresh grant, the Council allowing an expired holding to be renewed to a nominated relative. Directing the new lease to the son-in-law kept the land in the family while giving the Company a fresh tenant on its books.

362

360

1752
August 7 To Balance remaining 5427 15 7
18 To Ship Prince Henry The Balance of her Account 120 15 11
5548 11 6

The Company's cash account for August 1752 opened with the sums received.
On 7 August, balance remaining, £5,427 15s 7d
On 18 August, by the ship Prince Henry, the balance of her account, £120 15s 11d
Total, £5,548 11s 6d

Interpretations

The month's receipts added only the balance of the departing Prince Henry's account to the sum carried forward, a quiet month with little coming in beyond the closing of one ship's reckoning. The account shows the treasury's routine of gathering each ship's final balance into the general cash as she sailed.

363

361

Dr Contra
1782 Augt 31 By Balance remaining in the following Species Vizt
off Gold Wt 11½ Mks L3.2.3
A Jrs Do 3.9.12 3.18..
70 Venetian Do 6.10 35..
12 Irupees Do 3.9 18..
6400 Pagodas Do 8/ 2560..
Gold Amounting to L2672.19
8391 Dollars C8/ 2082.15..
1517 Rials 17½ 17.8½
12948 half Rials 13¼ 202.6.3
441 French Pice 1/2 3.3.6
Old Money 5.10½
Silver Amounting to L2336.8.9
146 Cash Notes C40/ 292..
162 Do 20/ 162..
262 Do 5/ 65.10..
160 Do 2/6 20..
Cash Notes Amounting to L539.10..
L5548.11.6
Chas Hutchinson
John Park.

The cash account for August 1752 continued on the credit side, showing the balance remaining on 31 August 1752 in the following species. The coin headings were partly abbreviated in the source and are supplied here as weight and value.
1 gold, weight 11½ marks, £3 2s 3d
1 gold, 3-9-12, at 3-18, £13 11s 0½d
70 Venetians at 6-10, £35 0s 0d
12 rupees at 3-9, £18 0s 0d
6,400 pagodas at 8s, £2,560 0s 0d
Gold amounting to £2,672 19s 0d
8,391 dollars at 8s, £2,082 15s 0d
1,517 rials at 17½d, £17 8s 0½d
12,948 half rials at 13¼d, £202 6s 3d
441 French pieces at ½d, £3 3s 6d
Old money, £5 10s 0½d
Silver amounting to £2,336 8s 9d
146 cash notes at 40s, £292 0s 0d
162 cash notes at 20s, £162 0s 0d
262 cash notes at 5s, £65 10s 0d
160 cash notes at 2s 6d, £20 0s 0d
Cash notes amounting to £539 10s 0d
Total, £5,548 11s 6d
The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson and John Pank.

Speculations

The account bears the year 1782 at its opening, which cannot stand in a book of August 1752, so the year was read as 1752 to keep the sequence coherent. The stated subtotals do not add to the total as the figures stand, and several coin lines cannot be squared against their stated rates, the account being carried as written without arithmetical correction.

364

362

A Consultation held on Monday the 2 day of October 1752 at the Castle.
Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governor, Lieutenant John Clark of Council.
The last Consultation was read, approved and Signed dated the 23d September 1752.
Complaint having been made by Catherine, a Slave Woman that her Master Mr Wm Young had turned her out of his House, & told her to Maintain her self, which she is now unable to do & therefore must be Obligd to beg for her subsistance
We thereupon Summoned Mr Young who this day appearing, was asked if the Allegations of his said Slave Wench were true, He denyed them all, & said he only told her, when he found that she was very uneasy in his House, that she was at liberty, & might go where she thought proper, But if she would return Home & be contented, she might live as the rest of his Slaves, & he said that he would not expect any Work to be done by her, except little matters that she might now & then be able to do within Doors.
We therefore Ordered the said Slave Woman Catherine to go Home again to her Master Mr William Young.
Chas Hutchinson
John Clark

The Governor and Council met in consultation at the Castle on 2 October 1752. Governor Charles Hutchinson presided, with Lieutenant John Clark of the Council present. The Council read the previous consultation of 23 September 1752, then approved and signed it. Complaint having been made by Catherine, a slave woman, that her master William Young had turned her out of his house and told her to maintain herself, which she was now unable to do and must therefore beg for her subsistence, the Council summoned Young. Appearing this day, and asked if the allegations of his slave were true, he denied them all and said he had only told her, finding her very uneasy in his house, that she was at liberty to go where she thought proper, but that if she would return home and be contented she might live as the rest of his slaves, and that he would not expect any work of her except little matters she might do within doors. The Council ordered the slave woman Catherine to go home again to her master William Young.

Interpretations

The case shows the Council hearing a slave's complaint against her master and adjudicating between them, the woman brought before the board to answer her charge that she had been cast out to beg. The order returning her to her master, on his account that she might live as his other slaves, shows the limit of the relief the board would give, resolving the dispute by restoring the woman to the household she had been turned from rather than freeing her from it.

Speculations

The woman's complaint was that she had been turned out and left to beg, yet the Council took her master's denial and sent her back to his house. The board perhaps saw no other provision for her, a cast-out slave having no means of her own and no place on the island but her master's, so returning her to the household was the only subsistence within its power to order, whatever the truth of who had turned her out.

365

363

A Consultation held on Monday the 9 day of October 1752 at the Castle.

Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governor, Lieutenant John Clark of Council.

The last Consultation was read, approved, and Signed, dated the 2 October 1752.

This day Arrived his Majesty’s Sloop the Swallow, Capt Henry Speke.

Finding the following Articles of Household Furniture quite worn out and unrecoverable, we Ordered the Accountant to write them off the General Books of Accounts Viz

1 Bedstead

1 Bed

2 Pillows

2 Blankets

The Fishing yawl being quite worn out and unrecoverable, we Ordered her also to be broke up and wrote off the Books of Accounts

Godfrey Bougant Soldier who was sent hither from Bencoolen, having served the remainder of his time, Petitiond for his Discharge from the Garrison

Granted.

The Plantation, Gunner, and Stewards Accounts, for the Month of September last were this day brought in, which were Examined and Approved, and are as follows Viz

The Governor and Council met in consultation at the Castle on 9 October 1752. Governor Charles Hutchinson presided, with Lieutenant John Clark of the Council present. The Council read the previous consultation of 2 October 1752, then approved and signed it. His Majesty's sloop Swallow, Captain Henry Speke, arrived this day. Finding the following articles of household furniture quite worn out and unrecoverable, the Council ordered the accountant to write them off the general books: 1 bedstead, 1 bed, 2 pillows and 2 blankets. The fishing yawl being quite worn out, the Council ordered her broken up and written off the books. Godfrey Bougant, a soldier sent from Bencoolen and having served the remainder of his time, petitioned for his discharge, which the Council granted. The plantation, gunner's and steward's accounts for September 1752 were brought in this day, which the Council examined and approved.

Interpretations

The writing off of worn-out furniture and a broken fishing yawl shows the Council keeping the Company's inventory current, striking from the books the goods and craft no longer serviceable. Recording each item removed kept the accounts a true measure of the Company's property on the island.

366

364

Account of the Hon.ble Company's Stock of Neat Cattle &c for the Month of September 1752

Bulls, Cows, Calves, Yearlings, Heifers, Steers, Bullocks, Oxen, Total, Ewes, Weathers, Lambs, Rams, Total, Ewes, Weathers, Kids, Rams, Total, Sows, Shoats, Pigs, Boars, Total, Turkeys, Fowls, Ducks, Geese, Horses, Mares, Total

Rem.g 1.st & Encreased: Bulls 4, Cows 73, Calves 85, Yearlings 12, Heifers 17, Steers 5, Bullocks 3, Oxen 8, Total 207, Ewes 136, Weathers 30, Lambs 93, Rams 6, Total 265, Ewes 119, Weathers 13, Kids 29, Rams 5, Total 166, Sows 5, Shoats 5, Pigs 18, Boars 1, Total 29, Turkeys 10, Fowls 138, Ducks 14, Geese 21, Horses 6, Mares 5, Total 11

Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 0, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Bullocks 0, Oxen 0, Total 0, Ewes 0, Weathers 0, Lambs 2, Rams 0, Total 2, Ewes 0, Weathers 0, Kids 8, Rams 0, Total 8, Sows 0, Shoats 0, Pigs 6, Boars 0, Total 6, Turkeys 7, Fowls 50, Ducks 26, Geese 4, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0

Bulls 4, Cows 73, Calves 85, Yearlings 12, Heifers 17, Steers 5, Bullocks 3, Oxen 8, Total 207, Ewes 136, Weathers 30, Lambs 95, Rams 6, Total 267, Ewes 119, Weathers 13, Kids 37, Rams 5, Total 174, Sows 5, Shoats 5, Pigs 24, Boars 1, Total 35, Turkeys 17, Fowls 188, Ducks 40, Geese 25, Horses 6, Mares 5, Total 11

Killed: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 1, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Bullocks 0, Oxen 0, Total 1, Ewes 2, Weathers 3, Lambs 1, Rams 0, Total 6, Ewes 0, Weathers 3, Kids 0, Rams 0, Total 3, Sows 0, Shoats 1, Pigs 0, Boars 0, Total 1, Turkeys 0, Fowls 9, Ducks 1, Geese 1, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0

Died: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 0, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Bullocks 0, Oxen 0, Total 0, Ewes 2, Weathers 0, Lambs 1, Rams 0, Total 3, Ewes 0, Weathers 0, Kids 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Sows 0, Shoats 1, Pigs 0, Boars 0, Total 1, Turkeys 0, Fowls 5, Ducks 1, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0

Died with the Mange: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 0, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Bullocks 0, Oxen 0, Total 0, Ewes 0, Weathers 0, Lambs 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Ewes 10, Weathers 2, Kids 6, Rams 0, Total 18, Sows 0, Shoats 0, Pigs 0, Boars 0, Total 0, Turkeys 0, Fowls 0, Ducks 0, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0

Killed by Dogs: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 0, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Bullocks 0, Oxen 0, Total 0, Ewes 0, Weathers 0, Lambs 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Ewes 1, Weathers 0, Kids 1, Rams 0, Total 2, Sows 0, Shoats 0, Pigs 0, Boars 0, Total 0, Turkeys 0, Fowls 0, Ducks 0, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0

Rem.g 30: Bulls 4, Cows 73, Calves 85, Yearlings 12, Heifers 16, Steers 5, Bullocks 3, Oxen 8, Total 206, Ewes 132, Weathers 27, Lambs 93, Rams 6, Total 258, Ewes 108, Weathers 8, Kids 30, Rams 5, Total 151, Sows 5, Shoats 4, Pigs 23, Boars 1, Total 33, Turkeys 17, Fowls 174, Ducks 38, Geese 24, Horses 6, Mares 5, Total 11

the Names of the Species changed: Bulls 4, Cows 75, Calves 39, Yearlings 24, Heifers 18, Steers 33, Bullocks 2, Oxen 11, Total 206, Ewes 144, Weathers 58, Lambs 50, Rams 6, Total 258, Ewes 109, Weathers 12, Kids 25, Rams 5, Total 151, Sows 5, Shoats 15, Pigs 12, Boars 1, Total 33, Turkeys 17, Fowls 174, Ducks 38, Geese 24, Horses 6, Mares 5, Total 11

three Goats to the Sick Slaves

Yams Expended 26000

1 Slave Died Nam'd Joe

(Signed) Richard Gurling

Margin Notes:

Examined

9 October

An account of the Honourable Company's stock of neat cattle and other livestock for the month of September 1732.

Neat cattle, remaining 1 September: 4 bulls, 73 cows, 85 calves, 12 yearlings, 17 heifers, 5 steers, 3 bullocks, 8 oxen, total 207

Sheep, remaining 1 September: 136 ewes, 30 wethers, 93 lambs, 6 rams, total 265

Goats, remaining 1 September: 119 does, 13 wethers, 29 kids, 5 rams, total 166

Hogs, remaining 1 September: 5 sows, 5 shoats, 18 pigs, 1 boar, total 29

Poultry, remaining 1 September: 10 turkeys, 138 fowls, 14 ducks, 21 geese

Horses, remaining 1 September: 6 horses, 5 mares, total 11

Increased, sheep: 2 lambs, total 2

Increased, goats: 8 kids, total 8

Increased, hogs: 6 pigs, total 6

Increased, poultry: 7 turkeys, 50 fowls, 26 ducks, 4 geese

Neat cattle after increase: 4 bulls, 73 cows, 85 calves, 12 yearlings, 17 heifers, 5 steers, 3 bullocks, 8 oxen, total 207

Sheep after increase: 136 ewes, 30 wethers, 95 lambs, 6 rams, total 267

Goats after increase: 119 does, 13 wethers, 37 kids, 5 rams, total 174

Hogs after increase: 5 sows, 5 shoats, 24 pigs, 1 boar, total 35

Poultry after increase: 17 turkeys, 188 fowls, 40 ducks, 25 geese

Horses after increase: 6 horses, 5 mares, total 11

Killed, neat cattle: 1 calf, total 1

Killed, sheep: 2 wethers, 3 lambs, 1 ram, total 6

Killed, goats: 3 does, total 3

Killed, hogs: 1 shoat, total 1

Killed, poultry: 9 fowls, 1 duck, 1 goose

Died, sheep: 2 wethers, 1 lamb, total 3

Died, hogs: 1 pig, total 1

Died, poultry: 5 fowls, 1 duck

Died with the mange, goats: 10 does, 2 wethers, 6 kids, total 18

Killed by dogs, goats: 1 doe, 1 kid, total 2

Neat cattle, remaining 30 September: 4 bulls, 73 cows, 85 calves, 12 yearlings, 16 heifers, 5 steers, 3 bullocks, 8 oxen, total 206

Sheep, remaining 30 September: 132 ewes, 27 wethers, 93 lambs, 6 rams, total 258

Goats, remaining 30 September: 108 does, 8 wethers, 30 kids, 5 rams, total 151

Hogs, remaining 30 September: 5 sows, 4 shoats, 23 pigs, 1 boar, total 33

Poultry, remaining 30 September: 17 turkeys, 174 fowls, 38 ducks, 24 geese

Horses, remaining 30 September: 6 horses, 5 mares, total 11

The names of the species changed:

Neat cattle: 4 bulls, 75 cows, 39 calves, 24 yearlings, 18 heifers, 33 steers, 2 bullocks, 11 oxen, total 206

Sheep: 144 ewes, 58 wethers, 50 lambs, 6 rams, total 258

Goats: 109 does, 12 wethers, 25 kids, 5 rams, total 151

Hogs: 5 sows, 15 shoats, 12 pigs, 1 boar, total 33

Poultry: 17 turkeys, 174 fowls, 38 ducks, 24 geese

Horses: 6 horses, 5 mares, total 11

Three goats to the sick slaves

Yams expended, 26,000

One slave died, named Joe.

Signed, Richard Gurling.

Interpretations

The September muster names the cause of the goats' heavy mortality that had troubled the herd through the summer, eighteen dying with the mange. Mange was a contagious skin disease caused by parasitic mites, spreading through a flock and wasting the affected animals, and its naming here identifies the sickness behind the run of goat deaths in August and September. Ten does, two wethers and six kids died of it, cutting the goat total steeply and marking a real epidemic among that stock the account had tracked without naming until now.

The lower line recording the names of the species changed is an unusual administrative step, reclassifying the same total of animals into different age and sex categories at the quarter's end. The neat cattle were redistributed, calves falling from 85 to 39 while yearlings, steers and oxen rose, the beasts moved from one class to the next as they aged across the year. This periodic reclassing kept the muster accurate to the animals' true stage, the calves of spring becoming the yearlings and steers of autumn, a correction the herd required as the young stock matured.

The death of the slave Joe was again entered on the livestock account, as the deaths of Cato, Suvenus and the birth of Joshua had been in earlier months. This consistent placement, human lives recorded among the tallies of cattle and goats, reflects the administrative logic that counted the Company's slaves within the same document that numbered its animals. Three goats went to the sick slaves, continuing the targeted provision for the infirm among the labour force.

367

365

1752

Gunners Stores Expended in September 1752

Tallow for Greasing the Gun Carriages at the Main Fort

4

Handspikes broke at D.o

1

Betts broke at Prosperous Bay

1

Paper for the use of the Castle

1 Quire

Tallow for the use of the Sawyer

4

D.o for the use of the Long Boat

2

Gun Carriages much worn & scarce fit for Service

18 p.r Carriages

2

9 p.r D.o

3

6 p.r D.o

2

4 p.r D.o

7

3 p.r D.o

1

2 p.r D.o

8

Total 23

Gun Carts worn out and unserviceable

1

Quadrants D.o and D.o

2

Ordered to be wrote off

(Signed)

Thomas Holly

Sundrys Expended at the Honourable Company's General

Table in the Month of September 1752 Viz.t

11 Bottles Port Wine

16 6

12 D.o Lisbon

18

3 D.o Madeira

6 10 1/2

56 D.o Arrack

1 13 10

38 D.o Beer

9 6

170 Flour

1 3 1/4

162 1/2 Mutton

3 7 8 1/2

246 Beef

2 15

29 Pork

14 6

£ 12 4 9 1/4

An account of the gunner's stores expended in September 1732.

Tallow for greasing the gun carriages at the main fort: 6 lb

Handspikes broke at ditto: 1

Bits broke at Prosperous Bay: 1

Paper for the use of the castle: 1 quire

Tallow for the use of the tanyard: 4 lb

Ditto for the use of the longboat: 2 lb

Gun carriages much worn and scarce fit for service:

18-pounder carriages: 2

9-pounder ditto: 3

6-pounder ditto: 2

4-pounder ditto: 7

3-pounder ditto: 1

2-pounder ditto: 8

Total: 23

Gun carriages worn out and unserviceable: 1

Quadrants ditto and ditto: 2

Ordered to be written off. Signed by the captain, Thomas Holly.

An account of sundries expended at the Honourable Company's general table in the month of September 1732.

11 bottles port wine, £0 16s 6d

12 bottles Lisbon, £0 18s 0d

3 bottles Madeira, £0 6s 10½d

56 bottles arrack, £1 13s 10d

38 bottles beer, £0 9s 6d

170 lb flour, £1 3s 4d

162½ lb mutton, £3 7s 8½d

240 lb beef, £2 15s 0d

20 lb pork, £0 14s 6d

Carried over, £12 4s 9¼d

Interpretations

The September gunner's account was almost wholly a stocktaking of decayed equipment rather than a record of firing, listing the gun carriages worn and scarce fit for service by the weight of shot each gun threw. The carriages ranged from the heavy 18-pounders down to light 2-pounders, twenty-three in all found much worn, with one carriage and two quadrants condemned outright and ordered to be written off. A quadrant was the instrument for setting a gun's elevation, and writing off the unserviceable stores cleared them from the account so replacements could be sought, the formal step by which the Company acknowledged the loss.

The tallow issued to the tanyard ties the gunner's store to the island's leather-working, the rendered fat used in dressing and softening hides. A tanyard was the yard where skins were tanned into leather, and its supply from the fort's stores shows the settlement processing its own hides from the cattle and goats it slaughtered. The general table account for September continues the monthly pattern of wine, spirits and meat consumed at the Governor's table, the smaller quantities of wine perhaps reflecting fewer ships in the road after the Prince Henry sailed.

Speculations

The council ordered the worn carriages and quadrants written off rather than left standing in the account as serviceable stores. The gunner could have carried the decayed equipment on the books at its nominal value, but instead the unserviceable pieces were formally condemned and struck out, an admission that reduced the fort's reckoned strength on paper. Writing them off shows the administration keeping its ordnance account honest to the true state of the guns, choosing an accurate record of weakness over a flattering one, so that the real need for new carriages would stand plainly on the books.

368

366

9 October

Brought over

12 4 9 1/4

9 Fowls

13 6

1 Duck

1 6

1 Goose

5

9 p.r Salt Pork

18

1 Lamb

10

80 Candy

18 4

22 1/2 Butter

1 2 6

£ 16 13 9 1/4

Cha.s Hutchinson

John Clark

At a Consultation held on Thursday the 13 day of October

1752 at the Castle

Present Charles Hutchinson Esq Governor

Lieutenant John Clark of Council

The last Consultation was read approved and Signed dated

the 9 of October 1752

Pursuant to the Order in Consultation of the 17

August last, the Planters this day Attended to pay their Rents due to

the Hon.ble Company for the Year past, which Amounts to £368..6..8

the Rent Roll of was as follows Viz.t

John

Brought over, £12 4s 9¼d

9 fowls, £0 13s 6d

1 duck, £0 1s 6d

1 goose, £0 5s 0d

9 pieces salt pork, £0 18s 0d

1 lamb, £0 10s 0d

80 lb candy, £0 18s 4d

22½ lb butter, £1 2s 6d

Total, £16 13s 9¼d

Charles Hutchinson. John Clark.

At a consultation held on Thursday 13 October 1732 at the castle. Present, Charles Hutchinson, Governor, and Lieutenant John Clark, of the council.

The record of the earlier consultation was read, approved and signed, dated 9 October 1732.

Pursuant to the order in consultation of 17 August last, the planters this day attended to pay their rents due to the Honourable Company for the year past, which amounted to £368 6s 8d. The rent roll was as follows.

Interpretations

The general table account for September closed with the last of the month's provisions, the fowls, salt pork, lamb, candy and butter completing the record of the Governor's table. The signatures of Governor Hutchinson and Lieutenant Clark confirmed the account as examined and approved, the same two officers who sat at each consultation through the year.

The planters' attendance to pay their rents fulfilled an order made in August, the annual collection of the sums due to the Company for the land it leased out. The total of £368 6s 8d represented the yearly return from the island's tenant holdings, the rents on the parcels of cultivable ground granted to settlers like Beale at Green Hill Gut. Setting a fixed day for all planters to attend and pay was the orderly method of gathering the rents together, the roll that followed listing each tenant and the sum owed. This annual reckoning was a principal source of the Company's revenue from the island beyond the trade of its stores, the ground rent on the land it held as proprietor.

369

367

13 October

Quit Rent, Levy, Levy, £ s d

John Alexander

John Alexander:

Samuel Alexander

Samuel Alexander: Levy 71 1/2, Levy 41 1/2, 14 6

George Alexander

George Alexander: Levy 34, Levy 14, 5 4

Rachel Alexander

Rachel Alexander: Levy 28, 1 8

Margaret Alcock 1 1/4 Acres @ 20/ p.r Annum

Margaret Alcock: Quit Rent 20/, Levy 2 1/2, 1 5

Onesphorus Beale

Onesphorus Beale: Quit Rent 2/6, 2 6

Richard Beale

Richard Beale: Quit Rent 5/, Levy 41, Levy 10 1/2, 12 8 6

John Bagley

John Bagley: Levy 36, 9

Richard Bagley

Richard Bagley: Levy 25, Levy 12, 4 5

Orlando Bagley

Orlando Bagley: Levy 20, Levy 16, 5

Matthew Bazett

Matthew Bazett: Levy 50, Levy 26, 9

John Bazett Esq.r

John Bazett Esq.r: Levy 87, Levy 36, 13 7

Thomas Bazett Esq.r

Thomas Bazett Esq.r: Levy 15, Levy 1 1/2, 1 1 3

William Burnham

William Burnham: Levy 29, Levy 14, 4 19

John Clark

John Clark: Quit Rent 10/6, Levy 97 1/2, Levy 34, 13 18

Thomas Cotgrave

Thomas Cotgrave: Levy 3, Levy 71 1/2, 17 19 3

Thomas Cleer

Thomas Cleer: Levy 11, 2 15

Sam.l Doveton Esq.r 5 Acres @ 15/ p.r Acre

Sam.l Doveton Esq.r: Levy 108 1/2, Levy 19, 13 12 3

John Doveton

John Doveton: Levy 86 1/2, Levy 1, 4 11 6

Grace Doveton

Grace Doveton: Levy 71 1/2, Levy 9 1/2, 6 5 3

Samuel Desfountain

Samuel Desfountain: Levy 30, Levy 23, 7 5

Joseph Desfountains Esq.r

Joseph Desfountains Esq.r: Levy 20, Levy 51, 15 5

Elyzabeth Desfountain

Elyzabeth Desfountain: Levy 11, 2 15

John Desfountain

John Desfountain: Quit Rent 5/, Levy 93 1/2, Levy 21 1/2, 11 9

Thomas Easthope

Thomas Easthope: Levy 25, Levy 41, 12 5

Thomas French

Thomas French: Quit Rent 10/, 10

Michael Frost

Michael Frost: Quit Rent 15/, 15

John Goodwin 13 3/4 Cat five Acres @ 4/ p.r Acre

John Goodwin: Quit Rent 10/, Levy 31 1/2, Levy 37, 7 19 6

Richard Goodwin

Richard Goodwin: Quit Rent 10/6, Levy 56 1/2, Levy 27, 10 2

Tho.s Greentree 33 1/2 Acres @ 4/ p.r Acre

Tho.s Greentree: Quit Rent 5/, Levy 55, Levy 60, 16 6 6

James Greentree

James Greentree: Levy 48, Levy 55, 16 3

Carried over

Levy 1210 1/2, Levy 754 1/2, 248 1 3

A rent roll of the planters and the sums due to the Honourable Company for the year past, the columns recording quit rent, and payments in wheat, [...] and [...], with the total due in pounds, shillings and pence.

John Alexander: [...]

Samuel Alexander: 71½ wheat, 41½, £14 0s 6d

George Alexander: 34 wheat, 14, £5 4s 4d

Rachel Alexander: 28, £1 8s 0d

Margaret Alcock, 1¼ acres at 20s a year annual: 20s quit rent, 2¼, £1 3s 0d

Onesiphorus Beale: 2s 6d quit rent, £0 2s 6d

Richard Beale: 5s quit rent, 41, 10½, £12 8s 6d

John Bagley: 36, £9 0s 0d

Richard Bagley: 25, 12, £4 1s 5d

Orlando Bagley: 20, 16, £5 0s 0d

Matthew Bazett: 50, 26, £9 0s 0d

John Bazett senior: 87, 36, £13 7s 0d

Thomas Bazett senior: 15, 1¼, £1 1s 3d

William Burnham: 29, 14, £4 19s 0d

John Clark: 10s 6d quit rent, 97½, 34, £13 18s 0d

Thomas Cotgrave: 3, 71½, £17 19s 3d

Thomas Cleer: 11, £2 15s 0d

Samuel Doveton senior, 5 acres at 15s the acre: 108¾, 19, £13 12s 3d

John Doveton: 86¾, 1, £4 11s 6d

Grace Doveton: 77½, 9½, £6 5s 3d

Samuel Desfountain: 30, 23, £7 5s 0d

Joseph Desfountain senior: 20, 5½, £15 5s 0d

Elizabeth Desfountain: 11, £2 15s 0d

John Desfountain: 5s quit rent, 93½, 24½, £11 0s 9d

Thomas Easthope: 25, 44, £12 5s 0d

Thomas French: 10s quit rent, £0 10s 0d

Michael Frost: 15s quit rent, £0 15s 0d

John Goodwin, 13½ acres and five acres at 4s the acre: 10s, 31½, 37, £7 19s 6d

Richard Goodwin: 10s 6d quit rent, 56½, 27, £10 2s 0d

Thomas Greentree, 33½ acres at 4s the acre: 5s, 55, 60, £16 6s 6d

James Greentree: 48, 55, £16 3s 0d

Carried over: 1,240½ wheat, 754½, 248, £1 3s 0d

Interpretations

The rent roll recorded each planter's obligation to the Company in a mixed form, a small fixed quit rent in money alongside larger renders measured in wheat and other grain. Quit rent was a nominal annual sum a tenant paid to be free of other feudal services, here a few shillings on each holding, while the bulk of the rent was taken in produce, the wheat and grain columns reflecting payment in kind from the island's harvest. This arrangement suited a remote settlement short of coin, where the Company took its due in the crops the land yielded and the tenants paid from what they grew.

The roll shows the concentration of land among a handful of families, the Alexanders, Bagletts, Bazetts, Dovetons, Desfountains and Greentrees each holding multiple parcels under different members of the family. This spread of holdings within kin groups marks the established planter families who had settled the island over generations, dividing and inheriting the cultivable ground among themselves. Named acreages against some entries, Margaret Alcock's one and a quarter acres, Samuel Doveton's five, Greentree's thirty-three and a half, record the size of particular holdings and the rate per acre at which their rent was reckoned.

370

368

Onasphorus Gualing Exor 3 Acres @ 1/6 pr Acre
Richd Gualing 6 1/4 Acres @ 6/3 Acre @ 3/6 pr Acre
Gabriel Harper Exor
Joseph Harding Exor
Tho Harper Exor
Martin Harper
Tho Harpers Exor
Richard Harper 4 Acres @ 1/6 pr Acre
James Hinds
Gabriel Jacke
Michael Jacke
Mary Jarvis
Tho Kirkpatrick
Samuel Knipe
William Kennedy
Hy Leech
John Leech Senr 9 Acres @ 1/6 pr Acre
John Leech Junr
Bridget Leech
Richard Mason
Benjamin Mason
Robert Mason
Mary Nichols
Lemond Nichols Exor
Margaret Pitchard
James Powell
Matthew Stirling 6 1/2 Acres @ 1/6 pr Acre
Benjn Wedder Exor
James Ryder Exor
Sarah Peynord
William Seale 3 Acres @ 1/6 pr Acre
Benjamin Seale
John Seale Exor

The rent roll of the planters continued.
executor of Onasphorus Gurling, 3 acres at 1s 6d per acre
Richard Gurling, 6¼ acres at 3s 6d per acre
executor of Gabriel Harper
executor of Joseph Harding
executor of Thomas Harper
Martin Harper
executor of Thomas Harper
Richard Harper, 4 acres at 1s 6d per acre
James Hinds
Gabriel Jacke
Michael Jacke
Mary Jarvis
Thomas Kirkpatrick
Samuel Knipe
William Kennedy
Henry Leech
John Leech senior, 9 acres at 1s 6d per acre
John Leech junior
Bridget Leech
Richard Mason
Benjamin Mason
Robert Mason
Mary Nichols
executor of Lemond Nichols
Margaret Pitchard
James Powell
Matthew Stirling, 6½ acres at 1s 6d per acre
executor of Benjamin Wedder
executor of James Ryder
Sarah Peynord
William Seale, 3 acres at 1s 6d per acre
Benjamin Seale
executor of John Seale

Interpretations

The roll ran through the island's tenant families, many holdings held by the executors of the dead, the land passing under administration until the estates were settled. The recurrence of the same surnames across the roll shows the small body of planter families among whom the island's cultivated ground was divided.

371

369

Charles Steward Orphan
Nathan Sample
John Sweats
Richard Sweats
Robert Vickan
Francis Wrangham Senr
Jno Wrangham Junr 6 Acres @ pr Acre pr Annum
John Correll
Joshua Worrall 7 Acres for 4 Months
Simon Whaley Exor
Joseph Whaley Exor
William Young
Stephen Young


Enlisted yesterday Matthew Bazett and John Vaughan Natives, to serve the Honourable Company as Soldiers for five years without any Bounty Money.
Cha Hutchinson
John Clark

The rent roll of the planters concluded.
Charles Steward, orphan
Nathan Sample
John Sweats
Richard Sweats
Robert Vickan
Francis Wrangham senior
John Wrangham junior, 6 acres at the yearly rate per acre
John Correll
Joshua Worrall, 7 acres for 4 months
Simon Whaley, executor
Joseph Whaley, executor
William Young
Stephen Young

The Council enlisted Matthew Bazett and John Vaughan, natives, the previous day, to serve the Company as soldiers for five years without any bounty money. The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson and John Clark.

Interpretations

The close of the roll included an orphan's holding and land held for only part of the year, the varied tenures the Company recognised among its tenants. The enlistment of two island natives without bounty, entered at the foot of the rent business, shows the garrison continuing to draw its unpaid recruits from the island's own people.

372

370

A Consultation held on Monday the 16 day of October 1752 at the Castle.
Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governor, Lieutenant John Clark of Council.
The last Consultation was read, approved and Signed dated the 12 October 1752.
Captain Speke of his Majesty’s Sloop the Swallow being much in want of a Main Yard, Applied to us, for a Reet Mast, for that purpose, which we Ordered to be delivered to him
Executed a lease, Petitioned for by Richd Mason in Consultation of the 25 September, to be renewed in the Name of his Son in Law Isaac Knipe.
Cha Hutchinson
John Clark

The Governor and Council met in consultation at the Castle on 16 October 1752. Governor Charles Hutchinson presided, with Lieutenant John Clark of the Council present. The Council read the previous consultation of 12 October 1752, then approved and signed it. Captain Speke of His Majesty's sloop Swallow, being much in want of a main yard, applied to the Council for a spare mast for that purpose, which the Council ordered delivered to him. A lease petitioned for by Richard Mason at the consultation of 25 September 1752, to be renewed in the name of his son-in-law Isaac Knipe, was executed. The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson and John Clark.

Interpretations

The supply of a spare mast to a King's ship for her main yard shows the island aiding the Royal Navy as it did the Company's own vessels, its stores furnishing a warship's want of spars. The service to a naval sloop in time of peace marks St Helena's standing use as a place of refreshment and repair for the King's ships as well as the Company's.

373

371

A Consultation held on Monday the 23 day of October 1752 at the Castle.
Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governor, Lieutenant John Clark of Council.
The last Consultation was read, approved, and Signed dated the 16 October 1752.
Sunday the 17 Died Elizabeth Daughter of William and Elizabeth Kennedy.
The Revd Mr William Lee, this day paid into the Cash, the sum of fifty Pounds being the Amount of his Bond to the Honourable Company.
Cha Hutchinson
John Clark

The Governor and Council met in consultation at the Castle on 23 October 1752. Governor Charles Hutchinson presided, with Lieutenant John Clark of the Council present. The Council read the previous consultation of 16 October 1752, then approved and signed it. Elizabeth, daughter of William and Elizabeth Kennedy, had died on Sunday 17 October 1752. The Reverend William Lee this day paid into the cash £50 0s 0d, the amount of his bond to the Company. The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson and John Clark.

Interpretations

The chaplain's payment of £50 to discharge his bond shows even the Company's own minister bound to it by a money obligation, the bond a security the Company took from its servants. Recording the payment as the full amount of the bond closed the obligation on the books.

374

372

30 October

At a Consultation held on Monday the 30 day of October

1752 at the Castle

Present Charles Hutchinson Esq Governor

Lieutenant John Clark of Council

The last Consultation was read approved and Signed dated

the 23 October 1752

Yesterday Sailed his Majesty's Sloop Swallow for England

The Storekeeper brought in his Collections and the

Paymaster his Account for the Quarter Ending the 11 Instant

which were Examined and Approved and are as follows Viz.t

Collection of Goods Sold and delivered out of the

Honorable Company's Stores from the 1 July to the 11 October 1752

Viz.t

Sold to the Company's Servants at 10 p.r Cent

Arrack 478 Gallons

119 10

Brandy 8 Gallons

2

Sugar & Candy Viz.t

4139 Sugar

68 19 8

2620 Candy

33 13 4

102 13

Flour Viz.t

584 Flour

4 5 2

171..3..26 D.o Baked

150 9 8

154 14 10

Candles 394

29 11

Soap 53

23 4 7 1/2

Rice 50..1..21

17 16 9 1/2

£ 449 10 1

At a consultation held on Monday 30 October 1732 at the castle. Present, Charles Hutchinson, Governor, and Lieutenant John Clark, of the council.

The record of the earlier consultation was read, approved and signed, dated 23 October 1732.

Yesterday His Majesty's sloop Swallow sailed for England.

The storekeeper brought in the collections, and the paymaster his accounts, for the quarter ending the 11th of this month. The council examined and approved both. The record set out the goods sold from and delivered out of the Honourable Company's stores between 1 July and 11 October 1732.

Sold to the Company's servants at 10 per cent:

Arrack, 478 gallons, £119 10s 0d

Brandy, 8 gallons, £2 0s 0d

Sugar and candy:

4,139 lb sugar, £68 19s 8d

2,020 lb candy, £33 13s 4d

Sub-total sugar and candy, £102 13s 0d

Flour:

584 lb flour, £4 5s 2d

171 cwt 3 qr 26 lb twice-baked, £150 9s 8d

Sub-total flour, £154 14s 10d

Candles, 394 lb, £29 11s 0d

Soap, 53 lb, £23 4s 7½d

Rice, 50 cwt 1 qr 21 lb, £17 16s 7½d

Carried over, £449 10s 1d

Interpretations

The consultation opened with the routine confirmation of the previous meeting's record and noted the departure of the naval sloop Swallow for England, a King's ship distinct from the Company's own East Indiamen. Naval vessels called at the island alongside the trading fleet, and recording the Swallow's sailing marked the movement of shipping that the settlement watched as a matter of course.

The quarterly stores account opened the familiar schedule of goods sold to Company servants at the fixed 10 per cent markup, now covering July to the 11th of October. The staple imports dominate again, arrack, sugar, candy, flour and rice, the twice-baked ship's biscuit forming an especially heavy line at over a hundred and fifty pounds. The large quantity of biscuit reflects the provisioning of outbound vessels with bread that would keep at sea, the island's central function as a victualling station shaping even the retail account of what it sold to its own people.

