057 Transcription - St Helena Records 1753-1754.docx

St Helena Records 1753-1754

Introduction: This is the thirty first volume in the series of St Helena Records, which summarises the proceedings of official meetings held by the island’s Governor and Council, during which matters of government, defence, supplies, justice and discipline were discussed and recorded.

Source: Images of the original records can be viewed on the British Library’s website: https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP1364-1-1-35.

Referencing Text Locations: A dual numbering system has been adopted, combining the British Library film number with the manuscript’s original page number. These are presented in the format: British Library Film No. / Document Page No.

Text Inaccuracy: This transcription was produced by AI from handwritten document images held on the British Library's website, at about thirty pages per hour. Given the limitations described below, the text should be regarded as unreliable and used only as a search-and-find shortcut: once a relevant section has been located, it must always be checked against the source image via the hyperlinked Film Numbers listed in the main transcription table below.

Three specific problems affected the work. First, AI tends to prioritise meaning and readability at the expense of fidelity to the original, with a strong disposition to normalise spellings, expand abbreviations, and adjust grammar. It is particularly weak with unfamiliar surnames, and scrawled signatures often resist accurate transcription entirely. Transcriptions by eye of documents spanning four centuries have also shown that a single surname could be written in a wide variety of ways: the Crowie family name appears under six different spellings, and the Isaacs family name under sixteen. Searches for surnames are therefore hindered both by genuine variations in the originals and by mistranscriptions introduced by AI, and for this reason are best run phonetically. Second, the AI struggled with the late secretary hand, the script commonly used from the sixteenth to the eighteenth centuries, in which the letter S appears in a form closely resembling a trailing L. Third, occasional passages in these volumes are written in a hand so obscure or poorly formed as to be difficult to read even by eye, sometimes compounded by heavy ink bleed-through from the reverse side or by the loss of sections of pages.

To mitigate these difficulties, a strict protocol was applied to each image, requiring the AI to rely solely on clearly visible ink strokes and to flag any uncertain reading, thereby reducing the risk of inferred or invented text. Two conventions are used. [...] marks text that could not be read with confidence; this may represent a single unreadable word, a full sentence, or occasionally an entire paragraph. Square brackets around letters or words indicate a conjectural reading supplied by the transcriber: brackets around a whole word, for example [Bazett], mean the entire word was unclear and a probable reading has been supplied, while brackets around individual letters within an otherwise readable word, for example B[a]z[e]tt, mean only those specific letters were unclear in the source and the unbracketed letters were legibly present.

Content: No crossed-out sections have been transcribed. Complex tables have also been omitted, replaced instead with simple headings such as Gunner’s Account, Company Livestock Census, Store Goods sold to Inhabitants, and Government Table Expenses, among others.

Pagination:

The pages are unnumbered. Therefore, for reference purposes, the first page of the records on Film No. 7 is designated as page 1 (location 7/1), with numbering continuing sequentially through the end of the volume.

Dates: The Council's first meeting took place on 29 January 1753, with the final meeting occurring on 22 April 1754. All sessions were convened during Captain Charles Hutchinson's administration (1747-1764).

AI Generated Summary

Introduction

This account consolidates a continuous run of East India Company records for St Helena from 12 October 1752 to 22 April 1754. The island lay in the South Atlantic on the sea road between Europe and Asia, serving the Company as a place of refreshment and repair for ships homeward from India and China. The material is almost wholly administrative: quarterly stores accounts, salary lists, livestock returns, cash reckonings, ship muster rolls, invoices of China and India goods and the weekly minutes of the Governor and Council.

Most of the record can be dated closely. Quarterly accounts were drawn and signed by the storekeeper Matthew Purling and the paymaster John Clark at each reckoning, and the consultations are dated in turn. Undated passages belong to the quarter or covering consultation under which they stand.

The evidence has clear limits. Written by and for the Company to reckon money and protect the directors' interest, it records what cost or earned the Company something and passes over the rest. Ordinary soldiers, free planters and above all slaves appear only as wages paid, rations issued or property lost. Governor Charles Hutchinson held the post from 1747 to 1764, presiding across the whole period, his tenure noted for attention to crops and livestock and for drawing the island's law nearer to England's. [Film No. 260, 296]

Governance and Administration

Government rested on the Governor and a small Council meeting weekly, usually on a Monday, at the Castle in James Town or the Plantation House. On 29 January 1752/1753 Hutchinson sat with Lieutenant John Fleetwood Hamilton, and through February and March 1753 with Lieutenant John Clark. Each consultation opened by reading and signing the previous minute. This body carried the whole civil weight of the settlement, from land grants to livestock to the examination of accounts. [Film No. 258, 259, 262]

Its central discipline was the quarterly audit. The stores account signed on 29 January 1752/1753 required both storekeeper and paymaster to bring their books before the Council for scrutiny and signature, setting one man's figures against another's. On 29 October 1753 the paymaster brought his accounts and the storekeeper his collections for the quarter ending 11 October 1753, examined and approved before entry. [Film No. 262, 274, 279]

Stores were charged against the use they served, divided under general charges, petty expenses, fortification, garrison, plantation, hospital and boats charges, with a further account charged to the slaves. Each line named its department, the armourer, bakehouse, masons or the guard at Lemon Valley, tracing every gallon of oil and pound of nails to the work it supported. [Film No. 293, 297, 301, 302]

Purling closed the great stores account on 11 January 1752/1753 subscribed errors excepted, and used the same saving clause on 11 October 1753. [Film No. 302]

The Walpole arrived from England on 21 March 1753, bringing Lieutenant John Adamson as Lieutenant Governor. His landing about eleven o'clock, with Captain Francis Fowler, was marked with a salute of 15 guns, above the nine given an arriving ship, and thereafter he sat between the Governor and Clark. His salary was £250 a year from 21 March 1752/1753, with diet money from the same day. [Film No. 63, 97, 120]

The same packet reset the Council's agenda from London. On 29 March 1753 the assembled planters heard the directors' pleasure on named settlers: Joseph Kendale was permitted to resign his adjutancy, and William Wornum was appointed to assist in the secretary's office. [Film No. 70]

When master gunner Thomas Hall petitioned on 7 May 1753 for the yearly gratuity of £30 allowed for instructing the artillery company, the Council acknowledged he alone had taught but refused him, the money being due to a Mr Clarke by the directors' general letter of 10 January 1742/1743, carried by the Somerset. [Film No. 149]

On 9 July 1753 the Council agreed to state to the Court of Directors the disputed inheritance of the leaseholder Gabriel Harper, referring contested questions of law and custom upward rather than settling them itself. [Film No. 172]

The office of Lieutenant Governor passed between Adamson and John Dumaresq through late 1753. Dumaresq first signed in that place in the cash account cast on 11 October 1753 and continued through November, before Adamson's signature returned on 3 December 1753. [Film No. 319, 332]

By February 1754 the board had settled into its familiar three, Hutchinson with Adamson and Clark, who also served as paymaster and mustering officer. The consultations of 4, 11, 18 and 25 February 1753/1754 and the run from 4 March to 22 April 1754 kept the settled form. The Grantham reached the island on 30 March 1754 with a packet from the directors, read and made known to the settlers named on 1 April 1754. [Film No. 396, 431, 432, 443]

Military Affairs and Defence

Defence rested wholly on the shore batteries, St Helena offering no sheltered harbour, only an exposed road where an enemy might land at several bays. The salary list of the quarter ending 11 January 1752/1753 sets out the garrison: four numbered companies of foot, each under a lieutenant and second lieutenant with sergeants, corporals, a drummer and private sentinels, together with a separate Artillery Company. [Film No. 36, 264, 266, 270]

The artillery ranked in descending skill: under master gunner Thomas Hale came the gunners' mates, quarter gunners, and at the foot the matrosses. Lieutenant John Clark of the First Company drew £7 10s 0d for instructing the gunner, over and above his salary. [Film No. 36, 272, 273, 298]

The garrison wasted and was made good by constant enlistment. The clothing account of the quarter ending 11 January 1752/1753 fitted out five new sentinels, each given a hat, shirt, blanket, coat, breeches and shoes. Part-quarter pay tracks the losses: James Castthorpe served 27 October to 7 December 1752, Godfrey Bougan was discharged on 23 October 1752, and John Lee moved into the Artillery Company on 17 December 1752. [Film No. 24, 29, 34]

Discipline gave recurring trouble. Stephen Herbert, second lieutenant to the First Company, had often passed nights in the country while Clark, its commander, was also absent, leaving the men without a commissioned officer. On 21 January 1752/1753 Hutchinson, with Clark as witness, ordered that an officer of each company must sleep where it was quartered. Herbert defied the order within hours, was reprimanded before the Council and warned that a repetition would be answered otherwise. [Film No. 43, 44]

On the paymaster's account for the quarter ending 11 January 1752/1753 John Allis was paid for coming to give an account of a ship to windward, evidence of coastal lookouts. The garrison charges of 29 January 1752/1753 issued train oil to the several guards to light the coastal watch through the night. [Film No. 23, 39]

The weather threatened the works as much as any enemy. On the Tuesday before 22 February 1752/1753 heavy rain near Banks's sent a torrent down the valley and badly damaged the lower gun platform. The Council hired labourers to speed repair, and on 27 February 1752/1753 paid a gang a day-rate for repaving the lower battery. [Film No. 50, 135]

For the month ending 11 March 1753 the batteries fired 81 guns and expended 133 lb 8 oz of powder in salutes and alarms. On 12 March 1753 a shotted gun was fired at Banks to bring a Dutch ship to. The same month gunners renewed rammer and sponge heads at the Main Fort and Prosperous Bay, bound sheepskins to the sponge heads and broke handspikes at three works; priming powder charged at Banks from 2 April 1752 was only now brought to account. [Film No. 61, 62, 97]

For the month ending 11 April 1753 the tally rose to 209 guns and 313 lb 8 oz of powder as the homeward fleet gathered. Ten old cannon were shipped aboard the Walpole about 25 April 1753, each surveyed for holes in the chamber, flaws at the trunnions and honeycombing of the bore. [Film No. 97, 98]

The fortification account for the quarter to 11 April 1753 paid for painting the gun carriages with white lead, blacking and red lead against the salt air, for shovels, spades and pickaxes, and for red, white and blue bunting for the great ensign over the works. The gunners' account for 12 April to 11 May 1753 recorded 147 rounds, almost all from the light 4-pounders, and on 8 May 1753 six great guns at the Main Fort were scaled. [Film No. 116, 153]

By 21 May 1753 a gun carriage was condemned worn out, sponge and rammer heads had broken at Banks and the Main Fort, and the flags at the Sugar Loaf and Alarm House were struck as ruined by wind and salt; firkin hoops were issued to mend the powder barrels. [Film No. 154]

The gunners' account for 12 May to 11 June 1753 records eight 4-pounders fired at Rupert's with shot for practice and over 33 lb of powder spent by recruits at exercise. The next month the guns at Sandy Bay and Turk's Cap were scaled; in the month to 11 July 1753 powder was issued to shoot wild cats in the Great Wood. [Film No. 165, 183, 184]

On 22 June 1753 the batteries fired 21 guns for the King's accession, with muskets besides. [Film No. 183]

The gunners' account for the month ending 11 August 1753 recorded 51 guns and 72 lb 8 oz of powder, chiefly saluting the Bombay Castle, Pelham and Chesterfield, answered with the 2-pounder guns. [Film No. 239]

A consultation of 10 September 1753 recorded a very high sea, beyond living memory, that damaged the old battery at Sandy Bay, washed away the crane and began to penetrate the magazine, spoiling a few cartridges; the Council rewarded the artillery company and guard 2s 6d each for lashing the works secure, and 21 lb of powder was entered damaged. The account for the month ending 11 September 1753 recorded over 230 lb of powder fired exercising with small arms. [Film No. 245, 250]

On 10 September 1753 the Council noted the men's coats almost wasted after upwards of nine years, and agreed to make one for each man from deal canvas. Worn ordnance and furniture were struck on 8 October 1753, including 10 cartridge cases, four Muscovy lights, a sledge carriage and spare sides, a bolster and two feather beds. [Film No. 245, 254]

The gunners' account for 12 September to 11 October 1753 records the guard house at Lemon Valley washed away and its battery damaged by torrent, and a breastwork at Break Neck Valley, with two swivel guns, harmed likewise. Hutchinson and the Council employed soldiers to repair the works, and the paymaster rewarded some of the artillery and guard £1 2s 6d for freeing the magazine of water. [Film No. 261, 279]

The paymaster's account for the quarter ending 11 October 1753 paid Abram Burrus £10 to enlist for five years, the standard term, and John Sacks £16 to enlist for eight. The establishment tracked men day by day: John Bradley was discharged on 24 August 1753, John Gilbert on 14 July 1753, and Anthony Day was a quarter gunner until 15 September 1753 and a matross thereafter. [Film No. 275, 271, 273]

Gunner Thomas Hall's account for the month to 11 November 1753 recorded 21 guns for the King's birthday, nine to greet the Oxford, and 19 for the arrival of Governor Lawrence with an alarm of six the same day; powder was also spent blasting rock for a path and breaking limestone. Three gun carriages were condemned that month. [Film No. 326, 342]

In the month to 11 January 1753/1754 double alarms were raised at Munden's Point and the fort on 22 and 23 December 1753 as ships approached, salutes then exchanged with the Hector and Godolphin; a single sponge lost at Munden's Point was entered on the account. [Film No. 353, 354]

Time-served men were discharged on request: Robert Vickers and Edward Cullimore on 19 November 1753, Thomas London on 3 December 1753 and John Watkins on 31 December 1753. Thomas Mudge, a native, was enlisted for five years on 19 November 1753 without bounty, as William Hayes had been. On 14 January 1753/1754 the Council bought back the coats, hats and breeches of five discharged soldiers at 15s a suit. [Film No. 323, 328, 350]

James Burges, lame in his left arm and told by the island's surgeons and several ships' doctors that nothing could be done, petitioned on 7 January 1753/1754 to be discharged home for a cure. The Council granted it only on its own surgeon and mate certifying in writing that his arm was almost wasted. [Film No. 347, 348]

Sponge staves, sponge heads, rammer heads, sheepskins and French nails repaired the guns at Turk's Cap and Banks's through the closing months of 1753/1754. The gunners' account for 12 January to 11 February 1753/1754 records nine-gun salutes to the departing Hector and Godolphin on 15 January, the scaling of the guns at Sandy Bay and Turk's Cap, an alarm of six guns on 23 January, and handspikes broken at four works. The Delaware reached the island on 14 February 1753/1754 with eight hundredweight of powder alongside rice, sugar and arrack. [Film No. 401, 398]

The consultation of 11 February 1753/1754 records the fortifications at Rupert's and Banks's further damaged by torrents from heavy rain, the Council to hire men once the weather permitted. [Film No. 397]

The gunner's account for the month ending 11 March 1754 recorded 66 guns and 140 lb of powder, chiefly saluting the Delaware, Clinton and Walpole, with six alarms. The account for the month ending 11 April 1754 rose to 238 guns and 333 lb 4 oz of powder, saluting a whole fleet in and out, a Swedish ship among them saluted with eight guns. [Film No. 419, 445, 446]

On 8 April 1754 the Council found three cannon much honeycombed and unserviceable, and Captain Oliver of the Grantham agreed to carry them to England freight free: two nine-pounders with holes in the charging cylinder and blown muzzles, a six-pounder of brass and iron not properly fortified, and two three-pounders much honeycombed. Match burnt at Banks's and the main fort from as far back as March and July 1753 was only now brought to account. [Film No. 436, 447]

Settlement, Land and Agriculture

Land was held of the Company, and a holder needed the Council's leave and a successor accepted as tenant. On 5 February 1752/1753 Samuel Snipe was granted leave to dispose of 7½ acres in the East Division and admit Thomas Kirkpatrick as tenant. [Film No. 44, 45]

The Company farmed its own plantation. The plantation charges of 29 January 1752/1753 issued paddy and rice for the labour and nails for carts, ploughs and gates, together with scythes, pickaxes, ditching and shod shovels and wooden helves for the tool heads. [Film No. 24, 25]

The yam was the chief starch crop, grown to feed the slaves and eke out imported flour and rice. The livestock return for 1 to 11 January 1752/1753 recorded 2,000 yams expended and the following month 9,000. [Film No. 42, 48]

On 24 February 1752/1753 the Council, noting few gunner hens and doves remained, forbade killing any until permission should be published, and forbade shooting partridges at their roosts and anywhere between 1 May and 30 October, their breeding time, on penalty of 40s an offence. [Film No. 51]

The island was divided into East, West and South quarters for parish administration. About 23 April 1753 the free inhabitants met in vestry and returned two churchwardens, John Bagley and Joshua Worrall, with overseers for each division, confirmed by warrant about 28 April 1753. [Film No. 99, 100]

When the Council ruled against Thomas French on 5 April 1753, he and his sister Sarah assigned over their houses as security for the disputed share rather than find cash. [Film No. 89]

The livestock account for the month ending 11 April 1753 carried a row for names of the species changed, recording calves become yearlings and lambs become ewes and wethers; asses appeared as a new class kept for burden on the steep tracks. Killing fell even on breeding ewes and new-born lambs as the flocks threw their mid-year increase. [Film No. 96]

The plantation account for the quarter to 11 April 1753 issued spades, a maul, a pickaxe, budding and pruning knives, cartwheels, axletrees and iron and steel for repairing carts, drawn up by Purling on 11 April 1753, with paddy kept for seed and stock. [Film No. 119]

In the quarter to 11 April 1753 a hoe and files maintained the watercourse to Lemon Valley, and a crane was raised there to hoist stores from the boats. The livestock account for 12 April to 11 May 1753 recorded 187 head of neat cattle rising to 191, some 270 sheep, 118 goats, a score of hogs, poultry, 12 horses and three asses, with 12 calves and six pigs bred, and four breeding rams killed. [Film No. 112, 113, 152]

The account for 12 May to 11 June 1753 held some 196 cattle, 267 sheep and 114 goats; that for 12 June to 11 July 1753 recorded 23 kids and 15 young pigs born. [Film No. 164, 184]

On 17 June 1753 the Council employed Daniel Coakes, long in husbandry in England, to oversee the slaves and care for the Company's cattle and poultry in the Long Wood at £8 a year. The payroll lists the overseers Richard Gurling and John Swats and the gardener James Sheridan. [Film No. 168, 190]

On 12 October 1753 the planters paid quit-rents for the year past of £564 3s 6d, the roll listing each household's arable and pasture, arable being scarcer and more heavily charged. John Goodwin's ground was rated at a pistole an acre, a Spanish gold coin. [Film No. 255, 256]

The roll split the settled land among a few founding families, the names Alexander, Bagley, Bazett, Doveton, Desfountain and Harper recurring, with many holdings entered as orphans' estates held in trust. It closed with 2,200¼ acres of one class and 1,819¼ of another, signed by the Governor and two lieutenants. Two holdings were charged nominally, the 6 acres of Francis Wrangham junior rated at a peppercorn a year. [Film No. 256, 257]

The stores account of 11 October 1753 issued scythes, hay rakes and scythe stones, pickaxes, and pruning and budding knives, with over 35 hundredweight of paddy for the poultry. The livestock return for 12 September to 11 October 1753 recorded 22,844 yams spent. [Film No. 260, 299, 300, 305]

The account to 11 November 1753 held some 214 neat cattle, over 300 sheep, about 148 goats, hogs and poultry, 12 horses and three asses, the cattle gaining a single calf. That to 11 December 1753 added near 90 fowls and a dozen ducks, and that to 11 January 1753/1754 saw the goats gain 25 kids and the cattle nine calves. [Film No. 325, 341, 353]

On 31 December 1753 the Council ordered the planters to send the secretary a signed account of the cattle they intended for slaughter in the coming year. [Film No. 343]

The plantation account for the quarter ending 11 January 1753/1754 records scythes, hay rakes, a scythe stone, sheep shears and the shovels, hoes and rakes of tillage, with near 47 hundredweight of paddy. The account for 12 January to 11 February 1753/1754 held some 223 neat cattle, 290 sheep, 166 goats and 42 hogs, the fowls climbing toward near 500. [Film No. 373, 402]

On 15 April 1754 the planters met in vestry and the Council confirmed John Goodwin and Martin Harper as churchwardens with William Burnham, John Alexander and Orlando Bagley as overseers. A sheep census the same day returned 1,217 head between the settlers, 61 fit for slaughter, holdings ranging from Goodwin's 69 downward. [Film No. 441, 442, 443]

The account for the month ending 11 March 1754 carried the herds forward, recording near 30 lambs born about the turn of the month against light losses. [Film No. 420]

Building and Public Works

A new plantation house ran through the store account closed on 11 July 1753, its materials coming to £117 15s 3d, near £90 in deals and Riga timber alone with baulks and oak plank for the frame, the island growing no timber fit for such building. [Film No. 223]

The Lieutenant Governor's residence was completed at the same time, the great house fitted through the quarter ending 11 July 1753 with graded iron locks, HL hinges and nails, the adjutant's apartment provided for, and linseed oil worked with whiting into putty to glaze the windows. [Film No. 214, 215]

About 11 August 1753 part of a wall in the watercourse defending the works at Rupert's was washed away by heavy rains, and the Council set a few soldiers to assist the slaves in repairing it. [Film No. 243]

The stores account of 11 October 1753 issued hinges and stock locks for the powder magazine at Sandy Bay. The Lemon Valley guardhouse was rebuilt over the following months, the fortification account for the quarter ending 11 January 1753/1754 recording deals, a baulk and rafters, and the paymaster buying 38 rafters from Matthew Bazett. [Film No. 301, 375, 391]

The account for the quarter ending 11 January 1753/1754 records Riga timber, nails, iron and pitch for the plantation house and 16 lead water pipes with their heads for the settlement's plumbing. [Film No. 374, 375]

Supply and Provisioning

The Company store was the sole supplier, its stock answering every trade. The stores account of 29 January 1752/1753 ran through spirits, sugar and tea; woollen and cotton cloths; shoes, thread and buttons; nails, hinges, files and pickaxes; window glass, china ware and painters' pigments; fishing hooks and lines in graded sizes; and imported softwood board, the island growing no timber fit for building. [Film No. 8, 9, 12, 13]

Flour was the heaviest single commodity. The account of 29 January 1752/1753 distinguished plain flour from flour baked into bread, the baked portion valued at £168 against £5 for the raw. A flour entry of 1,739 units was sold in bulk, and the Scarborough took a further 685 units among her stores. [Film No. 8, 18]

The account of 29 January 1752/1753 sold hooks in graded sizes from number 2 to number 10, with lines, jack lines and tarred hambro line, supplied to servants, planters and the slaves alike, the slaves' account of 12 October to 11 January 1752/1753 including its own hooks and lines. [Film No. 9, 16, 22]

The paymaster's account for the quarter ending 11 January 1752/1753 records two bags of peas bought from Captain Anson's man Bonham for the garden, the English seed having failed, and Andrew Barton paid for a pot and 10 lb of oil for the garrison. In March 1753 the Council bought three puncheons of beef, 2,498 lb, from Captain Richard Walpole of the Houghton, and 924 gallons of Cape brandy off the Streatham. [Film No. 39, 56]

For the month ending 11 March 1753 the Company issued 560 lb of beef each to the Houghton and Streatham, and yams expended rose to 28,000 from 9,000. The following month the plantation issued 560 lb of beef each to five homeward ships, the Prince George, Exeter, Walpole, Prince of Wales and Wager. [Film No. 60, 96]

In letters of 3 April 1753 the Council asked Bengal to send four maunds of wax candles by each ship and no more, with shum cotton for the castle lamp wicks; declined further goa arrack from Bombay as too thick, redirecting the investment into rice and paddy; and ordered from Fort St George long cloth graded by price and men's cotton stockings, and from Bengal ordinary chelloes by the piece. [Film No. 78, 79, 80]

On 2 May 1753 the Council noted no bread of any sort could be procured, and in the quarter to 11 April 1753 Thomas Oliver and Samuel Carmichael were paid for baking 54 batches. The paymaster bought Cheshire and double Gloucester cheeses, butter, anchovies, capers, mustard, raisins and currants and a fishing boat and oars from Captain Francis Fowler, potatoes and onions from Richard Bagley, and tamarinds from Major Lackland for the cattle. [Film No. 135, 137, 146]

On 7 May 1753, little pork being available, the Council forbade the planters to sell pork to the ships without order, the garrison needing all they could furnish, matching an earlier reservation of beef. Lime for building was fetched by boat from Sandy Bay, men paid 3s a day for rowing the oyster canoe and longboat and carrying lime. [Film No. 115, 137, 148]

The livestock account for 12 May to 11 June 1753 records only the Admiral Vernon victualled, taking 560 lb of beef, and the following month none, letting the herds recover. The Admiral Vernon, arriving on 31 May 1753, landed Batavia arrack, wax candles, fine sugar and rice, proo settles and gunny bags, reckoned in current rupees. [Film No. 158, 164, 182, 184]

On 18 June 1753 the Council bought 20 bags of paddy from Captain Edmund Cooke of the Admiral Vernon, and on 16 July 2,325 lb of rice from Captain Thomas Brown of the Bombay Castle at 7s 6d a hundredweight. Purling noted short deliveries: on 11 June 19½ gallons of arrack wanting from the Admiral Vernon, and on 16 July sugar, arrack and paddy short from the Bombay Castle and Pelham. [Film No. 160, 161, 179]

For the month ending 11 August 1753 the plantation issued 560 lb of beef each to the Bombay Castle, Pelham and Chesterfield and expended 21,406 yams; no ship was victualled for the month ending 11 September 1753. [Film No. 238, 249]

Through the quarter ending 11 July 1753 paddy and rice worth near £7 were issued for the Company's fowls, ducks, geese and turkeys. The warehouse inventory of 11 October 1753 valued the salt beef and pork in store, in 11 puncheons and nine hogsheads, at over £226, the largest single item of the standing stock. [Film No. 221, 238, 304]

The stores account of 11 October 1753 sold coal by the bushel to the Company's ships, and near 8,500 hooks and 42 dozen lines to the servants in a single quarter. The paymaster paid Richard Bagley for 800 lemons and 12 bushels of potatoes for the Company's table, the lemons a guard against scurvy. [Film No. 277, 281, 290, 292]

The inventory of 11 October 1753 held over 90 hundredweight of sugar and 127 of candy, near 230 hundredweight of rice and paddy, and parcels of tea. The candles in reserve ran to near 50 hundredweight, valued at over £407, the largest item by value, and the fishing tackle the largest by count, over 30,000 hooks graded by size and near 120 dozen lines. [Film No. 307, 317, 318]

The livestock account to 11 December 1753 issued 560 lb of beef to the Oxford, and that to 11 January 1753/1754 issued 560 lb each to the Hector and Godolphin with a further 260 lb to the slaves. Yams spent ran to near 3,860 in the month to 11 November 1753, over 5,100 to 11 December 1753 and 5,817 to 11 January 1753/1754. [Film No. 325, 341, 353]

On 14 January 1753/1754, with only eight casks of salt meat left, the Council bought four puncheons of pork from Captain Hutchinson for £40 and a longboat from him for £18. The Delaware, arriving on 14 February 1753/1754, landed rice, sugar and arrack reckoned in pagodas, Purling noting rice and sugar short in weight and a half-leaguer of arrack wanting. [Film No. 350, 398, 399]

For the month ending 11 March 1754 the plantation issued 560 lb of beef each to the Delaware and Clinton and expended 4,500 yams. For the month ending 11 April 1754 it victualled nine East Indiamen at once, 560 lb of beef to each of the Walpole, Marlborough, Suffolk, Griffin, Dodington, Harcourt, Edgbaston, Royal Duke and Grantham, over 5,000 lb, expending 6,610 yams, with 15 head of cattle killed. [Film No. 420, 444]

On 11 March 1754 the Council bought 10 casks of beef from Captain John Nanfan, 813 pieces at 2s the piece for £81 6s, and on 22 March 1754 rice and spice from Captain Francis Fowler and leather for the pumps from Nanfan for £2 2s 9d. [Film No. 421, 422, 423]

Trade and Shipping

The account of 29 January 1752/1753 sold tar, deals, flour and nails to the ship Scarborough as she provisioned and refitted, and the store held a finished topmast valued at £16 16s 0d, the dearest article on its leaf, against a ship's need to replace damaged gear. [Film No. 17, 18]

The Houghton, Captain Richard Walpole, reached the island from China on 28 February 1753 with bohea, tebongo and singlo teas, sugar and sugar candy, and chinaware priced piece by piece. The Streatham, Captain Charles Mawson, arrived from Bombay on 6 March 1753 with Cape brandy and slaves on the Company's account. [Film No. 54, 56]

The invoice of the Houghton in March 1753 deducted a fixed 9 per cent for breakage on the porcelain, and Purling's note of 5 March 1753 listed goods short delivered, largely broken porcelain and short-weight sugar. [Film No. 54, 55]

On 3 March 1753 a vessel under Dutch colours passed, and the Dutch ship Hagenburgh, Captain Cornelius Zyken, of about 1,000 tons with 28 guns and 150 men, arrived laden with cinnamon and pepper for Amsterdam, sailing on 6 March 1753, the day the Streatham arrived. Clark boarded the Streatham to muster her company and search for deserters, finding none. [Film No. 55, 56]

Between 12 March and late April 1753 the road held a dense run of arrivals, Company ships from China, Bengal and Bencoolen alongside Danish, Prussian and Dutch Indiamen. The Danish Crown Prince of Denmark, about 1,000 tons with tea, chinaware and silks for Copenhagen, lay in the road on 12 March 1753, and the Prussian King of Prussia, for Emden, arrived on 20 April 1753. [Film No. 58, 95]

On 19 March 1753 the Council ordered goods and liquors brought by ships' commanders to be landed and put up at public auction, and forbade going aboard to buy. Incoming cargoes were checked against invoices, the storekeeper noting broken porcelain and short-weight sugar from the Prince George on 26 March 1753 and arrack short by ullage from the Wager on 2 April 1753. [Film No. 63, 68, 77]

The Drake, Edgecote and Rhoda arrived between 22 and 24 April 1753, were mustered, victualled and refitted, and sailed for England on 7 May 1753, their invoices valuing chinaware, tea, sugar and candy in taels, weighed by the pecul with about 2 per cent deducted for breakage. Clark reported on 4 April 1753 boarding the three ships to search for recruits, finding none. [Film No. 143, 144, 145, 148]

Cape brandy, distilled at the Dutch Cape settlement, was sold in quantity as a cheaper spirit. The Admiral Vernon under Captain Edmund Cooke arrived on 31 May 1753 and sailed on 20 June, the Bombay Castle and Pelham arrived on 12 July and sailed on 24 July, and the Chesterfield under Captain Edwin Carter arrived on 18 July. [Film No. 109, 151, 158, 163, 175, 180, 188]

The rolls of the Admiral Vernon, Bombay Castle, Pelham and Chesterfield carry, toward their feet, long runs of Portuguese and Indian-derived names. The Chesterfield's roll groups more than a dozen men under the heading of lascar, a category the mustering officer carried over from the ship's book. [Film No. 159, 177, 186, 187]

The market list of 6 August 1753 names 14 ships served with fresh beef from the pooled returns of the planters, the Houghton, Streatham, Prince George, Exeter, Wager, Prince of Wales, Walpole, Drake, Edgecote, Rhoda, Admiral Vernon, Bombay Castle, Pelham and Chesterfield. [Film No. 234]

The Council reported that John Goodwin had supplied the Danish Crown Prince with 17 beasts, and Thomas Greentree the Danish King of Denmark, before the new slaughter quota could be enforced. [Film No. 235]

The Oxford, Captain Thomas Stevens, arrived on 11 November 1753 with a supply from Bengal and sailed on 5 December 1753; the Hector and Godolphin arrived on 24 December 1753 and sailed on 15 January 1753/1754. The Godolphin carried a main Bengal cargo with arrack loaded at Fort Marlborough, and one of her sugar invoices had by mistake first been sent to the Admiral Vernon. [Film No. 322, 336, 339, 340, 352]

Clark boarded the Oxford on 19 November 1753 and the Hector and Godolphin later to search for deserters, finding none. The Oxford's roll named her lascars under a serang and a tindal, and listed passengers Adam Dawson and William Wogan with their servants; the Godolphin's roll listed two prisoners, Isaac Robinson and Joseph Jorval, received aboard at Bencoolen. [Film No. 328, 329, 345, 346]

The account for the quarter ending 11 January 1753/1754 records goods sold to the Oxford as she lay at the island, 500 hooks and 48 lines for her crew and white and red lead ground in linseed oil for her paintwork. On 23 January 1753/1754 a ship passed under Dutch colours, noted in the minute. [Film No. 366, 355]

Between 9 March and 17 March 1754 the Company's ships Clinton, Walpole, Marlborough, Suffolk, Griffin and Dodington arrived from China, Bencoolen and Mocha, with a Swedish ship the Hope, their cargoes of sugar, tea and porcelain valued by catty, pecul and tael and repeatedly failing to reconcile. [Film No. 411, 412, 409]

On and about 12 April 1754 four Danish and Swedish China ships called within four days, the Queen Juliana Maria and Queen Sophia Magdalena for Copenhagen and the Gustaff Frederick and Gotthe Lyon for Gothenburg, all laden with tea, chinaware, sugar and silks. [Film No. 441]

On 8 April 1754 Captain John Oliver of the Grantham, having lost his davit overboard, petitioned for timber and medicines, and the Council spared him Riga timber and part of its medicine supply. The storekeeper noted broken porcelain and short-weight sugar from the Clinton, Suffolk and Griffin on 18 March 1754, and breakages from the Grantham on 22 April 1754, including a chest of crown glass with 10 squares broken. [Film No. 435, 418, 448, 449]

Economy, Finance, Currency and Accounting

The Company ran its store as a controlled monopoly, grading prices by rank. On the account of 29 January 1752/1753 servants took goods at a 10 per cent markup, free planters at 25 per cent, a passing Dutch gentleman at 50 per cent, and a ship such as the Scarborough at full commercial charge. [Film No. 14, 15, 18]

Store sales were the chief income. The cash account of 11 January 1752/1753 recorded £1,143 19s 4d for store goods sold in the quarter, against £13 10s 0d from licensing nine public houses, sums from plantation provisions, and a little naval store to His Majesty's ship Swallow. [Film No. 40]

The salary list for the quarter ending 11 January 1752/1753 came to £1,821 7s 8½d, swallowing almost the whole quarter's expenditure and leaving only small payments for baking, oil, peas and the binding of two church prayer books. [Film No. 37, 39]

The cash balance of 11 January 1752/1753, repeated on 26 February 1752/1753, was held not in sterling but in gold by weight, Venetian sequins, Indian rupees and pagodas, Spanish dollars and rials, and French pieces, each valued against sterling at a fixed rate. Pagodas alone made up more than half the gold by value. [Film No. 41, 53]

The same balance held more than £539 in locally circulating cash notes of fixed denominations down to 2s 6d, the practical means of everyday payment where coin was short, checked by the Council's monthly count of the whole chest. [Film No. 41, 53]

The accounts are not everywhere consistent. The port wine on the account of 29 January 1752/1753 was entered at a flat £3 for three dozen with no rate carried through, while a quarter-gallon of vinegar was priced at over 3s, far above the rate of larger lots. [Film No. 14, 16]

The account cast on 11 March 1753 showed a balance of £4,949 11s 11½d in gold pagodas, Venetian sequins and rupees, Spanish dollars, reals and half reals, French pistereens and cash notes. The dollars had risen from 577 to more than 5,700 since the previous count, the paper issue holding at £539 15s. [Film No. 69]

On 30 March 1753 the Council took £1,000 from Captain Fennell of the previous year's Streatham and gave him bills of exchange on the Court of Directors, payable 90 days after sight, judging this more convenient than breaking into the Company treasure consigned to Fort Marlborough. [Film No. 72]

The invoice of the Prince of Wales, landed in early April 1753, valued its China cargo in taels. The Wager's Indian cargo of arrack, sugar and rice was cast in current rupees, annas and pies, separating the goods from a schedule of shipping charges, gunny bags, coolie and boat hire, soldiers' diet and payment to peons, signed by a buxey. [Film No. 73, 74]

In early 1753 goods went to servants at 10 per cent, planters at 25, a further class at 40, and foreigners at 50. Broadcloth was sold to a Dutch captain at the full 50 per cent, and scarlet camblet and coloured cloth to the planters. [Film No. 109, 111]

The establishment for the quarter ending 11 April 1753 came to £1,886 16s ½d, from the Governor's £125 down to a superannuated sergeant's pension. Clark's account opened on 11 April 1753 with £1,959 1s 8½d received, against which he paid the officers £1,386 16s 4½d in salaries and diet money, with small payments for bread, medicines, flags and express riders. [Film No. 120, 134, 137]

The count of 4 April 1753 held Venetian pieces, more than 5,000 pagodas, thousands of dollars, 8,000 rupees, half rials, French pieces and cash notes, exceeding £4,400. A bill for £1,000 was drawn on 30 March 1753 for Captain William Fennell and one of £40 on 5 May 1753 for William Le Chaplain, a standing charge of 3 per cent accepted on money remitted home. [Film No. 138, 139, 147, 156]

The cash account of 11 April 1753 recorded £15 for the licences of 10 public houses. Between 12 April and 11 July 1753 the store sold to servants at 10 per cent, the beef and pork exceeding £125 and the flour £165, and 178 pieces of bread worth over £156 against £9 for the plain flour. [Film No. 138, 144, 202]

The balance cast on 11 May 1753 stood at £5,067 4s 6¾d in Venetian pieces, pagodas, dollars, rupees, half rials, French pieces and cash notes. Francis Worsingham the younger paid in £30 on 18 June 1753 and Matthew Pauling £150 on 16 July, each taking bills of exchange on the Court of Directors. [Film No. 157, 162, 180]

The account closed on 11 July 1753 sold to servants at 10 per cent, planters at 25, a steepest ordinary 40 per cent on brandy and sugar, and foreign ships at 50. The cash counted on 11 August 1753 showed £4,919 11s 10¾d, with £539 15s in cash notes, the pagoda count jumped to over 5,000. [Film No. 208, 213, 242, 243]

Clark was debited £2,186 9s 7½d for the quarter opened on 11 July 1753, paying bounties of £10 a man, casual hire for haymaking and carrying goods, and £2,101 16s ½d in salaries and diet money. The cattle return of 6 August 1753 and the rent roll of 12 October 1753, which carries a figure of £13 11s 11½d, do not reconcile to their lines. [Film No. 224, 225, 227, 234, 256]

The stores account of 11 October 1753 sold to servants at 10 per cent, planters at 25 and a third class at 40. The store imported coin as a commodity, selling a thousand halfpence at about a fifth above face, the warehouse inventory holding near 63,000 Irish halfpence valued above face. [Film No. 280, 284, 288, 304]

The establishment for the quarter ending 11 October 1753 came to £2,089 18s 10½d, the paymaster's advance £2,173 5s 5½d. Pay was built from salary, diet money and, for the senior, house rent, Hutchinson drawing £125 with a further £31 14s 9d for servants, and Adamson £62 10s with diet money. [Film No. 262, 274, 279]

The warehouse inventory of 11 October 1753 was cast at over £3,772, divided between the manufactures of Europe and the produce of Asia. The waste account examined on 5 November 1753 itemised loss by leakage, evaporation, breakage and lost weight to a total of £54 5s 9d, signed off by Purling. [Film No. 318, 320, 321]

The count to 11 November 1753 held 700 Venetian pieces, 4,000 pagodas, over 5,100 dollars, 3,000 rupees, near 13,000 half rials, French pieces and cash notes, balancing at £4,308 14s 11¼d. On 3 December 1753 John Clark and John Bland each paid in £100, and in January 1753/1754 Captain William Hutchinson £160. The cash account of 11 October 1753 recorded £13 10s for nine licences and £564 3s for rents. [Film No. 331, 344, 319, 333, 351]

The quarterly account to 11 January 1753/1754 passed over 5,100 lb of sugar and 2,600 of candy, hundreds of gallons of arrack and brandy, and thousands of hooks, selling to servants at 10 per cent. It priced salt beef and pork mostly at 2s a pound, a little dearer at 3s, distinguishing double from single provision. [Film No. 355, 356]

The cash account for the period to 11 January 1753/1754 recorded the balance in Venetian pieces, pagodas, dollars, rupees, half rials and French pieces with cash notes, the gold alone £1,540, and carried a note that its figures do not fully agree with the stated totals and are entered as written. [Film No. 395]

The cash counted on 11 March 1754 showed £3,582 13s 7¼d, with £539 15s in cash notes, carrying the balance from 12 February, the Delaware's account and a fine of £1 from John Seal, its figures not adding exactly. On 25 March 1754 Captain Francis Fowler paid £352 on account of Captain Norton Hutchinson and £875 on his own, taking bills payable 90 days after sight. [Film No. 424, 425, 426]

In letters of 12 and 18 April 1754 the Council asked Fort St George for long cloth graded in pagodas and cotton stockings, Bombay for a hundred pieces of good Surat chelloes, and Bengal for cloth for candle wicks, docootee and paddy with no more than four maunds of wax candles by each ship. It desired no Bengal sugar, drawing five hundredweight a year cheaper from Fort Marlborough. [Film No. 437, 438, 439, 412, 425]

Judiciary, Crime and Punishment

The Council enforced order largely through public bounty. When gates on the high road and in Sandy Bay were broken, Samuel Wornham's haycock pulled down and the tails of two of Samuel Alexander's cattle cut off on the Sunday night before 22 February 1752/1753, it published on 22 February 1752/1753 a reward of 10 dollars to identify the guilty, with a pardon and the same money to any accomplice who informed. [Film No. 50]

The game order of 24 February 1752/1753 split its fine half to the informer and half to the churchwardens for the poor, and tied the right to take game to a holding of 10 acres of free land or 20 of lease land, the gentlemen in the Company's service excepted. [Film No. 50, 51]

The longest business of early 1753 was the estate of the late John French, who died intestate. On 5 April 1753 the Council read to Thomas French, the administrator, the Statute of Distributions of 1670 with counsel's opinion sent by the claimant James Du Bois, on whether a grandchild representing a daughter who died before the intestate could claim a share alongside the surviving children. [Film No. 82]

French's written answer of 2 April 1753 rested on island custom, having given two thirds to his sisters and kept a third, on the footing that only surviving children took. He cited two remembered precedents, the Seale legacy refused in Governor Pyke's time and the Worrall estate, where sons-in-law were barred from the personal estate. [Film No. 83, 84, 85]

The ruling of 5 April 1753 rejected the custom, finding no by-law and no trace in the consultation books, and held that Du Bois had a right to a child's share by representation, which French must pay in or secure. On 16 April 1753 William Seale petitioned as guardian of another set of grandchildren, whose claim was likewise allowed. [Film No. 88, 93, 94]

On 28 April 1753 John Alexander, a seaman of the Drake, was brought before the Council for abusing Lieutenant Thomas Kirkpatrick, throwing a stone into his house, threatening him with a stick and casting a shoe at him, then assaulting the corporal who arrested him. On sworn declarations from Kirkpatrick and Corporal John O'Hara he was ordered publicly whipped, his plea of liquor recorded but not lessening the sentence. [Film No. 100, 101]

Ordered to survey the Company's medicines, the island surgeon Samuel Faulconer failed to obey, being, in the Council's words on 30 April 1753, almost constantly in liquor. The Council recorded his unfitness in the consultation book and deputed two visiting ships' surgeons and his own mate to complete the work. [Film No. 145]

On 25 June 1753 Richard Goodwin claimed a widow's third of the leasehold land of the late Gabriel Harper on an alleged by-law treating leasehold as personal estate. The executors answered on 9 July that the widow had assented at probate and the orphans would be injured, and the Council referred it to the Court of Directors. The same day it granted Thomas Greentree the estate of his brother Richard, unheard from for upwards of seven years, on security should he prove alive. [Film No. 167, 171, 172]

On the Thursday night before 9 July 1753 the Lieutenant Governor's servant John Williams found the slave Andrew in the stable rolling bottles in plantain strippings, promised liquor for them. Williams had Andrew watched by John Highgate, who saw him carry 22 bottles into the house of Augustine Balls and return with near a bottle of Cape brandy. [Film No. 173, 174]

Balls admitted receiving the bottles and paying in brandy, and the Council, the offence plainly proved, adjudged him the £5 penalty of the advertisement of 9 April 1753, paid on 9 July 1753. Balls appears on the garrison payroll as a serving sentinel, the fine not costing his place; Andrew was drawn into evidence by a promise of no punishment. [Film No. 174, 191]

The Council repeatedly licensed the sale of settlers' estates. On 6 August 1753 Thomas Greentree, guardian to the orphan Helena Ryder, was granted leave to sell 29 acres of leasehold called Swan's Valley at auction, and on 13 August 1753 the widow and executors of Benjamin Pledger leave to sell a house in the valley at auction. [Film No. 231, 236, 237]

On 17 September 1753 the Council, several sheepskins having been found in the Long Wood hangings near a wood-carriers' byway, forbade carrying burdens to or from the Long Wood by any way but the high road, on penalty of 1s a time or public whipping. [Film No. 247]

On 15 October 1753 Joseph Lowe, a private soldier, complained that Peter, a slave of Francis Wrangham junior, had robbed him of five dollars, five found on the slave. Peter owned the theft but claimed no more had been taken, and was ordered publicly whipped twice, 150 lashes each time, the heaviest corporal sentence in the record. [Film No. 258, 265]

The same consultation applied a by-law making owners answerable for their slaves. Harry Rammer, a Company slave who had run away, confessed to stealing a shirt and check waistcoat from the house of Stephen Willoughby, proved the property of the soldier Duncan McLarin. The Council ordered Rammer whipped and 8s paid from the Company's stock to McLarin. [Film No. 258]

On 3 December 1753 Jonathan Higham, a native seaman of the Oxford, petitioned for a legacy of £3 5s 7½d left him by William Cole and held by the late John French, gunner, whose son Thomas claimed it had gone on Higham's clothing. The Council found French had taken him in out of charity but that Higham had worked for the family, and ordered French to pay half; a second claim of 17 December 1753 was settled in full on a receipt in French's hand. [Film No. 334, 335, 337, 338]

On 5 November 1753 the Council, suspecting hens and eggs from the Long Wood had been carried off in sacks, forbade carrying sacks there on any pretence, on penalty of 50s an offence or a whipping. [Film No. 322]

In February 1753/1754 Cantham Underwood, chief mate of the Delaware, complained the seaman Adam Hall had seized him by the collar and struck him, yet pressed that Hall be only reprimanded by the Governor. Hall admitted the seizing but denied striking, and the gunner who parted them had seen no blows in the dark, so the reprimand was for the admitted seizing. [Film No. 403, 404]

The consultation of 4 February 1753/1754 records Benjamin Mason, an executor of the late Gabriel Harper, having said publicly in the storehouse that Harper's orphans were obliged to kill 10 more cattle than returned. His own signed return showed they had killed only five with one remaining, and Mason, owning himself much in the wrong, was severely reprimanded and warned of a fine. [Film No. 396]

Under the consultation of 25 February 1754 a free man, Seale, was found to have beaten Caesar, a slave, in a very cruel manner, against the by-law forbidding any person to strike another's slave and requiring a complaint to the master. Seale's admissions shifted from a rattan to a stick as the proof overcame him, and the Council fined him 25s. [Film No. 407]

On 8 April 1754 the Council, having studied the opinion of the Honourable Mr York sent by the directors and finding leasehold land deemed personal estate by English law, told Richard Goodwin he had in right of his wife a just demand for a third of the late Gabriel Harper's leasehold, and directed it paid. [Film No. 434]

The same sitting fined Joseph Long £5 under the order of 9 April 1753 for buying two fowls from the Company's slave Mingo for a silk handkerchief and a Dutch shilling, and ordered Mingo whipped. Long was fined a further 5s for striking Nami, wife of William Jepson, the smaller fine suggesting the assault was the lesser offence. [Film No. 434]

On 8 April 1754 two male slaves both named Jack, one of Gabriel Harper's orphans and one of Lidia Harper, widow, were convicted of assaulting and robbing a seaman of the Clinton of two dollars and a horn snuff box, and sentenced to be whipped three separate times and burnt on the cheek. [Film No. 434]

On 25 March 1754 John Peters, discharged from the garrison only two sittings before on completing his time, was accused by Henry Carter and William Campbell of theft, a coat and shirt he had sold proving to belong to his accusers, and was ordered whipped. Runaway soldiers John Frazier and Thomas Fletcher were detained on 27 March 1754 after being left by the Walpole and found absconding from Madras. [Film No. 421, 425, 430]

Slavery and Coerced Labour

The Company held slaves as bond labour for its plantations and works, maintained as a standing charge against its stores. The account of stores issued for the slaves' use from 12 October to 11 January 1752/1753 fed, clothed and shod them, the bulk of the charge falling on rice, beef and pork. [Film No. 22]

The same account issued 17 pairs of men's shoes to the handicraftsmen among the slaves, the masons, smiths and carpenters, where the field hands were not shod, and a little coloured thread for mending clothes. [Film No. 22]

It also issued a little tea to the sick slaves and at Christmas, drawn from the cheapest bohea alone, and a single goat was killed to give them fresh meat. [Film No. 22, 42]

The livestock return for 12 January to 11 February 1752/1753 records, beside its tally of dead poultry and goats, that one slave died named Jack Guinea, entered in the same schedule as the stock. [Film No. 48]

The Streatham brought one male and two female slaves on the Company's account when she reached the island from Bombay on 6 March 1753, entered alongside the brandy and beef she carried. [Film No. 56]

The stock account for the month ending 11 March 1753 noted, beneath the cattle and sheep, that one man slave named Chatham and one woman named Sheba had died, and that five goats had been issued to the sick slaves. [Film No. 60]

On 12 March 1753 the planter Elisha Ifacke informed the Council he had forgiven Sarah Lyspector, a slave woman of Samuel Desforstrani, sentenced on 26 November to be whipped for abusing him but pleading she was with child, confirmed by a midwife. The Council had taken a bond on her master to produce her once delivered, and now gave it up. [Film No. 58]

On 16 April 1753 Rachel Alexander was granted leave to proceed to Fort Marlborough in the Walpole and carry with her two women slaves named Mary and Moll. [Film No. 94]

On 9 April 1753, many robberies having been committed, the Council forbade all free inhabitants to buy anything from Blacks without written leave from their masters, on pain of a penalty for the first offence and punishment as an accomplice for the second, and barred any Black from passing the line without a pass. [Film No. 92]

In the quarter to 11 April 1753 the store issued rice, beef and pork for the slaves' use at a cost near £50, brandy served as a regular dram, and shoes for the handicraftsmen, with hooks and lines in graded sizes so they might catch part of their own food. [Film No. 117]

In the account for 12 April to 11 May 1753 a man slave named Lime House was recorded as having died on 9 May 1753, among the cattle and sheep, following Jack Guinea, Chatham and Sheba. Deals and nails were issued for coffins for the labour and garrison as a standing charge. [Film No. 118, 152]

The livestock account for 12 May to 11 June 1753 lists three children born to the Company's slaves, the boy George and the girls Judith and Betty, set down among the increase of the stock, and two goats issued to the sick slaves. The children were given English names in the manner of the establishment. [Film No. 164]

When Augustine Balls was convicted on 9 July 1753 of buying bottles from the slave Andrew, the £5 penalty fell on the free settler, not the slave, under the advertisement of 9 April. Black inhabitants of St Helena could not give evidence against whites in a court until 1787, more than thirty years after these events. [Film No. 174]

For the month ending 11 August 1753 the birth of the slave boy Tom and the death of the girl Sarah Maggot were set down together among the stock, and for the month ending 11 September 1753 the death of the woman Nanny Chatham beneath the tally of dead beasts. [Film No. 238, 249]

Through the quarter ending 11 July 1753 the labour force was re-clothed in a body, 94 men's jackets and trousers, a hundred shirts and the boys' garments, near £120 in sailors' clothes alone in Indian callicoes and long cloth. The slaves cast their own fishing weights from issued lead, laboured with the soldiers on the washed-out wall at Rupert's about 11 August 1753, and blew limestone and lashed the coastal works. [Film No. 217, 218, 243]

On 3 September 1753 the Council published a curfew forbidding any slave to leave home on Sundays, or be abroad after eight at night on other days, without written leave, and deputised every free inhabitant to stop and report any slave rambling. A worn gun sponge was cut down to repair the triangle to which offenders were bound to be flogged. [Film No. 244, 250]

The stores account charged to the slaves for the quarter ending 11 October 1753 was entered under its own heading, gathering brandy, shoes, sugar, tea, rice and thread, with seven dozen lines, over 500 hooks and pig lead cast into sinkers so they might catch their own food. [Film No. 296]

The same account drew six pieces of shalloon and 42 yards of Coventry canvas to clothe the women. The return for 12 September to 11 October 1753 noted, on the same account as the cattle and poultry, that one slave girl died named Mary, one boy was born named Tom, and one girl was born named Tim. [Film No. 296, 260]

The livestock account to 11 November 1753 entered the birth of a slave girl named Sarah Pudding, and that to 11 December 1753 another named Catherine. The account to 11 January 1753/1754 issued 260 lb of beef to the slaves alongside the far larger quantities victualling the ships, with goats and fowls repeatedly issued to the sick. [Film No. 325, 341, 353]

The account of stores issued to the slaves for the quarter ending 11 January 1753/1754 records brandy for drams when they were at the hard labour of killing wild cats and their allowance at Christmas, hooks, lines and pig lead, and 18 pairs of ordinary shoes for the skilled handicraft men, with tea and sugar for the sick and a piece and a half of Indian long cloth for the lying-in women. [Film No. 371, 372]

The paymaster's account for the quarter ending 11 January 1753/1754 records a payment for fish to feed the Company's slaves, made only because there was not sufficient provision in the store to serve any as usual, the single explicit instance of a shortfall. [Film No. 393]

In February 1753/1754 Purling complained that John Seale had beaten his slave Caesar in a very barbarous manner, and Caesar was heard in his own account, describing how Seale had set upon him with a rattan and the helve of a hatchet, cut his head, knocked him down twice, thrown stones and set a dog on him, a striking hearing where Black inhabitants would not gain the settled right to give evidence against whites until 1787. [Film No. 406]

A letter to Fort Marlborough of 12 April 1754 recorded that two Malay men, transported by the Godolphin and Walpole and inscribed as slaves for life, would be carried to the Company's account, lifetime bondage and formal accounting extended from one ocean to another. The slaves were set to kill the island's wild cats, a recurring drain on the poultry and young livestock. [Film No. 440, 371]

On 22 April 1754 the storekeeper recorded that, after a chest of crown glass had been examined and 10 squares found broken in transit, the Black man who assisted in the stores stumbled and let it fall, breaking 25 squares more, the two breakages kept as distinct causes. The corporal punishments fell far more heavily on the slaves than the fines on the free men, the gulf between the £5 fine on Joseph Long and the branding of the two Jacks measuring the distance the Council set between free and bond. [Film No. 449, 434]

Social Order, Religion and Education

The household of government stood at the social summit. The general charges of 29 January 1752/1753 issued a substantial quantity of china ware to the castle, dishes, soup plates, tureens and a gilt jug and basin, furnishing the Governor's table above the plain wares sold to servants and planters, and blued its linen with smalt, reserving Poland starch for the linen that showed. [Film No. 20, 21]

The sundries expended at the general table from 1 to 11 January 1752/1753 came to £8 9s 8½d, and from 12 January to 11 February 1752/1753 to £21 15s 0d, drawing port from Portugal, Lisbon, Madeira and arrack from the East, hospitality treated as a function of government. [Film No. 43, 49]

The salary list for the quarter ending 11 January 1752/1753 carried William Dale as chaplain on £25 0s 0d with diet money, and Richard Beale as schoolmaster on £3 8s 3d with a further £5 0s 0d as clerk. The paymaster paid Moses Menanto for binding two church prayer books. [Film No. 27, 39]

The planters were summoned to the Castle on 26 March 1753, and on 29 March 1753 heard the several paragraphs of the Company's letter concerning their supply of the market, the Council managing the settler body as a whole. [Film No. 99, 64, 70]

In the quarter to 11 April 1753 the chaplain William Lisle drew a salary of £25 with diet money and a house-rent allowance from the day he left the Great House, and Richard Beale served as schoolmaster and clerk. By 28 May 1753 a new chaplain, the Reverend William Lee, had arrived and paid a private sum into the Company's cash for a bill home. The paymaster paid the Reverend James Carmichael for baking batch bread at 1s 8d a batch. [Film No. 120, 121, 225]

The store sold patty pans, fine Florence olive oil, milk pans, candlesticks, snuffers and tea kettles, and covered buttons made up on the island from horn moulds. The market list of 6 August 1753 showed holdings ranging from Francis Wrangham's 128 head down to the five of the Thomas Bazett orphans. [Film No. 107, 108, 234]

The stores account of 11 October 1753 sold chinaware of the China trade to servants, planters and the third class alike, from bowls and plates to sauce boats and cruets, and the general charges drew small boxes for the dumb waiter and a pewter crane for a kitchen hearth. The general table account for 12 September to 11 October 1753 came to £25 14s 2¼d, most of it fresh beef and mutton. [Film No. 282, 290, 259]

The hospital account for the quarter ending 11 October 1753 drew sugar, flour, oil, rice and salt to feed and treat the sick. The garrison account issued deals, canvas, nails, twine and iron for coffins, over 80 deals and near 300 yards of canvas, a silent measure of the disease that pressed on the garrison. [Film No. 297, 302]

With Faulconer unfit, the Council called on James Nasmyth of the Edgecote and Andrew Johnston of the Rhoda to survey the medicine chest, and on 5 May 1753 they reported the stock in general good, some impaired by long keeping. The Council recorded on 14 May 1753 that Isabella, wife of the sergeant Robert Mason, had died on 8 May 1753. [Film No. 141, 145, 150]

The payroll for 12 April to 11 July 1753 lists the Reverend William Lee as chaplain, drawing salary and house rent. The general table held near £22 to £23 a month through May, June and July 1753, furnished with wines, arrack, beer, fresh and salt meat, poultry and butter, mutton coming to outweigh beef as the flocks turned. [Film No. 189, 190, 166, 182]

The general table account to 11 November 1753 came to £27 4s 1d, that to 11 December 1753 to £24 19s 7¼d, and that to 11 January 1753/1754 to £26 19s 3¾d, each carrying imported port, Lisbon and Madeira wine and Eastern arrack beside the island's mutton, beef and poultry, mutton leading at 228 lb in November and beef rising to over 254 lb by January. The deaths of Margaret, wife of the soldier William Dufton, on 16 August 1753 and the soldier Frances Saycock on 28 September 1753 were set down plainly. [Film No. 327, 342, 352]

The payroll for the quarter ending 11 January 1753/1754 lists the Reverend William Lee as chaplain and Richard Beale as schoolmaster and clerk, while the general charges record glazing the church windows and painting the chaplain's house, and a piece of Indian long cloth drawn to make two surplices. The general table for the month ending 11 February 1753/1754 came to £24 5s 9¾d, with over 200 lb of goat that month. [Film No. 377, 368, 403]

The sundries at the general table stood at £20 8s for the month ending 11 March 1754 and rose to £35 9s 4d for the month ending 11 April 1754, the higher month seeing beef and mutton in quantity and the unusual appearance of veal. The sheep census of 15 April 1754 marks the settled social order of the planter community. [Film No. 421, 447, 442]

Personalities

Charles Hutchinson, Governor, drew £125 0s 0d for the quarter ending 11 January 1752/1753 with a further £31 14s 9d for servants, and appears at every consultation from 29 January 1752/1753 onward, examining accounts, granting land, disciplining Herbert, ordering the repair at Banks's and publishing the notices against the destroyers of gates and the shooters of partridges. [Film No. 27, 44]

John Clark served as lieutenant of the First Company and council member, drew a separate payment for instructing the gunner, and kept the paymaster's account. Joseph Kendall, lieutenant of the Second Company, drew four heads of pay in the quarter ending 11 January 1752/1753, being paid as adjutant with a house rent allowance besides salary and diet money. [Film No. 28, 30]

Matthew Purling, storekeeper, drew up the great stores accounts, subscribing them errors excepted, and signed the many notes of goods short delivered. Richard Gurling, overseer, signed the livestock returns, and Thomas Hale, master gunner, the gunners' stores accounts. [Film No. 26, 42, 55]

John Nollage, quarter gunner, died on 15 February 1752/1753. The debt of the late Governor Goodwin was still being cleared, Roger Newanson paying £4 10s 8½d on 12 February 1752/1753 in full of what he owed the estate. [Film No. 46, 47]

Thomas French, from his written answer of 2 April 1753, staked his defence on island custom and remembered precedent rather than the English statute, marshalling the memory of the inhabitants and past rulings of named Governors. His opponent James Du Bois, absent and pressing his claim through counsel, is painted by French as an idle gamester who left a disputed bill of £40 with an attorney. [Film No. 84, 85, 86, 87]

Thomas Greentree, rebuked for complaining to the directors over the Council's head, presented a petition on 30 March 1753 confessing his rash proceedings and pleading his forty-third year and guardianship of several orphans. He appears thereafter as executor and guardian, granted leave on 6 August 1753 to sell the orphan Helena Ryder's land at Swan's Valley, and as a planter supplying beasts to the Danish ships. [Film No. 71, 72, 231, 235]

Samuel Faulconer, the island surgeon, was condemned in the minutes of 30 April 1753 as almost constantly in liquor and incapable, forcing the Council to borrow surgeons from the ships. Thomas Hall, master gunner, petitioned on 7 May 1753 for the gunnery gratuity, the Council granting the justice of his account yet refusing the money, bound by an old order of 1742/1743. [Film No. 145, 149]

Captain John McNamara of the Rhoda wrote on 2 May 1753 asking the Council to spare him 2,400 lb of rice, his own having rotted in a damp lazaretto at Canton, and the Council, finding no bread to offer, granted the whole quantity. Major Jackson, the steward, sought leave on 18 June 1753 to sail for England aboard the Admiral Vernon and acted as attorney of the departed Henry Wise, William Moor succeeding him as steward. [Film No. 142, 146, 161, 190]

Captain Edwin Carter paid £450 into the Company's cash for bills of exchange on 6 August 1753. The Council noted the same day that Samuel Doveton's orphans had not killed for the ships in proportion to their stock, tracing their surplus of cattle to their backwardness the previous year. [Film No. 231, 234, 235]

Henry Brimson, the armourer, having petitioned to have his salary raised or his discharge granted, was discharged at his own request when his time expired on 8 November 1753, and on 10 December 1753 the Council bought four nail boxes and a screw plate from him for 12s. The post proved hard to fill, John Beale being employed to assist Edward Terry only to seek leave within weeks to depart in the Godolphin. [Film No. 324, 336, 337, 351]