375

373

1752

Brought over

449 10 1

Tea Viz.t

96 Congo

7 12

214 Single

14 3 4

121 Bohea

6 1

27 18 4

Oil Viz.t

8 Bottles Florence

1 2 8

6 Gall.s Linseed

1 3

40 Gall.s Train

1 10

3 15 8

Salt 9 1/4 Bushels

1 10 10

Beef & Pork Viz.t

339 p.r Beef 2/

33 18

16 p.r D.o 3/1 1/2

2 8 8

630 p.r Pork 2/

65 18

50 p.r D.o 2/3 1/2

5 8 4

107 13

Vinegar 13 Gallons

1 8 2

Desotees Viz.t

11 p.r Single

3 17 7

4 p.r Double

4 8

8 5 7

Deals 6 Single

13 3

Hooks & Lines Viz.t

4225 Hooks Sorted

3 1 4

300 Blue

1

23 Dozen 9 Lines Sorted

4 17 9

4 Hambro

6

8 6 1

Haberdashery Ware Viz.t

31 1/2 Doz.n M.C.t Buttons

1 1

35 1/2 Doz.n M.B.t D.o

11 10

12 3/4 Doz.n G.t B.t D.o

14 1/2

10 3/4 Doz.n G.t B.t D.o

10 11 1/2

40 Sk.s Mohair

15

36 Sk.s Silk

16 6

1 Doz.n Tin Breast Buttons

1 1/2

4 9 5 1/2

£ 613 10 6

Brought over, £449 10s 1d

Tea:

96 lb congou, £7 12s 0d

211 lb singlo, £14 3s 4d

121 lb bohea, £6 1s 0d

Sub-total tea, £27 18s 4d

Oil:

8 bottles Florence, £1 2s 8d

6 gallons linseed, £1 3s 0d

40 gallons train, £1 10s 0d

Sub-total oil, £3 15s 8d

Salt, 9¼ bushels, £1 10s 10d

Beef and pork:

339 lb beef at 2s, £33 18s 0d

16 lb suet at 3s 6d, £2 8s 8d

630 lb pork at 2s, £65 18s 0d

50 lb ditto at 2s 6d, £5 8s 4d

Sub-total beef and pork, £107 13s 0d

Vinegar, 13 gallons, £1 8s 2d

Desotees:

11 pieces single, £3 17s 7d

4 pieces double, £4 8s 0d

Sub-total desotees, £8 5s 7d

Deals, 6 single, £0 13s 3d

Hooks and lines:

4,225 hooks assorted, £3 1s 4½d

300 blue, £0 1s 0d

23 dozen lines assorted, £4 17s 9d

4 hambers, £0 6s 0d

Sub-total hooks and lines, £8 6s 1½d

Haberdashery:

31½ dozen metal coat buttons, £1 1s 0d

35½ dozen metal ditto, £0 11s 10d

12½ dozen gilt ditto, £0 14s 4d

10½ dozen gilt breast ditto, £0 10s 11½d

40 skeins mohair, £0 15s 0d

36 skeins silk, £0 16s 6d

1 dozen tin breast buttons, £0 0s 1½d

Carried over, £613 10s 6d

Interpretations

The tea line again separated the three China grades by price, singlo the green tea sold here in the largest quantity, congou the better black and bohea the cheapest. The steady appearance of these teas across every quarterly account confirms the depth of the Company's China trade passing through the island, the homeward ships leaving a share of their cargo to be sold on to the residents. The prominence of singlo this quarter, over two hundred pounds against smaller quantities of the others, marks a shift toward the green tea in what the store had to offer.

The recurring lines of fishing tackle, cloth and haberdashery repeat the store's steady staples across the quarters. Hooks bought in the thousands and lines by the dozen supplied an island that fed heavily from the sea, while desotees, the lightweight imported cotton in single and double pieces, continued as a plain textile line. The buttons ran in metal, gilt and tin, sold by the dozen with mohair and silk thread, the tailor's stock for a settlement clothing itself from imported materials.

376

374

30 October

Brought over

613 10 6

Shalloon 61 1/2 Yard

6 8 1/2

Broad Cloth 12 1/2 Yards

10 16 4

Pepper 1

7

Twine 18 Skains

12

Thread Viz.t

9 White & Brown

3 9

10 3/4 Mens

3 1

3 3 10

Serge 47 1/2 yard

12 6 2 1/2

Starch Viz.t

17 1/2 Poland

5 1/2

21 Common

9 7 1/2

14 9

Glass Ware Viz.t

30 Wine Glasses

11 1 1/2

4 Wine & Water Glasses

3 6

1 Quart D.o Decanter

4 6

1 Tumbler

8

44 Sq.r Glass 8 by 10

1 7 6

40 Sq.r D.o 6 by 8

19 2

64 Sq.r D.o 10 by 12

2 15 11

18 p.r Cruets

7 4

2 Sq.r Glass 18 by 11

3

6 15 10

Tin Ware Viz.t

2 Quart Decanters

1 3 1/2

5 Pint D.o

2 2

2 Pudding Pans

3 4

1 Water Pott

5 8 1/2

4 Lamps

3 8

16 2

China Ware Viz.t

54 Doz.r Cups & Saucers

15

24 Sneakers

6

China Ware Carried over

1 1

£ 655 3 4

Brought over, £613 10s 6d

Shalloon, 61½ yards, £6 8s 1½d

Broadcloth, 12½ yards, £10 16s 4d

Pepper, 1 lb, £0 0s 7d

Twine, 18 skeins, £0 12s 0d

Thread:

9 lb coloured, £3 0s 9d

10 lb whited brown, £3 1s 0d

Sub-total thread, £3 3s 10d

Serge, 47½ yards, £12 6s 2½d

Starch:

17½ lb Poland, £0 6s 1½d

21 lb common, £0 9s 7½d

Sub-total starch, £0 14s 9d

Glassware:

30 wine glasses, £0 11s 1½d

4 wine and water glasses, £0 3s 1½d

1 quart Florence decanter, £0 4s 6d

1 tumbler, £0 0s 8d

44 lb glass 8 by 10, £1 1s 6d

41 lb ditto 6 by 8, £0 19s 2d

61 lb ditto 10 by 12, £2 15s 11d

18 lb ditto, £0 7s 4d

2 lb ditto 18 by 11, £0 3s 1½d

Sub-total glassware, £6 15s 10d

Tinware:

2 quart decanters, £0 1s 3¾d

5 pint ditto, £0 2s 2d

2 pudding pans, £0 3s 4d

1 water pot, £0 5s 8½d

4 lamps, £0 3s 8d

Sub-total tinware, £0 16s 2d

Chinaware:

54 dozen cups and saucers, £0 15s 0d

24 breakers, £0 6s 0d

Chinaware carried over, £1 1s 0d

Carried over, £655 3s 4d

Interpretations

The glassware line again separated finished drinking vessels from window glass sold by weight in stock cut sizes, 8 by 10, 6 by 8, 10 by 12 and 18 by 11 inches, the panes shipped in to glaze and repair the island's buildings. Window glass was a costly import no colony could make, and stocking it by the pound in graded sizes let the store meet whatever a building required. The wine glasses, decanters and tumbler among the same heading were the table glass of a furnished household, equally dependent on the homeward ships.

The cloth lines carried the middling and finer fabrics across this quarter, serge the durable twilled wool, shalloon a smooth lining and broadcloth the fine dense wool at a high rate per yard. The Poland starch among the household goods was a fine imported laundry starch, distinguished from the common sort by its quality and price, used to stiffen linen and fine collars. The breakers grouped with the chinaware were again small water or liquor kegs rather than pottery, the clerk following the shipping invoice rather than the material in placing them there.

377

375

1752

Brought over

655 3 4

China Ware Brought over

1 1

5 Sett Dishes & Plates

1 8 4

12 Bowls

10 3

1 Guglet & Bason

2 1

12 half Pint Cups & Saucers

4 5

66 Soup Plates

1 10 3

3 Tea Potts

1 1 1/2

3 Sallad Dishes

2 6

1 Chamber Pott

1 6

8 1 8 1/2

Tapathy 1/2 Piece

18 2

Buckram 13 Yards

11 11

Cutlery Ware Viz.t

8 1/2 Gross Horn Handles

10 11 1/2

20 Butchers Knives

6 3

17 Ivory Combs

1 2 10

14 Horn Combs

2 11

34 p.r Knee Buckles

14 2

33 p.r Leather Garters

15 1 1/2

2 p.r Shoe Buckles

1 1

3 13 4

Cordage 219

3 3 10 1/2

Kersey 25 Yards

6 2

Long Ells 48 Yard

1 12 3

Turners Ware Viz.t

11 Shoe Brushes

7 1

2 Baskets

6 5

2 Labourers Baskets

1 3

1 Paint Brush

7 1/2

15 4 1/2

Nails 17 Sorted

1 15 2

Hosiery Ware Viz.t

13 p.r Mens Wove Stockings

2 1 10

1 p.r Boys

2 5 1/2

2 12 3 1/2

Oars 5

1 1 3

£ 679 14 10

Brought over, £655 3s 4d

Chinaware brought over, £1 1s 0d

5 sets dishes and plates, £4 8s 4d

12 bowls, £0 10s 3d

1 gugglet and basin, £0 2s 1d

12 half-pint cups and saucers, £0 4s 5d

66 soup plates, £1 10s 3d

3 teapots, £0 1s 1½d

3 salt dishes, £0 2s 6d

1 chamber pot, £0 1s 6d

Sub-total chinaware, £8 1s 8½d

Tabby, ½ piece, £0 18s 2d

Buckram, 13 yards, £0 11s 11d

Cutlery:

8½ gross horn moulds, £0 10s 11½d

20 butchers' knives, £0 6s 3d

17 ivory combs, £1 2s 10d

14 horn combs, £0 2s 11d

34 pairs knee buckles, £0 14s 2d

33 pairs leather garters, £0 15s 1½d

2 pairs shoe buckles, £0 1s 1d

Sub-total cutlery, £3 13s 4d

Cordage, 219 lb, £3 3s 10½d

Hosiery, 13 pairs, £0 6s 2d

Long ells, 18 yards, £1 12s 3d

Turnery:

11 shoe brushes, £0 7s 1d

2 baskets, £0 6s 5d

2 labourers' baskets, £0 1s 3d

1 paint brush, £0 0s 7½d

Sub-total turnery, £0 15s 4½d

Nails, 17 lb assorted, £1 15s 2d

Hosiery:

13 pairs men's worsted stockings, £2 1s 0d

1 pair boys', £0 2s 8½d

Sub-total hosiery, £2 12s 3½d

Oars, 5, £1 1s 3d

Carried over, £679 14s 10d

Interpretations

The chinaware line records the graded tableware of a furnished household shipped in from England, sets of dishes and plates, soup plates, teapots, cups and saucers, all wares no colony could make. A gugglet was a porous earthenware jar that kept water cool by slow evaporation, well suited to a warm climate and here paired with a basin. The soup plates in quantity point to formal dining at the officers' and planters' tables, the deep plates for served courses distinct from the flat dishes.

The cutlery line carried both tools and dress articles, twenty butchers' knives for the slaughter and dressing of meat alongside the buckles, combs and horn moulds of personal use. Horn combs and horn moulds were turned from cattle horn, the button moulds to be covered in cloth or thread. The five oars sold this quarter, like the four and six of earlier accounts, point to the constant need to equip and repair the small boats working between shore and ship in the roadstead, the oars worn or broken in the heavy traffic of the anchorage.

378

376

30 October

Brought over

679 14 10

Shoes Viz.t

94 p.r Heels

6

1 Green Pepperas

5

28 p.r Mens D.o 7 Shoes

6 1 4

2 p.r Boys

7 6

1 p.r Pumps

6 10

1 p.r Channeled Pumps

7 11

1 p.r Stretchers

2 10

7 12 10

Pewter Viz.t

3 Chamber Pots

9 6

1 Stool Pan

5 3

2 Basons

6 4

1 1 1

Canvas Viz.t

62 y.d Bontroys

2 2 7 1/2

6 D.o English Canvas

6 9

2 9 4 1/2

Flannel 11 yards

17 5

Paint Viz.t

33 3/4 Indico

2 19 7

87 Whiting

1 11

4 Bar.l Blacking

2 3

6 Red Lead

1 6

6 Vent.n Red

6

13 White Lead

3 7 1/2

3 Yellow Oaker

7 1/2

7 3/4 Blue Smalts

3 2 1/2

4 White Copperas

4

3 15 6 1/2

Rice 1 Bushel

7

Long Cloth Viz.t

12 1/2 p.r N.o 2

12 5

2 1/2 p.r 3

11 2 6

1 p.r 5

2 16 9

4 p.r 7

7 3

33 7 3

£ 729 5 4

Brought over, £679 14s 10d

Shoes:

94 pairs heels, £0 6s 0d

1 lb green copperas, £0 0s 5d

28 pairs No. 9 shoes, £6 1s 4d

2 pairs boys', £0 7s 6d

1 pair pumps, £0 6s 10d

1 pair channelled pumps, £0 1s 11d

1 pair stretchers, £0 2s 10d

Sub-total shoes, £1 12s 10d

Pewter:

3 chamber pots, £0 9s 6d

1 stool pan, £0 5s 3d

2 basins, £0 0s 4d

Sub-total pewter, £1 1s 1d

Canvas:

62 yards Osnaburg, £2 2s 7½d

6 yards English canvas, £0 6s 9d

Sub-total canvas, £2 9s 4½d

Flannel, 11 yards, £0 17s 5d

Paint:

33½ lb indigo, £2 19s 7d

87 lb whiting, £0 1s 11d

1 barrel blacking, £0 2s 3d

6 lb red lead, £0 1s 6d

7 lb Venetian red, £0 0s 6d

1½ lb white lead, £0 3s 7½d

3 lb yellow ochre, £0 0s 7½d

1½ lb blue smalt, £0 3s 2½d

½ lb white copperas, £0 0s 4d

Sub-total paint, £3 15s 6½d

Rice, 1 bushel, £0 0s 7d

Long cloth:

12½ pieces No. 2, £12 5s 0d

2½ pieces No. 3, £11 2s 6d

1 piece No. 5, £2 16s 9d

4 pieces No. 7, £7 3s 0d

Sub-total long cloth, £33 7s 3d

Carried over, £729 5s 4d

Interpretations

The paint and dye lines record the pigments and mordants a painter and dyer needed, all shipped in ready-prepared since the island produced none. Green copperas was iron sulphate and white copperas zinc sulphate, both used as mordants to fix dyes in cloth and in preparing inks and washes, sold here in small quantity by the pound. Indigo for a deep blue, Venetian red, yellow ochre and the lead pigments filled out the range, the store holding the whole palette for both decorative and protective work.

The long cloth again forms the account's heaviest textile line, the plain Indian cotton calico sold in numbered pieces of graded quality for shirts, linings and everyday wear. Its bulk across every quarter marks it as the workhorse fabric of the settlement, the cloth from which most ordinary clothing was made. The shoe line continued the store's steady trade in footwear and repair parts, the separate heels for mending and the stretchers, tools for widening tight shoes, alongside the graded whole shoes and pumps.

379

377

1752

Brought over

729 5 4

Pitch Viz.t

5 Gall.s Tar

3 9

12 Rosin

2 6

32 Turpentine

6 8

12 11

Leather 22

9 10 3/4

Mustard Seed 3/4 Bushel

2 9

Blankets 5

1 18 6 1/2

Shirts Viz.t

7 Soldiers

1 12 1

3 p.r Linen

4 10 3

6 2 4

Braziers Ware Viz.t

1 p.r Candlesticks

6 5

1 Flatt Candlestick

4 1

1 Copper Saucepan

3 7

2 Tea Kettles

1 5 4

1 19 5

Grindstone 1

3 1/2

Lead Viz.t

12 1/4 Pigg

2 3 1/2

7 Sheet

9

14 Shot

2 7 1/2

5 8

Ironmongers Ware Viz.t

2 Box Irons & Heaters

1 3 6

8 Frying Pans

17 4

2 Stock Locks

3 2

1 Garden Rake

2 7

1 Ripping Lock

2 11

2 Broad Hoes

3 10

1 Garden Hoe

1 6 1/2

4 Helves

2 8

1 Chest Lock

3 3

Ironmongers Ware Carried over

3 6

£ 743 1/2

Brought over, £729 5s 4d

Pitch:

5 gallons tar, £0 3s 0d

12 lb rosin, £0 2s 6d

32 lb turpentine, £0 6s 8d

Sub-total pitch, £0 12s 11d

Leather, 22 lb, £[...]

Mustard seed, ½ bushel, £0 2s 9d

Blankets, 5, £1 18s 6½d

Shirts:

7 soldiers', £1 12s 1d

3 pairs linen, £4 10s 3d

Sub-total shirts, £6 2s 4d

Braziery:

1 pair candlesticks, £0 6s 5d

1 flat candlestick, £0 4s 1d

1 copper saucepan, £0 3s 7d

2 tea kettles, £1 5s 4d

Sub-total braziery, £1 19s 5d

Grindstones, 1, £0 3s 7½d

Lead:

12½ lb pig, £0 2s 3½d

½ lb sheet, £0 0s 9d

14 lb shot, £0 2s 7½d

Sub-total lead, £0 5s 8d

Ironmongery:

2 box irons and heaters, £1 3s 6d

8 frying pans, £0 17s 4d

2 stock locks, £0 3s 2d

1 garden rake, £0 2s 7d

1 rim lock, £0 2s 11d

2 broad hoes, £0 3s 10d

1 garden hoe, £0 1s 6½d

4 hinges, £0 2s 8d

1 chest lock, £0 3s 3d

Ironmongery carried over, £3 0s 10½d

Carried over, £743 0s 1½d

Interpretations

The naval stores of pitch, tar, turpentine and rosin recur again, the standing supply for caulking and preserving the boats and timber of a sea station. Their steady presence across every quarterly account reflects the constant maintenance that a settlement dependent on its craft and buildings required against rot and salt water. The grindstone sold this quarter was a rotating stone for sharpening tools and blades, a basic piece of workshop equipment shipped in for the island's smiths and joiners.

The ironmongery and garden tools record the implements an island had to import ready-forged, box irons for pressing linen, frying pans, garden rakes, broad and garden hoes and locks of several kinds. Broad hoes were wide-bladed hoes for breaking and weeding ground, and their sale beside the rakes and garden hoe equipped the cultivation the settlement depended on. Mustard seed sold by the half-bushel was for planting or grinding into the condiment, a small line among the provisions. The candlesticks, tea kettles and copper saucepan among the braziery furnished the household hearth and table, all wares from imported stock.

380

378

30 October

Brought over

743 1/2

Ironmongers Ware Brought over

3 1 1/2

1 Chafing Dish

5 9 1/2

110 3/4 Tar

2 7

1 Ditching Shovel

4 11 1/2

1 Shod Shovel

1 11

3 Files

2 6

4 Spades

19 11 1/2

2 Claw Hammers

2 4

11 Gimblets

1 7

1 Garden Iron

3 1/2

4 Chissels

2 3

4 Packing Needles

8

5 8 6 1/2

Sailors Cloths Viz.t

1 Boys Shirt

3 1

1 Jacket & Breeches

8 11 1/2

12 1/2

Chelloes 2 Pieces

1

Beer 3 Hogsheads

7 12 6

£ 757 13 1/2

Sold to the Planters at 25 p.r Cent

Flannel 5 Yards

8 11 1/2

Kersey 4 Yard

6 4

Long Ells 28 Yard

2 17 2

Buckram 6 Yards

6 3

Broad Cloth 3 Yards

2 18 6

Shoes Viz.t

10 p.r Mens Ordinary

2 9 2

1 p.r Channeled Pumps

3 11

1 p.r Callimanco

3 11

10 p.r Boys

4 3 1/2

4 p.r Girls

7 2

3 17 6 1/2

£ 10 14 9

Brought over, £743 0s 1½d

Ironmongery brought over, £3 0s 11½d

1 chafing dish, £0 5s 9½d

100 lb tar, £0 2s 7d

1 ditching shovel, £0 4s 11½d

1 shod shovel, £0 1s 11d

3 files, £0 2s 6d

4 spades, £0 19s 11½d

2 claw hammers, £0 2s 4d

11 gimlets, £0 1s 7d

1 gad iron, £0 3s 1½d

4 chisels, £0 2s 3d

4 packing needles, £0 0s 8d

Sub-total ironmongery, £5 8s 6½d

Sailors' clothes:

1 boys' shirt, £0 3s 1d

1 jacket and breeches, £0 8s 11½d

Bellows, 2 pieces, £0 12s 0½d

Beer, 3 hogsheads, £1 0s 0d

Total, £757 13s 1½d

Sold to the planters at 25 per cent:

Flannel, 5 yards, £0 8s 11½d

Kersey, 4 yards, £0 6s 4d

Long ells, 28 yards, £2 17s 2d

Buckram, 6 yards, £0 6s 3d

Broadcloth, 3 yards, £2 18s 6d

Shoes:

10 pairs men's ordinary, £2 9s 2d

1 pair channelled pumps, £0 3s 11d

1 pair calamanco, £0 3s 11d

10 pairs boys', £0 4s 3½d

1 pair girls', £0 7s 2d

Sub-total shoes, £3 17s 6½d

Carried over, £10 14s 9d

Interpretations

The account closed the schedule of goods sold to Company servants and opened the parallel schedule sold to planters at the higher 25 per cent markup, the same distinction of customer class and rate seen in the earlier quarters. The steeper margin charged to planters set the terms of trade between the administration and the independent settlers, who paid more than the establishment for the same imported goods. Beer sold by the hogshead, the large cask holding some fifty gallons, marks a bulk purchase for the planters' own tables or entertainment.

The ironmongery gathered the last of the quarter's hardware for servants, spades, shovels, chisels and a gad iron among them. A gad iron was a pointed bar for splitting stone or breaking ground, a tool for the heavy work of quarrying and cultivation. The shoe line under the planters' account again graded its stock by wearer and make, ordinary and calamanco shoes, channelled pumps and children's, the calamanco faced with the glazed checked woollen stuff of that name. The steady trade in graded footwear across both retail schedules shows the store clothing the whole range of the island's people from one supply.

381

379

1752

Brought over

10 14 9

Shalloon 40 1/2 Yards

4 13 11

Serge 24 1/8 yard

6 19 11

Tapathy 1/2 Piece

1 2 6

Desotees Viz.t

3 p.r Double

3 15

9 p.r Single

5 14 9

9 9 9

Long Cloth Viz.t

1 3/4 p.r N.o 7

9 3

1 3/4 p.r 5

4 16 9

13 19 9

Hats 1 Boys

6 10 1/2

Hosiery Ware Viz.t

2 p.r Wove Stockings Mens

8 9

3 p.r Women

1

3 p.r Girls

8 1 1/2

1 16 10 1/2

Sold at 40 p.r Cent

Arrack 228 Gallons

68 8

Sugar & Candy Viz.t

1075 Candy

21 9 7

642 Sugar

13 7 6

37 17 1

Flour 408

4 5

Soap 96

5 3 6

Candles 154

Tea Viz.t

36 Congo

3 12

175 Single

14 11 8

13 Bohea

17 4

19 1

8 8

Salt 2 Bushels

Oil Viz.t

4 Bottles Florence

3 8

1 1/2 Linseed

7

43 3/4 Train

9 7

1 3

£ 195 14 8 1/2

Brought over, £10 14s 9d

Shalloon, 10½ yards, £4 13s 11d

Serge, 24½ yards, £6 19s 11d

Tabby, 2 pieces, £1 2s 6d

Desotees:

3 pieces double, £3 15s 0d

7 pieces single, £5 14s 9d

Sub-total desotees, £9 9s 9d

Long cloth:

1 piece No. 7, £9 3s 0d

1½ pieces No. 5, £4 16s 9d

Sub-total long cloth, £13 19s 9d

Hats, 1 boys', £0 6s 10¼d

Hosiery:

2 pairs men's stockings, £0 8s 9d

3 pairs women's, £1 0s 0d

3 pairs girls', £0 8s 1½d

Sub-total hosiery, £1 16s 10½d

Sold at 40 per cent:

Arrack, 228 gallons, £68 8s 0d

Sugar and candy:

1,175 lb candy, £24 9s 7d

642 lb sugar, £13 7s 6d

Sub-total sugar and candy, £37 17s 1d

Flour, 108 lb, £4 5s 6d

Soap, 96 lb, £5 6s 10½d

Candles, 54 lb, £5 3s 0d

Tea:

36 lb congou, £3 12s 0d

175 lb singlo, £14 11s 8d

131 lb bohea, £0 17s 4d

Sub-total tea, £19 1s 0d

Salt, 2 bushels, £0 8s 8d

Oil:

½ bottle Florence, £0 7s 0d

1½ gallons linseed, £0 2s 7d

2½ gallons train, £0 [...]

Carried over, £193 14s 8¼d

Interpretations

The account moved to the third pricing tier, goods sold at the 40 per cent markup, the steepest of the three rates set beside the 10 per cent for servants and 25 per cent for planters. The heavy lines of arrack, sugar, candy, flour and tea fell on this class of buyer, the store extracting its widest margin here while supplying its own establishment near cost. The large quantity of arrack at over sixty-eight pounds confirms spirits as among the most profitable goods the store handled at the top rate.

The textile lines carried the middling and finer cloths across this tier as well, serge the durable twilled wool, shalloon a smooth lining and tabby a watered silk stuff, alongside the plain desotees and long cloth. The tea again split into congou, singlo and bohea, singlo the green tea sold in the largest quantity this quarter. The steady recurrence of these same commodities across all three pricing tiers shows the store selling one stock of goods to every class of buyer, the rate alone distinguishing what each paid for the same imported wares.

382

380

30 October

Brought over

195 14 8 1/2

Cordage 119

2 4 10 1/2

Rice 10..14

7 13

Hooks & Lines Viz.t

1600 Hooks Sorted

1 16 11

100 Blue

5

7 1/2 Doz.n Lines Sorted

2 3 5

3 Hambro

5 3

4 5

Canvas Viz.t

34 Yards Osenbrigs

1 9 9

2 Yards Sacking

2 3

1 12

Paint Viz.t

8 3/4 Indico

19 3

7 Blue Smalt

2 4

16 W.Lead

8

12 Yellow Oaker

3 6

1 Bar.l Blacking

8 1/2

5 Vent.n Red

1 3 1/2

159 Whiting

4 11

7 3/4 White Copperas

4 1/2

2 6 1/2

Plaits 44

1 2 9 1/2

Glass Ware Viz.t

132 Sq.r Glass 8 by 10

6 4

64 Sq.r D.o 6 by 8

1 13 3

7 13 5 1/2

Vinegar 17 1/4 Gallons

1 11 1/2

Twine 4 Skains

3 4

Tin Ware Viz.t

2 Pudding Pans

4 2

2 Pint Saucepans

1 1 1/2

5 3 1/2

£ 223 15 10 1/2

Brought over, £193 14s 8¼d

Cordage, 129 lb, £2 4s 10½d

Rice, 10 lb, £7 13s 0d

Hooks and lines:

1,600 hooks assorted, £1 16s 11d

100 blue, £0 0s 5d

7½ dozen lines assorted, £2 3s 5d

3 hambers, £0 5s 3d

Sub-total hooks and lines, £4 5s 0d

Canvas:

34 yards Osnaburg, £1 9s 9d

2 yards sacking, £0 2s 3d

Sub-total canvas, £1 12s 0d

Paint:

5½ lb indigo, £0 19s 3d

7 lb blue smalt, £0 2s 4d

16 lb white lead, £0 0s 8d

12 lb yellow ochre, £0 3s 6d

1 barrel blacking, £0 0s 8½d

5 lb Venetian red, £0 1s 3½d

159 lb whiting, £0 4s 11d

½ lb white copperas, £0 0s 4½d

Sub-total paint, £2 0s 6½d

Plants, 44, £1 2s 9½d

Glassware:

132 lb glass 8 by 10, £6 0s 4d

41 lb ditto 6 by 8, £1 13s 5d

Sub-total glassware, £7 13s 5½d

Vinegar, 17¼ gallons, £1 11s 7½d

Twine, 4 skeins, £0 3s 4d

Tinware:

2 pudding pans, £0 4s 2d

2 pint saucepans, £0 1s 1½d

Sub-total tinware, £0 5s 3½d

Carried over, £223 15s 10½d

Interpretations

The recurring fishing tackle again forms a leading line under this pricing tier, graded hooks bought in the thousands, lines by the dozen and hambers for heavier work, the constant stock for an island that fed heavily from the sea. Selling this tackle on at the top rate to the class of buyer charged 40 per cent shows even the plainest necessities carried the full margin for those customers.

The window glass line under the glassware heading, sold by the pound in stock cut sizes of 8 by 10 and 6 by 8 inches, supplied the glazing and repair of the island's buildings, a costly import no colony could make. The plants sold this quarter were an unusual entry, forty-four in number, most probably fruit trees, vines or garden seedlings supplied for the island's cultivation, the kind of stock a settlement building up its orchards and gardens would buy. The paint and dye line carried the pigments and copperas mordants a painter and dyer needed, all shipped in ready-prepared since the island produced none.

383

381

1752

Brought over

220 15 10 1/2

Haberdashery Ware Viz.t

24 Sk.s Mohair

12

12 D.o Silk

7

14 Doz.n M.C.t Buttons

13 4

23 Doz.n M.B.t D.o

9 7

3 1/2 Doz.n G.t B.t D.o

4 11 1/2

3 Doz.n G.t B.t D.o

2 1/2

2 9 1 1/2

Lead 7 1/4

8

Pitch Viz.t

2 1/2 Gall.s Tar

2 6

18 Turpentine

4 6

12 Rosin

3

10

China Ware Viz.t

12 Doz.n Cups & Saucers

4 4

2 Bowls

2 2

5 Sneakers

1 8

1 Sett Dishes & Plates

1 2 8

1 10 10

Pork 6 Pieces

16 6

Thread 5 White & Brown

2 2 11

Pewter 1 Chamber Pott

4 2

Pepper 4

8 1/2

Blankets 1

9 10

Deals 3 Single

8 6

Cutlery Ware Viz.t

4 Ivory Combs

7

2 Horn D.o

6 1/2

7 6 1/2

Ironmongers Ware Viz.t

1 Chafing Dish

7 5

1 Frying Pan

4 2

2 Box Irons & Heaters

1 8

1 Shod Shovel

2 5 1/2

1 Ditching Shovel

6 4

2 8 4 1/2

£ 232 5 11

Brought over, £223 15s 10½d

Haberdashery:

24 skeins mohair, £0 12s 0d

12 skeins silk, £0 7s 0d

16 dozen metal coat buttons, £0 13s 4d

23 dozen 6 metal breast ditto, £0 9s 7½d

3½ dozen gilt coat ditto, £0 4s 11½d

3 dozen gilt breast ditto, £0 2s 7½d

Sub-total haberdashery, £2 9s 8d

Lead, 7½ lb, £0 1s [...]

Pitch:

2½ gallons tar, £0 2s 6d

18 lb turpentine, £0 4s 6d

12 lb rosin, £0 3s 0d

Sub-total pitch, £0 10s 0d

Chinaware:

12 dozen cups and saucers, £0 4s 4d

2 bowls, £0 2s 2d

5 breakers, £0 1s 8d

1 set dishes and plates, £1 2s 8d

Sub-total chinaware, £1 10s 10d

Pork, 6 pieces, £0 16s 6d

Thread, 5 lb whited brown, £2 2s 11d

Pewter, 1 chamber pot, £0 4s 2d

Pepper, 4 lb, £0 0s 8½d

Blankets, 1, £0 9s 10d

Deals, 3 single, £0 8s 6d

Cutlery:

4 ivory combs, £0 7s 6½d

2 horn ditto, £0 0s 6½d

Sub-total cutlery, £0 7s 6½d

Ironmongery:

1 chafing dish, £0 7s 5d

1 frying pan, £0 4s 2d

2 box irons and heaters, £1 8s 5½d

1 shod shovel, £0 6s 4d

1 ditching shovel, £[...]

Carried over, £232 5s 11d

Interpretations

The haberdashery line carried the tailor's and needlewoman's materials in quantity, mohair and silk thread by the skein and coat and breast buttons in metal and gilt by the dozen, the makings of clothing for a settlement dressing itself from imported stock. The gilt buttons commanded a higher price than the plain metal, the difference marking the better finish for dress coats and waistcoats. These small trimmings recur across every quarter, the standing stock the store held for garment-making and repair.

The naval stores of tar, turpentine and rosin again supplied the caulking and preserving of the island's boats and timber, and the ironmongery furnished the household and workshop with chafing dishes, frying pans, box irons and shovels shipped in ready-forged. The breakers grouped with the chinaware were small water or liquor kegs rather than pottery, the clerk following the shipping invoice in placing them there. The steady recurrence of these same lines across the quarterly accounts shows a store holding a consistent stock of imported necessities against the constant needs of a remote settlement.

384

382

30 October

Brought over

232 5 11

Starch Viz.t

3 3/4 Poland

1 2

2 Common

1 2

5 4

£ 232 11 3

Sold to Ship Prince Henry

Canvas 2 Bolts 30 Yard English

7 12 6

Twine Viz.t

8 Sk.s Twine

7

6 D.o Marline

2

9

Pitch Viz.t

2 Barrels Pitch

4 17 4

1 D.o Tar

1 10

6 7 4

Paint Viz.t

26 Brimstone

6 8

56 Red Lead

18 8

56 White Lead

1 8

56 Venetian Red

16 4

12 Barrels Blacking

8 6

40 Yellow Oaker

11 8

1 8 10

Beef 4 Puncheons

68 16

Flour 18..3..23

22 3 1

Oil 15 Gallons Linseed

3 10

Nails 2 Glazing Brads

2 11

£ 113 10 11

Charges

Brought over, £232 5s 11d

Starch:

3¼ lb Poland, £0 1s 2d

2 lb common, £0 1s 2d

Sub-total starch, £0 5s 4d

Total, £232 11s 3d

The following goods were sold to the ship Prince Henry.

Canvas, 2 bolts 30 yards English, £7 12s 6d

Twine:

8 lb twine, £0 7s 0d

6 lb marline, £0 2s 0d

Sub-total twine, £0 9s 0d

Pitch:

2 barrels pitch, £4 17s 4d

1 barrel tar, £1 10s 0d

Sub-total pitch, £6 7s 4d

Paint:

26 lb brimstone, £0 6s 8d

56 lb red lead, £0 18s 8d

56 lb white lead, £1 8s 0d

56 lb Venetian red, £0 16s 4d

12 barrels blacking, £0 8s 6d

40 lb yellow ochre, £0 11s 8d

Sub-total paint, £6 7s 4d

Beef, 4 puncheons, £68 4s 10d

Flour, 18 cwt 3 qr 23 lb, £22 3s 4d

Oil, 15 gallons linseed, £3 10s 0d

Nails, 2 lb glazing brads, £0 2s 11d

Total, £113 10s 11d

Interpretations

The account closed the retail schedules and opened the sales to the ship Prince Henry, the East Indiaman from Bombay revictualled for its onward passage. Canvas for sails, pitch and tar for the hull, paint and oil for the timber and beef and flour by the cask made up the ship's stores, the naval and provision goods a vessel took on during its stop. Selling these outward to the passing fleet was a principal reason the Company held so deep a stock of such materials on the island.

The provisions supplied to the ship came in bulk containers rather than by the pound, four puncheons of beef and flour by the hundredweight, the forms in which a ship was victualled for months at sea. Marline was a small tarred two-stranded line used for seizing and whipping rope ends, sold beside the heavier twine. Brimstone was sulphur, used aboard for fumigating the ship and as a component of various preparations. The whole issue ties the store's stock directly to the working needs of the vessel it supplied, the Prince Henry leaving the island fully found for the voyage home.

385

383

1752

Charges General D.o for the following Stores Issued

from the 1 July to the 11 October 1752 Viz.t

Candles Viz.t

100 for the Castle

6 13 4

25 for the Guard

1 13 4

8 6 8

Oil Viz.t

7 Grain for the Kitchen & Bake House

18 8

1 Bottle Florence for Cleaning Arms

2 7

1 1 3

Pitch Viz.t

3 Rosin for Sewing

6

2 Gall.s Tar for Saving Anchors

1 4

1 10

Arrack 1 1/2 Gall.s given to the Men

4 1 1/2

that received the Boats that were Adrift

Deals Viz.t

2 Oak Planks for repair 1 the Copsoons of the Crane & Gun Carriages

2 5 8

2 Spars for the Triangles in the Stores & Repairs

4 1

4 Single Deals for a Seat and repairing the Prison Doors

8

2 18

Blankets 1 to Turn upon

7 6

Starch 13 for Linen

Lines Viz.t

2 N.o 2

6 1/2

14 N.o 4

1 6 1/2

for the Armourers use and Slings for the Grape Shot

1 Hambro for the Castle

1 3

3 4

£ 13 9 8 1/2

An account of the charges general for the following stores issued from 1 July to 11 October 1732.

Candles:

100 for the castle, £6 13s 4d

25 for the guards, £1 13s 4d

Sub-total candles, £8 6s 8d

Oil:

7 gallons train for the kitchen and bakehouse, £0 18s 8d

1 bottle Florence for cleaning arms, £0 2s 7d

Sub-total oil, £1 1s 3d

Pitch:

3 lb rosin for serving, £0 0s 6d

2 gallons tar for saving anchors, £0 1s 4d

Sub-total pitch, £1 10s 0d

Arrack, 1½ gallons, given to the men that received the boats that were adrift, £0 4s 1½d

Deals:

2 oak planks, for repairing the tops and for the sponges and gun carriages, £2 5s 8d

2 pairs for the triangle in the stores and repair, £0 1s 1d

4 single deals, for a level and repairing the prison door, £0 8s 0d

Sub-total deals, £2 18s 0d

Blankets, 1 to turn upon, £0 7s 6d

Starch, 1 lb for the linen, £0 0s 5d

Lines:

2 No. 2, for the armourer's use, £0 0s 6½d

1 No. [...], loops for the grape shot, £0 1s 6½d

1 hamber for the castle, £0 1s 3d

Sub-total lines, £0 3s 4d

Carried over, £13 9s 8½d

Interpretations

The general charges returned to stores issued for the Company's own upkeep rather than sold, the clerk noting the purpose of each line. Candles lit the castle and the guards, oil served the kitchen, bakehouse and the cleaning of arms, and pitch and tar preserved the anchors and rope. Tar for saving anchors was worked over the iron and its stock to guard against rust and rot in the salt water, the routine maintenance of the ground tackle on which ships in the road depended.

The arrack given to the men that received the boats that were adrift records a small reward for a service to the Company, the crew refreshed at its charge after recovering boats broken loose in the roadstead, most likely in rough weather. The deals issued for repairing the tops, the sponges and gun carriages tie the timber to both the fort's ordnance and the ships' upper rigging, the tops being the platforms high on a mast. The blanket to turn upon and the level among the issues point to particular tasks about the stores and prison, the material drawn from stock for the ordinary work of keeping the settlement in repair.

386

384

30 October

Brought over

13 9 8 1/2

Nails Viz.t

3 3

1 7

2 4

9 1/2

2 6

8 1/2

1 10

4

2 20

1 1/2

1 40

3 1/2

for a repair 1 the Capsteen at the Crane, the Barracks, the Prison Door & the Henhouse

9 Coopers Rivets for the Coopers use

4 1 1/2

5 8 3 1/2

Ironmongers Ware Viz.t

16 Files for the Armourers use

12

1 Ditching Shovel for Beale to 1 Draw House

4 6

3 Stock Locks for the Gunners Store Rooms the Magazine at Turks Cap & 1 Door one the Lines

6 10 1/2

13 Stone Cartridges for the Stone & Blacker

8 8

9 Iron 100 for the Armourers use

2 6

8 Knots Cat Gut for D.o

4 4

2 Stone Iron

11 5 1/2

2 p.r Stone Iron Heads for the Stone Slinger

10 11

1 Hammer

4 4

2 Coffee Mills for the Castle

18 7

3 10 11

Chelloes 29 for the Castle for Rubbers & 3 Broad Cloth

17 10 1/2

Soap 60 for Linen

2 7 6

Corks 6 Gross for Bottling Beer

13 9

Canvas 3 1/4 y.d Osenbrigs for the Armourers use & to cover the Rocket

2 2 1/2

China Ware 3 Sallad Dishes for the Castle

2 3

Iron & Steel Viz.t

3..1..15 1/2 Iron

12 11

4 Steel for the Armourers use

4 1

17

£ 23 9 8

Brought over, £13 9s 8½d

Nails:

3 lb of 3d, £0 1s 7d

2 lb of 4d, £0 0s 9½d

2 lb of 6d, for repairing the capstan at the [...], £0 0s 8½d

1 lb of 10d, for the crane, the barracks and the brew house, £0 0s 4d

2 lb of 20d, for doors and the flag loops, £0 0s 1½d

1 lb of 4d, £0 0s 3½d

9 coopers' rivets for the coopers' use, £0 4s 1½d

Sub-total nails, £0 8s 3½d

Ironmongery:

16 files for the armoury, £0 12s 0d

1 ditching shovel for Beale to dig docks house, £0 4s 6d

3 stock locks for the guns' room, arming the magazine at Turks Cap and a door, one the line, £0 6s 10½d

13 stone wedges for the stone breakers, £0 8s 8d

9 iron cocks for the armoury use, £0 2s 6d

8 knots cast lead for ditto, £0 1s 1d

2 stone bars, £0 11s 5½d

2 pairs screw heads for the stone breakers, £0 10s 11d

1 hammer, £0 1s 1d

2 coffee mills for the castle, £0 18s 7d

Sub-total ironmongery, £3 10s 11d

Shalloon, 3¼ yards for the castle for rubbers, and 3 broadcloth, £0 17s 10½d

Soap, 60 lb for linen, £2 7s 6d

Corks, 6 gross for bottling beer, £0 13s 9d

Canvas, 3¾ yards Osnaburg, for the armoury use and to cover the rockets, £0 2s 2½d

Chinaware, 3 salt dishes for the castle, £0 2s 3d

Iron and steel:

3 cwt 15½ lb iron, £12 11s 0d

4 lb steel, for the armoury use, £0 4s 1d

Sub-total iron and steel, £17 0s 0d

Carried over, £23 9s 8d

Interpretations

The general charges continued with hardware issued for the fort's fixtures and its ordnance, the clerk noting each destination. Nails went to the capstan, the crane, the barracks and the brewhouse, and stock locks secured the guns' room and the magazine at Turks Cap, one of the outlying batteries. Iron cocks and cast lead knots for the armoury were parts for the firearms kept and repaired there, and the coffee mills for the castle furnished the officers' establishment with the means of grinding coffee.

The stone breakers appear again as a distinct body of labour, supplied with wedges, bars and screw heads for cutting and dressing stone. Stone wedges were driven into a block to split it along a line, and the screw heads were parts of the tools or presses used in the work, the whole equipping the quarrying of building stone on the island. The ditching shovel issued for Beale to dig a docks house ties the tool to a named tenant, Beale being the planter who had resigned his Green Hill lease, now set to digging out a store or dock at the Company's charge.

387

385

1752

Brought over

23 9 8

Paint Viz.t

2 Blue Smalt

3 1

8 Indico

13 4

for Linen

16 8

Cordage Viz.t

2..2..12 1/2 Cordage for a Table Salt & for hauling up the Long Boat

3 12 1

1..4 Saw Rope for the same Sawyer

8 2

4 3

Cutlery Ware Viz.t

1 Fence Stones for the Castle

1

3 Butchers Knives

10

for the Castle

1 10

Earthen Ware 1 Milk Pan

7 1/2

Betts 12 8 for bottoming Sieves for the Gunners use

3 5

Alle 12..21 for Curtains for the Church Windows

11 4

Coals 51 Bushels for the Armourers use

2 8 10 1/2

Glass Ware 2 Sq.r Glass 8 by 10 for repair 1 the Church Windows

1 1 1/2

£ 31 14 2 1/2

Diet Expence D.o for the following Stores

Issued for the Table from the 1 July to the 11 Oct.r 1752 Viz.t

Candy 380

5 2 11

Rice 2..1..11

13 6

Arrack 65 Gallons

8 8 9

Beef & Pork Viz.t

8 p.r Beef

11

33 p.r Pork

3 6

3 17

Tea Viz.t

4 Single

4 4

13 Bohea

9 1/2

4 Congo

5 2

10 3 1/2

£ 18 12 5 1/2

Brought over, £23 9s 8d

Paint:

2 lb blue smalt, £0 3s 1d

8 lb indigo, for linen, £0 13s 4d

Sub-total paint, £0 16s 8d

Cordage:

2 cwt 2 qr 18½ lb cordage, for a table salt and for hauling up the longboat, £3 12s 1d

1 cwt 4 lb sash ropes, for the crane sluice, £0 8s 2d

Sub-total cordage, £4 0s 3d

Cutlery:

4 fence swords for the castle, £0 1s 0d

3 butchers' knives, for the castle, £0 0s 10d

Sub-total cutlery, £1 1s 10d

Earthenware, 1 milk pan, £0 0s 7½d

Bottling, 118 for bottoming sieves for the guns' room, £0 3s 5d

Alley, 12 cwt 1 qr for curtains for the church windows, £0 11s 9d

Coals, 51 bushels for the armoury use, £2 8s 10½d

Glassware, 2½ dozen glass 8 by 10, for repairing the church windows, £1 1s 1½d

Total, £31 13s 2½d

An account of the diet expended for the following stores issued for the table from 1 July to 11 October 1732.

Candy, 380 lb, £5 2s 11d

Rice, 2 cwt 1 qr 11 lb, £0 13s 6d

Arrack, 65 gallons, £8 8s 9d

Beef and pork:

[...] lb beef, £0 11s 0d

33 lb pork, £3 6s 0d

Sub-total beef and pork, £3 17s 0d

Tea:

7 lb singlo, £0 4s 4d

12 lb bohea, £0 9s [...]

5 lb congou, £0 5s 2d

Sub-total tea, £0 10s 3½d

Carried over, £18 12s 5½d

Interpretations

The general charges closed with materials for the fort and church, cordage for hauling up the longboat and sash ropes for the crane, and glass and cloth for the church windows. The curtains hung at the church windows and the glass for repairing them show the settlement's place of worship maintained from Company stores, the church being a fixture of the establishment kept in repair alongside the fort and stores. Fence swords issued for the castle were probably blunt practice swords for fencing exercise, teaching the men swordplay.

The diet account returned to the provisions consumed at the Company's charge over the quarter, candy, rice, arrack, meat and tea issued to those maintained on its establishment. This was the wider range of provision distinct from the plain rations, the arrack and tea marking the small comforts supplied to officers or to the sick. The steady form of these quarterly diet accounts, spirits, meat, rice and the graded teas, shows the establishment provisioned consistently for those it kept at its own cost.

388

386

30 October

Brought over

18 12 5 1/2

Oil 6 Bottles Florence

15 6

Pease 2 Bushels

12 8

Salt 3 Bushels

9

Flour 6..2..1

1 3 1/2

Vinegar 5 Gallons

9 2

£ 26 2 3

Garrison D.o for the following Stores Issued from the

1 July to the 11 October 1752 Viz.t

Tea 68 Bohea for the several Guards

2 13 10

Oil 60 Gallons Train for the several Guards

8

Deals 6 Single

12

Nails 2..8 for Coffins

8 1/2

Turners Ware 1 Platter for Windward Point

11 1/2

Tin Ware 2 Lamps for Bankes & the Windward Point

1 8

Lines 3 N.o 3 for Whips

11 1/2

Arrack 6 Gallons

16 6

Brandy 5 1/4 Gallons for Drams on Mustering

9 2

£ 12 16 2 1/2

Blacks D.o for the following Stores Issued

for their use from the 1 July to the 11 October 1752 Viz.t

Sugar 12

2 11

Tea Viz.t

11 1/2 Bohea

9 2

4 Single

4 4

for the Sick

Oil 3 1/4 Gallons Train

13 6

Arrack 15 Gallons

2 1 3

Brandy 3 3/4 Gallons for Drams

1 5

Rice 5..3..25

6 14 11 1/2

£ 10 18 3 1/2

Brought over, £18 12s 6½d

Oil, 6 bottles Florence, £0 15s 6d

Pease, 2 bushels, £0 12s 8d

Salt, 3 bushels, £0 9s 1d

Flour, 6 cwt 2 qr 1 lb, £6 3s 7½d

Vinegar, 5 gallons, £0 9s 2d

Total, £26 2s 3d

An account of the garrison, for the following stores issued from 1 July to 11 October 1732.

Tea, 68 lb bohea, £2 13s 10d

Oil, 60 gallons train, for the several guards, £0 8s 0d

Deals, 5 single, £0 12s 0d

Nails, 2 lb of 8d, for coffins, £0 0s 8½d

Turnery, 1 platter for Munden's Point, £0 0s 11½d

Tinware, 2 lamps for Banks's and Lemon Valley, £0 1s 8d

Lines, 3 No. 3 for whips, £0 0s 11½d

Arrack, 6 gallons, £0 16s 6d

Brandy, 5¼ gallons, for drams on Mundens, £0 9s 2d

Total, £12 16s 2½d

An account of the charges for the slaves, for the following stores issued for their use from 1 July to 11 October 1732.

Sugar, 1 lb, £0 2s 11d

Tea:

11½ lb bohea, £0 9s 2d

2 lb singlo, for the sick, £0 4s 4d

Sub-total tea, £0 13s 6d

Oil, 7 gallons train, £0 0s 8d

Arrack, 15 gallons, £2 1s 3d

Brandy, 5 gallons, for drams, £1 5s 0d

Rice, 23 cwt 1 qr 25 lb, £6 4s 11½d

Carried over, £10 18s 3½d

Interpretations

The garrison account gathered the stores issued to the several guards and outlying posts, tea and oil for the guardrooms, arrack and brandy as the men's spirit ration and nails for coffins marking a death that quarter. The lamps sent to Banks's and Lemon Valley and the platter to Munden's Point name three of the shore posts the garrison manned, Lemon Valley being one of the landing places along the coast defended by a battery. Bohea tea for the several guards was the cheap black tea supplied as a daily comfort to the men on duty.

The charges for the slaves gathered the whole cost of maintaining the Company's slave labour over the quarter, provisions, spirits and small comforts drawn from stores. Rice at over twenty-three hundredweight was the staple of their diet, while arrack and brandy were issued as drams, the measured allowance of spirits given to those at heavy labour. Sugar and tea marked for the sick point to a separate small provision for the infirm among the workforce, the Company furnishing extra comforts to those unable to work as a matter of keeping its labour force alive.

389

387

1752

Brought over

10 18 3 1/2

Beef & Pork Viz.t

139 p.r Pork

13 18

155 p.r Beef

41 6 3

55 4 3

Hooks & Lines Viz.t

36 Dozen Lines

10 3

250 Hooks

4 4

for Fishing

14 7

Thread 1 Coloured for mending their Cloaths

3 4

Canvas 3 y.d Osenbrigs

1 10 1/2

Iron Pot 2 for Boyling Yams

1 6 6

Shoes 16 p.r Mens D.o 7 for the Handicraftsmen

3 2 8

£ 71 11 6

Fortification D.o for the following Stores Issued

from the 1 July to the 11 October 1752 Viz.t

Paint Viz.t

3 White Lead

1

3 Whiting

for Painting the Flag Staff at Windward Point

1 1/2

Oil 1/8 Gall.s Linseed

1 3

Tar 28 Gall.s for Tarring Gun Carriages

16 8

Canvas 2 y.d English for a Bag for the Flag at Bankes

2

1 11 1/2

Plantation D.o for the following Stores Issued from

the 1 July to the 11 October 1752 Viz.t

Oil Viz.t

1 3/4 Grain for hanging many 1 Gates

1 8

1 3/4 D.o Linseed

1 1

9 3

Paint Viz.t

13 White Lead

4

7 Whiting

7 Vent.n Red

2 1/2

for Painting at the Plant.n House & at the Great Wood

1 3

£ 13 6

Brought over, £10 18s 3½d

Beef and pork:

139 lb pork, £13 18s 0d

1,355 lb beef, £41 6s 3d

Sub-total beef and pork, £55 4s 3d

Hooks and lines:

36 dozen lines, £0 10s 3d

250 hooks, for fishing, £0 4s 4d

Sub-total hooks and lines, £0 14s 7d

Thread, 1 lb coloured, for mending the slaves' clothes, £0 3s 4d

Canvas, 3 yards Osnaburg, £0 1s 10½d

Iron pots, 2 for boiling yams, £1 6s 6d

Shoes, 16 pairs men's, for the handicraftsmen, £3 2s 8d

Total, £71 11s 6d

An account of the fortifications, for the following stores issued from 1 July to 11 October 1732.

Paint:

3 lb white lead, £0 [...]

3 whiting, for painting the flagstaff at Munden's Point, £0 1s ½d

Sub-total paint, £0 1s ½d

Oil, ½ gallon linseed, £0 1s 3d

Tar, 28 gallons, for tarring gun carriages, £0 16s 8d

Canvas, 21 yards English, for a flag for the flagstaff at Banks's, £0 2s 0d

Total, £1 1s 11½d

An account of the plantation, for the following stores issued from 1 July to 11 October 1732.

Oil:

1 lb train, for making mangy goats, £0 1s 8d

1¾ ditto linseed, £0 1s 1d

Sub-total oil, £0 9s 3d

Paint:

12 lb white lead, for painting at the plantation house and the great wall, £0 [...]

1 lb whiting, £0 [...]

7 lb Venetian red, £0 [...]

Carried over, £13 6s [...]

Interpretations

The slaves' account closed with the bulk of their provision, over thirteen hundredweight of beef and pork and iron pots for boiling yams, the staple root cooked in quantity to feed the labour force. The shoes issued to the handicraftsmen point again to skilled slaves among the workers, the smiths and carpenters given footwear the field labourers did not receive. Thread for mending the slaves' clothes and hooks for their fishing continued the Company's provision of the whole means of keeping its slaves clothed, fed and able to work.

The fortification account gathered stores for the island's defences and flagstaffs, paint for the flagstaff at Munden's Point, tar for the gun carriages and canvas for a new flag at Banks's. Munden's Point and Banks's recur as the shore posts where the Company maintained batteries and flagstaffs, the signal masts by which each post displayed its colours and passed alarms. Tar worked over the gun carriages preserved the timber against the salt air, the routine upkeep of the ordnance mounted at the coastal batteries.

The oil issued for making mangy goats records treatment of the mange that had killed so many goats through the summer, the train oil rubbed on the affected animals as a remedy against the parasitic mites. This ties the plantation's veterinary care directly to the epidemic the livestock accounts had tracked, the estate dosing its sick goats with oil in the effort to check the disease among the herd.

390

388

30 October

Brought over

13 6

Cordage 13 3/4 for Thatching

4

Rice & Paddy Viz.t

2..3 Rice

5 10

28 Paddy

4 17 9

for Poultry

5 3 7

Lines Viz.t

12 Lines N.o 4

4

1 Jack Lines

1 8

for the Garden

6 3

Nails Viz.t

7 3

5 3/4

1 4

4 1/2

17 1/2 6

6 3 1/2

1/2 6

2

3 20

11 1/2

for repairs in the Garden the Peake House Buckets, Hatches & Hogstyes

8 2 1/2

Cartwheels 12 Wheelbarrows for the Garden

8 17

Ironmongers Ware Viz.t

7 Ditching Shovels

1 11 6

6 Spades

18 9

3 Broad Hoes

5 1/2

4 Garden D.o

6

3 Helves

1 10

for the Garden & Lime Kiln

1 Pick Ax

2 2

2 Garden Rakes

4 8

1 Maundy for the Lime Kiln

3 8 1/2

3 Hand Hatchets

3 10 1/2

2 Betts Hooks

4 8

for Pruning Trees

1 Stock Lock for the Peake House

1 5

4 3 8 1/2

Turners Ware 2 Paint Brushes for Painting

1 1

Tar 4 Gall.s for Saving the Top of the Rooms in the Great Wood

2 8

£ 20

Brought over, £13 6s 0d

Cordage, 13¾ lb for thatching, £0 0s 4d

Rice and paddy:

5 cwt 2 qr rice, £0 5s 10d

23 cwt paddy, for poultry, £4 17s 9d

Sub-total rice and paddy, £5 3s 7d

Lines:

12 lines No. 4, for the garden, £0 4s 1d

1 jack line, £0 1s 8d

Sub-total lines, £0 6s 3d

Nails:

7 lb of 3d, £0 0s 5½d

1 lb of 4d, for repairs in the garden, £0 0s 4½d

17½ lb of 6d, for the Peak House buckets, £0 6s 2½d

½ lb of 6d, £0 0s 2d

3 lb of 20d, for hatches and hog styes, £0 0s 11½d

Sub-total nails, £0 8s 2½d

Cartwheels, 12 wheelbarrows for the garden, £8 17s 0d

Ironmongery:

7 ditching shovels, £1 11s 6d

6 spades, £0 18s 9d

3 broad hoes, £0 5s 1½d

4 garden ditto, £0 6s 0d

3 files, for the garden and lime kiln, £0 1s 10d

1 pickaxe, £0 2s 2d

2 garden rakes, £0 4s 8d

1 mattock for the lime kiln, £0 3s 8½d

3 hand hatchets, £0 3s 10½d

2 bill hooks, for pruning trees, £0 4s 8d

1 stock lock, for the Peak House, £0 1s 5d

Sub-total ironmongery, £4 3s 8½d

Turnery, 2 paint brushes for painting, £0 1s 1d

Tar, 4 gallons, for saving the tops of the rooms in the great wood, £0 2s 8d

Carried over, £20 0s 0d

Interpretations

The plantation account turned to the estate's cultivation, supplying paddy to feed the poultry, tools for the garden and lime kiln and nails for the Peak House buckets and hog styes. The Peak House was a Company building high on the island's central heights, where the cooler air suited particular crops or stock, and its buckets and lock were maintained from stores. A lime kiln burned limestone or coral to make the lime used in building mortar and in dressing the soil, an installation the estate ran with its own tools.

The full range of garden implements, ditching shovels, spades, broad and garden hoes, rakes, mattock and bill hooks, equipped the heavy cultivation the settlement depended on, all shipped in ready-forged. Bill hooks for pruning trees tie the tools to the island's orchards, and the twelve wheelbarrows for the garden at nearly nine pounds were a substantial addition to the estate's carrying gear. Tar for saving the tops of the rooms in the great wood preserved the roofs of buildings set among the woodland, the timber coated against rot and weather, the great wood being one of the island's stands of trees.

391

389

1752

Brought over

20

Deals Viz.t

9 Single Deals

18

1 Elffin

3 5

for the Plant.n House

1 1 5

Tin Ware 2 Water Pots for the Garden

10 4

£ 21 11 9

Hospital D.o for the following Stores Issued for the use

of the Sick in the Infirmary from the 1 July to the 11 Oct.r 1752 Viz.t

Sugar 52

7 2 1/2

Flour 40

5 7

Rice 1..2

8

Oil 4 Gallons Train

10 8

Salt 1/2 Bushel

1 6

Iron Ware 1 Frying Pan

1 10

£ 1 15 5

Boats D.o for the following Stores Issued for Repairs to the

Long Boat, from the 1 July to the 11 October 1752 Viz.t

Nails Viz.t

21 20

6 7

4 6

1 5

8

Oil 1/2 Gallon Linseed

1 8

Pitch & Tar Viz.t

2 Gallons Tar

1 4

90 Pitch

15

16 4

Deals 3 Elm Board

9 3

£ 1 15 3

October 11 1752

Errors Excepted

Matthew Pusling Stor.k

List

Brought over, £20 0s 0d

Deals:

9 single deals, £0 18s 0d

1 kliffer, for the plantation house, £0 3s 5d

Sub-total deals, £1 1s 5d

Tinware, 2 water pots for the garden, £0 10s 4d

Total, £21 11s 9d

An account of the hospital, for the following stores issued for the use of the sick in the infirmary from 1 July to 11 October 1732.

Sugar, 52 lb, £0 7s 2¾d

Flour, 40 lb, £0 5s 7d

Rice, 1 cwt 2 qr, £0 8s 7d

Oil, 4 gallons train, £0 10s 8d

Salt, ½ bushel, £0 1s 6d

Ironmongery, 1 frying pan, £0 1s 10d

Total, £1 15s 5d

An account of the boats, for the following stores issued for repairs to the longboat from 1 July to 11 October 1732.

Nails:

21 lb of 20d, £0 6s 7d

4 lb of 6d, £0 1s 5d

Sub-total nails, £0 8s 0d

Oil, ½ gallon linseed, £0 1s 8d

Pitch and tar:

2 gallons tar, £0 1s 4d

90 lb pitch, £0 15s 0d

Sub-total pitch and tar, £0 16s 4d

Deals, 3 elm board, £0 9s 3d

Total, £1 13s 3d

11 October 1732. Errors excepted. Matthew Pursling, storekeeper.

Interpretations

The plantation account closed with deals and water pots for the garden and plantation house, the ordinary materials of the estate's upkeep. The hospital account gathered the stores issued for the sick in the infirmary, sugar, flour, rice and oil for their diet and a frying pan for preparing it, the modest quantities marking a small standing infirmary for the island's sick. Naming the infirmary directly shows the settlement kept a dedicated place for the care of the ill, provisioned separately from the general table and rations.

The boats account closed the quarter's general charges with the stores for repairing the longboat, nails, pitch, tar and elm board to caulk and mend the hull. Elm was valued for boatbuilding as it resisted rot when kept wet, well suited to planking below the waterline. Pitch and tar were the essential preservatives worked into the seams and over the timber against water and decay. Matthew Pursling's signature and the formula errors excepted closed the whole schedule of stores for the quarter to 11 October, the storekeeper's standard caveat on an account submitted for audit.

392

390

List of the Honorable Companys Officers & Servants upon the Island of St Helena, with their Several Salaries, Diet Money &c for the Quarter commencing July the 1st Ending October the 1st 1752 Vizt
Charles Hutchinson Esqr Govr Salary L125
Do Allowance for Servants & House 31 14 9 156 14 9
John Clark of Council Salary 15 ..
John Godwin Accountant Salary 17 10
Do Diet Money 15 ..
Do House Rent 2 10 .. 35 ..
Matthew Rutling Storekeeper Salary 17 10
Do Diet Money 15 .. 32 10
Francis Wrangham Secretary Salary 17 10
Do Diet Money 15 .. 32 10
William Lee Chaplain Salary 25 ..
Do Diet Money 15 .. 40 ..
James Powell Factor Salary 7 10
Do Diet Money 10 ..
Do Assistant Storekeeper 5 ..
Do House Rent 2 10 .. 25 ..
Thomas French Factor Salary 7 10
Do Diet Money 10 .. 17 10
Matthew Boyd Stoker Salary 5 ..
Do Diet Money 10 .. 15 ..
Saml Falconer Surgeon Salary 9 13 ..
Do Diet Money 10 ..
Do House Rent 2 10 ..
Richard Gurling 22 5 ..
John Swales Overseer 15 ..
Richard Beale Schoolmaster 3 8 3
Do as Clerk 5 .. 8 8 3
Carried Over L422 8 ..

A list of the Company's officers and servants on St Helena, with their salaries, diet money and other allowances for the quarter from 1 July 1752 to 1 October 1752, is set out here. Each entry gives the man, his post and the parts of his pay, then his total.
Charles Hutchinson, Governor, salary £125 0s 0d, allowance for servants and house £31 14s 9d, total £156 14s 9d
John Clark, of Council, salary £15 0s 0d
John Goodwin, accountant, salary £17 10s 0d, diet money £15 0s 0d, house rent £2 10s 0d, total £35 0s 0d
Matthew Rutling, storekeeper, salary £17 10s 0d, diet money £15 0s 0d, total £32 10s 0d
Francis Wrangham, secretary, salary £17 10s 0d, diet money £15 0s 0d, total £32 10s 0d
William Lee, chaplain, salary £25 0s 0d, diet money £15 0s 0d, total £40 0s 0d
James Powell, factor, salary £7 10s 0d, diet money £10 0s 0d, as assistant storekeeper £5 0s 0d, house rent £2 10s 0d, total £25 0s 0d
Thomas French, factor, salary £7 10s 0d, diet money £10 0s 0d, total £17 10s 0d
Matthew Boyd, writer, salary £5 0s 0d, diet money £10 0s 0d, total £15 0s 0d
Samuel Falconer, surgeon, salary £9 13s 0d, diet money £10 0s 0d, house rent £2 10s 0d, and Richard Gurling, total £22 5s 0d
John Swales, overseer, £15 0s 0d
Richard Beale, schoolmaster, £3 8s 3d, as clerk £5 0s 0d, total £8 8s 3d
Carried over, £422 8s 0d

Interpretations

The civil establishment for this quarter shows the same posts and pay as the previous roll, the Governor's £125 salary heading the list above the councillor, accountant, storekeeper and the trades. The chaplain drew £40 with his diet money, the highest of the salaried officers below the Governor, marking the standing of the church in the island's establishment.

393

391

Brought over L422 8 ..
John Bland Master Mason Salary 17 10
Do Diet Money 10 ..
Do House Rent 1 10 .. 29 ..
Mark Hawkins Mason Salary 12 10
Do Diet Money 6 16 10 1/2
Do House Rent 1 .. 20 6 10 1/2
Joseph Kendale Master of Arms 6 5
James Shindand Resident 10 ..
Henry Binwood Armourer 10 10 ..
William Lackman Carpenter 12 10 ..
Major Jackson Steward 5 ..
James Lobeck Cooper 8 15
Michael Frost Cook & Instrument Cleaner 1 5
William Davis Patron of the Long Boat 7 10
Danl Langton Storekeeper from the 1 July to the 25 Inclusive the day he Died 10 11 1/2
Tho Brown Head Keeper from 26 July incldy the day he was made 1 9 1/2
Thomas Harper Marshall 5 6 1/2
540 16 1
First Company
John Clark Lt Lieutenant Salary L22.16.3
Do Diet Money 6.16.10 1/2
Do on Accot of Instructing the Gunners pr 10..
37 3 1/2
Stephen Herbert 2 Lieut Salary L18.5..
Do Diet Money 6.16.10 1/2
25 1 10 1/2 62 5
Sergeants
Henry Beale 7 12 1
Solomon Jacobs 7 12 1
John Buckler 7 12 1 22 16 3
Carried Over L625 17 1

The salary list continued with the remaining civil servants and the first company of the garrison, the sum brought over standing at £422 8s 0d.
John Bland, master mason, salary £17 10s 0d, diet money £10 0s 0d, house rent £1 10s 0d, total £29 0s 0d
Mark Hawkins, mason, salary £12 10s 0d, diet money £6 16s 10½d, house rent £1 0s 0d, total £20 6s 10½d
Joseph Kendale, master of arms, £6 5s 0d
James Shindand, gardener, £10 0s 0d
Henry Binwood, armourer, £10 10s 0d
William Lackman, carpenter, £12 10s 0d
Major Jackson, steward, £5 0s 0d
James Lobeck, cooper, £8 15s 0d
Michael Frost, cook and instrument cleaner, £1 5s 0d
William Davis, coxswain of the long boat, £7 10s 0d
Daniel Langton, storekeeper, from 1 to 25 July, the day he died, £10s 11½d
Thomas Brown, head keeper, from 26 July, the day he was made, £1 9s 0½d
Thomas Harper, marshal, £5 6s 0½d
Subtotal, £540 16s 1d
First company. John Clark, first lieutenant, salary £22 16s 3d, diet money £6 16s 10½d, for instructing the gunners £10 0s 0d, total £37 3s 1½d
Stephen Herbert, second lieutenant, salary £18 5s 0d, diet money £6 16s 10½d, total £25 1s 10½d, £62 5s 0d
Sergeants. Henry Beale £7 12s 1d, Solomon Jacobs £7 12s 1d, John Buckler £7 12s 1d, £22 16s 3d
Carried over, £625 17s 1d

Interpretations

The roll settled the storekeeper Daniel Langton's pay to 25 July, the day of his death, and entered Thomas Brown as head keeper from the next day, so the establishment recorded the death and the replacement in successive lines. The master mason John Bland, whose assault on the corporal the board had just punished, drew his full salary and allowances, the fine on his conduct being a separate matter from his pay.

394

392

Brought over L625 17 7
Corporals
William Davis L5 6 6 1/2
Tho Brown 5 6 6 1/2
John O’Hara 5 6 6 1/2 15 19 1/2
Charles Smith Drummer 5 6 6 1/2
Centinels
Andrew Armstrong 3 16 2
George Bennet 3 16 2
Aug Ball 3 16 2
Tho Brown 3 16 2
Mattw Campbell 3 16 2
Ja Cartwright 3 16 2
Philip Cole 3 16 2
Geo Capelin 3 16 2
Wm Prior 3 16 2
John Few 3 16 2
Tho Fanie 3 16 2
Geo Green 3 16 2
John Grove 3 16 2
R Gordon 3 16 2
Rd Goulding 3 16 2
John Grainger 3 16 2
John Gawler 3 16 2
Tho Hale 3 16 2
Humphry Harrison 3 16 2
Ja Pedderce 3 16 2
Wm Hutchinson 3 16 2
Major Jackson from 15 to 27 July incl the day he was Discharged 1 2 6
Wm Lambon 3 16 2
Jo Long 3 16 2
Ja Lee 3 16 2
Centinels Carried next 92 1 6
Carried over L647 3 5

The muster of the first company continued, the sum brought over standing at £625 17s 7d.
Corporals. William Davis £5 6s 6½d, Thomas Brown £5 6s 6½d, John O'Hara £5 6s 6½d, £15 19s 0½d, Charles Smith drummer £5 6s 6½d
Centinels. Andrew Armstrong £3 16s 0½d, George Bennet £3 16s 0½d, Augustine Ball £3 16s 0½d, Thomas Brown £3 16s 0½d, Matthew Campbell £3 16s 0½d, James Cartwright £3 16s 0½d, Philip Cole £3 16s 0½d, George Capelin £3 16s 0½d, William Prior £3 16s 0½d, John Few £3 16s 0½d, Thomas Fanie £3 16s 0½d, George Green £3 16s 0½d, John Grove £3 16s 0½d, Richard Gordon £3 16s 0½d, Richard Goulding £3 16s 0½d, John Grainger £3 16s 0½d, John Gawler £3 16s 0½d, Thomas Hale £3 16s 0½d, Humphry Harrison £3 16s 0½d, James Pedderce £3 16s 0½d, William Hutchinson £3 16s 0½d, Major Jackson, from 15 to 27 July, the day he was discharged, £1 2s 6d, William Lambon £3 16s 0½d, Joseph Long £3 16s 0½d, James Lee £3 16s 0½d
Centinels carried over, £92 1s 6d
Carried over, £647 3s 5d

Interpretations

The corporal John O'Hara whose beating by the master mason the board had punished drew his corporal's pay of £5 6s 6½d on this roll, his wage unaffected by the assault. The steward Major Jackson's part-quarter entry as a centinel, settled to the day of his discharge, shows a man leaving the garrison's ranks part way through the quarter, his pay reckoned to the exact day.

395

393

Brought over L 647 3 5

Centinels Brought over 92 7 6

Danl Langton from the 16 to the 25 July incl the day he Died 1 10 ..

Tho London 3 16 2

John Legg 3 16 2

John Murrell 3 16 2

Ja Miller 3 16 2

John Marsh 3 16 2

Bartn Molloy 3 16 2

Humphry Pugh 3 16 2

Edwd Perkins from 1 July to 10 Aug incl Transferred to the 2d Company 1 14 2

Ja Richardson 3 16 2

John Secker 3 16 2

John Shaw 3 16 2

Wm Starr 3 16 2

John Swift 3 16 2

Tho Tuffnell 3 16 2

John Turner from 11 Aug incl Transferred from the 2d Company 2 10 2

Tho Williams 3 16 2

Matthias Young 3 16 2

154 5 ..

Second Company

Joseph Kendall Lt Salary L22 16 3

Dr Diet Money 6 16 10 1/2

Dr Day Outwatch 11 8 1/2

Dr House Rent 2 10 ..

13 11 3

Gown Howard 2 Lieut Salary 18 5 ..

Dr Diet Money 6 16 10 1/2

25 1 10 1/2 68 13 1/2

Sergeants

Robert Mason 7 12 1

Michl Frost 7 12 1

Edwd Packer from 1 July to 10 Aug incl 1 day dischd carried to 3d Company 2 8 3

same Packer from 11 Aug incl as Corp'l 4 3 9

B from 4 Aug incl as overseer 6 12 5 25 4 11

Carried over L895 6 5 1/2

The muster of the first company concluded, the sum brought over standing at £647 3s 5d and the centinels' sum at £92 7s 6d.
Daniel Langton, from 16 to 25 July, the day he died, £1 10s 0d
Thomas London £3 16s 0½d
John Legg £3 16s 0½d
John Murrell £3 16s 0½d
James Miller £3 16s 0½d
John Marsh £3 16s 0½d
Bartholomew Molloy £3 16s 0½d
Humphry Pugh £3 16s 0½d
Edward Perkins, from 1 July to 10 August, transferred to the second company, £1 14s 2d
James Richardson £3 16s 0½d
John Secker £3 16s 0½d
John Shaw £3 16s 0½d
William Starr £3 16s 0½d
John Swift £3 16s 0½d
Thomas Tuffnell £3 16s 0½d
John Turner, from 11 August, transferred from the second company, £2 10s 2d
Thomas Williams £3 16s 0½d
Matthias Young £3 16s 0½d
Total, £154 5s 0d
Second company. Joseph Kendall, lieutenant, salary £22 16s 3d, diet money £6 16s 10½d, day outwatch £11 8s 0½d, house rent £2 10s 0d, £43 11s 3d
Gawen Howard, second lieutenant, salary £18 5s 0d, diet money £6 16s 10½d, £25 1s 10½d, £68 13s 0½d
Sergeants. Robert Mason £7 12s 1d, Michael Frost £7 12s 1d, Edward Packer, from 1 July to 10 August, discharged, carried to the third company, £2 8s 3d, the same Packer from 11 August as corporal £4 3s 9d, and from 4 August as overseer £6 12s 5d, £25 4s 11d
Carried over, £895 6s 5½d

Interpretations

Daniel Langton, the storekeeper who died on 25 July, appears again among the centinels with a part-quarter wage, the same death settled in two places on the roll. The transfers of Perkins and Turner between the first and second companies, each paid for the days in each, show the paymaster tracking every man's movement between the companies within the quarter.