James Burges, the lame soldier, having served two years and seven months and lost the use of his left arm, set out on 7 January 1753/1754 that the island's and several ships' doctors could do nothing, and prayed to be sent home. The Council granted his discharge only on its own surgeons' written certificate. The sentinel Augustine Balls appears on the payroll two full quarters after his theft-related fine. [Film No. 347, 348, 380, 381]

In a consultation of about 8 April 1754 the Council noted that Oliver, the island's surgeon, was believed to have caused many deaths, and that the directors had ordered him sent to England, recommending he settle his affairs to take passage. The unconnected Captain John Oliver of the Grantham carried home the condemned guns and supplied the officers with fine groceries. Captain John Nanfan appears as a private supplier of salt provision. [Film No. 436, 435, 421]

Conclusion

The material for October 1752 to April 1754 shows St Helena as a small, tightly administered outpost bent wholly to the service of the Company's shipping. Every function, its garrison, plantation, store, hospital and treasury, was measured, apportioned and certified in a routine of accounts binding a distant settlement to the court at home, exact to a broken sponge stave or a quarter-gallon of vinegar. [Film No. 280, 303, 306]

The rhythm of the whole period turned on the sea, the island victualling a single Admiral Vernon in one quiet month and a gathered fleet of nine East Indiamen in another, its herds drawn down and its batteries kept in near-continuous salute and alarm. The treasury was a sediment of the world's coinage eked out with imported copper halfpence, and the table furnished by whatever cargoes had lately touched the road. [Film No. 234, 444, 445]

The Council ran a responsive slaughter quota adjusted across seasons, licensed the sale of every estate, counted its mixed foreign coin month by month, and drew its annual rent as landlord of the whole island. It applied the English Statute of Distributions over what the inhabitants believed to be their own inheritance rule, and later an authoritative English opinion on leasehold land, the reach of imperial authority extending into a remote settlement's affairs. [Film No. 235, 434, 439]

The record must be read for its silences as much as its figures. The soldiers appear as wages, enlistments and coffins, the planters as tenants and buyers charged a higher rate, and the slaves as rations, clothing and, in the cases of Jack Guinea, Lime House, Nanny Chatham and Mary, names entered among the dead beasts of a livestock return. The graded prices, the peppercorn rents and the meanest tea reserved for the sick slaves map a settled order of privilege the account records without remarking on. [Film No. 257, 260, 288]

Beneath the accounts lie the coerced lives on which the settlement rested. The Company's slaves were clothed and fed from the store, worked the quarries and the storm-broken defences, were drawn into lifetime bondage whether taken in Africa or the Malay East, and were entered in the livestock account at their birth and death. The curfews, the fines on those who traded with them and the flogging frame measure the Council's concern for the property order, and Caesar's own account of his beating tells more of their condition than any tally of shoes or thread. St Helena grew little and made less, and depended for almost everything on the ships it existed to serve: a remote and vulnerable island, held and provisioned at the Company's charge, because it lay on the road to the East. [Film No. 261, 279, 406]