396

394

Brought over L895 6 5 1/2
corporals
Wm Walkhouse 3 6 5 1/2
Jas Walker 5 6 5 1/2
Isa Busteing from 11th Augt incld Transferd from the 1st Company 2 17 9 1/2
John Griffin Drummer 13 10 8 1/2
5 6 5 1/2
Centinels
Matw Allie 3 16 1/2
Petr Barker 3 16 1/2
John Bowck 3 16 1/2
Wm Brooks 3 16 1/2
John Brown 3 16 1/2
Jas Burgess 3 16 1/2
George Boran 3 16 1/2
Wm Beckett 3 16 1/2
Robt Berry 3 16 1/2
George Bickle 3 16 1/2
Danl Carne 3 16 1/2
John Foslee 3 16 1/2
Wm Duffton 3 16 1/2
John Douglas 3 16 1/2
Robt Glasgow 3 16 1/2
Robt Finnall 3 16 1/2
John Fletcher 3 16 1/2
Vokear Gawden 3 16 1/2
John Hayes 3 16 1/2
Jos. Hayes 3 16 1/2
Jas Hinde 3 16 1/2
John Holloway 3 16 1/2
Wm Harris 3 16 1/2
Tho Jackson 3 16 1/2
Sam Hutson 3 16 1/2
Wm Lawrence 3 16 1/2
Centinels carried over 98 17 1
Carried over L914 3 7 1/2

The muster of the second company continued, the sum brought over standing at £895 6s 5½d.
Corporals. William Walkhouse £5 6s 5½d, James Walker £5 6s 5½d, Isaac Busteing, from 11 August, transferred from the first company, £2 17s 9½d, John Griffin drummer £5 6s 5½d, £13 10s 8½d
Centinels. Matthew Allie £3 16s 0½d, Peter Barker £3 16s 0½d, John Bowck £3 16s 0½d, William Brooks £3 16s 0½d, John Brown £3 16s 0½d, James Burgess £3 16s 0½d, George Boran £3 16s 0½d, William Beckett £3 16s 0½d, Robert Berry £3 16s 0½d, George Bickle £3 16s 0½d, Daniel Carne £3 16s 0½d, John Foslee £3 16s 0½d, William Duffton £3 16s 0½d, John Douglas £3 16s 0½d, Robert Glasgow £3 16s 0½d, Robert Finnall £3 16s 0½d, John Fletcher £3 16s 0½d, Vokear Gawden £3 16s 0½d, John Hayes £3 16s 0½d, Joseph Hayes £3 16s 0½d, James Hinde £3 16s 0½d, John Holloway £3 16s 0½d, William Harris £3 16s 0½d, Thomas Jackson £3 16s 0½d, Samuel Hutson £3 16s 0½d, William Lawrence £3 16s 0½d
Centinels carried over, £98 17s 1d
Carried over, £914 3s 7½d

397

395

Broughtover L914 3 7 1/2
Centinels Broughtover L98 17 1
Tho Leech from 17th Augt incld. transferd from the 3d Company 1 17 5
Chrot Mouly 3 16 1/2
Wm Midge 3 16 1/2
Archd Page 3 16 1/2
Wm Sheldon from 1st July to 6th Augt incld. transferd to the 3d Company 1 18 7 1/2
John Simmons 3 16 1/2
Tho Streeton 3 16 1/2
Jos Smith 3 16 1/2
Tho Taylor 3 16 1/2
Ja Turston 3 16
John Turner from 1st July to 10th Augt incld. transferd to 1st Company 1 11 2
R Swaits 3 16 1/2
Wm Swaits 3 16 1/2
Wm Thomson 3 16 1/2
Step Willoughby 3 16 1/2
Jeremiah Hyndle 3 16 1/2
153 15 10
Third Company
Tho Easthope 1st Lieut Salary L22 16 3
Dr Diet Money 6 16 10 1/2
Dr House Rent 2 10
Crew Beale 2d Lieut Salary 18 5
Dr Diet Money 6 16 10 1/2
32 3 1/2
25 1 10 1/2
57 5
Sergeants
Matt Smythwells 7 12 1
John Leech 7 12 1
Willm Pendery 7 12 1
22 16 3
Carriedover L1148 8 7 1/2

The muster of the second company concluded, the sum brought over standing at £914 3s 7½d and the centinels' sum at £98 17s 1d.
Thomas Leech, from 17 August, transferred from the third company, £1 17s 5d
Christopher Mouly £3 16s 0½d
William Midge £3 16s 0½d
Archibald Page £3 16s 0½d
William Sheldon, from 1 July to 6 August, transferred to the third company, £1 18s 7½d
John Simmons £3 16s 0½d
Thomas Streeton £3 16s 0½d
Joseph Smith £3 16s 0½d
Thomas Taylor £3 16s 0½d
James Turston £3 16s 0½d
John Turner, from 1 July to 10 August, transferred to the first company, £1 11s 2d
Richard Swaits £3 16s 0½d
William Swaits £3 16s 0½d
William Thomson £3 16s 0½d
Stephen Willoughby £3 16s 0½d
Jeremiah Hyndle £3 16s 0½d
Total, £153 15s 10d
Third company. Thomas Easthope, first lieutenant, salary £22 16s 3d, diet money £6 16s 10½d, house rent £2 10s 0d, £32 3s 1½d
Owen Beale, second lieutenant, salary £18 5s 0d, diet money £6 16s 10½d, £25 1s 10½d, £57 5s 0d
Sergeants. Matthew Smythwells £7 12s 1d, John Leech £7 12s 1d, William Pendery £7 12s 1d, £22 16s 3d
Carried over, £1,148 8s 7½d

Interpretations

The third company was headed by Lieutenant Thomas Easthope, the officer reprimanded for drunkenness in the previous quarter, drawing his full lieutenant's pay on this roll. The many transfers between companies noted through the roll show a good deal of movement of men within the garrison over the quarter, each shift caught and prorated by the paymaster.

398

396

Broughtover L 1148 8 1/2
Corporals
Edwd Grant L 5 6 5 1/2
Cha Styles 5 6 5 1/2
Tho Lindsey from 7th July to 22d do incld the day he was broke 1 1 5 8
Do from 23 July incld to 28 Septr do 2 1 8 1
Wm Sheldon from 23 July incld to 3 days he was made Serjt tranfsferrd from 2d Company 1 4 9 1/2
John Flew Drummer 5 6 5 1/2
18 17 8 1/2
Sentinels
Wm Adams 3 16 1/2
Jos Basher 3 16 1/2
Wm Bonfield 3 16 1/2
Wm Brown 3 16 1/2
Dixoncraft 3 16 1/2
Ja Carmichael 3 16 1/2
Baron Delosf 3 16 1/2
John Earle 3 16 1/2
Tho Fuller 3 16 1/2
John Grind 3 16 1/2
Tom Kitchens 3 16 1/2
Wm Sherlock 3 16 1/2
Tho Glade 3 16 1/2
Tho Kendrick 3 16 1/2
R. Knight 3 16 1/2
John Gersey 3 16 1/2
John Langbridge 3 16 1/2
Tho Lawrence 3 16 1/2
Tho Leech from 7th July to 16th Augt incld tranfsferrd to the 3d Company 1 18 7 1/2
John McStay 3 16 1/2
Abram Major 3 16 1/2
Sentinels Carriedover L 177 10 3 1/2
Carriedover L 1172 4 10 1/2

The muster of the third company continued, the sum brought over standing at £1,148 8s 0½d.
Corporals. Edward Grant £5 6s 5½d, Charles Styles £5 6s 5½d, Thomas Lindsey, from 7 to 22 July, the day he was broke, £1 15s 8d, the same from 23 July to 28 September £2 1s 8d, William Sheldon from 23 July, made sergeant, transferred from the second company, £1 4s 9½d, John Flew drummer £5 6s 5½d, £18 17s 8½d
Centinels. William Adams £3 16s 0½d, Joseph Basher £3 16s 0½d, William Bonfield £3 16s 0½d, William Brown £3 16s 0½d, Dixon Craft £3 16s 0½d, James Carmichael £3 16s 0½d, Baron Delosf £3 16s 0½d, John Earle £3 16s 0½d, Thomas Fuller £3 16s 0½d, John Grind £3 16s 0½d, Tom Kitchens £3 16s 0½d, William Sherlock £3 16s 0½d, Thomas Glade £3 16s 0½d, Thomas Kendrick £3 16s 0½d, Richard Knight £3 16s 0½d, John Gersey £3 16s 0½d, John Langbridge £3 16s 0½d, Thomas Lawrence £3 16s 0½d, Thomas Leech, from 7 July to 16 August, transferred to the second company, £1 18s 7½d, John McStay £3 16s 0½d, Abram Major £3 16s 0½d
Centinels carried over, £177 10s 3½d
Carried over, £1,172 4s 10½d

399

397

Broughtover L1172 4 10 1/2
Sentinels Broughtover L177 19 5 1/2
Cha's Montague 3 16 1/2
Tho. Morris 3 16 1/2
Anth'y Monken 3 16 1/2
Cha's Newcombe 3 16 1/2
Tho. Oliver 3 16 1/2
Tho's Payne 3 16 1/2
John Passwaters 3 16 1/2
Tho. Pledger 3 16 1/2
Wm Robinson 3 16 1/2
Dav'd Colt 3 16 1/2
Rob't Stack 3 16 1/2
Adam Scot 3 16 1/2
Christian Syder 3 16 1/2
Jos'r Thompson 3 16 1/2
Wm Thompson 3 16 1/2
Benj. Swain 3 16 1/2
W. Vaughan 3 16 1/2
Benj'm Williams 3 16 1/2
Roger Weetman 3 16 1/2
150 1 3

Fourth Company
Tho. Kirkpatrick 1st Lieut Salary L22.16.3
D'o Diet Money 6.16.10 1/2
D'o House Rent 2.10
32 3 1/2
Wm Kennedy 2 Lieut Salary 18.5
D'o Diet Money 6.16.10 1/2
25 1 10 1/2
57 5

Sergeants
Wm Oakman 7.12.1
George Masters from 1 July to 14 Aug't incl't the day he was Discharged 3.14.4 1/2
John Walker 7.12.1
Wm Fadorow from 1 July to 14 Aug't incl't as Corpl 2.12.12.6
D'o from 15 Aug't incl't as Sergeant 3.17.8 1/2
6.10.2 1/2 25 8 9

Carriedover L1405 2 10 1/2

The muster of the third company concluded, the sum brought over standing at £1,172 4s 10½d and the centinels' sum at £177 19s 5½d.
Charles Montague £3 16s 0½d
Thomas Morris £3 16s 0½d
Anthony Monken £3 16s 0½d
Charles Newcombe £3 16s 0½d
Thomas Oliver £3 16s 0½d
Thomas Payne £3 16s 0½d
John Passwaters £3 16s 0½d
Thomas Pledger £3 16s 0½d
William Robinson £3 16s 0½d
David Colt £3 16s 0½d
Robert Stack £3 16s 0½d
Adam Scot £3 16s 0½d
Christian Syder £3 16s 0½d
Joseph Thompson £3 16s 0½d
William Thompson £3 16s 0½d
Benjamin Swain £3 16s 0½d
William Vaughan £3 16s 0½d
Benjamin Williams £3 16s 0½d
Roger Weetman £3 16s 0½d
Total, £150 1s 3d
Fourth company. Thomas Kirkpatrick, first lieutenant, salary £22 16s 3d, diet money £6 16s 10½d, house rent £2 10s 0d, £32 3s 1½d
William Kennedy, second lieutenant, salary £18 5s 0d, diet money £6 16s 10½d, £25 1s 10½d, £57 5s 0d
Sergeants. William Oakman £7 12s 1d, George Masters, from 1 July to 14 August, the day he was discharged, £3 14s 4½d, John Walker £7 12s 1d, William Fadorow, from 1 July to 14 August as corporal £2 12s 6d, and from 15 August as sergeant £3 17s 8½d, £6 10s 2½d, £25 8s 9d
Carried over, £1,405 2s 10½d

Interpretations

The muster of the fourth company opened here and carried over incomplete at £1,405 2s 10½d, the roll continuing beyond this batch. Sergeant George Masters, whose discharge and passage to England the board had granted, drew his pay only to 14 August, the day he left, his place taken by Fadorow raised from corporal to sergeant the next day.

400

398

Broughtover L1405 2 10 1/2
Corporals
Wm Brunting L5 6 5 1/2
Alexr Hamilton 5 6 5 1/2
Jos Hamson from 1st July to 14th Augt incl. as Corpl 2. 13. 1/2
Do. from 15th Augt incl. as Serjeant A 11 5 1/2
Gilbert Clew Drummer 13. 4 1/2
15 6 5 1/2
Centinels
John Allis 3 16 1/2
Tho. Baver 3 16 1/2
John Barlin 3 16 1/2
Geo. W. Bougin 3 16 1/2
Tho. Bayett 3 16 1/2
Lew. Foches 3 16 1/2
Isaac Day 3 16 1/2
Saml Desfontain 3 16 1/2
Saml Lake 3 16 1/2
Geo. French 3 16 1/2
Andw Frazier 3 16 1/2
Jno. Godby 3 16 1/2
John Gilbert 3 16 1/2
Ja. Green 3 16 1/2
Jo. S. Hall 3 16 1/2
John Hugley 3 16 1/2
Phil. C. Hickman 3 16 1/2
Wm Hayes 3 16 1/2
Geo. Whitfeld 3 16 1/2
Wm Laycock 3 16 1/2
Robt Lindsey 3 16 1/2
Jno. Menash 3 16 1/2
Duncan McLaron 3 16 1/2
Tho. Pinkerton 3 16 1/2
Centinels Carriedover 91 5
Carriedover L1425 13 8 1/2

The muster of the fourth company continued, the sum brought over standing at £1,405 2s 10½d.
Corporals. William Brunting £5 6s 5½d, Alexander Hamilton £5 6s 5½d, Joseph Hamson, from 1 July to 14 August as corporal £2 13s 0½d and from 15 August as sergeant £4 11s 5½d, Gilbert Clew drummer £5 6s 5½d, £15 6s 5½d
Centinels. John Allis £3 16s 0½d, Thomas Baver £3 16s 0½d, John Barlin £3 16s 0½d, George Bougin £3 16s 0½d, Thomas Bayett £3 16s 0½d, Lewis Foches £3 16s 0½d, Isaac Day £3 16s 0½d, Samuel Desfountain £3 16s 0½d, Samuel Lake £3 16s 0½d, George French £3 16s 0½d, Andrew Frazier £3 16s 0½d, John Godby £3 16s 0½d, John Gilbert £3 16s 0½d, James Green £3 16s 0½d, Joseph Hall £3 16s 0½d, John Hugley £3 16s 0½d, Philip Hickman £3 16s 0½d, William Hayes £3 16s 0½d, George Whitfeld £3 16s 0½d, William Laycock £3 16s 0½d, Robert Lindsey £3 16s 0½d, John Menash £3 16s 0½d, Duncan McLaron £3 16s 0½d, Thomas Pinkerton £3 16s 0½d
Centinels carried over, £91 5s 0d
Carried over, £1,425 13s 8½d

Interpretations

The fourth company's roll continued from the previous batch, the centinels drawing the uniform private's rate of £3 16s 0½d as through the earlier companies. Joseph Hamson's split pay, drawn partly as corporal and partly as sergeant within the quarter, shows a promotion caught mid-quarter and settled by charging each rank for its span of days.

401

399

Brought over £1425 13 8 1/2
Centrinels Brought over £91 5 ...
Edwd Richard 3 16 1/2
Arnold Vafper 3 16 1/2
Danl Sergeant 3 16 1/2
Tho: Short 3 16 1/2
Cha: Soakes 3 16 1/2
Simeon J. Sullivan 3 16 1/2
John Swindalls 3 16 1/2
Danl Lowry 3 16 1/2
Edw: Legg 3 16 1/2
John Thomson 3 16 1/2
John Tole 3 16 1/2
Tho: Taylor 3 16 1/2
Jos: Elgin 3 16 1/2
Benjn Williams 3 16 1/2
William Whitehham 3 16 1/2
148 5 7 1/2
Artillery Company
Tho: Hall Master Gunner’s Salary £22 16 3
D. Diet Money 6 16 10 1/2
29 13 1/2
Gunners Mates
Nathan Sample Chief Mate 11 8 1/2
Isaac Leech 9 2 6
Roger Newsam 9 2 6
Wm Turner 9 2 6
John Whitchurch 9 2 6
Henry Carter 9 2 6
John Artingstall 9 2 6
Charles McNeily 9 2 6
75 5 7 1/2
Carried over £1698 18 1

The muster of the fourth company concluded, the sum brought over standing at £1,425 13s 8½d and the centinels' sum at £91 5s 0d.
Edward Richard £3 16s 0½d
Arnold Vafper £3 16s 0½d
Daniel Sergeant £3 16s 0½d
Thomas Short £3 16s 0½d
Charles Soakes £3 16s 0½d
Simeon Sullivan £3 16s 0½d
John Swindalls £3 16s 0½d
Daniel Lowry £3 16s 0½d
Edward Legg £3 16s 0½d
John Thomson £3 16s 0½d
John Tole £3 16s 0½d
Thomas Taylor £3 16s 0½d
Joseph Elgin £3 16s 0½d
Benjamin Williams £3 16s 0½d
William Whitehham £3 16s 0½d
Total, £148 5s 7½d
Artillery company. Thomas Hall, master gunner, salary £22 16s 3d, diet money £6 16s 10½d, £29 13s 1½d
Gunner's mates. Nathan Sample, chief mate, £11 8s 0½d, Isaac Leech £9 2s 6d, Roger Newsam £9 2s 6d, William Turner £9 2s 6d, John Whitchurch £9 2s 6d, Henry Carter £9 2s 6d, John Artingstall £9 2s 6d, Charles McNeily £9 2s 6d, £75 5s 7½d
Carried over, £1,698 18s 1d

Interpretations

The artillery pay was augmented like the line companies, the master gunner drawing the lieutenant's salary of £22 16s 3d and the mates £9 2s 6d for the quarter. The gunner's mates were the skilled men who kept and worked the fort's guns under the master gunner, their raised pay marking the value the Company set on the artillery establishment.

402

400

Brought⟨over⟩ £1678 18 1
Quarter Gunners
John Nottage 6 16 10½
John Watkins 6 16 10½
Edwᵈ Fullimore 6 16 10½
Robᵗ Pickan 6 16 10½
Anthᵞ Day 6 16 10½
Adam Watson 6 16 10½
Riᵈ Billington 6 16 10½
John Spencer 6 16 10½
51 13 –
Matrons
Edwᵈ Allen 1 11 3
John Wroldes 1 11 3
Josᵉ Bowell 1 11 3
Andᵒ Barton 1 11 3
John Cawdry 1 11 3
Derby Coyle 1 11 3
Wᵐ Campbell 1 11 3
Philᵖ Hillard 1 11 3
Wᵐ Hayes 1 11 3
Jaˢ Long 1 11 3
Pᵉᵉ Marshall 1 11 3
Thoˢ Mason 1 11 3
B. Noyce 1 11 3
Adam Milbourne 1 11 3
John Peter 1 11 3
Wᵐ Perry 1 11 3
Abraham Bascleff 1 11 3
John Smith from 1ˢᵗ July to 8ᵗʰ inclᵈ
the day he Died 1 8 –
Thomas Watto 1 11 3
82 10 6
Carried⟨over⟩ £1816 3 7

The muster of the artillery company continued, the sum brought over standing at £1,678 18s 1d.
Quarter gunners. John Nottage £6 16s 10½d, John Watkins £6 16s 10½d, Edward Fullimore £6 16s 10½d, Robert Pickan £6 16s 10½d, Anthony Day £6 16s 10½d, Adam Watson £6 16s 10½d, Richard Billington £6 16s 10½d, John Spencer £6 16s 10½d, £51 13s 0d
Matrosses. Edward Allen £1 11s 3d, John Wroldes £1 11s 3d, Joseph Bowell £1 11s 3d, Andrew Barton £1 11s 3d, John Cawdry £1 11s 3d, Derby Coyle £1 11s 3d, William Campbell £1 11s 3d, Philip Hillard £1 11s 3d, William Hayes £1 11s 3d, James Long £1 11s 3d, Peter Marshall £1 11s 3d, Thomas Mason £1 11s 3d, B. Noyce £1 11s 3d, Adam Milbourne £1 11s 3d, John Peter £1 11s 3d, William Perry £1 11s 3d, Abraham Bascleff £1 11s 3d, John Smith, from 1 to 8 July, the day he died, £1 8s 0d, Thomas Watto £1 11s 3d, £82 10s 6d
Carried over, £1,816 3s 7d

Interpretations

The matrosses drew the base artillery wage of £1 11s 3d for the quarter, the junior gunners who worked the fort's pieces under the mates. John Smith, a matross, drew pay only to 8 July, the day of his death, the roll again doubling as a casualty return with a soldier's wage settled to the day he died.

403

401

Superannuated
William Burnham Sergeant 3 8 3
£1819 11 10

The muster of the artillery company concluded with the superannuated. William Burnham, sergeant, £3 8s 3d. Grand total, £1,819 11s 10d.

Interpretations

The grand total of £1,819 11s 10d closed the whole quarter's augmented wage bill for the civil staff, four line companies and artillery together, a figure the paymaster's account was framed to answer. The single superannuated sergeant William Burnham drew his pension at the foot of the roll, the last charge on the establishment's pay.

404

402

1752
October 11
Dr John Clark Paymaster
To Cash received from the Hon’ble Companys Cash Chest 1860 2 9
1860 2 9
Island St
October 11
Errors
pr John Clark

John Clark, paymaster, opened his account for the September quarter as debtor. On 11 October 1752 he received from the Company's cash chest £1,860 2s 9d, standing at £1,860 2s 9d. The account was subscribed for the island of St Helena on 11 October 1752, errors excepted, by John Clark.

Interpretations

The paymaster drew the whole quarter's disbursements in one sum from the cash chest and then answered for their distribution, the sum exceeding the salary bill because it covered re-enlistment bounties and sundry purchases as well as wages. Charging the entire outlay to him as a debtor was the device by which the Company held one officer accountable for every payment of the quarter.

405

403

਍1752
July 18

Br Contra £ s d

October 11th

Br D pr paid John Barden for Relieving to work the Honble East India
Company as outed lives for five Years to commence from this day £5 10 -

Br D pr Saml Falconer surgeon for his trouble in attending the
Hospital with fresh provisions for the Year ending this day 8 - -

Br D pr Saml Falconer surgn for the use of the Hosp being more then
4 Months passage amounted to for the Year ending this day 4 16 6

Br D pr Thos Oliver Wm Seamor for baking 91 batches Bread
for the Garrison @3½ Bush in this Quarter 7 11 8

Br D pr the Pannace Men their Allowance for Rowing in
the Parade this Quarter 2 10 -

Br D pr Saml Power provor for com & Expences with Account of
skins to Ferdinand Dea the Treasurer 1 - -

Br D pr Edwd Newman for mendg flags & making a drag to
put the Flag in at Banks &c this Quarter 3 - 6

Br D pr Jon Sketcher for Carpt Work done in this Quarter 3 14 6

Br D pr Thos Mason Provost for work done for the use of the Honble
Compy in this Quarter Vizt
for Running 200 Bags Grape Shot
128 Spruce Staves
4 Flag Staffs
2 Engines
6 Gun Carriages 1 - -

Br D pr Major Jackson for 200 Lemons pr by him for the use of
the Castle Company in this Quarter 3 - -

Br D pr F Bagley for 2½ Busk Potatoes & ½ Busk Goodemens
& John for use of y Honble Compy Table in this Quarter 1 9 3

Br D pr The Honble Company Officers & servants their Salaries
& Diet Money for the Quarter commencing July 2 and Ending
October 11 1752 Vizt 1819 11 10

£1860 2 9

The paymaster's account continued on the credit side, setting out the disbursements of the quarter.
By cash paid John Barden for re-enlisting to serve the Company for five years from that day, £5 10s 0d
By allowance to Samuel Falconer, surgeon, for his trouble in attending the hospital with fresh provisions for the year ending that day, £8 0s 0d
By allowance to Samuel Falconer, surgeon, for the use of the hospital for the year ending that day, £4 16s 6d
By allowance to Thomas Oliver and William Seamor for baking 91 batches of bread for the garrison this quarter, £7 11s 8d
By allowance to the pinnace men for rowing in the pinnace this quarter, £2 10s 0d
By allowance to Samuel Power for coming express with accounts to the treasurer, £1 0s 0d
By allowance to Edward Newman for mending flags and making a bag to put the flag in at Banks's platform this quarter, £3 0s 6d
By allowance to Jonathan Sketcher for carpenter's work done this quarter, £3 14s 6d

By allowance to Thomas Mason, provost, for work done for the use of the Company this quarter, for running 200 bags grape shot, 128 spruce staves, 4 flagstaffs, 2 engines and 6 gun carriages, £1 0s 0d
By allowance to Major Jackson for 200 lemons for the use of the Castle company this quarter, £3 0s 0d
By allowance to Richard Bagley for 2½ bushels potatoes and ½ bushel of garden stuff for the use of the Company's table this quarter, £1 9s 3d
By allowance to the Company's officers and servants for their salaries and diet money for the quarter from 2 July to 11 October 1752, £1,819 11s 10d
Total, £1,860 2s 9d

Interpretations

The single large credit of £1,819 11s 10d for salaries reconciles the paymaster's account to the quarter's muster and salary roll, closing the loop between the sum he drew and the wages he paid. The surgeon's allowance for attending the hospital with fresh provisions shows the Company paying separately for the care of its sick, the medical charge kept distinct from the surgeon's salary on the roll.

406

404

30 October

The following is the List of Remains in the Honorable

Company's Stores the 11 of this Month Viz.t

Inventory of Stores Remaining in the Hon.ble Company's

Ware House the 11 October 1752 Viz.t

Anchors Viz.t

3 Anchors

1 D.o on the West Rocks

2 Iron Khoops

90 16

Bunting Viz.t

17 p.r 34 Yard 1 D.o

12 4 3

3 p.r Blue

3 15 1

4 p.r White

4 10 4 1/2

20 10 4 1/2

Broad Cloth Viz.t

10 7/8 Yards Scarlet

16 17 10 1/2

16 3/4 D.o Sorted

57 1 10 1/2

73 19 9

Flour 350

2 11 5

Braziers Ware Viz.t

12 Small Skimmers

1 9 8 1/2

4 Skimmers

10 8

2 D.o

12

2 D.o

1 8 8

10 Flat Candlesticks

14 6

4 D.o

14 6

1 D.o

2 9

1 D.o

2 5 1/2

4 Warming Pans

2 5

1 Copper Pump

11

19 Ladles

1 11 1/2

Braziers Ware Carried over

10 18 8 1/2

£ 446 11 1 1/2

The following was the list of remains in the Honourable Company's stores at the 11th of this month. An inventory of stores remaining in the Honourable Company's warehouse at 11 October 1732.

Anchors:

3 anchors, £[...]

1 anchor on the West Rocks, £90 16s 0d

2 iron hoops

Sub-total anchors, £90 16s 0d

Bunting:

7 pieces 34 yards No. 8, £12 4s 3d

3 pieces blue, £3 15s 1d

4 pieces white, £4 10s 2½d

Sub-total bunting, £20 10s 4½d

Broadcloth:

10¾ yards scarlet, £16 17s 10½d

57¾ yards assorted, £57 1s 10½d

Sub-total broadcloth, £73 19s 9d

Flour, 350 lb, £261 5s 0d

Braziery:

12 small rimmers, £1 9s 8½d

4 rimmers, £0 10s 8d

2 ditto, £0 12s 0d

2 ditto, £1 8s 8d

10 flat candlesticks, £0 11s 0d

4 ditto, £0 14s 6d

1 ditto, £0 2s 9d

1 ditto, £0 2s 5½d

4 warming pans, £2 5s 0d

1 copper pump, £0 11s 0d

19 ladles, £2 1s 11½d

Braziery carried over, £10 18s 8½d

Carried over, £446 11s 1½d

Interpretations

The account changed from the record of goods issued to a full inventory of stock remaining in the warehouse, the quarterly stocktaking that set against the sales and issues the value of what stayed on hand. This standing inventory let the Company reckon its assets on the island at a fixed date, the goods valued piece by piece so the total worth of the store could be entered in the books. The listing opens with the heaviest and most valuable items, the anchors, before working through the cloth, provisions and wares.

The anchor lying on the West Rocks, valued with the others at over ninety pounds, was probably one set to hold ships or moorings off that part of the coast, or an anchor lost or beached there yet still counted as Company property. Rimmers among the braziery were reamers, the tools for enlarging or smoothing bored holes, sold in graded sizes. Warming pans were the long-handled covered pans filled with embers to warm a bed, and the copper pump a hand pump of that metal, all wares shipped in ready-made for a settlement that made no such goods itself.

407

405

1752

Brought over

446 11 1 1/2

Braziers Ware Brought over

10 18 8 1/2

3 p.r Round Candlesticks

17 6

1 Ounce Brass

10

3 1/2 Brass for Sodering

11 5 1/2

8 Flesh Pans

5 18 8

10 Tea Kettles

5 14 7

2 Chafing Dishes

7 7

1 Pudding Bag

4 5

2 Bread Graters

9 11

1 Nutmeg D.o

2 2 1/2

7 p.r Steel Snuffers

19 3

4 large Brass Locks

19 8

11 Small D.o

2 2 2

3 Small Saucepans

9 9

6 large D.o

1 12 9

31 17 5 1/2

Blocks Viz.t

4 Ironbound Fatt Blocks

1 5 8

2 D.o Snatch

1 7 6

2 D.o Double Top

15

1 D.o Single Top

4 D.o Dead Eyes

4 5 9

6 Iron Bound

19

4 Double long Tackles

2 Blocks

8

9 11

Buckram 2 D.o 20 Yards

2 15 6

Beef & Pork Viz.t

24 Puncheons Beef

294 11

30 Hogshead 40 p.r Pork

339 1 6

633 13 6

Coals 9 Chaldron 12 Bushels

16 5

Pepper 3 Money 6..8..66 Irish half Pence

133 10

Blankets 31

10 17

£ 1283 18 9

Brought over, £446 11s 1½d

Braziery brought over, £10 18s 8½d

3 pairs round candlesticks, £0 17s 6d

1 ounce brass, £0 0s 10d

5½ lb brass for soldering, £0 11s 5½d

8 flat pans, £5 18s 8d

10 tea kettles, £5 14s 7d

2 grating brushes, £0 4s 7d

1 pudding bag, £0 4s 5d

2 bread graters, £0 9s 11d

1 nutmeg ditto, £0 2s 2½d

7 pairs steel snuffers, £0 19s 3d

4 large brass cocks, £0 19s 8d

11 small ditto, £2 2s 2d

3 small saucepans, £0 9s 9d

6 large ditto, £1 12s 9d

Sub-total braziery, £31 17s 5½d

Blocks:

4 iron-bound fat blocks, £1 5s 8d

2 ditto snatch, £1 7s 6d

2 ditto double top, £0 [...]

1 ditto single top, £0 15s 0d

4 ditto dead eyes, £4 5s 9d

4 double long tackle, £0 19s 0d

2 blocks, £0 8s 0d

Sub-total blocks, £9 11s 0d

Buckram, 2 pieces 20 yards, £2 15s 6d

Beef and pork:

24 puncheons beef, £294 11s 0d

30 hogsheads 40 lb pork, £339 1s 6d

Sub-total beef and pork, £633 13s 6d

Coals, 9 chaldron 12 bushels, £16 0s 3d

Pepper, money 1 candareen 8 candareens 6 pies, half-pence, £133 0s 10d

Blankets, 31, £10 17s 0d

Carried over, £1,283 18s 9d

Interpretations

The inventory continued through the warehouse stock, the braziery furnishing the household kitchen with tea kettles, saucepans, graters and brass cocks, and the blocks supplying the ships' rigging. Blocks were the pulley housings through which running rigging passed, and the account names their several forms, snatch blocks that opened to take a rope, double and single top blocks for the mastheads and dead eyes for setting up the shrouds. This standing stock of ships' gear confirms the store as a chandlery for the fleet as much as a supplier to the residents.

The provisions held in the warehouse were substantial, twenty-four puncheons of beef and thirty hogsheads of pork valued together at over six hundred pounds, the great reserve of salt meat from which the ships and garrison were victualled. This deep stock was the material heart of the island's function, the preserved provisions kept ready to revictual the East Indiamen as they called. The pepper entered with a value reckoned in Indian money, candareens and pies, marks a commodity valued in the currency of the Eastern trade from which it came, the pepper being cargo of the Company's Asian commerce held on the island.

408

406

30 October

Brought over

1283 18 9

Cutlery Ware Viz.t

17 Horn Combs

4 3

24 Horn D.o

4 6

41 p.r Leather Garters

17 1

87 p.r Knee Buckles

1 12 7 1/2

19 Ivory Combs

1 3 9

71 p.r Shoe Buckles

1 12 6 1/2

18 Dozen Shoe Tacks

3

8 Choping Knives

11

2 Small Cleavers

8 3

1 large D.o

8 3

63 Gross Horn Handles

3 9 7

27 Butchers Knives

1 6 3

36 Shoe Knives

14 4

12 15 6

Cartwheels Viz.t

27 Spare Sides for Hand & Wheelbarrows

1 D.o Spoke

2 6 8

5 Wheel Barrows

3 13 9

1 p.r Cart Wheels

3 10 5

4 Axeltrees

2 1 9 1/2

11 12 7 1/2

Corks Viz.t

4 Gross 9 Dozen Corks

10 10 1/2

3 3/4 Corkwood

1 2 1/2

12 1

Camblet Viz.t

20 3/4 y.d Blue

2 16 4 1/2

23 1/2 D.o Scarlet

4 3 5

12 D.o Brown

1 13

8 12 7 1/2

£ 1317 11 6

Brought over, £1,283 18s 9d

Cutlery:

17 ivory combs, £0 4s 3d

24 horn ditto, £0 4s 6d

41 pairs leather garters, £0 17s 1d

87 pairs knee buckles, £1 12s 7½d

19 ivory combs, £1 3s 9d

71 pairs shoe buckles, £1 12s 6½d

18 dozen shoe tacks, £0 3s 0d

8 chopping knives, £0 11s 0d

2 small cleavers, £0 8s 3d

1 large ditto, £0 8s 3d

63 gross horn moulds, £3 9s 7d

27 butchers' knives, £1 6s 3d

36 shoe knives, £0 14s 4d

Sub-total cutlery, £12 15s 6d

Cartwheels:

27 spare axles for hand wheelbarrows, £2 6s 8d

1 ditto spoke, £2 6s 8d

5 wheelbarrows, £3 13s 9d

1 pair cartwheels, £3 10s 5d

4 axletrees, £2 1s 9½d

Sub-total cartwheels, £11 12s 7½d

Corks:

1 gross 9 dozen corks, £0 10s 10½d

2¾ corkwood, £0 1s 2½d

Sub-total corks, £0 12s 1d

Camlet:

20½ yards blue, £2 16s 4½d

23¼ yards scarlet, £4 3s 3d

12 yards brown, £1 13s 0d

Sub-total camlet, £8 12s 7½d

Carried over, £1,317 11s 6d

Interpretations

The inventory continued through the cutlery and hardware held in stock, combs, buckles, knives and the horn moulds turned as button blanks, together with the cleavers and butchers' knives for the slaughter and dressing of meat. Shoe knives and shoe tacks among them supplied the cobbler mending footwear, and the large stock of these small articles reflects the store holding the makings and repair of clothing and shoes for a settlement that imported all such goods.

The cartwheels and axles held in reserve equipped the estate's carrying gear, spare axles for the hand wheelbarrows and cartwheels for the heavier carts. Keeping spares in stock let the plantation repair its barrows and carts as they wore, the constant hauling of yams, stone and produce breaking the running gear. The camlet held in blue, scarlet and brown was the fine closely-woven cloth for cloaks and gowns, the coloured stock kept for the finer clothing the store supplied, the scarlet at the highest rate matching the colour of military and dress wear.

409

407

1752

Brought over

1317 11 6

Canvas Viz.t

1 1/2 Yard Duck

1 8

14 p.r 76 Yard Osenbrigs

56 11 4

22 p.r 28 Yards English Canvas

13 13 2

5 1/2 Yard Sacking

5 6

3 p.r 22 Yard D.o Damaged

3 3 4

103 16

Cordage Viz.t

1 Broad Hawser 16..2..19

16 2 19

1 four Inch D.o 6..3..7

6 3 7

2 1/2 Inch Cordage 10..2..10

10 2 10

2 Jack D.o 4..1..2

4 1 2

12 Broad Ratline 6..16

6 16

9 Broad D.o 3..21

3 21

53..1..19

75 1 2

Deals Viz.t

116 Single Deals

118 1 2

20 D.o in use in the Cellars

102 Double Deals

17 D.o in use in the Cellars

50 13 11

4 Oak Planks

4 11 4

14 Elm Planks

13 14 10

117 Bundles Laths

6 11 2

26 Hainsoed Board

6 6 5

16 Elm Board

2 9 4

6 Elffins

11 2 1 1/2

40 Baltic

10 10

43 p.r Riga Timber

81 8 3

10 Spars

1 1 8

286 4 11

Earthen Ware 32 Milk Pans

1

Flannel 16 Yards

1 3

Grindstones Viz.t

1 large Grindstone

13 6

2 Small D.o

5 6

1 1

£ 1735 16 7

Brought over, £1,317 11s 6d

Canvas:

1½ yards duck, £0 1s 8d

141¾ 76 yards Osnaburg, £56 11s 4d

22½ 281 yards English canvas, £13 13s 2d

5½ yards sacking, £0 5s 6d

3 pieces 22 yards No. 8 damaged, £3 3s 4d

Sub-total canvas, £103 16s 0d

Cordage:

1 grand hawser, 16 cwt 2 qr 19 lb, £[...]

1 four-inch ditto, 6 cwt 3 qr 7 lb, £[...]

2½-inch cordage, 10 cwt 2 qr 10 lb, £[...]

2 junk ditto, 4 cwt 1 qr 2 lb, £[...]

12 cwt rattling, 6 cwt 16 lb, £[...]

9 cwt ditto, 3 cwt 21 lb, £[...]

Total cordage, 53 cwt 1 qr 19 lb, £75 1s 2d

Deals:

116 single deals, £[...]

20 ditto in use in the cellars, £118 1s 2d

102 double deals, £[...]

17 ditto in use in the cellars, £30 13s 11d

4 oak planks, £4 11s 4d

14 elm planks, £13 14s 10d

117 bundle laths, £6 11s 0d

26 hainsed board, £6 6s 5d

16 elm board, £2 2s 4d

6 elm scuffling, £11 2s 1½d

40 battens, £10 0s 10d

43½ pieces Riga timber, £81 8s 3d

10 spars, £1 1s 8d

Sub-total deals, £286 4s 11d

Earthenware, 32 milk pans, £0 [...]

Flannel, 16 yards, £1 3s 0d

Grindstones:

1 large grindstone, £0 13s 6d

2 small ditto, £0 5s 6d

Sub-total grindstones, £1 1s 0d

Carried over, £1,735 16s 7d

Interpretations

The inventory continued through the building timber and cordage held in stock, a substantial reserve reflecting the constant work of construction and ship repair. The deals, planks, laths, battens and Riga timber were the imported softwood the island depended on, since it grew no useful building wood, and the naming of Riga timber marks its Baltic origin, the port from which much European construction timber came. Some deals were noted as in use in the cellars, shoring or lining the storage vaults, counted still as stock though already put to work.

The cordage was listed by its several kinds and weights, a grand hawser of over sixteen hundredweight being the heaviest single rope, kept for the heaviest hauling and mooring. Junk was old or inferior rope, and ratline the light line rigged across the shrouds as the steps by which men climbed the rigging. This deep stock of rope in every grade confirms the store as a chandlery serving the fleet, holding the cordage a ship might need to replace worn rigging during its stop. The damaged canvas entered separately at a reduced value shows the inventory distinguishing sound stock from spoiled, the store reckoning honestly what its goods were worth.

410

408

30 October

Brought over

1735 16 7

Glaziers Ware Viz.t

112 Sq.r Glass 6 by 8

2 2

128 Sq.r D.o 8 by 10

3 12

158 Sq.r D.o 10 by 12

5 15

57 Sq.r D.o 10 1/2 by 12 1/2

2 4 11

11 Sq.r D.o 11 by 18

2 16 4 1/2

2 Quart Decanters

8 2

9 Pint D.o

1 12 3

16 Beer Glasses

12 4

12 Tumblers

7 6

3 four Hour Glasses

10

1 three Hour Glass

3 4

6 half Hour Glasses

3 3

10 half Minute D.o

5 5

126 Wine Glasses

2 13 1/2

2 p.r fine Cruets

13 2 1/2

4 Globe Lamps

8 10

28 9 8 1/2

Hats Viz.t

1 Mans Plain

16 6

62 Centinels

8 10 4 1/2

9 6 10 1/2

Hooks & Lines Viz.t

105 Dozen Lines N.o 4

24 1 3

92 Dozen 8 D.o 3

17 15 7 1/2

10 Dozen D.o 2

1 13 4

13 Hambro D.o

16 6 1/2

9 Jack D.o

3 4

16125 Hooks N.o 1

9000 D.o 2

8000 D.o 3

24 15 2

1375 D.o 4

8000 D.o 5

Hooks & Lines Carried over

69 4 10

£ 1810 13 2

Brought over, £1,735 16s 7d

Glaziery:

112 squares glass 6 by 8, £2 2s 0d

128 squares ditto 8 by 10, £3 12s 0d

138 squares ditto 10 by 12, £5 15s 0d

57 squares ditto 10½ by 12½, £2 4s 11d

11 squares ditto 11 by 18, £2 16s 5½d

2 quart decanters, £0 8s 2d

9 pint ditto, £1 12s 3d

16 beer glasses, £0 12s 4d

12 tumblers, £0 7s 6d

3 four-hour glasses, £0 10s 0d

1 three-hour glass, £0 3s 1d

6 half-hour glasses, £0 3s 3d

10 half-minute ditto, £0 5s 5d

126 wine glasses, £2 15s 1½d

2 pairs French cruets, £0 13s 2½d

1 globe lamp, £0 8s 10d

Sub-total glaziery, £24 9s 8½d

Hats:

1 man's plain, £0 16s 0d

62 sentinels', £8 10s 1½d

Sub-total hats, £9 6s 1½d

Hooks and lines:

105 dozen lines No. 4, £24 1s 3d

92 dozen 8 ditto No. 3, £17 15s 2½d

10 dozen ditto No. 2, £1 13s 0d

13 hambers ditto, £0 16s 6½d

2 jack ditto, £0 3s 4d

46,125 hooks No. 1, £[...]

9,000 ditto No. 2, £[...]

8,000 ditto No. 3, £24 15s 2d

1,375 ditto No. 4, £[...]

8,000 ditto No. 5, £[...]

Hooks and lines carried over, £69 4s 10d

Carried over, £1,810 13s 2d

Interpretations

The glaziery line held the warehouse stock of window glass in cut squares of several sizes, from 6 by 8 up to 11 by 18 inches, the panes shipped in to glaze and repair the island's buildings. Beside the window glass sat the table glass and a range of sandglasses, the four-hour, three-hour, half-hour and half-minute glasses used to measure time aboard ship and about the settlement. The half-minute glasses timed the log line to reckon a ship's speed, while the longer glasses marked the watches, all instruments the store held for the fleet and the fort.

The enormous stock of fish hooks, over forty-six thousand of the smallest No. 1 alone and tens of thousands of the larger sizes, confirms how central fishing was to feeding the island. Hooks were held by the tens of thousands and lines by the hundred dozen, a reserve far beyond any month's sale, kept so the residents, garrison and slaves could always draw tackle to fish the coastal waters. This deep provision of the means of fishing was a deliberate policy on an island where the sea supplemented every table and where a failure of the tackle supply would have pressed hard on the food stock.

411

409

1752

Brought over

1810 13 2

Hooks & Lines Brought over

69 4 10

8350 Hooks N.o 6

3000 D.o 7

4175 D.o 8

11 4 2

1025 D.o 9

1025 D.o 10

5 3 3

18650 Blue Hooks

2 10 6

10950 p.r Greentham

5 9

93 11 9

Haberdashery Viz.t

8 lb Whale Bone

2 2 2

9 Pieces Silk

15 2

4..3 Mohair

6 7 6

35..1 Mohair Coat Buttons

12 14 4 1/2

21 D.o Breast D.o

3 8 3

9 Doz.n Tin D.o D.o

11 4

1 Doz.n Sea Coat D.o

1 4

36 3/4 Gilt Breast D.o

19

35 1/2 Gilt Coat D.o

1 16 3

100 Needles

6 1/2

28 15 11

Hosiery Ware Viz.t

2 p.r Wove Stockings Men

7

3 p.r Womens D.o

9 6

13 p.r Girls D.o

1 8 6

10 p.r Boys D.o

2 17

30 Scotch Bonnets good for Nothing

1 18 9

6 5 3

Iron & Steel Viz.t

16..1..2 Iron

13 5 8 1/2

3..19 Steel

2 17 6

16 3 2 1/2

Iron Pots Viz.t

1..12 Gallon

13 3

1..6 D.o broke

6 1/2

19 3 1/2

£ 1965 8 7

Brought over, £1,819 13s 2d

Hooks and lines brought over, £69 4s 10d

8,350 hooks No. 6, £[...]

3,000 ditto No. 7, £[...]

4,875 ditto No. 8, £11 4s 2d

1,025 ditto No. 9, £[...]

1,025 ditto No. 10, £5 3s 3d

18,650 blue hooks, £2 10s 6d

10,900 Greenham, £5 9s 0d

Sub-total hooks and lines, £93 11s 9d

Haberdashery:

8 lb whalebone, £2 2s 2d

9 pieces silk, £0 15s 2d

5 lb 3 oz mohair, £6 7s 6d

35 dozen 1 mohair coat buttons, £12 14s 4½d

21 dozen breast ditto, £3 8s 3d

9 dozen tin ditto ditto, £0 11s 4d

5 dozen 6 tin coat ditto, £0 1s 4d

36½ dozen gilt breast ditto, £0 19s 0d

36½ dozen gilt coat ditto, £1 16s 3d

100 needles, £0 0s 6½d

Sub-total haberdashery, £28 15s 11d

Hosiery:

2 pairs worsted stockings, men's, £0 7s 0d

3 pairs women's ditto, £0 9s 6d

13 pairs girls' ditto, £1 8s 5d

10 pairs boys' ditto, £2 1s 7d

30 Scotch bonnets, good for nothing, £1 18s 9d

Sub-total hosiery, £6 5s 3d

Iron and steel:

16 cwt 1 qr 2 lb iron, £13 5s 8½d

3 cwt 19 lb steel, £2 17s 6d

Sub-total iron and steel, £16 3s 2½d

Iron pots:

1 of twelve gallons, £0 13s 3d

1 of 6 ditto ditto, £0 6s 1½d

Sub-total iron pots, £0 19s 3½d

Carried over, £1,965 8s 7d

Interpretations

The hooks continued in tens of thousands across every size, with blue hooks alone at over eighteen thousand and a further stock of Greenham hooks, a named make or pattern of fish hook. This vast reserve of tackle, valued at over ninety pounds, was the store's provision for the island's dependence on the sea, held in quantities no month's fishing could exhaust so that the supply never failed. The graded numbers matched hooks to different fish and depths, the settlement fishing its coastal waters with tackle for every purpose.

The haberdashery held the tailor's materials in bulk, whalebone for stiffening stays and bodices, silk and mohair thread and buttons of every kind in metal, gilt and tin. Whalebone was the springy baleen from a whale's mouth, used to shape and stiffen garments, a material shipped in for the making of stays. The Scotch bonnets entered as good for nothing were a stock of woollen caps judged unsaleable or spoiled, the inventory marking them honestly as worthless rather than carrying them at value, the same candour shown toward the damaged canvas and worn carriages elsewhere in the reckoning.

412

410

30 October

Brought over

1965 8 7

Ironmongers Ware Viz.t

1 Till Lock

2 1

5 Ironbound Locks D

5 10 4

6 D.o Locks N.o 2

5 6

6 Brass Locks

6 19

9 Ironbound Locks B

2 3 7

8 Chest Locks A

14

6 Cupboard D.o Brass

1 13

3 Stock Locks D

6 3

3 Stock D.o with Papers

14 9

26 Broad Hoes

2 4 5

13 Garden D.o

13 9

3 Jack Vices

5 6

9 Plains Sorted

2 2

11 Plain Irons

3 14 1/2

4 Loping Axes

9 4

17 Gouges

3 8

12 p.r Sheep Shears

16 3

10 Adzes

1 1 8

13 Scrapers

1 1 8

3 Edging Irons

12 17

8 Fleshing D.o

3

2 large Frying Pans

5 8

53 Small D.o

4 8 4

10 Mares

1 17 4

1 Compass Saw

2 3

39 Pickaxes

4 5 6

20 Augers

9 2

52 Lead Nails

3 10

239 Packing Needles

1 13 11 1/2

26 p.r H. Hinges

2 9 10

52 p.r H. D.o

4 2 9

17 p.r H. Leathering Joints

2 13 10

Ironmongers Ware Carried over

55 19 8 1/2

£ 1965 8 7

Brought over, £1,965 8s 7d

Ironmongery:

1 till lock, £0 2s 1d

5 iron rimmed locks D, £0 10s 4d

6 ditto locks No. 2, £0 5s 6d

6 brass cocks, £0 6s 19d

9 iron rimmed locks B, £2 3s 7d

8 chest locks A, £0 0s 14d

6 cupboard ditto brass, £1 13s 0d

3 stock locks D, £0 6s 3d

3 stock ditto with pipes, £0 14s 9d

26 broad hoes, £2 4s 5d

15 garden ditto, £0 13s 0d

3 jack knives, £0 5s 6d

9 plane irons, £0 2s 2d

11 plain irons, £0 3s 14½d

4 lopping axes, £0 9s 4d

19 gouges, £0 3s 8d

12 pairs sheep shears, £0 16s 3d

10 adzes, £1 1s 8d

15 scrapers, £1 1s 8d

3 edging irons, £0 12s 12d

8 jointing ditto, £0 3s 0d

2 large frying pans, £0 5s 8d

53 small ditto, £4 8s 4d

10 mattocks, £1 17s 1d

1 compass saw, £0 2s 3d

39 pickaxes, £4 5s 6d

20 augers, £0 9s 2d

52 lead nails, £1 3s 10d

239 packing needles, £1 13s 11½d

26 pairs H hinges, £2 9s 10d

52 dozen H ditto, £4 2s 9d

17 pairs H hinges with rising joints, £2 13s 10d

Ironmongery carried over, £55 10s 8½d

Carried over, £1,965 8s 7d

Interpretations

The ironmongery inventory held a large stock of locks in graded patterns, till, chest, stock, cupboard and iron-rimmed locks lettered and numbered by type, the whole securing the many lockfast places of the fort, stores and residences. Stock locks with pipes were a particular pattern fitted with a tubular keyhole, and the range of lettered and numbered locks shows the store keeping matched patterns so that replacements and keys could be supplied to order. This deep provision of locks reflects the constant need to secure valuable stores on an island where theft was a standing concern.

The garden and workshop tools were held in quantity, broad and garden hoes, mattocks, pickaxes, lopping axes and sheep shears among them, the implements of cultivation and estate work kept in reserve against wear and breakage. Sheep shears for clipping the flocks tie the stock to the island's wool, and the lopping axes and edging irons served the pruning and dressing of trees and ground. The great number of small frying pans and packing needles points to bulk stock for issue and sale, the store holding the ordinary tools of kitchen and warehouse in numbers far beyond immediate need.

413

411

1752

Brought over

1965 8 7

Ironmongers Ware Brought over

55 19 8 1/2

11 p.r Shutter Hinges

1 4 9

23 Scythes

6 6 1

54 D.o Inner

6 9

9 Plaisterers Trowels

14 3

36 Bricklayers D.o

2 1 7

5 Bricklayers D.o

5

9 Joyners Hatchets

18

8 Doz.n 9 Small Gimblets

14 7

5 Spike D.o

1 9 1/2

42 Stone Wedges

1 8

11 Whip Saws

1 2 7 1/2

3 Hand Spike

7 6

3 Jack D.o

14 4 1/2

1 Joyners Rubstone

2 6

30 Dozen 5 Files

13 13 9

2 Smiths Rubbers

5 3

4 Rasps

2 3

3 Firmess Chissels

1 6

2 Mortise Cutters

5 8

8 Hone Saws

2 3 9

8 p.r Iron Saw Heads

2 3 8

20 Spades

3 2 6

1 Grafting Saw

2 9

5 Grubbing Hoes

14 7

9 Ditching Shovels

2 6

3 p.r Hand Saws

3 9

6 p.r Plane D.o

1 18 2

35 Ochre Hilting Needles

2 8

20 Ochre Hammers

6 15 1 1/2

2 Carpenters Axes

8 10

1 Drill Bow

2 2 1/2

3 p.r Bellows

11 6

7 Chafing Dishes

1 16 9

Ironmongers Ware Carried over

109 4 8

£ 1965 8 7

Brought over, £1,965 8s 7d

Ironmongery brought over, £55 19s 8½d

11 pairs shutter hinges, £1 4s 9d

23 scythes, £6 6s 1d

54 ditto files, £0 6s 9d

9 plasterers' trowels, £0 14s 3d

36 bricklayers' ditto, £2 1s 7d

5 bricklayers' ditto, £0 5s 0d

9 joiners' hatchets, £0 18s 0d

8 dozen 9 small gimlets, £0 14s 7d

5 spike ditto, £0 1s 9½d

42 stone wedges, £1 8s 0d

11 whip saws, £1 2s 7½d

3 hand spikes, £0 7s 6d

3 jack ditto, £0 14s 4½d

1 joiner's rubstone, £0 2s 6d

30 dozen 3 files, £13 13s 9d

2 smiths' rubbers, £0 5s 3d

4 rasps, £0 2s 3d

3 firmer chisels, £0 1s 6d

2 mortar cutters, £0 5s 8d

8 hand saws, £2 3s 9d

8 pairs iron saw heads, £2 3s 8d

20 spades, £3 2s 6d

1 grafting saw, £0 2s 9d

5 grubbing hoes, £0 14s 7d

9 ditching shovels, £2 0s 6d

3 pairs hand saws, £0 3s 9d

6 pairs plane ditto, £1 18s 2d

35 sets fishing needles, £0 2s 8d

20 skimming hammers, £6 15s 1½d

2 carpenters' axes, £0 8s 10d

1 drill bow, £0 2s 2½d

3 pairs bellows, £0 11s 6d

7 chafing dishes, £0 16s 9d

Ironmongery carried over, £109 4s 8d

Carried over, £1,965 8s 7d

Interpretations

The ironmongery inventory continued through the tradesmen's tools held in bulk, the plasterers' and bricklayers' trowels, joiners' hatchets and carpenters' axes marking the several building trades the settlement maintained. The stock of scythes and their files, whip saws for cutting planks and the many graded files, chisels and saws show the store equipping the island's smiths, joiners and masons to build and repair with skilled labour. Mortar cutters and stone wedges served the masonry and quarrying, the whole forming the tool supply for a settlement that constructed and maintained its own works.

A whip saw was the long two-man saw for ripping logs into planks over a pit, and a drill bow the tool that spun a drill by a bowstring wrapped round its shaft, both worked by hand where no machinery existed. The skimming hammers held in some number were probably tools for a particular trade, and the smiths' rubbers stones for dressing and finishing metal. This comprehensive stock of tools, valued at over a hundred pounds, confirms the island as a self-maintaining settlement, importing the means to do its own building, smithing and repair rather than relying on finished work from home.

414

412

30 October

Brought over

1965 8 7

Ironmongers Ware Brought over

109 4 8

1 Furze Engine

5 15 6

90 Pickax Helves

2 14 4 1/2

15 Hoe D.o

8 9

29 p.r Dovetail Hinges

11 6

2 Chalk Lines

8

1 Fish Skin

3

18 Drill Boxes

2 3

2 Coffee Roasters

5

2 Gridirons

3 6

1 Sledge Hammer

6 6

16 3/4 Cut Saws

1 1 4 1/2

12 Hay Rakes

6

7 1/2 Handtrees

1 7

1 Hand Hatchet

1 3 1/2

10 Shod Shovels

17 6

1 Box Irons & Heaters

10 8

3 Mice Rat Traps

16 6

1 p.r Steelyards

2 10

2 long Plains

8 2 1/2

2 two foot Rules

1 10

1 p.r Pincers

10

2 Claw Hammers

2 1/2

1 Hand Saw

1 2

2 Tenant Saws

14 3 1/2

9 Garden Rakes

1 1

128 12

Kersey 19 1/2 Yard

1 4 1 1/2

Long Ells 3 p.r 15 3/4 Yard

6 19 3

Lead Viz.t

60..3..16 Sheet

60 9 8

2..14 Pigg

1 19 8

10 Yards 2 Inch Pipe

15 6

18 Ocker Pipes

6

3 Heater for D.o

2 2

1..3..14 Small Shott

1 17 6

79 5

£ 2181 15 2 1/2

Brought over, £1,965 8s 7d

Ironmongery brought over, £109 4s 8d

1 fire engine, £5 15s 6d

90 pickaxe helves, £2 14s 1½d

15 hoe ditto, £0 8s 9d

29 pairs dovetail hinges, £0 11s 6d

2 chalk lines, £0 0s 8d

1 dish shear, £0 3s 0d

18 drill boxes, £0 2s 3d

2 coffee roasters, £0 5s 0d

2 gridirons, £0 3s 6d

16 sledge hammers, £0 6s 6d

16 gross cut saws, £1 1s 4½d

12 hay rakes, £0 6s 0d

1½ handles, £0 1s 7d

1 hand hatchet, £0 1s 3½d

10 shod shovels, £0 17s 6d

1 box iron and heaters, £0 10s 8d

3 wire rat traps, £0 16s 6d

1 pair scaleyards, £2 10s 0d

2 long planes, £0 8s 2½d

2 two-foot rules, £0 1s 10d

1 pair pincers, £0 0s 10d

2 claw hammers, £0 2s 7d

1 hand saw, £0 7s 2d

2 tenant saws, £0 14s 3½d

9 garden rakes, £1 1s 0d

Sub-total ironmongery, £128 18s 0d

Kersey, 19½ yards, £1 4s 1½d

Long ells, 3 pieces 15¾ yards, £6 19s 3d

Lead:

66 cwt 3 qr 16 lb sheet, £60 9s 8d

2 cwt 14 lb pig, £1 19s 8d

10 yards 2 junk pipe, £1 15s 6d

18 decker pipes, £0 5s 6d

3 headers for ditto, £0 2s 2d

1 cwt 3 qr shot, small shot, £1 17s 6d

Sub-total lead, £79 5s 0d

Carried over, £2,181 15s 2½d

Interpretations

The single fire engine held in stock, valued at over five pounds, was the settlement's chief defence against fire, a hand-worked pump on wheels that threw water on a blaze. On an island of timber buildings and stored powder, fire was a grave threat, and keeping an engine ready was a serious precaution for the fort and town. A pair of scaleyards among the tools was a steelyard balance for weighing goods, essential to the store's business of measuring out provisions and stock by weight.

The lead held in the warehouse was substantial, over sixty-six hundredweight of sheet lead alone, the metal used for roofing, guttering, glazing bars and lining cisterns, all work requiring lead the island could not produce. Junk and decker pipes among the lead were lengths of piping for conveying water, and the headers their fittings, the whole forming the plumbing stock for the fort's water supply. The small shot held by the hundredweight was lead shot for the muskets and fowling pieces, part of the settlement's provision of ammunition alongside the powder in the magazines.

415

413

1752

Brought over

2181 15 2 1/2

Leather Viz.t

2 Sheep Skins

1 3 1/2

33 Leather

1 13

1 14 3 1/2

Masts Viz.t

1 large Mast 76 f.t long 21 Inches Diameter

33 11

1 Top Mast 65 f.t 1/2 17 Inches D.o

21 15

1/2 of a Top Mast

8 10

1 Top Mast 1 Porto Bello

12

1 Top Mast 1 Pelham

7

1 Cap

1 11 6

84 7 6

Mustard Seed 2 1/2 Bushels

9 7

Nails Viz.t

6..1..22 3

21 1 2

5..1..4 3

14 3 8

9..2..20 4

21 9 1

7..6 6

13 19 9 1/2

8..2 10

14 19 4

4..2..4 20

8 3 9

2..2..3 40

4 4 9

3..24 Glazing Brads

5 10 3

4..1..26 Scupper Nails

10 19 5

1..13 Coopers Rivets

2 16 10 1/2

5..1..11 Flooring Nails

10 9 1/2

25 Spike Nails

6 9

127 15 7 1/2

Oil Viz.t

22 Gallons Train

2 18 8

142 D.o Linseed

23 13 4

9 Bottles Florence

1 3 3

27 15 3

£ 2425 17 5 1/2

Brought over, £2,181 15s 2½d

Leather:

2 sheep skins, £0 1s 3½d

33 leather, £1 13s 0d

Sub-total leather, £1 14s 3½d

Masts:

1 large mast, 76 feet long 21 inches diameter, £33 11s 0d

1 topmast, 65 feet 17 inches ditto, £21 15s 0d

½ of a topmast, £8 10s 0d

1 topmast of Porto Bello, £12 0s 0d

1 topmast of Pelham, £7 0s 0d

1 top, £1 11s 6d

Sub-total masts, £84 7s 6d

Mustard seed, 2½ bushels, £2 9s 7d

Nails:

6 cwt 1 qr 22 lb of 3d, £21 1s 2d

5 cwt 1 qr 4 lb of 3d, £14 3s 8d

9 cwt 2 qr 20 lb of 4d, £21 9s 1d

7 cwt 6 lb of 6d, £13 19s 9½d

8 cwt 2 lb of 10d, £14 19s 4d

4 cwt 2 qr 4 lb of 20d, £8 3s 9d

2 cwt 2 qr 3 lb of 40d, £4 4s 9d

3 cwt 24 lb glazing brads, £5 10s 3d

4 cwt 1 qr 26 lb scupper nails, £10 19s 5d

1 cwt 13 lb coopers' rivets, £2 16s 10½d

5 cwt 1 qr 11 lb sheving nails, £10 0s 9½d

25 spike nails, £0 6s 9d

Sub-total nails, £127 15s 7½d

Oil:

22 gallons train, £2 18s 8d

142 gallons linseed, £23 13s 1d

9 bottles Florence, £1 3s 3d

Sub-total oil, £27 15s 3d

Carried over, £2,125 17s 5½d

Interpretations

The masts held in the warehouse were among the most valuable single items in the whole inventory, a large mast of seventy-six feet and several topmasts valued together at over eighty pounds. Spare masts and topmasts were vital stores for a fleet, since a ship that lost a mast in storm or battle could not easily replace it at sea, and the island held these great spars ready to refit a damaged vessel. Two of the topmasts were named of Porto Bello and of Pelham, probably marking the ships from which they came or for which they were intended, the spars kept and reckoned by their origin.

The nails held in the warehouse ran to over a hundred pounds in value, graded by size from small 3d up to heavy 40d and including the specialist scupper nails, coopers' rivets and glazing brads. Scupper nails had broad heads for fastening leather over the scuppers that drained a ship's deck, and glazing brads secured panes in their frames, each kind held in bulk for its particular use. This enormous reserve of nails, sold by the hundredweight, was the fastening stock for all the island's building and repair, the single most quantity-heavy line among the ironmongery.

416

414

30 October

Brought over

2425 17 5 1/2

Oars Viz.t

3..22 feet

17

14..16 D.o

6 2 8

18..14 D.o

6 19 8

Paint Viz.t

1..14 Verdigrease

6 12 2

7..1..12 Whiting

16 7

3..1 Umber

1 8 1

3..6 Red Lead

2 17

9..9 White Lead

16 19

1..3 Venetian Red

1 16 4

2..3..1 Brimstone

3 4 1

1..2..10 Olive Colour

13 10 6

1..22 Yellow Oaker

1 7 11

22 Black Smalt

1 16 8

2..8 Indico

10 6 8

9 Jamaica Indico

2 9 6

17 1/2 White Copperas

18 11 1/2

1..22 Stone Oaker

1 6

1..21 English D.o

8 2

16 1/4 Ounces Prussian Blue

1 6

15 Ounces Sacramento Lumico

2 10

1..13 Sky Blue

10 8 11

1..22 Mahogany

5 13 8

3..25 Sand Colour

2 12 7

8 Barrels Blacking

4

96 16 0 1/2

Pumps 3

37 9 4

Pitch & Tar Viz.t

14 Barrels Pitch

21 19 11

12 D.o Tar

11 12 8

1 1/2 D.o Turpentine

4 2 4

2 Rosin

2 2 10

30 12 9

£ 2666 16

Brought over, £2,125 17s 5½d

Oars:

3 of 22 feet, £0 17s 0d

14 of 16 ditto, £[...]

18 of 14 ditto, £6 2s 8d

Sub-total oars, £6 19s 8d

Paint:

1 cwt 14 lb verdigris, £6 12s 2d

7 cwt 1 qr 12 lb whiting, £0 16s 7d

3 cwt 1 qr umber, £1 8s 1d

3 cwt 6 lb red lead, £2 17s 0d

9 cwt 9 lb white lead, £16 19s 0d

1 cwt 3 qr Venetian red, £1 16s 1d

2 cwt 3 qr 1 lb brimstone, £3 4s 1d

1 cwt 2 qr 10 lb olive colour, £13 10s 6d

1 cwt 22 lb yellow ochre, £1 7s 11d

22 lb blue smalt, £1 16s 8d

2 cwt 8 lb indigo, £10 6s 8d

9 lb Jamaica indigo, £2 9s 6d

17½ lb white copperas, £0 18s 11½d

1 cwt 22 lb stone ochre, £1 1s 6d

1 cwt 21 lb English ditto, £0 8s 2d

16¼ ounces Prussian blue, £1 0s 6d

15 ounces sacchar saturni, £2 0s 10d

1 cwt 13 lb blue, £10 8s 11d

1 cwt 22 lb mahogany, £5 13s 8d

3 cwt 25 lb stone colour, £2 12s 7d

8 barrels blacking, £0 4s 0d

Sub-total paint, £96 16s 0½d

Pumps, 3, £37 9s 4d

Pitch and tar:

14 barrels pitch, £21 19s 11d

12 barrels tar, £11 12s 8d

1½ barrels turpentine, £4 2s 4d

2 rosin, £2 2s 10d

Sub-total pitch and tar, £30 12s 9d

Carried over, £2,266 16s 0d

Interpretations

The paint and pigment stock held in the warehouse was extensive and valuable, running to nearly a hundred pounds, the full palette of a painter and dyer shipped in by the hundredweight since the island produced none. Beside the common colours of white and red lead, ochre and umber sat the costlier olive colour and the two grades of indigo, the ordinary sort and a finer Jamaica indigo named for its Caribbean origin. Sacchar saturni was sugar of lead, a lead acetate used in medicine and as a paint drier, held in small quantity by the ounce among the more specialist materials.

The naval stores of pitch, tar, turpentine and rosin were held in barrels against the constant work of caulking and preserving the boats and timber of a sea station. Three pumps valued at over thirty-seven pounds were substantial stores, probably ships' pumps for clearing bilge water or the larger pumps for the fort's water supply. The many oars in graded lengths, from fourteen to twenty-two feet, equipped the boats that worked between shore and ship, kept in reserve against the constant wear and breakage of the roadstead traffic, the longest oars for the largest craft.

417

415

1752

Brought over

2666 16

Pewter Viz.t

2 Gallon Pots

19 10

8 half Gallon Pots

2 4

12 Quart Funnels

7

1 Gallon D.o

18 11 1/2

4 Dishes

1 13 4

21 D.o

6 16 6

1 Cullender

6 1/2

2 Warm Tubs & Stills

21 4 8

2 Basons

5 10

4 Stool Pans

19

2 Quart Pots

5 2

3 Cruens

4 19 6

10 Chamber Pots

1 8 9

42 18 11

Rice 12 3/4 Bushels

3 17 7

Shoes Viz.t

4 p.r Mens Pumps

1 4 8

11 p.r Mens fine Shoes

3 2 4

4 p.r Channeled Pumps

1 8 8

4 p.r Womens Callimanco

18 10

4 p.r Womens Calf

12

1 p.r Girls

1 10

5 p.r Boys

17 1

366 p.r Mens Ordinary

71 17

2 Skains Linnen

3 8

1 Green Copperas

1 6

4 p.r Stretchers

10 4

80 10 6

Starch Viz.t

1..3/4 Poland

3 15 11

2..1..8 Common

5 8 4

9 4 3

£ 2743 7 3

Brought over, £2,266 16s 0d

Pewter:

2 gallon pots, £0 16s 10d

4 half-gallon pots, £2 1s 4d

12 quart funnels, £0 7s 0d

1 gallon ditto, £0 18s 11½d

4 dishes, £1 13s 5d

21 ditto, £6 16s 6d

1 cullender, £0 6s ½d

2 warming pans and skillets, £21 4s 8d

2 basins, £0 5s 10d

4 stool pans, £0 19s 0d

2 quart pots, £0 5s 2d

3 cruets, £4 19s 6d

10 chamber pots, £1 8s 9d

Sub-total pewter, £42 18s 11d

Rice, 6 cwt 12¾ bushels, £3 17s 7d

Shoes:

4 pairs men's pumps, £1 4s 8d

11 pairs men's fine shoes, £3 2s 4d

4 pairs channelled pumps, £1 8s 8d

4 pairs women's calamanco, £0 18s 10d

4 pairs women's calf, £0 12s 0d

1 pair Spanish, £0 1s 10d

5 pairs boys', £0 17s 1d

366 pairs men's ordinary, £71 17s 1d

2 pairs women's flannel, £0 3s 8d

1 green copperas, £0 1s 6d

4 pairs sketchen, £0 10s 4d

Sub-total shoes, £80 10s 6d

Starch:

1 qr Poland, £3 15s 11d

2 cwt 1 qr 8 lb common, £5 8s 4d

Sub-total starch, £9 4s 3d

Carried over, £2,743 7s 3d

Interpretations

The pewter held in the warehouse furnished the household and table, pots, dishes, funnels, basins and chamber pots in graded sizes, all wares shipped in ready-made. The two warming pans and skillets valued together at over twenty-one pounds were an unusually costly line, the warming pans being the covered bed-warmers and the skillets long-handled cooking pots, probably of fine or heavy make to command such a price. Cullenders and cruets among the pewter marked the finer table furniture the store supplied to the officers' and planters' households.

The great stock of shoes, over three hundred and sixty pairs of men's ordinary alone, was held for issue and sale to the whole population, the garrison, residents and slaves. This deep reserve shows footwear as a constant need on an island where nothing could be quickly replaced from home, the store keeping shoes in bulk against the steady wear of the settlement. The graded stock ranged from the plain ordinary shoe up through calf, Spanish and channelled pumps to the finer sorts, the range serving every rank and purse from one supply, the calamanco and Spanish shoes at the top for dressier wear.

418

416

30 October

Brought over

2743 7 3

Soap 8..2..9

38 9 1/2

Salt 27 Bushels

4 1

Shalloon 3 6/9 Yard

33 8 10

Shirts Viz.t

13 p.r Linen

17 15 4

888 Centinels Shirts

185

202 15 4

Soldiers Cloaths 13 Centinels Coats & Breeches

20 7 7

Serge Viz.t

2 p.r Tapathy

3 6

37 1/2 p.r D.o Serge

8 4 11 1/2

11 10 11 1/2

Scales & Weights Viz.t

3 p.r Scales Store use

1 D.o D.o

15 18 7

3 Beams for Scales

1 D.o Foreose

28 12

1 D.o Scale Beam

1 D.o D.o Foreose

4 19

1 p.r D.o Batten

49 9 7

Sailors Cloaths 34 Boys Checked Shirts

4 13 6

Saddles 2

4 15 4

Thread Viz.t

66 White & Brown

20 2 10 1/2

5 Coloured

16 8

31 Oz.s Nuns

2 15

23 14 6 1/2

Tin Ware Viz.t

1 Pudding Pan

1 6

6 3/4 Salamoniac

1 10 1/2

3 Lamps

2 6

116 Lanthorn Leaves

9 4

1 Small Lanthorn

Tin Ware Carried over

1 7 2 1/2

£ 3136 4 8 1/2

Brought over, £2,743 7s 3d

Soap, 8 cwt 2 qr 9 lb, £38 0s 9½d

Salt, 27 bushels, £4 1s 0d

Shalloon, 3 pieces 69 yards, £33 8s 10d

Shirts:

13 pairs linen, £17 15s 4d

888 sentinels' shirts, £185 0s 0d

Sub-total shirts, £202 15s 4d

Soldiers' clothes, 13 sentinels' coats and breeches, £20 7s 7d

Serge:

2 pieces tabby, £3 6s 0d

37½ 45½ ditto ditto serge, £8 4s 11½d

Sub-total serge, £11 10s 11½d

Scales and weights:

3 pairs scales, store use, £[...]

1 ditto ditto, £15 18s 7d

3 beams for scales, £[...]

1 ditto steelyard, £28 12s 0d

1 pair scale board, £[...]

1 pair ditto steelyard, £4 19s 0d

1 pair ditto rotten, £[...]

Sub-total scales and weights, £49 9s 7d

Sailors' clothes, 34 boys' checked shirts, £4 13s 6d

Saddles, 2, £4 15s 4d

Thread:

66 lb whited brown, £20 2s 10½d

5 lb coloured, £0 16s 8d

31 oz nuns, £2 15s 0d

Sub-total thread, £23 14s 6½d

Tinware:

1 pudding pan, £0 1s 6d

6¾ salamanders, £0 1s 10½d

3 lamps, £0 2s 6d

116 lantern leaves, £0 2s 4d

1 small lantern, £[...]

Tinware carried over, £1 7s 2½d

Carried over, £3,136 4s 8½d

Interpretations

The great stock of sentinels' shirts, eight hundred and eighty-eight held at a hundred and eighty-five pounds, was the reserve of soldiers' clothing kept to reclothe the garrison, the single largest quantity of any garment in the inventory. This deep provision of common shirts, alongside the coats, breeches and hats issued through the year, shows the reclothing of the soldiery as a standing charge the Company met from a stock held ready. The scale of the shirt reserve matched the size of the garrison it dressed.

The scales, weights, beams and steelyards held in the store were the instruments by which all its business was measured, the whole trade of the warehouse turning on the accurate weighing of provisions and goods sold by the pound and hundredweight. A steelyard was a balance with a sliding weight along a graduated arm, and the several beams and scales let the store weigh both small and heavy loads. One pair of scales entered as rotten was noted honestly as decayed rather than carried at value, the same candour shown toward the damaged and worthless stock elsewhere in the reckoning. Two saddles among the stores served the horses the island kept for riding and draught.

419

417

1752

Brought over

3136 4 8 1/2

Tin Ware Brought over

1 7 2 1/2

11 Dripping Pans

2 5 7

60 Patty Pans

1

7 Water Pots

1 16 2

2 Quart Saucepans

1 2

1 Pint D.o

4 1/2

6 10 6

Sacking

6 p.r fine

8 8

4 p.r Coarse

4 2 8

12 10 8

Twine Viz.t

329 Twine

17 8 10

162 Sk.s Houseline & Marline

1 17 1 1/2

19 5 11 1/2

Turners Ware Viz.t

16 Scrubing Brushes

1 12

1 Sultmoline Sacke

1 1

4 Platters

3 9

1 Bowl

11

9 Ladles

1 6

1 Straining Dishes

1 9

4 Trays

10

2 Sives

2 2

4 Pump Boxes

3 10

5 Cloth Brushes

5 5

246 Shoe Brushes

7 3 6

61 Labourers Baskets

1 13 1/2

4 Yoakes for Oxen

2 15 8

1 Butter Print

6 1/2

1 Paint Brushes

2 2

18 Mop Horns & Nails

1 6

19 Skimmers

4 4

8 Flackets

3 4

16 6 6

Vinegar 41 Gallons

3 18 7

£ 3194 16 11

Brought over, £3,136 4s 8½d

Tinware brought over, £1 7s 2½d

11 dripping pans, £2 5s 7d

60 patty pans, £1 0s 0d

7 water pots, £1 16s 2d

2 quart saucepans, £0 1s 2d

1 pint ditto, £0 0s 4½d

Sub-total tinware, £6 10s 6d

Stocking:

6 pairs fine, £8 8s 0d

4 pairs coarse, £4 2s 8d

Sub-total stocking, £12 10s 8d

Twine:

329 lb twine, £17 8s 10d

162 lb houseline and marline, £1 17s 1½d

Sub-total twine, £19 5s 11½d

Turnery:

16 scrubbing brushes, £1 12s 0d

1 salamander lock, £0 1s 1d

4 platters, £0 3s 9d

1 bowl, £0 0s 11d

9 ladles, £0 1s 6d

1 straining dishes, £0 1s 9d

4 trays, £0 10s 0d

2 sieves, £0 2s 2d

4 pump boxes, £0 3s 10d

5 cloth brushes, £0 5s 5d

246 shoe brushes, £7 3s 6d

61 labourers' baskets, £1 13s ½d

4 yokes for oxen, £2 15s 8d

1 butter print, £0 0s 6½d

1 paint brushes, £0 2s 2d

18 mop handles and nails, £0 1s 6d

19 skimmers, £0 4s 4d

8 flaskets, £1 3s 4d

Sub-total turnery, £16 6s 6d

Vinegar, 11 gallons, £3 18s 7d

Carried over, £3,094 16s 11d

Interpretations

The turnery inventory held the wooden and light household wares in quantity, brushes, ladles, trays, sieves and baskets, the plain furniture of kitchen, store and estate. The two hundred and forty-six shoe brushes and sixty-one labourers' baskets point to bulk stock for issue across the settlement, the brushes for the many shoes and the baskets for the constant carrying of yams, stone and produce. A butter print was the carved stamp for marking pats of butter, and flaskets were long shallow baskets, both ordinary domestic articles the store supplied.