Film No.	Page No.	OCR Transcription	Modern Interpretation and analysis
1		EAP 1364 St Helena Document Name and Date St Helena Records 1753-1754 Photographer PETER Date photographed 1 DEC 2021 Additional comments
2		Book cover
3		Blank page
4		Blank page
5		Fortifications injured by floods Banks's - meeting of 22 Febry. 1753. Ruperts. 27 Augt " Lemon Valley. 22 Octr " Banks's & Ruperts, again, 11 Febry 1754. Sandy Bay, by surf- 3 Septr 1753.
6		Blank page
7	1	Island St Helena At a Consultation held on Monday the 29th day of January 1753 at the Castle. Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Govr Lieutenant John Skottowe of Council The last Consultation was Read, approved and Signed, dated the 22d January 1753 The Storekeeper brought in his Collectory And the Paymaster his Accompt for the Quarter ending the 11 Instant, which were Examined and approved, And are as follow Vizt Collection of Goods Sold and delivered out of the Honourable Companys Stores from the 12 of October to the 11 January 1753 Vizt Sold to the Companys Servants at 10 p Cent Vizt Arrack 658 Gallons 159 10 Brandy 136 ½ Gallons 54 3 9 Sugar & Candy Vizt 3654 Sugar 94 4 8 2149 Candy 35 16 4 130 1 Carried over 323 14 9	At a consultation held at the castle on Monday 29 January 1753, Governor Hutchinson attended with Lieutenant John Fleetwood Hamilton present. The council read, approved and signed the previous consultation dated 22 January 1753. The storekeeper produced his account of goods sold, and the paymaster his account for the quarter ending at present. The council examined and approved both, which ran as follows. The collection covered goods sold and delivered from the Company stores between 12 October and 11 January 1753. Company servants bought these goods at a markup of 10 per cent. Arrack, 638 gallons, £159 10s 0d Brandy, 136½ gallons, £34 3s 9d Sugar candy as follows: 3,654 sugar, £94 4s 8d 2,149 candy, £35 16s 4d, £130 1s 0d Carried over, £323 14s 9d Interpretations Arrack was a strong spirit distilled across South and Southeast Asia, commonly from fermented palm sap, sugarcane or rice. Ships calling at St Helena carried it in bulk from India and the East Indies, and the Company resold it to its garrison and settlers at a fixed markup, making liquor a dependable source of revenue on the island. The 10 per cent markup shows the Company running its stores as a controlled monopoly rather than an open market. Servants could buy only from Company stock at the rate the council set, which secured a steady margin on every gallon and pound while keeping private trade in check. The two accounts, one from the storekeeper and one from the paymaster, functioned as a quarterly audit. Requiring both officers to bring their books before the council for examination and signature created a check on each man's handling of goods and cash, tying the island's small administration to a routine of formal review.
8	2	29 January Brought over 323 14 9 Flour Vizt 726 Flour 5 5 192 ¾ 12 Do Baked 168 13 174 Soap 2/6 12 1 6 Candles 5/7 43 6 1 Tea Vizt 20 Congo 16 1 9 16 Singlo 10 17 4 13 Bohea 19 28 4 1 Rice & Paddy Vizt 1917 Rice 56 1 6 7 Paddy 9 4 56 10 10 Beef & Pork Vizt 631 Beef 3/ 63 2 16 Do 3/6 2 8 8 1233 Pork 9 123 10 98 Do 2/6 10 12 4 Kersey 16 ¾ Peices 100 13 Long Ells 18 ½ 9 Do 1 2 Long Cloth Vizt 4 1 6 2 No 1 11 11 1 2 4 18 2 3 8 18 1 4 3 11 7 5 19 17 3 4 7 7 3 Shirts Vizt 55 17 3 9 Centinels 2 1 3 27 ½ Linnen 3 15 2 ½ 5 16 5 ½ Carried over 884 12 5 ½	The account continued under 29 January with the sum carried forward from the previous leaf. Brought over, £323 14s 9d Flour as follows: 120 flour, £5 5s 0d 192¾ 12 ditto baked, £168 13s 0d, £174 0s 0d Soap, 2s 6d, £12 1s 6d Candles, 5s 7d, £43 6s 1d Tea as follows: 20 congou, £16 1s 9d 16 singlo, £10 1s 4d 10 bohea, £1 9s 0d, £28 4s 1d Rice and paddy as follows: 191 rice, £56 1s 6d 2 paddy, £0 9s 4d, £56 10s 10d Beef and pork as follows: 631 lb beef, 3d, £63 2s 0d 16 lb ditto, 3½d, £2 8s 8d 1,255 lb pork, 2d, £123 10s 0d 98 lb ditto, 2½d, £10 12s 4d, £199 13s 0d Kersey, 16½ yards, £1 2s 0d Long ells, 18½ yards, £4 1s 6d Long cloth as follows: 2 pieces number 1, £11 11s 0d 1 piece number 2, £4 18s 0d 2 pieces number 3, £8 18s 0d 1 piece number 4, £3 11s 0d 1 piece number 5, £19 17s 3d 4 pieces number 7, £7 3s 0d, £55 17s 3d Shirts as follows: 9 sentinels, £2 1s 3d 2½ pieces linen, £3 15s 2½d, £5 16s 5½d Carried over, £884 12s 5½d Interpretations Kersey, long ells and long cloth were English woollen and cotton textiles shipped out for sale on the island. Kersey was a coarse ribbed woollen cloth, long ells a light worsted much traded to the East, and long cloth a plain cotton woven in long pieces. These formed part of the standard manufactures the Company moved through its stores, and the numbered pieces of long cloth were graded by quality or breadth, each grade carrying its own price. Congou, singlo and bohea were black and green teas brought from Canton by the Company's China ships. Bohea was the cheapest grade at a shilling and a few pence the pound, congou a middling black tea, and singlo a green tea, and their presence in the island stores shows the China trade reaching even this small garrison as an ordinary retail commodity. The flour entry distinguished plain flour from flour already baked into bread, the baked portion valued far higher at £168 against £5 for the raw. This reflected the labour and fuel of the Company bakehouse, which turned imported flour into ration bread for servants and garrison, and shows the island billing the processed article as a distinct and dearer line.
9	3	1753 Brought over 884 13 5 ½ Blankets 14 6 7 11 Oars 4 17 Hooks & Lines Vizt 925 Hooks No 2 12 4 850 Do 6 14 2 550 Do 10 1 1 1 200 Blin 8 27 ½ Dozn Lines No 2 4 2 12 Dozn Do 3 2 11 3 Dozn Do 4 13 3 2 Jack Lines 3 8 6 Hambro 7 6 6 14 11 Deoders Vizt 12 Mo Single 6 15 14 Mo Double 4 8 11 3 Buckram 26 by Yards 1 3 10 Shalloon 5 5 ½ Yards 5 14 7 Haberdashery Ware Vizt 5 Doz Mo Co Buttons 3 4 10 Doz Mo Vt Do 3 4 10 ½ Doz Gr Co Do 11 9 ½ 23 ½ Doz Gr Br Do 4 4 40 Skl Mohair 15 16 Skl Silk 7 4 2 13 1 ½ Broad Cloth 12 ¾ Yards 13 3 4 Canvas Vizt 172 ½ Yards Ravenrigs 5 18 7 2 Yards English Canvas 2 3 6 10 Carried over 937 13 11	The account continued through 1753 with the sum carried forward from the previous leaf. Brought over, £884 13s 5½d Blankets, 14, £6 7s 11d Oars, 4, £0 17s 0d Hooks and lines as follows: 925 hooks number 2, £0 12s 4d 850 ditto number 6, £0 14s 2d 550 ditto number 10, £1 1s 1d 200 ditto, £0 0s 8d 2½ dozen lines number 2, £0 9s 2d 12 dozen ditto number 3, £2 11s 0d 3 dozen ditto number 4, £0 13s 3d 2 jack lines, £0 3s 8d 6 hambro, £0 7s 6d, £6 14s 11d Dowlas as follows: 12 pieces single, £6 15s 0d 1 piece double, £4 8s 0d, £11 3s 0d Buckram, 2 by yard, £1 3s 10d Shalloon, 5 5⁄8 yard, £5 14s 7d Haberdashery as follows: 5 dozen metal buttons, £0 3s 4d 10 dozen ditto ditto, £0 3s 4d 10½ dozen coloured ditto, £0 11s 9½d 23¾ dozen ditto ditto, £0 4s 4d 40 skeins mohair, £0 1s 5d 16 skeins silk, £0 7s 4d, £2 13s 1½d Broadcloth, 12¾ yards, £13 3s 4d Canvas as follows: 17½ yards raven duck, £5 18s 7d 2 yards English canvas, £0 2s 3d, £6 0s 10d Carried over, £937 13s 11d Interpretations Dowlas, buckram, shalloon and raven duck were specialised cloths each serving a distinct purpose. Dowlas was a coarse plain linen used for shirting and household linen, buckram a stiffened linen used to give body to garments and bindings, shalloon a light woollen used chiefly for lining coats, and raven duck a strong flaxen sailcloth. Their sale together with English canvas points to the island's demand for both clothing and the making and mending of sails, tents and sacking. The hooks and lines in graded sizes, together with jack lines and hambro line, equipped the island fishery that supplied fresh fish to garrison and shipping. Hambro line was a small tarred cordage named for its Hamburg origin, and the fine gradation of hook sizes from number 2 to number 10 shows the store catering to different catches, from large fish taken on heavy tackle to smaller inshore species. Mohair here meant not the cloth but the twisted thread of goat hair used with metal and coloured buttons in tailoring, and the skeins of silk and mohair sat alongside buttons as the small wares of the clothing trade. Stocking these fastenings and threads shows the Company store supplying not only finished cloth but the materials to cut and sew it into garments on the island.
10	4	29 January Brought over 937 13 11 Cutlery Ware Vizt 11 ½ Grofs Horn Nedles 14 4 ½ 1 Ivory Combs 9 7 ½ 31 ½ Grace Buckles 12 11 41 Leat Garters 13 9 ½ 5 Shoe Buckles 2 8 ½ 1 Choping Knife 1 6 ½ 1 Butchers Knife 3 ½ 2 Horn Boxes 5 3 8 Twine 23 Skeins 16 8 Thread Vizt 8 ½ Wt Do Brown 2 17 4 ½ 4 Coloured 3 8 3 Oz Nuns 9 3 3 10 3 ½ Starch Vizt 2 9 Flannel 7 Yards 11 1 China Ware Vizt 3 Nog Cups & Sauces 10 3 Chall pint Cups & Sauces 13 3 17 Sneckers 4 3 1 Sett Dishes & Plates 17 3 50 Mugs 12 6 13 Bowls 10 7 1 Tea Boxs 5 ½ 1 Chamber Pott 1 6 3 11 ½ Cordage 6 ½ 16 10 ½ Camblet 32 ½ Yards 5 3 10 ½ Salt 5 Bushels 16 8 Pease 1 ½ Bushels 12 3 Carried over 965 6	The account continued under 29 January with the sum carried forward from the previous leaf. Brought over, £937 13s 11d Cutlery ware as follows: 11½ dozen horn needle cases, £0 14s 4½d 1 ivory comb, £0 9s 7½d 31½ pairs brace buckles, £0 12s 11d 41 pairs leather garters, £0 13s 9½d 5 pairs shoe buckles, £0 2s 8½d 1 chopping knife, £0 1s 6½d 1 butcher's knife, £0 0s 3½d 2 horn combs, £0 0s 5d, £3 0s 8d Twine, 23 skeins, £0 16s 8d Thread as follows: 8½ lb brown, £2 17s 4½d 4 lb coloured, £0 3s 8d 3 ounces nuns, £0 9s 3d, £3 10s 3½d Starch, £0 2s 9d Flannel, 7 yards, £0 11s 1d China ware as follows: 3 nest cups and saucers, £0 0s 10d 5 half pint cups and saucers, £0 13s 3d 17 saucers, £0 4s 3d 1 set dishes and plates, £0 17s 3d 50 mugs, £0 12s 6d 13 bowls, £0 10s 1d 1 teapot, £0 0s 5½d 1 chamber pot, £0 1s 6d, £3 0s 11½d Cordage, 6 7⁄8, £9 16s 10½d Camblet, 32 yards, £5 3s 10½d Salt, 3 bushels, £0 16s 8d Peas, 1½ bushels, £0 12s 3d Carried over, £965 6s 0d Interpretations Nuns thread was a fine white sewing thread, originally an ecclesiastical product of continental convents, and its listing beside brown and coloured thread by the ounce rather than the pound marks it as the costliest and most delicate of the sewing stock. The store thus graded its thread by fineness and price, from bulk brown thread for coarse work down to small quantities of the fine white for careful sewing. Camblet was a mixed cloth of wool with silk or goat hair, valued for its close weather-resistant weave and much used for cloaks and outer garments. Its sale alongside flannel and the various linens rounded out the range of clothing materials the island offered, giving settlers a durable cloth suited to wet and windy conditions. The China ware, brought from Canton in the same trade that supplied the tea, arrived as ballast and private cargo on the Company's homeward ships. A garrison household on a remote island could thus set its table with porcelain cups, bowls and plates, a mark of how far the eastern trade carried ordinary domestic goods into a small and isolated settlement.
11	5	1753 Brought over 965 6 Pitch Vizt 7 ½ Gallns Tar 5 5 28 Rosin 5 10 24 Turpentine 5 16 3 Paint Vizt 11 Indico 1 2 1 Ounce Saccarum Saturni 2 ½ 22 White Lead 8 3 7 Mahogony Colour 1 10 ½ 37 Whiting 10 3 Barrels Blacking 1 8 10 Venn Red 3 11 ½ 7 Umber 2 ½ 1 17 2 Vinegar 32 ¼ Gallons 3 9 10 ½ Palampores 1 13 4 Shoes Vizt 125 Pr Mo Coot 27 18 4 Pr Do Fine 5 1 Pr Pumps 6 11 1 Pr Chaneld Pumps 1 11 2 Skl Spinnels 1 2 Pr Boys Shoes 7 6 20 12 11 Nails Vizt 4 2 11 ½ 5 3 1 7 ½ 20 4 8 9 25 6 10 5 18 10 6 9 6 20 2 3 7 Flooring Brads 1 ½ 7 Gloring Brads 1 ½ 7 Scupper Nails 1 12 9 Carried over 1003 8 3 ½	The account continued through 1753 with the sum carried forward from the previous leaf. Brought over, £965 6s 0d Pitch as follows: 7½ gallons tar, £0 5s 5d 28 lb rosin, £0 5s 10d 24 lb turpentine, £0 5s 0d, £0 16s 3d Paint as follows: 11 lb indigo, £1 0s 2d 1 ounce saccharum saturni, £0 0s 2½d 22 lb white lead, £0 8s 3d ½ lb mahogany colour, £0 1s 10½d 3 lb whiting, £0 0s 10d 3 barrels blacking, £0 1s 8d 10 lb Venetian red, £0 3s 11½d ¼ lb umber, £0 0s 2½d, £1 17s 2d Vinegar, 32¼ gallons, £3 9s 10½d Palampores, 1, £0 13s 4d Shoes as follows: 125 pairs men's, £27 1s 8d 4 pairs ditto fine, £1 5s 0d 1 pair pumps, £0 6s 11d 1 pair channelled pumps, £0 1s 11d 2 pairs spinners, £0 1s 0d 2 pairs boys' shoes, £0 7s 6d, £20 12s 11d Nails as follows: 1 lb 2d, £0 0s 11½d 3 lb 3d, £0 1s 7½d 20 lb 4d, £0 8s 9d 25 lb 6d, £0 10s 5d 18 lb 10d, £0 6s 9d 6 lb 20d, £0 2s 3d 1 lb flooring brads, £0 0s 1½d 1 lb glazing brads, £0 0s 1½d 1 lb scupper nails, £0 0s 6d, £1 12s 9d Carried over, £1,003 8s 3½d Interpretations Saccharum saturni was sugar of lead, or lead acetate, a sweet white compound prepared by dissolving lead in vinegar and used as a drying agent and pigment binder in paint. Its appearance among the painters' materials, alongside white lead, Venetian red, umber and mahogany colour, shows the store supplying a full palette of earth and metal pigments for the upkeep of Company buildings and fittings. Palampores were painted or dyed cotton bed covers made on the Coromandel coast of India, worked with elaborate flowering-tree designs and prized as furnishings. A single one listed here at over thirteen shillings was a costly decorative import, and its presence among the plainer goods marks the reach of the Indian textile trade into the domestic comforts of the island's households. The nails graded by penny size followed the old English reckoning, where the number denoted the price per hundred rather than any length, so that a sixpenny nail was one sold at sixpence the hundred. Stocking the full run of sizes from small twopenny nails to heavier twentypenny, together with brads and scupper nails, equipped the island for building, glazing and the fitting of ships' decks and drains.
12	6	29 January Brought over 1003 8 3 ½ Tin Ware Vizt 6 Lanthorn Leaves 1 1 ½ 2 Driping Pans 9 2 1 Pint Saucepan 5 1 Water Pott 5 8 ½ 16 5 Serge 13 ¾ Yards 3 7 7 Braziers Ware Vizt 1 Pr Candlesticks 6 5 1 Kitt Candlestick 4 1 1 Tea Kettle 12 8 1 Ladle 2 5 1 5 7 Sithing & Iron Vizt 1 2 9 Corks 7 ¾ Cork Wood 1 1 Pewter Vizt 1 Chamber Pott 12 8 2 Stool Pans 10 6 1 3 2 Shellons 1 10 Ironmongers Ware Vizt 1 Cupboard Lock 1 11 2 Frying Pans 3 8 6 Forth Stones 1 16 Files 13 4 2 Hbd chocol 3 10 8 Pr HL Hinges 17 4 1 Pr Do Rising Joynts 3 6 10 Pr Dovtail Hinges 4 4 ½ 11 Hoes 7 4 1 Pr Handspads 2 ½ 5 Pick Axes 12 7 1 Maul 4 1 Ironmongers Ware Carried over	The account continued under 29 January with the sum carried forward from the previous leaf. Brought over, £1,003 8s 3½d Tin ware as follows: 6 lantern leaves, £0 1s 1½d 2 dripping pans, £0 9s 2d 1 pint saucepan, £0 0s 5d 1 water pot, £0 5s 8½d, £0 16s 5d Serge, 13¾ yards, £3 7s 7d Braziers' ware as follows: 1 pair candlesticks, £0 6s 5d 1 kettle candlestick, £0 4s 1d 1 tea kettle, £0 12s 8d 1 ladle, £0 2s 5d, £1 5s 7d Itching or bed, £1 2s 9d Corks, 7¾ cork wood, £0 1s 1d Pewter as follows: 1 chamber pot, £0 12s 8d 2 stool pans, £0 10s 6d, £1 3s 2d Chellons, 1, £0 10s 0d Ironmongers' ware as follows: 1 cupboard lock, £0 1s 11d 2 frying pans, £0 3s 8d 6 forth stoves, £0 1s 0d 16 files, £0 13s 4d 2 adze and hooks, £0 3s 10d 8 pairs HL hinges, £0 17s 4d 1 pair dovetailing joints, £0 3s 6d 10 pairs dovetail hinges, £0 4s 4½d 11 flocks, £0 7s 4d 1 pair hand vices, £0 2s 4½d 5 pickaxes, £0 12s 7d 1 maul, £0 4s 1d Ironmongers' ware carried over, £0 0s 0d Interpretations Serge and shalloon aside, the chellon listed here was a woollen cloth of the shalloon family, sometimes called chalon after its origin at Châlons in France, used chiefly for bedding and coarse garments. Its single entry among the finer cloths shows the store carrying a plain hard-wearing wool for the roughest domestic needs. HL hinges and dovetail hinges named the two joinery patterns then standard for doors and cupboards. The HL hinge took its name from the H and L shape of its two leaves and was fixed to doors that had to bear weight, while dovetail hinges served lighter cupboard and press work. Stocking both, with the locks, files, vices and pickaxes, shows the store equipping the island's carpenters and smiths for building and fitting out. Braziers' ware meant goods worked in brass, and the candlesticks, kettles and ladle listed under that head were the products of a specialist metalworker's trade. Bringing such finished brass alongside the pewter chamber pots and stool pans shows the island importing a graded range of household metalware, from the cheaper pewter of the sickroom to the dearer brass of the hearth and table.
13	7	1753 Brought over 1011 14 10 ½ Ironmongers Ware Brought over 1 Chafing Dish 5 9 ½ 10 ½ Regr Wood Screws 7 10 ½ 3 Gimblets 3 ½ 1 Bricklayers Trowel 1 7 2 Laping Axes 5 2 1 Grid Iron 3 7 ½ 1 Spike Gimblet 1 ½ 2 Baskets 12 2 1 Auger 6 ½ 1 Jack Spitt 5 4 1 Box Grint & Heaters 11 9 1 Ditting Chocol 4 11 ½ 1 Iron rimd Lock 6 9 7 3 ½ Hosiers Ware Vizt 2 Pr Mens Wove Stockings 7 8 7 Pr Boys 17 2 ½ 1 4 10 ½ Turners Ware Vizt 12 Shoe Brushes 7 9 1 Basket 3 2 ½ 10 11 ½ Deals Vizt 2 Oak Planks 2 11 11 ½ 8 Pr Riga Timber 1 7 5 ½ 2 Double Deals 6 6 11 Single Do 1 4 3 ½ 1 Ruffir 3 8 ½ 1 Baulk 5 6 ½ 5 19 5 ½ Oil 2 ½ Gallons Linseed 9 2 Carried over 1026 10 1 ½	The account continued through 1753 with the sum carried forward from the previous leaf. Brought over, £1,011 14s 10½d Ironmongers' ware brought over: 1 chafing dish, £0 5s 9½d 10½ dozen wood screws, £0 7s 10½d 3 gimblets, £0 0s 3½d 1 bricklayer's trowel, £0 1s 7d 2 lopping axes, £0 5s 2d 1 gouge, £0 3s 3½d 1 spike gimblet, £0 0s 1½d 2 scythes, £0 12s 2d 1 auger, £0 0s 6½d 1 jack spit, £0 5s 1d 1 box iron and heaters, £0 11s 9d 1 ditching shovel, £0 4s 11½d 1 iron rimmed lock, £0 6s 9d, £7 0s 3½d Hosiers' ware as follows: 2 pairs men's worsted stockings, £0 7s 8d 7 pairs boys', £0 17s 2½d, £1 4s 10½d Turners' ware as follows: 12 shoe brushes, £0 7s 9d 1 flasket, £0 3s 2½d, £0 10s 11½d Deals as follows: 2 oak planks, £2 11s 11½d 2⅔ pieces Riga timber, £1 7s 5½d 2 double deals, £0 6s 6d 11 single ditto, £1 4s 3½d 1 batten, £0 3s 8½d 1 baulk, £0 5s 6½d, £5 19s 5½d Oil, 2½ gallons linseed, £0 9s 2d Carried over, £1,026 19s 1½d Interpretations Deals, double deals, battens and baulks were the graded sizes of imported softwood board and timber, cut to standard dimensions in the Baltic trade. A deal was a plank of set thickness, a batten a narrower strip and a baulk a squared length of larger scantling, while the Riga timber named its port of origin on the eastern Baltic. Their sale shows the island wholly dependent on imported wood for building, since St Helena grew no timber fit for construction. A box iron and its heaters formed a smoothing iron with a hollow body into which a separately heated iron slug was placed, allowing pressing to continue while a second heater warmed at the fire. Listing it among the ironmongery marks the store supplying the tools of laundry and clothes-care alongside the heavier trade goods, meeting the domestic needs of the garrison households. The jack spit and box iron together with the scythes, augers and ditching shovel show a single store spanning kitchen, garden and field. This breadth reflects the position of the Company store as the sole supplier on the island, where no competing trade existed and every tool of husbandry, building and household work had to be drawn from the one stock.
14	8	29 January Brought over 1026 19 7 ½ Glaziers Ware Vizt 12 Ft Glass 6 by 8 5 95 Sq Do 8 by 10 2 19 4 ½ 7 Sq Do 10 by 12 6 5 12 Wine Glasses 5 9 1 Wine & Water Glass 10 1 Pint Decanter 3 11 ½ 4 1 4 Pepper 7 7 Leather 2 2 3 Cartwheels 3 Hand Barrow Sides 5 6 Sailors Cloths Vizt 4 Boys Checked Shirt 12 4 2 Jacket & Breeches 17 11 1 10 3 Grindstones 1 3 7 ½ Lead Vizt 21 ¼ Pigg 4 5 Shott 5 Wine 3 Dozen Port 3 4 5 1036 7 Sold to the Planters at 25 p Cent Vizt Deoders 84 Single 5 2 Broad Cloth 6 ½ Yards 6 3 7 Shalloon 37 Yards 1 6 4 Serge 11 Yards 3 1 10 ½ Sazathos 1 Piece 2 1 3 Long Cloth Vizt 2 No 3 10 2 34 4 11 17 172 5 4 16 9 26 15 9 Carried over 47 10 9 ½	The account continued under 29 January with the sum carried forward from the previous leaf. Brought over, £1,026 19s 7½d Glaziers' ware as follows: 12 squares glass 6 by 8, £0 0s 5d 95 squares ditto 8 by 10, £2 19s 4½d 7 squares ditto 10 by 12, £0 6s 5d 12 wine glasses, £0 5s 9d 1 wine and water glass, £0 0s 10d 1 pint decanter, £0 3s 11½d, £4 1s 4d Pepper, 7 lb, £0 0s 7d Leather, 2 lb, £0 2s 3d Cartwheels, 3, hand barrow ditto, £0 5s 6d Sailors' clothes as follows: 4 boys' checked shirts, £0 12s 4d 2 jackets and breeches, £0 17s 11d, £1 10s 3d Grindstones, 1, £0 3s 0½d Lead as follows: 21¼ pig, £0 4s 0d 5 shot, £0 0s 5d, £0 4s 5d Wine, 3 dozen port, £3 0s 0d Total, £1,036 7s 0d The account then turned to goods sold to the planters at a markup of 25 per cent. Dowlas, 8 pieces single, £5 2s 0d Broadcloth, 6½ yards, £6 3s 7d Shalloon, 37 yards, £1 6s 4d Serge, 11 yards, £3 1s 10½d Sagathy, 1 piece, £2 1s 3d Long cloth as follows: 2 pieces number 3, £10 2s 0d 3 ditto number 4, £11 17s 0d 1½ pieces number 5, £4 16s 9d, £26 15s 9d Carried over, £47 10s 9½d Interpretations The account here divided into two classes of buyer at different markups, servants earlier taking goods at 10 per cent and planters now at 25 per cent. This graded pricing shows the Company favouring its own employees with cheaper access to stores while charging the free settlers a higher margin, a deliberate distinction between the household of the Company and the independent inhabitants of the island. Sagathy was a light woollen cloth, a variety of serge with a slight sheen, used for linings and lighter garments in warmer weather. Its listing among the cloths sold to the planters shows the store offering the free inhabitants the same range of English woollens as the garrison, suited to the mild climate of the island. The window glass sold in graded squares of 6 by 8, 8 by 10 and 10 by 12 inches, with the largest quantity in the middle size, reflected the standard panes of the sash windows then fitted in Company and settler houses. Supplying cut glass by the square, together with the pint decanter and wine glasses, shows the store furnishing both the fabric of the buildings and the finer articles of the table. Speculations The port wine was priced at a flat £3 for three dozen with no rate carried through the intervening denominations, where every other line on the leaf broke its figure into pounds, shillings and pence against a stated quantity. The round sum set beside the graded and fractional pricing of glass, cloth and lead suggests the wine was entered at a fixed lot price rather than costed by the bottle, the clerk choosing a settled valuation over the itemised reckoning applied to everything around it.
15	9	1753 Brought over 47 10 9 ½ Hosiers Ware Vizt 4 Pr Boys Stocking 10 10 5 Pr Girls 13 6 ½ 1 4 4 ½ Shoes Vizt 13 Pr Mens Bd 7 3 3 11 1 Pr Chaneld Pumps 7 4 Pr Womens Calf 15 4 Pr Womens Callimanco 1 3 8 5 11 7 Long Ells 9 Yards 18 4 ½ Camblet 8 Yards 1 14 11 ½ Kannel 17 ½ Yards 13 5 Buckram 6 Yards 9 4 ½ Sold at 10 p Cent Vizt Arrack 155 ½ Gallons 136 2 6 Brandy 161 Gallons 48 6 Sugar & Candy Vizt 824 Sugar 17 3 4 1007 Candy 33 9 7 50 12 11 Soap 66 3 14 3 Candles 74 1 8 Tea Vizt 63 Congo 6 12 113 Single 9 11 8 16 3 8 Rice 20 2 qrs 8 10 10 Canvas 57 ½ Yards Ravenrigs 2 10 3 ½ Cordage 79 ½ 1 9 10 China Ware Vizt 12 half pint Cups & Sauces 5 8 9 Bowls 2 6 8 Sneakers 17 10 Carried over 333 19	The account continued through 1753 with the sum carried forward from the previous leaf. Brought over, £47 10s 9½d Hosiers' ware as follows: 4 pairs boys' stockings, £0 10s 10d 5 pairs girls', £0 13s 6½d, £1 4s 4½d Shoes as follows: 13 pairs men's ditto, £3 3s 11d 1 pair channelled pumps, £0 9s 0d 4 pairs women's calf, £0 15s 0d 4 pairs women's callimanco, £1 3s 8d, £5 11s 7d Long ells, 9 yards, £0 18s 1½d Camblet, 8 yards, £1 14s 11½d Flannel, 17½ yards, £0 13s 5d Buckram, 6 yards, £0 9s 4½d The account then turned to further goods sold at a markup of 10 per cent. Arrack, 155¾ gallons, £136 2s 6d Brandy, 161 gallons, £48 6s 0d Sugar and candy as follows: 821 sugar, £17 3s 4d 1,087 candy, £33 9s 7d, £50 12s 11d Soap, 66, £3 4s 3d Candles, 74, £1 8s 0d Tea as follows: 63 congou, £6 12s 0d 115 singlo, £9 11s 8d, £16 3s 8d Rice, 20 2, £8 10s 10d Canvas, 5 7⁄12 yards raven duck, £2 10s 3½d Cordage, 79½, £1 9s 10d China ware as follows: 12 half pint cups and saucers, £0 5s 8d 9 bowls, £0 9s 6d 8 saucers, £0 2s 8d, £0 17s 10d Carried over, £335 19s 0d Interpretations Callimanco was a glazed woollen cloth with a fine checked or striped pattern woven in the thread, popular for women's shoes and gowns in the middle years of the century. Its use here for four pairs of women's shoes, listed beside plainer calf leather, shows the store offering the island's women a fashionable dress shoe alongside the ordinary sort, a small trace of English fashion reaching a remote settlement. This leaf repeated the two classes of pricing seen before, with the shoes and cloths sold at the planters' rate and the arrack, brandy, tea and other stores then reverting to the 10 per cent servant rate. The mixing of both markups on the same page reflects the store settling accounts with different classes of buyer in the one quarterly reckoning, the clerk moving between the two schedules as the customers required. The spirits again dominated the figures, arrack and brandy together accounting for more than £180 on a page whose textiles and household goods came to a fraction of that. This weight of liquor in the island's retail trade shows how far drink underpinned the Company's store revenue, a pattern common to garrison and maritime settlements where imported spirits met a constant and profitable demand.
16	10	29 January Brought over 333 19 Nails Vizt 5 5 1 2 4 20 1 10 7 3 4 8 18 4 10 6 23 6 12 3 ½ 21 10 9 7 ½ 1 Coopers Rivets 7 ½ 2 ½ Glazing Brads 3 8 1 Scupper Nails 4 ½ Broad Cloth 1 ¼ Yards 2 5 8 Salt 1 ½ Bushels 4 13 Hooks & Lines Vizt 825 Hooks No 3 13 9 650 Do 7 13 75 Do 9 3 7 ½ 700 Blue 2 11 6 ½ doz Lines No 3 1 15 9 1 ½ doz Do 4 9 10 ½ Twine 13 Skeins 10 10 Haberdashery Ware Vizt 6 ½ doz Gr Co Buttons 9 2 ½ 4 ½ doz Gr Br Do 3 2 5 ½ doz Mo Co Do 4 7 13 ½ doz Mo Br Do 5 4 ½ 24 Mo Mohair 12 8 Do Silk 4 8 Vinegar 1 ¼ Gallons 3 6 ½ Starch 5 1 9 Carried over 347 18 5 ½	The account continued under 29 January with the sum carried forward from the previous leaf. Brought over, £335 19s 0d Nails as follows: 5 lb 3d, £0 1s 2d 4 lb 20d, £0 1s 10d 7 lb 3d, £0 4s 8d 18 lb 4d, £0 10s 6d 23 lb 6d, £0 12s 5½d 21 lb 10d, £0 9s 7½d 1 lb cooper's rivets, £0 0s 7½d 2½ lb glazing brads, £0 3s 8d 1 lb scupper nails, £0 0s 4½d Broadcloth, 1¼ yards, £2 5s 8d Salt, 1½ bushels, £0 4s 13d Hooks and lines as follows: 825 hooks number 3, £0 13s 9d 650 ditto number 7, £0 13s 0d 75 ditto number 9, £0 3s 7½d 700 blue, £0 2s 11d 6½ dozen lines number 3, £1 15s 9d 1½ dozen ditto number 4, £0 9s 10½d, £3 18s 11d Twine, 13 skeins, £0 10s 10d Haberdashery ware as follows: 6½ dozen coloured metal buttons, £0 9s 2½d ½ dozen ditto ditto, £0 3s 2d 5½ dozen metal coloured ditto, £0 4s 7d 13½ dozen metal ditto ditto, £0 5s 1½d 24 skeins mohair, £0 1s 2d 8 ditto silk, £0 4s 8d Vinegar, 1¼ gallons, £3 6s 3½d Starch, 5, £0 1s 9d Carried over, £347 18s 5½d Interpretations The hooks and lines here repeated the graded fishing tackle sold earlier to the servants, now supplied to the planters at the higher rate, with blue hooks listed as a distinct sort alongside the numbered sizes. This second sale of fishing gear on the same quarterly account shows how central the fishery was to the island's food supply, both classes of inhabitant needing the tackle to draw fish from the surrounding waters. Cooper's rivets were the copper or iron fastenings used in binding casks and tubs, and their appearance among the nails points to the barrel-making trade that every provisioning station required. Casks held the salted meat, spirits and water that sustained the garrison and the ships, and stocking the rivets shows the store supplying the materials to build and repair the containers on which the whole supply system depended. The vinegar entry stands out for pricing a mere quarter-gallon at over three shillings, far above the rate of the larger lots sold elsewhere on the account. Such a figure for so small a quantity points either to a superior grade or to a clerk's entry that the record leaves unreconciled, and marks the difficulty of reading a single line against the run of the surrounding prices.
17	11	1753 Brought over 347 18 5 ½ Paint Vizt 6 ½ Indica 15 2 75 White Lead 7 6 66 Whiting 1 10 ½ 13 Venn Red 3 9 ½ 5 Red Lead 7 1 8 11 Oil 1 ½ Gallons Linseed 7 Ironmongers Ware Vizt 1 Pr Shelp Sheers 1 10 3 Scyth Stones 7 ½ 2 Shod Shovels 4 11 4 Pr Dovetail Hinges 2 4 1 Maul 5 5 1 Bricklayers Trowel 2 1 Dozen Wood Screws 1 2 Frying Pans 4 8 1 2 7 ½ Shoes Vizt 26 Pr Mens Bd 7 7 3 2 Pr Channeld Pumps 1 4 1 Pr Pumps 8 8 7 Pr Fine Shoes 2 16 11 8 Thread Vizt 1 ½ Wt Brown 12 10 ½ 3 Oz Nuns 11 9 1 4 7 ½ Cutlery Ware 6 Ivory Combs 10 6 Turners Ware 2 Shoe Brushes 1 8 Masts 1 Topmast 16 16 Pitch & Tar Vizt 1 Barrel Pitch 2 4 1 Barrel 1 ½ Gallons Tar 1 9 3 13 Carried over 584 10 9 ½	The account continued through 1753 with the sum carried forward from the previous leaf. Brought over, £347 18s 5½d Paint as follows: 6½ indigo, £0 15s 2d 15 white lead, £0 7s 6d 66 whiting, £0 1s 10½d 13 Venetian red, £0 3s 9½d 5 red lead, £0 0s 7d, £1 8s 11d Oil, 1½ gallons linseed, £0 7s 0d Ironmongers' ware as follows: 1 pair sheep shears, £0 1s 10d 3 scythe stones, £0 0s 7½d 2 shod shovels, £0 4s 11d 4 pairs dovetail hinges, £0 2s 4d 1 maul, £0 5s 5d 1 bricklayer's trowel, £0 2s 0d 1 dozen wood screws, £0 1s 0d 2 frying pans, £0 4s 8d, £1 2s 7½d Shoes as follows: 26 pairs men's ditto, £7 3s 0d 2 pairs channelled pumps, £1 0s 4d 1 pair pumps, £0 8s 8d 7 pairs fine shoes, £2 16s 0d, £11 8s 0d Thread as follows: ½ lb brown, £0 12s 10½d 3 ounces nuns, £0 11s 9d, £1 4s 7½d Cutlery ware, 6 ivory combs, £0 10s 6d Turners' ware, 2 shoe brushes, £0 1s 8d Masts, 1 topmast, £16 16s 0d Pitch and tar as follows: 1 barrel pitch, £2 4s 0d 1 barrel 1½ gallons tar, £1 9s 0d, £3 13s 0d Carried over, £384 10s 9½d Interpretations The single topmast valued at £16 16s was by far the dearest article on the leaf, worth more than the whole run of paint, shoes and ironmongery around it. A topmast was the second section of a ship's mast, raised above the lower mast to carry the upper sails, and stocking a finished spar of this size shows the island holding stores for the repair of the Company's ships, which called at St Helena for refreshment on the long homeward passage and might need to replace damaged gear. The paint materials repeated the pigments sold earlier, white lead, whiting, Venetian and red lead with indigo, now supplied to the planters for the upkeep of their own houses. This second sale of the painter's stock shows the free inhabitants maintaining their dwellings from the same store that served the Company, the island offering no other source for such manufactured goods. Sheep shears among the ironmongery point to the small pastoral economy of the island, where flocks were kept for wool and mutton. The presence of this single tool of the shepherd's trade, beside the shovels and hinges of the builder, again shows the breadth of a store that had to answer every trade practised on the island from the one stock of goods.
18	12	29 January Brought over 584 10 9 ½ Blankets 2 19 8 Pewter 3 Chamber Pots 12 6 Tin Ware 1 Driping Pan 5 10 Braziers Ware Vizt 1 Copper Saucepan 7 3 ½ 1 Tea Kettle 16 ½ 1 3 4 Lead 7 Shots 1 10 Glass Ware 30 Sq Glass 8 by 10 1 3 9 Pork 5 Pieces 13 9 Flour 179 7 13 11 ½ 597 5 5 Sold to a Dutch Gentleman at 50 p Cent Vizt Long Ells 20 Yards 2 8 4 Blankets 5 2 12 6 Braziers Ware Vizt 2 Tea Kettles 1 14 4 2 Copper Saucepans 9 9 2 4 1 Shoes 2 Pr Mens Bd 7 12 Candy 100 2 10 10 6 11 Sold to Ship Scarbrough Vizt Tar 2 Barrels 2 8 Deals 4 Pr Riga Timber 3 Flour 685 7 2 8 ½ Nails Pr 5 10 12 11 6 ½ Charges	The account continued under 29 January with the sum carried forward from the previous leaf. Brought over, £384 10s 9½d Blankets, 2, £0 19s 8d Pewter, 3 chamber pots, £0 12s 6d Tin ware, 1 dripping pan, £0 5s 10d Braziers' ware as follows: 1 copper saucepan, £0 7s 3½d 1 tea kettle, £0 16s 7½d, £1 3s 4d Lead, 7 shots, £0 1s 10d Glass ware, 30 squares glass 8 by 10, £0 13s 9d Pork, 5 pieces, £0 13s 9d Flour, 1739, £7 13s 11½d Total, £397 5s 5d The account then turned to goods sold to a Dutch gentleman at a markup of 50 per cent. Long ells, 20 yards, £2 8s 4d Blankets, 5, £2 12s 6d Braziers' ware as follows: 2 tea kettles, £1 14s 4d 2 copper saucepans, £0 9s 9d, £2 4s 1d Shoes, 2 pairs men's ditto, £0 12s 0d Candy, 100, £2 10s 0d Total, £11 6s 11d The account then turned to goods sold to the ship Scarborough. Tar, 2 barrels, £2 8s 0d Deals, 4 pieces Riga timber, £0 3s 0d Flour, 685, £7 2s 8½d Nails as follows: 5 lb, £0 0s 10d Total, £12 11s 6½d Interpretations The Dutch gentleman bought at a markup of 50 per cent, the highest rate on the whole account, set against the servants' 10 and the planters' 25. This steep charge to a foreign buyer shows the Company reserving its cheapest prices for its own household and settlers while treating a passing outsider as a source of extra profit, the pricing schedule itself marking the ranks of privilege on the island. The ship Scarborough took tar, deals, flour and nails, the stores of a vessel provisioning and refitting during her call at the island. Selling directly to a ship on the account shows St Helena functioning as a victualling and repair station on the long East India passage, the Company store supplying homeward and outward ships from the same stock that served the shore. The very large flour entry of 1,739 units, valued at over £7 and dwarfing the other lines in quantity, points to a bulk sale of the island's staple provision. Flour recurred throughout the account as the heaviest single commodity in volume, reflecting its place as the foundation of the garrison's diet and the constant demand that made it the store's most moved article. Speculations The council extended sales to a passing Dutchman and to the Scarborough at all, rather than holding the Company stores solely for its own servants and settlers. Both sat outside the island's own household, and the default of a provisioning monopoly was to husband its stock for those it was bound to supply. That the store instead opened its books to an outsider and a ship, and did so at the punishing rates of 50 per cent and a full commercial charge, shows the council choosing to turn surplus stores to profit where a buyer could be made to pay for the privilege.
19	13	1753 Charges General Dr for the following Since Advised from the 12 October to the 11 January 1753 Vizt Canvas Vizt 28 Yards Sacking for Lime Bags 16 2 8 ½ Yds Ravenrigs for Rubbers for the Castle & to cover his Pockets 5 4 1 1 6 Corks 3 Grofs for Bottling Beer 11 5 ½ Oil Vizt 1 ½ Gy Linseed for ye Armourer, & Bake House 5 10 2 ½ Gy Train for ye Do Do for the Pest House 6 8 12 6 Twine 3 Skeins for the Gunner use 2 11 8 for making & Mending Lime Bags Ironmongers Ware Vizt 3 Pack Needles for makg ye Lime Bags 5 ½ 28 Files for the Armourers use 1 1 1 Chafing Dish 5 3 1 Frying Pan for the Castle 2 10 1 Stock Lock 2 1 1 Jack Skin 3 1 Claw Hammer 1 2 Chalk Lines for the Carpenters 8 24 Gimblets 3 4 1 hoe sort Pick 11 4 spike Gimblets for the Carpenters 1 3 1 Rasp 7 6 Bricklayers Trowels for the Masons 8 6 1 Garden Hoe & Files for Lemon Valley Guard 1 6 4 Stone Saws for the Stone Sawyers 1 1 10 ½ 3 14 5 3 19 2 Soap 100 Carried over 10 1 11 ½	General charges for the following stores issued from 12 October to 11 January 1753. Canvas as follows: 28 yards sacking for lime bags, £0 16s 2d 8½ yards Osnaburg for ribbons for the castle and to cover his pockets, £0 5s 4d, £1 1s 6d Corks, 3 gross for bottling beer, £0 11s 5½d Oil as follows: 1½ gallons linseed for the armourer's and bakehouse, £0 5s 10d 2⅔ gallons train for ditto and for the pitch head, £0 6s 8d, £0 12s 6d Twine as follows: 3 skeins for the gunner's use, £0 2s 11d 8 for making and mending lime bags Ironmongers' ware as follows: 3 packing needles for making lime bags, £0 0s 5½d 28 files for the armourer's use, £1 1s 0d 1 chafing dish, £0 5s 3d 1 frying pan for the castle, £0 2s 10d 1 stock lock, £0 2s 1d 1 jack spit, £0 3s 0d 1 claw hammer for the carpenters, £0 1s 0d 2 chalk lines for the carpenters, £0 0s 8d 24 gimblets for the carpenters, £0 3s 4d 1 hoe sort pails, £0 0s 11d 1 spike gimblet for the carpenters, £0 1s 5d 1 rasp for the carpenters, £0 0s 7d 6 bricklayers' trowels for the masons, £0 8s 6d 1 garden hoe and files for Lemon Valley guard, £0 1s 6d 4 lime saws for the stone sawyers, £1 1s 10½d, £3 14s 5d Soap, 100, £3 19s 2d Carried over, £10 1s 11½d Interpretations This section changed the character of the account from goods sold to goods issued as general charges, that is, stores drawn from the warehouse for the Company's own works rather than sold to any buyer. Each line named the purpose and the department it served, the armourer, the bakehouse, the carpenters, the masons and the Lemon Valley guard, showing the internal accounting by which the island charged its consumption of stores against the works that used them. Lemon Valley was one of the fortified landing places on the coast of St Helena, guarded against enemy landing and the desertion of soldiers and slaves. The issue of a garden hoe and files to its guard post shows the small outlying stations kept up with tools for their own maintenance and cultivation, the garrison spread thinly across the several bays that an attacker might attempt. Train oil was oil rendered from the blubber of whales or seals, used for lamps, for dressing leather and for the coarser work of the yards, distinct from the finer linseed oil of the painter. Its issue to the armourer and the pitch head, where pitch was heated for caulking, shows the store providing the cheaper oil for the rough industrial tasks of the settlement while reserving linseed for finer use.
20	14	29 January Brought over 10 1 11 ½ Candles Vizt 120 for the Castle 8 12 6 95 for the Council 1 15 11 10 8 5 Deoders 12 Pr double for Table Linen 1 19 2 Shellons 2 Pr for Rubbers for the Castle 17 10 ½ Tin Ware Vizt 2 Driping Pans 8 3 ½ 1 Horn Lanthorn for the Castle 2 10 3 ½ Starch Vizt 2 ½ Poland 2 11 ½ 1 ½ Common for Linen 5 7 11 ½ Iron 127 for the Armourers use 19 6 Glass Ware Vizt 4 Tumbler 2 6 18 Wine Glasses for the Castle 7 10 ½ 5 Wine & Water Glasses 3 10 ½ 1 Sq Glass 18 by 11 for the Ofs House 1 4 ½ 15 7 ½ Lines Vizt 2 Lines No 3 for Whorfs 8 1 Hambro for the Castle 1 3 1 11 China Ware Vizt 2 Sett Dishes & Plates 1 12 2 Soup Dishes 12 3 6 Bowls 4 7 12 Sneakers 2 3 3 Tea Pots 1 1 Jug & Bason Coloured & Gold 10 24 Nog Cups & Sauces 6 9 Sallad Dishes 6 9 12 half pint Cups & Sauces 5 13 Soup Plates 7 6 6 9 Carried over 30 9 5 ½	The account continued under 29 January with the sum carried forward from the previous leaf. Brought over, £10 1s 11½d Candles as follows: 120 for the castle, £8 12s 6d 95 for the council, £1 15s 11d, £10 8s 5d Dowlas, 2 pieces double for table linen, £1 19s 2d Chellons, 2 pieces for rubbers for the castle, £0 17s 10½d Tin ware as follows: 2 dripping pans for the castle, £0 8s 3½d 1 horn lantern for the castle, £0 2s 0d, £0 10s 3½d Starch as follows: 2½ Poland for linen, £0 2s 11½d 1 common for linen, £0 0s 5d, £0 7s 11½d Iron, 127 for the armourer's use, £0 19s 6d Glass ware as follows: 4 tumblers for the castle, £0 2s 6d 18 wine glasses for the castle, £0 7s 10½d 5 wine and water glasses for the castle, £0 3s 10½d 1 square glass 18 by 11 for the guard house, £0 1s 4½d, £0 15s 7½d Lines as follows: 2 lines number 3 for wharf, £0 0s 8d 1 hambro for the castle, £0 1s 3d, £0 1s 11d China ware as follows: 2 sets dishes and plates, £1 12s 0d 2 soup dishes, £0 12s 3d 6 bowls, £0 4s 7d 12 saucers, £0 2s 3d 3 teapots, £0 1s 0d 1 jug and basin coloured and gold, £0 10s 0d 24 nest cups and saucers, £0 6s 0d 9 flatted dishes, £0 6s 9d 12 half pint cups and saucers, £0 4s 0d 13 soup plates, £0 7s 6d, £4 6s 9d Carried over, £30 9s 5½d Interpretations Rubbers here meant cloths for rubbing and cleaning, the chellon woollen cut into wipers for the castle rather than made into garments. The issue of two pieces for this purpose shows the plain heavy cloth turned to the humblest household use, the same fabric that clothed the poor serving equally as cleaning rag in the Governor's residence. Poland starch was a superior grade imported from that country, distinguished here from the common sort and reserved for the finer linen. The distinction drawn on a single line between the two qualities shows the castle household maintaining a standard in its table and body linen, the better starch kept for the linen that showed while the common answered for the rest. The substantial issue of china ware to the castle, running to sets of dishes, soup plates, tureens and a gilt jug and basin, furnished the Governor's table to a standard well above the plain wares sold to servants and planters. This concentration of the finer porcelain in the castle reflects the household of government as the social centre of the island, where the entertainment of visiting commanders and officers required a proper service of table.
21	15	1753 Brought over 30 9 5 ½ Cordage 50 ½ for a Grand Rope 15 9 Paint Vizt 3 Blue Smalts for Linen 3 4 12 Whiting for the Castle 3 3 7 Deals Vizt 1 Single deal for making Windows Shutters for Purpose 1 11 ½ 1 Oak Plank for repairing Gun Carriages 1 2 10 1 4 9 ½ Nails Vizt 4 2 4 ½ 3 3 for making Rackets & repairing 1 5 ½ 2 10 Iron Slab Window & the Sale Hole 8 6 20 1 10 ½ 4 4 ½ Turners Ware Vizt 4 Shoe Brushes 2 4 1 Scrubing Brush 2 2 Wood Ladles for the Castle 4 1 Paint Brush 6 1 Pump Box for the Pumps 11 ½ 6 2 Thread 1 ½ Coloured for the Gunners use 3 4 33 6 5 ½ Sundry Expences Dr for the following Since Advised from the 12 October to the 11 January 1753 Vizt Beef & Pork Vizt 1 Pr Beef 19 3 16 Pr Pork 4 12 5 11 3 Pease 3 ½ Bushel 3 6 Carried over 5 16 9	The account continued through 1753 with the sum carried forward from the previous leaf. Brought over, £30 9s 5½d Cordage, 50½ for a grand rope, £0 15s 9d Paint as follows: 3 blue smalt for linen, £0 3s 4d 12 whiting for the castle, £0 0s 3d, £0 3s 7d Deals as follows: 1 single deal for making windows and shutters for the pipehouse, £1 11s 4½d 1 oak plank for repairing gun carriages, £1 2s 10d, £1 4s 9½d Nails as follows: 1 lb 3d, £0 0s 1½d 3 lb 3d for making buckets and repairing, £0 1s 5½d 2 lb 10d for slash windows and the salt house, £0 0s 8d 6 lb 20d, £0 1s 10½d, £0 4s 1½d Turners' ware as follows: 4 shoe brushes, £0 2s 4d 1 scrubbing brush for the castle, £0 0s 2d 2 wood ladles for the castle, £0 0s 4d 1 paint brush for the castle, £0 0s 6d 1 pump box for the pumps, £0 0s 11½d, £0 6s 2d Thread, 1 coloured for the gunner's use, £0 3s 4d Total, £33 6s 5½d Petty expenses for the following stores issued from 12 October to 11 January 1753. Beef and pork as follows: 1 piece beef, £0 19s 3d 16 lb pork, £0 4s 12d Peas, ¾ bushel, £0 5s 6d Carried over, £5 16s 9d Interpretations Blue smalt was a pigment of powdered cobalt glass, ground to a fine blue and used here with the linen, where a trace of blue in the wash offset the yellowing of white cloth and made it appear brighter. Its issue for this purpose shows the laundry of the castle following the same practice of blueing the linen kept in careful English households of the period. The account divided the issued stores into two heads, the general charges of the preceding leaves and now a separate class of petty expenses for smaller consumption. This distinction between the two grades of charge shows the island's book-keeping separating the larger works of maintenance from the minor daily wants of the establishment, each carried to its own account for the Company's inspection. A pump box was the barrel or chamber of a pump in which the piston worked, and its issue for the pumps points to the machinery that raised water at the castle or drew it from wells and ships. Keeping such a spare part in store shows the settlement maintaining its own water supply and the constant small repairs that the working of a garrison required.
22	16	29 January Brought over 5 16 9 Rice 5 17 6 Sugar & Candy Vizt 163 Candy 6 11 3 ½ 7 Sugar 3 6 11 6 ½ Vinegar 6 ¾ Gallons 2 3 Oil 3 Bottles Florence 1 8 Flour 1370 8 19 5 Tea Vizt 7 Bohea 2 ½ 8 Congo 10 4 3 Single 2 2 13 3 ½ Arrack 48 Gallons 10 14 6 Salt 2 ¼ Bushels 6 9 35 2 8 Blacks Dr for the following Since Advised for their use from the 12 October to the 11 January 1753 Vizt Rice 813 1 qr 33 14 Beef & Pork Vizt 216 Beef 29 14 223 Pork 22 6 52 Sugar 33 ½ 6 7 Tea 10 Bohea for the Sick & given them at Rings 7 11 Thread 1 Coloured for mending their Cloaths 3 4 Shoes 17 Pr Mens Bd 7 for the Handicraftsmen 3 6 7 Salt 1 ½ Bushel 9 Hooks & Lines Vizt 3 doz Lines No 2 10 2 Do 3 8 125 Hooks No 3 1 5 100 Do 8 1 5 25 Do 9 10 ½ 14 5 Carried over 90 11	The account continued under 29 January with the sum carried forward from the previous leaf. Brought over, £5 16s 9d Rice, 5, £0 17s 6d Sugar and candy as follows: 163 candy, £6 11s 3½d 1 sugar, £0 0s 3d, £6 11s 6½d Vinegar, 6¼ gallons, £0 2s 3d Oil, 8 bottles Florence, £1 0s 8d Flour, 1570, £8 19s 5d Tea as follows: 1 bohea, £0 0s 2½d 8 congou, £0 10s 4d 3 singlo, £0 2s 2d, £0 13s 3½d Arrack, 8 gallons, £10 14s 6d Salt, 2¼ bushels, £0 6s 9d Total, £35 2s 8d Charges for the following stores issued for the slaves' use from 12 October to 11 January 1753. Rice, 13 1, £33 1s 4d Beef and pork as follows: 216 lb beef, £29 14s 0d 223 lb pork, £22 6s 0d, £52 0s 0d Sugar, 33½, £0 6s 7d Tea, 10 bohea for the sick given them at Christmas, £0 7s 11d Thread, 1 coloured for mending their clothes, £0 3s 4d Shoes, 17 pairs men's number 7 for the handicraftsmen, £3 6s 7d Salt, ½ bushel, £0 0s 9d Hooks and lines as follows: 3 dozen lines number 2, £0 0s 10d 2 ditto number 3, £0 0s 8d 125 hooks number 3, £0 1s 5d 100 ditto number 8, £0 1s 3d 25 ditto number 9, £0 0s 10½d, £14 5s 0d Carried over, £90 0s 11d Interpretations This section drew together the stores issued for the slaves belonging to the Company, feeding, clothing and shoeing the labour force that built and maintained the island's works. The bulk of the charge fell on rice, beef and pork, the plain ration on which the slaves were kept, and the account shows the Company treating the maintenance of its slaves as a standing charge against its stores in the same manner as any other consumption of provisions. The tea issued to the sick slaves and given them at Christmas marks a rare departure from the bare ration, a small comfort allowed to those who were ill and a token of the season. This trace of provision beyond mere subsistence shows the management extending a minimal notice to the health of its labour, though the quantity was slight against the tons of rice and salt meat that formed the ordinary diet. Shoes issued to the handicraftsmen among the slaves point to the skilled trades practised by the Company's bond labour, the masons, smiths and carpenters whose work required them to be shod where the field hands were not. This distinction in provision within the slave force reflects the value set on skilled hands, the Company clothing its craftsmen better than its labourers to keep them at their trades. Speculations The tea reserved for the sick slaves was drawn from the cheapest bohea alone, where the castle household a few leaves earlier took congou and singlo as well. The obvious course in extending a Christmas comfort might have been a token of the better sort, yet the account shows the management holding even this small kindness to the lowest grade of the leaf, the choice of the meanest tea marking the narrow limit set on any provision for the slaves beyond their bare keep.
23	17	1753 Brought over 90 11 Ironmongers Ware Vizt 1 Frying Pan 1 8 1 Hand Hatchet for the Long Boat 1 3 ½ 2 11 ½ Turners Ware 2 Platters 1 10 ½ Twine 1 Skein for Fishing 7 Arrack 1 ½ Gallon Guld Drams to their Fishermen 1 1 ½ Brandy 18 ½ Gallons Allowance at Xmass 1 10 95 7 9 ½ Fortification Dr for the following Since Advised from the 12 October to the 11 January 1753 Vizt Paint Vizt 26 White Lead for Painting Gun 2 8 4 Whiting Carriages at 1 2 Barrels Blacking Ruperts & Windows 1 9 9 Oil 2 ¼ Gallons Linseed 9 2 18 11 Garrison Dr for the following Since Advised for their use from the 12 October to the 11 January 1753 Vizt Tea 83 Bohea 3 5 8 ½ Oil Vizt 18 Gallons Train for the Sea wall Guard 2 8 24 ½ Gallns Linseed 4 11 6 8 10 Ironmongers Ware Vizt 1 Frying Pan 1 8 2 Laping Axes for Sandy Bay & Banks Guards 4 8 2 Helves 2 2 8 6 Carried over 10 3 7 ½	The account continued through 1753 with the sum carried forward from the previous leaf. Brought over, £90 0s 11d Ironmongers' ware as follows: 1 frying pan, £0 1s 8d 1 hand hatchet for the longboat, £0 1s 3½d, £0 2s 11½d Turners' ware, 2 platters, £0 1s 10½d Twine, 1 skein for fishing, £0 0s 7d Arrack, 7½ gallons for the gunroom and their customary, £1 1s 1½d Brandy, 18¾ gallons allowance at Christmas, £1 1s 10d Total, £93 7s 2½d Fortification charges for the following stores issued from 12 October to 11 January 1753. Paint as follows: 26 white lead for painting gun carriages, £0 2s 8d 4 whiting for parapets and windows, £0 0s 1d 2 barrels blacking for parapets and windows, £0 0s 1d, £0 2s 9d Oil, 2¼ gallons linseed, £0 9s 2d Total, £0 18s 11d Garrison charges for the following stores issued for their use from 12 October to 11 January 1753. Tea, 83 bohea, £3 5s 8½d Oil as follows: 18 gallons train for the several guards, £0 2s 8d 24¼ gallons linseed for the several guards, £4 0s 11d, £6 8s 10d Ironmongers' ware as follows: 1 frying pan, £0 1s 8d 2 lopping axes for Sandy Bay and Banks guards, £0 4s 8d 2 files for Sandy Bay and Banks guards, £0 2s 2d, £0 8s 6d Carried over, £10 3s 5½d Interpretations The arrack drawn for the gunroom as their customary allowance marks a fixed perquisite of the gunners, a settled ration of spirits attached to their station rather than a sale or a special issue. Together with the brandy allowed at Christmas, this shows the garrison's drink provided partly as recognised custom, the Company meeting an established expectation of its soldiers and gunners alongside the festival allowance of the season. Sandy Bay and Banks were two of the fortified landing places ringing the island, each held by a guard against enemy descent, and the issue of axes and files to their posts kept the outlying stations equipped for their own upkeep. The naming of these several bays, with Lemon Valley on an earlier leaf, shows the garrison dispersed across the coast to cover every point at which a hostile ship might attempt a landing. The train oil issued to the several guards in far greater quantity than the finer linseed lit the lamps and lanterns of the coastal watch through the hours of darkness. This heavy consumption of the cheaper oil across the guard posts reflects the constant night watch that a remote and vulnerable island maintained, the lamps of the several bays burning against the approach of any enemy or the escape of any deserter.
24	18	29 January Brought over 10 3 7 ½ Turners Ware Vizt 2 Platter for Banks and 1 10 ½ 1 Bowl Lemon Valley Guard 11 ½ 2 10 Paint Vizt 5 Ft Venn Ocher to clean their 1 8 ½ 12 Whiting Accoutrements 4 ½ 2 1 Brandy 13 ¾ Gallon Cape for Drams on Musterings 19 7 Deals 3 Single for Window Shutters & a Table 9 11 Nails Do for the Guard at Turks Cap 2 1 ½ Cloathing delivered Recruits that have Inlisted this Quarter Vizt Hats 5 Centinels 13 9 Shirts 5 Centinels 1 10 Blankets 5 1 15 Soldiers Cloaths 5 Centinels Coats & Breeches 7 9 1 Shoes 5 Pr Mens Ordinary 19 7 23 17 10 Plantation Dr for the following Since Advised from the 12 October to the 11 January 1753 Vizt Nails Vizt 5 6 1 9 3 10 for repairing Gates 1 9 2 40 Carts & Ploughes 1 3 4 Rice & Paddy Vizt 30 qr 14 Paddy 6 8 ½ 3 24 Rice 18 9 7 6 9 ½ Carried over 7 10 1 ½	The account continued under 29 January with the sum carried forward from the previous leaf. Brought over, £10 3s 5½d Turners' ware as follows: 2 platters for Banks and Lemon Valley guard, £0 1s 10½d 1 bowl for Lemon Valley guard, £0 0s 11½d, £0 2s 10d Paint as follows: 5 lb Spanish ochre to clean their accoutrements, £0 1s 8½d 12 whiting to clean their accoutrements, £0 0s 4½d, £0 2s 1d Brandy, 13¾ gallons cape for drums on mustering, £0 19s 7d Deals, 3 single for window shutters and a table, £0 9s 11d Lines, 6 for the guard at Buck's cape, £0 2s 1½d The account then turned to clothing delivered to recruits enlisted this quarter. Hats, 5 sentinels, £0 13s 9d Shirts, 5 sentinels, £1 5s 10d Blankets, 5, £1 15s 0d Soldiers' clothes, 5 sentinels coats and breeches, £7 9s 1d Shoes, 5 pairs men's ordinary, £0 19s 7d Total, £23 17s 10d Plantation charges for the following stores issued from 12 October to 11 January 1753. Nails as follows: 5 lb 6d, £0 0s 0d 3 lb 10d for repairing gates, £0 1s 9d 2 lb 40d for carts and ploughs, £0 1s 0d, £0 3s 4d Rice and paddy as follows: 30 dozen 14 paddy, £6 8s 7½d 3 24 rice, £0 18s 9d, £7 6s 9½d Carried over, £71 10s 1½d Interpretations The clothing of the five new sentinels enlisted in the quarter shows the garrison replenishing its ranks from among the men reaching the island, each recruit fitted out at Company charge with hat, shirt, blanket, coat, breeches and shoes. This standing cost of equipping a soldier from the store reflects the constant wastage of the small garrison through death, discharge and desertion, made good by enlisting fresh hands as ships brought them. The Spanish ochre and whiting issued to clean the guards' accoutrements were the materials of pipe-claying, by which the leather belts and equipment of the soldiers were whitened for parade. This attention to the appearance of the coastal watch, even at remote posts, shows the garrison maintaining the outward discipline of a regular military establishment despite its isolation and small numbers. The plantation charges opened a further class of account for the Company's own farming, the stores drawn to work the land that fed the settlement. The issue of paddy and rice under this head, together with nails for carts, ploughs and gates, shows the Company running its own plantation as a distinct concern, provisioning the labour and maintaining the gear of cultivation from the general store.
25	19	1753 Brought over 7 10 1 ½ Iron Ware Vizt 8 Helves 4 8 2 Ditching Shovels 9 2 Croßhs for the Garden 11 6 8 Scyth Stones & Plantations 1 7 Pickaxes 15 4 2 Shod Shovels 3 6 2 5 Cordage 23 for Carts 5 10 Deals Vizt 1 Baulk for repairing Carts 5 ½ 7 Pr Riga Timber for Espaliers for the Garden 1 4 11 ½ 1 10 Tar 3 Gallons for the Great Wood 2 Oil 1 Gallon Linseed for Painting 1 8 Lines 10 No 4 for the Masons 3 10 Cutlery Ware 6 Shoe Knives for cutting Rushes 2 6 12 11 ½ Hospital Dr for the following Since Advised for the Sick in the Infirmary from the 12 October to the 11 January 1753 Vizt Sugar 60 7 Salt 3 ½ Bushel 2 3 Flour 52 7 4 Rice 1 2 8 9 Oil Vizt 1 ¾ Gallns Train 4 8 1 ½ Gallns Linseed 5 9 8 Canvas Vizt 3 Yards English 3 10 Yards Sacking 6 8 9 8 Carried over 2 14 8	The account continued through 1753 with the sum carried forward from the previous leaf. Brought over, £71 10s 1½d Iron ware as follows: 8 helves, £0 4s 8d 2 ditching shovels for the garden and plantations, £0 0s 9d 2 scythes for the garden and plantations, £0 11s 6d 8 scythe stones for the garden and plantations, £0 1s 0d 7 pickaxes for the garden and plantations, £0 15s 4d 2 shod shovels for the garden and plantations, £0 3s 6d, £2 5s 0d Cordage, 23 for carts, £0 5s 10d Deals as follows: 1 baulk for repairing carts, £0 5s 0½d ⅔ pieces Riga timber for repairs for the garden, £1 4s 11½d, £1 10s 0d Tar, 3 gallons for the great wood, £0 2s 0d Oil, ½ gallon linseed for painting, £0 1s 8d Lines, 10 number 4 for the masons, £0 3s 10d Cutlery ware, 6 shoe knives for cutting rushes, £0 2s 6d Total, £12 0s 11½d Hospital charges for the following stores issued for the sick in the infirmary from 12 October to 11 January 1753. Sugar, 6, £0 17s 0d Salt, ¾ bushel, £0 2s 3d Flour, 52, £0 7s 4d Rice, 1, £0 8s 9d Oil as follows: 1¼ gallons train, £0 4s 8d 1½ gallons linseed, £0 3s 0d, £0 9s 8d Canvas as follows: 3 yards English, £0 3s 0d 10 yards sacking, £0 6s 8d, £0 9s 8d Carried over, £2 14s 8d Interpretations The shoe knives issued for cutting rushes were curved blades of the sort used by shoemakers, turned here to harvesting the rushes that grew on the island for use in thatching, rush lights and the strewing of floors. This adaptation of a leatherworker's tool to a farming task shows the ready improvisation of a settlement that had to make its stock of goods answer whatever work arose. The hospital account gathered the stores issued to the infirmary for the sick, the sugar, flour and rice forming the invalid diet thought proper for those under treatment. This separate reckoning for the care of the sick shows the island maintaining a standing hospital establishment, its consumption of provisions charged to the Company as a recognised cost of keeping the garrison and servants in health. Helves were the wooden handles fitted to axes, hatchets and similar tools, and their issue with the scythes, pickaxes and shovels for the garden and plantations kept the working edge of the Company's farming tools in service. Stocking the handles separately from the heads shows the practical economy of the store, a broken helve replaced without the cost of a whole new tool, fitting the settlement to maintain its own implements.
26	20	29 January Brought over 2 14 8 Nails Vizt 1 6 4 1 3 6 3 4 1 2 ½ 2 ½ 2 16 8 ½ Boats Dr for the following Stores Advised for repairs & c from the 12 October to the 11 January 1753 Vizt Bunting 1 Yard for the Vane for the Long Boat 9 Cordage 3 3 25 for moorings for the Long Boats 9 11 3 Canvas 4 Yards Sacking 2 8 Nails Vizt 2 3 11 ½ 17 20 5 4 7 6 2 5 ½ 4 10 1 1 10 1 Pitch & Tar Vizt 160 Pitch 1 6 8 12 Gallons Tar 8 1 4 8 Oil 3 ½ Gallon Linseed 1 3 Turners Ware 1 Paint Brush 6 ½ Lead 5 ½ Shott 11 12 2 3 ½ January 11 1753 Errors Excepted Matthew Purling Storekeeper List	The account continued under 29 January with the sum carried forward from the previous leaf. Brought over, £2 14s 8d Nails as follows: 1 lb 6d, £0 0s 5d 1 lb 3d, £0 0s 6d 3 lb 4d, £0 1s 2½d, £0 2s 0½d Total, £2 16s 8½d Boats charges for the following stores issued for repairs and other uses from 12 October to 11 January 1753. Bunting, 1 yard for the vane for the longboat, £0 0s 9d Cordage, 3 3 25 for mooring for the longboats, £9 11s 5d Canvas, 4 yards sacking, £0 2s 8d Nails as follows: 2 lb 3d, £0 0s 11½d 17 lb 20d, £0 5s 4d 7 lb 6d, £0 2s 5½d 1 lb 10d, £0 1s 1d, £0 10s 1d Pitch and tar as follows: 160 pitch, £1 6s 8d 12 gallons tar, £0 0s 8d, £1 4s 8d Oil, ¾ gallon linseed, £0 1s 3d Turners' ware, 1 paint brush, £0 0s 6½d Lead, 5½ sheet, £0 0s 11d Total, £12 2s 3½d The storekeeper Matthew Purling drew up the account on 11 January 1753, errors excepted. Interpretations Bunting was a light open woollen cloth used for making flags, and the single yard issued for the vane of the longboat provided the small pennant flown to show the wind at the masthead. This trace of the material shows even the least of the island's craft properly rigged and marked, the store finding the exact cloth for so slight a naval nicety. The heavy charge for cordage set against the boats, running past £9 for mooring the longboats, reflects the constant demand for rope at an anchorage where every craft rode to its cables against the swell of the open roadstead. St Helena offered no sheltered harbour, only an exposed road, and the mooring of boats and ships called for a steady supply of cordage that the store had to keep in quantity. The account closed with the storekeeper's own certification, Matthew Purling subscribing the whole with the customary reservation of errors excepted. This formal attestation shows the officer taking personal responsibility for the accuracy of the reckoning before it went to the council, the phrase guarding him against liability for any honest mistake in so long a schedule of figures.
27	21	List of the Honorable Companys Officers & Servants upon the Island of St Helena, with their several Salarys, Diett Money &c for the Quarter commencing October the 12th 1752 and ending January the 11th 1753 Vizt Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governor Salary L 125 .. Do Allowance for Servants as Usual 31 14 9 156 14 9 John Clark of Council Salary 15 John Goodwin Accomptant Salary 17 10 Do Diett Money 15 .. Do House Rent 2 10 .. Matthew Purking Storekeepers Salary 17 10 35 .. Do Diett Money 15 .. Francis Wrangham Secretary 17 10 32 10 Do Diett Money 15 .. Wm Dale Chaplain Salary 25 .. Do Diett Money 15 .. 40 .. James Powell Factor Salary 7 10 .. Do Diett Money 10 .. Do Assistant Storekeeper 5 .. Do House Rent 9 10 25 Tho French Factor Salary 7 10 .. Do Diett Money 10 .. 17 10 Matthew Bazett Worker Salary 5 .. Do Diett Money 10 .. 15 .. Saml Falconer Surgeon Salary 9 15 .. Do Diett Money 10 .. Do House Rent 2 10 .. 22 5 Richard Gurling Overseer 15 10 John Houck Do 1 10 .. Richard Beale Schoolmaster Salary "3 8 3 3 8 3 Do as Clerk 5 .. 8 3 carried over L 422 8	This was a list of the Honourable Company’s officers and servants on the island of St Helena, with their salaries, diet money and other allowances, for the quarter beginning 12 October 1752 and ending 11 January 1753. Each figure below gives the salary or allowance and, where the source set one down, the total for that person. Charles Hutchinson Esquire, Governor, salary, £125 0s 0d. Charles Hutchinson, usual allowance for servants, £31 14s 9d; total £156 14s 9d. John Clark, of Council, salary, £15 0s 0d. John Goodwin, accountant, salary, £17 10s 0d. John Goodwin, diet money, £15 0s 0d. John Goodwin, house rent, £2 10s 0d. Matthew Purling, storekeeper, salary, £17 10s 0d; total £35 0s 0d. Matthew Purling, diet money, £15 0s 0d. Francis Wrangham, secretary, £17 10s 0d; total £32 10s 0d. Francis Wrangham, diet money, £15 0s 0d. William Dale, chaplain, salary, £25 0s 0d. William Dale, diet money, £15 0s 0d; total £40 0s 0d. James Powell, factor, salary, £7 10s 0d. James Powell, diet money, £10 0s 0d. James Powell, assistant storekeeper, £5 0s 0d. James Powell, house rent, £9 10s 0d; total £25 0s 0d. Thomas French, factor, salary, £7 10s 0d. Thomas French, diet money, £10 0s 0d; total £17 10s 0d. Matthew Bazett, worker, salary, £5 0s 0d. Matthew Bazett, diet money, £10 0s 0d; total £15 0s 0d. Samuel Falconer, surgeon, salary, £9 15s 0d. Samuel Falconer, diet money, £10 0s 0d. Samuel Falconer, house rent, £2 10s 0d; total £22 5s 0d. Richard Gurling, overseer, £15 10s 0d. John Houck, overseer, £1 10s 0d. Richard Beale, schoolmaster, salary, £3 8s 3d; total £3 8s 3d. Richard Beale, as clerk, £5 0s 0d; total £8 8s 3d. Carried over, £422 8s 0d. Interpretations The list fixed the whole civil and religious establishment of the settlement in a single quarterly instrument. Pay was built up from separate heads rather than a single wage. A man drew a salary, then diet money for his board and, for the more senior, an allowance for house rent, so that the total against each name reflected rank and the cost of maintaining him on a remote island where housing and food could not be assumed. The Governor’s allowance for servants, at £31 14s 9d, nearly matched a middle officer’s entire salary. That single line shows how far the head of the settlement stood above the rest of the establishment in the resources the Company placed at his command.
28	22	Brought over L 422 8 - John Blard Master Masons Salary 11 10 - Do Diett Money 10 .. Do House Rent 1 10 .. 29 - Mark Hawkins Masons Salary 12 10 .. Do Diett Money 6 6 10 1/2 Do House Rent 1 .. 20 6 10 1/2 Joseph Kendall Master of Arms 6 5 - James Sherridan Gardener 10 .. Henry Beaumont Armourer 10 10 .. William Oakman Carpenter 12 10 .. Major Jackson Steward 5 .. James Aches Cooper 8 15 .. Michael Irish Clerk of Sundment Cleaner 1 5 .. William Davis Portner of the Complaint 7 10 - Thomas Beaver Storekeeper 2 10 - Thomas Harper Marshall 5 6 5 1/2 69 1 5 1/2 540 16 4 First Company John Clark Lieut Salary L 22 16 3 Do Diett Money 6 16 10 1/2 Do on Acct of instructing ye gunr 7 10 - 37 3 1/2 Stephen Herbert 2 Lieut Salary 18 5 - Do Diett Money 6 16 10 1/2 25 1 10 1/2 62 5 - Sergeants Henry Beale 7 12 1 Solomon Jacobs 7 12 1 John Buckles 7 12 1 Corporals Wm Davis 5 6 6 1/2 Tho Boward 5 6 6 1/2 John O’Hara 5 6 6 1/2 Thos Smith Drummer 5 6 6 1/2 15 19 4 1/2 5 6 6 1/2 carried over L 627 3 5	The salary list continued, carrying forward £422 8s 0d. John Blard, master mason, salary, £11 10s 0d. John Blard, diet money, £10 0s 0d. John Blard, house rent, £1 10s 0d; total £29 0s 0d. Mark Hawkins, mason, salary, £12 10s 0d. Mark Hawkins, diet money, £6 6s 10½d. Mark Hawkins, house rent, £1 0s 0d; total £20 6s 10½d. Joseph Kendall, master of arms, £6 5s 0d. James Sherridan, gardener, £10 0s 0d. Henry Beaumont, armourer, £10 10s 0d. William Oakman, carpenter, £12 10s 0d. Major Jackson, steward, £5 0s 0d. James Aches, cooper, £8 15s 0d. Michael Irish, clerk and cleaner, £1 5s 0d. William Davis, porter, £7 10s 0d. Thomas Beaver, storekeeper, £2 10s 0d. Thomas Harper, marshal, £5 6s 5½d; total £69 1s 5½d; running total £540 16s 4d. First Company. John Clark, lieutenant, salary, £22 16s 3d. John Clark, diet money, £6 16s 10½d. John Clark, for instructing the gunner, £7 10s 0d; total £37 3s 1½d. Stephen Herbert, second lieutenant, salary, £18 5s 0d. Stephen Herbert, diet money, £6 16s 10½d; total £25 1s 10½d; company total £62 5s 0d. Sergeants. Henry Beale, £7 12s 1d. Solomon Jacobs, £7 12s 1d. John Buckles, £7 12s 1d. Corporals. William Davis, £5 6s 6½d. Thomas Boward, £5 6s 6½d. John O’Hara, £5 6s 6½d. Thomas Smith, drummer, £5 6s 6½d; total £15 19s 4½d; drummer £5 6s 6½d. Carried over, £627 3s 5d. Interpretations The list moved from the tradesmen who maintained the settlement’s fabric to the soldiers who defended it. The garrison was organised into numbered companies, each headed by a lieutenant and a second lieutenant and filled out with sergeants, corporals, a drummer and private sentinels. This was the standard shape of a Company garrison, sized to man the batteries that guarded the one practicable landing on the island. John Clark drew a separate payment for instructing the gunner, over and above his lieutenant’s salary. Gunnery was a specialist skill the small garrison could not take for granted, so the Company paid to have it taught rather than assume its officers already held it.