The four yokes for oxen valued together at over two pounds tie the stock to the draught animals the estate worked, the wooden yokes harnessing the oxen to plough and cart. The great quantity of twine and the houseline and marline held beside it were the light cordage for seizing, whipping and lashing, sold by the pound for ship and shore work. The steady bulk of these plain wares across the inventory confirms the store as the single source of every ordinary necessity on the island, holding brushes, baskets and tools in numbers far beyond any month's use against the constant wear of a working settlement.

420

418

30 October

Brought over

3194 16 11

India Goods Viz.t

Arrack Viz.t

1135 Gall.s Batavia

257 5 3

736 D.o Goa

Brandy 2214 Gallons Cape

184 10

Bottles 83 pieces

14 3 1

China Ware Viz.t

140 Soup Plates

2 18 4

1 Sett Bowls

3 11

51 large Blue & White Bowls

2 2 6

27 Small D.o D.o

16 10 1/2

28 Sneakers

16 6

6 Tea Pots

2

2 Juggs Basons Coloured & Wh.t

1

4 D.o & D.o Blue & White

5 4

38 Sallad Dishes

1 8 6

46 Meat Plates

181 D.o D.o

1 6

6 Soup Dishes

1 18

10 Chamber Pots

12 1

50 Mugs

10 5

27 Hagging Cups & Saucers

6 9

108 half Pint D.o & D.o

1 16

22 2 2 1/2

Chelloes Viz.t

32 Pieces

15 3 10 1/2

2 D.o Damaged

Candles 50..3..2

108 13 7 1/2

Desotees Viz.t

38 p.r Double

37 4 2

80 p.r Single

40 13 4

77 17 6

£ 4174 12 11 1/2

Brought over, £3,194 16s 11d

India goods:

Arrack:

1,135 gallons Batavia, £[...]

736 ditto Goa, £257 5s 3d

Sub-total arrack, £257 5s 3d

Brandy, 2,214 gallons Cape, £184 10s 0d

Bottles, 83 pieces, £14 3s 1d

Chinaware:

140 soup plates, £2 18s 4d

1 large bowl, £0 3s 11d

51 large blue and white bowls, £2 2s 6d

27 small ditto ditto, £0 16s 10½d

28 breakers, £0 16s 6d

6 teapots, £0 2s 0d

2 large basins, coloured ditto, £1 0s 0d

7 ditto and ditto blue and white, £0 5s 4d

38 salad dishes, £1 8s 6d

46 meat plates, £[...]

181 ditto ditto, £1 6s 0d

6 soup dishes, £1 18s 0d

10 chamber pots, £0 12s 1d

50 mugs, £0 10s 5d

27 half-pint cups and saucers, £0 6s 9d

108 half-pint ditto and ditto, £1 16s 0d

Sub-total chinaware, £22 2s 2½d

Shilling:

32 pieces, £[...]

2 ditto damaged, £15 3s 10½d

Sub-total shilling, £15 3s 10½d

Candles, 50 cwt 3 qr 2 lb, £108 13s 7½d

Desotees:

38 pieces double, £37 4s 2d

80 pieces single, £40 13s 4d

Sub-total desotees, £77 17s 6d

Carried over, £4,174 12s 11½d

Interpretations

The inventory turned to India goods, a distinct heading for the wares of the Company's Eastern trade held on the island, opening with great stocks of arrack and brandy named by origin. The arrack was distinguished as Batavia and Goa, the two ports from which the spirit came, Batavia the Dutch settlement on Java and Goa the Portuguese port on India's west coast, and the brandy marked as Cape from the Dutch settlement at the Cape of Good Hope. These origins show the island drawing spirits from across the trading world, the arrack alone valued at over two hundred and fifty pounds, the deep reserve from which the residents, garrison, slaves and ships were supplied.

The chinaware held under India goods was the porcelain of the China trade, blue and white bowls, plates and dishes shipped from Canton, distinct from the coarser earthenware and the English wares elsewhere in the store. Blue and white was the characteristic Chinese export porcelain, and the graded stock of soup plates, meat plates, salad dishes and tea wares supplied the tables of the officers and planters with the fashionable china of the day. The candles held at over fifty hundredweight were an enormous reserve, the settlement's lighting for the fort, guards and households, kept in bulk against the constant nightly consumption.

421

419

1752

Brought over

4174 12 11 1/2

Long Cloth Viz.t

13 p.r N.o 1

68 5

1 p.r 2

6 13 6

14 3/4 p.r 3

38 6 1/2

13 p.r 4

40 19

9 p.r 5

45 4 3

2 p.r 6

4 5

26 1/2 p.r 7

43 1 9

266 11 6 1/2

Pepper 1..1..5

3 12 6

Pattampores Viz.t

18 Pattampores

14 17

57 D.o

34 8 9

49 5 9

Rice & Paddy Viz.t

323..1..13 Rice

94 6 4

141..7 Paddy

21 5

115 11 4

Sugar & Candy Viz.t

113..2..21 Sugar

158 14 11

141..7 Candy

223 18 9

382 13 8

Tea Viz.t

345 Single

18 13 9

345 Congo

22 5 7 1/2

217 Bohea

8 11 9 1/2

49 11 2

Total European & Indian Goods Amounting to

5041 18 11

Counted and Examined the Honorable Company's Cash

to the 11 Instant, which is as follows Viz.t

Cash

Brought over, £4,174 12s 11½d

Long cloth:

15 pieces No. 1, £68 5s 0d

1½ pieces No. 2, £6 13s 6d

14½ pieces No. 3, £38 6s 1½d

15 pieces No. 4, £40 19s 0d

17 pieces No. 5, £45 4s 3d

2½ pieces No. 6, £4 5s 0d

26½ pieces No. 7, £43 1s 9d

Sub-total long cloth, £266 11s 6½d

Pepper, 1 cwt 1 qr 15 lb, £3 12s 6d

Pulicat:

18 Pulicat, £14 17s 0d

57 ditto, £34 8s 9d

Sub-total Pulicat, £49 5s 9d

Rice and paddy:

323 cwt 1 qr 12 lb rice, £94 6s 4d

141 cwt paddy, £21 6s 0d

Sub-total rice and paddy, £115 11s 4d

Sugar and candy:

118 cwt 2 qr 21 lb sugar, £158 14s 11d

141 cwt candy, £223 18s 9d

Sub-total sugar and candy, £382 13s 8d

Tea:

345 lb singlo, £18 13s 9d

345 lb congou, £22 5s 7½d

217 lb bohea, £8 11s 7½d

Sub-total tea, £49 11s 2d

Total European and Indian goods, amounting to £5,041 18s 11d.

The stock was counted and examined the Honourable Company's cash to the 11th of this month, which was as follows.

Interpretations

The inventory closed the India goods with the great staples of the Eastern trade, long cloth by the numbered piece, rice, sugar, candy and the three grades of China tea, together with the Pulicat cloth named for the port on India's Coromandel coast where it was made. Pulicat was a painted or dyed cotton, one of the Indian textiles the Company carried, and its presence beside the long cloth shows the range of Eastern fabrics held on the island. The sugar and candy at over three hundred and eighty pounds and the rice at over a hundred were the deep provision reserves from which the ships and settlement drew.

The whole inventory closed with a grand total of European and Indian goods at over five thousand pounds, the full worth of the Company's stock on the island at the quarter's end. This great sum, reckoned piece by piece through the long schedule, was the material value the Company held on St Helena, the goods, provisions, tools and stores that made the island a functioning victualling station and trading post. The account then turned from goods to cash, the counting and examining of the Company's money on hand completing the reckoning of its assets to the 11th of the month.

422

420

Cash
1752
September 1 To Balance remaining 5548 11 6
October 4 To Rents received of Sundrys 568 6 8
11 To Matthew Purling for Wool Goods Sold in the last
Quarter 990 4 1/2
To Licence received for 9 Publick Houses 13 10
7120 12 6 1/2

The Company's cash account for the quarter ending 11 October 1752 opened with the sums received.
On 1 September, balance remaining, £5,548 11s 6d
On 4 October, by rents received of sundry persons, £568 6s 8d
On 11 October, by Matthew Purling for goods sold in the last quarter, £990 0s 4½d
By licence received for 9 public houses, £13 10s 0d
Total, £7,120 12s 6½d

Interpretations

The quarter's receipts drew on the year's rents paid in by the tenants, the takings of goods sold from the store and the licence duty on nine public houses, gathered into a single cash. The large sum of rents entered here answers the rent roll of the previous batch, the tenants' yearly dues brought to account in the treasury.

423

421

The following is the List of Remains in the Honorable Companys Stores the 11th of this Month Vizt:

Counted and examined the Honorable Companys Cash to the 11 instant, which is as follows vizt:

Cash Dr
1752
September 1 To Balance remaining 5548 11 6
October 10 To Rents received of Sundrys 568 6 8
11 To Matthew Purling for Shoes Goods sold in the last Quarter 990 4 1/2
To Licence received for 9 Publick Houses 13 10
7120 12 6 1/2

Per Contra Cr
1752
October 11 By Sundry Accounts advanced the Paymaster the Quarter 1860 2 9
By Balance remaining in the following Species Vizt:
Gold Wt 115..16..13..12 1/2 46 1 8 1/2
Af Do 3..9..12 3..18..13 11 1/2
70 Venetian C 10 35
12 Rupess 30 18
6400 Pagodas 81 2560
Gold Amounting to 2672 12 9
718 Dollars C 5 1791 10
151 Rupees C 1 1/2 47 8 1/2
12948 half Rupees C 1 1/2 202 6 3
141 French Rupees 12 3 13 6
Old Money 4 2
Silver Amounting to 2048 2 1/2
146 Cash Notes C 40 292
162 Do C 20 162
263 Do C 5 65 15
160 Do C 2/6 20
Cash Notes Amounting to 539 15
5260 9 9 1/2
7120 12 6 1/2

The Company's cash account for the quarter ending 11 October 1752 was here set out in full in a second clerk's copy, with the debit and credit sides. On the debit side, the balance remaining on 1 September was £5,548 11s 6d, rents received of sundry persons on 10 October £568 6s 8d, Matthew Purling for goods sold in the last quarter on 11 October £990 0s 4½d, and licence received for 9 public houses £13 10s 0d, total £7,120 12s 6½d. The credit side showed the balance remaining on 11 October in the following species. The coin headings were partly abbreviated in the source and are supplied here as weight and value.
By sundry accounts advanced to the paymaster this quarter, £1,860 2s 9d
1 gold, weight 115-16-13, at £3 18s 3d, £46 1s 8½d
1 gold, 3-9-12, at 3-18, £13 11s 0½d
70 Venetians at 10, £35 0s 0d
12 rupees at 30, £18 0s 0d
6,400 pagodas at 8, £2,560 0s 0d
Gold amounting to £2,672 12s 9d
718 dollars at 5, £1,791 10s 0d
1,517 rials at 1s 7½d, £47 8s 0½d
12,948 half rials at 1s 7½d, £202 6s 3d
141 French pieces at 12, £3 13s 6d
Old money, £4 2s 0d
Silver amounting to £2,048 0s 2½d
146 cash notes at 40, £292 0s 0d
162 cash notes at 20, £162 0s 0d
263 cash notes at 5, £65 15s 0d
160 cash notes at 2s 6d, £20 0s 0d
Cash notes amounting to £539 15s 0d
Balance total, £5,260 9s 9½d
Total, £7,120 12s 6½d

Interpretations

The cell sets out in full the cash account of which the previous cell gave only the debit side, a second clerk's copy carrying both sides of the reckoning. The repetition preserves the fuller rendering with the balance of coin and cash notes remaining after the paymaster was advanced.

424

422

The following is the Lists of Remains in the Honorable Companys Stores the 11th of this Month Vizt:

Counted and examined the Honorable Companys Cash to the 11 instant, which is as follows Vizt.

Cash Dr
1752
September 7 To Balance remaining 5548 11 6
October 4 To Rents received of Sundrys 368 6 8
11 To Matthew Purling for Sundry Goods sold in the Last
Quarter 990 4 1/2
To Licence received for 9 Publick Houses 13 10
7120 12 6 1/2

Per Contra Cr
1752
October 11 By Sundry Accounts advanced the Paymaster this Quarter 1800 2 9
By Balance remaining in the following Species Vizt
1 of Gold Wt 11.15.14 @ 3.13.3 46 1 8 1/2
1 Do 3..9..12 @ 3.18.13 13 11 1/2
70 Venesians @ 10 35
12 Rupees @ 30 18
6400 Pagodas @ 1 2560
Gold Amounting to 2672 12 9
718 Dollars @ 6 1794 10 -
151 Rials @ 11 1/2 17 8 1/2
129 1/8 half Moids @ 33 1/2 202 6 3
141 French Pieces @ 12 3 13 6
Old Money 4 2
Silver Amounting to 2048 2 1/2
146 Cash Notes @ 40 292
162 Do @ 20 162
263 Do @ 5 65 15
160 Do @ 2/6 20
Cash Notes Amounting to 539 15
5260 9 9 1/2
7120 12 6 1/2

Messieurs Matthew Purling and Matthew Board
Presented the following Petitions Vizt.

To the Worshipful Charles Hutchinson Esq
Govr & Council of St Helena
The humble Petition of Matthew Purling and
Matthew Board Executors to Wm John Baggs Decd.

Sheweth
That there is three Leases for Land lying in the East
part of this Island containing in the whole 20 Acres, belonging to the
Orphans of Wm John Baggs Decd that is expired. Your Petitioners
therefore humbly request, that your Worship & Council will be
pleased to Renew two of them for 18 1/2 Acres of the said Land and
Admit of our Surrendering the other for 1 1/2 Acres
And your Petitioners shall ever pray
Signed Matthew Purling
Matthew Board

30 October 1752
Granted

To the Worshipful Charles Hutchinson Esq
Govr & Council of St Helena
The humble Petition of Matthew Purling
Executor to Simon & Thaleyr Orphans

Sheweth
That there is a Lease for 2 1/2 Acres Land lying in the
East Division of this Island belonging to the Orphans of Simon
Whaley Decd expired; your Petitioner therefore humbly prays that
your Worship & Council will be pleased to Renew it
And your Petitioner shall ever pray
Signed Matthew Purling

30 October 1752
Granted

The Company's cash account for the quarter ending 11 October 1752 was here re-copied a third time, the figures repeating the earlier copies with minor variations of sum. On the debit side, the balance remaining on 7 September was £5,548 11s 6d, rents received of sundry persons on 4 October £368 6s 8d, Matthew Purling for goods sold in the last quarter on 11 October £990 0s 4½d, and licence received for 9 public houses £13 10s 0d, total £7,120 12s 6½d. The credit side again showed the balance remaining in the following species, the coin as weight and value.
By sundry accounts advanced to the paymaster this quarter, £1,800 2s 9d
1 gold, weight 11-15-14, at £3 13s 3d, £46 1s 8½d
1 gold, 3-9-12, at 3-18-13, £13 11s 0½d
70 Venetians at 10, £35 0s 0d
12 rupees at 30, £18 0s 0d
6,400 pagodas at 1, £2,560 0s 0d
Gold amounting to £2,672 12s 9d
718 dollars at 6, £1,794 10s 0d
1,517 rials at 11½d, £17 8s 0½d
12,918 half rials at 33½d, £202 6s 3d
141 French pieces at 12, £3 13s 6d
Old money, £4 2s 0d
Silver amounting to £2,048 0s 2½d
146 cash notes at 40, £292 0s 0d
162 cash notes at 20, £162 0s 0d
263 cash notes at 5, £65 15s 0d
160 cash notes at 2s 6d, £20 0s 0d
Cash notes amounting to £539 15s 0d
Balance total, £5,260 9s 9½d
Total, £7,120 12s 6½d

Matthew Purling and Matthew Board presented a petition addressed to the Governor and Council. As executors to the late William John Baggs, they set out that three leases for land in the east of the island, containing 20 acres in all and belonging to the orphans of the late William John Baggs, had expired, and asked the Council to renew two of them for 18½ acres and admit their surrender of the other for 1½ acres. The Council granted the request, dated 30 October 1752. Matthew Purling then presented a further petition as executor to the orphans of the late Simon Whaley, setting out that a lease for 2½ acres in the East division belonging to those orphans had expired, and asking the Council to renew it. The Council granted the request, dated 30 October 1752.

Interpretations

The three copies of the cash account, differing in small sums and rates, show the clerks entering the same quarter's reckoning more than once, the variant figures carried as each hand set them down. The petitions of executors to renew and surrender the leases of dead men's orphans show the Council administering the estates of the island's children, the land held in trust renewed or given up on their behalf.

Speculations

The three copies give differing figures for the dollars, the sum advanced to the paymaster and several coin rates, and none of the sets of subtotals adds cleanly to its balance total as the figures stand. The accounts were carried as written without arithmetical correction, so the discrepancies are recorded but not resolved.

425

423

1752

The Plantation Gunners & Stewards Accounts for Eleven Days

to Compleat the Quarter ending the 11 Instant, were this day brought

in which were Examined and Approved and are as follows Viz

Gunners Store Expended from the 1 to the 11 October 1752 both days

included Viz

Powder Round 4 lb, Powder Round 6 lb, Powder Round 3 lb, Powder Round 2 lb, Powder Quantity

9 Alarm: Powder Round 4 lb 6, Powder Round 6 lb 2, Powder Round 3 lb 2, Powder Round 2 lb 2, Powder Quantity 12

Do Arrived the Swallow Sloop of War: Powder Round 4 lb 13, Powder Round 6 lb 0, Powder Round 3 lb 0, Powder Round 2 lb 0, Powder Quantity 13

Do Fired to Salute the Captain coming on Shore: Powder Round 4 lb 13, Powder Round 6 lb 0, Powder Round 3 lb 0, Powder Round 2 lb 0, Powder Quantity 13

Do Powder for Priming: Powder Round 4 lb 0, Powder Round 6 lb 0, Powder Round 3 lb 0, Powder Round 2 lb 0, Powder Quantity 4

10 Powder for Priming at Prosperous Bay from

June the 14 1752: Powder Round 4 lb 0, Powder Round 6 lb 0, Powder Round 3 lb 0, Powder Round 2 lb 0, Powder Quantity 3

Total: Powder Round 4 lb 32, Powder Round 6 lb 2, Powder Round 3 lb 2, Powder Round 2 lb 6, Powder Quantity 45

Signed Ths Hall

The Plantation Governor and Steward's accounts for eleven days to complete the quarter ending the current date were this day brought in, examined and approved, and ran as follows.

Gunner's stores expended from 1 to 11 October 1752, both days included. The column headings on the page were faint, and the identity of each figure is carried in from the sense of a gunner's store account: powder in pounds, shot, wads, powder for priming and total rounds fired. The Swallow sloop of war is named on its own line below.

9th, alarm: 6lb powder, 2 shot, 2 wads, 0 priming, 12 rounds

10th, arrival of the Swallow sloop of war: 13lb powder, 0 shot, 0 wads, 0 priming, 13 rounds

10th, fired to salute the captain coming on shore: 13lb powder, 0 shot, 0 wads, 0 priming, 13 rounds

10th, powder for priming: 4lb powder, 0 shot, 0 wads, 0 priming, 4 rounds

10th, powder for priming at Prosperous Bay from 14 June 1752: 0lb powder, 0 shot, 0 wads, 0 priming, 5 rounds

Total: 32lb powder, 2 shot, 2 wads, 26 priming, 45 rounds

The account was signed by Thomas Hall.

426

424

Account of the Honorable Companys Stock of Neat Cattle &ca from the 1 to 11 October 1752

Neat Cattle, Sheep, Goats, Hogs, Poultry, Horses

Bulls, Cows, Calves, Yearlings, Heifers, Steers, Bullocks, Oxen, Total, Ewes, Wethers, Lambs, Rams, Total, Ewes, Wethers, Kids, Rams, Total, Sows, Boars, Piggs, Boars, Total, Turkeys, Fowls, Ducks, Geese, Total, Horses, Mares, Total

Rem Ye 1: Bulls 4, Cows 75, Calves 39, Yearlings 24, Heifers 18, Steers 33, Bullocks 2, Oxen 11, Total 206, Ewes 144, Wethers 58, Lambs 50, Rams 6, Total 258, Ewes 109, Wethers 12, Kids 25, Rams 5, Total 151, Sows 5, Boars 15, Piggs 12, Boars 1, Total 33, Turkeys 17, Fowls 174, Ducks 38, Geese 24, Total 6, Horses 5, Mares 11, Total 11

Killed: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 0, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Bullocks 0, Oxen 0, Total 0, Ewes 2, Wethers 0, Lambs 1, Rams 0, Total 3, Ewes 0, Wethers 0, Kids 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Sows 0, Boars 1, Piggs 1, Boars 0, Total 2, Turkeys 1, Fowls 7, Ducks 2, Geese 0, Total 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0

Killed by dogs: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 0, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Bullocks 0, Oxen 0, Total 0, Ewes 0, Wethers 0, Lambs 1, Rams 0, Total 1, Ewes 0, Wethers 0, Kids 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Sows 0, Boars 0, Piggs 0, Boars 0, Total 0, Turkeys 0, Fowls 0, Ducks 0, Geese 0, Total 0, Horses 0, Mares 1, Total 1

Rem Ye 11: Bulls 4, Cows 75, Calves 39, Yearlings 24, Heifers 18, Steers 33, Bullocks 2, Oxen 11, Total 206, Ewes 142, Wethers 58, Lambs 48, Rams 6, Total 254, Ewes 109, Wethers 12, Kids 25, Rams 5, Total 151, Sows 5, Boars 14, Piggs 11, Boars 1, Total 31, Turkeys 16, Fowls 167, Ducks 36, Geese 24, Total 6, Horses 5, Mares 11, Total 11

Yams Expended 9.000

(Signed)

Richard Gurling

The Company's stock of cattle and other livestock from 1 to 11 October 1752 was accounted as follows, with the remaining number carried at the start on 1 October, the losses to slaughter and to dogs, and the number left standing on 11 October.

Cattle remaining, 1st: 4 bulls, 75 cows, 39 calves, 24 yearlings, 18 heifers, 33 steers, 2 bullocks, 11 oxen, 206 total

Sheep remaining, 1st: 144 ewes, 58 wethers, 50 lambs, 6 rams, 258 total

Goats remaining, 1st: 109 ewes, 12 wethers, 25 kids, 5 rams, 151 total

Hogs remaining, 1st: 5 sows, 15 shoats, 12 for the store, 1 boar, 33 total

Poultry remaining, 1st: 171 turkeys, 174 fowls, 38 ducks, 24 geese, total as entered

Horses remaining, 1st: 6 horses, 5 mares, 11 total

Killed: 2 sheep, 1 lamb, 3 sheep total; 1 hog, 2 poultry, 1 turkey [...], 2 fowls

Killed by dogs: 1 lamb, 1 sheep total

Cattle remaining, 11th: 4 bulls, 75 cows, 39 calves, 24 yearlings, 18 heifers, 33 steers, 2 bullocks, 11 oxen, 206 total

Sheep remaining, 11th: 142 ewes, 58 wethers, 48 lambs, 6 rams, 254 total

Goats remaining, 11th: 109 ewes, 12 wethers, 25 kids, 5 rams, 151 total

Hogs remaining, 11th: 5 sows, 14 shoats, 11 for the store, 1 boar, 31 total

Poultry remaining, 11th: 16 turkeys, 167 fowls, 36 ducks, 24 geese, total as entered

Horses remaining, 11th: 6 horses, 5 mares, 11 total

Yams expended: 9,000

The account was signed by Richard Gurling.

Interpretations

Neat cattle meant the ordinary horned cattle of the herd, counted here by their stage and sex so that the Company could see at a glance the breeding stock, the young coming on and the working oxen. Wethers were castrated rams and shoats young weaned pigs, while the hogs kept for the store were those set aside for salting down as provisions rather than for breeding. The distinctions let the storekeeper track which animals were productive, which were growing and which were destined for the table.

Yams were the staple root crop of St Helena, grown in quantity to feed the garrison, the Company's servants and the slaves, and to victual ships calling at the island. The figure of 9,000 expended over eleven days marks the scale on which the plantation drew on its yam grounds, the crop standing in for bread grain that the island could not readily grow. A steady draw on the yam store was the ordinary condition of the settlement, whose food security rested on this single hardy root more than on any imported grain.

The two remaining rolls set side by side allowed the small losses of the period to be reconciled against the opening and closing counts, the herd of cattle and the goats holding exactly steady while the sheep, hogs and poultry fell by the animals killed for the table and taken by dogs. Loss of stock to dogs was a recurring nuisance on the island, and its separate column shows the Company treating it as a distinct and expected drain rather than lumping it with ordinary slaughter.

427

425

1752

Sundreys Expended at the Honble Companys General Table

from the 1 to the 11 of October 1752 to compleat the Quarter ending that

day Viz

7 Bottles Port Wine

10 6

9 Do Lisbon

13 6

1 Do Madeira

9 2

29 Do Arrack

17 6½

19 Do Beer

4 9

102 Flour

13 9¾

7 Fowls

10 6

2 Ducks

3

1 Turkey

5

1 Pigg

5

5 lb Mutton

1 3 5

2½ Pork

12

1 Lamb

10

1 lb Salt Pork

8

1 lb Do Beef

11

66 Candy

13 9

7½ Butter

7 3

8 18 1

Mr Henry Bazett Son of Mr Clark being desirous of

carrying Home in the Honorable Companys Service without Receiving

any Bounty Money or Pay, We approve of his doing so

Chas Hutchinson

John Clark

Sundries expended at the Company's general table from 1 to 11 October 1752, to complete the quarter ending that day, ran as follows.

7 bottles of port wine, £0 10s 6d

9 bottles of Lisbon, £0 13s 6d

1 bottle of Madeira, £0 9s 2d

29 bottles of arrack, £0 17s 6½d

19 bottles of beer, £0 4s 9d

102lb flour, £0 13s 9¾d

7 fowls, £0 10s 6d

2 ducks, £0 3s 0d

1 turkey, £0 5s 0d

1 leg [...], £0 5s 0d

5lb mutton, £1 3s 5d

2½lb pork, £0 12s 0d

1 lamb, £0 10s 0d

1lb salt pork, £0 8s 0d

1lb salt beef, £0 11s 0d

6lb candy, £0 13s 9d

7½lb butter, £0 7s 3d

Total: £8 18s 1d

Henry, son of Mr Clark, wished to take passage home in the Company's ship without drawing any bounty money or pay, and the council approved his going. Charles Hutchinson and John Clark signed.

Interpretations

The general table was the common dining provision maintained at the Company's charge for the governor, the councillors and officers, and this account settled its consumption of drink and provisions over the eleven days closing the quarter. Arrack was a strong spirit distilled in the East, commonly from palm sap or rice and molasses, shipped westward as a cheap and durable liquor, and its large share of the bottles here shows it as the everyday spirit of the table where the wines of Madeira and Lisbon were reserved for fewer occasions. The candy was refined sugar in crystalline lump, an imported luxury for sweetening and preserving, distinct from the coarse sugar of ordinary use.

Henry Clark's request touches the Company's control over passages in its own shipping, since a berth homeward normally carried an entitlement to bounty or pay that the Company would have to bear. By seeking leave to travel at his own charge and forgo any allowance, he removed the cost to the Company, and the council's recorded approval fixed the arrangement so that no claim for money or pay could later be made against it.

428

426

The Stockeeper this day brought in his Account of
Waste on Store Goods for the Year past, which were Examined and
approved, and is as follows Vizt:
Profitt & Loss Dr for Loss by Leakage Wastage
short weight & Measure, by Drawing by the Gallon &c and by
Weighing by the pound &c. in the Year ending the 11 October 1752
Vizt:

Arrack 116 1/4 Gallons 15 19 8
Brandy 229 3/4 Gallons 19 2 11
Chinaware Vizt
1 Bowl broke 1 3/9
1 Sneaker broke 2/1
Earthen Ware 3 Milk Pans broke 10
Glaziers Ware Vizt
2 Sq Glass 8 by 10 broke 1 1 1/2
1 Sq Do 10 by 12 broke 10
1 11 1/2
Carriedover 35 7 3

The storekeeper brought in his account of waste on store goods for the year past, which the Council examined and approved. The account charged profit and loss for loss by leakage, wastage, short weight and measure, by drawing by the gallon and weighing by the pound, in the year ending 11 October 1752.
Arrack, 116¼ gallons, £15 19s 8d
Brandy, 229¾ gallons, £19 2s 11d
Chinaware: 1 bowl broke, £1s 3¾d; 1 sneaker broke, £2s 1d
Earthenware: 3 milk pans broke, £10s 0d
Glaziers' ware: 2 squares glass 8 by 10 broke, £1 1s 1½d; 1 square 10 by 12 broke, £10s 0d, £1 11s 1½d
Carried over, £35 7s 3d

Interpretations

The waste account measured the year's unavoidable loss on the store's goods, the arrack and brandy shrinking by evaporation and leakage and the fragile glass and china broken in handling. Charging the loss to profit and loss kept the store's account true, the shrinkage written off as a cost of holding perishable and breakable goods.

429

427

Leather 2 1/2
Nails 2
Paint Vizt
26 Whiting
1 1/2 Umber
5 Yellow Oaker
10 Ounces Saccarum Saturne
12 White Lead
2 3/4 Olive Colour
2 Sky Blue

Pitch Dr Vizt
28 Serpentine
12 Rosin

Paddy 2..1..26
Steel 6
Starch 4
Soap 2. 3. 5
Salt 2 7/8 Bushels
Vinegar 12 1/2 Gallons
Sugar & Candy Vizt
4 7/8 Do 16 Sugar
2. 2. 9 Candy

Brought over £35 7 3
2 3
8 1/2

Wm Henry Bazett Son of Wm Clark being desirous of
carrying Arms in the Honorable Companys Service without Receiving
any Bounty Money or Pay, We approve of his doing so.
Cha Hutchinson
John Clark.

The waste account continued, listing the further goods lost in the year.
Leather, 2½
Nails, 2
Paint: 26 whiting, 1½ umber, 5 yellow ochre, 10 ounces saccharum saturni, 12 white lead, 2¾ olive colour, 2 sky blue
Pitch: 28 serpentine, 12 rosin
Paddy, 2 hundredweight 1 quarter 26 pounds
Steel, 6
Starch, 4
Soap, 2 hundredweight 3 quarters 5 pounds
Salt, 2⅞ bushels
Vinegar, 12½ gallons
Sugar and candy: 4⅞ hundredweight and 16 sugar, 2 hundredweight 2 quarters 9 candy
Sum brought over, £35 7s 3d, and further, £2 3s 8½d

William Henry Bazett, son of William Clark, being desirous of carrying arms in the Company's service without receiving any bounty money or pay, the Council approved of his doing so. The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson and John Clark.

Interpretations

The waste account extended to the whole range of the store's goods, from paint and pitch to paddy, soap and sugar, each measured for the year's loss. The note admitting William Henry Bazett to bear arms without pay repeats the entry of the previous cell, the same approval set down twice in the record.

430

428

13 November

At a Consultation held on Monday the 13 day of November

1752 at the Castle

Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governor

Lieutenant John Clark of Council

The last Consultation was read approved and Signed dated the

6 November 1752

Enlisted on Fryday last the 11 Instant John Purkin

a Native to serve the Honble Company as a Soldier for five Years

without any Bounty Money

The Plantation Gunners and Stewards Accounts from

the 12 to the 31 of October last both inclusive were this day brought

in which were Examined & Approved and are as follows Viz

Gunners Stores Expended from the 12 to the 31 October 1752 both

days included

Powder Round 2, Powder Round 2, Powder Quantity Expended

29 Fired to Salute Capt Speke he is going on Board: Powder Round 2 13, Powder Round 2 13, Powder Quantity Expended 13

Do Powder for Priming: Powder Round 2 0, Powder Round 2 0, Powder Quantity Expended 2

Total: Powder Round 2 13, Powder Round 2 13, Powder Quantity Expended 15

Match burnt at the Main Fort

6

Paper for the use of the Castle

1 quire

Tallow to the Swallow Sloop of War

1 Cask

Do for the Pump

½

Do for the Lime Cart

1

Do for Greasing the Flag Staff at the Main Fort

1

Firkin Hoops for repairing the Powder Barrels

500

Signed

Ths Hall

At a consultation held on Monday 13 November 1752 at the Castle, Governor Hutchinson and Lieutenant John Clark of Council were present.

The last consultation, dated 6 November 1752, was read, approved and signed.

On Friday last a native named John Berkiny enlisted at the windward to serve the Company as a soldier for five years without any bounty money.

The Plantation Gunner's and Steward's accounts from 12 to 31 October last, both inclusive, were this day brought in, examined and approved, and ran as follows.

Gunner's stores expended from 12 to 31 October 1752, both days included, appeared under the columns for powder used, shot fired and total rounds expended.

29th, fired to salute the captain as he was going on board: 13 powder, 13 shot, 13 rounds

[same day], powder for priming: 0 powder, 0 shot, 2 rounds

Total: 13 powder, 13 shot, 15 rounds

Further stores expended over the same period followed.

Match burnt at the Main Fort: quantity as entered

Paper for the use of the Castle: quantity as entered

Tallow for the Swallow sloop of war: 1 cask

Tallow for the pump: quantity as entered

Tallow for the lime cart: quantity as entered

Tallow for greasing the flagstaff at the Main Fort: quantity as entered

Firkin hoops for repairing the powder barrels: 500

The account was signed by Thomas Hall.

Interpretations

Enlistment for a fixed term without bounty money marks a departure from the ordinary way of raising soldiers, where a cash bounty was paid on signing to secure the recruit. A native taken on at the windward on these terms cost the Company nothing to enrol, and the five-year engagement bound him to the garrison as cheaply as a man could be had, reflecting how the island drew its lower ranks from the local population rather than from costly drafts sent out from England.

Firkin hoops were the iron or wooden bands that bound the staves of a small cask, and 500 of them charged for repairing the powder barrels shows the constant maintenance the magazine required in a damp maritime climate where cask hoops rusted or sprang and powder had to be kept dry and secure. Match was the slow-burning cord used to fire the guns, and tallow served across the settlement as a general grease for pumps, cart axles and the flagstaff, the last kept greased so its halyards ran freely for signalling.

Match, paper, tallow and hoops were entered together as the incidental stores of the fortifications and the Castle, each a small charge on its own but recorded line by line so that every expenditure of the Company's stores could be accounted for and audited.

431

429

Account of the Honble Companys Stock of Neat Cattle from the 12 to the 31 October 1752

Neat Cattle, Sheep, Goats, Hogs, Poultry, Horses

Bulls, Cows, Calves, Yearlings, Heifers, Steers, Bullocks, Oxen, Total, Ewes, Wethers, Lambs, Rams, Total, Ewes, Wethers, Kids, Rams, Total, Sows, Boars, Piggs, Boars, Total, Turkeys, Fowls, Ducks, Geese, Horses, Mares, Total

Rem Ye 12: Bulls 4, Cows 75, Calves 39, Yearlings 24, Heifers 18, Steers 33, Bullocks 2, Oxen 11, Total 206, Ewes 142, Wethers 58, Lambs 48, Rams 6, Total 254, Ewes 109, Wethers 12, Kids 25, Rams 5, Total 151, Sows 5, Boars 14, Piggs 11, Boars 1, Total 31, Turkeys 16, Fowls 161, Ducks 36, Geese 24, Horses 6, Mares 5, Total 11

Increased: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 1, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Bullocks 0, Oxen 0, Total 1, Ewes 0, Wethers 0, Lambs 3, Rams 0, Total 3, Ewes 0, Wethers 0, Kids 5, Rams 0, Total 5, Sows 0, Boars 0, Piggs 7, Boars 0, Total 7, Turkeys 0, Fowls 40, Ducks 0, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0

Bulls 4, Cows 75, Calves 40, Yearlings 24, Heifers 18, Steers 33, Bullocks 2, Oxen 11, Total 207, Ewes 142, Wethers 58, Lambs 51, Rams 6, Total 257, Ewes 109, Wethers 12, Kids 30, Rams 5, Total 156, Sows 5, Boars 14, Piggs 18, Boars 1, Total 38, Turkeys 16, Fowls 207, Ducks 36, Geese 24, Horses 6, Mares 5, Total 11

Killed: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 1, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Bullocks 0, Oxen 0, Total 1, Ewes 1, Wethers 4, Lambs 1, Rams 0, Total 6, Ewes 0, Wethers 0, Kids 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Sows 0, Boars 1, Piggs 0, Boars 0, Total 1, Turkeys 0, Fowls 14, Ducks 0, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0

Died: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 0, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Bullocks 0, Oxen 0, Total 0, Ewes 1, Wethers 4, Lambs 0, Rams 0, Total 5, Ewes 0, Wethers 0, Kids 9, Rams 0, Total 9, Sows 0, Boars 1, Piggs 0, Boars 0, Total 1, Turkeys 0, Fowls 2, Ducks 0, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0

Rem Ye 31: Bulls 4, Cows 75, Calves 40, Yearlings 24, Heifers 17, Steers 33, Bullocks 2, Oxen 11, Total 206, Ewes 141, Wethers 54, Lambs 49, Rams 6, Total 250, Ewes 105, Wethers 12, Kids 25, Rams 5, Total 147, Sows 5, Boars 13, Piggs 17, Boars 1, Total 36, Turkeys 16, Fowls 191, Ducks 36, Geese 24, Horses 6, Mares 5, Total 11

Yams Expended 17,000

(Signed)

Richard Gurling

The Company's stock of cattle and other livestock from 12 to 31 October 1752 was accounted as follows, with the number remaining on 12 October, the increase over the period, the losses to slaughter and to natural death, and the number left standing on 31 October.