29	23	Brought over L 627 3 5 Centinels Andrew Armstrong 3 16 1/2 George Bennett 3 16 1/2 Alexr Belle 3 16 1/2 Thos Brown 3 16 1/2 Matw Campbell 3 16 1/2 Ja Cartwright 3 16 1/2 Philip Cole 3 16 1/2 Geo Capelin 3 16 1/2 Wm Moor 3 16 1/2 Ja Castthorpe from 27 Octr to 7 Decr incl the day he enterd 3 4 2 John Lucas 3 16 1/2 Thos Laws 3 16 1/2 George Green 3 16 1/2 John Grainger 3 16 1/2 John Grover 3 16 1/2 Richd Goulding 3 16 1/2 Richd Goodwin 3 16 1/2 John Gawler 3 16 1/2 Thos Hails 3 16 1/2 Humphry Harrison 3 16 1/2 Ja Hicksey 3 16 1/2 Wm Hutchinson 3 16 1/2 Wm Lambourn 3 16 1/2 Jos Long 3 16 1/2 Jno Lee from 12 Octr to 17 Decr incl the day he was transferd into the Artillery Company 2 15 10 Tho Landon 3 16 1/2 John Legg 3 16 1/2 John Newville 3 16 1/2 Ja Mills 3 16 1/2 John Marsh 3 16 1/2 Bartw Molloy 3 16 1/2 Centinels Carried over 116 5 2 1/2 carried over L 647 3 5	The salary list continued, carrying forward £627 3s 5d, under the heading of sentinels. Andrew Armstrong, £3 16s 0½d. George Bennett, £3 16s 0½d. Alexander Belle, £3 16s 0½d. Thomas Brown, £3 16s 0½d. Matthew Campbell, £3 16s 0½d. James Cartwright, £3 16s 0½d. Philip Cole, £3 16s 0½d. George Capelin, £3 16s 0½d. William Moor, £3 16s 0½d. James Castthorpe, from 27 October to 7 December, including the day he entered, £3 4s 2d. John Lucas, £3 16s 0½d. Thomas Laws, £3 16s 0½d. George Green, £3 16s 0½d. John Grainger, £3 16s 0½d. John Grover, £3 16s 0½d. Richard Goulding, £3 16s 0½d. Richard Goodwin, £3 16s 0½d. John Gawler, £3 16s 0½d. Thomas Hails, £3 16s 0½d. Humphry Harrison, £3 16s 0½d. James Hicksey, £3 16s 0½d. William Hutchinson, £3 16s 0½d. William Lambourn, £3 16s 0½d. Joseph Long, £3 16s 0½d. John Lee, from 12 October to 17 December, including the day he was transferred into the Artillery Company, £2 15s 10d. Thomas Landon, £3 16s 0½d. John Legg, £3 16s 0½d. John Newville, £3 16s 0½d. James Mills, £3 16s 0½d. John Marsh, £3 16s 0½d. Bartholomew Molloy, £3 16s 0½d. Sentinels carried over, £116 5s 2½d; running total carried over, £647 3s 5d. Interpretations Every private sentinel drew the same £3 16s 0½d for the full quarter, so the two men paid less stand out at once. Castthorpe and Lee were each paid only for the days they actually served, one having entered partway through the quarter and the other having transferred to the Artillery Company before it closed. The account tracked service day by day rather than paying a flat quarterly wage, which let the Company match its outlay precisely to the muster.
30	24	Brought over L 647 3 5 Centinels Brought over L 116 5 2 1/2 Humphry Pugh 3 16 1/2 Ja Richardson 3 16 1/2 John Costchor 3 16 1/2 John Shaw 3 16 1/2 Wm Tann 3 16 1/2 John Sniff 3 16 1/2 Tho Tymal 3 16 1/2 John Turner 3 16 1/2 John Vaughan 3 16 1/2 Tho Williams 3 16 1/2 Matthew Young 3 16 1/2 158 1 8 Second Company J. Kendall Lieut Salary L 22 16 3 Do Diett Money 6 16 10 1/2 Do as Adjutant 11 8 1/2 Do House Rent 2 10 .. Isa: Morant 2 Lieut Salary 18 5 .. Do Diett Money 6 16 10 1/2 43 11 3 25 1 10 1/2 68 13 1/2 Sergeants Robert Mason 7 12 1 Michael Frost 7 12 1 Sam: Talbot 7 12 1 Corporals Wm Watkins 5 6 6 1/2 Edwd Walker 5 6 6 1/2 Eas: Purling 5 6 6 1/2 15 19 4 1/2 John Cliff Drummer 5 6 6 1/2 carried over L 918 .. 3 1/2	The salary list continued, carrying forward £647 3s 5d, with the sentinels of the First Company brought forward at £116 5s 2½d. Humphry Pugh, £3 16s 0½d. James Richardson, £3 16s 0½d. John Costchor, £3 16s 0½d. John Shaw, £3 16s 0½d. William Tann, £3 16s 0½d. John Sniff, £3 16s 0½d. Thomas Tymal, £3 16s 0½d. John Turner, £3 16s 0½d. John Vaughan, £3 16s 0½d. Thomas Williams, £3 16s 0½d. Matthew Young, £3 16s 0½d; total £158 1s 8d. Second Company. Joseph Kendall, lieutenant, salary, £22 16s 3d. Joseph Kendall, diet money, £6 16s 10½d. Joseph Kendall, as adjutant, £11 8s ½d. Joseph Kendall, house rent, £2 10s 0d. Isaac Morant, second lieutenant, salary, £18 5s 0d. Isaac Morant, diet money, £6 16s 10½d; totals £43 11s 3d and £25 1s 10½d; company total £68 13s ½d. Sergeants. Robert Mason, £7 12s 1d. Michael Frost, £7 12s 1d. Samuel Talbot, £7 12s 1d. Corporals. William Watkins, £5 6s 6½d. Edward Walker, £5 6s 6½d. Eas Purling, £5 6s 6½d; total £15 19s 4½d. John Cliff, drummer, £5 6s 6½d. Carried over, £918 0s 3½d. Interpretations Kendall drew four separate heads of pay, more than any other officer in the garrison. Besides his lieutenant’s salary and diet money he was paid as adjutant and given a house rent allowance. The adjutant handled the routine administration that held the four companies together, and paying one lieutenant to carry that load concentrated the garrison’s paperwork in a single trusted hand.
31	25	Centinels Matthew Allis 3 16 1/2 Peter Barker 3 16 1/2 John Banck 3 16 1/2 Wm Brooks 3 16 1/2 John Brown 3 16 1/2 Ja Burgess 3 16 1/2 George Brian 3 16 1/2 Wm Beckett 3 16 1/2 Robert Benn 3 16 1/2 George Beale 3 16 1/2 Dan Game 3 16 1/2 John Corle 3 16 1/2 Wm Dutton 3 16 1/2 John Douglas 3 16 1/2 Pet J Gleghorne 3 16 1/2 Robt Finnall 3 16 1/2 John Fletcher 3 16 1/2 Wokear Gawden 3 16 1/2 John Hayes 3 16 1/2 Jos Hayes 3 16 1/2 Ja Hind 3 16 1/2 John Holloway 3 16 1/2 Wm Hams 3 16 1/2 Tho Jackson 3 16 1/2 Saml Ribon 3 16 1/2 Wm Laurence 3 16 1/2 Tho Leech 3 16 1/2 Robt Mowse 3 16 1/2 Wm Midge 3 16 1/2 Archibd Gouge 3 16 1/2 John Simmons 3 16 1/2 Tho Streeton 3 16 1/2 Centinels carried over L 121 13 4 carried over L 918 .. 3 1/2	The salary list continued under the heading of sentinels of the Second Company. Matthew Allis, £3 16s 0½d. Peter Barker, £3 16s 0½d. John Banck, £3 16s 0½d. William Brooks, £3 16s 0½d. John Brown, £3 16s 0½d. James Burgess, £3 16s 0½d. George Brian, £3 16s 0½d. William Beckett, £3 16s 0½d. Robert Benn, £3 16s 0½d. George Beale, £3 16s 0½d. Daniel Game, £3 16s 0½d. John Corle, £3 16s 0½d. William Dutton, £3 16s 0½d. John Douglas, £3 16s 0½d. Peter J Gleghorne, £3 16s 0½d. Robert Finnall, £3 16s 0½d. John Fletcher, £3 16s 0½d. Wokear Gawden, £3 16s 0½d. John Hayes, £3 16s 0½d. Joseph Hayes, £3 16s 0½d. James Hind, £3 16s 0½d. John Holloway, £3 16s 0½d. William Hams, £3 16s 0½d. Thomas Jackson, £3 16s 0½d. Samuel Ribon, £3 16s 0½d. William Laurence, £3 16s 0½d. Thomas Leech, £3 16s 0½d. Robert Mowse, £3 16s 0½d. William Midge, £3 16s 0½d. Archibald Gouge, £3 16s 0½d. John Simmons, £3 16s 0½d. Thomas Streeton, £3 16s 0½d. Sentinels carried over, £121 13s 4d; running total carried over, £918 0s 3½d.
32	26	Brought over L 918 .. 3 1/2 Centinels Brought over L 121 13 4 Joseph Smith 3 16 1/2 Tho Taylor 3 16 1/2 Ja Fenton 3 16 1/2 Rich Thick 3 16 1/2 Wm Johnson 3 16 1/2 Stepn McCloughby 3 16 1/2 Jeremiah Waynle 3 16 1/2 William Evans 3 16 1/2 152 1 8 Third Company Tho Easthope Lieut Salary L 22 16 3 Do Diett Money 6 16 10 1/2 Do House Rent 2 10 .. Owei Beale 2 Lieut Salary 18 5 .. Do Diett Money 6 16 10 1/2 32 3 1/2 25 1 10 1/2 57 5 .. Sergeants Matthew Brightwell 7 12 1 John Leech 7 12 1 Wm Penderce 7 12 1 22 16 3 Corporals Law Grant 5 6 6 1/2 Cha Siles 5 6 6 1/2 Wm Shelton 5 6 6 1/2 15 19 4 1/2 John Clew Drummer 5 6 6 1/2 Centinels Wm Adams 3 16 1/2 Jos Barbrick 3 16 1/2 Wm Bonfield 3 16 1/2 Wm Brown 3 16 1/2 Eison Croft 3 16 1/2 Ja Carmichael 3 16 1/2 carried over Centinels L 22 16 3 carried over L 1111 9 1/2	The salary list continued, carrying forward £918 0s 3½d, with the sentinels of the Second Company brought forward at £121 13s 4d. Joseph Smith, £3 16s 0½d. Thomas Taylor, £3 16s 0½d. James Fenton, £3 16s 0½d. Richard Thick, £3 16s 0½d. William Johnson, £3 16s 0½d. Stephen McCloughby, £3 16s 0½d. Jeremiah Waynle, £3 16s 0½d. William Evans, £3 16s 0½d; total £152 1s 8d. Third Company. Thomas Easthope, lieutenant, salary, £22 16s 3d. Thomas Easthope, diet money, £6 16s 10½d. Thomas Easthope, house rent, £2 10s 0d. Owen Beale, second lieutenant, salary, £18 5s 0d. Owen Beale, diet money, £6 16s 10½d; totals £32 3s ½d and £25 1s 10½d; company total £57 5s 0d. Sergeants. Matthew Brightwell, £7 12s 1d. John Leech, £7 12s 1d. William Penderce, £7 12s 1d; total £22 16s 3d. Corporals. Law Grant, £5 6s 6½d. Charles Siles, £5 6s 6½d. William Shelton, £5 6s 6½d; total £15 19s 4½d. John Clew, drummer, £5 6s 6½d. Sentinels. William Adams, £3 16s 0½d. Joseph Barbrick, £3 16s 0½d. William Bonfield, £3 16s 0½d. William Brown, £3 16s 0½d. Eison Croft, £3 16s 0½d. James Carmichael, £3 16s 0½d. Sentinels carried over, £22 16s 3d; running total carried over, £1,111 0s 9½d.
33	27	Brought over L 1111 9 1/2 Centinels Brought over L 22 16 3 Baron Delloy 3 16 1/2 John Earle 3 16 1/2 Thos Fullen 3 16 1/2 John Crone 3 16 1/2 Jon Fletcher 3 16 1/2 Wm Fitlock 3 16 1/2 Tho Hide 3 16 1/2 Tho Hendrick 3 16 1/2 Ri Lenght 3 16 1/2 John Hervey 3 16 1/2 John Langbridge 3 16 1/2 Tho Laurence 3 16 1/2 Tho Lindsey 3 16 1/2 John McAoy 3 16 1/2 Abram Mason 3 16 1/2 Cha Montague 3 16 1/2 Tho Monte 3 16 1/2 Anthw Morehen 3 16 1/2 Robt Newcombe 3 16 1/2 Tho Owen 3 16 1/2 Tho Payne 3 16 1/2 John Sweetster 3 16 1/2 Ths Rezor 3 16 1/2 Wm Robinson 3 16 1/2 David Scott 3 16 1/2 Robt Stack 3 16 1/2 Adam Scott 3 16 1/2 Chrisr Tyler 3 16 1/2 Jos Thomson 3 16 1/2 Benjn Swain 3 16 1/2 Ri Vaughan 3 16 1/2 Benjn Williams 3 16 1/2 Roger Wootman 3 16 1/2 William Thomson 3 16 1/2 152 1 8 carried over L 1323 10 8 1/2	The salary list continued, carrying forward £1,111 0s 9½d, with the sentinels of the Third Company brought forward at £22 16s 3d. Baron Delloy, £3 16s 0½d. John Earle, £3 16s 0½d. Thomas Fullen, £3 16s 0½d. John Crone, £3 16s 0½d. Jonathan Fletcher, £3 16s 0½d. William Fitlock, £3 16s 0½d. Thomas Hide, £3 16s 0½d. Thomas Hendrick, £3 16s 0½d. Richard Lenght, £3 16s 0½d. John Hervey, £3 16s 0½d. John Langbridge, £3 16s 0½d. Thomas Laurence, £3 16s 0½d. Thomas Lindsey, £3 16s 0½d. John McAoy, £3 16s 0½d. Abraham Mason, £3 16s 0½d. Charles Montague, £3 16s 0½d. Thomas Monte, £3 16s 0½d. Anthony Morehen, £3 16s 0½d. Robert Newcombe, £3 16s 0½d. Thomas Owen, £3 16s 0½d. Thomas Payne, £3 16s 0½d. John Sweetster, £3 16s 0½d. Thomas Rezor, £3 16s 0½d. William Robinson, £3 16s 0½d. David Scott, £3 16s 0½d. Robert Stack, £3 16s 0½d. Adam Scott, £3 16s 0½d. Christopher Tyler, £3 16s 0½d. Joseph Thomson, £3 16s 0½d. Benjamin Swain, £3 16s 0½d. Richard Vaughan, £3 16s 0½d. Benjamin Williams, £3 16s 0½d. Roger Wootman, £3 16s 0½d. William Thomson, £3 16s 0½d; total £152 1s 8d. Carried over, £1,323 10s 8½d.
34	28	Brought over L 1323 10 8 1/2 Fourth Company Tho Kirkpatrick Lieut Salary L 22 16 3 Do Diett Money 6 16 10 1/2 Do House Rent 2 10 .. 32 3 1/2 Wm Kennedy 2 Lieut Salary 18 5 .. Do Diett Money 6 16 10 1/2 25 1 10 1/2 57 5 .. Sergeants Wm Oakman 7 12 1 John Walker 7 12 1 Wm Paddon 7 12 1 22 16 3 Corporals Wm Bunting 5 6 6 1/2 Alexd Hambleton 5 6 6 1/2 Jos Harrison 5 6 6 1/2 15 19 4 1/2 Gilbert Clew Drummer 5 6 6 1/2 Centinels John Allis 3 16 1/2 Jos Barson 3 16 1/2 John Badow 3 16 1/2 Godfrey Bougan from 12 Octr to 23 incl the day he was Discharged 3 10 - Tho Bruton 3 16 1/2 Matthew Knott 3 16 1/2 Edward Locker 3 16 1/2 Isaac Day 3 16 1/2 Saml Defontain 3 16 1/2 Saml Sales 3 16 1/2 George French 3 16 1/2 And Fraser 3 16 1/2 Jan Godley 3 16 1/2 John Gilbertt 3 16 1/2 Centinels carried over L 49 18 6 1/2 carried over L 1424 17 9 1/2	The salary list continued, carrying forward £1,323 10s 8½d, under the Fourth Company. Thomas Kirkpatrick, lieutenant, salary, £22 16s 3d. Thomas Kirkpatrick, diet money, £6 16s 10½d. Thomas Kirkpatrick, house rent, £2 10s 0d; total £32 3s ½d. William Kennedy, second lieutenant, salary, £18 5s 0d. William Kennedy, diet money, £6 16s 10½d; total £25 1s 10½d; company total £57 5s 0d. Sergeants. William Oakman, £7 12s 1d. John Walker, £7 12s 1d. William Paddon, £7 12s 1d; total £22 16s 3d. Corporals. William Bunting, £5 6s 6½d. Alexander Hambleton, £5 6s 6½d. Joseph Harrison, £5 6s 6½d; total £15 19s 4½d. Gilbert Clew, drummer, £5 6s 6½d. Sentinels. John Allis, £3 16s 0½d. Joseph Barson, £3 16s 0½d. John Badow, £3 16s 0½d. Godfrey Bougan, from 12 October to 23 October, including the day he was discharged, £3 10s 0d. Thomas Bruton, £3 16s 0½d. Matthew Knott, £3 16s 0½d. Edward Locker, £3 16s 0½d. Isaac Day, £3 16s 0½d. Samuel Defontain, £3 16s 0½d. Samuel Sales, £3 16s 0½d. George French, £3 16s 0½d. Andrew Fraser, £3 16s 0½d. Jan Godley, £3 16s 0½d. John Gilbertt, £3 16s 0½d. Sentinels carried over, £49 18s 6½d; running total carried over, £1,424 17s 9½d.
35	29	Brought over L 1424 17 9 1/2 Centinels Brought over L 49 18 6 1/2 James Green 3 16 1/2 Ja Hall 3 16 1/2 John Hayley 3 16 1/2 Philk Hickman 3 16 1/2 Wm Hayes 3 16 1/2 George Hibbett 3 16 1/2 Isa Laycock 3 16 1/2 Rob Lindsay 3 16 1/2 Mo Menarto 3 16 1/2 Duncan McLaren 3 16 1/2 Tho Pinkerton 3 16 1/2 John Curling from 10 Octr incl the day he was Enterd 2 12 6 Edw Richards 3 16 1/2 Ambsd Safpery 3 16 1/2 Dan Sargeant 3 16 1/2 Tho Chot 3 16 1/2 Cha Swakes 3 16 1/2 Timot Sullivan 3 16 1/2 John Suntall from 12 Octr to 8 Decr incl the day he was Discharged 2 8 4 Dav Seemy 3 16 1/2 Edw Serk 3 16 1/2 John Thomafon 3 16 1/2 John Tull 3 16 1/2 Tho Taylor 3 16 1/2 Jos Uflin 3 16 1/2 Benjn Williams 3 16 1/2 Robert Wilenham 3 16 1/2 150 .. 5 carried over L 1574 18 2 1/2	The salary list continued, carrying forward £1,424 17s 9½d, with the sentinels of the Fourth Company brought forward at £49 18s 6½d. James Green, £3 16s 0½d. James Hall, £3 16s 0½d. John Hayley, £3 16s 0½d. Philip Hickman, £3 16s 0½d. William Hayes, £3 16s 0½d. George Hibbett, £3 16s 0½d. Isaac Laycock, £3 16s 0½d. Robert Lindsay, £3 16s 0½d. Mo Menarto, £3 16s 0½d. Duncan McLaren, £3 16s 0½d. Thomas Pinkerton, £3 16s 0½d. John Curling, from 10 October, including the day he entered, £2 12s 6d. Edward Richards, £3 16s 0½d. Ambrose Safpery, £3 16s 0½d. Daniel Sargeant, £3 16s 0½d. Thomas Chot, £3 16s 0½d. Charles Swakes, £3 16s 0½d. Timothy Sullivan, £3 16s 0½d. John Suntall, from 12 October to 8 December, including the day he was discharged, £2 8s 4d. David Seemy, £3 16s 0½d. Edward Serk, £3 16s 0½d. John Thomafon, £3 16s 0½d. John Tull, £3 16s 0½d. Thomas Taylor, £3 16s 0½d. Joseph Uflin, £3 16s 0½d. Benjamin Williams, £3 16s 0½d. Robert Wilenham, £3 16s 0½d; total £150 0s 5d. Carried over, £1,574 18s 2½d.
36	30	Brought over L1734 11 11 1/2 Artillery Company Tho Hale Master Gunner Salary L22 16 3 Do Diet Money 6 16 10 1/2 29 13 1/2 Gunners Mates Nathan Sample Chief Mate 11 8 1/2 Isaac Leech 9 2 6 Roger Newamon 9 2 6 Wm Turney 9 2 6 John Whitchurch 9 2 6 Henry Parlor 9 2 6 John Armstrong 9 2 6 Cha McNiely 9 2 6 75 5 1/2 Quarter Gunners John Nottage 6 16 10 1/2 John Cockburn 6 16 10 1/2 Edwd Cullimore 6 16 10 1/2 Robt Dickars 6 16 10 1/2 Anthy Day 6 16 10 1/2 Adam Watson 6 16 10 1/2 Rich Bellington 6 16 10 1/2 John Spencer 6 16 10 1/2 54 15 Matrosses Edwd Allis 4 11 3 John Bradley 4 11 3 Josl Boswell 4 11 3 Andw Barton 4 11 3 John Landry 4 11 3 Benjn Coyles 4 11 3 Wm Campbelle 4 11 3 Philip Gilliard 4 11 3 Matrosses carried over L36 10 Carried over L1734 11 11 1/2	The salary list continued, carrying forward £1,734 11s 11½d, under the Artillery Company. Thomas Hale, master gunner, salary, £22 16s 3d. Thomas Hale, diet money, £6 16s 10½d; total £29 13s ½d. Gunners’ mates. Nathan Sample, chief mate, £11 8s ½d. Isaac Leech, £9 2s 6d. Roger Newamon, £9 2s 6d. William Turney, £9 2s 6d. John Whitchurch, £9 2s 6d. Henry Parlor, £9 2s 6d. John Armstrong, £9 2s 6d. Charles McNiely, £9 2s 6d; total £75 5s ½d. Quarter gunners. John Nottage, £6 16s 10½d. John Cockburn, £6 16s 10½d. Edward Cullimore, £6 16s 10½d. Robert Dickars, £6 16s 10½d. Anthony Day, £6 16s 10½d. Adam Watson, £6 16s 10½d. Richard Bellington, £6 16s 10½d. John Spencer, £6 16s 10½d; total £54 15s 0d. Matrosses. Edward Allis, £4 11s 3d. John Bradley, £4 11s 3d. Joseph Boswell, £4 11s 3d. Andrew Barton, £4 11s 3d. John Landry, £4 11s 3d. Benjamin Coyles, £4 11s 3d. William Campbelle, £4 11s 3d. Philip Gilliard, £4 11s 3d. Matrosses carried over, £36 10s 0d; running total carried over, £1,734 11s 11½d. Interpretations The Artillery Company was ranked in a descending order of skill, from the master gunner through his mates and the quarter gunners down to the matrosses. Matrosses were the gunners’ assistants, who helped load, run out and sponge the guns and stood next in line to become gunners themselves. On an island whose whole defence rested on its shore batteries, this graded body of trained artillerymen was the core of the garrison’s fighting value.
37	31	Brought over L 1734 11 1/2 Matrosses Brought over L 36 10 William Hayes 4 11 3 Ja Long 4 11 3 Ja Lee from 18th Dec incl transford from the 1st Company 1 5 Peter Marshall 4 11 3 Tho Mason 4 11 3 Ri Moyce 4 11 3 Adam Milbourn 4 11 3 John Peters 4 11 3 Wm Perry 4 11 3 Abraham Ratcliff 4 11 3 Thomas Watts 4 11 3 83 7 6 Superannuated William Burnham Sergeant 3 8 3 L 1821 7 8 1/2	The salary list continued, carrying forward £1,734 11s 0½d, with the matrosses brought forward at £36 10s 0d. William Hayes, £4 11s 3d. James Long, £4 11s 3d. James Lee, from 18 December, transferred from the First Company, £1 5s 0d. Peter Marshall, £4 11s 3d. Thomas Mason, £4 11s 3d. Richard Moyce, £4 11s 3d. Adam Milbourn, £4 11s 3d. John Peters, £4 11s 3d. William Perry, £4 11s 3d. Abraham Ratcliff, £4 11s 3d. Thomas Watts, £4 11s 3d; total £83 7s 6d. Superannuated. William Burnham, sergeant, £3 8s 3d. Total £1,821 7s 8½d. Interpretations A single superannuated sergeant, William Burnham, was carried at the foot of the establishment on £3 8s 3d. The Company kept a worn-out soldier on its books at a reduced sum rather than discharging him outright, which on an isolated island with no other provision amounted to a modest pension for long service.
38	32	1753 January 11 Dr John Clark Paymaster To Cash from the Honorable Companys Cash Chest L1854 3 1/2	11 January 1753. John Clark, paymaster, was charged as a debtor with cash received from the Honourable Company’s cash chest, £1,854 0s 3½d.
39	33	Per Contra 1752 Dec 12 By Cash pd Jas Lee for Releaving to cover the North East Battery Company for Yeares to commence from this day L 3 10 1753 Janry 26 By Do pd Tho Brown the 1st p for Do 10 - Janry 11 By Do pd Moses Menanto for binding two Church prayer Books for the use of the Honble Companys Yeo in this Quarter 6 - By Do pd Tho Oliver & J. Semichal for Baking 4 Bushels Bread & 1 1/2 of Bisket for the Garrison Yeo in this Quarter 6 3 4 By Do pd the five Men their Allowance for Rowing in the Company Yeo in this Quarter 2 10 - By Do pd Andrew Barton for a pot ten pounds Oil for the Garrison their being very little from Oil for that purpose in the Honble Company Stores 1 - 9 - By Do pd John Allis for comeing to speak with an Account of a Ship to Windward in this Quarter 5 - By Do pd C Bagley for 37 Lemons & 3 3/4 Bushels Potatoes & 1/2 Bushel for the use of the Honble Companys Table in this Quarter 1 12 - By Do pd Tho Mason for painting Gun carriage at Rupert 9 - By Do pd Capt Anson’s Bonham for 2 Bags Pease for the use of the Honble Companys Garden them that came from England not comeing up when sowed 1 1 - By Do pd the Honble Companys Officers Servants their Salarys, Diet Money &c for the Quarter commencing Octr 12 1752 and ending January the 11th 1753 1821 7 8 1/2 L 1854 3 1/2	This was the contra side of the paymaster’s account, setting out the sums he had paid out. 12 December 1752: paid James Lee for re-covering the North East Battery, the term to begin from this day, £3 10s 0d. 26 January 1753: paid Thomas Brown, the first payment for the same work, £10 0s 0d. 11 January: paid Moses Menanto for binding two church prayer books for the use of the Honourable Company in this quarter, £0 6s 0d. Paid Thomas Oliver and J Semichal for baking 4 bushels of bread and 1½ of biscuit for the garrison in this quarter, £6 3s 4d. Paid the five men their allowance for rowing in the Company’s service in this quarter, £2 10s 0d. Paid Andrew Barton for a pot and 10 pounds of oil for the garrison, there being very little oil for that purpose in the Honourable Company’s stores, £1 0s 9d. Paid John Allis for coming to give an account of a ship to windward in this quarter, £0 5s 0d. Paid C Bagley for 37 lemons, 3¾ bushels of potatoes and ½ bushel more, for the use of the Honourable Company’s table in this quarter, £1 12s 0d. Paid Thomas Mason for painting a gun carriage at Rupert’s, £0 9s 0d. Paid Captain Anson’s man Bonham for 2 bags of peas for the use of the Honourable Company’s garden, those that came from England not coming up when sown, £1 1s 0d. Paid the Honourable Company’s officers and servants their salaries, diet money and other allowances for the quarter beginning 12 October 1752 and ending 11 January 1753, £1,821 7s 8½d. Total £1,854 0s 3½d. Interpretations The salary bill of £1,821 7s 8½d swallowed almost the whole quarter’s expenditure, leaving a handful of small payments for everything else. Set against the wages of the establishment, the sums for baking, oil, peas and prayer books show how cheaply the settlement’s day-to-day wants were met and how completely its costs were driven by the pay of its people. The payment to a man for reporting a ship to windward reveals a working system of lookouts. Advance warning of an approaching sail mattered on an island that lived by shipping and feared hostile visitors, so the Company paid for the intelligence even in small coin. The two bags of peas were bought only because the seed sent from England had failed to germinate. The entry shows the settlement’s continued dependence on supplies from home and the practical shifts forced on it when those supplies did not answer.
40	34	1753 January 11 Cash To Balance remaining L5330 6 A To Matthew Curling received for Store Goods sold in the Quarter ending this day 1143 19 4 To Licences received for 9 Publick Houses 13 10 To Plantation recd for Provision sold 5 9 7 1/4 To Naval Store received for 4 Fathoms 5 19 pd to his Majesty’s Ship Swallow L6799 4 3/4	11 January 1753. This was the cash account, charged as a debtor with the balance and the receipts of the quarter. To balance remaining, £5,330 6s 0d. To Matthew Curling, received for store goods sold in the quarter ending this day, £1,143 19s 4d. To licences received for 9 public houses, £13 10s 0d. To plantation, received for provisions sold, £5 9s 7¼d. To naval store, received for 4 fathoms, £5 19s 0d, paid to His Majesty’s ship Swallow. Total £6,799 4s 0¼d. Interpretations The receipts show how the settlement raised money beyond the Company’s own trade. Licences on the nine public houses turned the sale of drink into revenue, and the plantation and naval store each brought in small sums. The store goods sold to Curling far outweighed the rest, confirming that the Company’s monopoly on supply was the settlement’s chief source of income.
41	35	1753 Jan 11 Per Contra By Sterling Account Advanced the Paymaster this Quarter L1854 3 1/2 By Balance remd in the following Species Vizt 1st Gold Wt 11.15.14 at 4–3–13 1/2 46 18 2 4th Do 3..0..12 3–13–11 1/2 170 Venetian C 10 83 12 Rupees C 30 18 6400 Pagodas at 8 1 2560 Gold Amounting to L2722 12 9 577 Dollars C 5 1429 5 1517 Rials C 1 7 47 8 1/2 12948 half Rials C 3 3/4 202 6 3 411 French Rices C 12 3 13 6 Old Money Silver Amounting to L1682 13 3 1/2 146 Cash Notes at 10/ 292 162 Do at 20/ 162 263 Do at 5/ 65 15 160 Do at 2/6 20 Cash Notes Amounting to L539 15 1945 1 2 3/4 L6729 4 3/4 The Plantation Gunners and Stewards Accounts for eleven days to compleat the Quarter ending the Instant was this day brought in which were Examined and Approved and are as follows Vizt	11 January 1753. This was the contra side of the cash account, showing the sum advanced to the paymaster and the balance held in various coin and notes. By sterling account advanced to the paymaster this quarter, £1,854 0s 3½d. By balance remaining in the following kinds: First gold, weight 11.15.14, at 4–3–13½, £46 18s 2d. Fourth gold, weight 3.0.12, at 3–13–11½. 170 Venetian, at 10, £83 0s 0d. 312 rupees, at 30, £18 0s 0d. 6,400 pagodas, at 8, £1 2s 0d; total £2,560 0s 0d. Gold amounting to £2,722 12s 9d. 577 dollars, at 5, £142 9s 5d. 1,517 rials, at 1s 7d, £47 8s 8½d. 12,948 half rials, at 3¾d, £202 6s 3d. 411 French rices, at 12, £3 13s 6d. Old money. Silver amounting to £1,682 13s 3½d. 146 cash notes at 10s, £29 0s 0d. 162 notes at 20s, £162 0s 0d. 263 notes at 5s, £65 15s 0d. 160 notes at 2s 6d, £20 0s 0d. Cash notes amounting to £539 15s 0d; further sum £945 1s 2¾d. Total £6,729 4s 0¼d. The plantation, gunners’ and stewards’ accounts for the eleven days needed to complete the quarter ending the same day were brought in, examined and approved, and are set out in what follows. Interpretations The balance was held not in sterling but in a jumble of world coinage: Venetian coin, Indian rupees and pagodas, Spanish dollars and rials, and French pieces. St Helena sat on the sea road between Europe and Asia, and the money left by passing ships of many nations pooled in its chest. The Company valued each kind against sterling at a set rate so that a single account could be kept in pounds, shillings and pence. Alongside the coin, a large sum was held in cash notes of fixed denominations. The settlement ran a paper currency of its own to eke out the scarce and irregular supply of metal, which let trade and wages continue when hard coin ran short.
42	36	An Account of the Honble Companys Stock of Neat Cattle & c from the 1 to the 11 January 1753 Bulls, Cows, Calves, Yearlings, Heifers, Steers, Bullocks, Oxen, Total, Ewes, Wethers, Lambs, Rams, Total, Ewes, Wethers, Kidds, Rams, Total, Sows, Shoats, Piggs, Boars, Total, Turkeys, Fowls, Ducks, Geese, Stones, Mares, Total Remg 1: Bulls 3, Cows 75, Calves 41, Yearlings 24, Heifers 14, Steers 32, Bullocks 2, Oxen 11, Total 202, Ewes 136, Wethers 44, Lambs 47, Rams 6, Total 233, Ewes 97, Wethers 7, Kidds 26, Rams 4, Total 134, Sows 5, Shoats 11, Piggs 17, Boars 1, Total 34, Turkeys 14, Fowls 263, Ducks 86, Geese 24, Stones 6, Mares 5, Total 11 Killed: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 0, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Bullocks 0, Oxen 0, Total 0, Ewes 0, Wethers 3, Lambs 0, Rams 0, Total 3, Ewes 0, Wethers 2, Kidds 0, Rams 0, Total 2, Sows 0, Shoats 0, Piggs 0, Boars 0, Total 0, Turkeys 1, Fowls 4, Ducks 2, Geese 0, Stones 0, Mares 0, Total 0 Remg 11: Bulls 3, Cows 75, Calves 41, Yearlings 24, Heifers 14, Steers 32, Bullocks 2, Oxen 11, Total 202, Ewes 136, Wethers 41, Lambs 47, Rams 6, Total 230, Ewes 97, Wethers 5, Kidds 26, Rams 4, Total 132, Sows 5, Shoats 11, Piggs 17, Boars 1, Total 34, Turkeys 13, Fowls 259, Ducks 84, Geese 24, Stones 6, Mares 5, Total 11 One Goat to the Sick Slaves Yams Expended 2.000 (Signed) Richard Gurling	An account of the Company's stock of cattle and other livestock from 1 to 11 January 1753 recorded the following. Neat cattle: Remaining 1 January: bulls 3, cows 75, calves 41, yearlings 24, heifers 14, steers 32, bullocks 2, oxen 11, total 202 Killed: bulls 0, cows 0, calves 0, yearlings 0, heifers 0, steers 0, bullocks 0, oxen 0, total 0 Remaining 11 January: bulls 3, cows 75, calves 41, yearlings 24, heifers 14, steers 32, bullocks 2, oxen 11, total 202 Sheep: Remaining 1 January: ewes 136, wethers 44, lambs 47, rams 6, total 233 Killed: ewes 0, wethers 3, lambs 0, rams 0, total 3 Remaining 11 January: ewes 136, wethers 41, lambs 47, rams 6, total 230 Goats: Remaining 1 January: ewes 97, wethers 7, kids 26, rams 4, total 134 Killed: ewes 0, wethers 2, kids 0, rams 0, total 2 Remaining 11 January: ewes 97, wethers 5, kids 26, rams 4, total 132 Hogs: Remaining 1 January: sows 5, shoats 11, pigs 17, boars 1, total 34 Killed: sows 0, shoats 0, pigs 0, boars 0, total 0 Remaining 11 January: sows 5, shoats 11, pigs 17, boars 1, total 34 Poultry: Remaining 1 January: turkeys 14, fowls 263, ducks 86, geese 24, total 0 Killed: turkeys 0, fowls 1, ducks 4, geese 2, total 0 Remaining 11 January: turkeys 13, fowls 259, ducks 84, geese 24, total 0 Horses: Remaining 1 January: stock 6, mares 5, total 11 Killed: stock 0, mares 0, total 0 Remaining 11 January: stock 6, mares 5, total 11 One goat to the sick slaves. Yams expended 2,000 Richard Gurling signed the account. Interpretations Neat cattle meant the horned cattle of the ox kind, and the detailed breakdown into bulls, cows, calves, yearlings, heifers, steers, bullocks and oxen shows the herd classed by age, sex and use for the careful management of a breeding stock. Holding a herd of over two hundred on the island supplied both the fresh beef of the garrison's ration and the working oxen that drew the carts and ploughs, the account tracking each class so the Company might know the state of its most valuable livestock. The single goat charged to the sick slaves matched the plain hospital ration recorded on the earlier leaves, the beast killed to give fresh meat to those under treatment in the infirmary. This small deduction from the goat stock, set down beside the killings for the garrison table, shows the maintenance of the sick drawn from the same living herds that fed the whole establishment. The expenditure of 2,000 yams marks the island's chief starch crop, grown in quantity to feed the slaves and eke out the imported flour and rice. Yams flourished in the mild climate of St Helena where wheat would not ripen, and the heavy consumption recorded here shows the settlement leaning on this hardy root as the staple that its own ground could reliably yield. Speculations The killing for the period fell wholly on the wethers of the sheep and goats and on the poultry, while the cattle and hogs were left untouched and the breeding ewes, rams and cows preserved entire. The obvious way to feed the garrison would have drawn on the largest and readiest beasts, yet the account shows the castrated males taken first and the breeding stock spared, the pattern of slaughter revealing a deliberate husbandry that protected the herds' increase by killing only those animals kept for meat rather than for breeding.
43	37	Gunners Stores Expended from the 1 to the 11 January 1753 Handspikes broke at the Main Fort 2 (Signed) Thomas Hall Sundrys Expended at the Honble Company General Table from the 1 to the 11 January 1753 Vizt 14 Bottles Port Wine 1 1 8 Do Lisbon 12 27 ½ Do Arrack 17 6 ½ 16 Do Beer 4 98 Flour 13 3 ¾ 133 Mutton 2 13 5 13 Goat 4 4 4 Fowls 6 2 Ducks 3 1 Turkey 5 4 Salt Pork 8 40 Candy 9 2 ½ 11 Butter 11 8 9 8 ½ The Governor having been informed that Mr Herbert second Lieutenant to the first Company, had often been many Nights in the Country at several Times, when Mr Clark who commands that Company was there likewise; from which practice the Men were frequently left without a Commissioned Officer to take care of them. The Governor therefore sent to Mr Herbert the 21 of the last Month and told him (Mr Clark being present) that he expected an Officer of each Company should always stay where it was quartered; and further acquainted him, that as Mr Clark was almost constantly at the Fort, the whole Shipping Season, and at many	Gunners' stores expended from 1 to 11 January 1753 came to the following. 4 handspikes broke at the Main Fort, 2 Thomas Hall signed the account. Sundries expended at the Company's general table from 1 to 11 January 1753 came to the following. 14 bottles port wine, £1 1s 0d 8 ditto Lisbon, £0 12s 0d 27½ ditto arrack, £0 17s 6½d 16 ditto beer, £0 4s 0d 98 flour, £0 13s 3¾d 133 mutton, £2 15s 5d 13 goat, £0 4s 4d 4 fowls, £0 6s 0d 2 ducks, £0 3s 0d 1 turkey, £0 5s 0d 1 lb salt pork, £0 8s 0d 40 candy, £0 9s 2d 11 butter, £0 11s 0d Total, £8 9s 8½d The Governor learned that Herbert, second lieutenant to the first company, had often been away in the country at several times when Clark, who commanded that company, was likewise absent. This practice left the men frequently without any commissioned officer to take charge of them. Governor Hutchinson therefore sent for Herbert on 21 January and told him, with Clark present, that an officer of each company should always stay where it was quartered. The Governor further informed him that as Clark was almost constantly at the fort throughout the shipping season and at many other times. Interpretations The general table was the common table maintained at Company charge where the Governor entertained the officers, visiting commanders and principal servants of the island. The heavy provision of wine, mutton, poultry and spirits recorded here shows the hospitality of the establishment as a standing charge, the entertainment of guests and the dignity of the government met from the Company's own stores as a recognised cost of administration. Handspikes were the stout wooden levers used to work and traverse the heavy guns of the fortifications, and their breaking at the Main Fort marks the wear of the artillery drill. This small return of broken stores shows the gunners accounting even for damaged equipment, the constant handling of the great guns consuming the timber levers that moved them. The matter of Herbert and Clark touched the discipline of the garrison, where the absence of both officers of a company left the common soldiers unsupervised. The Governor's intervention shows the difficulty of maintaining regular military order on the island, where officers might neglect their posts for private business in the country, and the men suffered for want of the command that should have held them to their duty.
44	38	Sh The Governor having been informed that Mr Herbert second Lieutenant to the first Company, had often lain many Nights in the Country, at several times, when Mr Clark who commands that Company was there likewise; from which practice the Men were frequently left without any commissioned Officer to take care of them. The Governor therefore sent for Mr Herbert the 21st of the last Month; and told him (Mr Clark being present) that he expected an Officer of each Company should always lye where it was quartered; and further acquainted him, that as Mr Clark was almost constantly at the Fort, the whole shipping season, and at many other times, he (Mr Herbert) might take those opportunities to be away if he so inclined; but forbid him to leave it a Night for the future, in the Absence of Mr Clark, who that afternoon was to go from thence for a little while. Instead of obeying these Orders Mr Herbert, a few hours after they were given to him, went into the Country, and remained there sometime. For this Breach of his Duty, he was directed to attend the Council this Day, & was reprimanded by the Governor; & told by him that if he should presume to act so again, it would be resented or taken Notice of in another manner. Chas Hutchinson John Clark At a Consultation held on Monday the 5th day of February 1753 at the Plantation House Present Charles Hutchinson esqr Govr Lieut. John Clark of Council The last Consultation was read, approved, and signed, dated the 29th January 1753 Mr Samuel Snipe presented the following Petition vizt To the Worshipful Charles Hutchinson esqr Governor & Council of St Helena The humble petition of Samuel Snipe Sheweth That your Petitioner having occasion to dispose of 7 1/2 Acres of Land lying in the East Division	The Governor’s minute concerning Stephen Herbert was here re-entered in a fuller copy. The Governor had been told that Herbert, second lieutenant to the First Company, had often spent many nights in the country at various times when John Clark, who commanded that company, was also away. By this practice the men were frequently left with no commissioned officer to look after them. The Governor therefore sent for Herbert on 21 January, and told him, with Clark present, that he expected an officer of each company always to sleep where it was quartered. The Governor further told Herbert that, since Clark was almost constantly at the Fort throughout the whole shipping season and at many other times, Herbert might take those chances to be away if he wished. He forbade him, however, to leave it for a single night in future while Clark was absent, Clark being due to go from there that afternoon for a short while. Instead of obeying these orders, Herbert went into the country a few hours after they were given to him, and stayed there for some time. For this breach of his duty Herbert was directed to attend the Council this day, and was reprimanded by the Governor. He was told that if he should presume to act so again, it would be answered in another manner. Signed, Charles Hutchinson and John Clark. At a consultation held on Monday 5 February 1753 at the Plantation House, Charles Hutchinson Esquire, Governor, was present, together with Lieutenant John Clark of Council. The previous consultation, dated 29 January 1753, was read, approved and signed. Samuel Snipe presented a petition to the Governor and Council of St Helena. Snipe set out that he had occasion to dispose of 7½ acres of land lying in the East Division of the island. Interpretations The affair fixed a clear rule of garrison discipline: an officer of each company was always to sleep where his men were quartered, so that the soldiers were never left without a commissioned officer. The danger the Governor guarded against was not idleness but the two officers of one company being absent at once, which stripped the men of any command. The escalation was measured and deliberate. Herbert was first warned in person, with his commanding officer present as a witness, and only when he defied that warning within hours was he brought before the Council and formally reprimanded. The Governor recorded the sequence to show that the public censure followed a private order the officer had openly flouted.
45	39	of this Island, humbly begs that your Worship and Council will permit him so to do, & will be pleased to Admit of Mr Thomas Kirkpatrick, Tenant for the same. And your Petitioner shall ever pray (signed) Samuel Snipe 5th February 1753 Granted The Accountants brought in their Journal Parcels for the Quarter ending the 1st of January last, which were Examined and Approved, and Ordered to be Entered. Chas Hutchinson John Clark	The petition of Samuel Snipe concluded. Snipe asked that the Governor and Council permit him to dispose of the land and admit Thomas Kirkpatrick as tenant of it. Signed, Samuel Snipe, 5 February 1753. The request was granted. The accountants presented their journal parcels for the quarter ending 1 January, which were examined, approved and ordered to be entered. Signed, Charles Hutchinson and John Clark. Interpretations The transfer turned on the Council’s consent and its admission of a new tenant, not on a free sale between the parties. Land on St Helena was held of the Company, so a holder could not simply pass it on but had to seek leave and have his successor formally accepted as tenant. The brief grant shows the Company keeping control over who occupied land on the island.
46	40	At a Consultation held on Monday the 12th day of February 1753 at the Plantation House, Present Charles Hutchinson Esq Governor Lieutenant John Clark of Council The last Consultation was read, approved, and signed, dated the 5th February 1753 Roger Newanson this day paid the Sum of four Pounds, ten Shillings, and eight Pence half Penny, being in full of his Debt to the Estate of the late Governor Goodwin Deceased Chas Hutchinson John Clark	At a consultation held on Monday 12 February 1753 at the Plantation House, Charles Hutchinson Esquire, Governor, was present, together with Lieutenant John Clark of Council. The previous consultation, dated 5 February 1753, was read, approved and signed. Roger Newanson paid £4 10s 8½d this day, being the full amount of his debt to the estate of the late Governor Goodwin, deceased. Signed, Charles Hutchinson and John Clark. Interpretations The debt was owed to the estate of a dead governor yet was settled through the Council and entered in its record. A former governor’s private affairs remained tangled with the settlement’s accounts after his death, and the Council served as the body before which such a debt was cleared.
47	41	19 February At a Consultation held on Monday the 19 day of February 1753 at the Plantation House Present Charles Hutchinson Esq Governor Lieutenant John Clark of Council The last Consultation was read, approved, and Signed, dated the 12 February 1753 The same day the 15 Died John Hollage Quarter Gunner The Plantation, Gunners, and Stewards Accounts for the Month commencing the 12 January, & Ending the 11 February both inclusive, were this day Brought in, which were Examined and approved, & Ordered to be Entered. Gunners Stores Expended from the 12 Jany to the 11 Feby 1753 Powder for blowing of Lime Stone at Sandy Bay 6 4 Paper for the use of the Castle 1 Quire Do for making of Great Gun Cartridges 2 qr Tallow for Greasing the Flagstaff at the Main Fort Spunge Staves to the Armourer for Hammer Helves 1 (Signed) Thomas Hall	At a consultation held at the Plantation House on Monday 19 February 1753, Governor Hutchinson attended with Lieutenant John Clark of council present. The council read, approved and signed the previous consultation dated 12 February 1753. On 15 February John Nollage, quarter gunner, died. The council brought in the plantation, gunners' and steward's accounts for the month beginning 12 January and ending 11 February, examined and approved them, and ordered them entered. Gunners' stores expended from 12 January to 11 February 1753 came to the following. Powder for blowing limestone at Sandy Bay, 6 lb Paper for the use of the castle, 1 quire Ditto for making great gun cartridges, 2 quires Tallow for greasing the flagstaff at the Main Fort, 2 lb Sponge staves to the armourer for hammer helves, 1 Thomas Hall signed the account. Interpretations Quarter gunner was a subordinate rank of the artillery establishment, an assistant to the master gunner charged with the care and working of a portion of the guns, and the death of John Nollage in office marks the steady attrition of the small garrison recorded consultation by consultation. The formal notice of his death in the minutes shows the council keeping account of its establishment, each vacancy noted as it fell so the strength of the artillery might be known and made good. The powder issued for blowing limestone at Sandy Bay shows the garrison's gunpowder turned to quarrying, the explosive used to break the stone from which lime was burnt for the island's building. This civil use of a military store reflects the practical demands of a settlement that had to raise its own materials, the same powder serving the great guns and the quarry as need required. Sponge staves were the shafts of the rammers and sponges used to clear and load the great guns, and their diversion to the armourer for hammer helves shows a broken gun tool cut down to make handles for his hammers. This reuse of a damaged artillery store marks the close economy of a remote garrison, where sound timber was not wasted but turned to whatever service it could still perform.
48	42	An Account of the Honble Companys Stock of Neat Cattle & c from the 12 January to the 11 February 1753 Bulls, Cows, Calves, Yearlings, Heifers, Steers, Bullocks, Oxen, Total, Ewes, Wethers, Lambs, Rams, Total, Ewes, Wethers, Kidds, Rams, Total, Sows, Shoats, Piggs, Boars, Total, Turkeys, Fowls, Ducks, Geese, Stones, Mares, Total Remg 12: Bulls 3, Cows 75, Calves 41, Yearlings 24, Heifers 14, Steers 32, Bullocks 2, Oxen 11, Total 202, Ewes 136, Wethers 41, Lambs 47, Rams 6, Total 230, Ewes 97, Wethers 5, Kidds 26, Rams 4, Total 132, Sows 5, Shoats 11, Piggs 17, Boars 1, Total 34, Turkeys 13, Fowls 259, Ducks 84, Geese 24, Stones 6, Mares 5, Total 11 Increased: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 0, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Bullocks 0, Oxen 0, Total 0, Ewes 0, Wethers 0, Lambs 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Ewes 0, Wethers 1, Kidds 0, Rams 0, Total 1, Sows 0, Shoats 0, Piggs 0, Boars 0, Total 0, Turkeys 8, Fowls 30, Ducks 15, Geese 0, Stones 0, Mares 1, Total 1 Bulls 3, Cows 75, Calves 41, Yearlings 24, Heifers 14, Steers 32, Bullocks 2, Oxen 11, Total 202, Ewes 136, Wethers 41, Lambs 47, Rams 6, Total 230, Ewes 97, Wethers 5, Kidds 27, Rams 4, Total 133, Sows 5, Shoats 11, Piggs 17, Boars 1, Total 34, Turkeys 21, Fowls 289, Ducks 99, Geese 24, Stones 6, Mares 6, Total 12 Killed: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 0, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 1, Bullocks 0, Oxen 0, Total 1, Ewes 0, Wethers 1, Lambs 6, Rams 0, Total 7, Ewes 2, Wethers 4, Kidds 0, Rams 0, Total 6, Sows 0, Shoats 1, Piggs 0, Boars 0, Total 1, Turkeys 0, Fowls 14, Ducks 13, Geese 0, Stones 0, Mares 0, Total 0 Died: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 0, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Bullocks 0, Oxen 0, Total 0, Ewes 0, Wethers 1, Lambs 1, Rams 0, Total 1, Ewes 0, Wethers 0, Kidds 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Sows 0, Shoats 0, Piggs 2, Boars 0, Total 2, Turkeys 0, Fowls 6, Ducks 5, Geese 0, Stones 0, Mares 0, Total 0 Did with the Mange: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 0, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Bullocks 0, Oxen 0, Total 0, Ewes 0, Wethers 0, Lambs 1, Rams 0, Total 1, Ewes 3, Wethers 0, Kidds 0, Rams 0, Total 3, Sows 0, Shoats 0, Piggs 0, Boars 0, Total 0, Turkeys 0, Fowls 0, Ducks 0, Geese 0, Stones 0, Mares 0, Total 0 Remg 11: Bulls 3, Cows 75, Calves 41, Yearlings 24, Heifers 14, Steers 31, Bullocks 2, Oxen 11, Total 201, Ewes 135, Wethers 35, Lambs 46, Rams 6, Total 222, Ewes 92, Wethers 1, Kidds 27, Rams 4, Total 124, Sows 5, Shoats 10, Piggs 15, Boars 1, Total 31, Turkeys 21, Fowls 269, Ducks 81, Geese 24, Stones 6, Mares 6, Total 12 5 Goats to the Sick Slaves Yams Expended 9.000 One Slave Died Named Jack Guinea Signed Richard Gurling	An account of the Company's stock of cattle and other livestock from 12 January to 11 February 1753 recorded the following. Neat cattle: Remaining 12 January: bulls 3, cows 75, calves 41, yearlings 24, heifers 14, steers 32, bullocks 2, oxen 11, total 202 Increased: bulls 0, cows 0, calves 0, yearlings 0, heifers 0, steers 0, bullocks 0, oxen 0, total 0 Total: bulls 3, cows 75, calves 41, yearlings 24, heifers 14, steers 32, bullocks 2, oxen 11, total 202 Killed: bulls 0, cows 0, calves 0, yearlings 0, heifers 0, steers 0, bullocks 0, oxen 0, total 0 Died: bulls 0, cows 0, calves 0, yearlings 0, heifers 0, steers 0, bullocks 0, oxen 0, total 0 Remaining 11 February: bulls 3, cows 75, calves 41, yearlings 24, heifers 14, steers 31, bullocks 2, oxen 11, total 201 Sheep: Remaining 12 January: ewes 136, wethers 41, lambs 47, rams 6, total 230 Increased: ewes 0, wethers 0, lambs 0, rams 0, total 0 Total: ewes 136, wethers 41, lambs 47, rams 6, total 230 Killed: ewes 0, wethers 1, lambs 0, rams 0, total 1 Died: ewes 1, wethers 0, lambs 1, rams 0, total 1 Died with the mange: ewes 0, wethers 0, lambs 0, rams 0, total 0 Remaining 11 February: ewes 135, wethers 35, lambs 46, rams 6, total 222 Goats: Remaining 12 January: ewes 97, wethers 5, kids 26, rams 4, total 132 Increased: ewes 0, wethers 0, kids 1, rams 0, total 1 Total: ewes 97, wethers 5, kids 27, rams 4, total 133 Killed: ewes 0, wethers 2, kids 4, rams 0, total 6 Died: ewes 0, wethers 1, kids 1, rams 0, total 1 Died with the mange: ewes 0, wethers 0, kids 3, rams 0, total 3 Remaining 11 February: ewes 92, wethers 1, kids 27, rams 4, total 124 Hogs: Remaining 12 January: sows 5, shoats 11, pigs 17, boars 1, total 34 Increased: sows 0, shoats 0, pigs 0, boars 0, total 0 Total: sows 5, shoats 11, pigs 17, boars 1, total 34 Killed: sows 0, shoats 1, pigs 0, boars 0, total 1 Died: sows 0, shoats 0, pigs 2, boars 0, total 2 Remaining 11 February: sows 5, shoats 10, pigs 15, boars 1, total 31 Poultry: Remaining 12 January: turkeys 13, fowls 259, ducks 84, geese 24, total 0 Increased: turkeys 8, fowls 30, ducks 15, geese 0, total 0 Total: turkeys 21, fowls 289, ducks 99, geese 24, total 0 Killed: turkeys 0, fowls 14, ducks 13, geese 0, total 0 Died: turkeys 0, fowls 6, ducks 5, geese 0, total 0 Remaining 11 February: turkeys 21, fowls 269, ducks 81, geese 24, total 0 Horses: Remaining 12 January: stock 6, mares 5, total 11 Increased: stock 0, mares 1, total 1 Total: stock 6, mares 6, total 12 Killed: stock 0, mares 0, total 0 Died: stock 0, mares 0, total 0 Remaining 11 February: stock 6, mares 6, total 12 5 goats to the sick slaves. Yams expended 9,000 One slave died named Jack Guinea. Richard Gurling signed the account. Interpretations The mange recorded among the goats was a contagious skin disease caused by parasitic mites, and its appearance carrying off three kids alongside the ordinary deaths shows an infection running in the flock. Noting the cause separately from natural death let the management mark the spread of the disease, a matter of real concern where a contagion loose among the herds might thin the stock on which the island's fresh meat depended. The death of the slave named Jack Guinea, set down in the livestock account rather than any separate register, shows the Company recording the loss of its bond labour in the same schedule as its beasts. The name itself, marking the man's African origin in the manner then given to slaves, and its bare entry beside the tally of dead poultry and goats, reflects the plain fact of how the Company's books ranked its human property among its stock. The sharp rise in yams expended, from 2,000 in the preceding period to 9,000 now, reflects the lengthening of the account from the eleven days of the previous return to a full month. Read against the shorter span before, the figure shows the steady daily draw on the yam store to feed the slaves and garrison, the root crop of the island bearing the greater part of the burden that imported grain could not meet.
49	43	1753 Sundrys Expended at the Honble Companys General Table from the 12 Jany to the 11 February 1753 Vizt 18 Bottles Port Wine 1 7 28 Do Lisbon 2 2 4 Do Madera 9 ½ 77 Do Arrack 2 6 6 ½ 38 Do Beer 9 6 262 Flour 1 15 5 ½ 178 Beef 2 4 6 225 Mutton 4 13 9 28 Pork 14 12 ½ Goat 4 2 14 Fowls 1 1 13 Ducks 19 6 9 Salt Pork 18 25 ½ Butter 1 5 3 110 Candy 1 5 2 ½ 21 15 Chas Hutchinson John Clark	Sundries expended at the Company's general table from 12 January to 11 February 1753 came to the following. 18 bottles port wine, £1 7s 0d 28 ditto Lisbon, £2 2s 0d 4 ditto Madeira, £0 9s 2d 77 ditto arrack, £2 6s 6½d 38 ditto beer, £0 9s 6d 26½ flour, £1 15s 5½d 178 beef, £2 4s 6d 225 mutton, £4 13s 9d 28 pork, £0 14s 0d 12½ goat, £0 4s 2d 14 fowls, £1 1s 0d 13 ducks, £0 19s 6d 9 lb salt pork, £0 18s 0d 25¼ butter, £1 5s 3d 110 candy, £1 5s 2½d Total, £21 15s 0d Governor Hutchinson and John Clark signed the account. Interpretations The general table over the full month drew a wide range of wines, port from Portugal, Lisbon, Madeira from the Atlantic island and arrack from the East, showing the reach of the Company's trade in supplying the Governor's hospitality. This variety of imported drink at a single remote table reflects the position of St Helena on the sea routes between Europe and the East, where ships of many trades called and left their cargoes to furnish the island's board. The scale of the entertainment over a full month, more than double the shorter reckoning before it and running to over twenty pounds in wine, meat and spirits, marks the general table as a substantial standing charge on the Company. Feeding the officers and visiting commanders at this rate shows hospitality treated as a necessary function of government, the dignity and business of the island conducted over a well-furnished board at the Company's expense. Madeira wine, appearing here where the earlier table showed none, was shipped from the Atlantic island that lay on the outward passage and was prized for keeping well on long sea voyages. Its presence among the Portuguese and eastern wines shows the varied sources from which the island's cellar was filled as different ships touched the road, the board reflecting whatever the season's shipping had lately brought.
50	44	At a Consultation held on Thursday the 22d day of February 1753 at the Castle. Present Charles Hutchinson Esq Govr Lieutenant John Clark of Council The last Consultation was read, approved, and signed, dated the 19th February 1753. Some very heavy Showers of Rain, which fell on Tuesday last, upon the Hills near Bankses, brought such a great & impetuous Torrent of Water down that Valley, as did much Damage to the lower Platform there; and has endangerd part of its being carried away, if another such Flood should happen before it can be repaired. We therefore thought it absolutely necessary to order it to be immediately done; & for the quicker Dispatch, to employ some Labourers to assist in that Work. Ordered the following Advertisement to be Published. Whereas several Gates on the High Road on this Side, & likewise in Sandy Bay, were broke, & destroyed, the Top of a Haycock belonging to Mr. Saml. Wornham pulled down, & the Tails of two Cattle of Mr. Saml. Alexander cut off on Sunday night last, This is therefore to give Notice, that if any one will discover the Person or Persons who were guilty, of these mischievous practices, he shall, upon his, or their being convicted thereof, receive a Reward of ten Dollars, over and above, that which has been offered by Mr. Wornham; And if any concerned in the aforesaid facts will discover his or	At a consultation held at the Castle on 22 February 1753, Governor Charles Hutchinson sat with Lieutenant John Clark of the Council. The Council read the earlier consultation of 19 February 1753, then approved and signed it. Heavy rain had fallen on the hills near Banks's the previous Tuesday, and a violent torrent had swept down the valley. The flood badly damaged the lower platform there and threatened to carry part of it away, should another flood come before repairs were made. The Governor and Council judged immediate repair essential, and directed that labourers be hired to speed the work. They then ordered an advertisement to be published. Several gates on the high road on this side of the island and in Sandy Bay had been broken and destroyed. The top of a haycock belonging to Samuel Wornham had been pulled down, and the tails of two cattle belonging to Samuel Alexander had been cut off on the Sunday night before. The notice offered a reward of 10 dollars to anyone who would identify the guilty person or persons and secure their conviction, over and above the sum Wornham had already offered. Any accomplice who informed on the others would be pardoned and paid the same money. Interpretations The torrent damage records the standing vulnerability of St Helena's coastal defence works to the island's steep terrain and sudden storms. A gun platform sited at the foot of a valley took the full force of any flood off the hills above, so a single night of rain could undo fixed fortification and force emergency labour and expense. The Council's resort to hired labourers, rather than the ordinary garrison working parties, signals urgency about a defensive position it could not leave broken. The reward notice shows the Council acting as the island's police authority through public bounty rather than any standing investigative force. The offer of pardon and payment to an accomplice who would inform reflects a common early modern enforcement device, breaking a small conspiracy by rewarding the first to turn. The malicious cutting of cattle tails and destruction of gates points to rural grievance or feud among the planters and their dependants, which the Council treated as a threat to order worth a substantial cash reward.
51	45	their Accomplices, he shall be pardoned, and paid the Money abovementioned Whereas an Advertasement was published in the Month of february last, forbidding all Persons to kill any Partridges & Doves for the space of a year, from the day of the Date thereof; which time will expire on Saturday next, the 24th of this present february. And whereas there are scarce any Gunner Hens and but few Doves now upon the Island; in Order therefore, to preserve what are remaining, as well as to prevent the too great Destruction, that is made of the Partridges, by those who shoot them at their Roosts, no Person is from thence forwards to kill any Gunner Hens, or Doves, until a permission for so doing is published; nor are any Partridges to be shot for the future at the places above expressed, or from the 1st day of May to the 30th Day of October yearly, being their breeding time, on Penalty of paying forty shillings, for every such Offence. One half of which to be paid to the Informer or Informers, upon his or their making due proof thereof; and the other half to be given to the Church Wardens for the use of the poor. And if any Inhabitant (the Gentlemen in the Honble East India Companys Service here excepted) who doth not hold of the said Honble Company upon this their Island, ten Acres of Free, or twenty Acres of Lease Land, or such a Quantity of each, as will together amount to twenty Acres, shall kill or by any means destroy any of the aforesaid Game or Fowl, he or they shall upon being convicted thereof be liable to the penalty abovementioned. Cha: Hutchinson John Clark	The advertisement concluded that any accomplice who identified the others would be pardoned and paid the money already named. A further notice recalled that an advertisement of the previous February had forbidden the killing of partridges and doves for one year from its date, a term due to expire on Saturday 24 February. Few gunner hens and only a small number of doves now remained on the island. To preserve what was left and to check the destruction of partridges by those who shot them at their roosts, the Council forbade the killing of any gunner hens or doves until a permission should be published. It further forbade the shooting of partridges at the roosting places named, and at any place between 1 May and 30 October each year, that being their breeding time. The penalty was set at 40 shillings for every offence. Half would go to the informer on due proof, and half to the churchwardens for the use of the poor. Any inhabitant who did not hold 10 acres of free land or 20 acres of lease land from the Company, or a combination amounting to 20 acres, would face the same penalty for destroying the game or fowl. The gentlemen in the Company's service were excepted. The notice was signed by Charles Hutchinson and John Clark. Interpretations The game order shows the Council managing a scarce wild food supply on a small island through a closed season and a licensing rule. By tying the right to take game to a landholding threshold of 20 acres, it reserved fowling to the more substantial settlers and excluded smallholders and dependants, so the measure worked as much as a social boundary as a conservation rule. The exemption for Company servants marks the usual precedence of the establishment over the planters. The split penalty, half to the informer and half to the parish poor, is characteristic of colonial by-laws that had no police to enforce them. It turned every inhabitant into a potential prosecutor and folded poor relief into the fine, so that enforcement paid for itself and for the parish at once.
52	46	At a Consultation held on Monday the 26th day of February 1753 at the Castle. Present Charles Hutchinson Esq Governr Lieutenant John Clark of Council. The last Consultation was read, approved, and signed datd the 22d February 1753 Counted and Examined the Honble Company Cash from the 12 January to the 11 February following both inclusive, which is as follows Vizt:	At a consultation held at the Castle on 26 February 1753, Governor Charles Hutchinson sat with Lieutenant John Clark of the Council. The Council read the earlier consultation of 22 February 1753, then approved and signed it. It counted and examined the Company's cash for the period from 12 January to 11 February inclusive, set out in the account that follows.
53	47	Cash Dr 1753 Jan 12 To Balance remaining £4945 1 2¾ Per Contra Cr 1753 Feb 11 By Balance remd in the following Species vizt 1st Gold Wt 11. 15. 14 at £3. 18. 3 £46 1 8½ 4th Do 3.. 9.. 12 3. 18 13 11½ 170 Venetian C 10 85 .. 12 Rupees C 30 18 .. 6400 pagodas 7½ 2560 .. Gold Amounting to £2722 12 9 577 Dollars C 5/ £1429 5 .. 1517 Rials C 1/2 47 18½ .. 12948 half Rials C 3/4 202 6 3 441 French pieces C 3/ 3 13 6 Old Money 1 7¾ Silver Amounting to £1682 13 5¾ 146 Cash Notes C 40/ 292 .. 162 Do C 20/ 162 .. 263 Do C 5/ 65 15 .. 160 Do C 2/6 20 .. Cash Notes amounting to £539 15 .. £4945 1 2¾ Cha. Hutchinson John Clark	The cash account of the Company was examined on 26 February 1753. The debtor side opened with the balance carried from 12 January 1753. Cash debtor, 12 January 1753, to balance remaining, £4,945 1s 2¾d The creditor side recorded the balance remaining, held in the following species. Gold, weight 11 15 14, at £3 18s 3d, £46 1s 8½d Gold, 3 9 12, £3 18s, £13 11s 11½d 170 Venetian sequins, £10, £85 0s 12d Rupees, 30, £18 0s 12d 6,400 pagodas, at 7s 6d, £2,560 0s 0d Gold amounting to £2,722 12s 9d 577 dollars, at 5s, £1,429 5s 0d 1,517 rials, at 1s 2d, £47 18s 6½d 12,948 half rials, at 3¾d, £202 6s 3d 441 French pieces, at 3s, £3 13s 6d Old money, £1 7s 9¾d Silver amounting to £1,682 13s 5¾d 146 cash notes, at 40s, £292 0s 0d 162 cash notes, at 20s, £162 0s 0d 263 cash notes, at 5s, £65 15s 0d 160 cash notes, at 2s 6d, £20 0s 0d Cash notes amounting to £539 15s 0d Total, £4,945 1s 2¾d The account was signed by Charles Hutchinson and John Clark. Interpretations The composition of the cash chest shows how a mid-century Company settlement in the South Atlantic actually held its money. There was no single currency but a working mixture of gold and silver coin drawn from every trade the island touched, Venetian sequins, Indian rupees and pagodas, Spanish dollars and rials, and French pieces, valued against sterling at fixed local rates. Pagodas alone, the gold coin of the southern Indian coast, made up more than half the gold by value, which reflects the weight of the India and China shipping that passed through the road. The large block of cash notes, more than £539 in denominations down to 2s 6d, shows the settlement issuing its own paper token money to supply small change that the coin supply could not. On an island with no mint and an erratic inflow of specie, locally circulating notes were the practical means of everyday payment, and the Council's monthly count of the whole chest was the check that kept the paper credible.
54	48	At a Consultation held on Monday the 5th day of March 1753 at the Castle. Present Charles Hutchinson Esq Governor Lieutenant John Clark of Council The last Consultation was read, approved, and signed datd the 26 February 1753. Wednesday the 28 February arrived the Honble Companys Ship Houghton Capt Richard Walpole from China, by which Ship we received the following Supply Vizt Invoice Ship Houghton No 33 & 34 Tea Bohea Vizt 2 Chests contg Neat 2.18 at 11 pr cent Afreight 27 2 8 35 & 36 Tebongo Vizt 2 Chests contg Neat 2.30 at 17 pr cent Afreight 23 1 2 37 Tea Singlo Vizt 1 Chest contg Neat 1.5 at 15.5 pr cent Afreight 16 2 7 5 @ 15 Sugar Vizt 13 Chests contg Neat 13.45 at 4.3.1 pr cent Afreight 80 7 3 16 @ 30 Sugar Candy Vizt 15 Chests contg Neat 7.81 at 7.6.6 pr cent Afreight 136 4 2 4 31 & 32 China Ware contg as follows Vizt 6 Sets Plates & Dishes Blue & White 5 ditto £20 Plates to ditto cld 2 mixd 16 6 Soup Dishes Blue & White at 3 each 1 8 8 Single Dishes Do at 3 3 each 1 1 100 half Pint Cups Do at 1 4 each 1 1 8 20 Small Bowls Coldd Do at 1 4 each 1 2 8 1 doz Mugs 2 in a ditto White at 2 2 pr sett 2 8 50 Tankers Blue & White at 1 each 1 2 6 12 Sauce Boats Do at 3 each 1 6 Deduct for Breakage 9 pr cent 29 3 1 5 9 7 Error Excepted Frederick Lewis G Mudge Clark Richd Derby Francis Board Tare 20 2 4 3 Sale 312 4 1 5	At a consultation held at the Castle on 5 March 1753, Governor Charles Hutchinson sat with Lieutenant John Clark of the Council. The Council read the earlier consultation of 26 February 1753, then approved and signed it. The Company's ship Houghton, Captain Richard Walpole, had arrived from China on Wednesday 28 February, bringing the supply set out in the invoice that follows. Invoice, ship Houghton Numbers 33 and 34, bohea tea, 2 chests containing net 2 18, at 11 per cent charge and freight, £27 2s 8d Numbers 35 and 36, tebongo tea, 2 chests containing net 2 30, at 17 per cent charge and freight, £23 1s 2d Number 37, singlo tea, 1 chest containing net 1 5, at 15 5 per cent charge and freight, £16 2s 7d Sugar, 13 chests containing net 13 45, at £4 3s 1d per cent charge and freight, £80 7s 3d Sugar candy, 15 chests containing net 7 81, at £7 6s 6d per cent charge and freight, £136 4s 2d Numbers 31 and 32, chinaware containing as follows 6 sets of plates and dishes, blue and white, with 5 further sets, £20; plates to the same, coloured, 2 mixed, £1 6s 6 soup dishes, blue and white, at 3s each, £1 8s 8 single dishes, the same, at 3s 3d, £1 1s 100 half-pint cups, the same, at 1s 4d each, £1 1s 8d 20 small bowls, coloured, the same, at 1s 4d each, £1 2s 8d 1 dozen mugs, 2 in a set, white, at 2s 2d per set, £2 8s 50 tankards, blue and white, at 1s each, £1 2s 6d 12 sauce boats, the same, at 3s each, £1 6s Deduct for breakage, 9 per cent, £29 3s 1d, leaving £5 9s 7d Tare, 20 2 4, £3 Sale, 312 4 1, £5 The invoice was marked errors excepted, and signed by Frederick Lewis, G. Mudge (clerk), Richard Derby and Francis Board. Interpretations The invoice shows the ordinary China cargo on which St Helena's supply and re-export trade turned. The teas are named by their commercial grades, bohea the cheapest black, singlo a green, alongside sugar and sugar candy, while the chinaware is priced piece by piece as a retail consignment for sale on the island. The fixed deduction of 9 per cent for breakage on the porcelain was the standard allowance for a fragile cargo carried half around the world, written into the account rather than left to be argued after landing.
55	49	Saturday the 3d instant passed by a Ship under Dutch colours, I arrived a Dutch Ship from the Island of Coud de C ali the Hagehenburgh Capt Cornelius Zyken Burthen about 1000 Ton carry 28 Guns & 150 Men; Laden with Cinnamon & Pepper bound to Amsterdam. The Storekeeper brought in the following Account of Goods short delivered from Ship Houghton Vizt. Account of Stores short received from Ship Houghton Vizt. 9 Meat Dishes 6 Meat Plates 3 Soup Dishes 19 half pint Cups broke 6 Bowls 12 Breakers 5 Sauce Boats 20 Candy 7 Sugar short weight (Signed) M. Purling Storekpr March 5th 1753 Cha. Hutchinson John Clark	On Saturday 3 March a ship under Dutch colours passed by, and a Dutch ship arrived. The vessel was the Hagenburgh, Captain Cornelius Zyken, of about 1,000 tons, carrying 28 guns and 150 men. She was laden with cinnamon and pepper and bound from a port in the East Indies to Amsterdam. The storekeeper then brought in an account of goods short delivered from the Houghton. 9 meat dishes 6 meat plates 3 soup dishes 19 half-pint cups, broken 6 bowls 12 breakers 5 sauce boats 20 candy 7 sugar, short weight The account was signed by M. Purling, storekeeper, and dated 5 March 1753. The consultation was signed by Charles Hutchinson and John Clark. Interpretations The storekeeper's shortage note is the receiving end of the Houghton invoice in the preceding record, and the two were meant to be read together. Comparing goods landed against goods invoiced was the routine check by which the Company guarded against loss, pilferage and breakage in transit, and the signed shortfall became the basis of any claim against the ship. That the missing items are largely the fragile porcelain and short-weight sugar confirms where losses fell on a China cargo, and shows the breakage allowance in the invoice was a real and recurring cost, not a formality.
56	50	A Consultation held on Monday the 12th day of March 1753 at the Castle. Present Charles Hutchinson Esq Govr Lieutt John Clark of Council. The last Consultation was read, approved, and signed, dated the 5th March 1753. Tuesday the 6th Arrived the Honble Companys Ship Stretham, Capt Charles Mawson from Bombay. Do Sailed the Dutch Ship called the Gheeneburgh for Amsterdam. Received by the Ship Stretham 924 Gallons Cape Brandy, and one Male, & two Female Slaves, on Account of the Honble Company. Bought of Capt Richd Walpole three Puncheons Beef containing 2498 lb at 2d pr lb on Account of the Honble Company. Lieutenant John Clark reports, that he has been on board the Ship Stretham to Muster her Company & Enquire for Deserters but found none; the Muster Roll was as follows Vizt Muster Roll, Ship Stretham Chas L Mason Commander James Hirst Mate Flower Rusbell Do Wm Covell 3d Do John Metcalf 4th Do Tho Ridal 5th Do John Meek 6th Do Check Taylor Coxn Do Robt Stevenson Do R. Owen Midship. Ch. Rattray Do J. Eew Do Sam. Buck Do Tho Sacker Do Jn Mason Midship. Barn Tommins Do Jas Samter Do Jn Rogers L. Marines Corns Nelson Do Jas Atkinson Do Alexd Watson Do	At a consultation held at the Castle on 12 March 1753, Governor Charles Hutchinson sat with Lieutenant John Clark of the Council. The Council read the earlier consultation of 5 March 1753, then approved and signed it. The Company's ship Streatham, Captain Charles Mawson, had arrived from Bombay on Tuesday 6 March, and the Dutch ship Hagenburgh had sailed for Amsterdam the same day. The Streatham brought 924 gallons of Cape brandy and one male and two female slaves on the Company's account. The Council bought three puncheons of beef from Captain Richard Walpole, containing 2,498 lb at 2d per lb, on the Company's account. Lieutenant John Clark reported that he had gone aboard the Streatham to muster her company and search for deserters, but found none. The muster roll follows. Muster roll, ship Streatham Charles Mawson, commander James Hirst, mate Flower Rusbell, mate William Covell, third mate John Metcalf, fourth mate Thomas Ridal, fifth mate John Meek, sixth mate Check Taylor, coxswain Robert Stevenson, coxswain R. Owen, midshipman Charles Rattray, midshipman J. Eew, midshipman Samuel Buck, midshipman Thomas Sacker, midshipman John Mason, midshipman Barnaby Tommins, midshipman James Samter, midshipman John Rogers, land marines Cornelius Nelson, land marines James Atkinson, land marines Alexander Watson, land marines Interpretations The arrival of one male and two female slaves on the Company's own account records the East India Company as a direct importer of slaves to St Helena, distinct from any private trade. The island's labour force on the Company's plantations and works was maintained by such consignments, and entering them in the consultation alongside brandy and beef shows they were handled administratively as another supply landed on Company account. Speculations The Council bought a whole shipment of beef from a passing captain by private bargain, rather than drawing on the island's own cattle, at a moment when local herds were under pressure. Buying 2,498 lb of preserved beef off a homeward China captain secured a large stock of provision at a fixed low price without killing into the island's breeding stock, which later records in this batch show the Council was anxious to preserve. The purchase reads as a deliberate choice to spare the local herd by taking imported meat when a ship made it available.
57	51	James Monday Boatswain James Ise Gunner. John Cobham Carpenter Wm Cobham Caulker Ri Burt Capt Steward Rt Nicholls 1st Mate John Brown Gunr D: Robt Newsport Boatsn D: Sa: Belly Capt Cook Rt Gordon Capt 2d Mate John Banks D: 2d? Ja: Ise Sailmaker Tho Hooker Butcher Willy Wilson Ships Cook Robt Richom Cooper Sa: Joyner Coull: Mate John Chall Seaman John Junce D: Ja: Farraro D: John Coleman D: Rd Reader D: Tho: Simmer D: Allen Mead D: Tho: Edwards D: Rd Jagood D: Rich Martin D: Tho: Randall D: Dav: Scot D: Jn Raven craft D: Philip Young D: John Richards D: Jn Worlsey Seaman D: cox Glover D: Henry Gale D: Peter Crow D: John Surgoen D: William Pen D: John Patrick D: Rich Franklin D: Jos: Spinker D: Ja: Bruce D: Robt Waters D: John Mercer D: William Ball D: Smith Lee D: Fuller Turkey D: Wm Drover D: Wm Jenkins D: Wm Richards D: Tho Hunt D: John James D: Vincent Oakley D: Duncan Leech D: John Lancaster D: Mark Elde D: Evan Achalte D: John Larocer Capt Servt D: Wm Survey D: Jn Adams 1st Mate D: Rich Bell Surgeon D: Chant Pierce Capt Servt D: Rd Souther Boatsn D: Robt Pearce 2d Mate D: Edw King Gunr D: Jos: Pembrick Seaman D: Christian Iwerd D: Wm Rindock Servt D: Antony Andrew D: Emanuel Moranni D: Antony Mallabar D: John Nicols D: John Penton D: Anth: Holman D: Simon Clark D: Henry Brown D: John Jackoboy D: La Lingior D: Henry Savage Eng D: Laurence Sullivan Eng D: and Lady. Capt Saml Hough & his Lobes two Children of Govr Bouchers two Children of Captain Hough Mr Francis Pym Passengers Servants Tho Beesjohn John Emall George Finzabar Wm Angengo Samuel	The muster roll of the Streatham continued with the ship's company and passengers. James Monday, boatswain James Ise, gunner John Cobham, carpenter William Cobham, caulker Richard Burt, captain's steward Robert Nicholls, first mate John Brown, gunner's mate Robert Newsport, boatswain's mate Samuel Belly, captain's cook Robert Gordon, captain's second mate John Banks, second [...] James Ise, sailmaker Thomas Hooker, butcher William Wilson, ship's cook Robert Richom, cooper Samuel Joyner, caulker's mate John Chall, seaman John Junce, seaman James Farraro, seaman John Coleman, seaman Richard Reader, seaman Thomas Simmer, seaman Allen Mead, seaman Thomas Edwards, seaman Richard Jagood, seaman Richard Martin, seaman Thomas Randall, seaman David Scot, seaman John Ravencraft, seaman Philip Young, seaman John Richards, seaman John Worlsey, seaman Cox Glover, seaman Henry Gale, seaman Peter Crow, seaman John Surgeon, seaman William Pen, seaman John Patrick, seaman Richard Franklin, seaman Joseph Spinker, seaman James Bruce, seaman Robert Waters, seaman John Mercer, seaman William Ball, seaman Smith Lee, seaman Fuller Turkey, seaman William Drover, seaman William Jenkins, seaman William Richards, seaman Thomas Hunt, seaman John James, seaman Vincent Oakley, seaman Duncan Leech, seaman John Lancaster, seaman Mark Elde, seaman Evan Achalte, seaman John Larocer, captain's servant William Survey, seaman John Adams, first mate's servant Richard Bell, surgeon Chant Pierce, captain's servant Richard Souther, boatswain's servant Robert Pearce, second mate's servant Edward King, gunner's servant Joseph Pembrick, seaman Christian Iwerd, seaman William Rindock, servant Antony Andrew, seaman Emanuel Moranni, seaman Antony Mallabar, seaman John Nicols, seaman John Penton, seaman Anthony Holman, seaman Simon Clark, seaman Henry Brown, seaman John Jackoboy, seaman La Lingior, seaman Henry Savage, engineer Laurence Sullivan, engineer, and lady Captain Samuel Hough and his lobes Two children of Governor Bouchers Two children of Captain Hough Francis Pym Passengers' servants: Thomas Beesjohn John Emall George Finzabar William Angengo Samuel Interpretations The lower part of the roll shows how a homeward East Indiaman carried far more than her working crew. Alongside seamen and specialist tradesmen, boatswain, gunner, carpenter, caulker, cooper, sailmaker and butcher, the ship carried a body of personal servants attached to individual officers and to fare-paying passengers, together with families and children. The presence of named passengers' servants, several bearing place-names such as Angengo and Mallabar that mark an Indian origin, records the movement of Asian and mixed-origin dependants through St Helena in the households of Company officers and travellers.
58	52	Mr Elisha Ifacke planter having this day informed us that he had forgiven Sarah Lyspector a Slave Woman belonging to Mr Saml Desforstrani who was Ordered in Consultation of the 26th of November to be Whiped for abusing him but she then pleading that she was with Child as she prou’d to be upon her being examind by a Midwife, we took a Bond from her Master to produce her to us when she was Deliverd which we this Day gave up to the Said Mr Desforstrani upon Mr Ifackes Request Chas Hutchinson John Clark A Consultation held on Friday the 16th day of March 1753 at the Castle Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governor Lieutenant John Clark of Council The last Consultation was read approved and Signed dated the 12th March 1753 Monday the 12th arrived a Danish Ship from China called the Crown Prince of Denmark Captn Paul Cock Burthen about 1000 Tons carries 26 Guns & 106 Men Laden with Tea China Ware and Silks bound to Copenhagen Tuesday the 13th passed by a Ship under Danish Colours Wednesday the 14th Sailed the Honble Companys Ship Houghton for England John Reynolds Taylor this day applyed to us for liberty to go to England in the Ship Hetham for the recovery of his Health Granted Chas Hutchinson John Clark	Elisha Ifacke, planter, informed the Council on this day that he had forgiven Sarah Lyspector, a slave woman belonging to Samuel Desforstrani. She had been ordered in the consultation of 26 November to be whipped for abusing him, but had then pleaded that she was with child, which a midwife's examination confirmed. The Council had taken a bond from her master to produce her once she was delivered, and now gave that bond up to Desforstrani at Ifacke's request. The consultation was signed by Charles Hutchinson and John Clark. At a consultation held at the Castle on 16 March 1753, Governor Charles Hutchinson sat with Lieutenant John Clark of the Council. The Council read the earlier consultation of 12 March 1753, then approved and signed it. A Danish ship from China, the Crown Prince of Denmark, Captain Paul Cock, had arrived on Monday 12 March. She was of about 1,000 tons, carried 26 guns and 106 men, and was laden with tea, chinaware and silks, bound for Copenhagen. A ship under Danish colours had passed by on Tuesday 13 March. The Company's ship Houghton had sailed for England on Wednesday 14 March. John Reynolds, tailor, applied this day for leave to go to England aboard the Streatham to recover his health, which was granted. The consultation was signed by Charles Hutchinson and John Clark. Interpretations The Sarah Lyspector matter shows the Council administering slave punishment as a formal judicial process, complete with a recorded sentence, a plea in stay of it and a documentary security. Pregnancy suspended the corporal sentence, and the Council secured the outcome by bond on the master rather than releasing the woman outright, which treated the slave as property whose value and person were both at issue. That the sentence was finally remitted only on the complainant's own initiative, not the master's, shows the injured party retained an effective say in whether the punishment fell. Speculations The Council discharged the bond and dropped the whipping entirely, when the plain course after a child's birth would have been to carry the deferred sentence out. The record ties the remission directly to Ifacke's own act of forgiveness, so the injured man's satisfaction, rather than any change in the woman's guilt, decided the matter. The Council appears to have treated the abuse as a private wrong that the wronged party could waive, choosing reconciliation over the exemplary punishment it had first ordered.
59	53	A Consultation held on Monday the 19 day of March 1753 at the Castle Present Charles Hutchinson Esq Governor, Lieutenant John Clark of Council, The last Consultation was read, approved, and signed, dated the 16 March 1753 Monday the 12 Sailed the Hon’ble Companys Ship Stretham for England Do Arrived a Dane Ship from China, called the King of Denmark, Capt Jacob Bechmand, Burthen about 900 Tons, carrs 24 Guns and 160 Men, Loaden with Tea China Ware, Silks, bound for Copenhagen. The Plantation Gunner, and Stewards Accounts from the 12 February to the 11 March, both inclusive, were this day brought in, which were Examined and Approved, and are as follows Vizt.	At a consultation held at the Castle on 19 March 1753, Governor Charles Hutchinson sat with Lieutenant John Clark of the Council. The Council read the earlier consultation of 16 March 1753, then approved and signed it. The Company's ship Streatham had sailed for England on Monday 12 March. A Danish ship from China, the King of Denmark, Captain Jacob Bechmand, had arrived the same day. She was of about 900 tons, carried 24 guns and 160 men, and was laden with tea, chinaware and silks, bound for Copenhagen. The plantation gunner's and steward's accounts for the period from 12 February to 11 March inclusive were brought in this day, examined, approved and entered as follows.
60	54	An Account of the Honorable Companys Stock of Neat Cattle & ca from the 12 February to the 11 March 1753 Bulls, Cows, Calves, Yearlings, Heifers, Steers, Bullocks, Oxen, Total, Ewes, Wethers, Lambs, Rams, Total, Ewes, Wethers, Kidds, Rams, Total, Sows, Shoats, Piggs, Boars, Total, Turkeys, Fowls, Ducks, Geese, Horses, Mares, Total Remg 12: Bulls 3, Cows 75, Calves 41, Yearlings 24, Heifers 14, Steers 31, Bullocks 2, Oxen 11, Total 201, Ewes 135, Wethers 35, Lambs 46, Rams 6, Total 222, Ewes 92, Wethers 1, Kidds 27, Rams 4, Total 124, Sows 5, Shoats 10, Piggs 15, Boars 1, Total 31, Turkeys 21, Fowls 269, Ducks 81, Geese 24, Horses 6, Mares 6, Total 12 Increased: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 0, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Bullocks 0, Oxen 0, Total 0, Ewes 0, Wethers 0, Lambs 6, Rams 0, Total 6, Ewes 0, Wethers 0, Kidds 4, Rams 0, Total 4, Sows 0, Shoats 0, Piggs 0, Boars 0, Total 0, Turkeys 0, Fowls 22, Ducks 0, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0 Bulls 3, Cows 75, Calves 41, Yearlings 24, Heifers 14, Steers 31, Bullocks 2, Oxen 11, Total 201, Ewes 135, Wethers 35, Lambs 52, Rams 6, Total 228, Ewes 92, Wethers 1, Kidds 31, Rams 4, Total 128, Sows 5, Shoats 10, Piggs 15, Boars 1, Total 31, Turkeys 21, Fowls 291, Ducks 81, Geese 24, Horses 6, Mares 6, Total 12 Killed: Bulls 0, Cows 3, Calves 0, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 5, Bullocks 0, Oxen 0, Total 0, Ewes 5, Wethers 4, Lambs 2, Rams 0, Total 0, Ewes 6, Wethers 5, Kidds 1, Rams 0, Total 0, Sows 0, Shoats 1, Piggs 0, Boars 0, Total 0, Turkeys 0, Fowls 1, Ducks 3, Geese 19, Horses 14, Mares 1, Total 0 Died: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 0, Yearlings 0, Heifers 2, Steers 0, Bullocks 0, Oxen 0, Total 0, Ewes 0, Wethers 0, Lambs 0, Rams 0, Total 6, Ewes 0, Wethers 0, Kidds 0, Rams 0, Total 6, Sows 0, Shoats 0, Piggs 2, Boars 0, Total 2, Turkeys 0, Fowls 9, Ducks 5, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0 Died with the Mange: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 0, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Bullocks 0, Oxen 0, Total 0, Ewes 0, Wethers 0, Lambs 0, Rams 0, Total 1, Ewes 0, Wethers 0, Kidds 0, Rams 0, Total 1, Sows 0, Shoats 0, Piggs 0, Boars 0, Total 0, Turkeys 0, Fowls 0, Ducks 0, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0 Remg 11: Bulls 3, Cows 72, Calves 41, Yearlings 24, Heifers 14, Steers 29, Bullocks 2, Oxen 11, Total 196, Ewes 131, Wethers 33, Lambs 52, Rams 6, Total 222, Ewes 85, Wethers 0, Kidds 31, Rams 4, Total 120, Sows 5, Shoats 9, Piggs 13, Boars 1, Total 28, Turkeys 18, Fowls 263, Ducks 62, Geese 23, Horses 6, Mares 6, Total 12 Beef to the Houghton 560 Beef to the Stretham 560 5 Goats to the Sick Slaves Yams Expended 28.000 One Man Slave Died Named Chatham One Woman Do Do Named Sheba Signed Rich Gurling	An account of the Company's stock of cattle and other livestock from 12 February to 11 March 1753 recorded the following. Neat cattle: Remaining 12 February: bulls 3, cows 75, calves 41, yearlings 24, heifers 14, steers 31, bullocks 2, oxen 11, total 201 Increased: bulls 0, cows 0, calves 0, yearlings 0, heifers 0, steers 0, bullocks 0, oxen 0, total 0 Total: bulls 3, cows 75, calves 41, yearlings 24, heifers 14, steers 31, bullocks 2, oxen 11, total 201 Killed: bulls 0, cows 3, calves 0, yearlings 0, heifers 0, steers 2, bullocks 0, oxen 0, total 5 Died: bulls 0, cows 0, calves 0, yearlings 0, heifers 0, steers 0, bullocks 0, oxen 0, total 0 Died with the mange: bulls 0, cows 0, calves 0, yearlings 0, heifers 0, steers 0, bullocks 0, oxen 0, total 0 Remaining 11 March: bulls 3, cows 72, calves 41, yearlings 24, heifers 14, steers 29, bullocks 2, oxen 11, total 196 Sheep: Remaining 12 February: ewes 135, wethers 35, lambs 46, rams 6, total 222 Increased: ewes 0, wethers 0, lambs 6, rams 0, total 6 Total: ewes 135, wethers 35, lambs 52, rams 6, total 228 Killed: ewes 0, wethers 5, lambs 4, rams 0, total 5 Died: ewes 4, wethers 2, lambs 0, rams 0, total 6 Died with the mange: ewes 0, wethers 0, lambs 0, rams 0, total 0 Remaining 11 March: ewes 131, wethers 33, lambs 52, rams 6, total 222 Goats: Remaining 12 February: ewes 92, wethers 1, kids 27, rams 4, total 124 Increased: ewes 0, wethers 0, kids 4, rams 0, total 4 Total: ewes 92, wethers 1, kids 31, rams 4, total 128 Killed: ewes 0, wethers 0, kids 6, rams 0, total 6 Died: ewes 5, wethers 1, kids 0, rams 0, total 0 Died with the mange: ewes 1, wethers 0, kids 1, rams 1, total 0 Remaining 11 March: ewes 85, wethers 0, kids 31, rams 4, total 120 Hogs: Remaining 12 February: sows 5, shoats 10, pigs 15, boars 1, total 31 Increased: sows 0, shoats 0, pigs 0, boars 0, total 0 Total: sows 5, shoats 10, pigs 15, boars 1, total 31 Killed: sows 0, shoats 1, pigs 0, boars 0, total 1 Died: sows 0, shoats 0, pigs 2, boars 0, total 2 Remaining 11 March: sows 5, shoats 9, pigs 13, boars 1, total 28 Poultry: Remaining 12 February: turkeys 21, fowls 269, ducks 81, geese 24, total 0 Increased: turkeys 0, fowls 22, ducks 0, geese 0, total 0 Total: turkeys 21, fowls 291, ducks 81, geese 24, total 0 Killed: turkeys 0, fowls 13, ducks 19, geese 0, total 0 Died: turkeys 0, fowls 14, ducks 1, geese 0, total 0 Remaining 11 March: turkeys 18, fowls 263, ducks 62, geese 23, total 0 Horses: Remaining 12 February: stock 6, mares 6, total 12 Increased: stock 0, mares 0, total 0 Total: stock 6, mares 6, total 12 Killed: stock 0, mares 0, total 0 Died: stock 0, mares 0, total 0 Remaining 11 March: stock 6, mares 6, total 12 Beef to the Houghton, 560 Beef to the Stretham, 560 5 goats to the sick slaves. Yams expended 28,000 One man slave died named Chatham. One woman ditto ditto named Sheba. Richard Gurling signed the account. Interpretations The beef issued to the Houghton and the Stretham, 560 to each, marks the provisioning of two homeward East Indiamen calling at the island, the fresh meat supplied to victual them for the passage to England. This direct sale of the island's slaughtered cattle to the Company's own ships shows St Helena serving its central purpose as the refreshment station of the East India trade, the herds bred on the island restocking the ships that carried its commerce. The deaths of two more slaves, the man Chatham and the woman Sheba, entered plainly beneath the livestock tally, continued the practice of recording the loss of the Company's bond labour among its stock. Coming so soon after the death of Jack Guinea in the preceding month, this run of mortality points to sickness or hardship among the slaves through the season, the bare succession of names marking a heavy toll on the labour force. The great rise in yams expended, from 9,000 to 28,000, reflected both the demand of the ships now in the road and the standing burden of feeding slaves and garrison. With two Indiamen to victual and the ordinary consumption to meet, the island drew heavily on its yam store, the figures showing the root crop bearing the strain of a busy shipping season when many mouths pressed on the settlement's own produce.
61	55	Gunners Stores Expended from 12 Feby to 11 March 1753 Round, Wads, Cartridges, Case, Salutes, Lb, Powder Expended Feby 28 Alarm: Round 6, Wads 0, Cartridges 0, Case 2, Salutes 2, Lb 2 12, Powder Expended 0 Do Arrived the Houghton Capt Walpole to return the Salute: Round 9, Wads 0, Cartridges 0, Case 0, Salutes 9, Lb 9, Powder Expended 0 Do Powder for Priming: Round 0, Wads 0, Cartridges 0, Case 0, Salutes 0, Lb 1 8, Powder Expended 0 March 3 A double Alarm: Round 9, Wads 0, Cartridges 0, Case 3, Salutes 3, Lb 3 18, Powder Expended 0 Do For Scaling seven 9 Pounders & two 6 Pounders which 9 Guns served likewise to answer the Salute of a Dutch Ship that past by: Round 9, Wads 7, Cartridges 2, Case 0, Salutes 0, Lb 13 8, Powder Expended 0 Do Powder for Priming: Round 0, Wads 0, Cartridges 0, Case 0, Salutes 0, Lb 1 8, Powder Expended 0 Do Fired at Banks to bring a Dutch Ship too: Round 1, Wads 1, Cartridges 1, Case 0, Salutes 0, Lb 4 8, Powder Expended 0 Do Arrived the said Ship returnd the Salute: Round 15, Wads 0, Cartridges 0, Case 0, Salutes 15, Lb 15, Powder Expended 0 Do Powder for Priming: Round 0, Wads 0, Cartridges 0, Case 0, Salutes 0, Lb 3, Powder Expended 0 Do Alarm at Banks: Round 2, Wads 2, Cartridges 0, Case 0, Salutes 0, Lb 9, Powder Expended 0 Do Alarm for the same Ship: Round 6, Wads 0, Cartridges 0, Case 2, Salutes 2, Lb 2 12, Powder Expended 0 Do Arrived the Stretham Capt Mason returnd the Salute: Round 9, Wads 0, Cartridges 0, Case 0, Salutes 9, Lb 9, Powder Expended 0 Do Powder for Priming: Round 0, Wads 0, Cartridges 0, Case 0, Salutes 0, Lb 1 8, Powder Expended 0 Do Departed a Dutch Ship: Round 15, Wads 0, Cartridges 0, Case 0, Salutes 15, Lb 15, Powder Expended 0 Do Powder for Priming: Round 0, Wads 0, Cartridges 0, Case 0, Salutes 0, Lb 3, Powder Expended 0 Do Powder for Prim d at Prosperous Bay from October 10: Round 0, Wads 0, Cartridges 0, Case 0, Salutes 0, Lb 3, Powder Expended 0 Powder for Signals: Round 0, Wads 0, Cartridges 0, Case 0, Salutes 0, Lb 1, Powder Expended 0 Total: Round 81, Wads 10, Cartridges 2, Case 7, Salutes 7, Lb 18 7, Powder Expended 133 8 Paper for the use of the Castle 1 Quire Do for making of Great Gun Cartridges 1 Quire Do for making of small Cartridges 1 Quire Iron Shod Snecks for the use of the Fort 4 Spunge Staves to the Armourer for Hammer Helves 1 Tallow for the Fort 6 Do for the Pump 7 Match burnt at the Main Fort 7 Needles broke with Sewing of Cartridges 12 Handspikes broke at Banks 1 Handspikes broke at Ruped 1 Handspikes broke upon the West Curtain 1 Sprink Nails for repairing the Spunges at the Main Fort 375 Sheep	Gunners' stores expended from 12 February to 11 March 1753 came to the following. The column headings named the guns saluted or fired by calibre, running 32-pounders, 24-pounders, 9-pounders, 6-pounders and 4-pounders, with a final column for the powder expended. 28 February, alarm, 6 guns fired, 0 32-pounders, 0 24-pounders, 2 9-pounders, 2 6-pounders, 2 4-pounders, 2 lb 12 oz powder Ditto, arrived the Houghton, Captain Walpole, returned the salute, 9 guns fired, 0 32-pounders, 0 24-pounders, 0 9-pounders, 0 6-pounders, 9 4-pounders, 9 lb powder Ditto, powder for priming, 0 32-pounders, 0 24-pounders, 0 9-pounders, 0 6-pounders, 0 4-pounders, 1 lb 8 oz powder 3 March, a double alarm, 9 guns fired, 0 32-pounders, 0 24-pounders, 3 9-pounders, 3 6-pounders, 0 4-pounders, 3 lb 18 oz powder Ditto, for scaling seven 9-pounders and two 6-pounders which 9 guns served likewise to answer the salute of a Dutch ship that passed by, 9 guns fired, 7 9-pounders, 2 6-pounders, 13 lb 8 oz powder Ditto, powder for priming, 0 32-pounders, 0 24-pounders, 0 9-pounders, 0 6-pounders, 0 4-pounders, 1 lb 8 oz powder Ditto, fired at Banks to bring a Dutch ship to, 1 gun fired, 1 32-pounder, 1 24-pounder, 4 lb 8 oz powder Ditto, arrived the ship, returned the salute, 15 guns fired, 0 32-pounders, 0 24-pounders, 0 9-pounders, 0 6-pounders, 15 4-pounders, 15 lb powder Ditto, powder for priming, 0 32-pounders, 0 24-pounders, 0 9-pounders, 0 6-pounders, 0 4-pounders, 3 lb powder Ditto, alarm at Banks, 2 guns fired, 2 32-pounders, 0 24-pounders, 0 9-pounders, 0 6-pounders, 0 4-pounders, 9 lb powder Ditto, alarm for the same ship, 6 guns fired, 0 32-pounders, 0 24-pounders, 2 9-pounders, 2 6-pounders, 0 4-pounders, 2 lb 12 oz powder Ditto, arrived the Stretham, Captain Mason, returned the salute, 9 guns fired, 0 32-pounders, 0 24-pounders, 0 9-pounders, 0 6-pounders, 9 4-pounders, 9 lb powder Ditto, powder for priming, 0 32-pounders, 0 24-pounders, 0 9-pounders, 0 6-pounders, 0 4-pounders, 1 lb 8 oz powder Ditto, departed a Dutch ship, 15 guns fired, 0 32-pounders, 0 24-pounders, 0 9-pounders, 0 6-pounders, 15 4-pounders, 15 lb powder Ditto, powder for priming, 0 32-pounders, 0 24-pounders, 0 9-pounders, 0 6-pounders, 0 4-pounders, 3 lb powder Ditto, powder for burning at Prosperous Bay from 10 October, 0 32-pounders, 0 24-pounders, 0 9-pounders, 0 6-pounders, 0 4-pounders, 3 lb powder Powder for signals, 0 32-pounders, 0 24-pounders, 0 9-pounders, 0 6-pounders, 0 4-pounders, 1 lb powder Total, 81 guns fired, 10 32-pounders, 2 24-pounders, 7 9-pounders, 7 6-pounders, 18 4-pounders, 133 lb 8 oz powder Paper for the use of the castle, 1 quire Ditto for making great gun cartridges, 1 quire Ditto for making small cartridges, 1 quire Iron shod trucks for the use of the fort, 4 Sponge staves to the armourer for hammer helves, 1 Tallow for the fort, 6 lb Ditto for the pumps, 4 lb Match burnt at the Main Fort, 7 lb Needles broke with sewing of cartridges, 12 Handspikes broke at Banks, 1 Handspikes broke at Rupert's, 1 Handspikes broke upon the West Curtain, 1 Sprig nails for repairing the sponges at the Main Fort, 375 Interpretations The record of firings shows the working of the salute, the ceremony by which the batteries greeted arriving and departing ships gun for gun, distinguishing the alarm from the salute and naming the calibre of guns discharged. This careful accounting of every round and its powder, down to the fraction of a pound for priming, reflects the strict control kept over the magazine, where powder was both costly and vital to defence and every grain expended had to be answered for. The firing at Banks to bring a Dutch ship to shows the batteries used not only in courtesy but in command of the road, a shotted gun fired across the bows to compel a strange vessel to halt and identify herself. This power to stop a ship at the anchorage, exercised here against a foreign vessel, marks the island's guns enforcing the control of its waters, every approaching ship obliged to answer the challenge of the forts. Prosperous Bay, Banks, Rupert's and the West Curtain named the several batteries and works ringing the island, each holding guns against a hostile approach, and the breaking of handspikes at three of them marks the wear of working the artillery across the dispersed defences. The powder burnt at Prosperous Bay from October points to a signal or watch fire kept there, the island's guns and beacons spread around the coast to cover every bay and give warning of any sail.
62	56	19 March Sheep Skins for repairing the Spunges at the Main Fort 6 Rammer Heads for Do 6 Spunge Heads for Do 4 Bitts broke at the Main Fort 2 Spunge Staves at Prosperous Bay 1 Spunge Heads for Do 1 Rammer Heads for Do 1 Sprink Nails for Do 20 (Signed) Thomas Hall Sundrys Expended at the Honble Companys General Table from the 12 Feby to the 11 March 1753 Vizt 14 Bottles Port Wine 1 1 29 Do Lisbon 2 3 6 7 Do Madera 16 ½ 72 Do Arrack 2 3 6 47 Do Beer 11 9 270 Flour 1 16 6 ½ 317 Beef 3 19 3 167 Mutton 3 9 7 26 Pork 13 13 Goat 4 4 19 Fowls 1 8 6 14 Ducks 1 1 3 Turkeys 15 1 Goose 5 6 Salt Pork 12 100 Candy 1 2 11 21 ¼ Butter 1 13 23 4 2 ¼	The gunners' account continued with further stores expended at the fortifications. Sheep skins for repairing the sponges at the Main Fort, 6 Rammer heads for the Main Fort, 6 Sponge heads for the Main Fort, 4 Bits broke at the Main Fort, 2 Sponge staves at Prosperous Bay, 1 Sponge heads for Prosperous Bay, 1 Rammer heads for Prosperous Bay, 1 Sprig nails for Prosperous Bay, 20 Thomas Hall signed the account. Sundries expended at the Company's general table from 12 February to 11 March 1753 came to the following. 14 bottles port wine, £1 1s 0d 29 ditto Lisbon, £2 3s 6d 7 ditto Madeira, £0 16s 0½d 72 ditto arrack, £2 3s 6d 17 ditto beer, £0 11s 9d 270 flour, £1 16s 6½d 317 beef, £3 19s 3d 167 mutton, £3 9s 7d 26 pork, £0 13s 0d 13 goat, £0 4s 4d 19 fowls, £1 8s 6d 14 ducks, £1 1s 0d 3 turkeys, £0 15s 0d 1 goose, £0 5s 0d 6 lb salt pork, £0 12s 0d 100 candy, £1 2s 11d 21¼ butter, £1 1s 3d Total, £23 4s 2¼d Interpretations The sheepskins issued to repair the sponges show the material of the gun sponges, the fleece bound to the sponge head to swab the bore clean of burning residue between rounds. This use of skins from the island's own flocks marks a local material meeting a military need, the wool of the sheep bred for meat and clothing serving equally to keep the great guns fit to fire. The heavy expenditure on rammer and sponge heads across both the Main Fort and Prosperous Bay reflects the wear of hard firing during a busy period at the batteries, the wooden heads of the loading tools consumed by the run of salutes and alarms recorded on the preceding leaf. Renewing this quantity of gun furniture shows the armourer kept fully at work maintaining the artillery through a season of frequent shipping. The general table over this month again drew on the varied wines, meats and poultry that furnished the Governor's hospitality, the figure standing close to the previous month's reckoning. This steadiness in the scale of entertainment shows the standing charge of the table holding at a settled level, the establishment maintaining its board at a constant rate through the succeeding months regardless of the ships in the road.
63	57	Ordered the following Advertisement to be published Vizt Whereas the Goods & Liquors brought by the Commanders and Officers of the ships, and designed for to sell here, are to be sent on Shoar, and put up at public Auction, This is therefore to give Notice, that no person is to go on board any Ship for the future, to buy Goods or Liquors. Cha Hutchinson John Clark At a consultation held on Wednesday the 21st of March 1753 at the Castle Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Govern Lieut. John Adamson Lieut Governor Lieut. John Clark of Council The last Consultation was read approved and signed dated the 19th March 1753 Wednesday 21 Arrived the Honourable Companys Ship Walpole Capt. Sam Fowler from England This morning arrived the Honourable Company’s Ship the Walpole from England and about 11 o’Clock came on Shore Lieutenant John Adamson and Captain Francis Fowler by whom we recd. Packet from the Honourable Court of Directors which we opened, and read their Honours Letter that came therein, and ordered the following Advertisement to be published tomorrow Vizt	The Council ordered an advertisement to be published. The goods and liquors brought by ships' commanders and officers for sale on the island were to be landed and put up at public auction. No person was in future to go aboard any ship to buy goods or liquors. The notice was signed by Charles Hutchinson and John Clark. At a consultation held at the Castle on 21 March 1753, Governor Charles Hutchinson sat with Lieutenant John Adamson, Lieutenant Governor, and Lieutenant John Clark of the Council. The Council read the earlier consultation of 19 March 1753, then approved and signed it. The Company's ship Walpole, Captain Samuel Fowler, arrived from England on Wednesday 21 March. About eleven o'clock Lieutenant John Adamson and Captain Francis Fowler came ashore. They brought a packet from the Court of Directors, which the Council opened, reading the directors' letter enclosed in it. The Council ordered a further advertisement to be published the next day. Interpretations The auction order closed off the private shipboard trade by which officers sold their venture goods directly from the vessel, and forced all such sales onto a public quayside auction. Compelling open sale let the Council oversee and probably tax the trade, checked smuggling, and stopped officers from disposing of goods before duty or inspection. The measure marks the Council's steady effort to bring the transient shipping trade under the island's regulation rather than leave it to bargains struck on deck. The arrival of Lieutenant John Adamson by the Walpole brought the island a second in command, and the packet from the Court of Directors set in train the several orders and personnel changes that fill the following records. A homeward or outward Indiaman was the island's only channel to its London masters, so the opening of a directors' packet was the moment the Council's agenda was reset from home.
64	58	Ordered the following Advertisement to be published Vizt This is to give notice to all the Planters of this Island, that they are hereby required to attend the Governour and Councile at the Castle in this Valley on Monday next at the Hour of ten in the Morning Cha Hutchinson John Adamson John Clark At a Consultation held on Monday the 26th day of March 1753 at the Castle Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Govr Lieut John Adamson Lieut Govnr Lieut John Clark of Councile The last Consultation was read approved and signed dated the 24th of March 1753 Wednesday 27th Arrived the Honourable Company’s Ship Prince George from China and the Exeter from Bencoolen Thursday 22d Sailed the Dane Ship Crown Prince of Denmark Fryday 23d Died John Parting Soldier Lieutenant John Clark reports that he has been on board the Ships Prince George and Exeter to Muster their Companys and enquire for Deserters but found none their Muster Rolls are as follows Vizt	The Council ordered an advertisement to be published. It required all the planters of the island to attend the Governor and Council at the Castle in the valley on the following Monday at ten in the morning. The notice was signed by Charles Hutchinson, John Adamson and John Clark. At a consultation held at the Castle on 26 March 1753, Governor Charles Hutchinson sat with Lieutenant John Adamson, Lieutenant Governor, and Lieutenant John Clark of the Council. The Council read the earlier consultation of 24 March 1753, then approved and signed it. The Company's ship Prince George had arrived from China on Wednesday 27 March, and the Exeter from Bencoolen. The Danish ship Crown Prince of Denmark had sailed on Thursday 22 March. John Parting, soldier, had died on Friday 23 March. Lieutenant John Clark reported that he had gone aboard the Prince George and the Exeter to muster their companies and search for deserters, but found none. Their muster rolls follow. Interpretations The summons of all planters to attend at the Castle marks the point at which the directors' orders brought in by the Walpole were to be laid before the settler body as a whole. The Council governed the planters partly by such general assemblies, at which the Court's pleasure on prices, land and grievances was announced and their compliance sought face to face, and the following records show this meeting was chiefly about the supply of the market.
65	59	Muster Roll of the Ship Prince George Philip Isdell Commander Robert Baker 1st Mate Thomas Boyd 2d Mate John Mashborn 3d Mate Richard Stancliffe 4th Mate Anthony Lucas 5th Mate William Leslie Purser John Horrabin Surgeon Morris Herway Boatswain Alexandr McCloud Gunner Thomas Banner Carpenter Richard Pardoe John Hess George Guerny W. Biggelston John Gordon Edmund Allston Midshipmen Henry McMahon John Dyett Thomas Brazier Robert Pitman George Isaton Francis Stithers Thomas Richmond Anthony Grace George Paterson John Boyde James Halley Adam Murray Thomas Wood Surgeons Mate Richd Todd Sailmaker John Young Cooper Andrew Smith Armourer James Tanner Capt Cook James Thomas Ships Cook Robert Amet Captains Steward James Spence Boatsn Mate John Brown Francis Nicola Gunner Mate Iver Peders Carpentr Mate William Sutton 2d Do Joseph Haynes Caulker Mate William Williams Corporalls Mate Robt Gardner Barber Samuel Griggs Taylor Isrial Branch Poulterer John Davis Seaman Abraham Collin John Sanders George Thompson Mace Neal Stephen Best David Cromby William Gordon James Kern James Payne William Graham David Ironsworth John Cord Michael Dray John Gibbel James Johnston Andrew Walker David Walker Henry Fitzpatrick Michael Carriagan Henry Daly James Joy Timothy Gray Seaman John Broun Do Anthony Neal Do Christopher James Do Cornelius Scott Do Abraham Painter Do Robert Brown Do James Purdie Do Thomas Davis Do John Ellis Do Matthws Winton Do John Boyes Do John Fenier Do John Midway Do William Gregerson Do Stephen Christian Do John Robinson Do Edward Nicholls Do George Barton John Cameron James Slack Henry Carey James Hinds Thomas Cavendish Benjamin Richards John Tywchell Capt Steward John Jones Do John Staal Chief Mate 1st Robert Halker Gunners Do William King Boatswain Do James King Carpenters Do Robert White Second Masters Do Passengers	Muster roll of the ship Prince George Philip Isdell, commander Robert Baker, first mate Thomas Boyd, second mate John Mashborn, third mate Richard Stancliffe, fourth mate Anthony Lucas, fifth mate William Leslie, purser John Horrabin, surgeon Morris Herway, boatswain Alexander McCloud, gunner Thomas Banner, carpenter Richard Pardoe, midshipman John Hess, midshipman George Guerny, midshipman W. Biggelston, midshipman John Gordon, midshipman Edmund Allston, midshipman Henry McMahon, midshipman John Dyett, midshipman Thomas Brazier, midshipman Robert Pitman, midshipman George Isaton, midshipman Francis Stithers, midshipman Thomas Richmond, midshipman Anthony Grace, midshipman George Paterson, midshipman John Boyde, midshipman James Halley, midshipman Adam Murray, midshipman Thomas Wood, surgeon's mate Richard Todd, sailmaker John Young, cooper Andrew Smith, armourer James Tanner, captain's cook James Thomas, ship's cook Robert Amet, captain's steward James Spence, boatswain's mate John Brown, boatswain's mate Francis Nicola, gunner's mate Iver Peders, carpenter's mate William Sutton, second carpenter's mate Joseph Haynes, caulker's mate William Williams, corporal's mate Robert Gardner, barber Samuel Griggs, tailor Israel Branch, poulterer John Davis, seaman Abraham Collin, seaman John Sanders, seaman George Thompson, seaman Mace Neal, seaman Stephen Best, seaman David Cromby, seaman William Gordon, seaman James Kern, seaman James Payne, seaman William Graham, seaman David Ironsworth, seaman John Cord, seaman Michael Dray, seaman John Gibbel, seaman James Johnston, seaman Andrew Walker, seaman David Walker, seaman Henry Fitzpatrick, seaman Michael Carriagan, seaman Henry Daly, seaman James Joy, seaman Timothy Gray, seaman John Broun, seaman Anthony Neal, seaman Christopher James, seaman Cornelius Scott, seaman Abraham Painter, seaman Robert Brown, seaman James Purdie, seaman Thomas Davis, seaman John Ellis, seaman Matthew Winton, seaman John Boyes, seaman John Fenier, seaman John Midway, seaman William Gregerson, seaman Stephen Christian, seaman John Robinson, seaman Edward Nicholls, seaman George Barton, seaman John Cameron, seaman James Slack, seaman Henry Carey, seaman James Hinds, seaman Thomas Cavendish, seaman Benjamin Richards, seaman John Tywchell, captain's steward John Jones, captain's steward John Staal, first chief mate's servant Robert Halker, gunner's servant William King, boatswain's servant James King, carpenter's servant Robert White, second master's servant Passengers Interpretations The muster confirms deserter control as the settled purpose of the exercise. A homeward East Indiaman calling at St Helena gave her crew their first sight of a British shore in many months, and the risk that men would slip away obliged the Council to send an officer aboard every ship to check the roll against the ship's books. The unusually long tail of midshipmen on the Prince George reflects the East India Company's practice of carrying many young gentlemen as apprentice officers on its larger ships.
66	60	Passengers William Mackenzie Esqr Mrs Maria Mackenzie Mr Thomas Mackenzie Mrs Elizabeth Isher Muster Roll of the Ship Exeter William Fennell Captain Robert Shaw 1st Mate William Gunn 2d Mate Francis Harris 3d Do Thomas Peirce 4th Do Edward Grour 5th Do Jeffrey Jones Surgeon Adam Miller Purser Thomas Raven Carpenter Richard Gagery Boatswain Christian Haltin Cooper John Haslay Caulker Paul Spend Capt Cook Adam Barlow Ship Do Robt Brown Sail Maker Charles Bradard Armourer John Mor Capt Steward John Johnson Gunner’s Mate George Pinder Carpenter’s Do Thomas Hunt Carpenter’s Do Charles Earn Boatswain’s Do Christopher Haw 2d Do John Gellman Midshipman James Devingster Richard Harrison Do Daniel Griffith George Browne Charles Lynden Michael Trusman Quarter Master Daniel Jacob Thomas 2d Master William Newell Capt’s Butler Thomas Mills Do Taylor John Whetstone Gentleman William Gray Seaman Roger Fassey Do Joseph tEdman Do John Capstock Do William Mauveur Do Daniel Sansom Do Joseph Roberts Do John Gardiner Do James Manson Do Achilles Ebbs Do Stephen Powell Do Robert Farmer Do Cornelius Clarke Do William Gray 2d Do William Morrison Do Joseph Hunt Do Andrew Rutheford Do John Lawrence Do Samuel Gray Do William Gipson Do Oliver Peters Do Valentine Bennett Do James Bradsworth Do Robert Brattle Do Charles Radclife Do Benjamin Jeffries Seaman Benjamin Grenvill Do Phillip Hall Do Richard Bungray Do Andrew Gardiner Do William Burrell Do Joseph Richards Do William Brown Do Thomas Robinson Do John Malyar Do Samuel Wood Do Thomas Hill Do Samuel Langford Do Alexander Anderson Do George Isbetson Do Samuel Flannell Do Thomas Langley Do John Crauley Do Joseph Garnett Do Charles Savage Do William Cooley Do William Wingrove Do Robt Moseley Capt Servant Thomas Brook Do Edward Gwynn Do Henry Crofton 2d Mate Do Paul Gill Surgeon’s Do Zachary Whitbread Gunner William Tucker V Master Do Thomas Stratton Esqr’s Do	Passengers William Mackenzie, Esquire Mrs Maria Mackenzie Thomas Mackenzie Mrs Elizabeth Isher Muster roll of the ship Exeter William Fennell, captain Robert Shaw, first mate William Gunn, second mate Francis Harris, third mate Thomas Peirce, fourth mate Edward Grour, fifth mate Jeffrey Jones, surgeon Adam Miller, purser Thomas Raven, carpenter Richard Gagery, boatswain Christian Haltin, cooper John Haslay, caulker Paul Spend, captain's cook Adam Barlow, ship's cook Robert Brown, sailmaker Charles Bradard, armourer John Mor, captain's steward John Johnson, gunner's mate George Pinder, carpenter's mate Thomas Hunt, carpenter's mate Charles Earn, boatswain's mate Christopher Haw, second boatswain's mate John Gellman, midshipman James Devingster, midshipman Richard Harrison, midshipman Daniel Griffith, midshipman George Browne, midshipman Charles Lynden, midshipman Michael Trusman, quartermaster Daniel, quartermaster Jacob Thomas, second master William Newell, captain's butler Thomas Mills, captain's tailor John Whetstone, gentleman William Gray, seaman Roger Fassey, seaman Joseph Edman, seaman John Capstock, seaman William Mauveur, seaman Daniel Sansom, seaman Joseph Roberts, seaman John Gardiner, seaman James Manson, seaman Achilles Ebbs, seaman Stephen Powell, seaman Robert Farmer, seaman Cornelius Clarke, seaman William Gray, second of the name, seaman William Morrison, seaman Joseph Hunt, seaman Andrew Rutheford, seaman John Lawrence, seaman Samuel Gray, seaman William Gipson, seaman Oliver Peters, seaman Valentine Bennett, seaman James Bradsworth, seaman Robert Brattle, seaman Charles Radclife, seaman Benjamin Jeffries, seaman Benjamin Grenvill, seaman Phillip Hall, seaman Richard Bungray, seaman Andrew Gardiner, seaman William Burrell, seaman Joseph Richards, seaman William Brown, seaman Thomas Robinson, seaman John Malyar, seaman Samuel Wood, seaman Thomas Hill, seaman Samuel Langford, seaman Alexander Anderson, seaman George Isbetson, seaman Samuel Flannell, seaman Thomas Langley, seaman John Crauley, seaman Joseph Garnett, seaman Charles Savage, seaman William Cooley, seaman William Wingrove, seaman Robert Moseley, captain's servant Thomas Brook, captain's servant Edward Gwynn, captain's servant Henry Crofton, second mate's servant Paul Gill, surgeon's servant Zachary Whitbread, gunner William Tucker, second master's servant Thomas Stratton, Esquire's servant Interpretations The Exeter roll shows the full establishment of a Company ship down to the domestic staff, a captain's butler, tailor and several officers' servants, which marks the shipboard household these commanders maintained at sea. The muster's purpose was again to verify the company against desertion, and the careful noting of servants by the officer each served let the mustering officer account for every person aboard, not only the ship's rated men.
67	61	Cwt 1 China Ware 1 Chest containing Viz 4 Setts of Dishes and Plates @ 20 Setts L 2 a mixed 8 - 12 Chamberpotts 2 - 1 pr Flaggetts and Basons 3 - 4 Setts of Muggs 3 to a Sett @ 2 pr Sett 9 6 50 Pint Basons @ 2 1 2 All Blue and White 15 7 6 Deduct 2 pr Cent for Breakage 2 7 5 12 18 5 S N 2 Tea Single 1 Chest containing No 1.8 D. 16 Cpp 18 2 8 C N 384 Tea Congo 2 Chests 1.14 17 24 4 8 S N 5 Sugar 15 Jo 18.68 Cn 219 6 - SC N 92034 Sugarcandy 15 Jo 17.32 8 1 - 30 Chests Tales 281 2 4 5 Errors Excepted Frederick Pigon Henry Hadley Thomas Lockwood	An invoice recorded chinaware and other goods landed, contained in one chest and further parcels. The figures for weight and value stood as written and did not fully reconcile to the totals shown. 1 chest of chinaware containing as follows 4 sets of dishes and plates, at 20 sets, coloured, 2 mixed, £8 12 chamber pots, £2 1 pair of flagons and basins, £3 4 sets of mugs, 3 to a set, at 2s per set, £9 6s 50 pint basins, at 2s, £1 2s All blue and white, £15 7s 6d Deduct 2 per cent for breakage, £2 7s, leaving £12 18s 5d Number 2, single tea, 1 chest containing net 1 8, deduct 16, cost per piece 18, £2 8d 384, congo tea, 2 chests, net 1 14, at 17, £24 4s 8d Number 5, sugar, 15 jars, net 18 68, £219 6s Number 92034, sugar candy, 15 jars, net 17 32, £8 1s 30 chests, taels 281 2 4, £5 The invoice was marked errors excepted, and signed by Frederick Pigon, Henry Hadley and Thomas Lockwood. Interpretations The account is a China invoice of the same pattern as the Houghton consignment earlier in the batch, listing porcelain by pattern and piece with a breakage allowance, then teas and sugars by chest and jar. The much smaller 2 per cent breakage deduction here, against 9 per cent on the Houghton, shows the allowance was set case by case to the fragility and packing of the particular parcel, not a fixed rate.
68	62	The Store keeper brought in the following acct of Stores Short recd. from the Ship Prince George Vizt 10 Sugar Short Weight 1 23 Candy 1 Mug 4 Meat Dishes Broke 14 Saucers March 26th 1753 Signed Matthew Purling Store keeper	The storekeeper brought in an account of stores short received from the Prince George. 10 sugar, short weight 1 23 candy 1 mug 4 meat dishes, broken 14 saucers The account was signed by Matthew Purling, storekeeper, and dated 26 March 1753. Interpretations The shortage note matches the Prince George landing against her invoice, the same receiving check applied to every incoming cargo in this batch. Broken porcelain and short-weight sugar recur as the usual losses, confirming that fragile and bulk goods were where the Company reckoned on shortfall and why each ship's delivery was signed off separately by the storekeeper.
69	63	Cash Dr 1753 Febry 12 To Ballance remaining To John Goodwin Esqr recd of Roger Newinson in full of his Debt L 4951 2 2 1/2 410 8 1/2 L 4949 11 11 1/2 Contra Cr 1753 Mar 11 By Ballance remaining in ye following species vizt By Pd ye Drs &c for Wt 11.15. Md 3.18.3 1 Pd Ge 3.09.12..3.18.- 170 Venetians a 1/6 12 Rupees a 2/30 6400 Pagods a 2/8 Gold Amounting to L 2722 19 9 5735 Dollars at 5 1433 15 - 1517 Reals a 1/2 11 8 1/2 12948 half Rs a 3 3/4 202 6 3 441 French Pistereens 3 13 6 Odd Money 1 13 6 Silver Amounting to 1687 1 2 1/4 Cash Notes Amounting to 539 15 - L 4949 11 11 1/2	The cash account of the Company was cast for the period ending 11 March 1753. The debtor side carried the balance remaining from 12 February, together with a sum received by John Goodwin from Roger Newinson in full of his debt. The internal figures stand as written and do not reconcile exactly to the stated totals. Cash debtor, 12 February 1753, to balance remaining, £4,951 2s 2½d To John Goodwin, received of Roger Newinson in full of his debt, £4 10s 8½d Total, £4,949 11s 11½d The creditor side, cast 11 March 1753, recorded the balance remaining in the following species. Gold, paid the debtors, weight 11 15; and further parcels 3 18 3, 3 9 12 and 3 18 170 Venetian sequins, at 1s 6d 12 rupees, at 2s 30 6,400 pagodas, at 2s 8d Gold amounting to £2,722 19s 9d 5,735 dollars, at 5s, £1,433 15s 0d 1,517 reals, at 1s 2d, £11 8s 6½d 12,948 half reals, at 3¾d, £202 6s 3d 441 French pistereens, £3 13s 6d Odd money, £1 13s 6d Silver amounting to £1,687 1s 2¼d Cash notes amounting to £539 15s 0d Total, £4,949 11s 11½d Interpretations The account is the following month's count of the same chest recorded earlier in the batch, and set beside it the movement is small but real. The stock of Spanish dollars has risen sharply, from 577 to more than 5,700, while the gold in pagodas and sequins holds steady, which points to a fresh inflow of silver coin, most probably landed from the several ships that had come into the road that March. The cash notes stand unchanged at £539 15s, showing the island's paper issue was stable while its specie fluctuated with the shipping.
70	64	The Planters this day attended according to the advertisement published on Thursday last, who being called before us the several Paragraphs in the Honourable Company’s Letter of Ship Walpole, relating to their supplying the Market was read to them, so likewise were their Honours Orders concerning Mr Thomas Greentree and the rest of the complaining Planters We have sent for Mr Joseph Kendale and Mr Wm Wornum and acquainted them with their Honours Pleasure concerning them and accordingly appointed the latter to assist at present in the Secretary’s Office, and told the former he was at liberty to resign his Adjutancy which he did accordingly Cha Hutchinson John Adamson John Clark	The planters attended this day in answer to the advertisement of the previous Thursday. Being called before the Council, they heard read the several paragraphs of the Company's letter brought by the Walpole concerning their supply of the market. They also heard the directors' orders concerning Thomas Greentree and the other complaining planters. The Council had sent for Joseph Kendale and William Wornum and made the directors' pleasure known to them. It appointed Wornum to assist for the present in the secretary's office, and told Kendale he was free to resign his adjutancy, which he did. The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson, John Adamson and John Clark. Interpretations The record shows the Court of Directors reaching directly into the island's affairs to reward and punish named settlers. Greentree and others had complained to London over the heads of the local Council, and the directors' response, read out to the assembled planters, made an example of the outcome. Kendale's loss of his adjutancy and Wornum's appointment to the secretary's office were patronage decisions taken in London and merely executed on the island, which shows how little independent standing the local officers held against a direct order from home.
71	65	At a consultation held on Friday the 30th March 1753 at the Castle Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governor Lieutenant John Adamson Lieutenant Govr Lieutenant John Clark of Council The last consultation was read approved and signed dated 26th March 1753 Monday 26th Sailed the Dane ship King of Denmark Tuesday 27th Arrived the Honourable Company’s Ship Prince of Wales Captain William Peck from China Yesterday Arrived the Honourable Company’s Ship Major Captain Josiah Hindman from Bengal Mr Thomas Greentree presented the following Petition Vizt To the Worshipfull Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governor &c. Council of St Helena The humble Petition of Thomas Greentree Sheweth That being unhappy in falling under the censure and displeasure of the Honourable the Court of Directors occasioned I do confess by some rash proceedings, I earnestly beg and intreat of your Worship and council that you will be pleased to intercede with the Honble Court in my behalf, being very sorry for having complained of grievances I never felt, for which I very sincerely ask their Honours and your Worship and council Pardon, and hopes that you will out of your great Clemency consider this my Unfeigned Sorrow, and indulge me your much afflicted Servant, with a longer continuance upon this Island being now in this forty third year of my Age and Guardian to several Orphans that will miss me greatly, therefore humbly beg that these reasons may plead for me and I most sincerely promise that whatsoever indulgence the Honourable Court shall be pleased to shew me shall be amply repaid by a behaviour quite contrary to my former by expressing the highest Sentiments of gratitude and Obedience for such a great favour and shall with Duty stand and pray Signed Thos. Greentree	At a consultation held at the Castle on 30 March 1753, Governor Charles Hutchinson sat with Lieutenant John Adamson, Lieutenant Governor, and Lieutenant John Clark of the Council. The Council read the earlier consultation of 26 March 1753, then approved and signed it. The Danish ship King of Denmark had sailed on Monday 26 March. The Company's ship Prince of Wales, Captain William Peck, had arrived from China on Tuesday 27 March. The Company's ship Major, Captain Josiah Hindman, had arrived from Bengal the day before. Thomas Greentree presented a petition to the Governor and Council. Greentree set out that he had fallen under the censure and displeasure of the Court of Directors, occasioned, he confessed, by some rash proceedings. He earnestly begged the Council to intercede with the Court on his behalf, being very sorry for having complained of grievances he never felt. He asked the pardon of the directors and of the Council, and hoped they would out of their clemency consider his sorrow and allow him a longer stay on the island. He was now in the forty-third year of his age and guardian to several orphans who would miss him greatly, and he begged that these reasons might plead for him. He promised most sincerely that any indulgence the Court might show him would be repaid by conduct wholly contrary to his former behaviour, expressing the highest gratitude and obedience. The petition was signed by Thomas Greentree. Interpretations The petition is the settler's side of the Greentree affair recorded in the preceding assembly, and shows the only recourse open to a planter who had provoked the Court of Directors. Having complained to London and been rebuked, Greentree could not appeal the decision but only submit, confess the fault and beg the local Council to intercede for him. The plea rested on personal circumstance, his age and his guardianship of orphans, rather than on any right, which measures how completely a settler's continued residence lay in the Company's discretion. Speculations Greentree addressed his plea to the very Council he had gone over the head of, asking it to carry his submission back to London, rather than petitioning the Court directly. Only the Council's general letter reached the directors with any weight, so a settler who wished to be restored had to seek the good word of the officers he had aggrieved. The petition's abject tone reads as the calculated price of that intercession, an admission tuned to persuade the local men to plead a case they had every reason to resent.
72	66	Upon taking the above petition into consideration we agreed to recommend it to the Honourable Court of Directors in our next general letter, and consented to Mr Greentree's staying upon the Island untill the Honble Company’s Pleasure is further known Upon Making a computation we find that we shall want some money for the Expence of the current year and Capt Fennell of your last year's Sinash applying to us for liberty to £1000... into your Cash we thought it more convenient to receive it than to take any of the Honourable Company’s Treasure that was consigned to Fort Marlborough and therefor gave Capt Fennell bills of Exchange drawn on the Honourable Court Directors payable to himself or order, Ninety Days after sight dated this Day Cha: Hutchinson John Adamson John Clark At a consultation held on Monday the Second day of April 1753 at the Castle. Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governour Lieutenant John Adamson Lieutenant Governr Lieutenant John Clark of Councill The last Consultation was read approved and Signed dated the 30th of March 1753. Yesterday Sailed the Honourable Company's Ships Prince George and Exeter for England The Prince of Wales, and Wager brought us the following Supplies Vizt	The Council considered the petition and agreed to recommend it to the Court of Directors in its next general letter. It consented to Greentree's staying on the island until the Company's pleasure should be further known. On making a computation, the Council found it would need money for the year's expenses. Captain Fennell, of the previous year's Streatham, applied for leave to pay £1,000 into the Company's cash. The Council thought it more convenient to receive this than to draw on the Company's treasure consigned to Fort Marlborough, and so gave Fennell bills of exchange drawn on the Court of Directors, payable to himself or order, ninety days after sight, dated this day. The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson, John Adamson and John Clark. At a consultation held at the Castle on 2 April 1753, Governor Charles Hutchinson sat with Lieutenant John Adamson, Lieutenant Governor, and Lieutenant John Clark of the Council. The Council read the earlier consultation of 30 March 1753, then approved and signed it. The Company's ships Prince George and Exeter had sailed for England the day before. The Prince of Wales and the Wager had brought the supplies set out below. Interpretations The dealing with Captain Fennell shows how the island raised working cash without shipping bullion. Rather than break into the Company treasure passing through for Fort Marlborough, the Council took a homeward captain's £1,000 on the spot and gave him bills of exchange on the directors in London, payable after sight. The captain gained a safe paper remittance home in place of coin at risk on a long voyage, and the island gained ready money, so a single transaction served both by turning private cash into a Company debt settled in London. Speculations The Council chose to owe the money in London rather than spend the bullion already in its hands, though the consigned treasure lay on the island and would have answered the need at once. Drawing on treasure meant for Fort Marlborough would have left the Council to account to another settlement and to the directors for the diversion, whereas a bill on London created a clean debt against the Company's own centre. The preference for the bill over the coin reflects a careful keeping of accounts between the Company's scattered stations, in which each guarded the funds specifically consigned to it.
73	67	Invoice of Ship Prince of Wales Sugar Candy Vizt No 16 to 15 13 Chests containing Nett 2291 lb 17 oz 17 d 18 lb 7 m Per Cent Tales 127 1 32 Sugar Vizt No 1 to 14 14 Chests containing Nett 2777 lb 32 oz 4 d 3 oz Tales 70 17 6 Tea Bohea Vizt No 1 & 2 2 Chests containing Nett 315 lb 02 oz 36 d 15 oz 0 d Tales 35 10 0 Tea Anglo Vizt No 1 1 Chest containing Nett 140 lb 01 oz 5 d 221 oz 9 d Tales 22 5 0 3 Chests for the Tea on 8 each 2 1 0 Sales 257 1 58 Errors Excepted Henry Hadley John Searle Francis Hennersley John Goodier Thomas Fitzhugh	The invoice of the Prince of Wales recorded the goods landed. The internal figures stand as written and do not fully reconcile to the totals shown. Sugar candy, numbers 15 to 16, 13 chests containing net 2,291 lb, taels 127 1 32 Sugar, numbers 1 to 14, 14 chests containing net 2,777 lb, taels 70 17s 6d Bohea tea, numbers 1 and 2, 2 chests containing net 315 lb, taels 35 10 0 Anglo tea, number 1, 1 chest containing net 140 lb, taels 22 5 0 3 chests for the tea, at 8 each, taels 2 1 0 Sale, taels 257 1 58 The invoice was marked errors excepted, and signed by Henry Hadley, John Searle, Francis Hennersley, John Goodier and Thomas Fitzhugh. Interpretations The invoice values the whole China cargo in taels, the Chinese silver unit of account, rather than in sterling, which shows the Canton trade was reckoned and settled in Chinese money before conversion at the island. Sugar and sugar candy make up the bulk by weight, with the more valuable teas smaller in quantity, the usual balance of a Company China lading in which cheap bulk goods filled the hold beneath the higher-priced tea.
74	68	Invoice pf Ship Wager Vizt BA No 1. 2. Batavia Arrack 2. Leagers AM: 150. Play 300 - Ballaz 2 7 - 327 - WC No 1. 5. Wax Candles 5. Chefts containing - 10 F.Abls. 250 - 500 - SF No 1. 10. Fine Sugar 10. Bags 22:12 8:8 - 189 8 9 RF No 1. 40. Fine Rice 40. Bags 87:20 Sur 22:8 Yl: Cheyese 155 8 2 1172 1 6 Charges Merchanidize 90. Gunny Bags & Sewing 14 1 9 5 Chefts and Embaling 4 - 2 Empty Leagers 35 3 3 Cooly Hire 3 1 8 Boat Hire 2 2 1 Soldiers Diet 4 - Peons Oyl. 2 - - 94 13 - Currt Rupees 1266 14 6 Errors Excepted fp Richard Buher Buxey	The invoice of the Wager recorded goods from Batavia and India. The internal figures stand as written and do not fully reconcile to the totals shown, and the whole was cast in current rupees. Batavia arrack, 2 leaguers, amount 150, 300 Ballast, 2, 27, total 327 Wax candles, 5 chests containing 10 [...], 250, 500 Fine sugar, 10 bags, 22 12, 8 8, 189 rupees 8 annas 9 pies Fine rice, 40 bags, 87 20, sundry 22 8, 155 rupees 8 annas 2 pies Sub-total, 1,172 rupees 1 anna 6 pies Charges of merchandise 90 gunny bags and sewing, 14 rupees 1 anna 9 pies 5 chests and embaling, 4 rupees 2 empty leaguers, 35 rupees 3 annas 3 pies Coolie hire, 3 rupees 1 anna 8 pies Boat hire, 2 rupees 2 annas 1 pie Soldiers' diet, 4 rupees Peons and oil, 2 rupees Charges sub-total, 94 rupees 13 annas Current rupees, 1,266 rupees 14 annas 6 pies The invoice was marked errors excepted, and signed for Richard Buher by the buxey. Interpretations The Wager invoice values an Indian cargo in rupees, annas and pies, and separates the goods from a detailed schedule of shipping charges, gunny bags for packing, cooper's work, coolie and boat hire, soldiers' diet and payment to peons. Such a breakdown of landing and handling costs was standard in the India trade, where the merchant bore every charge from warehouse to ship's side. The signature by a buxey, the Indian pay and disbursement officer, marks the account as drawn up in the Company's Indian establishment before the goods sailed.
75	69	Lieutenant John Clark reports that he has been on board the Ships Prince of Wales and Wager to Muster their Company's and inquire for Deserters but found none, their Muster Rolls are as follows Vizt Muster Roll of Ship Wager Vizt Josiah Hindman Commander Edward Lord Chuck 1st Mate John Ellar 2d Do James Dull 3d Do David Dow 4th Do Pitt Collett 5th Do Thomas Underwood 6th Do James Hendley Surgeon James Wood Purser William Williams Carpenter William Ferry Gunner Robert Notley Caulker Thomas Cook Boatswain James Dunbar Surgeon Mate Mingo Clarkson Midshipman Cornelius Burckhill Do Thomas Gyllett Do Thomas Hindman Do James Ennis Armourer John Doran Ships Steward John Powell Capt’s Do Robert Curtis Ships Cook John Henry Elliott Capt’s Do Thomas Silvers Carpenter’s Do Francis Hilton Caulker Do James Flood Barber Alexander Nimmo Joiner Thomas Benthy Poulterer John Busk Lumber Master John Skipper Do Humphrey Cole 2d Master George Hector - Charles Ward - William Cophill Capt’s Servants Cox 1st Mates Do George Wring 2d Do Robert Hunt Gunner’s Do Thomas Bentley Surgeons Do Edwd Wickeden Caulkers Do George Hope Carpenters Do James Turner Boatswains Do John Warren Seaman John Douglas Do Andrew Flemming - John Hemlings - Robert Smith - Thomas Parrot - Thomas Pillow - Robert Walker - Anthony Johnson - George Webster - William Foazier - Joseph Woodman - John English - George Monroe - Matthew Perkins - Thomas Smith - William Good - Brow Broad - Richard Briggs Seaman Daniel Hane Do James Mitchell Do Thomas Torrs Do Richard Crins Do John Matthews Cooper Do John Smithers - Peters Thomas - John Mills - John Browes - Augustine Miller - John Jones - Henry Grinwith - Manuel Johnson - John Bertauw - John Cooper - Frederick Browne Do John Peters Do John Hunt Do Jacob Johnson Do Daniel Sandilatte Do Jacob Bovenson Do Henry Colley Do Martin Simpson 2d Mate Lazarus - Anthenio - Francis Bisario - Lewis Reveally - Jacob Recar - Antick -	Lieutenant John Clark reported that he had gone aboard the Prince of Wales and the Wager to muster their companies and search for deserters, but found none. Their muster rolls follow. Muster roll of the ship Wager Josiah Hindman, commander Edward Lord Chuck, first mate John Ellar, second mate James Dull, third mate David Dow, fourth mate Pitt Collett, fifth mate Thomas Underwood, sixth mate James Hendley, surgeon James Wood, purser William Williams, carpenter William Ferry, gunner Robert Notley, caulker Thomas Cook, boatswain James Dunbar, surgeon's mate Mingo Clarkson, midshipman Cornelius Burckhill, midshipman Thomas Gyllett, midshipman Thomas Hindman, midshipman James Ennis, armourer John Doran, ship's steward John Powell, captain's steward Robert Curtis, ship's cook John Henry Elliott, captain's cook Thomas Silvers, carpenter's mate Francis Hilton, caulker's mate James Flood, barber Alexander Nimmo, joiner Thomas Benthy, poulterer John Busk, lumber master John Skipper, lumber master Humphrey Cole, second master George Hector, seaman Charles Ward, seaman William Cophill, captain's servant Cox, first mate's servant George Wring, second mate's servant Robert Hunt, gunner's servant Thomas Bentley, surgeon's servant Edward Wickeden, caulker's servant George Hope, carpenter's servant James Turner, boatswain's servant John Warren, seaman John Douglas, seaman Andrew Flemming, seaman John Hemlings, seaman Robert Smith, seaman Thomas Parrot, seaman Thomas Pillow, seaman Robert Walker, seaman Anthony Johnson, seaman George Webster, seaman William Foazier, seaman Joseph Woodman, seaman John English, seaman George Monroe, seaman Matthew Perkins, seaman Thomas Smith, seaman William Good, seaman Brow Broad, seaman Richard Briggs, seaman Daniel Hane, seaman James Mitchell, seaman Thomas Torrs, seaman Richard Crins, seaman John Matthews, cooper John Smithers, seaman Peters Thomas, seaman John Mills, seaman John Browes, seaman Augustine Miller, seaman John Jones, seaman Henry Grinwith, seaman Manuel Johnson, seaman John Bertauw, seaman John Cooper, seaman Frederick Browne, seaman John Peters, seaman John Hunt, seaman Jacob Johnson, seaman Daniel Sandilatte, seaman Jacob Bovenson, seaman Henry Colley, seaman Martin Simpson, second mate Lazarus, seaman Anthenio, seaman Francis Bisario, seaman Lewis Reveally, seaman Jacob Recar, seaman Antick, seaman Interpretations The Wager roll shows a large India ship's company of mixed origin, the run of plainly European names giving way at the foot to single-name entries such as Lazarus, Anthenio and Antick that mark Asian or Portuguese-Indian lascars shipped in the East. Company ships routinely made up their crews in Indian ports with such men, and the muster recorded them alongside the rated seamen so that the whole company could be checked against desertion at St Helena.