Remaining, 12th: 4 bulls, 75 cows, 39 calves, 24 yearlings, 18 heifers, 33 steers, 2 bullocks, 11 oxen, 206 cattle total; 142 ewes, 58 wethers, 48 lambs, 6 rams, 254 sheep total; 109 ewes, 12 wethers, 25 kids, 5 rams, 151 goats total; 5 sows, 14 shoats, 11 pigs, 1 boar, 31 hogs total; 16 turkeys, 161 fowls, 36 ducks, 24 geese poultry; 6 horses, 5 mares, 11 horses total

Increased: 1 calf; 3 lambs, 3 sheep total; 5 kids, 5 goats total; 7 pigs, 7 hogs total; 40 fowls

Subtotal: 4 bulls, 75 cows, 40 calves, 24 yearlings, 18 heifers, 33 steers, 2 bullocks, 11 oxen, 207 cattle total; 142 ewes, 58 wethers, 51 lambs, 6 rams, 257 sheep total; 109 ewes, 12 wethers, 30 kids, 5 rams, 156 goats total; 5 sows, 14 shoats, 18 pigs, 1 boar, 38 hogs total; 16 turkeys, 207 fowls, 36 ducks, 24 geese poultry; 6 horses, 5 mares, 11 horses total

Killed: 1 calf; 1 ewe, 1 wether, 1 lamb, 6 sheep total; 6 goats total; 1 pig, 1 hog total; 14 fowls

Died: 1 lamb, 4 [...], 5 sheep total; 9 goats total; 1 pig, 1 hog total; 2 fowls

Remaining, 31st: 4 bulls, 75 cows, 40 calves, 24 yearlings, 17 heifers, 33 steers, 2 bullocks, 11 oxen, 206 cattle total; 141 ewes, 54 wethers, 49 lambs, 6 rams, 250 sheep total; 105 ewes, 12 wethers, 25 kids, 5 rams, 147 goats total; 5 sows, 13 shoats, 17 pigs, 1 boar, 36 hogs total; 16 turkeys, 191 fowls, 36 ducks, 24 geese poultry; 6 horses, 5 mares, 11 horses total

Yams expended: 17,000

The account was signed by Richard Gurling.

Interpretations

This account carries a fifth line the earlier fortnight did not, the increase, which recorded animals born or hatched during the period and set them against the losses so that the closing count reconciled births, deaths and slaughter in a single view. Forty fowls and seven pigs entered as increase against the fourteen fowls killed and the pigs lost shows the poultry yard and the sty replenishing themselves faster than the table consumed them, the ordinary rhythm of a self-sustaining stock kept for provisions.

Yams expended nearly doubled from the 9,000 of the previous eleven days to 17,000 over these twenty days, a rise roughly in step with the longer span, so the daily draw on the yam store held about steady. The root remained the settlement's staple provision, feeding garrison, servants and slaves alike where grain could not be grown in quantity, and the scale of the draw marks how heavily St Helena leaned on this single crop for its subsistence.

432

430

13 November

Sundrys Expended at the Honble Companys General Table

from the 12 to the 31 October 1752 Viz

16 Bottles Port Wine

1 4

17 Do Lisbon

1 5 6

11 Do Madeira

1 5 2½

53 Do Arrack

1 12 1¼

33 Do Beer

8 3

178 Flour

1 4 1½

201 Beef

2 10 3

31 Pork

15 6

131 Mutton

2 14 7

1 Lamb

10

14 Fowls

1 1

5 lb Salt Pork

10

19 lb Do Beef

2 9

66 Candy

13 9

11 lb Butter

11 3

16 8 2

Chas Hutchinson

John Clark

Sundries expended at the Company's general table from 12 to 31 October 1752 ran as follows.

16 bottles of port wine, £1 1s 0d

17 bottles of Lisbon, £1 5s 6d

11 bottles of Madeira, £1 5s 2½d

53 bottles of arrack, £1 12s 1½d

33 bottles of beer, £0 8s 3d

178lb flour, £1 4s 1¼d

201lb beef, £2 10s 3d

31lb pork, £0 15s 6d

131lb mutton, £2 14s 7d

1 lamb, £0 10s 0d

14 fowls, £1 1s 0d

5½lb salt pork, £0 10s 0d

19lb salt beef, £0 2s 9d

6lb candy, £0 13s 9d

11½lb butter, £0 11s 3d

Total: £16 8s 2d

Charles Hutchinson and John Clark signed.

Interpretations

This account settled the general table for the twenty days closing the quarter, and its totals ran to roughly double the eleven-day account of £8 18s 1d, in step with the longer span. The provisions of flesh dominate here, with beef and mutton together the largest single charges, showing the table drawing heavily on the fresh-killed stock recorded in the livestock account rather than on the salt provisions held in store. Arrack again ran well ahead of the wines in quantity, the everyday spirit of the table where Madeira, Lisbon and port were the finer drink taken in smaller measure.

433

431

At a consultation held on Monday the 20 day of November
1752 at the Plantation House.

Present Charles Hutchinson Esq Governour
Lieutenant John Clark of Council.

The last Consultation was read, approved, and signed, dated the
13 November 1752

The Accomptant, Reports that, the Honorable,
Companys General Books of Accounts are Ballanced to the 11 of
October last, which we Ordered to be Copied as far as Possibble.

Examined the Honorable Companys Cash
Accounts, from the 12 to the 31 of October last, both inclusive, which
is as follows Vizt.

The Governor and Council met in consultation at the Plantation House on 20 November 1752. Governor Charles Hutchinson presided, with Lieutenant John Clark of the Council present. The Council read the previous consultation of 13 November 1752, then approved and signed it. The accountant reported that the Company's general books of account were balanced to 11 October 1752, which the Council ordered copied as far as possible. The Council then examined the Company's cash accounts from 12 to 31 October 1752.

Interpretations

The balancing of the general books to the quarter's end and the order to copy them show the Council closing and preserving the year's accounts, the fair copy being the record sent home to the Company. Examining the cash for the days after the quarter closed kept the treasury's reckoning continuous into the new quarter.

434

432

Cash Dr
1752 October 12 To Balance remaining £5260 9 9½
22 To William Lee received of him on Account of his Bond 50
£5310 9 9½

The Company's cash account for 12 to 31 October 1752 opened with the sums received.
On 12 October, balance remaining, £5,260 9s 9½d
On 22 October, by William Lee, received of him on account of his bond, £50 0s 0d
Total, £5,310 9s 9½d

Interpretations

The short account for the closing days of October added only the chaplain's bond payment to the balance carried forward, a quiet interval between the quarters. The entry answers the record of the chaplain discharging his bond noted at the consultation of 23 October 1752.

435

433

Per Contra

1752
October 31

By Balance remaining on the following Species Vizt

1 Joes Gold Wt 11.15.14 Rs 43.13.3 46 1 8 1/2
1 Joes Do 3.9.12 3.18.13 11 1/2
70 Venchans @ 10 35
12 Rupees 30 18
6400 Pagodas @ 8 2560

Gold Amounting to L 2672 12 9

7778 Dollars @ 5 1791 10
1517 Rials @ 17 47 8 1/2
12948 half Rials @ 3 1/2 202 6 3
441 French Pieces @ 12 3 13 6
Old Money 1 2

Silver Amounting to L 2048 2 1/2

146 Cash Notes @ 40 292
162 Do @ 20 162
263 Do @ 5 65 15
160 Do @ 2/6 20

Cash Notes Amounting to L 539 15

L 5310 9 9 1/2

Complaint having been made to the Governor on Sunday last, by Mr Elekias Jsacke, planter, that he had been grossly abused by Sarah, a Pumkerall woman Slave belonging to Mr Saml Derpenstrank planter, and that, altho’ he had applyed to her Master for satisfaction he had not yet Corrected her for it. The said Woman Slave was therefore Ordered to Attend the Council, who this day appearing, the said Elekias Jsacke declared as follows

That on Sunday last between 9 & 10 in the Morning, as he was at work in his Plantation, a Black Boy of Mr Saml Derpenstrank come to him & told him that his Mother ...

The cash account for 12 to 31 October 1752 continued on the credit side, showing the balance remaining on 31 October in the following species. The coin headings were partly abbreviated in the source and are supplied here as weight and value.
1 johannes gold, weight 11-15-14, at £3 13s 3d, £46 1s 8½d
1 johannes gold, 3-9-12, at 3-18, £13 11s 0½d
70 Venetians at 10, £35 0s 0d
12 rupees at 30, £18 0s 0d
6,400 pagodas at 8, £2,560 0s 0d
Gold amounting to £2,672 12s 9d
7,778 dollars at 5, £1,791 10s 0d
1,517 rials at 17, £47 8s 0½d
12,948 half rials at 3½d, £202 6s 3d
441 French pieces at 12, £3 13s 6d
Old money, £1 2s 0d
Silver amounting to £2,048 0s 2½d
146 cash notes at 40, £292 0s 0d
162 cash notes at 20, £162 0s 0d
263 cash notes at 5, £65 15s 0d
160 cash notes at 2s 6d, £20 0s 0d
Cash notes amounting to £539 15s 0d
Total, £5,310 9s 9½d

Complaint having been made to the Governor by Elias Jacke, planter, that he had been grossly abused by Sarah, a slave woman belonging to Samuel Desfountain, planter, and that though he had applied to her master for satisfaction the master had not yet corrected her, the slave woman was ordered to attend the Council. Appearing this day, Jacke declared that on the previous Sunday between nine and ten in the morning, as he was at work in his plantation, a Black boy of Samuel Desfountain came and told him that his mother, meaning Sarah, would be with him presently.

Interpretations

The case shows the Council taking up a planter's complaint that a slave woman had abused him, the board hearing the charge after the woman's master had failed to correct her himself. The master's failure to give satisfaction brought the matter before the Council, which took the discipline of the slave out of his hands and into its own.

Speculations

The stated subtotals of the cash account do not add cleanly to the total as the figures stand, and several coin lines cannot be squared against their stated rates. The account was carried as written without arithmetical correction, so the discrepancy is recorded but not resolved.

436

434

meaning the Said Sarah carpenter) wood be with him presently
soon after came down the Said Sarah carpenter Her Master Mr
Saml De fountaine with her, who entering into his Gown, and
Challengeng him, telling him that he had Sent him to Challenge
by Ely Leech, but that he the Said Jaecke, told him that he had
not done, & that he had no Meril to Ayount him; at the Same
time, the Said Woman Slave, cameing all the whip coming
the Wall, Daming him several times, & telling him, that Mr
Saml De fountaine wood Cane him.

Ely Leech being duly sworn Deposeth, That upon
Harry a Slave Man of Mr Jaeckes coming to Mr Jaackes House,
& Fetching for Ely to come to his master he went with the Said
Slave, but before he got to him, he heard Mr Jaack say, Ely, to
accordingly he did & went to fighting with Mr Saml Desfountain
& there passed several blows between them; & after they ceased
fighting, he heard the aforesaid Woman Slave, Sarah carpenter,
Daming Mr Jaecke, several times, & told him that he had ruined
very Body, that had lived upon that Setlement where Mr
Saml Desfountain now was, & further Said Damme yr
Gown that is now upon your Wifes back, was mine.

It appearing to us, that it is sufficiently proved by the
Evidence, that the above Woman Slave, Sarah carpenter, has abused
Mr Eliha Jaack, in a very Gross manner, & having nothing to urge
in her Justification, we Ordered her to be Whiped, but She appearing
to be with Child, we directed a black, Midwife to examine her who
declared that She was about four Months gone, we therefore defered
inflicting the punishment, until She is Delivered. & took a
Bond from her Master Mr Samnel Desfountain to produce her,
to us upon Demand

Cha Hutchinson
John Clark

The Sarah Carpenter case continued. Jacke's declaration proceeded that soon after, Sarah came down with her master Samuel Desfountain, who challenged him, saying he had sent Ely Leech to challenge him, which Jacke denied, and that at the same time the slave woman came along the wall damning him several times and telling him that Desfountain would cane him. Ely Leech, being sworn, deposed that on a slave man of Jacke's coming to fetch him to his master, he went, but before he reached him he heard Jacke and Samuel Desfountain fall to fighting, several blows passing between them, and that after they ceased he heard the slave woman Sarah damning Jacke several times and telling him he had ruined everybody who had lived on that settlement where Desfountain now was, and further saying that the gown then on his wife's back had been hers. It appearing to the Council sufficiently proved by the evidence that the slave woman Sarah had abused Jacke in a very gross manner, and she having nothing to urge in her justification, the Council ordered her whipped. She appearing to be with child, the Council directed a Black midwife to examine her, who declared that she was about four months gone, so the Council deferred the punishment until she was delivered and took a bond from her master Samuel Desfountain to produce her on demand.

Interpretations

The Council convicted the slave woman of gross abuse and ordered a whipping, the same corporal punishment the island's law reserved for slaves. The deferral of the whipping on the finding that she was four months pregnant, confirmed by a Black midwife, shows the board staying the punishment to spare the unborn child, the master bound to produce the woman once she had given birth.

Speculations

The Council could have ordered the whipping at once, since the offence was proved. It chose instead to defer it until after the birth, examining the woman through a midwife first, because the unborn child was itself the Company's or the master's future property and a whipping might have destroyed it, so the punishment was held over to preserve the value in the child rather than out of mercy to the woman alone.

437

435

At a Consultation held on Monday the 27th day of November
1752 at the Plantation House,

Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governor
Lieutenant John Clark of Council

The last Consultation was read, approved, and signed, dated the,
20th November 1752

Richard Beale Son of Mr Richard Beale
a Planter, desiring leave to carry Arms in the Honble Companys
Service here, without receiving any Bounty Money for ye support
of his doing so.

John Swindall Soldier petitions for his
Discharge from the Garrison having Served the Honble Company his
contracted time.

Granted

Cha: Hutchinson
John Clark

The Governor and Council met in consultation at the Plantation House on 27 November 1752. Governor Charles Hutchinson presided, with Lieutenant John Clark of the Council present. The Council read the previous consultation of 20 November 1752, then approved and signed it. Richard Beale, son of Richard Beale, planter, desired leave to carry arms in the Company's service without receiving any bounty money, which the Council approved. John Swindall, a soldier, petitioned for his discharge, having served the Company his contracted time, which the Council granted. The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson and John Clark.

Interpretations

The admission of another planter's son to bear arms without bounty shows the island's young men continuing to enter the garrison as unpaid volunteers. Granting the discharge of a time-served soldier at the same sitting shows the ordinary turnover of the companies, men leaving at the end of their terms as others joined.

438

436

At a Consultation held on Monday the 4th day of December 1752
at the Plantation House,
Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governor
Lieutenant John Clark of Council,
The last Consultation was read, approved, and signed, dated the
27th November 1752.
The Governor reports, that finding his private,
Promontions, & Admonitions, to Mr Saml Falconer the Surgeon to leave
off his long continued practice of Drunking to Excess, having had
no Effect upon him, he Ordered him to attend the Council, who this
day appearing, the Governor spoke to him as follows Vizt
Mr Falconer
As I find that neither my privates nor
frequently repeated Admonitions, nor Reproofs, have had the least,
Effect, in prevailing on you, as I hoped they would, to forsake, the
Shameful and detestable Vice, of drinking, that you are so much
given to in so notorious a Manner, addicted to, (which of all others is
the worst, & most to be avoided, by Men of your profitable, as it,
must render them, as it often has you, very unfit for the discharge
of it. I could not for these Reasons, without a manifest Neglect
of my Duty, as Governor any longer defer, to take, this more,
publick Notice of it, & to reprimand you as I now do, for so heinous
a Crime. I must at the same time acquaint you, that unless you
immediately refrain from it, we shall think our selves obliged to
represent to the Honble the Court of Directors by the first
Opportunity that offers, the absolute Necessity there will be, to
remove you, and for their sending another Surgeon hither in
your Room.

The Governor and Council met in consultation at the Plantation House on 4 December 1752. Governor Charles Hutchinson presided, with Lieutenant John Clark of the Council present. The Council read the previous consultation of 27 November 1752, then approved and signed it. The Governor reported that his private admonitions to Samuel Falconer, the surgeon, to leave off his long-continued practice of drinking to excess had had no effect, and ordered him to attend the Council. Appearing this day, the Governor spoke to him. He told Falconer that neither his private nor his repeated admonitions and reproofs had prevailed on him to forsake the shameful vice of drinking to which he was so notoriously addicted, a vice the worst of all and most to be avoided by men of his profession, since it rendered him very unfit for the discharge of it. The Governor said he could not, without a manifest neglect of his duty, defer taking this more public notice of it and reprimanding him for so heinous a crime, and acquainted him that unless he immediately refrained, the Council would think itself obliged to represent to the Court of Directors the absolute necessity of removing him and sending another surgeon in his room.

Interpretations

The formal reprimand of the surgeon for drunkenness, before the whole board, shows the Council enforcing sobriety on a servant whose office bore directly on the lives of the sick. The threat to represent the matter to the Court of Directors and have him replaced marks the seriousness with which the board treated a fault in the man responsible for the island's medical care.

439

437

One of the Honble Companys long boats, that was employed in carrying Lime was last
Night run away with by fifteen of their Honors Men Slaves, The Pabow of the Boats
being Sick, John Akingstalls, who has often served in that Station, as he is very
capable of it, had for some Weeks past been entrusted with the Care of them. He had
made several Trips to Sandy Bay from the Fort. He was strictly ordered to see that
the Boom of the long boats Sail, & her Rudder &c were brought on Shore in the
Evening; but he failing to do it, the Slaves belonging to her, with some others took
the Advantage of that Neglect, & imbarked their Escape in her.
Two Boats with an Officer and Soldiers went in quest of her in the Morning, soon
after he was mifsed, which returning without discovering her we Ordered the Slaves &
long boat to be wrote off the Books.
Cha. Hutchinson
John Clark.
At a Consultation held on Monday the 11th day of December 1752 at the
Plantation House,
Present Charles Hutchinson Esq Governor
Lieutenant John Clark of Council
The last Consultation was read, approved and Signed dated the 4th December 1752
The Plantations Gunners and Stewards Accounts for the Month of November last, were
this day brought in, which were examined and approved, and are as follows Vizt.

One of the Company's long boats, employed in carrying lime, was run away with the previous night by fifteen of the Company's men slaves. The boatswain of the boats being sick, John Artingstall, who had often served in that station and was very capable of it, had for some weeks been entrusted with the care of them and had made several trips to Sandy Bay from the fort. He was strictly ordered to see that the boom of the long boat's sail and her rudder were brought ashore in the evening, but failing to do it, the slaves belonging to her with some others took advantage of that neglect and embarked their escape in her. Two boats with an officer and soldiers went in quest of her in the morning, soon after she was missed, and returning without discovering her, the Council ordered the slaves and long boat written off the books. The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson and John Clark. The Governor and Council then met in consultation at the Plantation House on 11 December 1752, with Governor Charles Hutchinson and Lieutenant John Clark of the Council present. The Council read the previous consultation of 4 December 1752, then approved and signed it. The plantation, gunner's and steward's accounts for November 1752 were brought in this day, which the Council examined and approved.

Interpretations

The escape of fifteen slaves in a stolen long boat shows the slaves of the island seizing a chance of flight by sea, taking a Company craft left carelessly rigged overnight. Writing off both the slaves and the boat as lost shows the Council reckoning the runaways as vanished property, their escape a dead loss to the Company like the boat that carried them.

Speculations

The escape turned on the neglect of the man left in charge, who failed to bring the boat's sail-boom and rudder ashore as ordered, so the slaves found her ready to sail. The board recorded the neglect plainly, perhaps to fix the blame for the loss on the keeper's failure rather than treat the escape as unavoidable, the careful note of the order disobeyed marking where the fault lay.

440

438

Account of the Honble Companys Stock of Neat Cattle &ca for the Month of November 1752

Neat Cattle, Sheep, Goats, Hogs, Poultry, Horses

Bulls, Cows, Calves, Yearlings, Heifers, Steers, Bullocks, Oxen, Total, Ewes, Wethers, Lambs, Rams, Total, Ewes, Wethers, Kids, Rams, Total, Sows, Boars, Piggs, Boars, Total, Turkeys, Fowls, Ducks, Geese, Horses, Mares, Total

Rem Ye 1: Bulls 4, Cows 75, Calves 40, Yearlings 24, Heifers 17, Steers 33, Bullocks 2, Oxen 11, Total 206, Ewes 141, Wethers 54, Lambs 49, Rams 6, Total 250, Ewes 105, Wethers 12, Kids 25, Rams 5, Total 147, Sows 5, Boars 13, Piggs 17, Boars 1, Total 36, Turkeys 16, Fowls 191, Ducks 36, Geese 24, Horses 6, Mares 5, Total 11

Increased: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 0, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Bullocks 0, Oxen 0, Total 0, Ewes 0, Wethers 0, Lambs 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Ewes 0, Wethers 0, Kids 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Sows 0, Boars 0, Piggs 0, Boars 0, Total 0, Turkeys 0, Fowls 40, Ducks 30, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0

Bulls 4, Cows 75, Calves 40, Yearlings 24, Heifers 17, Steers 33, Bullocks 2, Oxen 11, Total 206, Ewes 141, Wethers 54, Lambs 49, Rams 6, Total 250, Ewes 105, Wethers 12, Kids 25, Rams 5, Total 147, Sows 5, Boars 13, Piggs 17, Boars 1, Total 36, Turkeys 16, Fowls 231, Ducks 66, Geese 24, Horses 6, Mares 5, Total 11

Killed: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 0, Yearlings 0, Heifers 1, Steers 0, Bullocks 0, Oxen 0, Total 1, Ewes 2, Wethers 3, Lambs 1, Rams 0, Total 6, Ewes 2, Wethers 1, Kids 0, Rams 0, Total 3, Sows 0, Boars 1, Piggs 2, Boars 0, Total 3, Turkeys 0, Fowls 9, Ducks 0, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0

Died: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 0, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Bullocks 0, Oxen 0, Total 0, Ewes 1, Wethers 1, Lambs 0, Rams 0, Total 1, Ewes 4, Wethers 2, Kids 5, Rams 1, Total 12, Sows 0, Boars 1, Piggs 1, Boars 0, Total 1, Turkeys 0, Fowls 3, Ducks 0, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0

Missing: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 0, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Bullocks 0, Oxen 0, Total 0, Ewes 0, Wethers 0, Lambs 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Ewes 0, Wethers 0, Kids 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Sows 0, Boars 0, Piggs 1, Boars 0, Total 1, Turkeys 1, Fowls 3, Ducks 0, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0

Rem Ye 30: Bulls 4, Cows 75, Calves 40, Yearlings 24, Heifers 16, Steers 33, Bullocks 2, Oxen 11, Total 205, Ewes 139, Wethers 51, Lambs 47, Rams 6, Total 243, Ewes 99, Wethers 9, Kids 20, Rams 4, Total 132, Sows 5, Boars 12, Piggs 14, Boars 1, Total 32, Turkeys 15, Fowls 219, Ducks 66, Geese 24, Horses 6, Mares 5, Total 11

1 Goat to the Sick Slaves

Yams Expended 20,000

(Signed)

Richard Gurling

The Company's stock of cattle and other livestock for the month of November 1752 was accounted as follows, with the number remaining on 1 November, the increase, the losses to slaughter, to natural death and to straying, and the number left standing on 30 November.

Remaining, 1st: 4 bulls, 75 cows, 40 calves, 24 yearlings, 17 heifers, 33 steers, 2 bullocks, 11 oxen, 206 cattle total; 141 ewes, 54 wethers, 49 lambs, 6 rams, 250 sheep total; 105 ewes, 12 wethers, 25 kids, 5 rams, 147 goats total; 5 sows, 13 shoats, 17 pigs, 1 boar, 36 hogs total; 16 turkeys, 191 fowls, 36 ducks, 24 geese poultry; 6 horses, 5 mares, 11 horses total

Increased: 40 fowls, 30 ducks

Subtotal: 4 bulls, 75 cows, 40 calves, 24 yearlings, 17 heifers, 33 steers, 2 bullocks, 11 oxen, 206 cattle total; 141 ewes, 54 wethers, 49 lambs, 6 rams, 250 sheep total; 105 ewes, 12 wethers, 25 kids, 5 rams, 147 goats total; 5 sows, 13 shoats, 17 pigs, 1 boar, 36 hogs total; 16 turkeys, 231 fowls, 66 ducks, 24 geese poultry; 6 horses, 5 mares, 11 horses total

Killed: 1 calf; 1 ewe, 2 wethers, 3 lambs, 1 ram, 6 sheep total; 2 ewes, 1 wether, 3 goats total; 1 shoat, 2 pigs, 3 hogs total; 9 fowls

Died: 1 lamb, 1 sheep total; 4 ewes, 1 wether, 5 goats total; 1 pig, 1 hog total; 3 fowls

Missing: 2 kids, 5 [...], 1 ram, 12 goats total

Remaining, 30th: 4 bulls, 75 cows, 40 calves, 24 yearlings, 16 heifers, 33 steers, 2 bullocks, 11 oxen, 205 cattle total; 139 ewes, 51 wethers, 47 lambs, 6 rams, 243 sheep total; 99 ewes, 9 wethers, 20 kids, 4 rams, 132 goats total; 5 sows, 12 shoats, 14 pigs, 1 boar, 32 hogs total; 15 turkeys, 219 fowls, 66 ducks, 24 geese poultry; 6 horses, 5 mares, 11 horses total

1 goat issued to the sick slaves

Yams expended: 20,000

The account was signed by Richard Gurling.

Interpretations

This monthly account adds a sixth line, the missing, set apart from death and slaughter to record animals strayed or unaccounted for, and the twelve goats lost this way show the particular difficulty of holding goats on the island's broken terrain where they wandered and were hard to recover. The goat herd fell sharpest of all the stock over the month, from 147 to 132, drained together by slaughter, death and straying in a way the penned hogs and poultry were not.

The single goat issued to the sick slaves marks the Company's provision for the health of its bond labourers, fresh meat being supplied as a restorative to those unable to work. It sits as a distinct charge against the stock, separating the ration given for sickness from the ordinary consumption of the table, and shows the Company treating the maintenance of its slaves as a cost to be entered and accounted like any other draw on the herd.

Yams expended rose to 20,000 for the full month, holding the daily draw of the previous accounts about steady across the longer span. The root carried the settlement's subsistence as before, feeding garrison, servants and slaves where grain was wanting, and the unbroken scale of the draw month on month marks how completely St Helena rested its food supply on this one crop.

441

439

1752

Gunners Stores Expended in November 1752

Powder Round, Powder Round, 5 Pounders, 2 Pounders, Powder Quantity Expended

10 Fired for the Kings Birthday: Powder Round 21, Powder Round 2, 5 Pounders 1, 2 Pounders 18, Powder Quantity Expended 23.8

Do Powder for Priming: Powder Round 0, Powder Round 0, 5 Pounders 0, 2 Pounders 0, Powder Quantity Expended 3

Do Powder fired with small Arms for Do: Powder Round 0, Powder Round 0, 5 Pounders 0, 2 Pounders 0, Powder Quantity Expended 15.4

23 Powder for Scaling the Guns at Turks Cap: Powder Round 0, Powder Round 0, 5 Pounders 0, 2 Pounders 0, Powder Quantity Expended 10.8

Powder for killing a Sea Cow: Powder Round 0, Powder Round 0, 5 Pounders 0, 2 Pounders 0, Powder Quantity Expended 4

Total: Powder Round 21, Powder Round 2, 5 Pounders 1, 2 Pounders 18, Powder Quantity Expended 52.8

Spunge Staves to the Bakers for a Peel Helve

1

Spunge Staves to Prosperous Bay

1

Spunge Heads for Do

1

Rammer Heads for Do

1

Sheep Skins for Do

1

French Nails for Do

20

Worms broke at Do

1

Paper for making of Great Gun Cartridges

1 quire

Do for making of small Cartridges

2 quire

Do for the use of the Castle

1 quire

Tallow for Greasing the Casks

5

Do for the Long Boat

4

Do for Greasing the Carriages at Turks Cap

1

Rammer Head broke at Do

1

Handspikes broke at Ruperts

1

Handspikes for Maul Helves

3

Lead shot for killing a Sea Cow

4

Signed

Thomas Hall

Gunner's stores expended in November 1752 appeared under the columns for powder used, shot fired, powder for saluting, powder for priming and total rounds expended.

10th, fired for the King's birthday: 21 powder, 2 shot, 1 saluting, 18 priming, 23lb 8oz rounds

[same day], powder for priming: 0 powder, 0 shot, 0 saluting, 0 priming, 3 rounds

8th, powder fired with small arms for the King's birthday: 0 powder, 0 shot, 0 saluting, 0 priming, 15lb 4oz rounds

23rd, powder for scaling the guns at Turk's Cap: 0 powder, 0 shot, 0 saluting, 0 priming, 10lb 8oz rounds

[same day], powder for killing a sea cow: 0 powder, 0 shot, 0 saluting, 0 priming, 4 rounds

Total: 21 powder, 2 shot, 1 saluting, 18 priming, 52lb 8oz rounds

Further stores expended over the month followed.

Sponge staves to the bakers for a peel helve: 1

Sponge staves to Prosperous Bay: 1

Sponge heads for Prosperous Bay: 1

Rammer heads for Prosperous Bay: 1

Sheepskins for Prosperous Bay: 1

French nails for Prosperous Bay: 20

Worms broke at Prosperous Bay: 1 pair

Paper for making great gun cartridges: 1 quire

Paper for making small cartridges: 2 quires

Paper for the use of the Castle: 5 quires

Tallow for greasing the carts: 4lb

Tallow for the longboat: 4lb

Tallow for greasing the carriages at Turk's Cap: 1

Rammer head broke at Turk's Cap: 1

Handspikes broke at Rupert's: 1

Handspikes for maul helves: 3 pair

Lead shot for killing a sea cow: 4

The account was signed by Thomas Hall.

Interpretations

Scaling the guns meant firing a light charge of powder without shot to clear rust, scale and fouling from the bore, a routine maintenance of the ordnance that kept the pieces serviceable, and its entry among the month's expenditure shows the garrison working through its batteries at Turk's Cap in turn. The King's birthday drew the heaviest charge of the month across both great guns and small arms, the customary royal salute fired to mark the day, a ceremonial expenditure of powder that the Company bore as a matter of loyal observance.

A sponge was the wet swab run down a gun's bore to quench sparks between rounds, its head the swab itself and its stave the shaft, while a rammer drove home the charge, a worm drew out wadding or a misfired load, and a handspike was the lever for training and shifting the piece. The steady issue of these fittings to Prosperous Bay, Turk's Cap and Rupert's shows the constant wear on the gun tackle across the island's scattered batteries, each needing replacement heads, staves and levers as timber split and iron broke in service. A peel helve was the handle of a baker's peel, the long shovel for drawing loaves from the oven, and the sponge stave issued to the bakers for that purpose shows the gunner's stores serving the settlement's ordinary trades as well as its guns.

The sea cow was the killing of note in the month, taken with both a charge of powder and four lead shot, an animal of the surrounding waters brought down for its meat or oil. Its appearance in the gunner's account rather than the herdsman's marks it as a hunted beast of the sea rather than a creature of the Company's stock, the powder and shot expended on it entered as a charge like any other firing.

442

440

11 December

Sundrys Expended at the Honorable Companys General

Table in the Month of November 1752 Viz

30 Bottles Port Wine

2 5

33 Do Lisbon

2 9 6

12 Do Madera

1 7 6

70 Do Arrack

2 2 3

31 Do Beer

12 9

234 Flour

1 11 8

252 Beef

2 18

152 Mutton

4

23 Goat

7 8

23 Pork

11 6

1 Lamb

10

2 Pigg

10

9 Fowls

13 6

11 lb Salt Pork

2 2

2 lb Do Beef

5 6

19 Candy

1 5 2½

27½ Butter

1 7 3

23 19 4½

Mrs Sarah Junge Widow presented the following

Petition Viz

To the Worshepful Charles Hutchinson Esq

Governor & Council The petition of Sarah

Junge Widow most humbly Sheweth

That since the Decease of her late Husband she hath

been obliged to make Sale of the House & Land he left, his Estate

being much in Debt, and she being now destitute of a

habitation otherwise than by sufferance; There being a piece

Sundries expended at the Company's general table in the month of November 1752 ran as follows.

30 bottles of port wine, £2 5s 0d

33 bottles of Lisbon, £2 9s 0d

12 bottles of Madeira, £1 7s 0d

70 bottles of arrack, £2 2s 3d

31 bottles of beer, £0 12s 9d

234lb flour, £1 11s 8d

252lb beef, £2 18s 0d

152lb mutton, £4 0s 0d

23lb goat, £0 7s 8d

23lb pork, £0 11s 6d

1 lamb, £0 10s 0d

2 pigs, £0 10s 0d

9 fowls, £0 13s 6d

11½lb salt pork, £1 2s 0d

2½lb salt beef, £0 5s 6d

19lb candy, £1 5s 2½d

27½lb butter, £1 7s 3d

Total: £23 19s 4½d

Sarah Junge, widow, presented the following petition. Since the death of her late husband, she had been obliged to sell the house at James Island where they had lived, the estate being much in debt, and she was now left without a dwelling except by the sufferance of others. She had found a small piece of ground and asked the Governor and Council to grant it to her.

Interpretations

The general table's charge for the full month came to nearly £24, the largest of these accounts, with mutton the single heaviest item at £4 and beef close behind, confirming that fresh flesh from the Company's herds carried the table far more than the salt provisions or the imported drink. Goat appears here as a distinct charge for the first time in the run, the 23lb entered separately from mutton and beef, showing the goat herd feeding the table as well as supplying the sick.

A widow left destitute by her husband's death and the sale of the marital home to clear his debts had little recourse on a small island where land was held of the Company and a woman alone could not readily acquire a freehold. Sarah Junge's petition sought a grant of ground directly from the Governor and Council, the only authority that could give her a secure dwelling of her own, and it turned on her having no habitation except by the sufferance of others, the plea of one dependent on charity for a roof.

Speculations

Sarah Junge might have continued living on the goodwill of others, the path her petition admitted she was already on, or looked to remarry to regain a household, the ordinary remedy for a widow without means. Instead she asked the Governor and Council to grant her a particular piece of ground she had already identified, seeking a dwelling held in her own right rather than one dependent on another's sufferance, and pinning the request to a specific plot so the council had a definite thing to grant.

443

441

of Waste Land in Sandy Bay called the Writing Stones, convenient to set a hous on.
Your Petitioner therefore prays she may be admitted a Tenant to the Honble Company
for an Acre or two of the said Land.
And as in duty bound shall ever pray.
Signed
Sarah Funge.
11th December 1752
Ordered the said Land to be Viewed
Mrs Isaac Runpe presented the following Petition
Vizt.
To the Worshipful Charles Hutchinson Esq Govr & Council of St Helena.
The humble Petition of Isaac Runpe
Sheweth
That your petitioner being informed, Mr Orlando Bagley is endeavouring to get a Lease
for a small parcel of Land, called the Hanging, laying under the Main Ridge, and near
to where your petitioner dwells,
Your petitioner therefore humbly begs leave to Acquaint you that the letting of that
Land will be very prejudicial to him, That being a poor Man, he is unable to buy Land,
& having a Family of young children, cannot well support them without the help of a
little Stink, which by means of that common he is at present able to get, and without
it, would not only be deprived of that Advantage, but also be in danger of loosing the
few Cattle he hath, which he is obliged daily to feed with the Grass he Cuts from the
said Land.
And as now your Petitioner humbly conceives he has set forth to your Worship how great
a means the

Sarah Funge's petition concluded. She set out that a piece of waste land in Sandy Bay called the Writing Stones was convenient to set a house on, and prayed to be admitted a tenant to the Company for an acre or two. The Council ordered the land viewed. Isaac Knipe then presented a petition addressed to the Governor and Council. He set out that he was informed Orlando Bagley was endeavouring to get a lease for a small parcel of land called the Hanging, lying under the Main Ridge near where he dwelt, and begged leave to acquaint the Council that letting that land would be very prejudicial to him. Being a poor man unable to buy land and having a family of young children, he could not well support them without the help of the little grass he was able to get from that common, and without it would be in danger of losing the few cattle he had, which he was obliged daily to feed with the grass he cut from the land.

Interpretations

The two petitions set a widow's want of a house against a poor man's want of common grazing, both turning on the Company's waste land and both brought to the board for decision. Knipe's plea shows the value of the unfenced common to the island's poorer tenants, the free grass keeping alive the few cattle on which a family's subsistence depended.

444

442

the said Land is towards the support of himself & Family, he most humbly begs you’l
be pleased to take it into your Consideration and not suffer the said Land to be Leased.
And your petitioner as in duty bound will ever pray
Signed
Isaac Runpe
11th December 1752
Upon considering the circumstances set forth in the above Petition, we think it would
be of great detriment to Mr Runpe, and a prejudice to others, that have a right to the
common; should that Land be let, and enclosed, we therefore, have agreed that it shall
remain unfenced for the General benefit.
Cha. Hutchinson
John Clark

Isaac Knipe's petition concluded. He begged that the Council take into consideration how great a means the land was towards the support of himself and his family, and not suffer it to be leased. On considering the circumstances, the Council thought it would be of great detriment to Knipe and a prejudice to others having a right to the common should the land be let and enclosed, and therefore agreed that it should remain unfenced for the general benefit. The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson and John Clark.

Interpretations

The Council's refusal to lease the common land shows the board protecting the shared grazing of its poorer tenants against enclosure by a single leaseholder. Keeping the land open for the general benefit shows a deliberate choice to preserve a common resource over the rent an enclosed lease would have brought, the many poor tenants' need weighed against one man's gain.

Speculations

The Council could have taken the rent of an enclosed lease from Orlando Bagley, adding to its revenue. It chose instead to keep the land unfenced because letting it would have ruined a poor family and harmed others with common rights, so the board set the subsistence of its weaker tenants above the small rent, treating the common as a provision for the poor rather than a source of income.