76	70	Antick Polar, Lacar Joseph Rosar Do Revaries Do Mrs Eyre Passenger Susar her Servent Do Mr William Warton Mr Hampton Do Mr Ivadzeg Ez ? William Peck Commander Robert Man (chief mate) William Robts 2d Anthony Eginton 3d Edmond Conlony Cpg Archibald Murray surgeon Robert Sidman Purser Archibald Byer Boatswain John Lock Midshipman John Wood Midshipman William Partington Do Peter Hardwick Do John Hancock Do Evan Garrat Caulker Francis Hensey Cooper John Prae Captains steward John Prince Captains Cook Robert Scott Ships Do Joseph Lilly (carpenters mate) John Clark Gunners Mate William Wilkins Boats Mate Samuel Smithers Boats 2d Mate William Birney Coopers Mate James Parker for surg. mr Hugh Kirkwood Sailmaker William Fair Armourer James Paul 2d Master John Carter Do John Gilchrist Do James Rich Do John Haynes Butcher James Bannon Taylor William Price Seaman William Dukes Do Richard George Do George Davis Do Robert Mc Donald Do William Jones Do David Sexton Do John Mathews Do John Walker Do John Breck Do William Toling Do Darby Halavan Do Christopher West Do Benjamin Clark Do Samuel Woodward Do William Williamson Do George Green Do William Cfer Do Cleterfield Do Andrew Mercer Do Humphrey Curtis Do James Elnes Do Peter Favin Do John Perry Do William Cwon Do James Wahon Do Thomas Woodedge Do William Lowe Do Andrew Viscount Seaman Roger (ships) Do Michael Coles Do Joseph Knight Do John Brady Do John Waltmoth Do Thomas See Do Thomas Armstrong Do John Agggard Do William Ives Do Anthony Mathanas Do Barclay Lambat Do Hugh Rask Do Philip Loyd Do John White Do Daniel Flandeo Do Robert Coen Do William Fletcher Captn. Servt Jamie Franklin Do Joseph Pett chief mates Do William Justice 2d Mate Do Alexander Batlong surgeon Do William C carpenter Do Peter Hardwick Do John Hancock Do Evan Garrat Caulker Francis Hensey Cooper John Prae Captains steward John Prince Captains Cook Robert Scott Ships Do Joseph Lilly (carpenters mate) John Clark Gunners Mate William Wilkins Boats Mate Samuel Smithers Boats 2d Mate William Birney Coopers Mate James Parker for surg. mr Hugh Kirkwood Sailmaker William Fair Armourer James Paul 2d Master John Carter Do John Gilchrist Do James Rich Do John Breck Do William Toling Do Darby Halavan Do Christopher West Do Benjamin Clark Do Samuel Woodward Do William Williamson Do George Green Do William Cfer Do Cleterfield Do Andrew Mercer Do Humphrey Curtis Do James Elnes Do Peter Favin Do John Perry Do William Cwon Do James Wahon Do Thomas Woodedge Do William Lowe Do Barclay Lambat Do Hugh Rask Do Philip Loyd Do John White Do Daniel Flandeo Do Robert Coen Do William Fletcher Captn. Servt Jamie Franklin Do Joseph Pett chief mates Do William Justice 2d Mate Do Alexander Batlong surgeon Do William C carpenter Do Alexander Warren Gunner Rich Smith Boatswain’s Do John Garret Seaman Law Van Wyen Do Amy Peterson Do Francis Hennersley Esq John Goodred Esq	The muster roll of the Wager concluded with the last of her company and passengers, and the roll of the Prince of Wales followed. Part of the Prince of Wales roll was entered twice in the source and is given once here. Antick Polar, lascar Joseph Rosar, lascar Revaries, lascar Mrs Eyre, passenger Susar, her servant William Warton Mr Hampton Mr Ivadzeg [...] Muster roll of the ship Prince of Wales William Peck, commander Robert Man, chief mate William Roberts, second mate Anthony Eginton, third mate Edmond Conlony, [...] Archibald Murray, surgeon Robert Sidman, purser Archibald Byer, boatswain John Lock, midshipman John Wood, midshipman William Partington, midshipman Peter Hardwick, midshipman John Hancock, midshipman Evan Garrat, caulker Francis Hensey, cooper John Prae, captain's steward John Prince, captain's cook Robert Scott, ship's cook Joseph Lilly, carpenter's mate John Clark, gunner's mate William Wilkins, boatswain's mate Samuel Smithers, second boatswain's mate William Birney, cooper's mate James Parker, for the surgeon's mate Hugh Kirkwood, sailmaker William Fair, armourer James Paul, second master John Carter, second master John Gilchrist, second master James Rich, second master John Haynes, butcher James Bannon, tailor William Price, seaman William Dukes, seaman Richard George, seaman George Davis, seaman Robert McDonald, seaman William Jones, seaman David Sexton, seaman John Mathews, seaman John Walker, seaman John Breck, seaman William Toling, seaman Darby Halavan, seaman Christopher West, seaman Benjamin Clark, seaman Samuel Woodward, seaman William Williamson, seaman George Green, seaman William Cfer, seaman Cleterfield, seaman Andrew Mercer, seaman Humphrey Curtis, seaman James Elnes, seaman Peter Favin, seaman John Perry, seaman William Cwon, seaman James Wahon, seaman Thomas Woodedge, seaman William Lowe, seaman Andrew Viscount, seaman Roger, ship's seaman Michael Coles, seaman Joseph Knight, seaman John Brady, seaman John Waltmoth, seaman Thomas See, seaman Thomas Armstrong, seaman John Agggard, seaman William Ives, seaman Anthony Mathanas, seaman Barclay Lambat, seaman Hugh Rask, seaman Philip Loyd, seaman John White, seaman Daniel Flandeo, seaman Robert Coen, seaman William Fletcher, captain's servant Jamie Franklin, captain's servant Joseph Pett, chief mate's servant William Justice, second mate's servant Alexander Batlong, surgeon's servant William C, carpenter's servant Alexander Warren, gunner Richard Smith, boatswain's servant John Garret, seaman Law Van Wyen, seaman Amy Peterson, seaman Francis Hennersley, Esquire John Goodred, Esquire Interpretations The roll again lists lascars by single or place-derived names, Antick Polar, Revaries and Susar the maidservant, recording Asian crew and servants passing through the island on a homeward Indiaman. The presence of women passengers with their own servants, and of gentlemen entered at the foot, shows these ships carried a social world as well as a crew, all of which the mustering officer had to number when he checked the company for deserters.
77	71	The Storekeeper brought in the following Account of goods short delivered from the Ship Wager Account of goods short received from Ship Wager S No to 2 V 15 Rice - 1 21 Sugar - - 23 Candles } } Short Weight No Leaguer Arrack gage 165 wants to fill 104 2 Do Gallons Gall 149 113 1/2 314 22 Received 292 Gallons (Signed) Matthew Curling Storekpr. April 2d 1753 Cha s Hutchinson John Adamson John Clark	The storekeeper brought in an account of goods short received from the Wager. The headings were blank, and the columns are supplied as gauge, wants to fill and received from the earlier shortage accounts in this batch. 15 rice, short weight 21 sugar, short weight 23 candles, short weight Leaguer of arrack, gauge 165, wants to fill 104, gallons short 149 Second leaguer, gauge 113½, 314, 22 Received, 292 gallons The account was signed by Matthew Purling, storekeeper, and dated 2 April 1753. The consultation was signed by Charles Hutchinson, John Adamson and John Clark. Interpretations The account measures the arrack shortfall by ullage, the empty space in a part-filled cask, gauging each leaguer and recording how much it wanted to be full. Spirits shipped in large casks over a long voyage lost bulk to leakage and evaporation, so gauging on receipt was the only way to fix the true quantity landed and the loss to be claimed. The method matches the wine and beer gauging in the later Walpole accounts and shows the storekeeper applied a consistent measure to every liquid cargo.
78	72	A Consultation held on Tuesday the 3d Day of April 1753 at the Castle. Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governour Lieutenant John Adamson Lieutenant Governr Lieutenant John Clark of Councill The last consultation was read approved and signed dated the 2d of April 1753 The ten working Days allowed by Charter party for unloading the Walpole being expired, we gave Captain Towle sailing directions in writing, to make the best of his way to Fort Marlborough on the West Coast of the Island Sumatra, according to the instructions he received from the Honourable the Court of Directors, and to follow the orders that he should receive from Deputy Governour and council there, to whom we likewise gave the following Letters to the several Settlements in India inclosed in our Packet to Bencoolen Vizt: To the Honble Roger Drake Esqr President and Governour & Council of Bengal. Honourable Sir and Sirs Our last Letter to you was dated the 10th April 1752 by the Honourable Companys Ship Exeter, since when your advices of the 2d 12th 16 & 31st January 1752 came safe to hand We received your Supplys of last year by the Ships Kent Gordon & Hardwick, and desire you will send us for the Use of this Island 4 Maunds of good wax candles by each Ship and not more (The Quantity of 5 Chests usually.sent by each conveyance, is too large for our Consumption) and 70 of shum Cotton for Castle Wicks, the rest of the same to sent in Rice Arrack and Sugar - The Honourable Company have been pleased to appoint Lieutenant John Adamson Lieutenant and Governour here who Arrived the 21st Day of last Month by the Walpole.	At a consultation held at the Castle on 3 April 1753, Governor Charles Hutchinson sat with Lieutenant John Adamson, Lieutenant Governor, and Lieutenant John Clark of the Council. The Council read the earlier consultation of 2 April 1753, then approved and signed it. The ten working days allowed by charter party for unloading the Walpole had expired. The Council gave Captain Towle written sailing directions to make his way to Fort Marlborough on the west coast of Sumatra, according to the instructions he had from the Court of Directors, and to follow the orders of the Deputy Governor and Council there. It enclosed in its packet to Bencoolen letters to the several settlements in India. To Roger Drake, President and Governor, and the Council of Bengal, the Council wrote that its last letter had gone by the Exeter on 10 April 1752, and that Bengal's advices of January 1752 had since come safe. It had received the previous year's supplies by the Kent, Gordon and Hardwick. It desired that Bengal send four maunds of good wax candles by each ship and no more, the usual five chests being too large for the island's consumption, together with 70 of shum cotton for castle wicks, the rest of the same to be sent in rice, arrack and sugar. It noted that the Company had appointed Lieutenant John Adamson Lieutenant Governor, who had arrived on 21 March by the Walpole. Interpretations The letters show St Helena as a dependent victualling station drawing its stores from the Company's Indian presidencies on a fixed annual cycle. The Council's precise instruction to reduce the candle consignment, and to take the balance in rice, arrack and sugar, marks its effort to match incoming supply to real need rather than accept a standard parcel that exceeded it. The shum cotton for castle wicks was the raw material for the lights of the fortifications, a small but telling instance of the island depending on India even for the wicks of its lamps.
79	73	We have herewith enclosed to you the Arrival and departure of Ships to and from this place in the year past. April 3d 1753 We are Honourable Sir and Sirs Your most Humble Servants (signed) Charles Hutchinson John Adamson John Clark. To the Honourable Richard Bourchier Esqr President and Governour & Council of Bombay Honourable Sir and Sirs We wrote you under date of 10th April 1752 since when we have received your Letters of last year, and a supply of Rice and Paddy We desire you will send us for the store of this Island for the ensuing year, two hundred Pieces of good usual Chelloes, and the rest of the one Gent in Rice and Paddy, for the Goa and Arrack sent us from Bombay proves to be so very thick there is but very little demand for it here, We therefore have no occasion for any. The Honourable Company have been pleased to appoint Lieutenant John Adamson Lieutenant Governour here who took place accordingly on the Arrival of the Walpole the 21st Day of last Month. The Annual list of Ships Arrival and departure to and from this place, comes herewith enclosed to you We are Honourable Sir and Sirs Your most Humble Servants (signed) Charles Hutchinson John Adamson John Clark. April 3. 1753	The Council enclosed for Bengal the record of ships arriving at and departing from the island in the past year, dated 3 April 1753, and subscribed itself in the usual terms, signed by Charles Hutchinson, John Adamson and John Clark. To Richard Bourchier, President and Governor, and the Council of Bombay, the Council wrote that it had written on 10 April 1752 and had since received Bombay's letters and a supply of rice and paddy. It desired Bombay to send for the island's store in the coming year 200 pieces of good ordinary chelloes, and the rest of the investment in rice and paddy, the goa and arrack sent from Bombay proving so thick that there was little demand for it and no further occasion. It noted the appointment of Lieutenant John Adamson as Lieutenant Governor, who had taken his place on the arrival of the Walpole on 21 March. It enclosed the annual list of ships' arrivals and departures, and signed as before, Charles Hutchinson, John Adamson and John Clark, dated 3 April 1753. Interpretations The order to Bombay records the island rejecting a supply that did not suit it, the thick goa arrack finding no buyers, and redirecting the investment into staple rice and paddy. Chelloes were a cheap Indian cotton cloth, ordered by the piece for local use and probably for issue or resale on the island. The letter shows the Council actively shaping what its Indian suppliers sent, refusing the unsaleable and specifying the useful, rather than passively receiving whatever the presidencies chose to consign.
80	74	St Helena 3d April 1753 To the Honorable Thomas Saunders Esqr President & Governor & the Council of Fort St George Honble Sirs Since we wrote our last Letter to you which went by the Exeter, we have received yours under date of the 15th Febry 1752, by the Warnick with some Rice & Arrack. We observe you will Consign to us for the use of this Island for the ensuing year 50 ps of Long Cloth at about 1 pagoda a piece, 50 ps at about 3 pagodas a piece, & 20 ps at about 10 pagodas a piece, 50 ps Mens Cotton Stockings at about 6 shillings p pr & the rest of the investment in Arrack & Rice. The Honble Company have been pleased to appoint Lieut John Adamson to be their 2d Governor here, who arrived the 21st day of last Month by the Walpole & took place accordingly. Enclosed herewith we send you the Annual List of Ships Arrival & Departure, to & from this place. We are Honble Sirs Your most humble Servants (signed) Charles Hutchinson John Adamson John Clark S t Helena 3d April 1753 To the Worshipful Robert Hindley Esqr Deputy Govr & Council of Fort Marlborough Worshipful Sirs We received your Letter by the Exeter dated the 31st Decr wherein you advise us that ours to you of last year came safe to hand with the several papers therein mentioned	From St Helena, dated 3 April 1753, the Council wrote to Thomas Saunders, President and Governor, and the Council of Fort St George. Since its last letter by the Exeter it had received theirs of 15 February 1752 by the Warwick with some rice and arrack. It observed that Fort St George would consign for the island's use in the coming year 50 pieces of long cloth at about 1 pagoda each, 50 pieces at about 3 pagodas, and 20 pieces at about 10 pagodas, together with 50 pieces of men's cotton stockings at about 6 shillings a pair, and the rest of the investment in arrack and rice. It noted the appointment of Lieutenant John Adamson as second Governor, who had arrived on 21 March by the Walpole. It enclosed the annual list of ships' arrivals and departures, and signed, Charles Hutchinson, John Adamson and John Clark. From St Helena, dated 3 April 1753, the Council wrote to Robert Hindley, Deputy Governor, and the Council of Fort Marlborough. It had received their letter by the Exeter of 31 December, advising that the island's letter of the previous year had come safe with the several papers mentioned in it. Interpretations The Fort St George order graded its cloth by price, from a common long cloth at one pagoda to a fine quality at ten, which shows the island drew textiles of several grades from the Coromandel coast for different uses and buyers. Reckoning these goods in pagodas, the gold coin of the southern presidency, while the Bombay and Bengal letters used their own units, marks how each of the Company's Indian centres traded in its own money, all of which the small St Helena establishment had to keep account of at once.
81	75	We are sorry that the Patta, we sent you last Year on the Honble Companys Account, did not live to get to your Settlement. We have not taken any of the Honble Companys Treasors, nor detained any of the Recruits consigned to you, by the Ship Walpole, the Honble Company have been pleased to appoint, Lieu.t Jn.o Damron their L.t Gov.r of this Island, who arrived here, in the Ship Walpole, the 31 of last Month, It took place accordingly. It surprises us that you should write to this Island for a Military Officer for your Garrison, & therefor you must excuse, our not, complying with your Request, untill we receive Orders so to do from the Honble the Court of Directors, apprehending that you are to apply to the, Presidents Councils, of Fort St George, when you are under a Necessity of this kind. We transmit to you by this occasion the List of the Annual & Departures of Ship to & from this place, in the Year past, together with the Ship Walpoles Charter Party, Victualling Bill, & Manefest of Goods. We desire that you will forward the inclosed Letters as Directed. St Helena 3d April 1753. We are Worshipfull Sir & Sirs Your most humble Servants (signed) Charles Hutchenson John Damron John Clark William Lawrence Soldier, who was sent here from Bencoolen, applyed to us for his Discharge, from the Garrison having served the remainder of his Contracted Time here. Granted. Chas. Hutchenson John Damron John Clark	The Council continued its letter to Fort Marlborough. It was sorry that the patta sent the previous year on the Company's account had not lived to reach the settlement. It had taken none of the Company's treasure, nor detained any of the recruits consigned to Fort Marlborough by the Walpole. It noted the appointment of Lieutenant John Adamson as Lieutenant Governor, who had arrived by the Walpole on the last day of the previous month and had taken his place accordingly. The Council expressed surprise that Fort Marlborough should write to the island for a military officer for its garrison, and declined to comply until it should receive orders to do so from the Court of Directors, understanding that Fort Marlborough was to apply to the President and Council of Fort St George in such a case. It transmitted the annual list of ships' arrivals and departures, together with the Walpole's charter party, victualling bill and manifest of goods, and asked that the enclosed letters be forwarded as directed. Dated St Helena, 3 April 1753, and signed by Charles Hutchinson, John Adamson and John Clark. William Lawrence, soldier, who had been sent from Bencoolen, applied for his discharge from the garrison, having served the remainder of his contracted time on the island. This was granted, and signed by Charles Hutchinson, John Adamson and John Clark. Interpretations The refusal to send an officer to Fort Marlborough shows the island holding firmly to the Company's chain of command, declining a fellow settlement's request that did not come through the proper channel of Fort St George or the directors. St Helena guarded its small garrison and would not weaken it on a lateral application, insisting that any transfer of military men be authorised from above. The patta that did not survive the passage was a beast sent between settlements on Company account, whose loss the Council noted as a charge to be accounted for rather than concealed.
82	76	At a Consultation held on Thursday the 5th Day of April 1753 at the Castle. Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr. Governour Lieut. John Adamson Lieut. Governour Lieut. John Clark of Councill. The last Consultation was read approved and signed Dated 3d April 1753. Yesterday Arrived a Dane Ship from China called the Princep Laurd Capt. Jasper Withe Burthen about 900 Tons carries 28 Guns and 200 Men Loaden with Tea Silks and China ware bound to Copenhagen. This Day Sailed the Honourable Company’s Ships the Hagerand Prince of Wales for England. Having some days past acquainted Mr. Thomas French who is administrator to his late Father John French deceased, with the demand that is made upon him by Mr. James Du Bois, for a part of the said late Mr. John French’s Personal Estate here, which he claims in right of his Child the representative of her Mother who was a Daughter of the Said John French Decased, and read to him the Act of Parliament made and provided in such cases, with Councils Opinion upon it, transmitted to us by the said Mr. Du Bois, he Mr. French gave us the following Ans.r in Writing, Viz.t To the Worshipful Charles Hutchinson Esqr. Governour & Councill of St. Helena. Gentlemen! Since the Arrival of the Walpole from England, you have been pleased to inform me, that the Honble the Court of Directors, had, in their Letter to you beg that I shou’d draw up a paragraph upon Application made to them by Mr. James Du Bois who Claims a Childs part of my Deceasd Fathers Personal Estate in Right of his Daughter Mary,	At a consultation held at the Castle on 5 April 1753, Governor Charles Hutchinson sat with Lieutenant John Adamson, Lieutenant Governor, and Lieutenant John Clark of the Council. The Council read the earlier consultation of 3 April 1753, then approved and signed it. A Danish ship from China, the Prince Laurd, Captain Jasper Withe, had arrived. She was of about 900 tons, carried 28 guns and 200 men, and was laden with tea, silks and chinaware, bound for Copenhagen. The Company's ships Major and Prince of Wales had sailed for England this day. The Council had some days before acquainted Thomas French, administrator to his late father John French, with the demand made upon him by James Du Bois for a part of the late John French's personal estate. Du Bois claimed in right of his child, the representative of her mother, who had been a daughter of John French. The Council had read to Thomas French the Act of Parliament provided in such cases, together with counsel's opinion upon it, transmitted by Du Bois. Thomas French gave the Council the following answer in writing, addressed to Charles Hutchinson, Governor, and the Council of St Helena. He set out that since the arrival of the Walpole from England the Council had informed him that the Court of Directors had, in their letter, directed him to draw up a statement upon the application made to them by James Du Bois, who claimed a child's part of his deceased father's personal estate in right of his daughter Mary. Interpretations The French matter opens the longest single business in the batch, an inheritance dispute referred all the way to the Court of Directors and back. At issue was whether a grandchild, representing a daughter who had died before the intestate, could claim a share alongside the dead man's surviving children. The Council's reading of an English statute and counsel's opinion to the administrator shows it acting as the island's probate court, bound to apply English law but obliged to reconcile it with local custom, which the following records show diverged sharply.
83	77	Du Bois, a Grand Child of my Said Father, which the Administrator and Principal Heir have refused to grant him. The said Paragraph you read to me wherein their Honours have directed you to facilitate the Determination. I beg leave, Gentlemen, to acquaint you with my proceedings as Administrator in the Deceaseds Estate. Soon after my Fathers Death I applied to you for Letters of Administration, which was granted me, I then took an Inventory of all his Effects, which was appraised by two experienced Men the Amount of which said Inventory I have since delivered to you, and was sworn to the truth of it, so likewise those Gentlemen, who valued his Effects, I then proceeded to discharged his Debts and funeral Expences, which amounted to above a hundred pounds, and have met with great difficultis in the Execution, his leaving but very little Cash behind him. this being done, I made a Distribution of two thirds of what remained out of his Personal Estate to my two Sisters Elizabeth Du fountain and Sarah French, and kept a third my self, supposing and believing them with me, to be his true and Lawful Heirs, which Division I made in as Equitable a manner as I possibly could, and believe you never had any Complaints against me, in not doing the duty, of an Administrator as I always took care to follow your Directions, and to conduct my Self by the Laws and Customs of this Island, apprehending them to be founded upon reason, and concurring with the Laws of England. You have likewise exhibited an Act of Parliament made in the Reign of King Charles the Second, and explained part of it to me, with a Councillors opinion thereupon which are in favour of Mr Du Bois. It is very certain, Gentlemen, that I have the misfortune not to be any way Qualified to comprehend the Obscure and Intricate parts of the Law, and Consequently not enough Capacitated to dive into the true purports of the Several Acts of Parliament that has been of many years Standing, Mr. Du Bois has a great advantage over me in this particular, being in a place where he can Daily have the Advice and Assistance of Councillors at law and those who are thoroughly Acquainted with every Minute Circumstance that relate to it, under this	Thomas French's answer continued. Du Bois was a grandchild of his father, whom the administrator and principal heir had refused to admit to a share. The paragraph read to him directed the Council to facilitate the determination. He asked leave to set out his proceedings as administrator. Soon after his father's death he had applied for letters of administration, which were granted. He had then taken an inventory of all the effects, appraised by two experienced men, and had sworn to its truth, as had the appraisers. He had discharged the debts and funeral expenses, which came to above a hundred pounds, meeting great difficulty since his father left very little cash. He had then distributed two thirds of the remaining personal estate to his two sisters, Elizabeth Dufountain and Sarah French, and kept a third himself, believing the three of them to be the true and lawful heirs. He had made the division as equitably as he could, and believed no complaint had been made against his conduct as administrator, having always followed the Council's directions and the laws and customs of the island, which he took to accord with the laws of England. The Council had exhibited to him an Act of Parliament of the reign of King Charles the Second, with a councillor's opinion in favour of Du Bois. He confessed himself unqualified to grasp the obscure parts of the law, and complained that Du Bois held a great advantage, being where he could daily have the advice of counsel. Interpretations The administrator's account sets out the ordinary course of an intestate estate on the island, letters of administration, a sworn inventory by appraisers, payment of debts and funeral charges, then distribution to those held to be heirs. His division on the footing that only the surviving children took, excluding the dead daughter's issue, is the very practice the Du Bois claim challenged. The invoking of a Restoration statute, the Statute of Distributions of 1670, shows the dispute turned on whether that English law, which gave a dead child's issue a share by representation, overrode the island's settled custom of dividing only among living children.
84	78	disadvantage I apply to you, Gentlemen, for your aid and Assistance for my Self and in behalf of my Sisters which I make no doubt will be all in your Power. I am informed by the Inhabitants of this Island, that there has never been an instance of a Grand Child Inheritin with a Mans own Child, he Dying Intestate, but that his whole Estate was divided among his Children, his Oldest Son if there was one, possessing his Freehold Estate, and an equal dividend of his Personal made between him, and the rest of the Deceaseds Children; this they tell me has been Actually the Law and custom of this place time out of mind, which when established I presume was assented to by the whole community and strengthened by the concurrence of the Governour and Council, for the time being, and perhaps approved of by the then Court of Directors. The said Law and Custom I have duly observed, and acted according to it, not suspecting that it any ways deviates from that of England, and to prove my Assertion give me leave, Gentlemen, to relate the two following facts which I look upon to be parallell Cases with mine. Mr William Seale an Antient Planter of this Island made a will wherein he, bequeathed a Legacy of ten pounds, to be paid out of his Personal Estate, to one of his Daughters Mary the Wife of Joseph Du fountain who had several Children by her, one of which is still Living; the said William Seale Died in the time of Mr Pyke’s Government, and his daughter the said Mary Dufountain died before him, the Will was proved in consultation by the Witnesses, where Mr Pyke was President, soon after Mr Joseph Dufountain applyed to his Legatees for the sum bequeathed his wife, but was refused him, upon which he made a fresh application to Governour Pyke who told him that neither he nor his Children could by Course of Law, have any Claim to that Legacy, his Wife Dying before her Father, this I have often heard Mr Joseph Dufountain relate him self, and I believe is well known to most of	Thomas French's answer continued. Under this disadvantage he applied to the Council for aid for himself and his sisters. He was informed by the inhabitants that there had never been an instance on the island of a grandchild inheriting alongside a man's own child where he died intestate, but that the whole estate was divided among the children, the eldest son taking the freehold and an equal share of the personal with the rest. This, he was told, had been the law and custom of the place time out of mind, assented to by the community and strengthened by the concurrence of successive Governors and Councils, and perhaps approved by the Court of Directors. He had duly observed that custom. To prove his assertion he related two cases he took to be parallel. William Seale, an ancient planter, had made a will bequeathing a legacy of ten pounds out of his personal estate to one of his daughters, Mary, wife of Joseph Dufountain, who had several children by her, one still living. Seale had died in the time of Governor Pyke, and his daughter Mary Dufountain had died before him. The will was proved in consultation before Governor Pyke, and soon after Joseph Dufountain applied for the legacy but was refused. On a fresh application, Governor Pyke told him that neither he nor his children could by course of law claim the legacy, his wife having died before her father. French had often heard Joseph Dufountain relate this himself. Interpretations The administrator's argument rests entirely on local custom as a source of law equal to statute, asserting a rule of division confirmed by long usage and the concurrence of past Governors. His appeal to precedent, the Seale legacy refused because the daughter predeceased her father, is an attempt to show the island's courts had already decided the very point against representation. The case reveals how a remote settlement built its own body of customary law through decisions in consultation, and how a litigant could marshal that memory against an English statute he found inconvenient. Speculations French staked his defence on island custom and remembered precedent rather than meet the English statute the Council had read to him, though he admitted he could not follow the law's obscure parts. Unable to argue the statute on its own ground, he chose the ground where he was strong, the collective memory of the inhabitants and the past rulings of Governors he could name. The strategy shows a shrewd litigant playing local usage against imperial law, betting that a court on the island would honour what the island had always done over what a Restoration act prescribed.
85	79	the Inhabitants of this Island. Not long agoe Mr William Worrall a Native of this Island, who made his Residence for some time at Bombay quitting in order to settle at this place, where he had considerable Effects, who in his Passage from thence was unfortunately cast away in the Ship (commanded by Capt Westcoat, as soon as the Rumour of the Ship he was in being lost, became an undoubted truth, his Eldest Brother Mr Joshua Worrall took Possession of all his Freehold Estate, and his Personal was divided among three of his sisters and the said Joshua Worrall as being of them, Mr Rich Gauting who Married a sister of the said William Worrall, was not allowed to be a Claimant in his Personal Estate, in right of his Wife, who Died before her Brother, or her Children, of which she had several by her former Husband Mr Solomon Pestling, but one of them is now living on the Island, they gave him the same reason I have before assigned, in the case of Mr Joseph Vefpurrant; Mr Robert Gauting, Married one of the sisters who has a Child now alive, but Possess no part of that Estate; Both these cases if they are not recorded I can bring sufficient Vouchers on my side to affirm the truth of what I have related and some are Persons concerned My Deceased Father was at great expences on Account of Mr Du Bois Marrying My Sister, and tho he calls him a hot and Cold Tempered Man, in his Letter to the Lieutenant governour, her chief support (notwithstanding there was no sum of Money deposited to her Husband) was through his Bounty, he Du Bois minding very little else but gaming, in which vice, he was a great Practitioner, I dont care to enter into any Particulars concerning him, which perhaps might not be agreeable to you, and would appear in me more Spleen resentment than truth and reason, which meannefs I scorn, he has likewise cast an Aspersion on my Character in all, or most of his Letters to the Gentlemen of this Island, in telling them I had Drofpt corresponding with him, on purpose to detain his right, which I assure you Gentlemen is false, and groundless, having never refused to hear but that I wrote him one and sometimes Letters - if they mifcarried I am not to blame...	Thomas French's answer continued with a second case. William Worrall, a native of the island who had lived some time at Bombay, quit it to settle at St Helena, where he had considerable effects, but was cast away in his passage in the ship commanded by Captain Westcoat. Once the loss was certain, his eldest brother Joshua Worrall took possession of all the freehold estate, and the personal was divided among three sisters and Joshua. Richard Gauting, who had married a sister of William Worrall, was not allowed to claim in the personal estate in right of his wife, who had died before her brother, though she had several children by her former husband Solomon Pestling, one now living on the island. He was given the same reason as in the earlier case. Robert Gauting had married one of the sisters, who had a child now alive, but held no part of that estate. French offered to bring sufficient vouchers for both cases. He then turned to Du Bois's character. His deceased father had been at great expense on account of Du Bois marrying his sister, and though Du Bois called the father a hot and cold tempered man, her chief support had been through the father's bounty, no sum of money having been settled on her husband. Du Bois minded little but gaming, in which vice he was a great practitioner. French did not care to enter into particulars, which would appear more spleen than truth. Du Bois had cast aspersions on his character in his letters to the gentlemen of the island, telling them French had dropped corresponding with him on purpose to detain his right, which French declared false and groundless. Interpretations The second precedent, the Worrall estate, again shows a son-in-law barred from the personal estate because his wife died before the intestate, which French offered as settled island practice against representation. The turn to Du Bois's gaming and character marks the point at which a legal answer becomes a personal quarrel, the administrator seeking to blacken the claimant to weaken his moral standing before the Council. The passage shows how thoroughly law and reputation were entangled in a small community where every party knew the others and the Council judged men it dealt with daily.
86	80	But to return to what I have before mentioned, My Father (covering this unmarly behaviour in Mr Dubois thought it however hard that his Daughter should suffer, and therefor Supplyed and assisted his Family, with what was in his Power, his Wife and Children has lived with my Father for Months together, both in sicknefs and health, have the use of one and sometimes two Servants, to attend on them at their own House for whole years, wove, and repaired the Linnen of him, and his whole Family for a long time, most of the wood that they burnt was Supplyed them by my Father, and many other Necessaryies which they would have have been distrefsed for, had it not been for him, and I dare venture to affirm, that had Mr Dubois been at the Expence himself for the above indulgencies, it would however him upon a moderate computation, upwards of an hundred and fifty Pounds, tho he falsly Aserts, that it was only upon extraordinary visits whenever his or his Family was with my Father. Upon Mr Dubois's leaveing this Island my Father offered to take his Daughter Mary Dubois under his care, and promised to give her equally with his Children at his Death, provided he would but let her stay, but Mr DuBois was Averse to such proposals, and would not be prevailed upon to comply with his request, upon which my Father Solemnly protested, and so he told him, that he would never give him any thing, and has often declared since his leaving this Island to the same purpose, my Father was informed that Mr Dubois had privately left a Bill behind him with his Attorney for Payment, from tho he made no demand when he quitted this Island upon which report, he went to Mr James Powell one of his Attorneys, and enquired for the truth of it, who denied it, and said that he had left no such thing, however it seems he did leave one (and as I am informed to the amount of Forty pounds, Mr Dubois's reasons for not demanding it at the time of his Departure, appeared to me to...	Thomas French's answer continued. His father, covering Du Bois's behaviour, had thought it hard that his daughter should suffer, and so supplied and assisted her family with what was in his power. His wife and children had lived with the father for months together, in sickness and health, had the use of one and sometimes two servants to attend them at their own house for whole years, and had their linen woven and repaired for the whole family for a long time. Most of the wood they burnt was supplied by the father, with many other necessaries they would have wanted but for him. French dared affirm that had Du Bois been at the expense himself, it would have cost him, on a moderate computation, upwards of a hundred and fifty pounds, though he falsely asserted it was only upon extraordinary visits. On Du Bois leaving the island, the father had offered to take his daughter Mary under his care and to give her equally with his own children at his death, provided he might let her stay, but Du Bois was averse and would not comply. Upon which the father solemnly protested he would never give Du Bois anything, and had often declared the same since. The father was informed that Du Bois had privately left a bill with his attorney for payment, though he made no demand when he quit the island. On enquiring of James Powell, one of the attorneys, Powell denied it, but it seems Du Bois did leave one, to the amount of forty pounds. Du Bois's reasons for not demanding it at his departure appeared to French to be weak. Interpretations The detailed reckoning of the father's support to the Du Bois family, board, servants, woven linen and firewood costed at a hundred and fifty pounds, is advanced to show that the father had already given the daughter far more than any share now claimed. The disputed forty-pound bill, left quietly with an attorney rather than demanded openly, becomes evidence of bad faith. The passage reveals how, in the absence of formal settlements, a family's mutual obligations were kept as a running mental account, to be totted up and set against a legal claim years later.
87	81	to be very weak, it has been always Customary here, for all Persons when they go away, to settle their Accounts with every one in the place pay their debts, and receive what is due to them, instead of this Mr DuBois never mentioned it to my Father, that he owed him money for, Physick, or for any thing but in the manner I have above expresfed left a Bill which I apprehend to be of no force, because it is reasonable to think, that if a sum of Money was owing, the Person who owed it ought to be made sensible of it, esfpecially as Mr DuBois was then going to England, and by this way of proceeding, he might with the same reason, he had already given raised the amount of the Bill to what sum he pleased, and put what quantity of Physick he thought proper, which we should have been as liable to pay, as this he now Charges, which for the reasons I have given before you wont think just Both my sisters, and my self have often heard our Father declare, he would not give Mr DuBois any thing, on Account of his Obstinate behaviour, at the time he quitted the Island, and this Declaration I believe several other People have heard, and has often told us, that if any Accident should happen to him, and Mr DuBois should make any claim whatsoever on his Estate, to draw up a Bill against it, for all the expences he was at during the time of his Daughter life after her marriage, and left it to our Consideration, to Charge what we thought proper, so that it might appear reasonable, and for the truth of which, we are all ready to give our oaths, and I am well assured had my Father made a Will, he would have Disinherited him, and his Child from any part of his Estate, but apprehending that if he did die Intestate his Goods, by the Custom of the Island, would become the property of us, his Children, without any disturbance, whom he took to be his Lawful and only Heirs, had by believe no intent to make a Will, tho he was often advised to it. I beg leave Gentlemen, to acquaint you that my Father rec during my minority, upwards of a hundred and Thirty pounds of my Salary, paid me by the Honourable East India Company, which has been no otherwise accounted to me for but	Thomas French's answer continued. It had always been customary on the island for all persons leaving to settle their accounts with everyone in the place, pay their debts and receive what was due. Instead of this, Du Bois never mentioned to the father that he owed him money for physic or anything else, but left a bill in the manner described, which French took to be of no force. It was reasonable, he argued, that a debtor be made sensible of a debt, especially as Du Bois was then going to England, and by such proceeding he might raise the amount of the bill and the quantity of physic to what he pleased, which the family would be liable to pay. Both his sisters and himself had often heard their father declare he would give Du Bois nothing, on account of his obstinate behaviour at his departure, a declaration several others had heard. The father had often told them that if any accident befell him and Du Bois made a claim on his estate, they should draw up a bill against it for all the expenses of the daughter's life after her marriage, and charge what they thought proper, so that it appeared reasonable, for the truth of which they were ready to give their oaths. French was well assured that had his father made a will, he would have disinherited Du Bois and his child from any part of the estate. But apprehending that if he died intestate his goods would by the custom of the island become the property of his children, whom he took to be his lawful and only heirs, the father had no intent to make a will, though often advised to it. French further acquainted the Council that his father had received, during his minority, upwards of a hundred and thirty pounds of his salary paid by the Company, otherwise accounted to him only by his living with his father. Interpretations The passage exposes the father's deliberate choice to die intestate in the belief that island custom would exclude the grandchild, which is precisely the assumption the Du Bois claim and the English statute overturned. The instruction to the children to draw up a counter-bill of expenses against any claim, charging what seemed reasonable, shows a family preparing its defences in advance. The whole answer reveals the gulf between the settlers' confident reliance on local custom and the imperial law the Court of Directors now required the Council to apply.
88	82	but by living with him, an Indulgence which all his other Children had also, without any consideration, the said sum I immagined to be a Debt due to me from his Estate but made no mention of it in the Inventory given in by me, because as being his eldest and only Son alive, his Freehold Estate became my Right, my Sisters only shareing a third part each of his Personal, and out of kindness to them I took no notice of it, however as it was money due me by my Masters, and being under Age, recd by my Father, who made use of it for his Family in general, I cannot but conclude that it is a just Debt due to me, and hope, Gentlemen, you will Justice done me in this particular, as well as in what else I have related, who implores your instruction, and assistance in whatever may occur to your knowledge, and beg, that you will maturely consider the circumstances, I have here set forth, and I make no doubt of your Impartial opinion upon them I am with submission Gentlemen Your most Obedt and most humble Servant (signed) Thomas French St Helena April 2d 1753 In Answer to the above representation we told Mr French, that we could not find any such By Law or Custom in the Island as he mentions, neither does it appear by the Books that any application was made to the Governour and Council in the cases he has instanced, we therefore acquainted the same). Mr French that it was our opinion (the title of Mr James DuBois has an undoubted Right to a Share of his late Fathers Personal Estate, which he as Administrator must pay forthwith into the Honourable Company’s Cash, or give sufficient Security for the	Thomas French's answer concluded. The salary received by his father during his minority he had imagined to be a debt due to him from the estate, but made no mention of it in the inventory, because as eldest and only surviving son the freehold estate was his right, his sisters sharing only a third each of the personal. Out of kindness to them he took no notice of it, but as it was money due from his masters, received by his father while he was under age and used for the family, he could not but conclude it a just debt, and hoped the Council would see justice done him. He subscribed himself, with submission, their most obedient and humble servant, signed Thomas French, St Helena, 2 April 1753. In answer, the Council told French that it could find no such by-law or custom on the island as he mentioned, nor did it appear from the books that any application had been made to the Governor and Council in the cases he had instanced. The Council therefore acquainted French that in its opinion James Du Bois had an undoubted right to a share of his late father's personal estate, which French as administrator must pay forthwith into the Company's cash, or give sufficient security for the payment. Interpretations The Council's ruling flatly rejects the custom on which French's whole defence rested, finding no record of it in the consultation books. By holding that Du Bois had an undoubted right by representation, the Council applied the English Statute of Distributions over the alleged island practice, and set the outcome the Court of Directors had pressed for. The decision marks the reach of imperial law into the settlement's private affairs, overriding what the inhabitants believed to be their own settled inheritance rule and requiring the disputed share paid into Company hands. Speculations The Council rested its rejection on the silence of the books, that no such custom appeared on record, rather than on the merits of the English statute it went on to apply. Faced with a claimed usage it could neither find nor disprove, the Council chose the ground of its own written record, where the custom left no trace, over the settlers' oral memory of it. The move let the Council side with the directors and English law while resting its decision on an evidentiary gap, avoiding any finding that the island's remembered practice had ever truly existed.
89	83	payment thereof upon Demand, if the Honourable Court of Directors should approve of our Determination, Mr French & his Sister Sarah, thereupon agreed to Assign over their Houses for that purpose Ordered the following Advertisement to be published Vizt This is to give Notice to all the Planters of the said Island, that they are hereby required to attend the Governour and Council at the Castle in the Valley on Monday next at the Hour of ten in the Morning. Cha Hutchinson John Thomson John Clark	The Council added that if the Court of Directors approved its determination, the share must be paid on demand. Thomas French and his sister Sarah thereupon agreed to assign over their houses for that purpose. The Council then ordered an advertisement to be published, requiring all the planters of the island to attend the Governor and Council at the Castle in the valley on the following Monday at ten in the morning. The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson, John Adamson and John Clark. Interpretations The assignment of the French and Sarah French houses as security shows how the Council enforced its ruling against parties short of ready cash. Rather than compel immediate payment, it took real property as surety pending the directors' approval, which secured the disputed share without stripping the family of its means at once. The device marks the practical working of the island's probate justice, in which land and houses stood as the reserve behind money judgments in a place chronically short of coin.
90	84	At a Consultation held on Monday the 9th Day of April 1753 at the Castle. Present Charles Hutchinson Esq governour Lieut St John Adamson Lieut Governour Lieut St John Clark of Council The last Consultation was read approved and signed dated the 5th of April 1753 The Storekeeper brought in the following Acct of Goods short Delivered from the Ship Walpole Vizt Acct of Goods short recd from Ship Walpole Vizt 32 Square Glasses 10 by 12 16 Do 8 by 10 6 Do 6 by 8 2 Iron Pots weight 2:19 found broke upon opening the Package (Cask No 9) 1 Iron Pot weight 2:17 cover 1 Platter Broke 14 Milk Pans 44 Mops Damaged, occasioned by the Package being Wet 11 Gallons Tindel Oyl Short in Jar No 14 the Jar when Recd was close stopt and in good order but not above two thirds full F No 14 Leather Shorts wt 2 Seals 2 1/2 Inches Short Delivered 10 Do 1 1/2 Do No 1 Cask of Vinegar Gage 31 1/2 want to fill 4 gallons 2 Do 31 1/2 1 1/4 62 1/2 2 1/2 Gallon 60 Rec? 5 Masony Lights Damaged in the Package Lisbon	At a consultation held at the Castle on 9 April 1753, Governor Charles Hutchinson sat with Lieutenant John Adamson, Lieutenant Governor, and Lieutenant John Clark of the Council. The Council read the earlier consultation of 5 April 1753, then approved and signed it. The storekeeper brought in an account of goods short delivered from the Walpole. 32 square glasses, 10 by 12 16 square glasses, 8 by 10 6 square glasses, 6 by 8 2 iron pots, weight 2 19, found broken on opening the package, cask number 9 1 iron pot, weight 2 17, with cover 1 platter, broken 14 milk pans 44 mops, damaged by the package being wet 11 gallons Tindel oil short in jar number 14, the jar close stopped and in good order when received, but not above two thirds full Leather, number 14, short weight 2 seals, 2½ inches, short delivered 10 seals, 1½ inches, short delivered Cask of vinegar number 1, gauge 31½, wants to fill 4 gallons Cask of vinegar number 2, gauge 31½, wants to fill 1¼ Total gauge 62½, wants 2½, received 60 gallons 5 masonry lights, damaged in the package, Lisbon Interpretations The Walpole shortage account shows the range of European manufactures the island imported from home by way of a single ship, window glass cut to size, cast-iron pots, milk pans, mops, leather, oil and vinegar. The recurring note of damage from wet packages and broken casks records the ordinary hazards of a long sea carriage, against which the storekeeper's gauging and weighing on receipt was the island's only protection. The Lisbon marking on the masonry lights shows some of the Walpole's lading was taken up on the outward call at Portugal.
91	85	Lisbon Wine Recd in the following Condition No 5 Chest containing 12 Dt 4 Corks flawd Dt 9 Bottles Broke 23 Bottles 6 Do 11:10 Do 3 7 Do 3 Do 7 Do 11:07 Do 4 5 Do 2 8 Do 11:6 Do 3 9 Do 3 9 Do 11:4 Do 3 2 Do 10 Do 11:10 Do 4 10 Do 3 69:5 21:6 12 No 1 hhds Beer Gage 54 wants to fill 6 1/2 Gallons 2 Do 52 Do 4 1/2 3 Do 52 Do 4 4 Do 49 Do 3 5 Do 52 Do 11 in Bad condition 6 Do 53 Do 14 312 43 Recd 269 Gallons April 9th 1753 (signed) Matthew Pesting We have bought of Capt Francis Fowler a five Oard yawl, on Account of the Honble Company for which we paid him Ten Pounds Ten Shillings, being much in want of one for Fishing, as their Honour Boat for that purpose, has been wrote off the Books, some times ago, being quite worne out Bought likewise of Captain Fra.s Fowler for the use of the Honorable Comps Table the ffol: Articles Vizt Cheshire Cheese 13 lb 2 4d Ditto Gloster 3 10 1 firkin Butter 1 16 1 Pot of salmon 10 3 Kitts Anchovie 14 2 Do Capers 9 1/2 2 Bottles Mustard 1 6 3 20 lb Raisins 20 Currants 12 6 1	The account continued with the Lisbon wine, received in the following condition. Chest number 5, containing 12, 4 corks flawed, 9 bottles broken Chest number 6, 11 10, 3 corks flawed, 7 bottles broken Chest number 7, 11 7, 4 corks flawed, 5 bottles broken Chest number 8, 11 6, 3 corks flawed, 9 bottles broken Chest number 9, 11 4, 3 corks flawed, 2 bottles broken Chest number 10, 11 10, 4 corks flawed, 10 bottles broken Totals, 69 5, 21 corks flawed, 6 broken, 12 Beer, hogshead number 1, gauge 54, wants to fill 6½ gallons Hogshead number 2, gauge 52, wants 4½ Hogshead number 3, gauge 52, wants 4 Hogshead number 4, gauge 49, wants 3 Hogshead number 5, gauge 52, wants 11, in bad condition Hogshead number 6, gauge 53, wants 14 Totals, gauge 312, wants 43, received 269 gallons The account was signed by Matthew Pesting, dated 9 April 1753. The Council then bought a five-oared yawl from Captain Francis Fowler on the Company's account, for which it paid £10 10s, being much in want of one for fishing, the Company's boat for that purpose having been written off the books some time ago as quite worn out. It also bought from Captain Francis Fowler, for the use of the Company's table, the following articles. Cheshire cheese, 13 lb, at 2s 4d Gloucester cheese, at 3s 10d 1 firkin of butter, £1 16s 1 pot of salmon, 10s 3 kits of anchovies, 14s 2 kits of capers, 9s 6d 2 bottles of mustard, 1s 6d 20 lb of raisins 20 lb of currants, £12 6s 1d Interpretations The wine and beer were again gauged by ullage to fix the loss on a long carriage, the flawed corks and broken bottles recording how poorly glass-bottled wine travelled. The purchase of a fishing yawl from a captain shows how the island replaced worn Company boats by opportune private purchase when a ship was in the road, fishing being an important supplement to the settlement's food. The delicacies bought for the Company table, English cheeses, potted salmon, anchovies and capers, mark the imported comforts by which the establishment's senior table was kept in a style apart from the common provision of the island.
92	86	Ordered the following Advertisement to be published Vizt Whereas many Robberys & Thefts have been lately committed in several parts of the Said Island. This is therefore to forbid all Persons to Buy any thing From Blacks upon any pretences whatsoever, unless such Blacks have a permission in Writing from their Masters or Owners for disposing of the things they may Offer to sale, Notice is hereby given that whoever is proved to be guilty of doing it, is to pay a Penalty of 3 for the first Offence and for the Second to be Punished as an accomplice in the Theft or Robery and that no Black will be suffered to pass the Line after, unless he produce leave for it under the hand of his Master or owner The Planters this Day attended with an account of the Number of their Sheep, According to the Order Published on Thursday last we then acquainted them that in Consideration of there being 91 Cattle less upon the Island by their returns to us in September, than there were the year before and likewise 63 fewer for Slaughter in this, than in the preceding Year, they should be allowed to sell their Beef at the Market at 5 p lb for the Present, as an encouragement to them to supply it as fully as they could, upon which they withdrew, and soon after returned and told us they would provide the Market with provisions, as Amply as their Stocks would possibly allow Cha Hutchinson John Adamson John Clark	The Council ordered an advertisement to be published. Many robberies and thefts had lately been committed in several parts of the island. The notice therefore forbade all persons to buy anything from Blacks on any pretence, unless the Blacks had a written permission from their masters or owners to dispose of the things offered. Whoever was proved guilty was to pay a penalty of three for the first offence, and for the second to be punished as an accomplice in the theft or robbery. No Black would be suffered to pass the line after this, unless he produced leave under the hand of his master or owner. The planters attended this day with an account of the number of their sheep, according to the order published the previous Thursday. The Council acquainted them that, in consideration of there being 91 cattle fewer on the island by their September returns than the year before, and 63 fewer for slaughter this year than in the preceding one, they should be allowed to sell their beef at market at 5 per lb for the present, as an encouragement to supply it as fully as they could. The planters withdrew, and soon returned to say they would provide the market with provisions as amply as their stocks would allow. The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson, John Adamson and John Clark. Interpretations The trading ban is a measure of social control over the island's slaves, forbidding free inhabitants to buy from them without written leave and barring their movement across the line without a pass. By cutting off the market for goods a slave might carry, the Council struck at both theft and the independent dealing that undermined a master's control, making every purchaser an enforcer of the pass system. The pairing of this order with the cattle shortage shows the Council managing the island's two chief anxieties together, the security of property and the supply of the market. The concession on the beef price responds directly to a falling herd, the Council raising the permitted market rate to draw scarce cattle to slaughter. Allowing a higher price was a deliberate incentive to planters to bring beef to market rather than hold their stock, which shows the Council using price regulation to steer supply on an island that could not feed itself if the herds failed.
93	87	At a Consultation held on Monday the 16th Day of April 1753 at the Castle. Present Charles Hutchinson Esq Governour Lieutenant John Adamson Lieut Governour Lieutenant John Clark of Council The last Consultation was read approved and signed dated the 9th April 1753 Petition No 9 Mr William Seale presented the following To the Worshipful Charles Hutchinson Esq Governr &c Council of St Helena The humble Petition of William Seale Sheweth That your Petitioner having been lately well informed that the Children of his former Wife, who was a Daughter of the late John French Deceased who Died intestate, has an undoubted Right to a Share of the Personal Estate of the said late John French, Your Petitioner therefore as Guardian to the said Children, applys to Mr Thomas French who is the only Son and Administrator of the Said Deceased John French, for a Childs Dividend of the Personal Estate of his late Father, which he absolutely refused to pay. Your Petitioner therefore most humbly prays that your Worship and Council will be pleased to take this case into your consideration and give your Petitioner such Assistance as you shall think proper if the said Mr Thomas French should persist is his resolution of non payment And your Petitioner shall ever pray (signed) Wm Seale	At a consultation held at the Castle on 16 April 1753, Governor Charles Hutchinson sat with Lieutenant John Adamson, Lieutenant Governor, and Lieutenant John Clark of the Council. The Council read the earlier consultation of 9 April 1753, then approved and signed it. William Seale presented a petition to the Governor and Council. Seale set out that he had lately been well informed that the children of his former wife, who was a daughter of the late John French, deceased, who died intestate, had an undoubted right to a share of French's personal estate. As guardian to those children, Seale applied to Thomas French, the only son and administrator of the deceased, for a child's dividend of the personal estate, which Thomas French absolutely refused to pay. Seale therefore humbly prayed that the Council would take the case into consideration and give him such assistance as it thought proper, should Thomas French persist in his refusal. The petition was signed by William Seale. Interpretations The Seale petition opens a second representation claim on the same French estate, brought by the guardian of another set of grandchildren descended from a predeceased daughter. Coming immediately after the Council's ruling for Du Bois, it shows how a single decision on representation reopened the whole distribution, inviting every grandchild's claim the old custom had excluded. The petition confirms that the Council's application of the English statute had consequences reaching well beyond the original dispute, unsettling an estate the administrator had thought long since divided.
94	88	Upon enquiry we find that the Children of the Petitioner have likewise a Right to a Childs Share of the Deceased John Frenchs Personal Estate, and therefore shall take Security for their parts also Miss Rachel Alexander Petitioned for liberty to leave the Island, proceed to Fort Marlborough, in the Ship Walpole and to carry with her two Women Slaves named Mary & Moll. Granted Mr James Powell, and Mr John Comen, delivered the following Certificate after examining the Honbles Company’s Wine that came by the Ship Walpole Vizt St Helena April 16 1753 We do hereby Certify that we were present upon opening the Casks of Lisbon Wine recd from Ship Walpole belonging to the Honourable East India Company and found them in the following condition Vizt No Casks Containing Do Dt Corks flawnd Do Bottles Broke 6 Do 11:10 Do 5 7 Do 3 Do 7 Do 11:7 Do 4 5 Do 2 8 Do 11:6 Do 3 9 Do 3 9 Do 11:4 Do 3 2 Do 10 Do 11:10 Do 4 10 Do 3 69:5 24:6 12 (signed) James Powell Asst Store Keeper John Comen head mate of the Ship Walpole Ordered an Advertisement to be published requiring the Planters to meet in Vestry on Monday next the 23 Instant to chuse Parish Officers for the ensuing year Cha Hutchinson John Adamson John Clark	On enquiry the Council found that the children of the petitioner had likewise a right to a child's share of the deceased John French's personal estate, and would therefore take security for their parts also. Rachel Alexander petitioned for leave to leave the island and proceed to Fort Marlborough in the Walpole, and to carry with her two women slaves named Mary and Moll, which was granted. James Powell and John Comen delivered a certificate after examining the Company's wine that came by the Walpole, dated St Helena, 16 April 1753. They certified that they were present at the opening of the casks of Lisbon wine received from the Walpole, belonging to the Company, and found them in the following condition. Cask number 6, containing 11 10, 5 corks flawed, 7 bottles broken, 3 further Cask number 7, 11 7, 4 corks flawed, 5 bottles broken, 2 further Cask number 8, 11 6, 3 corks flawed, 9 bottles broken, 3 further Cask number 9, 11 4, 3 corks flawed, 2 bottles broken Cask number 10, 11 10, 4 corks flawed, 10 bottles broken, 3 further Totals, 69 5, 24 corks flawed, 6 broken, 12 The certificate was signed by James Powell, assistant storekeeper, and John Comen, head mate of the Walpole. The Council then ordered an advertisement to be published, requiring the planters to meet in vestry on the following Monday, 23 April, to choose parish officers for the coming year. The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson, John Adamson and John Clark. Interpretations The certificate on the wine is a formal attestation by two independent witnesses, the assistant storekeeper and the ship's head mate, made at the opening of the casks so that the loss might be proved against the ship. Bringing an officer of the Walpole herself to witness the damage bound both sides to an agreed record, which was the Company's means of settling breakage claims without later dispute. The grant to Rachel Alexander to carry two named slave women to Fort Marlborough records the routine movement of slaves as personal property between the Company's settlements at their owners' convenience.
95	89	At a Consultation held on Monday the 23d Day of April 1753 at the Castle. Present Charles Hutchinson Esq Governour Lieutenant John Adamson Lieut Governour Lieutenant John Clark of Council The last consultation was read approved and signed dated the 16th April 1753 Wednesday 18th Sailed the Dane Ship Princeza Louisa Friday 20 Arrived a Prussian Ship from China, called the King of Prussia (Capt Col Goltz) the Burthen 650 Tons, carrys 26 Guns (120 Men Loads) with Teas China Wares and Silks, bound to Embden. Yesterday Arrived the Honourable Company’s Ship the Drake (Captain Benjamin Isherer) from China Do Sailed the Prussian Ship the King of Prussia this day Arrived the Honourable Company’s Ship the Edgecote Capt John Peare from China. The Plantation Gunners and Stewards Accounts from the 12th of March to the 11th of April, were this Day brought in, which were examined and approved and are as follows Vizt	At a consultation held at the Castle on 23 April 1753, Governor Charles Hutchinson sat with Lieutenant John Adamson, Lieutenant Governor, and Lieutenant John Clark of the Council. The Council read the earlier consultation of 16 April 1753, then approved and signed it. The Danish ship Princess Louisa had sailed on Wednesday 18 April. A Prussian ship from China, the King of Prussia, Captain Colonel Goltz, had arrived on Friday 20 April. She was of 650 tons, carried 26 guns and 120 men, and was laden with teas, chinaware and silks, bound for Emden. The Company's ship Drake, Captain Benjamin Isherer, had arrived from China the day before, and the King of Prussia had sailed the same day. The Company's ship Edgecote, Captain John Peare, arrived from China this day. The plantation gunner's and steward's accounts from 12 March to 11 April were brought in this day, examined, approved and entered as follows. Interpretations The run of arrivals recorded here, Danish, Prussian and several Company ships within a few days, shows the intensity of the China trade that made St Helena's road a general calling place in the spring homeward season. The presence of a Prussian Indiaman bound for Emden marks how many European powers were then pressing into the Canton trade, all of whose ships watered and refreshed at the island. Such concentrated traffic explains the fresh inflow of silver into the Company's cash noted earlier in the batch.
96	90	An Account of the Honourable Companys Stock of Neat Cattle & ca from the 12 March to the 11 of April 1753 Bulls, Cows, Calves, Yearlings, Heifers, Steers, Bullocks, Oxen, Total, Ewes, Wethers, Lambs, Rams, Total, Ewes, Wethers, Kids, Rams, Total, Sows, Shoats, Piggs, Boars, Total, Turkeys, Fowls, Ducks, Geese, Horses, Mares, Total, Asses, Total Remaind 12: Bulls 3, Cows 72, Calves 41, Yearlings 24, Heifers 14, Steers 29, Bullocks 2, Oxen 11, Total 196, Ewes 131, Wethers 33, Lambs 52, Rams 6, Total 222, Ewes 85, Wethers 0, Kids 31, Rams 4, Total 120, Sows 5, Shoats 9, Piggs 13, Boars 1, Total 28, Turkeys 18, Fowls 263, Ducks 62, Geese 23, Horses 6, Mares 6, Total 12, Asses 3, Total 3 Increase: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 4, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Bullocks 0, Oxen 0, Total 4, Ewes 0, Wethers 0, Lambs 6, Rams 0, Total 6, Ewes 0, Wethers 0, Kids 3, Rams 0, Total 3, Sows 0, Shoats 0, Piggs 0, Boars 0, Total 0, Turkeys 8, Fowls 20, Ducks 20, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0, Asses 0, Total 0 Bulls 3, Cows 72, Calves 45, Yearlings 24, Heifers 14, Steers 29, Bullocks 2, Oxen 11, Total 200, Ewes 131, Wethers 33, Lambs 112, Rams 6, Total 282, Ewes 85, Wethers 0, Kids 34, Rams 4, Total 123, Sows 5, Shoats 9, Piggs 13, Boars 1, Total 28, Turkeys 26, Fowls 283, Ducks 82, Geese 23, Horses 6, Mares 6, Total 12, Asses 3, Total 3 Killed: Bulls 0, Cows 1, Calves 0, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 5, Bullocks 1, Oxen 0, Total 12, Ewes 0, Wethers 3, Lambs 3, Rams 0, Total 6, Ewes 4, Wethers 0, Kids 0, Rams 0, Total 4, Sows 0, Shoats 1, Piggs 0, Boars 0, Total 1, Turkeys 3, Fowls 27, Ducks 17, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0, Asses 0, Total 0 Died: Bulls 0, Cows 1, Calves 0, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Bullocks 0, Oxen 0, Total 1, Ewes 0, Wethers 0, Lambs 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Ewes 1, Wethers 0, Kids 0, Rams 0, Total 1, Sows 1, Shoats 0, Piggs 6, Boars 0, Total 7, Turkeys 0, Fowls 0, Ducks 0, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0, Asses 0, Total 0 Rem 11: Bulls 3, Cows 70, Calves 45, Yearlings 24, Heifers 9, Steers 24, Bullocks 1, Oxen 11, Total 187, Ewes 128, Wethers 30, Lambs 112, Rams 6, Total 276, Ewes 80, Wethers 0, Kids 34, Rams 4, Total 118, Sows 4, Shoats 8, Piggs 7, Boars 1, Total 20, Turkeys 23, Fowls 256, Ducks 65, Geese 23, Horses 6, Mares 6, Total 12, Asses 3, Total 3 The Names of the Species Changed: Bulls 3, Cows 75, Calves 30, Yearlings 24, Heifers 8, Steers 35, Bullocks 0, Oxen 12, Total 187, Ewes 164, Wethers 42, Lambs 64, Rams 6, Total 276, Ewes 80, Wethers 17, Kids 17, Rams 4, Total 118, Sows 4, Shoats 14, Piggs 1, Boars 1, Total 20, Turkeys 23, Fowls 256, Ducks 65, Geese 23, Horses 6, Mares 6, Total 12, Asses 3, Total 3 Beef to the Prince George 560 Do to Exeter 560 Do to Walpole 560 Do to Prince of Wales 560 Do to Wager 560 4 Goats to the Sick Slaves Yams Expended 24000 (Signed) Richard Gurling	An account of the Company's stock of cattle and other livestock from 12 March to 11 April 1753 recorded the following. Neat cattle: Remaining 12 March: bulls 3, cows 72, calves 41, yearlings 24, heifers 14, steers 29, bullocks 2, oxen 11, total 196 Increase: bulls 0, cows 0, calves 4, yearlings 0, heifers 0, steers 0, bullocks 0, oxen 0, total 4 Total: bulls 3, cows 72, calves 45, yearlings 24, heifers 14, steers 29, bullocks 2, oxen 11, total 200 Killed: bulls 0, cows 1, calves 0, yearlings 0, heifers 0, steers 0, bullocks 0, oxen 0, total 1 Died: bulls 0, cows 1, calves 0, yearlings 0, heifers 0, steers 0, bullocks 0, oxen 0, total 1 Remaining 11 April: bulls 3, cows 70, calves 45, yearlings 24, heifers 9, steers 24, bullocks 1, oxen 11, total 187 Names of the species changed: bulls 3, cows 75, calves 30, yearlings 24, heifers 8, steers 35, bullocks 0, oxen 12, total 187 Sheep: Remaining 12 March: ewes 131, wethers 33, lambs 52, rams 6, total 222 Increase: ewes 0, wethers 0, lambs 60, rams 0, total 60 Total: ewes 131, wethers 33, lambs 112, rams 6, total 282 Killed: ewes 0, wethers 5, lambs 5, rams 0, total 12 Died: ewes 0, wethers 0, lambs 0, rams 0, total 1 Remaining 11 April: ewes 128, wethers 30, lambs 112, rams 6, total 276 Names of the species changed: ewes 164, wethers 42, lambs 64, rams 6, total 276 Goats: Remaining 12 March: ewes 85, wethers 0, kids 31, rams 4, total 120 Increase: ewes 0, wethers 0, kids 3, rams 0, total 3 Total: ewes 85, wethers 0, kids 34, rams 4, total 123 Killed: ewes 4, wethers 0, kids 0, rams 0, total 4 Died: ewes 1, wethers 0, kids 0, rams 0, total 1 Remaining 11 April: ewes 80, wethers 0, kids 34, rams 4, total 118 Names of the species changed: ewes 80, wethers 17, kids 17, rams 4, total 118 Hogs: Remaining 12 March: sows 5, shoats 9, pigs 13, boars 1, total 28 Increase: sows 0, shoats 0, pigs 0, boars 0, total 0 Total: sows 5, shoats 9, pigs 13, boars 1, total 28 Killed: sows 0, shoats 0, pigs 1, boars 0, total 1 Died: sows 1, shoats 0, pigs 6, boars 0, total 7 Remaining 11 April: sows 4, shoats 8, pigs 7, boars 1, total 20 Names of the species changed: sows 4, shoats 14, pigs 1, boars 1, total 20 Poultry: Remaining 12 March: turkeys 18, fowls 263, ducks 62, geese 23, total 0 Increase: turkeys 8, fowls 20, ducks 20, geese 0, total 0 Total: turkeys 26, fowls 283, ducks 82, geese 23, total 0 Killed: turkeys 3, fowls 27, ducks 17, geese 0, total 0 Died: turkeys 0, fowls 0, ducks 0, geese 0, total 0 Remaining 11 April: turkeys 23, fowls 256, ducks 65, geese 23, total 0 Names of the species changed: turkeys 23, fowls 256, ducks 65, geese 23, total 0 Horses: Remaining 12 March: stock 6, mares 6, total 12 Remaining 11 April: stock 6, mares 6, total 12 Names of the species changed: stock 6, mares 6, total 12 Asses: Remaining 12 March: 3, total 3 Remaining 11 April: 3, total 3 Names of the species changed: 3, total 3 Beef to the Prince George, 560 Ditto to the Exeter, 560 Ditto to the Walpole, 560 Ditto to the Prince of Wales, 560 Ditto to the Wager, 560 4 goats to the sick slaves. Yams expended 24,000 Richard Gurling signed the account. Interpretations The row for names of the species changed recorded the periodic reclassification of the stock, animals moved from one category to another as they aged, so that calves became yearlings, lambs became ewes and wethers, and young beasts passed into their grown estate. This reckoning shows the herdsman keeping the tally true to the real condition of the flocks, the same animals recounted under their proper heads as a year's growth advanced them from one class to the next. The five ships victualled with beef, the Prince George, Exeter, Walpole, Prince of Wales and Wager, each taking 560, mark a full fleet of homeward East Indiamen gathered in the road together. This concentration of shipping shows the island at the height of its refreshing season, the several ships of the returning fleet calling in company to take fresh provision before the long run home, and the herds drawn down heavily to meet them. The appearance of asses in the account, entered as a new class of stock, shows the island keeping these hardy beasts for burden and haulage on its steep and broken ground. Better suited than horses to the rough tracks of the interior, the asses served the carriage of goods and water about the settlement, their addition to the tally marking the practical means by which the island moved its loads over difficult country. Speculations The heavy slaughter of lambs and the killing of breeding ewes among the goats came just as the flocks threw their spring increase, sixty lambs and three kids born in the month. The obvious course with a young and growing stock would have spared the breeding females and the new-born, yet the pressure of five ships in the road forced the killing of ewes and lambs together, the demand of the fleet overriding the husbandry that would otherwise have held back the females to build the flocks.
97	91	Gunners Stores Expended from March 12 to April 11 1753 Round, Wads, 6 lb, 4 lb, 3 lb, 2 lb, 1 lb, Powder Expended March 12 An Allarm: Round 6, Wads 0, 6 lb 0, 4 lb 2, 3 lb 2, 2 lb 0, 1 lb 2, Powder Expended 12 00 Do Arrived a Dane Ship returned the Salute: Round 9, Wads 0, 6 lb 0, 4 lb 0, 3 lb 9, 2 lb 0, 1 lb 0, Powder Expended 9 00 Do Powder for Priming: Round 0, Wads 0, 6 lb 0, 4 lb 0, 3 lb 0, 2 lb 0, 1 lb 0, Powder Expended 1 08 13 An Allarm for a Ship that went by: Round 6, Wads 0, 6 lb 0, 4 lb 2, 3 lb 2, 2 lb 0, 1 lb 2, Powder Expended 12 00 14 Departed ye Houghton Capt Walpole returnd ye Salute: Round 9, Wads 0, 6 lb 0, 4 lb 0, 3 lb 9, 2 lb 0, 1 lb 0, Powder Expended 9 00 Do Powder for Priming: Round 0, Wads 0, 6 lb 0, 4 lb 0, 3 lb 0, 2 lb 0, 1 lb 0, Powder Expended 1 08 16 An Allarm: Round 6, Wads 0, 6 lb 0, 4 lb 2, 3 lb 2, 2 lb 0, 1 lb 2, Powder Expended 12 00 Do Fired at Banks es to bring a Ship too: Round 3, Wads 3, 6 lb 3, 4 lb 0, 3 lb 0, 2 lb 0, 1 lb 0, Powder Expended 13 08 Do Arrived a Dane Ship returned ye Salute: Round 9, Wads 0, 6 lb 0, 4 lb 0, 3 lb 9, 2 lb 0, 1 lb 0, Powder Expended 9 00 Do Powder for Priming: Round 0, Wads 0, 6 lb 0, 4 lb 0, 3 lb 0, 2 lb 0, 1 lb 0, Powder Expended 1 08 Do Departed the Stretham Capt Mason returnd ye Salute: Round 9, Wads 0, 6 lb 0, 4 lb 0, 3 lb 9, 2 lb 0, 1 lb 0, Powder Expended 9 00 Do Powder for Priming: Round 0, Wads 0, 6 lb 0, 4 lb 0, 3 lb 0, 2 lb 0, 1 lb 0, Powder Expended 1 08 19 An Allarm for a Ship that went by: Round 6, Wads 0, 6 lb 0, 4 lb 2, 3 lb 2, 2 lb 0, 1 lb 2, Powder Expended 12 00 20 An Allarm: Round 6, Wads 0, 6 lb 0, 4 lb 2, 3 lb 2, 2 lb 0, 1 lb 2, Powder Expended 12 00 Do Fired to Make a Double Allarm: Round 3, Wads 0, 6 lb 0, 4 lb 1, 3 lb 1, 2 lb 0, 1 lb 1, Powder Expended 6 00 Do Fired at Banks es to make a double Allarm: Round 1, Wads 1, 6 lb 0, 4 lb 0, 3 lb 0, 2 lb 0, 1 lb 0, Powder Expended 4 08 21 Arrived the Walpole Capt Fowler returnd ye Salute: Round 9, Wads 0, 6 lb 0, 4 lb 0, 3 lb 9, 2 lb 0, 1 lb 0, Powder Expended 9 00 Do Powder for Priming: Round 0, Wads 0, 6 lb 0, 4 lb 0, 3 lb 0, 2 lb 0, 1 lb 0, Powder Expended 1 08 Do Arrived the Prince George Capt Paddock returnd ye Salute: Round 9, Wads 0, 6 lb 0, 4 lb 0, 3 lb 9, 2 lb 0, 1 lb 0, Powder Expended 9 00 Do Powder for Priming and an Allarm at Banks es: Round 2, Wads 2, 6 lb 0, 4 lb 0, 3 lb 0, 2 lb 0, 1 lb 0, Powder Expended 10 08 Do Fired for Capt Adamsons coming on Shore: Round 15, Wads 0, 6 lb 0, 4 lb 0, 3 lb 0, 2 lb 15, 1 lb 0, Powder Expended 15 00 Do Powder for Priming: Round 0, Wads 0, 6 lb 0, 4 lb 0, 3 lb 0, 2 lb 0, 1 lb 0, Powder Expended 2 08 Do Arrived the Exeter Capt Fernell returnd ye Salute: Round 9, Wads 0, 6 lb 0, 4 lb 0, 3 lb 9, 2 lb 0, 1 lb 0, Powder Expended 9 00 Do Powder for Priming: Round 0, Wads 0, 6 lb 0, 4 lb 0, 3 lb 0, 2 lb 0, 1 lb 0, Powder Expended 1 08 22 Departed a Dane Ship returned the Salute: Round 9, Wads 0, 6 lb 0, 4 lb 0, 3 lb 9, 2 lb 0, 1 lb 0, Powder Expended 9 00 Do Powder for Priming: Round 0, Wads 0, 6 lb 0, 4 lb 0, 3 lb 0, 2 lb 0, 1 lb 0, Powder Expended 1 08 24 Powder for Priming at Banks es from April 2 1752: Round 0, Wads 0, 6 lb 0, 4 lb 0, 3 lb 0, 2 lb 0, 1 lb 0, Powder Expended 3 00 26 Departed a Dane Ship returned ye Salute: Round 9, Wads 0, 6 lb 0, 4 lb 0, 3 lb 9, 2 lb 0, 1 lb 0, Powder Expended 9 00 Do Powder for Priming: Round 0, Wads 0, 6 lb 0, 4 lb 0, 3 lb 0, 2 lb 0, 1 lb 0, Powder Expended 1 08 Do Alarm: Round 6, Wads 0, 6 lb 0, 4 lb 2, 3 lb 2, 2 lb 0, 1 lb 2, Powder Expended 12 00 27 Arrived the Prince of Wales Capt Peck returnd ye Salute: Round 9, Wads 0, 6 lb 0, 4 lb 0, 3 lb 9, 2 lb 0, 1 lb 0, Powder Expended 9 00 Do Powder for Priming: Round 0, Wads 0, 6 lb 0, 4 lb 0, 3 lb 0, 2 lb 0, 1 lb 0, Powder Expended 1 08 Do Alarm: Round 6, Wads 0, 6 lb 0, 4 lb 2, 3 lb 2, 2 lb 0, 1 lb 2, Powder Expended 12 00 29 Alarm: Round 9, Wads 0, 6 lb 0, 4 lb 0, 3 lb 9, 2 lb 0, 1 lb 0, Powder Expended 9 00 Do Arrived the Wager Capt Hindman returnd ye Salute: Round 0, Wads 0, 6 lb 0, 4 lb 0, 3 lb 0, 2 lb 0, 1 lb 0, Powder Expended 1 08 Do Powder for Priming Carried over: Round 165, Wads 3, 6 lb 6, 4 lb 15, 3 lb 15, 2 lb 14, 1 lb 15, Powder Expended 253 00	Gunners' stores expended from 12 March to 11 April 1753 came to the following. The column headings named the guns fired by calibre, running 32-pounders, 24-pounders, 9-pounders, 6-pounders and 4-pounders, with a final column for the powder expended. 12 March, an alarm, 6 guns fired, 0 32-pounders, 0 24-pounders, 2 9-pounders, 2 6-pounders, 2 4-pounders, 12 lb 0 oz powder Ditto, arrived a Danish ship, returned the salute, 9 guns fired, 0 32-pounders, 0 24-pounders, 0 9-pounders, 0 6-pounders, 9 4-pounders, 9 lb 0 oz powder Ditto, powder for priming, 0 32-pounders, 0 24-pounders, 0 9-pounders, 0 6-pounders, 0 4-pounders, 1 lb 8 oz powder 13 March, an alarm for a ship that went by, 6 guns fired, 0 32-pounders, 0 24-pounders, 2 9-pounders, 2 6-pounders, 2 4-pounders, 12 lb 0 oz powder 14 March, departed the Houghton, Captain Walpole, returned the salute, 9 guns fired, 0 32-pounders, 0 24-pounders, 0 9-pounders, 0 6-pounders, 9 4-pounders, 9 lb 0 oz powder Ditto, powder for priming, 0 32-pounders, 0 24-pounders, 0 9-pounders, 0 6-pounders, 0 4-pounders, 1 lb 8 oz powder 16 March, an alarm, 6 guns fired, 0 32-pounders, 0 24-pounders, 2 9-pounders, 2 6-pounders, 2 4-pounders, 12 lb 0 oz powder Ditto, fired at Banks to bring a ship to, 3 guns fired, 3 32-pounders, 3 24-pounders, 0 9-pounders, 0 6-pounders, 0 4-pounders, 13 lb 8 oz powder Ditto, arrived a Danish ship, returned the salute, 9 guns fired, 0 32-pounders, 0 24-pounders, 0 9-pounders, 0 6-pounders, 9 4-pounders, 9 lb 0 oz powder Ditto, powder for priming, 0 32-pounders, 0 24-pounders, 0 9-pounders, 0 6-pounders, 0 4-pounders, 1 lb 8 oz powder Ditto, departed the Stretham, Captain Mason, returned the salute, 9 guns fired, 0 32-pounders, 0 24-pounders, 0 9-pounders, 0 6-pounders, 9 4-pounders, 9 lb 0 oz powder Ditto, powder for priming, 0 32-pounders, 0 24-pounders, 0 9-pounders, 0 6-pounders, 0 4-pounders, 1 lb 8 oz powder 19 March, an alarm for a ship that went by, 6 guns fired, 0 32-pounders, 0 24-pounders, 2 9-pounders, 2 6-pounders, 2 4-pounders, 12 lb 0 oz powder 20 March, an alarm, 6 guns fired, 0 32-pounders, 0 24-pounders, 2 9-pounders, 2 6-pounders, 2 4-pounders, 12 lb 0 oz powder Ditto, fired to make a double alarm, 3 guns fired, 0 32-pounders, 0 24-pounders, 1 9-pounder, 1 6-pounder, 1 4-pounder, 6 lb 0 oz powder Ditto, fired at Banks to make a double alarm, 1 gun fired, 1 32-pounder, 0 24-pounders, 0 9-pounders, 0 6-pounders, 0 4-pounders, 4 lb 8 oz powder 21 March, arrived the Walpole, Captain Fowler, returned the salute, 9 guns fired, 0 32-pounders, 0 24-pounders, 0 9-pounders, 0 6-pounders, 9 4-pounders, 9 lb 0 oz powder Ditto, powder for priming, 0 32-pounders, 0 24-pounders, 0 9-pounders, 0 6-pounders, 0 4-pounders, 1 lb 8 oz powder Ditto, arrived the Prince George, Captain Paddock, returned the salute, 9 guns fired, 0 32-pounders, 0 24-pounders, 0 9-pounders, 0 6-pounders, 9 4-pounders, 9 lb 0 oz powder Ditto, powder for priming and an alarm at Banks, 2 guns fired, 2 32-pounders, 0 24-pounders, 0 9-pounders, 0 6-pounders, 0 4-pounders, 10 lb 8 oz powder Ditto, fired for Captain Adamson's coming on shore, 15 guns fired, 0 32-pounders, 0 24-pounders, 0 9-pounders, 0 6-pounders, 15 4-pounders, 15 lb 0 oz powder Ditto, powder for priming, 0 32-pounders, 0 24-pounders, 0 9-pounders, 0 6-pounders, 0 4-pounders, 2 lb 8 oz powder Ditto, arrived the Exeter, Captain Tornell, returned the salute, 9 guns fired, 0 32-pounders, 0 24-pounders, 0 9-pounders, 0 6-pounders, 9 4-pounders, 9 lb 0 oz powder Ditto, powder for priming, 0 32-pounders, 0 24-pounders, 0 9-pounders, 0 6-pounders, 0 4-pounders, 1 lb 8 oz powder 22 March, departed a Danish ship, returned the salute, 9 guns fired, 0 32-pounders, 0 24-pounders, 0 9-pounders, 0 6-pounders, 9 4-pounders, 9 lb 0 oz powder Ditto, powder for priming, 0 32-pounders, 0 24-pounders, 0 9-pounders, 0 6-pounders, 0 4-pounders, 1 lb 8 oz powder 24 March, powder for priming at Banks from 2 April 1752, 0 32-pounders, 0 24-pounders, 0 9-pounders, 0 6-pounders, 0 4-pounders, 3 lb 0 oz powder 26 March, departed a Danish ship, returned the salute, 9 guns fired, 0 32-pounders, 0 24-pounders, 0 9-pounders, 0 6-pounders, 9 4-pounders, 9 lb 0 oz powder Ditto, powder for priming, 0 32-pounders, 0 24-pounders, 0 9-pounders, 0 6-pounders, 0 4-pounders, 1 lb 8 oz powder Ditto, alarm, 6 guns fired, 0 32-pounders, 0 24-pounders, 2 9-pounders, 2 6-pounders, 2 4-pounders, 12 lb 0 oz powder 27 March, arrived the Prince of Wales, Captain Peck, returned the salute, 9 guns fired, 0 32-pounders, 0 24-pounders, 0 9-pounders, 0 6-pounders, 9 4-pounders, 9 lb 0 oz powder Ditto, powder for priming, 0 32-pounders, 0 24-pounders, 0 9-pounders, 0 6-pounders, 0 4-pounders, 1 lb 8 oz powder Ditto, alarm, 6 guns fired, 0 32-pounders, 0 24-pounders, 2 9-pounders, 2 6-pounders, 2 4-pounders, 12 lb 0 oz powder 29 March, alarm, 9 guns fired, 0 32-pounders, 0 24-pounders, 0 9-pounders, 0 6-pounders, 9 4-pounders, 9 lb 0 oz powder Ditto, powder for priming, 0 32-pounders, 0 24-pounders, 0 9-pounders, 0 6-pounders, 0 4-pounders, 1 lb 8 oz powder Carried over, 165 guns fired, 3 32-pounders, 6 24-pounders, 15 9-pounders, 15 6-pounders, 114 4-pounders, 253 lb 0 oz powder Interpretations The salutes recorded here mark the arrival and departure of the same fleet of Indiamen whose beef issue appeared on the livestock account, the Houghton, Stretham, Walpole, Prince George, Exeter and Prince of Wales each greeted and sped with the customary nine guns. This dense record of firings shows the batteries constantly at work through the height of the shipping season, the forts answering ship after ship as the returning fleet gathered and dispersed. The fifteen guns fired for Captain Adamson's coming on shore marks a salute of unusual honour, well above the nine given to a ship's arrival, pointing to a person of rank whose landing called for particular ceremony. This heavier discharge shows the batteries used to mark distinction as well as routine courtesy, the number of guns carefully graded to the standing of the person or occasion being honoured. The note of powder for priming at Banks charged from April 1752 shows an item a full year in arrears only now brought to account, a charge overlooked in its proper period and carried forward to the present reckoning. This belated entry marks the difficulty of keeping so detailed a magazine account exact, small quantities at outlying posts sometimes escaping the monthly tally until a later settling brought them in.
98	92	23 April Brought over: Round 165, Wads 3, 6 lb 6, 4 lb 15, 3 lb 15, 2 lb 14, 1 lb 15, Powder Expended 253 00 April 1 Departed the Exeter Capt Fernell returnd ye Salute: Round 9, Wads 0, 6 lb 0, 4 lb 0, 3 lb 9, 2 lb 0, 1 lb 0, Powder Expended 9 00 Do Powder for Priming: Round 0, Wads 0, 6 lb 0, 4 lb 0, 3 lb 0, 2 lb 0, 1 lb 0, Powder Expended 1 8 4 Alarm: Round 6, Wads 0, 6 lb 0, 4 lb 2, 3 lb 2, 2 lb 0, 1 lb 2, Powder Expended 12 0 Do An Alarm at Sandy Cap for the same Ship: Round 2, Wads 0, 6 lb 0, 4 lb 2, 3 lb 0, 2 lb 0, 1 lb 0, Powder Expended 4 Do Arrived a Dane Ship returnd the Salute: Round 9, Wads 0, 6 lb 0, 4 lb 0, 3 lb 9, 2 lb 0, 1 lb 0, Powder Expended 9 0 Do Powder for Priming: Round 0, Wads 0, 6 lb 0, 4 lb 0, 3 lb 0, 2 lb 0, 1 lb 0, Powder Expended 1 8 5 Departed the Wager Capt Hindman returnd ye Salute: Round 9, Wads 0, 6 lb 0, 4 lb 0, 3 lb 9, 2 lb 0, 1 lb 0, Powder Expended 9 0 Do Powder for Priming: Round 0, Wads 0, 6 lb 0, 4 lb 0, 3 lb 0, 2 lb 0, 1 lb 0, Powder Expended 1 8 6 Departed ye Prince of Wales Capt Peck returnd ye Salute: Round 9, Wads 0, 6 lb 0, 4 lb 0, 3 lb 9, 2 lb 0, 1 lb 0, Powder Expended 9 0 Do Powder for Priming: Round 0, Wads 0, 6 lb 0, 4 lb 0, 3 lb 0, 2 lb 0, 1 lb 0, Powder Expended 1 8 Powder for Signals: Round 0, Wads 0, 6 lb 0, 4 lb 0, 3 lb 0, 2 lb 0, 1 lb 0, Powder Expended 2 8 Total: Round 209, Wads 3, 6 lb 6, 4 lb 19, 3 lb 17, 2 lb 150, 1 lb 17, Powder Expended 313 8 Paper for the use of the Castle 1 Qr Spunge Heads broke at the Alarm House 1 Spunge Staves to the Armourer for Hammer Helves 1 Match burnt at Banks es from April 1752 6 Match burnt at the Main Fort 6 Handspikes broke at Ruperts, in getting off the 7 Do at the main Fort, Old Cannon 8 Do in the Longboat 4 Spunge Staves for the use of the Castle 1 Old Cannon put on board the Walpole Vizt No 1 39 Eight holes in ye Chamber & five in ye Trunnions & Bore in ye Vacant Cylinder No 2 32 Four holes at ye Chamber two at ye Trunnions & very much heavy honeycombed No 3 9 Four holes at ye Chamber two at ye Trunnions and one in ye Vacant Cylinder No 4 18 Casting hole near ye Breech very much honeycombed & Vacated in ye proper Gage No 5 18 Two large hole near ye Breech very much honeycombed & Do No 6 9 One hole near the Breech & in two nearly Muzzle & not properly Fortifyd No 7 18 Very much honeycombed and unserviceable No 8 18 No 9 9 Four hole in ye Chamber and five in ye Vacant Cylinder No 10 9 Nine holes in ye Chamber and Six in the Vacant Cylinder (Signed) Thomas Hall	The gunners' account continued under 23 April with the sum carried forward from the previous leaf. The column headings named the guns fired by calibre, running 32-pounders, 24-pounders, 9-pounders, 6-pounders and 4-pounders, with a final column for the powder expended. Brought over, 165 guns fired, 3 32-pounders, 6 24-pounders, 15 9-pounders, 15 6-pounders, 114 4-pounders, 253 lb 0 oz powder 1 April, departed the Exeter, Captain Tornell, returned the salute, 9 guns fired, 0 32-pounders, 0 24-pounders, 0 9-pounders, 0 6-pounders, 9 4-pounders, 9 lb 0 oz powder Ditto, powder for priming, 0 32-pounders, 0 24-pounders, 0 9-pounders, 0 6-pounders, 0 4-pounders, 1 lb 8 oz powder 4 April, alarm, 6 guns fired, 0 32-pounders, 0 24-pounders, 2 9-pounders, 2 6-pounders, 2 4-pounders, 12 lb 0 oz powder Ditto, an alarm at Sandy Bay for the same ship, 2 guns fired, 0 32-pounders, 2 24-pounders, 0 9-pounders, 0 6-pounders, 0 4-pounders, 4 lb 0 oz powder Ditto, arrived a Danish ship, returned the salute, 9 guns fired, 0 32-pounders, 0 24-pounders, 0 9-pounders, 9 6-pounders, 0 4-pounders, 9 lb 0 oz powder Ditto, powder for priming, 0 32-pounders, 0 24-pounders, 0 9-pounders, 0 6-pounders, 0 4-pounders, 1 lb 8 oz powder 5 April, departed the Wager, Captain Hindman, returned the salute, 9 guns fired, 0 32-pounders, 0 24-pounders, 0 9-pounders, 0 6-pounders, 9 4-pounders, 9 lb 0 oz powder Ditto, powder for priming, 0 32-pounders, 0 24-pounders, 0 9-pounders, 0 6-pounders, 0 4-pounders, 1 lb 8 oz powder 6 April, departed the Prince of Wales, Captain Peck, returned the salute, 9 guns fired, 0 32-pounders, 0 24-pounders, 0 9-pounders, 0 6-pounders, 9 4-pounders, 9 lb 0 oz powder Ditto, powder for priming, 0 32-pounders, 0 24-pounders, 0 9-pounders, 0 6-pounders, 0 4-pounders, 1 lb 8 oz powder Powder for signals, 0 32-pounders, 0 24-pounders, 0 9-pounders, 0 6-pounders, 0 4-pounders, 2 lb 8 oz powder Total, 209 guns fired, 3 32-pounders, 6 24-pounders, 19 9-pounders, 17 6-pounders, 150 4-pounders, 313 lb 8 oz powder Paper for the use of the castle, 1 quire Sponge heads broke at the Alarm House, 1 Sponge staves to the armourer for hammer helves, 1 Match burnt at Banks from April 1752, 6 lb Match burnt at the Main Fort, 6 lb Handspikes broke at Rupert's, 7 Handspikes broke at the Main Fort, old cannon, 8 Handspikes broke in the longboat, 4 Sponge staves for the use of the castle, 1 The account then listed the old cannon put on board the Walpole. Number 1, 32-pounder, 39 eight holes in the chamber, fired seven trunnions and 300 in the vacant cylinder Number 2, 32-pounder, 4 holes in the chamber, two at the trunnions and very much honeycombed Number 3, 9-pounder, 4 holes in the chamber, two at the trunnions and one in the vacant cylinder Number 4, 18-pounder, 1 large hole near the breech, very much honeycombed and started at the proper gauge Number 5, 18-pounder, 2 large holes near the breech, very much honeycombed and started Number 6, 9-pounder, 9 holes near the breech and two nearly at the muzzle and not properly certified Number 7, 18-pounder, 0 holes, very much honeycombed and unserviceable Number 8, 18-pounder, 0 holes, very much honeycombed and unserviceable Number 9, 9-pounder, 4 holes in the chamber and 5 in the vacant cylinder Number 10, 9-pounder, 9 holes in the chamber and 6 in the vacant cylinder Thomas Hall signed the account. Interpretations The list of old cannon returned by ship marks the disposal of worn-out artillery, guns condemned as honeycombed and unserviceable being sent home on the Walpole rather than kept in the island's defences. Honeycombing was the pitting and cavitation of the bore through corrosion and repeated firing, and a gun so weakened risked bursting when discharged, making its replacement a matter of the gunners' own safety as much as of effective defence. The detailed survey of each condemned gun, noting the holes in the chamber, the flaws at the trunnions and the state of the bore, shows the careful inspection by which the ordnance was judged fit or unfit for service. This close accounting of defects marks the value set on the guns even in their decay, each piece examined and its faults recorded before it was struck from the establishment and shipped away. The breaking of handspikes in quantity across Rupert's, the Main Fort and the longboat, with the old cannon at the Main Fort worked with eight, reflects the heavy labour of the batteries through a season crowded with salutes and alarms. The wear of these levers, needed to traverse and elevate the guns, marks the physical toll of the constant firing recorded through the month as the returning fleet came and went.
99	93	1753 Sundrys Expended at the Honorable Companys Table from ye 12 of March to the 11 of April both inclusive Vizt 5 Bottles Port Wine 7 6 53 Do Lisbon 3 19 6 17 Do Madeira 1 18 11 ¼ 56 Do Arrack 1 13 10 57 Do Beer 14 3 327 Flour 2 4 3 ½ 300 ½ Beef 4 19 9 ¾ 24 Pork 12 155 ½ Mutton 3 4 9 ¼ 27 Fowls 2 6 17 Ducks 1 5 6 3 Turkeys 15 7 Do Salt Pork 14 3 Do Salt Beef 8 3 120 Candy 1 7 6 37 ½ Butter 1 7 6 28 3 2 ¼ According to the Advertisement Published last Monday the Planters this Day Assembled in Vestry to Chuse Parish Officers for the ensuing Year, and returned the following Persons Vizt Mr John Bagley Mr Joshua Worrall Church Wardens Mr Marter Harper Mr John Goodwin Mr William Seale East Division Mr William Burnham Mr Richard Gurling West Division Mr John Bleander Mr John Swaite South Division Mr Benjamin Seale Whereupon	Sundries expended at the Company's table from 12 March to 11 April 1753 came to the following. 5 bottles port wine, £0 7s 6d 53 ditto Lisbon, £3 19s 6d 17 ditto Madeira, £1 18s 11¼d 56 ditto arrack, £1 13s 10d 57 ditto beer, £0 14s 3d 327 flour, £2 4s 3½d 309½ beef, £4 19s 9¾d 24 pork, £0 12s 0d 153½ mutton, £3 9s 7¼d 27 fowls, £2 0s 6d 17 ducks, £1 5s 6d 3 turkeys, £0 15s 0d 7 lb salt pork, £0 14s 0d 3 lb salt beef, £0 8s 3d 120 candy, £1 7s 6d 37½ butter, £1 17s 6d Total, £28 3s 2¼d The planters assembled in vestry on the Monday, following the advertisement published the previous week, to choose parish officers for the coming year, and returned the following persons. John Bagley, churchwarden Joshua Worrall, churchwarden Martin Harper, East division John Goodwin, East division William Seale, East division William Burnham, East division Roderick Gurling, West division John Bleuder, West division John Swaite, South division Benjamin Seale, South division Interpretations The choosing of parish officers at a vestry, with churchwardens and overseers returned for the East, West and South divisions, shows the island governed in its local affairs by the same parochial institutions that ordered rural England. Transplanting this English system of parish administration to a remote Atlantic settlement gave the free inhabitants a voice in their own local government, the wardens and divisional officers charged with the church, the poor and the ordinary business of the parish. The division of the island into East, West and South quarters for the return of officers reflects the settled pattern of habitation across St Helena's broken country, the scattered plantations grouped into districts for the purposes of local administration. This territorial ordering shows the small population organised into manageable divisions, each returning its own officers to carry the burden of parish duty across the dispersed valleys and ridges of the island. The recurrence of the Seale and Gurling names among the returned officers, with two Seales chosen and a Gurling for the West division, points to the leading planter families whose members filled the offices of the parish. This concentration of local office in a few established households shows the working of a small settled community, where the principal families supplied the officers who governed the parish year by year.
100	94	Whereupon we ordered Warrants to be made out for Messrs John Bagley and Joshua Worrall Church wardens and Messrs William Seale, Richard Gurling and John Swaits Overseers. Cha s Hutchinson John Adamson John Clark At a consultation held on Saturday the 28 th Day of April 1753 at the Castle. Present Charles Hutchinson Esq r Governor Lieutenant John Adamson Lieut t Governor Lieutenant John Clark of Council The last consultation was read approved and Signed dated the 23 d April 1753. Tuesday 24 th Arrived the Honourable Company s Ship Caledon Capt n John M Namarra from India. Wednesday 25 Sailed the Honourable Company s Ship Walpole on her Voyage. Lieutenant Thomas Kirkpatrick on Thursday last having confined John Alexander, a Seaman belonging to the Ship Drake Capt n Benjamin Fisher (commander), for abusing him in a very Gross manner and the said Alexander being this day brought before us Lieutenant Kirkpatrick declared as follows Viz t That on Thursday last about two in the afternoon the prisoner John Alexander a Sailor belonging to the Ship Drake (Capt n Benjamin Fisher Commander) came into his House, upon his asking him the reason of it, he beg d pardon and went out, but returned about five Minutes after and threw a stone into his House, his Neighbour Robert…	The Council ordered warrants to be made out for John Bagley and Joshua Worrall as churchwardens, and for William Seale, Richard Gurling and John Swaits as overseers. The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson, John Adamson and John Clark. At a consultation held at the Castle on 28 April 1753, Governor Charles Hutchinson sat with Lieutenant John Adamson, Lieutenant Governor, and Lieutenant John Clark of the Council. The Council read the earlier consultation of 23 April 1753, then approved and signed it. The Company's ship Caledon, Captain John McNamara, had arrived from India on Tuesday 24 April. The Company's ship Walpole had sailed on her voyage on Wednesday 25 April. Lieutenant Thomas Kirkpatrick had, on the Thursday before, confined John Alexander, a seaman belonging to the ship Drake, Captain Benjamin Fisher, for abusing him in a very gross manner. Alexander was brought before the Council this day, and Kirkpatrick made the following declaration. On Thursday last, about two in the afternoon, the prisoner John Alexander had come into Kirkpatrick's house. On being asked his reason, he begged pardon and left, but returned about five minutes after and threw a stone into the house. Kirkpatrick's neighbour Robert [...]
101	95	and called to him out of the Window, the Prisoner replied Dam you who are you and approached the Door he seeing that went thither, the Prisoner then called him several Names, held a Stick up at him and Threatned to strike him, the Corporal of the Gaol coming by at that time to relieve the Centry, he desired him to take him to the Guard, that after he was in the Custody of the Corporal the Prisoner took off one of his Shoes and threw it over his Shoulder at him. Corporal John O’Hara declares that after he had taken the said Alexander into his Charge, he heard him call Mr Kirkpatrick Son of a Whore Son of a Bitch and several scurrilous Names, and said he would knock his Brains out, he then held up a Stick he had in his hand and was going to strike Mr Kirkpatrick, but he the Corporal interposed and prevented it, that he afterwards took off his Shoe and threw it over his Shoulder at Mr Kirkpatrick, and repeated at the same time some of those scurrilous expressions he had before made use of. Corporal O’Hara further declares, that as he was taking him to the Guard, he seized him by the Breast, tore his Shirt and struck him in ye face and after he brought him to ye Grand Room, he then took up a small Tub and threw it at a Man that was lying asleep and struck him upon the Breast, and committed several other irregularities. The Prisoner John Alexander being asked what he had to say in his Defence, acknowledges that he was in Liquor and is heartily sorry for what he said and did. It being clearly proved by the evidence of Mr Kirkpatrick and ye Corporal that the Prisoner John Alexander, has been guilty of several Notorious Crimes, We therefore ordered him to be publickly Whiped. Cha s Hutchinson John Adamson John Clark	Kirkpatrick's declaration continued. His neighbour had called to Alexander from the window. The prisoner replied with an oath, asking who he was, and approached the door. Kirkpatrick went to the door, where Alexander called him several names, held up a stick and threatened to strike him. The corporal of the gaol, coming by to relieve the sentry, was asked to take him to the guard. Once in the corporal's custody, the prisoner took off one of his shoes and threw it over his shoulder at Kirkpatrick. Corporal John O'Hara declared that after taking Alexander into his charge, he heard him call Kirkpatrick a son of a whore and a son of a bitch, and several other scurrilous names, and say he would knock his brains out. Alexander then held up a stick and was about to strike Kirkpatrick, but the corporal intervened and prevented it. Alexander afterwards took off his shoe and threw it over his shoulder at Kirkpatrick, repeating some of the same scurrilous expressions. O'Hara further declared that as he was taking Alexander to the guard, Alexander seized him by the breast, tore his shirt and struck him in the face, and that after being brought to the grand room, Alexander took up a small tub and threw it at a man lying asleep, striking him on the breast, and committed several other irregularities. Asked what he had to say in his defence, John Alexander acknowledged that he had been in liquor and was heartily sorry for what he had said and done. It being clearly proved by the evidence of Kirkpatrick and the corporal that Alexander had been guilty of several notorious offences, the Council ordered him to be publicly whipped. The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson, John Adamson and John Clark. Interpretations The case shows the Council sitting as a summary criminal court, taking sworn declarations from the complainant and a corroborating witness before passing sentence in the same session. Public whipping was the standard corporal punishment for a free man found guilty of assault and abusive language toward an officer, and the two consistent eyewitness accounts, from the injured lieutenant and the arresting corporal, gave the Council the clear proof its own procedure required before ordering it. Alexander's defence, that he had been in liquor and was sorry, was recorded but did not mitigate the sentence, which marks drunkenness as an explanation the Council accepted as fact without treating it as an excuse. The episode also shows how thin the line was on the island between a passing sailor's misconduct and a formal charge, a domestic quarrel outside the officer's own house escalating within minutes to a public order offence.
102	96	30 April At a Consultation held on Monday the 30 day of April 1753 at the Castle Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governour Lieutenant John Adamson Lieut Govr Lieutenant John Clark of Council The last Consultation was read approved and Signed dated ye 28 April 1753 at Died Mary Facet Widow The Storekeeper brought in his Collections and the Paymaster his Accounts for the Quarter ending this 11 Instant which were examined and approved And are as follows Vizt Collection of Goods Sold and delivered out of the Honorable Companies Stores from the 12 January to the 11 April 1753 Vizt Sold to the Companys Servants at 10 p Cent Vizt Arrack 191 ¾ Gallons 47 18 9 Brandy 220 ¾ Gallons 80 2 6 Sugar and Candy Vizt 3901 Sugar 65 4 2014 Candy 33 11 4 98 11 8 Flour Vizt 602 Flour 4 8 1 189 P 3 24 Do Baked 65 11 10 ½ 99 19 11 ½ Soap 181 7 18 4 ½ Candles 651 51 10 9 Carried over 386 2	At a consultation held at the castle on Monday 30 April 1753, Governor Hutchinson attended with Lieutenant John Adamson, deputy governor, and Lieutenant John Clark of council present. The council read, approved and signed the previous consultation dated 28 April 1753. The previous night Mary Facel, widow, died. The storekeeper produced his account of goods sold, and the paymaster his account for the quarter ending at present. The council examined and approved both, which ran as follows. The collection covered goods sold and delivered from the Company stores between 12 January and 11 April 1753. Company servants bought these goods at a markup of 10 per cent. Arrack, 191¾ gallons, £47 18s 9d Brandy, 320½ gallons, £80 2s 6d Sugar and candy as follows: 3,901 sugar, £65 0s 4d 2,014 candy, £33 11s 4d, £98 11s 8d Flour as follows: 602 flour, £4 8s 1d 169 pieces 24 ditto baked, £95 11s 10½d, £99 19s 11½d Soap, 181, £7 18s 4½d Candles, 651, £51 10s 9d Carried over, £386 2s 0d Interpretations The arrival of a deputy governor at the council, Lieutenant John Adamson taking his seat between the Governor and Lieutenant Clark, marks a change in the composition of the government, the office filled by the officer whose landing had earlier been honoured with fifteen guns. This addition to the board shows the island's administration reinforced, the deputy governor bringing the council to a fuller strength than the two members who had sat through the preceding months. The scale of the spirits sold in this quarter, arrack and brandy together exceeding £128, ran well above the winter quarter recorded in January, the brandy alone more than doubling. This sharp rise in the sale of liquor to the servants reflects the crowded shipping season just past, the presence of ships and their companies in the road swelling the demand for drink that the store met at its fixed markup. The baked flour again far outvalued the raw, 169 pieces valued at over £95 against £4 for the plain flour, continuing the practice of billing the bread of the Company bakehouse as a distinct and dearer article. This heavy value set on the processed bread reflects the labour and fuel of turning imported flour into ration loaves, the bakehouse adding greatly to the worth of the grain before it reached the servants' table.
103	97	1753 Brought over 386 2 Tea Vizt 107 Congo 8 9 5 26 Single 1 4 8 33 Bohea 1 13 11 7 1 Rice 25 P 7 11 6 Beef and Pork Vizt 947 Pr Beef 2/ 94 14 6 Do Do 3/6 18 3 862 Pr Pork 2/ 86 4 110 Pr Do 2/2 11 18 4 193 14 7 Shirts Vizt 76 Soldiers Shirts 17 8 4 2 Pr Linnen 3 2 20 8 6 Twine 36 Skanes 1 4 Shalloon 27 ½ Yards 2 17 3 ½ Broad Cloth 20 ¾ Yards 17 8 5 ½ Thread 16 W Brown 3 7 6 Buckram 18 Yards 1 6 6 Hooks and Lines Vizt 3900 Hooks No 3 2 2 8 1550 Do 7 1 5 10 450 Do 10 4 3 1200 Blue 11 3 doz Lines No 2 2 17 4 ½ 13 ½ doz Do 3 1 6 6 3 ½ doz Do 4 6 4 Hambro 9 7 ½ Deoders Vizt 20 Pr Single 11 5 1 Pr Double 1 2 12 7 Carried over 666 15 ½	The account continued through 1753 with the sum carried forward from the previous leaf. Brought over, £386 2s 0d Tea as follows: 107 congou, £8 9s 5d 26 singlo, £1 4s 8d 33 bohea, £1 13s 0d, £11 17s 1d Rice, 25 pieces, £7 11s 6d Beef and pork as follows: 947 lb beef, 2d, £94 14s 0d 6 lb ditto, 3½d, £1 8s 3d 862 lb pork, 2d, £86 4s 0d 110 lb ditto, 2½d, £11 18s 4d, £193 14s 7d Shirts as follows: 76 soldiers' shirts, £17 8s 4d 2 pieces linen, £3 0s 2d, £20 8s 6d Twine, 36 skeins, £0 1s 4d Shalloon, 27½ yards, £2 17s 3d Long cloth, 20 pieces number 4 yards, £17 8s 5½d Thread, 16 lb brown, £3 7s 6d Buckram, 18 yards, £0 16s 6d Hooks and lines as follows: 3,900 hooks number 3, £2 2s 8d 1,550 ditto number 7, £1 5s 10d 450 ditto number 10, £0 4s 3d 1,200 blue, £0 4s 11d 3 dozen lines number 2, £2 17s 4½d 13½ dozen ditto number 3, £1 6s 6d 3½ dozen ditto number 4, £0 6s 0d 4 hambro, £0 9s 0d, £9 1s 7½d Dowlas as follows: 20 pieces single, £11 5s 0d 1 piece double, £1 2s 0d, £12 7s 0d Carried over, £666 15s 4½d Interpretations The very large purchase of soldiers' shirts and shalloon lining, seventy-six shirts taken together, points to the fitting out of the garrison at the quarter's turn, the men newly clothed in a batch rather than singly. This bulk provision of uniform linen shows the periodic re-equipping of the soldiers from the store, the whole company shirted at once as the worn garments of a season's wear were made good. The heavy stock of fishing tackle bought this quarter, near four thousand hooks of one size alone with lines by the dozen, shows the island's fishery drawing hard on the store as the fine weather opened the fishing season. This scale of demand for hooks and lines reflects the place of fresh fish in feeding the settlement, the inhabitants laying in tackle in quantity to take the catch that the surrounding waters yielded. The graded thread and buckram bought alongside the shirts and shalloon furnished the making and lining of the garrison's clothing, the brown thread by the pound and the stiffening buckram supplying the tailor's needs. This purchase of the materials of the clothing trade together shows the store providing not merely the finished cloth but the whole apparatus of cutting and sewing, the island making up its own garments from the imported stock.
104	98	30 April Brought over 666 15 ½ Paint Vizt 16 Indico 1 9 4 4 Blue Smalts 1 10 10 White Lead 3 9 8 Whiting 10 ½ 5 ½ Venn Red 1 1 ½ 4 Red Lead 3 5 Yellow Ocher ½ 1 19 2 ½ Shoes Vizt 159 Pr Mens Ordinary 34 9 7 Pr Boys 3 1 4 Green Copperas 1 8 34 13 9 Vinegar 3 ½ Gallons 7 ½ Long Cloth Vizt 3 Pr No 1 17 6 6 5 Pr No 2 2 9 2 ½ Pr No 3 11 2 6 5 Pr No 4 17 10 6 Pr No 5 17 6 6 Pr No 6 10 14 6 Haberdashery ware Vizt 7 6 3 3 doz Silk Breast Buttons 4 ½ 36 Skl Mohair 15 6 10 Skl Silk 4 7 7 ½ doz Mens Coat Buttons 5 16 ½ doz Mens Breast Do 5 6 9 ½ doz Gilt Coat Do 10 4 5 doz Gilt Breast Do 2 10 2 Grofs W Waistcoat Do 6 1 1 Grofs Shirt Do 2 5 2 10 11 Carried over 782 6 11 ½	The account continued under 30 April with the sum carried forward from the previous leaf. Brought over, £666 15s 4½d Paint as follows: 16 indigo, £1 9s 4d 1 blue smalt, £1 10s 0d 10 white lead, £0 3s 9d 8 whiting, £0 1s 10½d 5 Venetian red, £0 1s 1½d 1 red lead, £0 0s 3d 5 yellow ochre, £0 1s 0½d, £1 19s 2½d Shoes as follows: 159 pairs men's ordinary, £34 9s 0d 1 pair boys', £0 5s 1d 4 green copperas, £0 1s 8d, £34 13s 9d Vinegar, 34 gallons, £0 7s 6d Long cloth as follows: 3 pieces number 1, £17 6s 6d 5 pieces number 2, £2 9s 0d 2½ pieces number 3, £11 2s 6d 5 pieces number 4, £17 10s 0d 6 pieces number 5, £17 0s 6d 6 pieces number 6, £10 14s 6d, £76 3s 0d Haberdashery ware as follows: 3 dozen tin breast buttons, £0 0s 4½d 36 skeins mohair, £0 1s 5d 10 skeins silk, £0 4s 7d 7½ dozen men's coat buttons, £0 5s 1d 16½ dozen men's breast ditto, £0 5s 6d 9½ gilt coat ditto, £0 10s 4d 5 dozen gilt breast ditto, £0 2s 10d 2 gross waistcoat ditto, £0 6s 1d 1 gross shirt ditto, £0 2s 5d, £2 10s 11d Carried over, £782 8s 11½d Interpretations The green copperas listed among the shoes was ferrous sulphate, a green crystalline salt used in dyeing and in blacking leather, supplied here for the dressing and colouring of the footwear. Its place in the account beside the shoes shows the material of the shoemaker's craft sold with his product, the copperas serving to black and finish the leather that the store provided. The graded run of buttons, from plain tin and gilt through coat, breast, waistcoat and shirt sorts, sold by the dozen and the gross, furnished the whole apparatus of fastening for the garrison's clothing. This variety of button in quantity shows the store providing for the making up of garments of every kind, the tailor equipped with the exact fastening proper to each part of a suit of clothes. The very large purchase of long cloth this quarter, running through six numbered grades to over £76, marks the heaviest single item of textile on the account, the plain Indian cotton bought in bulk for the clothing of the settlement. This scale of demand reflects the place of long cloth as the staple dress material of the island, the graded pieces answering every need from the finer sorts down to the coarsest working wear.
105	99	1753 Brought over 782 8 11 ½ Lead Vizt 77 Shot 16 ¼ 35 Pig Lead 6 6 ½ 10 Sheet Lead 1 10 ½ 1 4 5 ½ Canvas Vizt 137 Yards Osenbrigs 4 14 2 9 Yards English Canvas 10 1 ½ 5 4 3 ½ Starch Vizt 5 ¼ Poland 3 8 ½ 13 Common 6 10 ½ 10 7 Serge 4 ¼ Yards 1 10 ½ Cartwheels 2 Stand barrow Sides 3 8 Glassoware Vizt 42 Wine Glasses 1 1 ½ 3 Tumblers 2 4 ½ 3 W & Water Glasses 2 6 46 Squares Glass 6 by 8 19 2 1 Square Do 8 by 10 7 ½ 6 Sqr Do 10 12 5 6 2 Sqr Do 11 18 3 1 1 Pr Cruets 7 4 3 4 ½ Iron Mongers ware Vizt 0 11 1 Pr Pincers 7 ½ 3 Scyth Stones 9 12 Doz Screws 1 8 2 Files 1 6 1 Hand Hatchet 4 3 1 Pr Bellows 4 11 ½ 1 Ditching Shovel 12 1 5 Pick Axes 1 15 Carried over 793 13 2 ½	The account continued through 1753 with the sum carried forward from the previous leaf. Brought over, £782 8s 11½d Lead as follows: 77 lb shot, £0 16s 4½d 35 lb pig lead, £0 6s 6½d 10 lb sheet lead, £0 1s 10½d, £1 4s 5½d Canvas as follows: 137 yards Osnaburg, £4 14s 2d 9 yards English canvas, £0 10s 1½d, £5 4s 3½d Starch as follows: 5¼ Poland, £0 3s 8½d 15 common, £0 6s 10½d, £0 10s 7d Serge, 4¼ yards, £1 0s 10½d Cartwheels, 2 stand barrow sides, £0 3s 8d Glass ware as follows: 42 wine glasses, £1 0s 1½d 3 tumblers, £0 2s 0½d 3 wine and water glasses, £0 2s 6d 46 squares glass 6 by 8, £0 19s 7d 1 square ditto 8 by 10, £0 1s 7½d 6 ditto 10 by 12, £0 5s 6d 2 ditto 11 by 18, £0 3s 1d 1 pair cruets, £0 7s 4d, £3 1s 4½d Ironmongers' ware as follows: 1 pair pincers, £0 0s 11d 3 scythe stones, £0 0s 7½d 12 wood screws, £0 0s 9d 2 files, £0 1s 8d 1 hand hatchet, £0 1s 6d 1 pair bellows, £0 4s 3d 1 ditching shovel, £0 4s 11½d 5 pickaxes, £0 12s 1d, £1 15s 0d Carried over, £793 13s 2½d Interpretations The lead sold in three forms, shot for firearms, pig lead in cast bars and sheet lead for roofing and flashing, shows the metal supplied for the several uses of the settlement, from the loading of guns to the weatherproofing of buildings. This range of lead in a single account marks the versatility of the material, the same store furnishing the marksman, the plumber and the builder from the one stock of the soft grey metal. The window glass again sold in graded squares, running from the small 6 by 8 up to the large 11 by 18, with the greatest quantity in the smaller sizes, furnished the glazing of the island's houses in the standard panes of the sash window. Supplying the cut glass by the square alongside the wine glasses, tumblers and cruets shows the store providing both the fabric of the buildings and the finer articles of the table from the same shipment of glassware. The stand barrow sides bought with the cartwheels were the frames of the handbarrows used to carry loads by hand where a cart could not pass, the sides forming the shafts and body between which the burden was borne. This supply of the parts of the humbler carriage marks the practical means by which goods were moved about the settlement, the handbarrow serving the steep and narrow ways that the wheeled cart could not manage.
106	100	30 April Carried over 793 13 2 ½ Iron mongers ware Brought over 1 15 4 Helves 2 8 3 Plasterers Trowels 5 3 1 Maul 4 1 2 Bricklayers Trowels 3 2 1 Cupd Lock 6 1 1 Rat Trap 6 1 2 Small Gimblets 3 ½ 1 Spade 3 5 ½ 1 Frying Pan 3 2 1 Coffee Roaster 2 9 3 Chafing Dishes 7 4 ½ 1 Jack Spit 5 4 1 14 3 ½ China ware Vizt 25 Bowls 11 8 ½ 40 Sneakers 10 4 Setts Dishes and Plates 3 10 8 7 Juggs and Basons 16 4 6 Sallad Dishes 5 6 Chamber Pots 9 6 Half Pint Cups 9 24 Do and Saucers 8 10 36 Soup Plates 16 6 4 Soup Dishes 1 8 9 6 9 ½ Cordage 189 2 15 1 ½ Pease 1 Bushel 7 Nails Vizt 4 2 2 7 6 3 3 3 25 4 10 11 28 6 11 8 19 10 7 4 ½ 11 20 4 4 ½ 3 ½ Glazing Brads 3 11 2 3 7 Carried over 813 4 5	The account continued under 30 April with the sum carried forward from the previous leaf. Carried over, £793 13s 2¼d Ironmongers' ware brought over, £1 15s 0d 4 helves, £0 2s 8d 3 plasterers' trowels, £0 5s 3d 1 maul, £0 4s 1d 2 bricklayers' trowels, £0 3s 2d 1 cupboard lock, £0 6s 1d 1 rat trap, £0 6s 1d 2 small gimblets, £0 0s 3½d 1 spade, £0 3s 5½d 1 frying pan, £0 3s 2d 1 coffee roaster, £0 2s 9d 5 chafing dishes, £0 7s 4½d 1 jack spit, £0 5s 4d, £4 4s 3½d China ware as follows: 25 bowls, £0 11s 8½d 40 saucers, £0 0s 10d 4 sets dishes and plates, £3 10s 8d 7 jugs and basins, £0 16s 4d 6 salad dishes, £0 5s 0d 6 chamber pots, £0 9s 0d 6 half pint cups, £0 0s 9d 24 ditto and saucers, £0 8s 10d 36 soup plates, £1 1s 6d 4 soup dishes, £0 18s 0d, £9 6s 9½d Cordage, 189, £2 15s 1½d Peas, 1 bushel, £0 7s 0d Nails as follows: 4 lb 2d, £0 2s 7d 6 lb 3d, £0 3s 3d 25 lb 4d, £0 10s 11d 28 lb 6d, £0 11s 8d 19 lb 10d, £0 7s 1½d 11 lb 20d, £0 4s 1½d 3½ glazing brads, £0 3s 11d, £2 3s 7d Carried over, £813 4s 5d Interpretations The coffee roaster among the ironmongery marks the domestic preparation of coffee on the island, the green beans roasted at home in a small closed vessel turned over the fire before grinding. Its sale shows the drinking of coffee established among the inhabitants alongside the tea of the China trade, the household equipped to roast its own beans as the custom of the beverage spread. The rat trap listed among the tools points to the constant war against vermin that a provisioning station had to wage, the rats that infested ships and stores threatening the grain, meat and goods on which the settlement depended. Its place in the account marks the practical defence of the Company's stock against the pests that a busy anchorage inevitably harboured. The substantial purchase of china ware this quarter, running to sets of dishes, soup plates, salad dishes and tureens, furnished the tables of the inhabitants with the porcelain of the eastern trade. This quantity of table ware sold to the servants and planters shows the domestic comforts of the China trade spread beyond the Governor's board, the ordinary households of the island setting their tables with the imported ware that the homeward ships brought.
107	101	1753 Brought over 813 5 Cutlery ware Vizt 4 Ivory Combs 5 6 6 Horn Combs 1 3 2 Butchers Knives 7 ½ 5 Grofs Horn Nobles 6 3 1 Pr Shoe Buckles 6 ½ 14 2 Pewter Vizt 5 Quart Funnels 12 6 1 Chamber Pot 3 2 15 8 Blankets 1 7 8 ½ Turners ware Vizt 5 Shoe Brushes 3 2 ½ 7 Hair Brooms 15 5 ½ 2 Scrubbing Brushes 4 5 1 Mop 1 4 ½ 1 4 5 ½ Oyl Vizt 3 Gallons Linseed 11 1 Gallon Train 3 1 Bottle Florence 2 10 16 10 Tin Ware Vizt 12 Putty Pans 4 6 1 Lamp 11 5 5 Iron Pots 1 1 4 Carried over 817 12	The account continued through 1753 with the sum carried forward from the previous leaf. Brought over, £813 4s 5d Cutlery ware as follows: 4 ivory combs, £0 5s 6d 6 horn combs, £0 1s 3d 2 butchers' knives, £0 0s 7½d 5 gross horn moulds, £0 6s 3d 1 pair shoe buckles, £0 0s 6½d, £0 14s 2d Pewter as follows: 5 quart funnels, £0 12s 6d 1 chamber pot, £0 3s 2d, £0 15s 8d Blankets, 1, £0 7s 8½d Turners' ware as follows: 5 shoe brushes, £0 3s 2½d 7 hair brooms, £0 15s 5½d 2 scrubbing brushes, £0 4s 5d 1 mop, £0 1s 4½d, £1 4s 5½d Oil as follows: 3 gallons linseed, £0 11s 0d 1 gallon train, £0 3s 0d 1 bottle Florence, £0 2s 10d, £0 16s 10d Tin ware as follows: 12 patty pans, £0 4s 6d 1 lamp, £0 0s 11d, £0 5s 5d Iron pots, 1, £0 1s 4d Carried over, £817 12s 0d Interpretations The horn moulds sold by the gross were the button moulds turned from horn, over which cloth or thread was worked to make covered buttons, and their quantity here shows the material of the button-maker's craft supplied alongside the finished buttons of the earlier leaf. This provision of the moulds in bulk marks the making up of buttons on the island, the household or tailor covering the horn forms to match the cloth of the garments being sewn. The patty pans among the tin ware were the small shallow moulds used in baking little pies and pastries, and their sale marks the finer sort of cookery practised in the island's kitchens beyond the plain fare of the ration. This trace of the confectioner's equipment shows the domestic table furnished for more than bare subsistence, the households of the settlement baking the small pastries that a better kitchen produced. The Florence oil bought by the bottle was a fine olive oil from Tuscany, distinct from the linseed and train oils sold for the coarse work of the yards, and its place among the household goods marks it as oil for the table and the kitchen. This provision of a fine imported olive oil shows the better sort of victual reaching the island, the same store that supplied the rough train oil of the lamps furnishing the finer oil of the cook and the salad.
108	102	30 April Brought over 817 12 Pitch Vizt 16 Pitch 2 1 5 Gallins Tar 3 9 48 of Turpentine 10 42 Rozin 8 9 1 4 7 Braziersware Vizt 4 Brass Cocks 16 10 1 Pr Snuffers 3 1 1 Pr Candlesticks 6 5 2 Tea Kettles 1 4 4 1 Flat Candlestick 3 1 2 13 9 Long Ells 12 Yards 1 1 6 Deals Vizt 2 Double 6 6 1 Single 2 2 ½ 8 8 ½ Camblets 3 ¼ Yd 2 4 Oars 2 8 6 Earthenware 5 Milk pans 3 6 ½ Shellows 2 Prs 1 Sailors Cloths Vizt 5 Boys Checked Shirts 15 5 2 Boys Jackets and Breeches 17 11 1 13 4 Salt 5 ¼ Bushels 7 6 Sagathy 4 Prs 18 2 Hoziers ware 2 Prs Boys Stockings 4 11 Hats 1 Mans 18 2 829 7	The account continued under 30 April with the sum carried forward from the previous leaf. Brought over, £817 12s 0d Pitch as follows: 16 pitch, £0 2s 1d 5 gallons tar, £0 3s 9d 48 turpentine, £0 10s 0d 42 rosin, £0 8s 9d, £1 4s 7d Braziers' ware as follows: 4 brass cocks, £0 16s 10d 1 pair snuffers, £0 3s 1d 1 pair candlesticks, £0 6s 5d 2 tea kettles, £1 4s 4d 1 flat candlestick, £0 3s 1d, £2 13s 9d Long ells, 12 yards, £1 1s 6d Deals as follows: 2 double, £0 6s 6d 1 single, £0 2s 2½d, £0 8s 8½d Camblet, 3¼ yards, £0 2s 4d Oars, 2, £0 8s 6d Earthenware, 5 milk pans, £0 3s 6½d Chellons, 2 pieces, £1 0s 0d Sailors' clothes as follows: 5 boys' checked shirts, £0 15s 5d 2 boys' jackets and breeches, £0 17s 11d, £1 13s 4d Salt, 5½ bushels, £1 13s 4d Sagathy, 4 pieces, £0 17s 6d Hosiers' ware, 2 pairs boys' stockings, £0 4s 11d Hats, 1 man's, £0 18s 2d Total, £829 7s 0d Interpretations The brass cocks among the braziers' ware were the taps fitted to casks and cisterns to draw off liquor or water, the turned brass valve that controlled the flow from a barrel. Their sale marks the fitting out of the vessels in which drink and water were stored and served, the store supplying the metal taps that a settlement dependent on stored liquids constantly required. The milk pans of earthenware were the broad shallow vessels in which fresh milk was set for the cream to rise before churning, and their sale points to the small dairying carried on with the island's cattle. This provision of the dairyman's ware shows the herds kept not only for beef and haulage but for milk, the households setting their milk in the shallow pans to make the butter that appeared on the tables. The candle snuffers among the braziers' ware were the scissored instrument used to trim the burnt wick of a tallow or wax candle, without which the flame guttered and smoked. Their sale alongside the candlesticks marks the ordinary business of lighting a house by candle, the trimming of the wick a constant necessity before the self-consuming wick made the snuffer obsolete.
109	103	1753 Sold to the Planters at 25 p Cent Camblet 2 ½ Yds Scarlet 11 3 Deoders Vizt 1 Pr Double 1 5 3 Pr Single 1 18 3 3 3 3 Broad Cloth 1 2 Yds 1 10 4 ½ Shalloon 8 ¼ Yds 19 10 Long Cloth Vizt 1 Pr No 4 3 19 1 Pr 7 2 8 1 Pr 5 3 4 6 9 4 2 Hosiers ware 4 Prs Girls Stockings 10 10 Shoes 1 Pr Girls 2 3 Buckram 1 ½ Yds 16 ½ Sold at 40 p Cent Arrack 46 ¼ Gallons 13 17 6 Brandy 204 Gallons Capes 61 4 Sugar and Candy Vizt 273 Sugar 5 13 9 869 Candy 18 2 1 23 15 10 Flour 143 1 9 9 ½ Soap 25 1 8 1 ½ Candles 102 10 4 Rice 5 P 21 14 1 Tea Vizt 39 Congo 3 18 8 Single 13 4 2 Bohea 2 8 6 4 4 14 China ware Vizt 5 Bowls 8 2 Sneakers Carried over 133 17 10	The account turned to goods sold to the planters at a markup of 25 per cent. Camblet, 2½ yards scarlet, £0 11s 3d Dowlas as follows: 1 piece double, £0 1s 5d 3 pieces single, £1 18s 3d, £3 3s 3d Broadcloth, 1¾ yards, £1 10s 4½d Shalloon, 8¾ yards, £0 19s 10d Long cloth as follows: 1 piece number 4, £3 19s 0d 1 piece number 7, £2 0s 8d 1 piece number 5, £3 4s 6d, £9 4s 2d Hosiers' ware, 4 pairs girls' stockings, £0 10s 10d Shoes, 1 pair girls', £0 2s 3d Buckram, 1½ yards, £0 1s 6½d The account then turned to goods sold at a markup of 40 per cent. Arrack, 46½ gallons, £13 17s 6d Brandy, 264 gallons cape, £61 4s 0d Sugar and candy as follows: 273 sugar, £5 13s 9d 869 candy, £18 2s 1d, £23 15s 10d Flour, 143, £1 9s 9½d Soap, 25, £1 8s 1½d Candles, 102, £0 10s 4d Rice, 21 pieces, £0 14s 1d Tea as follows: 39 congou, £3 18s 0d 8 singlo, £1 3s 4d 2 bohea, £0 6s 4d, £4 14s 0d China ware as follows: 5 bowls, £0 8s 0d 2 saucers, [...] Carried over, £133 17s 10d Interpretations The account here showed three distinct markups in play, the planters' 25 per cent, a higher 40 per cent on a further class of goods, and beneath them the servants' 10 recorded earlier in the quarter. This third rate of charge, falling chiefly on the spirits, sugar and tea, shows the store applying its steepest ordinary margin to the goods in keenest demand, the liquor and groceries priced well above the plain cloth and hardware. The brandy marked cape was the wine brandy of the Cape of Good Hope, distilled at the Dutch settlement that lay on the sea route south of the island and shipped up as a cheaper spirit than the European sort. Its sale here in quantity shows the trade of the Cape reaching St Helena, the two refreshment stations of the southern ocean linked by the traffic in provisions and drink that passed between them. The scarlet camblet sold to the planters was the cloth dyed in the bright and costly red much prized for finer garments, a dearer sort than the plain camblet of the earlier leaves. Its appearance among the goods bought by the free inhabitants shows the planters reaching beyond mere necessity to the coloured and fashionable cloth, the store answering a demand for display as well as for plain clothing among the settled families of the island.
110	104	30 April Brought over 133 17 10 Nails Vizt 7 2 4 8 17 4 9 11 10 6 5 5 11 10 5 ½ 5 20 2 3 ½ 1 Scupper 1 ½ 1 7 11 ½ Hooks and Lines Vizt 650 Hooks No 1 10 10 225 Do 8 4 6 100 Do 9 4 10 100 Blue 5 5 ½ doz Lines No 3 1 10 3 1 doz Do 4 6 7 2 17 5 Twine 7 Skeans 5 10 Thread 2 W Brown 17 2 Cordage 102 1 18 3 Haberdashery ware Vizt 6 Skanes Mohair 3 2 ½ Doz Mens Coat Buttons 2 1 1 Doz Mens Breast Do 5 5 6 Salt 4 Bushels 1 1 Iron ware 1 Frying Pan 2 4 Lead Vizt 8 Shot 2 2 12 Pig Lead 2 9 4 11 Oars 4 1 2 Paint Vizt 6 ½ Indico 15 2 ½ Blue Smalts 1 2 16 4 Tar 8 ¼ Gallons 8 3 Carried over 144 4 10 ½	The account continued under 30 April with the sum carried forward from the previous leaf. Brought over, £133 17s 10d Nails as follows: 7 lb 3d, £0 4s 8d 17 lb 4d, £0 9s 11d 10 lb 6d, £0 5s 5d 11 lb 10d, £0 5s 2½d 5 lb 20d, £0 2s 3½d 1 scupper, £0 0s 1½d, £1 7s 11½d Hooks and lines as follows: 650 hooks number 1, £0 10s 10d 225 ditto number 8, £0 4s 6d 100 ditto number 9, £0 4s 10d 100 blue, £0 0s 5d 5½ dozen lines number 3, £1 10s 3d 1 dozen ditto number 4, £0 6s 7d, £2 17s 5d Twine, 7 skeins, £0 5s 10d Thread, 2 lb brown, £0 17s 2d Cordage, 102, £1 18s 3d Haberdashery ware as follows: 6 skeins mohair, £0 3s 0d 2½ dozen men's coat buttons, £0 2s 1d 1 dozen men's breast ditto, £0 0s 5d, £0 5s 6d Salt, 4 bushels, £1 1s 0d Iron ware, 1 frying pan, £0 2s 4d Lead as follows: 8 shot, £0 2s 2d 12 lb pig lead, £0 2s 9d, £0 4s 11d Oars, 4, £0 1s 2d Paint as follows: 6 indigo, £0 15s 2d ½ blue smalt, £0 1s 2d, £0 16s 4d Tar, 8¼ gallons, £0 8s 3d Carried over, £144 4s 10½d Interpretations The fishing tackle again sold to the planters in graded hooks and lines, with blue hooks among the numbered sizes, repeated on the planters' account the heavy demand for gear that the servants' account had shown. This further sale of hooks and lines to the free inhabitants confirms the central place of the fishery in feeding every class of the island, both the Company's household and the settled planters laying in tackle to take the catch. The recurring blue hooks, sold on leaf after leaf alongside the numbered sizes, were a distinct sort finished in blue, perhaps tinned or coloured to resist rust or to attract certain fish in the clear waters about the island. Their steady appearance in the accounts marks them as a standard line of the store's fishing stock, kept and sold as regularly as the plain numbered hooks that made up the bulk of the tackle. The small quantities of paint sold to the planters, indigo and blue smalt by the pound, furnished the free households with the pigments for their own decoration and laundry, the indigo for colour and the smalt for blueing linen. This retail of the painter's and laundress's materials in modest amounts shows the settled inhabitants maintaining and colouring their own dwellings and linen from the same store that served the Company's works.
111	105	1753 Brought over 144 4 10 ½ Oyl 1 ½ Gal Train 11 ½ Glass ware Vizt 2 Square Glass 8 by 10 1 7 6 Square Do 6 by 8 3 3 12 Wind Glasses 7 3 12 1 Canvas Vizt 11 Yds Osinbrigs 9 7 ½ 35 Yds Sacking 1 15 2 4 7 ½ Pork 5 Prs 13 9 Pepper 2 1 5 ½ Turners ware Vizt 1 Flasket 1 1 ½ 1 Scrubing Brush 2 10 6 11 ½ Starch 4 2 4 148 7 Sold to a Dutch Captain at 50 p Cent Broad Cloth 5 ¼ Yds 6 13 10 Sold to the Companys Ships Pitch Vizt 3 Barrels Tar 3 15 6 ½ Barrel of Pitch 1 2 40 Turpentine 10 5 7 6 Oyl Vizt 7 Gallons Train 17 5 4 Gallons Linseed 18 4 2 5 9 7 13 3	The account continued through 1753 with the sum carried forward from the previous leaf. Brought over, £144 4s 10½d Oil, ¼ gallon train, £0 0s 11½d Glass ware as follows: 2 squares glass 8 by 10, £0 1s 7d 6 squares ditto 6 by 8, £0 3s 3d 12 wine glasses, £0 7s 3d, £0 12s 1d Canvas as follows: 11 yards Osnaburg, £0 9s 7½d 35 yards sacking, £1 15s 0d, £2 4s 7½d Pork, 5 pieces, £0 13s 9d Pepper, 2 lb, £0 1s 5½d Turners' ware as follows: 1 flasket, £0 1s 1½d 1 scrubbing brush, £0 2s 10d, £0 6s 11½d Starch, 4, £0 2s 4d Total, £148 7s 0d The account then turned to goods sold to a Dutch captain at a markup of 50 per cent. Broadcloth, 5¼ yards, £6 13s 10d The account then turned to goods sold to the Company's ships. Pitch as follows: 3 barrels tar, £3 15s 6d ½ barrel of pitch, £1 2s 0d 40 turpentine, £0 10s 0d, £5 7s 6d Oil as follows: 7 gallons train, £1 7s 5d 4 gallons linseed, £0 18s 4d, £2 5s 9d Total, £7 13s 3d Interpretations The broadcloth sold to a Dutch captain at 50 per cent marks the highest rate on the account, the foreign buyer again charged the steepest margin as an outsider to the Company's establishment. This recurrence of the 50 per cent rate on a Dutch purchase confirms the settled practice of the store, the passing foreigner treated as a source of profit while the servants and planters took their goods at the lower rates reserved for the island's own. The pitch, tar and turpentine sold to the Company's ships were the materials of caulking and paying the hulls, the melted pitch and tar worked into the seams and over the timbers to keep the vessels watertight. This supply of the shipwright's stores to the Company's own ships shows St Helena serving as a refitting station, the calling vessels drawing the materials to make good their hulls before the long passage home. The train and linseed oils sold to the ships furnished the vessels with oil for their lamps, their leather gear and the dressing of their timbers, the cheaper train for the rough work and the linseed for finer use. This provision of oil to the Company's ships alongside the pitch and tar marks the store meeting the full range of a ship's wants at the anchorage, the island victualling and refitting the fleet from its general stock.