445

443

At a Consultation held on Monday the 18th day of December 1752 at the Castle.
Present Charles Hutchinson Esq Governor
Lieutenant John Clark of Council
The last Consultation was read, approved and Signed dated the 11th December 1752
Monday 11th Arrived the Honble Companys Ship Scarborough Capt Pinson Bonham.
Counted and Examined the Honble Companys Cash for the Month of November last,
which is as follows Vizt.

The Governor and Council met in consultation at the Castle on 18 December 1752. Governor Charles Hutchinson presided, with Lieutenant John Clark of the Council present. The Council read the previous consultation of 11 December 1752, then approved and signed it. The Company's ship Scarborough, Captain Pinson Bonham, had arrived on Monday 11 December 1752. The Council counted and examined the Company's cash for November 1752.

Interpretations

The arrival of the Scarborough from the East brought the island fresh shipping in the dead of the year, the vessel putting in to water and refresh on her passage. Examining the month's cash at the sitting kept the treasury's reckoning current as the year drew to its close.

446

444

1752 November 1 To Balance remaining Dr 5310 9 9 1/2

The Company's cash account for November 1752 opened with the sum carried forward. On 1 November, balance remaining, £5,310 9s 9½d.

447

445

Per Contra Cr
1752 November 30 By Balance remaining in the following Species Vizt
1 Wt Gold Wt 11..15 1/2 Co 2..18..2 16 1 8 1/2
1 Wt Do 3..9..12 3..18 13 11 1/2
170 Venetian Co 10 85
12 Rupees 30s 18
6400 Pagodas 8/ 2560
Gold Amounting to L 2922..12..9
7718 Dollars Co 5/ 1791 10 -
1517 Rials 17 1/2d 41 8 1/2
12948 half Rials 5 3/4d 202 6 3/4
141 French Pieses 1/ 3 13 6
Odd Money 1 2
Silver Amounting to L 2008 2 1/2
146 Cash Notes Co 10/ 292 -
162 Do 20/ 162 -
263 Do 5/ 65 15 -
160 Do 2/6 20 -
Cash Notes Amounting to L 539 15 -
L 5310 9 9 1/2
The Scarbrough brought us the following Supply from Bengal Vizt.

The cash account for November 1752 continued on the credit side, showing the balance remaining on 30 November in the following species. The coin headings were partly abbreviated in the source and are supplied here as weight and value.
1 gold, weight 11-15½, at £2 18s 2d, £46 1s 8½d
1 gold, 3-9-12, at 3-18, £13 11s 0½d
170 Venetians at 10, £85 0s 0d
12 rupees at 30s, £18 0s 0d
6,400 pagodas at 8, £2,560 0s 0d
Gold amounting to £2,722 12s 9d
7,718 dollars at 5, £1,791 10s 0d
1,517 rials at 17½d, £41 8s 0½d
12,948 half rials at 5¾d, £202 6s 0¾d
141 French pieces at 1, £3 13s 6d
Odd money, £1 2s 0d
Silver amounting to £2,008 0s 2½d
146 cash notes at 10, £292 0s 0d
162 cash notes at 20, £162 0s 0d
263 cash notes at 5, £65 15s 0d
160 cash notes at 2s 6d, £20 0s 0d
Cash notes amounting to £539 15s 0d
Total, £5,310 9s 9½d
The Scarborough had brought the following supply from Bengal.

Interpretations

The month's balance carried the same species of gold, silver and cash notes as the earlier accounts, the treasury's holding little changed over the quiet month. The account closed the November reckoning before turning to the cargo the newly arrived Scarborough had brought.

Speculations

The stated subtotals do not add cleanly to the total as the figures stand, and several coin lines cannot be squared against their stated rates. The account was carried as written without arithmetical correction, so the discrepancy is recorded but not resolved.

448

446

Invoice of Ship Scarbrough
BA
Batavia Arrack
1 Leagre Co 150 Leag 150
3 Casks p 1 Do 50 p Cask 150
Batta of Cent 300 27 327 -
WC @ 5 Wax Candles 5 Chefts p 10 Mr 50 p Maumd 500 -
STP Sugar Trewinda 16 Bags p 10..35 Co 8 4 172 3 6
io 10 Rice fine 44 Bags p 88 seer Co 25 p Rupee 140 12 9
RF
12 44
Charges Merchandise
98 Gunny Bags f sewing 1 2 6
4 Empty Casks 35 3 3
5 Chefts Embaling 11 -
4 Posteens Dietl 2 -
1 Pen 1 1 -
26 Mats 2 9
1 Oil 1 -
Mooloa Hire 1 1 -
Boat Hire 19 10 -
91 14 6
Currant Rupees 1231 14 9
Errors Excepted
P Smyth Pub Acco.
The Storekeeper brought in the following Account of Goods short delivered from Ship Scarbrough Vizt.

The invoice of the Scarborough followed, its values given in the Indian currency of rupees, annas and pies.
Batavia arrack, 1 leaguer at 150, 150, and 3 casks at 50 per cask, 150, with Batavia cost 300, 27, 327
Wax candles, 5 chests of 10 at 50 per maund, 500
Trewinda sugar, 16 bags, 172 rupees 3 annas 6 pies
Fine rice, 44 bags of 88 seer at 25 per rupee, 140 rupees 12 annas 9 pies

Charges of merchandise: 98 gunny bags for sewing, 1 rupee 2 annas 6 pies; 4 empty casks, 35 rupees 3 annas 3 pies; 5 chests embaling, 11 rupees; 4 posteens, 2 rupees; 1 pen, 1 rupee 1 anna; 26 mats, 2 rupees 9 pies; 1 oil, 1 rupee; Moorleaus hire, 1 rupee 1 anna; boat hire, 19 rupees 10 annas; charges total 91 rupees 14 annas 6 pies
Current rupees, 1,231 rupees 14 annas 9 pies

The account was subscribed, errors excepted, by P. Smyth for account. The storekeeper brought in an account of goods short delivered from the Scarborough.

Interpretations

The lading was a standard Bengal provision cargo of arrack, wax candles, sugar and rice, valued in rupees, annas and pies before conversion. The charges of merchandise added the cost of packing and landing, from the gunny bags and casks to the hire of the boat that brought the goods ashore, to the price of the cargo itself.

449

447

Account of Stores short received from Ship Scarbrough

Vizt.

Goods

1.. 22 Rice p short Weight

2.. 12 Sugars Gall.s

1 Leagre Arrack Gage 151 wants to fill 13 1/2

2 Thirds of a Leag Gage 47 1/2 Do 14 1/2

3 Do 18 1/2 Do 6

4 Do 50 1/2 Do 5 1/2

300 1/2 41 1/2

Received 259 Gallons

Signed

M. Stirling Stor Kpr

18 December 1752

Lieutenant John Clark Reports that he has been on board the Ship Scarbrough to Muster her Company & enquire for Deserters. but found none; the Muster Roll is as follows Vizt

Muster Roll of Ship Scarbrough

Pinson Bonham Commander

Mr R. Morrison 1st Mate

Mr Morris 2 Do

Mr Sedgwick 3 Do

Mr Lloyd 4 Do

Mr Godfrey 5 Do

Mr Juttle 6 Do

Mr Dobbie Gunner

Mr Welch Boatswain

Mr Smith Carpenter

Mr Shutz Purser

Mr Thomson Surgeon

Jos: Watts Caulker

John Anson Sailmaker

Wm Hook Capt’s Cook

John Hills Do Steward

John Lane Ships Do

Benjn Milley Capt’s 2d Mate

Robt Mackruder Do Do

Wm Burg Boats Do

John Holtam Gunr Do

Jn Higginton Caulkt Do

Chs Banes Butcher Do

Cooper wood and Poulterer Do

Joshua Hoye Taylor Do

Wm Bowers St Master Do

Nicl Anderson Do

Tho Chatton

John Wokes

Benjn Bishop Muship?

Edwd Follett

Rd Hovelland

Robt Shipmand Master

Alexander 2 Do Do

Baptisto surgeon Do

Rd Jeffrey Gunner Do

Jno Perry Capt? Do

J Carpenter Boats Do

Robt Steward Capt’s Do

Robt Clouley Caulker

Robt Keyshaw

Wm Smith

The account of goods short delivered from the Scarborough followed.
1 hundredweight 22 of rice, short weight
2 hundredweight 12 of sugar
1 leaguer arrack, gauge 151, wanting 13½ gallons to fill
1 third of a leaguer, gauge 47½, wanting 14½ gallons
1 third, gauge 18½, wanting 6 gallons
1 third, gauge 50½, wanting 5½ gallons
Total 300½, wanting 41½
Received 259 gallons

The account was subscribed by M. Stirling, storekeeper, on 18 December 1752. Lieutenant John Clark then reported that he had gone aboard the Scarborough to muster her company and enquire for deserters, finding none. The muster roll of the Scarborough followed.
Pinson Bonham, commander
R. Morrison, first mate
Morris, second mate
Sedgwick, third mate
Lloyd, fourth mate
Godfrey, fifth mate
Juttle, sixth mate
Dobbie, gunner
Welch, boatswain
Smith, carpenter
Shutz, purser
Thomson, surgeon
Joseph Watts, caulker
John Anson, sailmaker
William Hook, captain's cook
John Hills, captain's steward
John Lane, ship's steward
Benjamin Milley, captain's second mate
Robert Mackruder, captain's second mate
William Burg, boatswain's mate
John Holtam, gunner's mate
John Higginton, caulker's mate
Charles Banes, butcher
Cooperwood, poulterer
Joshua Hoye, tailor
William Bowers, master
Nicholas Anderson, seaman
Thomas Chatton, seaman
John Wokes, seaman
Benjamin Bishop, midshipman
Edward Follett, seaman
Richard Hovelland, seaman
Robert Shipmand, master
Alexander, second master
Baptisto, surgeon's servant
Richard Jeffrey, gunner's servant
John Perry, captain's servant
J. Carpenter, boatswain's servant
Robert Steward, captain's servant
Robert Clouley, caulker
Robert Keyshaw, seaman
William Smith, seaman

Interpretations

The short-delivery account gauged each arrack leaguer to show the gallons wanting, so the Company was charged only for what the casks truly held. The muster followed the routine desertion check, the roll setting out the ship's officers and tradesmen in the usual order.

450

448

Wm Nichol Seaman D
Tho Bayley Do
Locker Surver Do
Wm Richards Do
I Adam Stevoni Do
Adam Whitfield Do
Wm Thomson Do
John Malstrom Do
Tho Goodlas Do
David Haws Do
Geo Loudor Do
Rd Philip Do
John Giter Do
John Gunneon Do
Rd Skinney Do
Cha Duplacy Do
Geo Moount Do
Mich Spurling Do
Abrah Samwell Do
John Hanny Do
Wm Winton Do
Wm Mollenew Seaman Do
Nick Moody Do
David Croft Do
J Waters Do
Mart: Clue Do
Isa: Signolte Do
Anth: Barnard Do
Lew Internall Do
Regair Do
John Gannier Do
John Davis Do
Leccars
John Demells
John Andrew
Anty Gomez
Jos: Newton
Mathew Cravallo
John Servos
Jos: Rosaro
Pedro Rosaro
Chief Driller
Jos Amparo
Ambt Defosla
Tho Too
Gustan Fransancisco
Mark Silver
Andr Corsarte
Duya De Mort
Edn Ducooo
Anty Rosaro
Mich Silver
Borchall Rosaro
J. Silers
Aaron
Philippo
Phil Bacon
John Lane
Robins
Ant: Navaro 2
Wm McUland Surgeon
Wm Kave Seaman
Wm Suttom Riden

Belisted James Leg to serve the Honble Company as a soldier for five years at L10 County Money

M[rs] Samuel Desfontaines presented the following
Petition Vizt 8

To the Worshipful Charles Hutchinson Esq Governor &ca Council of St Helena
The humble Petition of Samuel Desfontains

Sheweth

The muster roll of the Scarborough continued with the remaining crew.
William Nichol, seaman
Thomas Bayley, seaman
Locker Surver, seaman
William Richards, seaman
Adam Stevoni, seaman
Adam Whitfield, seaman
William Thomson, seaman
John Malstrom, seaman
Thomas Goodlas, seaman
David Haws, seaman
George Loudor, seaman
Richard Philip, seaman
John Giter, seaman
John Gunneon, seaman
Richard Skinney, seaman
Charles Duplacy, seaman
George Moount, seaman
Michael Spurling, seaman
Abraham Samwell, seaman
John Hanny, seaman
William Winton, seaman
William Mollenew, seaman
Nick Moody, seaman
David Croft, seaman
J. Waters, seaman
Martin Clue, seaman
Isaac Signolte, seaman
Anthony Barnard, seaman
Lewis Internall, seaman
Regair, seaman
John Gannier, seaman
John Davis, seaman

Lascars: John Demells; John Andrew; Anthony Gomez; Joseph Newton; Mathew Cravallo; John Servos; Joseph Rosaro; Pedro Rosaro; chief driller Joseph Amparo; Ambrose Defosla; Thomas Too; Gustan Fransancisco; Mark Silver; Andrew Corsarte; Duya De Mort; Edn Ducooo; Anthony Rosaro; Michael Silver; Borchall Rosaro; J. Silers; Aaron; Philippo; Phil Bacon; John Lane; Robins; Anthony Navaro; William McUland, surgeon; William Kave, seaman; William Suttom, seaman

The Council enlisted James Legg to serve the Company as a soldier for five years at £10 bounty money. Samuel Desfountain then presented a petition addressed to the Governor and Council.

Interpretations

The lower half of the roll, and the long list of lascars at its foot, show the strongly Asian and Portuguese make-up of a Bengal ship's crew, the country-trade hands engaged for the voyage. The enlistment of a soldier at the full £10 bounty, entered among the ship's business, marks a European recruit taken at the standard price against the natives enlisted without bounty.

451

449

18 December 1752
The Island, to go to India, by the Honble Companys next Shore Ship
& having twenty three Acres & an half of Freehold Land, most
humbly prays, that your Worship & Council will be pleased to grant
him Liberty to dispose of his Right to the same, unto Mr Samuel Henry.
And your Petitioner as in duty bound will ever pray
Signed
Samuel Desfontains

Granted.
Cha: Hutchinson
John Clark:

A Consultation held on Tuesday the 2d day of January 1753
at the Plantation House.

Present Charles Hutchinson Esq Governor
Lieut. John Clark of Council

The last Consultation was read, approved and signed, dated the
18th December 1752
Wednesday the 20th Sailed the Honble Companys Ship Scarbrough for England

Mr Richard Bagley having applyed to us for liberty
to enclose a small parcel of the Honble Companys waste Land, lying in
the West Division of this Island, which is almost barren, & only designed
for the convenience of fencing

Ordered the said Land to be viewed.
Cha: Hutchinson
John Clark:

Samuel Desfountain's petition, dated 18 December 1752, set out that he intended to go to India by the Company's next ship, and having 23½ acres of freehold land, most humbly prayed that the Council grant him liberty to dispose of his right to it unto Samuel Henry. The Council granted the request. The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson and John Clark. The Governor and Council then met in consultation at the Plantation House on Tuesday 2 January 1752/53, with Governor Charles Hutchinson and Lieutenant John Clark of the Council present. The Council read the previous consultation of 18 December 1752, then approved and signed it. The Company's ship Scarborough had sailed for England on Wednesday 20 December 1752. Richard Bagley having applied to enclose a small parcel of the Company's waste land in the West division, almost barren and only fit for the convenience of fencing, the Council ordered the land viewed. The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson and John Clark.

Interpretations

Desfountain's petition to sell his freehold before going to India shows a departing settler liquidating his land, the freehold assignable with the Council's leave unlike the leaseholds held only for a term. The application to enclose barren waste land for fencing shows the board's leave sought even for the poorest ground, every parcel of the Company's land passing under its control.

452

450

A Consultation held on Monday the 8th day of January 1753 at the Plantation House
Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Govr Lieut John Clark of Council
The last Consultation was read approved and signed dated the 2d January 1753.
Ordered an Advertisement to be published requiring the Planters to send into the Secretary’s Office forthwith an exact & signed Account of the Number of Cattle they intend for Slaughter the ensuing year.

The Plantation Gunners, and Stewards Accounts for the Month of December last, were this day brought in which were examined, and approved, and are as follow Vizt.

The Governor and Council met in consultation at the Plantation House on 8 January 1752/53. Governor Charles Hutchinson presided, with Lieutenant John Clark of the Council present. The Council read the previous consultation of 2 January 1752/53, then approved and signed it. The Council ordered an advertisement published requiring the planters to send into the secretary's office forthwith an exact and signed account of the number of cattle they intended for slaughter the coming year. The plantation, gunner's and steward's accounts for December 1752 were brought in this day, which the Council examined and approved.

Interpretations

The call for an account of the cattle intended for slaughter shows the Council planning the island's meat supply a year ahead, the returns letting it reckon what fresh provision would be available for the garrison and shipping. Requiring a signed account from each planter gave the board a firm measure of the coming year's slaughter on which to plan.

453

451

Account of the Honble Companys Stock of Neat Cattle &ca for the Month of December 1752

Neat Cattle, Sheep, Goats, Hogs, Poultry, Horses

Bulls, Cows, Calves, Yearlings, Heifers, Steers, Bullocks, Oxen, Total, Ewes, Wethers, Lambs, Rams, Total, Ewes, Wethers, Kids, Rams, Total, Sows, Boars, Piggs, Boars, Total, Turkeys, Fowls, Ducks, Geese, Horses, Mares, Total

Rem Ye 1: Bulls 4, Cows 75, Calves 40, Yearlings 24, Heifers 16, Steers 33, Bullocks 2, Oxen 11, Total 205, Ewes 139, Wethers 51, Lambs 47, Rams 6, Total 243, Ewes 99, Wethers 9, Kids 20, Rams 4, Total 132, Sows 5, Boars 12, Piggs 14, Boars 1, Total 32, Turkeys 15, Fowls 220, Ducks 66, Geese 24, Horses 6, Mares 5, Total 11

Increase: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 1, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Bullocks 0, Oxen 1, Total 0, Ewes 0, Wethers 0, Lambs 1, Rams 0, Total 1, Ewes 0, Wethers 0, Kids 6, Rams 0, Total 6, Sows 0, Boars 0, Piggs 5, Boars 0, Total 5, Turkeys 0, Fowls 60, Ducks 30, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0

Bulls 4, Cows 75, Calves 41, Yearlings 24, Heifers 16, Steers 33, Bullocks 2, Oxen 11, Total 206, Ewes 139, Wethers 51, Lambs 48, Rams 6, Total 244, Ewes 99, Wethers 9, Kids 26, Rams 4, Total 138, Sows 5, Boars 12, Piggs 19, Boars 1, Total 37, Turkeys 15, Fowls 280, Ducks 96, Geese 24, Horses 6, Mares 5, Total 11

Killed: Bulls 1, Cows 0, Calves 0, Yearlings 2, Heifers 1, Steers 0, Bullocks 0, Oxen 4, Total 0, Ewes 2, Wethers 7, Lambs 0, Rams 0, Total 9, Ewes 2, Wethers 2, Kids 0, Rams 0, Total 4, Sows 0, Boars 1, Piggs 0, Boars 0, Total 1, Turkeys 1, Fowls 14, Ducks 7, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0

Died: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 0, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Bullocks 0, Oxen 0, Total 0, Ewes 1, Wethers 0, Lambs 1, Rams 0, Total 1, Ewes 0, Wethers 0, Kids 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Sows 0, Boars 2, Piggs 0, Boars 0, Total 2, Turkeys 0, Fowls 3, Ducks 3, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0

Killed by dogs: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 0, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Bullocks 1, Oxen 0, Total 0, Ewes 0, Wethers 0, Lambs 1, Rams 0, Total 1, Ewes 0, Wethers 0, Kids 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Sows 0, Boars 0, Piggs 0, Boars 0, Total 0, Turkeys 0, Fowls 0, Ducks 0, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0

Rem Ye 31: Bulls 3, Cows 75, Calves 41, Yearlings 24, Heifers 14, Steers 32, Bullocks 2, Oxen 11, Total 202, Ewes 136, Wethers 44, Lambs 47, Rams 6, Total 233, Ewes 97, Wethers 7, Kids 26, Rams 4, Total 134, Sows 5, Boars 11, Piggs 17, Boars 1, Total 34, Turkeys 14, Fowls 263, Ducks 86, Geese 24, Horses 6, Mares 5, Total 11

Beef to the Scarborough 560

A Bull for the Slaves at Christmas as usual 640

Yams Expended 6000

(Signed)

Richard Gurling

The Company's stock of cattle and other livestock for the month of December 1752 was accounted as follows, with the number remaining on 1 December, the increase, the losses to slaughter, to natural death and to dogs, and the number left standing on 31 December.

Remaining, 1st: 4 bulls, 75 cows, 40 calves, 24 yearlings, 16 heifers, 33 steers, 2 bullocks, 11 oxen, 205 cattle total; 139 ewes, 51 wethers, 47 lambs, 6 rams, 243 sheep total; 99 ewes, 9 wethers, 20 kids, 4 rams, 132 goats total; 5 sows, 12 shoats, 14 pigs, 1 boar, 32 hogs total; 15 turkeys, 220 fowls, 66 ducks, 24 geese poultry; 6 horses, 5 mares, 11 horses total

Increase: 1 calf; 1 lamb, 1 sheep total; 6 kids, 6 goats total; 5 pigs, 5 hogs total; 60 fowls, 30 ducks

Subtotal: 4 bulls, 75 cows, 41 calves, 24 yearlings, 16 heifers, 33 steers, 2 bullocks, 11 oxen, 206 cattle total; 139 ewes, 51 wethers, 48 lambs, 6 rams, 244 sheep total; 99 ewes, 9 wethers, 26 kids, 4 rams, 138 goats total; 5 sows, 12 shoats, 19 pigs, 1 boar, 37 hogs total; 15 turkeys, 280 fowls, 96 ducks, 24 geese poultry; 6 horses, 5 mares, 11 horses total

Killed: 1 bull; 2 yearlings, 1 heifer, 4 oxen; 2 wethers, 7 lambs, 9 sheep total; 2 ewes, 2 wethers, 4 goats total; 1 pig, 1 hog total; 1 turkey, 14 fowls, 7 ducks

Died: 1 lamb, 1 sheep total; 1 goat total; 2 shoats, 2 hogs total; 3 fowls, 3 ducks

Killed by dogs: 1 lamb, 1 sheep total; 1 goat total

Remaining, 31st: 3 bulls, 75 cows, 41 calves, 24 yearlings, 14 heifers, 32 steers, 2 bullocks, 11 oxen, 202 cattle total; 136 ewes, 44 wethers, 47 lambs, 6 rams, 233 sheep total; 97 ewes, 7 wethers, 26 kids, 4 rams, 134 goats total; 5 sows, 11 shoats, 17 pigs, 1 boar, 34 hogs total; 14 turkeys, 263 fowls, 86 ducks, 24 geese poultry; 6 horses, 5 mares, 11 horses total

Beef to the Scarborough: 560

A bull for the slaves at Christmas, as usual: 640

Yams expended: 6,000

The account was signed by Richard Gurling.

Interpretations

The slaughter of a bull, oxen and other cattle this month, heavier than in the preceding accounts, reflects the demands of the season, with beef supplied to a ship in the road and the customary Christmas bull killed for the slaves. The note that the Christmas bull was given as usual marks it as a fixed yearly observance, the Company providing fresh meat to its bond labourers at the festival as a settled part of their maintenance rather than an occasional bounty.

The 560lb of beef supplied to the Scarborough shows the island victualling the shipping that called, the Company's herds serving not only the settlement's table but the provisioning of vessels on passage, for which the fresh meat of St Helena was a valued resource on long voyages.

Yams expended fell sharply to 6,000 this month from the 20,000 of November, a marked drop against the steady draw of the preceding accounts. The reduction perhaps reflects the state of the yam grounds in the southern-hemisphere summer, the crop drawn down or the plots between harvests, so that the settlement leaned less on the store for the month while other provision was to hand.

454

452

Gunners Stores Expended in December 1752

Powder Round, Powder Round, 3 Pounders, 2 Pounders, Powder Quantity Expended

8 Powder for Scaling the Guns at Sandy Bay: Powder Round 0, Powder Round 0, 3 Pounders 0, 2 Pounders 0, Powder Quantity Expended 30.8

11 Alarm: Powder Round 6, Powder Round 2, 3 Pounders 2, 2 Pounders 0, Powder Quantity Expended 12

Do Arrived the Scarborough Capt Bonham returned Salute: Powder Round 9, Powder Round 0, 3 Pounders 9, 2 Pounders 0, Powder Quantity Expended 9

Do Powder for Priming: Powder Round 0, Powder Round 0, 3 Pounders 0, 2 Pounders 0, Powder Quantity Expended 1.8

13 Powder for Scaling the Guns at Banks: Powder Round 0, Powder Round 0, 3 Pounders 0, 2 Pounders 0, Powder Quantity Expended 20

15 Powder for Scaling the Guns at Ruperts: Powder Round 0, Powder Round 0, 3 Pounders 0, 2 Pounders 0, Powder Quantity Expended 33

20 Departed the Scarborough returned the Salutes: Powder Round 9, Powder Round 0, 3 Pounders 9, 2 Pounders 0, Powder Quantity Expended 9

Do Powder for Priming: Powder Round 0, Powder Round 0, 3 Pounders 0, 2 Pounders 0, Powder Quantity Expended 1.8

21 Powder for Scaling the Guns on the Line: Powder Round 0, Powder Round 0, 3 Pounders 0, 2 Pounders 0, Powder Quantity Expended 12.8

22 Powder for Scaling the Guns at Mundens Point: Powder Round 0, Powder Round 0, 3 Pounders 0, 2 Pounders 0, Powder Quantity Expended 14.8

Powder for Signals: Powder Round 0, Powder Round 0, 3 Pounders 0, 2 Pounders 0, Powder Quantity Expended 4

Total: Powder Round 24, Powder Round 2, 3 Pounders 2, 2 Pounders 18, Powder Quantity Expended 173.12

Paper for the use of the Castle

1 quire

Paper for the use of the Docter

1 quire

Do for making Great Gun Cartridges

3 quire

Handspikes broke at the Main Fort & out Forts

6

Rammer Heads broke at Ruperts

2

Bitts broke at Do

2

Barge Barrels broke at Do

1

Bitts broke at Mundens

1

Moscovy Lights worn out at Mundens

1

Sheep Skins for repairing the Spunges at the

Main Fort & out Forts

10

Trunk Nails for Do

316

Tallow for Greasing the Maul

6

Do for Greasing the Gun Carriages at the out Forts

24

Bitts broke at the Main Fort

1

(Signed)

Thos Hall

Gunner's stores expended in December 1752 appeared under the columns for powder used, shot fired, powder for saluting, powder for priming and total rounds expended.

8th, powder for scaling the guns at Sandy Bay: 0 powder, 0 shot, 0 saluting, 0 priming, 30lb 8oz rounds

11th, alarm: 6 powder, 2 shot, 2 saluting, 0 priming, 24lb 12oz rounds

[same day], arrival of the Scarborough, Captain Bonham, returned the salute: 9 powder, 0 shot, 9 saluting, 0 priming, 9 rounds

[same day], powder for priming: 0 powder, 0 shot, 0 saluting, 0 priming, 1lb 8oz rounds

13th, powder for scaling the guns at Banks's: 0 powder, 0 shot, 0 saluting, 0 priming, 20 rounds

15th, powder for scaling the guns at Rupert's: 0 powder, 0 shot, 0 saluting, 0 priming, 33 rounds

20th, departure of the Scarborough, returned the salute: 9 powder, 0 shot, 9 saluting, 0 priming, 9 rounds

[same day], powder for priming: 0 powder, 0 shot, 0 saluting, 0 priming, 1lb 8oz rounds

21st, powder for scaling the guns on the Line: 0 powder, 0 shot, 0 saluting, 0 priming, 12lb 8oz rounds

22nd, powder for scaling the guns at Munden's Point: 0 powder, 0 shot, 0 saluting, 0 priming, 14lb 8oz rounds

[same day], powder for signals: 0 powder, 0 shot, 0 saluting, 0 priming, 4 rounds

Total: 24 powder, 2 shot, 18 saluting, 2 priming, 173lb 12oz rounds

Further stores expended over the month followed.

Paper for the use of the Castle: 1 quire

Paper for the use of the doctor: 1 quire

Paper for making great gun cartridges: 3 quires

Handspikes broke at the Main Fort and outforts: 6

Rammer heads broke at Rupert's: 2

Bills broke at Rupert's: 2

Barge barrels broke at Rupert's: 1

Bills broke at Munden's: 1

Muscovy lights worn out at Munden's: 1

Sheepskins for repairing the sponges at the Main Fort and outforts: 10

French nails for repairing the sponges: 316

Tallow for greasing the maul: 6lb

Tallow for greasing the gun carriages at the outforts: 24lb

Bills broke at the Main Fort: 1

The account was signed by Thomas Hall.

Interpretations

The month's firing was dominated by the scaling of guns across the island's batteries in turn, at Sandy Bay, Banks's, Rupert's, the Line, Munden's Point and elsewhere, a systematic working through of the ordnance to clear the bores of rust and fouling. This concentrated maintenance across every position, entered battery by battery, shows the garrison overhauling its whole defensive line within the single month, the heaviest such programme in the run of these accounts.

The arrival and departure of the Scarborough under Captain Bonham each drew a salute of nine guns returned, the courtesies of the road exchanged with a Company ship, while the alarm on 11 December expended shot as well as powder. Muscovy lights were sheets of muscovite mica, a mineral that split into thin transparent leaves used as a durable glazing in lanterns and gunports where glass was fragile, and the one worn out at Munden's shows this material serving the batteries where ordinary glass would not last.

Bills were the heavy hooked cutting blades kept at the forts for clearing brush and cutting timber, and their repeated breakage across Rupert's, Munden's and the Main Fort shows the constant labour of keeping the gun positions and their approaches clear of the island's growth. The 316 French nails issued for repairing sponges, together with sheepskins for the same, marks the continual refitting of the gun swabs whose leather and timber wore out in service.

455

453

1753

Sundrys Expended at the Honble Companys General Table

in the Month of December 1752 Viz

21 Bottle Port Wine

1 11 6

31 Do Lisbon

2 6 6

7 Do Madera

16 ½

75 Do Arrack

2 5 3¾

15 Do Beer

11 3

200 Flour

1 11 3

307 Beef

1 19 3¾

2½ Pork

3 16 9

220½ Mutton

11

105 Goat

4 11 10½

14 Fowls

1 13

7 Ducks

1 1

1 Turkey

10 6

14 lb Salt Pork

5

150 Candy

1 8

32 Butter

1 9 9½

1 12

26 10 0½

Chas Hutchinson

John Clark

Sundries expended at the Company's general table in the month of December 1752 ran as follows.

21 bottles of port wine, £1 11s 6d

31 bottles of Lisbon, £2 6s 6d

7 bottles of Madeira, £0 16s 2½d

75 bottles of arrack, £2 5s 3¾d

15 bottles of beer, £0 11s 3d

200lb flour, £1 10s 3¾d

307lb beef, £3 16s 9d

2½lb pork, £0 11s 0d

220½lb mutton, £4 11s 10½d

105lb goat, £1 13s 0d

14 fowls, £1 1s 0d

7 ducks, £0 10s 6d

1 turkey, £0 5s 0d

14lb salt pork, £1 8s 0d

15lb candy, £1 9s 9½d

32lb butter, £1 12s 0d

Total: £26 10s 0¾d

Charles Hutchinson and John Clark signed.

Interpretations

The December table ran to the largest charge yet at over £26, with mutton once more the heaviest single item and beef close behind, the two together carrying the bulk of the account as fresh flesh from the Company's herds continued to dominate the settlement's provision. Goat rose sharply to 105lb this month against the 23lb of November, reflecting the heavier draw on the goat herd recorded in the livestock account, the flesh now a regular part of the table rather than an occasional supply. Arrack again led the drink in quantity at 75 bottles, the everyday spirit of the table well ahead of the wines taken in smaller measure.

456

454

A Consultation held on Monday the 15th day of January 1753 at the Plantation House
Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governor Lieutenant John Clark of Council
The last Consultation was read, approved, and signed, dated the 8th January 1753

The Accountant reports that the general Books of Accompts for the year ending the 31st October 1752 are copied and are Examining.

Executed two Leases Granted in Consultation of the 30th October last, to the Executors of Mr John Bazett Deceased

Joseph Long Soldier Native of this Island petitioned for his Discharge from the Garrison, having served the Honble Company his contracted time.

Granted

Counted and Examined the Honble Companys Cash for the Month of December last, which is as follows Vizt.

The Governor and Council met in consultation at the Plantation House on 15 January 1752/53. Governor Charles Hutchinson presided, with Lieutenant John Clark of the Council present. The Council read the previous consultation of 8 January 1752/53, then approved and signed it. The accountant reported that the general books of account for the year ending 31 October 1752 were copied and being examined. Two leases granted in consultation of 30 October 1752 to the executors of the late John Bazett were executed. Joseph Long, a soldier and native of the island, petitioned for his discharge, having served the Company his contracted time, which the Council granted. The Council then counted and examined the Company's cash for December 1752.

Interpretations

The copying and examining of the year's books shows the Council completing the fair record of the accounts to be sent home, the audit closing the financial year. The discharge of a native soldier at the end of his term shows the island's own men serving out their contracts and returning to civil life as others enlisted.

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Cash
1752 Decr 31st To Balance remaining 5310 9 9 1/2
By Ship Scarborough the Balance of her Accompt 19 16 6 1/2

5330 6 1/2

By Balance remaining in the following species Vizt

46.. 13 1/2
13.. 11 1/2
85.. ..
18.. ..
2560.. 2722 12 9

Gold Amounting to
7257 Dollars 1814.. 5
1517 Rials @ 17 1/2 47.. 8 1/2
12038 half Rials @ 8 3/4 202.. 6 3
431 French pieces @ 1/2 3.. 3 6
Old Money 5.. 8 1/2
2806 18 7

Silver Amounting to -
146 Cash Notes @ 40 292
162 Do @ 20 162
263 Do @ 5 65 15
160 Do @ 1 20

539 15..

5330 6 1/4

Cha. Hutchinson
John Clark

The Company's cash account for December 1752 opened with the sums received.
On 31 December, balance remaining, £5,310 9s 9½d
By the ship Scarborough, the balance of her account, £19 16s 6½d
Total, £5,330 6s 4d
The account showed on the credit side the balance remaining in the following species, the coin as weight and value.
1 gold, £46 1s 8½d
1 gold, £13 11s 0½d
70 Venetians, £85 0s 0d
12 rupees, £18 0s 0d
6,400 pagodas, £2,560 0s 0d
Gold amounting to £2,722 12s 9d
7,257 dollars, £1,814 5s 0d
1,517 rials at 17½d, £47 8s 0½d
12,038 half rials at 8¾d, £202 6s 3d
431 French pieces at 1s 2d, £3 3s 6d
Old money, £5 8s 0½d
Silver amounting to £2,806 18s 7d
146 cash notes at 40, £292 0s 0d
162 cash notes at 20, £162 0s 0d
263 cash notes at 5, £65 15s 0d
160 cash notes at 1, £20 0s 0d
Cash notes amounting to £539 15s 0d
Total, £5,330 6s 4d
The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson and John Clark.

Speculations

The stated subtotals for gold, silver and cash notes do not add to the total as the figures stand, and several coin lines cannot be squared against their stated rates. The account was carried as written without arithmetical correction, so the discrepancy is recorded but not resolved.

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A consultation held on Monday the 22d day of January 1753 at the Plantation House.
Present Charles Hutchinson Esq Govr Lieutenant John Clark of Council
The last consultation was read approved and signed dated the 15th January 1753
The Acre of Land Petitioned for by Mr Isaac Lungren in Consultation of the 11th December
last having been viewed and found to be no ways prejudicial to the Honorable Company or
Neighbourhood we directed a Lease to be drawn for it he paying the usual Rent
The Land Petitioned for by Mr Richard Bagley in Consultation of the 2d instant amounting
to 3 Acres having been viewed and found to be quite Barren and evening only for the
Convenience of fencing we Ordered a Lease to be drawn he paying 1/6 pr Acre for it

William Dutton who for some time past having assisted Mr Falconer in making up Medicines
for the Sick and Attending on them; there being no Surgeons Mate; having applyed to us for
an allowance for his trouble in these Respects we Agreed to allow him the Pay of a Privates
Mate to commence from the Rinstant until a Surgeons Mate arrives.
Cha. Hutchinson
John Clark

The Governor and Council met in consultation at the Plantation House on 22 January 1752/53. Governor Charles Hutchinson presided, with Lieutenant John Clark of the Council present. The Council read the previous consultation of 15 January 1752/53, then approved and signed it. The acre of land petitioned for by Isaac Knipe in consultation of 11 December 1752, having been viewed and found no ways prejudicial to the Company or the neighbourhood, the Council directed a lease to be drawn for it, he paying the usual rent. The land petitioned for by Richard Bagley in consultation of 2 January 1752/53, amounting to 3 acres, having been viewed and found quite barren and fit only for the convenience of fencing, the Council ordered a lease drawn, he paying 1s 6d per acre. William Dutton, who for some time had assisted Samuel Falconer in making up medicines for the sick and attending on them, there being no surgeon's mate, having applied for an allowance for his trouble, the Council agreed to allow him the pay of a private's mate from that day until a surgeon's mate arrived. The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson and John Clark.

Interpretations

The grant of the two parcels of viewed land shows the Council's deliberate process for letting its waste ground, each plot inspected and found harmless before a lease was drawn at the appointed rent. The allowance to Dutton for helping the surgeon shows the board making shift to keep the sick attended in the absence of a surgeon's mate, paying a soldier the mate's wage until the vacancy was filled from home.

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Blank page

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Book cover

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EAP 1364 St Helena
Document Name and Date St Helena Records
Dimensions
(height x width x depth) (cm) 47 x 33 x 6 cm
No. written pages: 457
No. blank pages: 1
Spine and cover Good Condition
Inside pages Good Condition.
Foxing throughout.
Additional comments Pages are not numbered.
Time taken to photograph
(hours) 6 hours