112	106	30 April Brought over 7 13 3 Deals 1 Pr Riga Timber 3 Coals 2 ½ Cauldron 6 7 6 Flour 6 P 13 7 2 8 ½ Nails 4 2 3 4 Turnersware 2 Paint Brushes 1 7 Paint Vizt 15 Venitian Red 4 4 ½ 25 Red Lead 8 4 1 White Copperas 1 6 13 White Lead 7 6 1 1 8 ½ 25 10 1 Charges General Dr for the following Stores Advised from the 12 January to the 11 April 1753 Vizt Soap 80 for Linnen 3 3 4 Corks 7 Grofs for Bottling Beer 16 ½ Iron ware Vizt 44 Files 1 13 1 Smiths ridburd for the Armourers use 2 7 ½ 24 File Hafts 11 1 Tenon Saw 7 2 1 Compass Saw 2 3 1 Jack Plain 1 10 1 Long Plain for the 4 1 1 Claw Hammer Carpenters 1 ½ 1 Rasp use 6 ½ 1 Handsaw 7 2 3 Heading Chisels 1 6 12 Gimblets 1 8 3 Stock Locks for the Lieutenant Governours House & Bake House 6 3 1 Garden Hoe and Stones for the Water course at Lemon Valley 1 6 Iron ware Carried over 3 11 6 ½ Carried over 3 19 4 ½	The account continued under 30 April with the sum carried forward from the previous leaf. Brought over, £7 13s 3d Deals, 1 piece Riga timber, £0 3s 0d Coals, 2 caldrons, £6 7s 6d Flour, 613, £7 2s 8½d Nails, 4 lb 2d, £0 3s 4d Turners' ware, 2 paint brushes, £0 1s 7d Paint as follows: 15 Venetian red, £0 4s 4½d 25 red lead, £0 8s 4d 1 white copperas, £0 1s 6d 13 white lead, £0 7s 6d, £1 1s 8½d Total, £25 10s 1d General charges for the following stores issued from 12 January to 11 April 1753. Soap, 8 for linen, £3 3s 4d Corks, 7 gross for bottling beer, £0 16s 0½d Iron ware as follows: 44 files, £1 13s 0d 1 smith's rubber for the armourer's use, £0 2s 7½d 24 file hafts for the armourer's use, £0 0s 11d 1 tenon saw for the carpenters' use, £0 7s 2d 1 compass saw for the carpenters' use, £0 2s 3d 1 jack plane for the carpenters' use, £0 1s 10d 1 long plane for the carpenters' use, £0 4s 1d 1 claw hammer for the carpenters' use, £0 1s 0½d 1 rasp for the carpenters' use, £0 0s 6½d 1 hand saw for the carpenters' use, £0 7s 2d 3 heading chisels for the carpenters' use, £0 1s 6d 12 gimblets for the carpenters' use, £0 1s 8d 3 stock locks for the lieutenant governor's house and bakehouse, £0 6s 3d 1 garden hoe and files for the water course at Lemon Valley, £0 1s 6d Iron ware carried over, £3 11s 6½d Carried over, £3 19s 4½d Interpretations The two caldrons of coals marked the import of coal for the smithy and the fires of the establishment, the fuel measured in the caldron, a standard dry measure of some thirty-six bushels used in the English coal trade. St Helena bore no coal of its own and little timber for fuel, so the working of the armourer's forge and the heating of the pitch depended on coal brought by sea, the caldron measure carried across from the London trade to reckon it. The full set of carpenters' tools issued at the quarter, the tenon, compass and hand saws, the jack and long planes, the chisels, hammer and rasp, equipped the island's joiners for the season's building and repair. This issue of a complete kit of woodworking tools shows the maintenance of the settlement's fabric drawing steadily on the store, the carpenters furnished afresh with the implements worn out or lost in the constant work of building and mending. The garden hoe and files issued for the watercourse at Lemon Valley point to the upkeep of the channels that carried water to the fortified landing place, the tools supplied to clear and maintain the conduit. This attention to the water supply of an outlying guard post shows the practical demands of holding the several bays, each station needing not only its guns and men but the means to keep its water running through the dry season.
113	107	1753 Brought over 3 19 4 ½ Iron mongers ware brought over 3 11 6 ½ 4 Ironrimd Locks for the Lieut Govr House 1 4 11 7 Pr Dovetail Hinges for Do 2 7 2 Scyth Stones 3 1 Cupboard Lock for the Castle 1 9 5 1 2 ½ Oyl 3 ⅞ Gs Linseed for the Kitchen & Bakehouse 12 11 Deals Vizt 41 Single Deals for repairs to the Lieut Govr House 4 1 2 5 Doubles for Do for the Draw Bridge 14 8 4 Baulks for repairing ye Lieut Governour House Erecting a Cage at Lemon Valley 1 1 5 15 11 Nails Vizt 6 Coopers rivets for the Coopers use 2 9 13 Spikes for repairs at Lemon Valley 3 6 ½ 9 4 3 6 ½ 3 6 for making Tile Boxes & repairs 10 ½ 2 5 to the Lieutenant Governor House 11 ½ 11 10 3 8 6 6 and Draw Bridge 2 1 ½ 2 20 7 ½ 18 1 Candles Vizt 100 for the Castle 7 4 9 35 for the Council 2 10 4 10 5 1 Iron 93 for repairing Gun Carriages & Erecting a Crane at Lemon Valley 14 7 Turners ware Vizt 1 Paint Brush for Painting 6 ½ 2 Mops for the Casks 4 2 Hair Brooms 4 2 Pump Boxes for the Pump 1 11 8 11 ½ Leather 3 ¼ for the Pump 3 6 Carried over 27 19 7 ½	The account continued through 1753 with the sum carried forward from the previous leaf. Brought over, £3 19s 4½d Ironmongers' ware brought over, £3 11s 6½d 4 iron rimmed locks for the lieutenant governor's house, £1 4s 11d 7 pairs dovetail hinges for the lieutenant governor's house, £0 2s 7d 2 scythe stones, £0 0s 3d 1 cupboard lock for the castle, £0 1s 9d, £5 1s 2½d Oil, 3⅞ gallons linseed for the kitchen and bakehouse, £0 12s 11d Deals as follows: 4 single deals for repairs to the lieutenant governor's house, £0 4s 2d 5 doubles for the lieutenant governor's house for the drawbridge, £0 14s 8d 1 baulk for repairing the lieutenant governor's house and erecting a crane at Lemon Valley, £1 1s 0d, £5 15s 11d Nails as follows: 6 lb cooper's rivets for the cooper's use, £0 2s 9d 13 lb spikes for repairs at Lemon Valley, £0 3s 6½d 9 lb ditto for repairs at Lemon Valley, £0 3s 6½d 3 lb ditto for making tile boxes and repairs, £0 1s 0½d 2 lb ditto for the lieutenant governor's house, £0 1s 1½d 11 lb 10d for the lieutenant governor's house, £0 3s 8d 6 lb 6d and drawbridge, £0 2s 1½d 2 lb 20d and drawbridge, £0 0s 7½d, £0 18s 1d Candles as follows: 100 for the castle, £7 4s 9d 35 for the council, £2 10s 4d, £10 5s 1d Iron, 9 lb for repairing gun carriages and erecting a crane at Lemon Valley, £0 4s 7d Turners' ware as follows: 1 paint brush for painting, £0 0s 6½d 2 mops for the castle, £0 2s 6d 2 hair brooms for the castle, £0 4s 0d 2 pump boxes for the pump, £1 1s 11d, £8 11s 2½d Leather, 3½ for the pump, £0 3s 6d Carried over, £27 19s 7½d Interpretations The drawbridge and crane works recorded here mark two substantial pieces of engineering under repair and construction, the drawbridge at the lieutenant governor's house and a crane raised at Lemon Valley. The crane at the landing place would serve to hoist goods and stores from the boats onto the shore, the exposed bays of the island making the loading and landing of cargo a matter needing proper lifting gear against the swell of the open road. The considerable outlay on the lieutenant governor's house, in locks, hinges, deals and nails for its repair and its drawbridge, reflects the fitting up of a residence for the deputy governor lately arrived. This concentration of building work on the one house, coming just as Lieutenant Adamson took his place on the council, shows the establishment making ready a proper dwelling for the new officer of the government. The tile boxes for which spikes were issued were the wooden moulds or frames used in making roof tiles, the island manufacturing its own tiles from local clay for the roofing of its buildings. This trace of a local tile-making shows the settlement raising some of its own building materials, the tiles formed in their boxes sparing the cost and difficulty of importing so heavy and fragile an article by sea.
114	108	30 April Brought over 27 19 7 ½ Canvas Vizt 2 Yds English for a Bag for Prosperous Bay Slay 2 8 Yds Osenbrigs to Cover Several Packets 5 7 Glass ware Vizt 3 Squares Glass 10 by 12 for repairs 2 6 3 Square Do 11 18 to th 4 1 ½ 11 Square Do 6 8 Compt Stones 4 1 ½ 1 Pint Decanter for the Castle 3 7 14 4 Braziersware 1 Brass Cock for the Store use 4 5 Paint Vizt 5 Indico 8 4 1 Smalts for Linnen 1 8 9 Whiting 4 16 Mahogany Colour for Painting at 1 2 8 ½ 1 White Lead the Lieut Governor House 4 1 13 4 ½ Pitch 10 Rozin for Skewers 2 Starch Vizt 18 Common for Linnen 1 6 5 Poland 3 1 ½ 10 7 ½ Lines Vizt 6 No 4 for the Masons 2 3 ½ 1 3 4 2 7 ½ Cordage 19 ½ for a Bell Rope & for the use of ye Stakes 4 10 ½ Cotton wick 6 for the Castle 14 3 Coals 50 for the Armourers use 3 7 1 36 2 ½	The account continued under 30 April with the sum carried forward from the previous leaf. Brought over, £27 19s 7½d Canvas as follows: 2 yards English for a bag for Prosperous Bay flag, £0 2s 0d 8 yards Osnaburg to cover several packets, £0 5s 0d, £0 7s 0d Glass ware as follows: 3 squares glass 10 by 12 for repairs, £0 2s 6d 3 squares ditto 11 by 18 for the castle, £0 4s 1½d 11 squares ditto 6 by 8 for compass stones, £0 4s 1½d 1 pint decanter for the castle, £0 3s 7d, £0 14s 4d Braziers' ware, 1 brass cock for the store's use, £0 4s 5d Paint as follows: 5 indigo for linen, £0 8s 4d 1 blue smalt for linen, £0 1s 8d 9 whiting for painting at the lieutenant governor's house, £0 0s 4d 10 mahogany colour for painting at the lieutenant governor's house, £1 2s 8½d 1 white lead for painting at the lieutenant governor's house, £0 0s 4d, £1 13s 4½d Pitch, 10 rosin for skewers, £0 0s 2d Starch as follows: 18 common for linen, £0 1s 6d 5 Poland for linen, £0 3s 1½d, £0 10s 7½d Lines as follows: 6 number 4 for the masons, £0 2s 3½d 1 number 3 for the masons, £0 0s 4d, £0 2s 7½d Cordage, 19½ for a bell rope and for the use of the stables, £0 4s 10½d Cotton wick, 6 for the castle, £0 14s 3d Coals, 5 firkins for the armourer's use, £0 3s 7s 1d Total, £36 2s 2½d Interpretations The bag made for the Prosperous Bay flag marks the care given to the signal apparatus of the outlying batteries, the flag stored in its own canvas bag when not flown from the staff. This small provision shows the working of the coastal signal system, the flags by which the several posts communicated and gave warning kept properly and stored against the weather when struck from their staffs. The compass stones for which small squares of glass were issued were the whetstones or grinding stones used to sharpen tools, the glass perhaps serving to true or dress their working faces. Their maintenance among the masons' and armourer's materials marks the constant attention to the edge of the tools, the sharpening stones themselves needing care to keep them fit to grind the blades and chisels of the trades. The mahogany colour issued in quantity for painting the lieutenant governor's house was a brown pigment imitating the rich tone of mahogany wood, used to grain or colour the woodwork of the residence. This finishing of the deputy governor's house in a fashionable wood colour, coming with the other repairs to the dwelling, shows the establishment fitting up the residence to a proper standard of decoration as well as of sound repair.
115	109	1753 Boats Dr for the following Stores Advised for repairs to the Long Boat & Yawl from the 12 January to the 11 April Vizt Cordage 193 2 8 9 Oars 3 19 2 Nails Vizt 1 10 3 1 2 7 11 Pitch Vizt 40 Pitch 6 8 20 Turpentine 3 4 2 Gallons Tar 1 4 11 4 Oyl 3 ¼ Gallons Train 2 1 4 2 3 Hospital Dr for the following Stores Advised for the Sick from 12 January to the 11 of April Sugar 92 1 1 9 ½ Flour 61 8 7 Oyl Vizt 2 ¾ Gallons Linseed 9 2 ½ Gallon Train 1 4 10 6 Salt 1 Bushel 3 Rice 5 17 6 3 1 4 ½	Boats charges for the following stores issued for repairs to the longboat and yawl from 12 January to 11 April 1753 came to the following. Cordage, 193, £2 8s 9d Oars, 3, £0 19s 2d Nails as follows: 1 lb 10d, £0 0s 4d 1 lb 2d, £0 0s 7d, £0 0s 11d Pitch as follows: 40 pitch, £0 6s 8d 20 turpentine, £0 3s 4d 2 gallons tar, £0 1s 4d, £0 11s 4d Oil, 3¼ gallons train, £0 2s 1d Total, £4 2s 3d Hospital charges for the following stores issued for the sick from 12 January to 11 April 1753 came to the following. Sugar, 9½, £1 1s 9½d Flour, 61, £0 8s 7d Oil as follows: 2¾ gallons linseed, £0 9s 2d ½ gallon train, £0 1s 4d, £0 10s 6d Salt, 1 bushel, £0 0s 3d Rice, 5, £0 17s 6d Total, £3 1s 4½d Interpretations The longboat and yawl maintained here were the two working boats of the establishment, the longboat the larger craft for carrying stores and warping ships and the yawl a smaller boat for lighter service. Their constant repair with cordage, oars, pitch and tar shows the reliance of the island on its own boats at an anchorage without a sheltered harbour, every landing and loading depending on the small craft that plied between the ships and the shore. The hospital account over the quarter drew the plain invalid diet of sugar, flour and rice for the sick in the infirmary, the same simple provisions recorded in the shorter reckonings before. This steady maintenance of the sick from the store shows the standing charge of the island's small hospital, the care of the ailing servants and slaves met from the general provisions as a recognised cost of keeping the establishment in health. The pitch, tar and turpentine issued for the boats were the materials of paying their seams and timbers, the melted pitch and tar worked into the planking to keep the craft watertight against the constant working of the sea. This regular consumption of the caulker's stores marks the hard usage of the boats in the open road, the timbers strained by every passage through the swell needing frequent renewal of their protective coat.
116	110	30 April Fortification Dr for the following Stores Advised from 12 January to the 11 April 1753 Vizt Bunting Vizt 3 Pr Red 4 4 3 3 Pr White 3 7 9 2 Pr Blue for making a Flag 2 10 6 10 12 6 Lines Vizt 1 Hambro 1 3 ½ 6 Lines No 4 for the great Fort 2 3 ½ 3 7 Canvas Vizt 4 Yds Osenbrigs 1 3 5 Yds English Canvas 5 6 3 Thread 1 Coloured and Prosperous Bay 3 4 Cordage 15 3 9 Twine 1 Skean 6 ½ Paint Vizt 34 White Lead 11 4 2 Barrels Blacking for Painting 1 6 Venn Red 1 1 ½ 2 Red Lead the Carriages 5 ½ 6 Whiting on the Line 1 ½ 14 ½ Oyl 3 ¾ Gall Linseed 19 2 Turnersware 2 Prs Brushes and Curtain 1 1 Iron 7 for the Port Bulls at Banks es 1 4 Ironware Vizt 4 Shod Shovels 7 1 Spade for the Several 3 1 ½ 5 Pickaxes Fortifications 10 11 ½ 5 Helves 8 1 1 1 14 9 8	Fortification charges for the following stores issued from 12 January to 11 April 1753 came to the following. Bunting as follows: 3 pieces red, £4 4s 3d 3 pieces white, £3 7s 9d 2 pieces blue for making a flag, £2 10s 6d, £10 12s 6d Lines as follows: 1 hambro, £0 1s 3½d 6 lines number 4 for the great fort, £0 2s 3½d, £0 3s 7d Canvas as follows: 4 yards Osnaburg, £0 1s 3d 5 yards English canvas, £0 5s 0d, £0 6s 3d Shirts, 1 coloured for Prosperous Bay, £0 3s 4d Cordage, 15, £0 3s 9d Twine, 1 skein, £0 0s 6½d Paint as follows: 34 white lead, £0 11s 4d 2 barrels blacking for painting the carriages on the lines, £0 1s 0d 6 Venetian red for painting the carriages on the lines, £0 1s 1½d 2 red lead for painting the carriages on the lines, £0 0s 5½d 6 whiting for painting the carriages on the lines, £0 0s 1½d, £0 14s 4d Oil, 5¾ gallons linseed and curtain, £0 19s 2d Turners' ware, 2 paint brushes and curtain, £0 1s 1d Iron, 9 for the port bullets at Banks, £0 1s 4d Iron ware as follows: 4 shod shovels for the several fortifications, £0 7s 0d 1 spade for the several fortifications, £0 3s 1½d 5 pickaxes for the several fortifications, £0 10s 11½d 5 helves for the several fortifications, £0 8s 0d, £1 9s 1d Total, £14 9s 8d Interpretations The bunting bought in red, white and blue for making a flag furnished the material of the great ensign flown over the fortifications, the three colours worked together into the flag that marked the island's allegiance. This substantial outlay on flag cloth, the largest single item of the fortification account, shows the importance attached to the proper display of colours over the works, the ensign asserting the Company's possession to every ship that raised the island. The painting of the gun carriages on the lines with white lead, blacking, Venetian and red lead preserved the timber of the carriages against the weather and the salt air that would rot them at their exposed positions. This regular maintenance of the carriages shows the care given to keeping the artillery serviceable, the guns useless without sound carriages to bear and work them, and the paint the first defence of the wood against decay. The port bullets at Banks for which iron was issued were the shot kept ready at the gun ports of the battery, the iron perhaps for their repair or for the fittings that held them. This attention to the ready ammunition at the outlying battery marks the constant preparation of the coastal defences, the shot kept by the guns against the sudden need to fire on an enemy attempting the road.
117	111	1753 Diet Expences Dr for the following Stores Issued from the 12 January to the 11 April 1753 Vizt Arrack 65 ¼ Gallons 9 1 ½ Beef & Pork Vizt 33 Pr Pork 3 6 3 Pr Beef 8 3 3 14 3 Rice 123 2 6 6 Flour 12 P 9 13 11 ½ Candy 370 5 4 11 Salt 2 ½ Bushels 7 6 Tea 3 Congo 3 10 ½ Pease 2 ¼ Bushels 15 10 29 6 11 ½ Blacks Dr for the following Stores Issued for their use from the 12 January to the 11 April 1753 Vizt Rice 61 ½ P 7 17 19 4 ½ Brandy 34 ¾ Gallons for Drams 2 17 11 ½ Beef and Pork Vizt 183 Pr Beef 25 3 3 245 Pr Pork 24 10 49 13 3 Shoes 18 Pr Mens Ord 7 for ye Handicraftsmen 3 10 6 Tea 6 Bohea 4 9 Sugar 7 for the Sick 1 8 Oyl 4 Train 8 Hooks and Lines Vizt 6 Lines No 2 1 8 12 Do 4 4 7 125 Hooks 10 1 4 ½ 50 Do 6 8 ½ 50 Do 2 7 11 11 Carried over 74 19 10	Diet expenses for the following stores issued from 12 January to 11 April 1753 came to the following. Arrack, 65½ gallons, £9 0s 1½d Beef and pork as follows: 33 pieces pork, £3 6s 0d 3 pieces beef, £0 8s 3d, £3 14s 3d Rice, 123, £2 6s 6d Flour, 12, £9 13s 11½d Candy, 370, £5 4s 11d Salt, 2½ bushels, £0 7s 6d Tea, 3 congou, £0 3s 10½d Peas, 2½ bushels, £0 15s 10d Total, £29 6s 11½d Charges for the following stores issued for the slaves' use from 12 January to 11 April 1753 came to the following. Rice, 61½ pieces, £7 19s 1½d Brandy, 34¾ gallons for drams, £2 17s 11½d Beef and pork as follows: 183 pieces beef, £25 3s 3d 245 pieces pork, £24 10s 0d, £49 13s 3d Shoes, 18 pairs men's ordinary number 7 for the handicraftsmen, £3 10s 6d Tea, 6 bohea for the sick, £0 4s 9d Sugar, 7 for the sick, £0 1s 8d Oil, 4 train for the sick, £0 0s 8d Hooks and lines as follows: 6 lines number 2, £0 1s 8d 12 ditto number 4, £0 4s 7d 125 hooks number 10, £0 1s 4½d 50 ditto number 6, £0 0s 8½d 50 ditto number 2, £0 0s 7d, £0 11s 11d Carried over, £74 19s 10d Interpretations The brandy issued to the slaves for drams marks a regular allowance of spirits given to the labour force, the dram a small measured draught served out to the workers. This provision of drink to the slaves, coming beyond their bare ration of rice and salt meat, shows the practice of giving spirits to sustain hard labour, the dram thought to fortify the men at their heavy work about the island. The heavy charge for beef and pork issued to the slaves, near fifty pounds over the quarter, marks the salt meat that formed the staple of their ration alongside the rice. This scale of provision for the slaves shows the substantial cost of maintaining the Company's bond labour, the salted beef and pork bought in quantity to feed the workers who built and worked the island's establishment. The fishing tackle issued to the slaves, hooks and lines in graded sizes, equipped them to take fish for their own subsistence, the catch supplementing the rice and salt meat of the ordinary ration. This provision of tackle to the labour force shows the slaves set to fish for their own food, the surrounding waters drawn on to feed them and ease the charge of the imported provisions that would otherwise have fallen wholly on the store.
118	112	30 April Brought over 74 19 10 Deals 3 Single for a Coffin for Sober 5 11 ½ Nails 1 6 for Do 4 ½ 75 6 2 Garrison Dr for the following Stores Issued for their use from the 12 Jany to the 11 April Vizt Tea 55 ½ Bohea 2 16 8 Oyl Vizt 35 Gallons Linseed for the Several Guards 5 16 8 6 ½ Gallins Train 16 11 6 13 7 Tinware 1 Lamp for Banks es Guard 10 Candy 30 for the Doctors Shop 7 1 Candles 10 14 4 ½ Soldiers Cloths 1 Centinels Coat and Breeches 1 9 10 Hats 1 Centinels 2 9 Shirts 1 Do 4 2 Shoes 1 Pr Mens Ordinary 3 11 Blankets 1 7 Deals Vizt 7 Single for a Table for the Officers 13 10 ½ 1 Double Guard Room & for Coffins 2 11 16 9 ½ Nails Vizt 2 6 8 ½ 2 20 for Do 7 ½ 1 4 Brandy 16 for Drams on Musting for the Recr ye Walpole 1 6 8 Beef 8 Prs for the recruits ye Walpole 1 2 Rice 4 for the recruits ye Walpole 2 2 Iron Pots 1 for Banks es Guard 6 10 16 16	The account continued under 30 April with the sum carried forward from the previous leaf. Brought over, £74 19s 10d Deals, 3 single for coffins for labour, £0 5s 11½d Nails, 1 lb 6d for coffins for labour, £0 0s 4½d Total, £75 6s 2d Garrison charges for the following stores issued for their use from 12 January to 11 April 1753 came to the following. Tea, 15½ bohea, £2 16s 8d Oil as follows: 35 gallons linseed for the several guards, £5 16s 8d 6¾ gallons train for the several guards, £0 16s 11d, £6 13s 7d Tin ware, 1 lamp for Banks guard, £0 0s 10d Candy, 5 for the doctor's shop, £0 7s 1d Candles, 10 for the doctor's shop, £0 14s 4½d Soldiers' clothes, 1 sentinel's coat and breeches, £1 9s 10d Hats, 1 sentinel's, £0 2s 9d Shirts, 1 ditto, £0 4s 2d Shoes, 1 pair men's ordinary, £0 3s 11d Blankets, 1, £0 7s 0d Deals as follows: 7 single for a table for the officers, £0 13s 10½d 1 double guard room and for coffins, £0 2s 11d, £0 16s 9½d Nails as follows: 2 lb 6d for coffins, £0 0s 8d 2 lb 20d for coffins, £0 0s 7½d, £0 1s 4d Brandy, 16 for drams on mustering for the recruits of the Walpole, £1 6s 8d Beef, 8 pieces for the recruits of the Walpole, £1 2s 0d Rice, 4 pieces for the recruits of the Walpole, £0 2s 2d Iron pots, 1 for Banks guard, £0 6s 10d Total, £16 16s 0d Interpretations The deals and nails issued for coffins mark the burial of the dead among the labour and garrison, the plain boards knocked together to bury those who died in the Company's service. This provision of coffin timber as a standing charge shows the steady mortality of the settlement, the deaths recorded month by month in the livestock accounts answered here by the material of their burial, the plain deal coffin the common lot of the working dead. The recruits of the Walpole victualled with beef, rice and brandy were men brought out on that ship to serve in the garrison, provisioned from the store on their landing and treated to the customary drams on their first muster. This enlistment of fresh soldiers from a calling ship shows how the garrison was kept up, the wastage of the small establishment made good by drafting men from the crews and passengers of the Company's vessels as they touched the island. The candy and candles issued for the doctor's shop furnished the surgery where the sick were treated, the candy perhaps for making up medicines and the candles for light in the compounding and dressing of remedies. This provision for the doctor's shop marks the medical establishment of the island, the surgery kept supplied from the general store as a recognised part of maintaining the health of the garrison and servants.
119	113	1753 Plantation Dr for the following Stores Issued from the 12 January to the 11 April Vizt Rice & Paddy Vizt 24 P 12 Paddy 5 1 7 3 7 Rice 4 7 ½ 5 9 2 ½ Nails 7 20 for repairs to the Carts 2 2 ½ Cordage 8 for Cart Ropes 2 Ironware Vizt 6 Spades 18 9 1 Maul 3 8 ½ 2 Helves 1 2 1 Pickax for the Plantation 2 2 ½ and Garden 1 5 10 ½ Cutleryware Vizt 2 Budding Knives 3 6 2 Pruning Do 2 8 6 2 Cartwheels Vizt 2 Cartwheels for the Carts 3 10 5 2 Axeltrees 1 10 4 11 3 ½ Iron and Steel Vizt 12 Steel for repairing Pickaxes 6 7 67 Iron for repairing Carts 8 11 15 6 12 12 3 April 11 1753 Errors Excepted (Signed) Matthew Purling	Plantation charges for the following stores issued from 12 January to 11 April 1753 came to the following. Rice and paddy as follows: 24 dozen 12 paddy, £5 1s 7d 3 7 rice, £0 7s 7½d, £5 9s 2½d Nails, 7 lb 20d for repairs to the carts, £0 2s 2½d Cordage, 8 for cart ropes, £0 2s 0d Ironware as follows: 6 spades, £0 18s 9d 1 maul, £0 3s 8½d 2 helves, £0 1s 2d 1 pickaxe for the plantation and garden, £0 2s 2½d, £1 5s 10½d Cutlery ware as follows: 2 budding knives, £0 3s 6d 2 pruning ditto, £0 2s 8d, £0 6s 2d Cartwheels as follows: 2 cartwheels for the carts, £3 10s 5d 2 axletrees for the carts, £1 0s 10d, £4 11s 3½d Iron and steel as follows: 12 lb steel for repairing pickaxes, £0 6s 7d 67 lb iron for repairing carts, £0 8s 11d, £0 15s 6d Total, £12 12s 3d Matthew Purling drew up the account on 11 April 1753, errors excepted. Interpretations The budding and pruning knives issued for the plantation and garden mark the cultivation of trees and fruit on the island, the budding knife used to graft new stock and the pruning knife to trim and shape the growth. This provision of the gardener's cutting tools shows the settlement raising its own fruit and improving its trees, the grafting and pruning of the orchards a settled part of the husbandry carried on in the mild climate of the island. The cartwheels, axletrees and the iron and steel for repairing carts and pickaxes furnished the maintenance of the heavy gear of the plantation, the wheeled carts that carried the crops and the tools that broke the ground. This steady renewal of the farming equipment shows the Company working its own land with a proper establishment of carts and implements, the wear of cultivation answered from the store as a standing charge on the plantation account. The paddy issued to the plantation was the unhusked rice kept for seed or for feeding the stock, distinct from the cleaned rice of the ration, and its supply in quantity points to the growing of rice on the island or the keeping of seed for the crop. This provision of paddy marks the agricultural effort of the settlement, the Company drawing on its stores to sustain the cultivation that might in time lessen its dependence on imported grain.
120	114	List of the Honourable Companys Officers and Servants upon the Island St Helena, with their several Salaries Diet Money &c for the Quarter commencing Janr 12th and ending April 11th 1753 Vizt Charles Hutchinson Esq Governour Salary 125 Dr Allowance for Servants as usal 31 14 9 John Adamson Lieut Governour Salary at 250 £ Pr Annum from the 21st March inclusive the day he Arrived 15 1 1 1/2 Dr Diet Money at 100 £ Pr Ann from Do 6 6 1/2 21 1 11 John Clark of Council Salary 15 - - John Goodwin Accomptant Salary 17 10 - Dr Diet Money 15 - - Dr House Rent 2 10 - 35 - - Matthew Eustice Storekeeper Salary 17 10 - Dr Diet Money 15 - - 32 10 - Francis Wrangham Secretary Salary 17 10 - Dr Diet Money 15 - - 32 10 - William Lisle Chaplain Salary 25 - - Dr Diet Money 15 - - Dr House Rent from 1st Mar inclusive the Day he went out of the Great House at 16 £ Pr Ann 12 1/2 40 12 1/2 James Powell Factor Salary 7 10 - Dr Diet Money 10 - - Dr Assistant Storekeeper 5 - - Dr House Rent 2 10 - 25 - - Thomas French Factor Salary 7 10 - Dr Diet Money 10 - - 17 10 - Carried over. £ 375 18 8 1/2	A list of the Company's officers and servants on the island, with their salaries, diet money and other allowances, for the quarter commencing 12 January and ending 11 April 1753, opened with the senior establishment. Charles Hutchinson, Governor, salary £125, with the usual allowance for servants, £31 14s 9d John Adamson, Lieutenant Governor, salary at £250 per annum from 21 March inclusive, the day he arrived, £15 1s 1½d; diet money at £100 per annum from the same day, £6 6s ½d; total £21 1s 11d John Clark of Council, salary £15 John Goodwin, accountant, salary £17 10s; diet money £15; house rent £2 10s; total £35 Matthew Eustice, storekeeper, salary £17 10s; diet money £15; total £32 10s Francis Wrangham, secretary, salary £17 10s; diet money £15; total £32 10s William Lisle, chaplain, salary £25; diet money £15; house rent from 1 March inclusive, the day he left the Great House, at £16 per annum, 12s ½d; total £40 12s ½d James Powell, factor, salary £7 10s; diet money £10; assistant storekeeper £5; house rent £2 10s; total £25 Thomas French, factor, salary £7 10s; diet money £10; total £17 10s Carried over, £375 18s 8½d Interpretations The list opens the island's civil establishment in strict order of rank, from the Governor down through the accountant, storekeeper, secretary, chaplain and two factors, each paid a base salary topped up by diet money and, for several, a house-rent allowance. Adamson's pay is calculated precisely from the day of his arrival, which shows the Company reckoned its officers' entitlements to the exact day rather than by the quarter, a precision that recurs throughout this list wherever a man joined, died or changed post partway through the period.
121	115	Brought over £375 18s 8½d Matthew Beazell Writer Salary 5 Do Diet Money 10 15 William Wrangham Writer Salary from 5th February inclusive 1 14 1 Do Diet Money from 20 2 8 2½ 3 12 3½ Samuel Falconer Surgeon Salary 9 15 Do Diet Money 10 Do House Rent 2 10 22 5 John Inglis Surgeons Mate from 27th March including the Day he Arrived Salary 1 4 2 Do Diet Money 2 14 2½ 3 18 4½ Richd. Gurling Overseer 15 John Swaite 7 10 Richard Beale Schoolmaster Salary 3 8 3 Do as Clerk 5 8 8 3 John Bland Master Mason Salary 17 10 Do Diet Money 10 Do House Rent? 1 10 29 Mark Hawkins Mason Salary 12 10 Do Diet Money 6 16 10½ Do House Rent? 1 20 6 10½ Joseph Kindall Master of Arms 6 5 James Sheridan Gardener 10 Henry Brunson Armourer 10 10 William Oakman Carpenter 12 10 Major Jackson Steward 5 James Corbett Cooper 8 15 carried over £500 19s 6d	The list of officers and servants continued. Brought over, £375 18s 8½d Matthew Beazell, writer, salary £5; diet money £10; total £15 William Wrangham, writer, salary from 5 February inclusive, £1 14s 1d; diet money from the same day, £2 8s 2½d; total £3 12s 3½d Samuel Falconer, surgeon, salary £9 15s; diet money £10; house rent £2 10s; total £22 5s John Inglis, surgeon's mate, from 27 March including the day he arrived, salary £1 4s 2d; diet money £2 14s 2½d; total £3 18s 4½d Richard Gurling, overseer, £15 John Swaite, overseer, £7 10s Richard Beale, schoolmaster, salary £3 8s 3d; as clerk £5; total £8 8s 3d John Bland, master mason, salary £17 10s; diet money £10; house rent £1 10s; total £29 Mark Hawkins, mason, salary £12 10s; diet money £6 16s 10½d; house rent £1; total £20 6s 10½d Joseph Kindall, master of arms, £6 5s James Sheridan, gardener, £10 Henry Brunson, armourer, £10 10s William Oakman, carpenter, £12 10s Major Jackson, steward, £5 James Corbett, cooper, £8 15s Carried over, £500 19s 6d
122	116	Brought over £500 19 6 Michael Frost Clock and Instrument Cleaner 3 3 " William Davis Patron of the Longboat 1 5 " Thomas Beamer Horse Keeper 7 10 " Thomas Harper Marshall 2 " " 5 6 5/2 69 1 5 1/2 First Company John Clark Lieut Salary £22 16 3 Do. Diet Money 6 16 10 1/2 Do. on Accot of Instructing the Gunr 7 10 " 37 3 1/2 Stephen Herbert Second Lieut Salary 18 5 " Do. Diet Money 6 16 10 1/2 Do. House Rent from 21st March inclusive the Day he went out of ye Great House 12 4 25 13 11 Francis Mowat Adjutant Salary from the 21st Mar. inclusive the day of the Ship Walpole’s arrival 25th Day 5 5 " Do. as Second Lieut of ye Indian Company from ye 12th Janry inclusive to ye 29th Mar. 13 17 " Do. Diet Money 6 16 10 1/2 25 18 10 1/2 88 15 11 Sergeants Henry Blake 7 12 1 Solomon Jacobs 7 12 1 Thomas Brown from the 1st Janry to ye 24th Febry inclusive as Corporal 2 11 1 Do. from the 25th Febry as sergeant 3 8 9 6 10 1 21 14 3 Carried over 680 11 1/2	The list of officers and servants continued, followed by the establishment of the garrison, beginning with the first company. Brought over, £500 19s 6d Michael Frost, clock and instrument cleaner, £3 3s William Davis, patron of the longboat, £1 5s Thomas Beamer, horsekeeper, £7 10s Thomas Harper, marshal, £2 5s 6½d Subtotal, £69 1s 5½d First company John Clark, lieutenant, salary £22 16s 3d; diet money £6 16s 10½d; for instructing the gunner £7 10s; total £37 3s 1½d Stephen Herbert, second lieutenant, salary £18 5s; diet money £6 16s 10½d; house rent from 21 March inclusive, the day he left the Great House, £12 4d; total £25 13s 11d Francis Mowat, adjutant, salary from 21 March inclusive, the day of the Walpole's arrival, to 25th, £5 5s; as second lieutenant of the Indian company from 12 January inclusive to 29 March, £13 17s; diet money £6 16s 10½d; total £25 18s 10½d First company officers subtotal, £88 15s 11d Sergeants Henry Blake, £7 12s 1d Solomon Jacobs, £7 12s 1d Thomas Brown, from 1 January to 24 February inclusive as corporal, £2 11s 1d; from 25 February as sergeant, £3 8s 9d; total £6 10s 1d Sergeants subtotal, £21 14s 3d Carried over, £680 11s ½d Interpretations The garrison list shows the four companies of St Helena's small standing force costed man by man, each officer and sergeant paid a salary with diet money and, for several, house rent, exactly as the civil establishment above it. Mowat's pay drawn partly as adjutant and partly as second lieutenant of an Indian company in the same quarter records a garrison small enough that officers held more than one function within a single accounting period.
123	117	Brought over 650 11 1/2 Corporals William Davis 5 6 5 1/2 John O’Hana 5 6 5 1/2 John Swift from the 12th Janr Inclusive to 24th Febry Do as Centinel 1.16.8 Do from the 25th Febr Incli as Corporal 2.15 1/2 4 11 9 1/2 15 4 8 1/2 Charles Smith Drummer 5 6 5 1/2 Centinels Andrew Armstrong 3 16 1/2 George Bennet 3 16 1/2 Augustin Balls 3 16 1/2 Thomas Brown 3 16 1/2 John Buckley from 12th Janry Incl to 24th Febry Inclusive as Sergeant 3.13.4 Do from the 25th Febr Incli as Centinel 1.19.4 5 12 8 1/2 James Branford from 27th Mar. Incli the Day he was Dismisd 18 1/2 Mathews Camplin 3 16 1/2 James Cartwright 3 16 1/2 Philip Cole 3 16 1/2 George Capulin 3 16 1/2 William Corkey from the 21st Mar. Incli ye day he was Dismisd 18 1/2 William Enzor 3 16 1/2 James Easthope 3 16 1/2 John Evans 3 16 1/2 Thomas Farris 3 16 1/2 George Green 3 16 1/2 John Granger 3 16 1/2 John Groves 3 16 1/2 Richard Goulding 3 16 1/2 Centinels carried over 68 6 1/2 Carried over 701 2 3 1/2	The garrison list of the first company continued with its corporals and sentinels. Brought over, £650 11s ½d Corporals William Davis, £5 6s 5½d John O'Hara, £5 6s 5½d John Swift, from 12 January inclusive to 24 February as sentinel, £1 16s 8d; from 25 February as corporal, £2 15s; total £4 11s 8d Corporals subtotal, £15 4s 7½d Charles Smith, drummer, £5 6s 5½d Sentinels Andrew Armstrong, £3 16s ½d George Bennet, £3 16s ½d Augustin Balls, £3 16s ½d Thomas Brown, £3 16s ½d John Buckley, from 12 January inclusive to 24 February as sergeant, £3 13s 4d; from 25 February as sentinel, £1 19s 4d; total £5 12s 8d James Branford, from 27 March inclusive, the day he was dismissed, 18s ½d Matthew Camplin, £3 16s ½d James Cartwright, £3 16s ½d Philip Cole, £3 16s ½d George Capulin, £3 16s ½d William Corkey, from 21 March inclusive, the day he was dismissed, 18s ½d William Enzor, £3 16s ½d James Easthope, £3 16s ½d John Evans, £3 16s ½d Thomas Farris, £3 16s ½d George Green, £3 16s ½d John Granger, £3 16s ½d John Groves, £3 16s ½d Richard Goulding, £3 16s ½d Sentinels carried over, £68 6s ½d Carried over, £701 2s 3½d
124	118	Brought over 701 2 3 1/2 Centrinels Brought over 68 6 1/2 Richard Godson 3 16 1/2 John Fowler 3 16 1/2 Thomas Hails 3 16 1/2 Humphrey Harrison 3 16 1/2 James Hendray 3 16 1/2 William Hitchcock 3 16 1/2 John Thread from 21st Mar. Incld to 5th Apr. Inclve the day he was Entered 1 18 1 William Lambourn 3 16 1/2 Joseph Compton from 12th Jan. Incld to 15th Incld the Day he was Discharged 3 1 Thomas London 3 16 1/2 John Legg 3 16 1/2 John Murrell 3 16 1/2 James Mills 3 16 1/2 John Marsh 3 16 1/2 Bartholomeus Molloy 3 16 1/2 Humphrey Pugh 3 16 1/2 James Richardson 3 16 1/2 Edwd Robinson from 21st Mar. Incld the day he was Entered 1 18 1 Joseph Buxton from 21st Mar. Incld the day he was Entered 1 18 1 John Scotcher 3 16 1/2 John Shaw 3 16 1/2 William Harrod 3 16 1/2 George Smith from 21st Mar. Incld the day he was Entered 1 18 1 James Fugill 3 16 1/2 John Turner 3 16 1/2 John Caught 3 16 1/2 Thomas Williams 3 16 1/2 John Williams from 21st Mar. Incld the day he was Entered 1 18 1 Edwd Webber from 21st Mar. Incld the day he was Entered 1 18 1 John Walker from 21st Mar. Incld the day he was Entered 1 18 1 Matthew Young 3 16 1/2 162 6 8 Canned over 863 8 11 1/2	The garrison list of the first company's sentinels continued. Brought over, £701 2s 3½d Sentinels brought over, £68 6s ½d Richard Godson, £3 16s ½d John Fowler, £3 16s ½d Thomas Hails, £3 16s ½d Humphrey Harrison, £3 16s ½d James Hendray, £3 16s ½d William Hitchcock, £3 16s ½d John Thread, from 21 March inclusive to 5 April inclusive, the day he was entered, £1 18s 1d William Lambourn, £3 16s ½d Joseph Compton, from 12 January inclusive to 15th inclusive, the day he was discharged, 3s 1d Thomas London, £3 16s ½d John Legg, £3 16s ½d John Murrell, £3 16s ½d James Mills, £3 16s ½d John Marsh, £3 16s ½d Bartholomew Molloy, £3 16s ½d Humphrey Pugh, £3 16s ½d James Richardson, £3 16s ½d Edward Robinson, from 21 March inclusive, the day he was entered, £1 18s 1d Joseph Buxton, from 21 March inclusive, the day he was entered, £1 18s 1d John Scotcher, £3 16s ½d John Shaw, £3 16s ½d William Harrod, £3 16s ½d George Smith, from 21 March inclusive, the day he was entered, £1 18s 1d James Fugill, £3 16s ½d John Turner, £3 16s ½d John Caught, £3 16s ½d Thomas Williams, £3 16s ½d John Williams, from 21 March inclusive, the day he was entered, £1 18s 1d Edward Webber, from 21 March inclusive, the day he was entered, £1 18s 1d John Walker, from 21 March inclusive, the day he was entered, £1 18s 1d Matthew Young, £3 16s ½d Sentinels subtotal, £162 6s 8d Carried over, £863 8s 11½d
125	119	Brought over L863 8 1/2 Second Company Joseph Kendall Lieut. Salary 22 16 3 Do. Diet Money 6 16 10 1/2 Do. House Rent 2 10 - Do. as Adjutant to the 26th Mar. Incld. 4 5 12. 6. 8. 10 - 40 18 1/2 George Hay 2nd Lieutt. Salary from 31st Mar. Incld. the Day of his Arrival at 35 pr Annum 8 10 - Do. Diet money at 7 pr 6 from Do 1 13 - 6 11 - 46 14 1/2 Sergeants Robert Mason 7 12 1 Michael Frost 7 12 1 Samuel Talbot 7 12 1 22 16 3 Corporals. William Watkins 5 6 5 1/2 Edward Walker 5 6 5 1/2 Erasmus Purling 5 6 5 1/2 15 19 1/2 John Laffin Drummer 5 6 5 1/2 Centinels Matthew Allis 3 16 1/2 Peter Barker 3 16 1/2 John Bourke 3 16 1/2 William Brooks 3 16 - John Brown 3 16 1/2 James Burgess 3 16 1/2 George Brain 3 16 1/2 William Buckett 3 16 1/2 Robert Berry 3 16 1/2 Centinels carried over 31 4 1/2 Carried over 954 5 2	The garrison list continued with the second company. Brought over, £863 8s ½d Second company Joseph Kendall, lieutenant, salary £22 16s 3d; diet money £6 16s 10½d; house rent £2 10s; as adjutant to 26 March inclusive £4 5s; total £40 18s ½d George Hay, second lieutenant, salary from 31 March inclusive, the day of his arrival, at £35 per annum, £8 10s; diet money at 7s 6d from the same day, £1 13s; total £46 14s ½d Second company officers subtotal, £46 14s ½d Sergeants Robert Mason, £7 12s 1d Michael Frost, £7 12s 1d Samuel Talbot, £7 12s 1d Sergeants subtotal, £22 16s 3d Corporals William Watkins, £5 6s 5½d Edward Walker, £5 6s 5½d Erasmus Purling, £5 6s 5½d Corporals subtotal, £15 19s ½d John Laffin, drummer, £5 6s 5½d Sentinels Matthew Allis, £3 16s ½d Peter Barker, £3 16s ½d John Bourke, £3 16s ½d William Brooks, £3 16s John Brown, £3 16s ½d James Burgess, £3 16s ½d George Brain, £3 16s ½d William Buckett, £3 16s ½d Robert Berry, £3 16s ½d Sentinels carried over, £31 4s ½d Carried over, £954 5s 2d
126	120	Brought over L 954 5 2 Centinels brought over L 34 7 4 1/2 George Beale 3 16 1/2 Robt. Brown from 21st. Mar. Incl. to 1st. May he was Entered 18 1 Daniel Cann 3 16 1/2 John Coke 3 16 1/2 Thomas Clear from 21st. Mar. Incl. 7 days he was Entered 18 1/2 William Coxton 3 16 1/2 John Douglas 3 16 1/2 John Dew from 21st. Mar. Incl. 7th day he was Entered 18 1 Peter Eglestone 3 16 1/2 Peter Fincal 3 16 1/2 John Fletcher 3 16 1/2 Oscar Gawden 3 16 1/2 John Hayes 3 16 1/2 Joseph Hayes 3 16 1/2 James Hindes 3 16 1/2 John Halloway 3 16 1/2 William Harris 3 16 1/2 John Hudson from 21st. Mar. Incl. 7 days he was Entered 18 1 Thomas Jackson 3 16 1/2 Samuel Kelson 3 16 1/2 William Lawrance from 12th. Jan. Incl. to 1st. April Incl. the day he was discharged 3 8 1 Thomas Leech 3 16 1/2 Christian Mouse 3 16 1/2 William Mudge 3 16 1/2 Archibald Poyse 3 16 1/2 John Simmons 3 16 1/2 Thomas Sneeton 3 16 1/2 Joseph Smith 3 16 1/2 John Strange from 21st. Mar. Incl. the day he was Entered 18 1 Thomas Taylor 3 16 1/2 Centinels carried over L 133 9 1 carried over L 954 5 2	The garrison list of the second company's sentinels continued. Brought over, £954 5s 2d Sentinels brought over, £34 7s 4½d George Beale, £3 16s ½d Robert Brown, from 21 March inclusive to 1 May, the day he was entered, 18s 1d Daniel Cann, £3 16s ½d John Coke, £3 16s ½d Thomas Clear, from 21 March inclusive, 7 days he was entered, 18s ½d William Coxton, £3 16s ½d John Douglas, £3 16s ½d John Dew, from 21 March inclusive, the seventh day he was entered, 18s 1d Peter Eglestone, £3 16s ½d Peter Fincal, £3 16s ½d John Fletcher, £3 16s ½d Oscar Gawden, £3 16s ½d John Hayes, £3 16s ½d Joseph Hayes, £3 16s ½d James Hindes, £3 16s ½d John Halloway, £3 16s ½d William Harris, £3 16s ½d John Hudson, from 21 March inclusive, 7 days he was entered, 18s 1d Thomas Jackson, £3 16s ½d Samuel Kelson, £3 16s ½d William Lawrance, from 12 January inclusive to 1 April inclusive, the day he was discharged, £3 8s 1d Thomas Leech, £3 16s ½d Christian Mouse, £3 16s ½d William Mudge, £3 16s ½d Archibald Poyse, £3 16s ½d John Simmons, £3 16s ½d Thomas Sneeton, £3 16s ½d Joseph Smith, £3 16s ½d John Strange, from 21 March inclusive, the day he was entered, 18s 1d Thomas Taylor, £3 16s ½d Sentinels carried over, £133 9s 1d Carried over, £954 5s 2d
127	121	Brought over L 954 5 2 Centinels brought over 133 9 1 James Thurston 3 16 1/2 Richard Twaits 3 16 1/2 William Twaits 3 16 1/2 William Thompson 3 16 1/2 W Taylor from 21st Mar. Incld 7 days he was Entered 18 4 Stephen Willoughby 3 16 1/2 Jeremiah Wymill 3 16 1/2 Thomas Wansdall from 21st Mar. Incld 7 days he was Entered 18 4 John Wytham from 21st Mar. Incld 7 days he was Entered 18 4 John Westby from 21st Mar. Incld 7 days he was Ent. 18 4 159 18 4 1/2 Third Company Thomas Easthope 1st Lieut. Salary 22:16:3 Do. Diet Money 6:16:10 1/2 Do. House Rent? 2:10 - 32 3 1/2 32 3 1/2 Oneisphorous Beale 2d Lieut. Salary 18:5 - Do. Diet Money 6:16:10 1/2 Do. House Rent from the 21st Mar. Incld the day he went out of the Great House at 6d pm d 12 1/2 25 13 11 25 13 11 Sergeants Matthias Brightwell 7 12 1 John Leech 7 12 1 William Pendery 7 12 1 22 16 3 Corporals Edward Grant 5 6 5 1/2 Charles Files 5 6 5 1/2 William Skeyford 5 6 5 1/2 15 19 4 1/2 John Clough Drummer 5 6 5 1/2 Carried over 1216 3 3	The garrison list of the second company's sentinels concluded, and the third company followed. Brought over, £954 5s 2d Sentinels brought over, £133 9s 1d James Thurston, £3 16s ½d Richard Twaits, £3 16s ½d William Twaits, £3 16s ½d William Thompson, £3 16s ½d W. Taylor, from 21 March inclusive, 7 days he was entered, 18s 4d Stephen Willoughby, £3 16s ½d Jeremiah Wymill, £3 16s ½d Thomas Wansdall, from 21 March inclusive, 7 days he was entered, 18s 4d John Wytham, from 21 March inclusive, 7 days he was entered, 18s 4d John Westby, from 21 March inclusive, 7 days he was entered, 18s 4d Sentinels subtotal, £159 18s 4½d Third company Thomas Easthope, first lieutenant, salary £22 16s 3d; diet money £6 16s 10½d; house rent £2 10s; total £32 3s ½d Onesiphorus Beale, second lieutenant, salary £18 5s; diet money £6 16s 10½d; house rent from 21 March inclusive, the day he left the Great House, at 6d per day, 12s ½d; total £25 13s 11d Sergeants Matthias Brightwell, £7 12s 1d John Leech, £7 12s 1d William Pendery, £7 12s 1d Sergeants subtotal, £22 16s 3d Corporals Edward Grant, £5 6s 5½d Charles Files, £5 6s 5½d William Skeyford, £5 6s 5½d Corporals subtotal, £15 19s 4½d John Clough, drummer, £5 6s 5½d Carried over, £1,216 3s 3d Interpretations The recurring rate of £3 16s ½d a quarter for a sentinel, prorated by the day for men newly entered, dismissed or discharged, shows the Company's garrison pay run on a strict daily accounting even at the lowest rank. The consistent structure across three companies, lieutenant, second lieutenant, sergeants, corporals, drummer and sentinels, each paid to the same scale, shows a standard establishment applied uniformly regardless of which company a man served in.
128	122	Centinels Brought over William Adams 3 16 1/2 Joseph Bostick 3 16 1/2 William Bonfield 3 16 1/2 William Brown 3 16 1/2 Robt Ballard from 21st Mar: Incl: 9 days he was Enterd 18 1 John Bridgwater Do Do 18 1 John Barkerd Do Do 18 1 Dicon Gash 3 16 1/2 James Carmichael 3 16 1/2 John Carrel from 21st Mar: Incl: his day he was Enterd 18 1 Breon Delosph 3 16 1/2 John Earle 3 16 1/2 Thomas Fuller 3 16 1/2 John Gynne 3 16 1/2 John Pont from 21st Mar: Incl: 9 days he was Enterd 18 1 Jonathan Hitchins 3 16 1/2 William Hurlock 3 16 1/2 Thomas Has 3 16 1/2 Thomas Hindrick 3 16 1/2 Richard Knight 3 16 1/2 John Henry 3 16 1/2 John Langbridge 3 16 1/2 Thomas Lavanace 3 16 1/2 Thomas Lindsey 3 16 1/2 Willm Langhorn from 21st Mar: Incl: 9 days he was Enterd 18 1 Thomas Loveland Do Do 18 1 John McCoy 3 16 1/2 Abram Major 3 16 1/2 Charles Montague 3 16 1/2 Thomas Morris 3 16 1/2 Anthony Morehan 3 16 1/2 Robt Willy from 21st Mar: Incl: 9 days he was Entd 18 1 Centinels Carried over 98 11 8 Carried over 1216 3 3	The garrison list of the third company's sentinels followed. Sentinels William Adams, £3 16s ½d Joseph Bostick, £3 16s ½d William Bonfield, £3 16s ½d William Brown, £3 16s ½d Robert Ballard, from 21 March inclusive, 9 days he was entered, 18s 1d John Bridgwater, from 21 March inclusive, 9 days he was entered, 18s 1d John Barkerd, from 21 March inclusive, 9 days he was entered, 18s 1d Dicon Gash, £3 16s ½d James Carmichael, £3 16s ½d John Carrel, from 21 March inclusive, the day he was entered, 18s 1d Breon Delosph, £3 16s ½d John Earle, £3 16s ½d Thomas Fuller, £3 16s ½d John Gynne, £3 16s ½d John Pont, from 21 March inclusive, 9 days he was entered, 18s 1d Jonathan Hitchins, £3 16s ½d William Hurlock, £3 16s ½d Thomas Has, £3 16s ½d Thomas Hindrick, £3 16s ½d Richard Knight, £3 16s ½d John Henry, £3 16s ½d John Langbridge, £3 16s ½d Thomas Lavanace, £3 16s ½d Thomas Lindsey, £3 16s ½d William Langhorn, from 21 March inclusive, 9 days he was entered, 18s 1d Thomas Loveland, from 21 March inclusive, 9 days he was entered, 18s 1d John McCoy, £3 16s ½d Abram Major, £3 16s ½d Charles Montague, £3 16s ½d Thomas Morris, £3 16s ½d Anthony Morehan, £3 16s ½d Robert Willy, from 21 March inclusive, 9 days he was entered, 18s 1d Sentinels carried over, £98 11s 8d Carried over, £1,216 3s 3d
129	123	Brought over 1216 3 3 Centinels Brought over 98 11 8 Charles Newcomb 3 16 1/2 Thomas Rowe 3 16 1/2 Thomas Payne 3 16 1/2 John Purswaken 3 16 1/2 Thomas Pledger 3 16 1/2 John Parker from 21st Mar. Inst. 9 days he was Entered 18 1 William Robinson 3 16 1/2 David Sett 3 16 1/2 Robert Stack 3 16 1/2 Adam Scott 3 16 1/2 Christian Tyler 3 16 1/2 Joseph Thompson 3 16 1/2 William Thompson 3 16 1/2 Benjamin Twaits 3 16 1/2 Richard Vaughn 3 16 1/2 Benjamin Williams 3 16 1/2 Roger Whetman 3 16 1/2 160 6 8 Fourth Company Thomas Kirkpatrick 1st Lieutt. Salary 22 16 3 Do. Diet Money 6 16 10 1/2 Do. House Rent 2 10 32 3 1/2 William Kennedy 2d Lieutt. Salary 18 5 Do. Diet Money 6 16 10 1/2 Do. House Rent from 21st Mar. Inst. the day he came out of the Great House 12 1/2 25 13 11 57 17 1/2 Sergeants William Oakman 7 12 1 John Walker 7 12 1 William Poddam 7 12 1 22 16 3 Carried over 1457 3 1/2	The garrison list of the third company's sentinels concluded, and the fourth company followed. Brought over, £1,216 3s 3d Sentinels brought over, £98 11s 8d Charles Newcomb, £3 16s ½d Thomas Rowe, £3 16s ½d Thomas Payne, £3 16s ½d John Purswaken, £3 16s ½d Thomas Pledger, £3 16s ½d John Parker, from 21 March inclusive, 9 days he was entered, 18s 1d William Robinson, £3 16s ½d David Sett, £3 16s ½d Robert Stack, £3 16s ½d Adam Scott, £3 16s ½d Christian Tyler, £3 16s ½d Joseph Thompson, £3 16s ½d William Thompson, £3 16s ½d Benjamin Twaits, £3 16s ½d Richard Vaughn, £3 16s ½d Benjamin Williams, £3 16s ½d Roger Whetman, £3 16s ½d Sentinels subtotal, £160 6s 8d Fourth company Thomas Kirkpatrick, first lieutenant, salary £22 16s 3d; diet money £6 16s 10½d; house rent £2 10s; total £32 3s ½d William Kennedy, second lieutenant, salary £18 5s; diet money £6 16s 10½d; house rent from 21 March inclusive, the day he left the Great House, 12s ½d; total £25 13s 11d Fourth company officers subtotal, £57 17s ½d Sergeants William Oakman, £7 12s 1d John Walker, £7 12s 1d William Poddam, £7 12s 1d Sergeants subtotal, £22 16s 3d Carried over, £1,457 3s ½d
130	124	Brought over L 1473 2 1/2 Corporals William Bunton 5 6 5 1/2 Alexander Hambleton 5 6 5 1/2 Job Harrison 5 6 5 1/2 15 19 4 1/2 5 6 5 1/2 Gilbert Clough Centinels John Allis 3 16 1/2 Thomas Bonner 3 16 1/2 John Badin 3 16 1/2 Thomas Bozett 3 16 1/2 Matthew Bozett 3 16 1/2 Thomas Bordon from 21st Mar. Inst. to the day he was Entred 18 1/2 Isaac Buck Do Do 18 1/2 Edwd Cockrell 3 16 1/2 Wm Cane from 21st Mar. Inst. to the day he was Entred 18 1/2 Wm Common Do Do 18 1/2 Isaac Day 3 16 1/2 Samuel Desfontains 3 16 1/2 Samuel Eales 3 16 1/2 George French 3 16 1/2 Andrew Frazier 3 16 1/2 Daniel Fushes from 21st Mar. Inst. to the day he was Entd 18 1/2 Jonathan Godby 3 16 1/2 John Gelbird 3 16 1/2 James Green 3 16 1/2 Thomas Gooden from 21st Mar. Inst. to the day he was Entd 18 1/2 James Hall 3 16 1/2 John Hayley 3 16 1/2 Philip Hickman 3 16 1/2 William Hayes 3 16 1/2 Centinels carried over L 73 18 9 Carried over L 1478 9 1/2	The garrison list of the fourth company continued with its corporals and sentinels. Brought over, £1,473 2s ½d Corporals William Bunton, £5 6s 5½d Alexander Hambleton, £5 6s 5½d Job Harrison, £5 6s 5½d Corporals subtotal, £15 19s 4½d Gilbert Clough, £5 6s 5½d Sentinels John Allis, £3 16s ½d Thomas Bonner, £3 16s ½d John Badin, £3 16s ½d Thomas Bozett, £3 16s ½d Matthew Bozett, £3 16s ½d Thomas Bordon, from 21 March inclusive to the day he was entered, 18s ½d Isaac Buck, from 21 March inclusive to the day he was entered, 18s ½d Edward Cockrell, £3 16s ½d William Cane, from 21 March inclusive to the day he was entered, 18s ½d William Common, from 21 March inclusive to the day he was entered, 18s ½d Isaac Day, £3 16s ½d Samuel Desfontains, £3 16s ½d Samuel Eales, £3 16s ½d George French, £3 16s ½d Andrew Frazier, £3 16s ½d Daniel Fushes, from 21 March inclusive to the day he was entered, 18s ½d Jonathan Godby, £3 16s ½d John Gelbird, £3 16s ½d James Green, £3 16s ½d Thomas Gooden, from 21 March inclusive to the day he was entered, 18s ½d James Hall, £3 16s ½d John Hayley, £3 16s ½d Philip Hickman, £3 16s ½d William Hayes, £3 16s ½d Sentinels carried over, £73 18s 9d Carried over, £1,478 9s ½d
131	125	Brought over L 1478 9 1/2 Centinels brought over L 73 18 9 Thomas Hudson from 21st Mar. Inst. 9 day he was Entred 18 4 William Hines Do 18 4 George Hibbet 3 16 1/2 Francis Laycock 3 16 1/2 Peter Lindsey 3 16 1/2 William Lindsey from 21st Mar. Inst. 9 day he was Entred 18 4 John Langridge Do 18 4 Moses Mannau 3 16 1/2 Duncan McLaran 3 16 1/2 Thomas Pinkerton 3 16 1/2 John Pauling from 18th Jan 71 to 22 Mar Inst. the day he dyed 2 18 4 Edward Rickards 3 16 1/2 Lewis Crowe from 21st Mar. Inst. the day he was Entd. 18 4 Arnold Sawney 3 16 1/2 Daniel Sargent 3 16 1/2 Thomas Short 3 16 1/2 Charles Stokes 3 16 1/2 Timothy Sullivan 3 16 1/2 David Curry 3 16 1/2 Edward Terry 3 16 1/2 John Thomafon 3 16 1/2 John Tull 3 16 1/2 Thomas Taylor 3 16 1/2 Joseph Uffit 3 16 1/2 Benjamin Williams 3 16 1/2 William Whittingham 3 16 1/2 L 157 9 7 L 157 9 7 Artillery Company Thomas Hall Master Gunner Salary 22 16 3 Do. Diet Money 6 16 10 1/2 29 13 1/2 Carried over 7785 11 9	The garrison list of the fourth company's sentinels concluded, and the artillery company followed. Brought over, £1,478 9s ½d Sentinels brought over, £73 18s 9d Thomas Hudson, from 21 March inclusive, 9 days he was entered, 18s 4d William Hines, from 21 March inclusive, 9 days he was entered, 18s 4d George Hibbet, £3 16s ½d Francis Laycock, £3 16s ½d Peter Lindsey, £3 16s ½d William Lindsey, from 21 March inclusive, 9 days he was entered, 18s 4d John Langridge, from 21 March inclusive, 9 days he was entered, 18s 4d Moses Mannau, £3 16s ½d Duncan McLaran, £3 16s ½d Thomas Pinkerton, £3 16s ½d John Pauling, from 18 January to 22 March inclusive, the day he died, £2 18s 4d Edward Rickards, £3 16s ½d Lewis Crowe, from 21 March inclusive, the day he was entered, 18s 4d Arnold Sawney, £3 16s ½d Daniel Sargent, £3 16s ½d Thomas Short, £3 16s ½d Charles Stokes, £3 16s ½d Timothy Sullivan, £3 16s ½d David Curry, £3 16s ½d Edward Terry, £3 16s ½d John Thomafon, £3 16s ½d John Tull, £3 16s ½d Thomas Taylor, £3 16s ½d Joseph Uffit, £3 16s ½d Benjamin Williams, £3 16s ½d William Whittingham, £3 16s ½d Sentinels subtotal, £157 9s 7d Artillery company Thomas Hall, master gunner, salary £22 16s 3d; diet money £6 16s 10½d; total £29 13s ½d Carried over, £7,785 11s 9d Interpretations John Pauling's entry, paid only to the day he died on 22 March, and the several men entered partway through the quarter at a proportion of the standard rate, show the garrison payroll functioning as a genuine daily register of who served and for how long, not a fixed quarterly charge. The list's care in this respect made it the Company's record of the garrison's actual strength at any given moment, as much as an instrument of pay.
132	126	Brought over. L1665 11 9 Gunners Mates Nathan Sampson Chief Mate Salary 11 8 1/2 Isaac Leech 9 2 6 Roger Newman 9 2 6 William Turner 9 2 6 John Witchurch 9 2 6 Henry Carter 9 2 6 John Artnstall 9 2 6 Charles McNeily 9 2 6 75 5 7 1/2 Quarter Gunners John Nottage from 27th Janry to the 26th May 5 3 6 In the day he died. John Watkins 6 16 10 1/2 Edward Cullimore 6 16 10 1/2 Robt Vickers 6 16 10 1/2 Anthony Day 6 16 10 1/2 Adam Watson 6 16 10 1/2 Richard Billington 6 16 10 1/2 John Spencer 6 16 10 1/2 Rowland Davis from 21st Mar. Incl. the day he was Entd. 1 13 1 1/2 54 15 - Matroses Edward Allis 4 11 3 John Bradley 4 11 3 Joseph Boswell 4 11 3 Andrew Barton 4 11 3 John Cawdery 4 11 3 Derby Colle 4 11 3 Matroses carried over 27 7 6 Carried over. L1795 12 4 1/2	The artillery company's establishment continued with its gunners' mates, quarter gunners and matrosses. Brought over, £1,665 11s 9d Gunners' mates Nathan Sampson, chief mate, £11 8s ½d Isaac Leech, £9 2s 6d Roger Newman, £9 2s 6d William Turner, £9 2s 6d John Witchurch, £9 2s 6d Henry Carter, £9 2s 6d John Artnstall, £9 2s 6d Charles McNeily, £9 2s 6d Gunners' mates subtotal, £75 5s 7½d Quarter gunners John Nottage, from 27 January to 26 May, the day he died, £5 3s 6d John Watkins, £6 16s 10½d Edward Cullimore, £6 16s 10½d Robert Vickers, £6 16s 10½d Anthony Day, £6 16s 10½d Adam Watson, £6 16s 10½d Richard Billington, £6 16s 10½d John Spencer, £6 16s 10½d Rowland Davis, from 21 March inclusive, the day he was entered, £1 13s 1½d Quarter gunners subtotal, £54 15s Matrosses Edward Allis, £4 11s 3d John Bradley, £4 11s 3d Joseph Boswell, £4 11s 3d Andrew Barton, £4 11s 3d John Cawdery, £4 11s 3d Derby Colle, £4 11s 3d Matrosses carried over, £27 7s 6d Carried over, £1,795 12s 4½d
133	127	Brought over L1795 12 4 1/2 Matroses brought over 27 7 6 William Camplin 4 11 3 Philip Hilliard 4 11 3 William Hayes 4 11 3 James Long 4 11 3 James Lee 4 11 3 Peter Marshall 4 11 3 Thomas Mason 4 11 3 Richard Meirs 4 11 3 Adam Milburn 4 11 3 John Peter 4 11 3 William Perry 4 11 3 Abraham Rateliff 4 11 3 Thomas Watts 4 11 3 Thomas Willingham from 21st Mar. Incl. the day he was Entertained 1 2 - 87 15 9 Superannuated William Burnham Sergeant 3 8 3 L1886 16 1/2	The artillery company's matrosses concluded the list, and the superannuated establishment followed. Brought over, £1,795 12s 4½d Matrosses brought over, £27 7s 6d William Camplin, £4 11s 3d Philip Hilliard, £4 11s 3d William Hayes, £4 11s 3d James Long, £4 11s 3d James Lee, £4 11s 3d Peter Marshall, £4 11s 3d Thomas Mason, £4 11s 3d Richard Meirs, £4 11s 3d Adam Milburn, £4 11s 3d John Peter, £4 11s 3d William Perry, £4 11s 3d Abraham Rateliff, £4 11s 3d Thomas Watts, £4 11s 3d Thomas Willingham, from 21 March inclusive, the day he was enlisted, £1 2s Matrosses subtotal, £87 15s 9d Superannuated William Burnham, sergeant, £3 8s 3d Total, £1,886 16s ½d Interpretations The single superannuated entry, a sergeant pensioned at a fraction of the active rate, shows the Company maintained at least a token provision for a soldier no longer fit for duty rather than discharging him without support. The final total of £1,886 16s ½d for the whole civil and military establishment over the quarter measures the running cost of governing and defending the island, a sum against which the cash and paymaster's accounts that follow in this batch can be read.
134	128	1753 April ye 11 John Clark Paymaster Dr To Cash from the Honorable Company’s Cash Chest 1959 1 8 1/2	The paymaster's account for the quarter opened on 11 April 1753. John Clark, paymaster, was debited with cash received from the Company's cash chest. To cash from the Company's cash chest, £1,959 1s 8½d Interpretations The single opening figure drawn from the cash chest, £1,959 1s 8½d, is the working fund from which the paymaster met every wage, purchase and repair charged through his quarterly account in the records that follow, and it corresponds closely to the total of the garrison and civil payroll set out earlier in this batch.
135	129	Contra Cr 1753 Febry 27th By Cash pd the following Persons for Work done by them in repaving the Lower Battery at Banks’s which was damaged by the Flood Vizt Matthias Campbell 1 1/2 Days att 1s-4d 1-6 William Campbell 1/2 Do 1-6 John Hasley 1/2 Do 1-6 Wm Brooks 1/2 Do 1-6 John Paswater 1/2 Do 1-6 Thomas Taylor 1/2 Do 1-6 Wm Harris 1/2 Do 1-6 George Caplen 1/2 Do 1-6 Tim Gruninger 1/2 Do 1-6 Robt Berry 1/2 Do 1-6 Francis Laycock 1 Do 1-4 Philip Hickman 1 Do 1-4 John Tamason 1/2 Do 1-6 2 17 6 March 12th By Do pd Captain Walpole his Ballance for Ship Houghton 11 4 2 1/2 April 11 By Do pd Thomas Oliver and Samuel Carmichael for Baking (54) Batches of Bread for the Garrison at 9d pr Batch in ye Quarter 1 10 - By Do pd William Decourt for Assisting Mr Samuel Solomon Surgeon in Making up Medicines in this Quarter 3 16 0 1/2 By Do pd Roger Nevinsont for Making a Flag for Prosperous Bay a Flag for the Main Fort and Mending old ones in the Quarter 2 2 6 By Do pd Sundry Persons for coming Express with Accts of Ships to windward in this Quarter 3 5 - By Do pd Major Lackland for 60 Tamarinds 18 9 1/2 for the use of the Honorable Companys [Cattle?] & in ye Quarter 1 13 3 By Do pd Richard Bagley for 7 Bushells Potatoes and 300 Onions for the Honble Companys Table in this Quarter 1 1 6 By Do pd Tho Mason Painter for Polishing and Painting Guns Carriages &c in ye Quarter 1 9 6 Carried over 32 4 -	The account continued on its creditor side, recording cash paid out by the paymaster. 27 February, paid the following persons for work done by them in repaving the lower battery at Banks's, which was damaged by the flood Matthias Campbell, 1½ days at 1s 4d, £0 1s 6d William Campbell, ½ day, £0 1s 6d John Hasley, ½ day, £0 1s 6d William Brooks, ½ day, £0 1s 6d John Paswater, ½ day, £0 1s 6d Thomas Taylor, ½ day, £0 1s 6d William Harris, ½ day, £0 1s 6d George Caplen, ½ day, £0 1s 6d Tim Gruninger, ½ day, £0 1s 6d Robert Berry, ½ day, £0 1s 6d Francis Laycock, 1 day, £0 1s 4d Philip Hickman, 1 day, £0 1s 4d John Tamason, ½ day, £0 1s 6d Repaving subtotal, £2 17s 6d 12 March, paid Captain Walpole his balance for the ship Houghton, £11 4s 2½d 11 April, paid Thomas Oliver and Samuel Carmichael for baking 54 batches of bread for the garrison at 9d per batch in the quarter, £1 10s Paid William Decourt for assisting Samuel Solomon, surgeon, in making up medicines in this quarter, £3 16s ½d Paid Roger Nevinson for making a flag for Prosperous Bay, a flag for the Main Fort and mending old ones in the quarter, £2 2s 6d Paid sundry persons for coming express with accounts of ships to windward in this quarter, £3 5s Paid Major Lackland for 60 tamarinds and other items, for the use of the Company's cattle in the quarter, £1 13s 3d Paid Richard Bagley for 7 bushels of potatoes and 300 onions for the Company's table in this quarter, £1 1s 6d Paid Thomas Mason, painter, for polishing and painting gun carriages and the like in the quarter, £1 9s 6d Carried over, £32 4s Interpretations The repaving payments record the labour paid to repair the very flood damage at Banks's platform noted at the opening of this batch, and confirm that the repairs the Council had ordered immediately undertaken were in fact carried out and settled through the paymaster's account within the same quarter. The scatter of small payments, for bread, medicines, flags, express riders and painting gun carriages, shows the paymaster's account as the channel through which the island's day-to-day running costs, as distinct from fixed salaries, were met and recorded.
136	130	John Clark Paymaster Dr 1753 April ye 11 Brought over L 1959 1 8 1/2	The paymaster's account continued. 11 April, brought over, £1,959 1s 8½d
137	131	1758 April ye 11th Contra. Cr Brought over L 32 4 By Do pr pr Sundry Persons for Rowing in the Oyster Canoe going in the Long Boat to Sandy Bay to fetch Lime for the use of the Honourable Company in this Quarter 5 13 By cash pr pr Thomas Price Surgeon of the Ship Walpole for taking care of & pr 14 Men of the Honble Compys Servants in their Passage 10 15 By Dr pr pr Capt an Francis Fowler for the following Particulars for the use of the Honble Companys Table Vizt 16 Cheshire Cheese} L 2 14 - 2 Dble Glouster ditto} 1 Firkin Butter 3 10 - 1/2 Do 1 16 - 2 Square Anchovies 1 10 - 2 Do Capers 14 - 2 Bottles Mustard 16 8 20 Raisins 16 8 20 Currants 16 8 2 pr Sawyers 2 - a Fishing Boat and Oars 10 10 - 23 5 4 By Dr pr pr the following Persons for work done by them in carrying Lime to Load the Long Boat at Sandy Bay in this Quarter Vizt John Earle 3 Days at pr Day 3 - 9 - Benjamin Williams 3 Do 9 - Cha: Montague 2 Do 6 - Wm Lawrence 2 Do 6 - 8 - By Dr pr pr the Honble Companys Officers and towards their Salaries Diet Money &c for the Quarter commencing January the 12th and Ending April 6th 1758 1386 16 4 1/2 L 1959 1 8 1/2 11th April 1758 John Clark Paymaster	The account continued on 11 April 1753, its year given in the source as 1758, which is here corrected as an evident slip, since every surrounding entry falls in 1753. Brought over, £32 4s Paid sundry persons for rowing in the oyster canoe and the longboat to Sandy Bay to fetch lime for the Company's use in this quarter, £5 13s Paid Thomas Price, surgeon of the ship Walpole, for taking care of 14 of the Company's servants on their passage, £10 15s Paid Captain Francis Fowler for the following, for the use of the Company's table 16 Cheshire cheeses and 2 double Gloucester cheeses, £2 14s 1 firkin of butter, £3 10s Half a firkin of butter, £1 16s 2 boxes of anchovies, £1 10s 2 boxes of capers, 14s 2 bottles of mustard, 16s 8d 20 lb of raisins, 16s 8d 20 lb of currants, 16s 8d Sawyers, 2 pairs, £2 A fishing boat and oars, £10 10s Fowler's account subtotal, £23 5s 4d Paid the following persons for work done in carrying lime to load the longboat at Sandy Bay in this quarter John Earle, 3 days at 3s per day, £9 Benjamin Williams, 3 days, £9 Charles Montague, 2 days, £6 William Lawrence, 2 days, £6 Lime-carrying subtotal, £8 Paid the Company's officers, towards their salaries, diet money and the like, for the quarter commencing 12 January and ending 6 April 1753, £1,386 16s 4½d Total, £1,959 1s 8½d Dated 11 April 1753 and signed by John Clark, paymaster. Interpretations The bulk payment of £1,386 16s 4½d to the officers for salaries and diet money closes the paymaster's account against the total of the payroll list set out earlier in this batch, showing the two records as the two ends of the same transaction, the establishment costed man by man and then discharged in a single quarterly disbursement. The smaller items, cheeses, capers, a fishing boat and payment for men carrying lime, show the same account also carried the incidental purchases and hired labour that kept the settlement provisioned and its shore works maintained.
138	132	1758 March ye 12 Cash Dr To Ballance remaining L 4949 11 11 1/4 14 To Ship Arethusa the Ballance of her Account 11 1 6 30 To Exchange for a Sett of Bills drawn on the Honourables Court of Directors payable to Captn William Fennell or Order Ninety Days after Sight dated this day 1000 - - 31 To Ship Prince George the Ballance of her Accot 7 5 - To Ship Exeter the Ballance of her Accot 7 12 6 April 4 To Ship Princess of Wales the Ballance of her Account 9 10 9 To Ship Wager the Ballance of her Account? 7 5 - 11 To Matthews Darling for two goods sold in the Quarter ending this Day 984 7 10 To Licences recd for 10 Publick Houses 15 - - L 6991 14 6 1/4	The Company's cash account was cast on 12 March 1753, its year again given in the source as 1758 and here corrected as an evident slip, since it follows directly from the balance of 11 March 1753 recorded earlier in this batch. To balance remaining, £4,949 11s 11¼d 14th, to the ship Arethusa, the balance of her account, £11 1s 6d 30th, to exchange for a set of bills drawn on the Court of Directors, payable to Captain William Fennell or order, ninety days after sight, dated this day, £1,000 31st, to the ship Prince George, the balance of her account, £7 5s To the ship Exeter, the balance of her account, £7 12s 6d 4 April, to the ship Prince of Wales, the balance of her account, £9 10s 9d To the ship Wager, the balance of her account, £7 5s 11th, to Matthews Darling for goods sold in the quarter ending this day, £984 7s 10d To licences received for 10 public houses, £15 Total, £6,991 14s 6¼d Interpretations The bill drawn for Captain Fennell records the transaction described in narrative earlier in this batch, the Council taking his £1,000 in place of drawing on treasure consigned elsewhere, now entered formally into the cash account. The several small credits from the balances of individual ships, the Prince George, the Exeter, the Prince of Wales and the Wager, show the Company settling and closing each vessel's separate account into the general cash chest once her business at the island was concluded.
139	133	1753 April 4th By Account Currant London for 3 P.Ct wt 15 P.Ct being sent to England 59 12 9 11 By Sundry Accounts Advanced the Paymaster this Quarter 1959 18 2 By Ballance remaining in the following Species Vizt 230 Venetian P’s 115 - - 5150 Pagodas d 8 2060 - - Gold Amounting to L 2175 - - 4609 Dollars d 5 1152 - - 8000 Rupees d 2 1/3 900 - - 12948 half Rials d 3 3/4 2026 6 3 441 French P’s d 2 3 13 6 Odd Money 3 3/4 Silver amounting to L 2258 6 3/4 146 Cash Notes d 40/ 292 - - 162 Do d 20/ 162 - - 263 Do d 5/ 65 15 - 160 Do d 2/6 20 - - Cash Notes amounting to L 539 15 - 6973 - 3 6991 14 6 1/4 Lieutenant John Clark reports that he has been onboard the Ships Drake, Edgecote, and Rhodes to Muster their Companys and enquired for Recruits but found none their Muster Rolls are as follows Vizt	The cash account continued on its creditor side, cast 4 April 1753. By account current, London, for 3 per cent, being 15 per cent sent to England, £59 12s 9d 11th, by sundry accounts advanced the paymaster this quarter, £1,959 18s 2d By balance remaining in the following species 230 Venetian pieces, £115 5,150 pagodas, at 8s, £2,060 Gold amounting to £2,175 4,609 dollars, at 5s, £1,152 8,000 rupees, at 2s ⅓d, £900 12,948 half rials, at 3¾d, £202 6s 441 French pieces, at 2s, £3 13s 6d Odd money, £0 3s ¾d Silver amounting to £2,258 6s ¾d 146 cash notes, at 40s, £292 162 cash notes, at 20s, £162 263 cash notes, at 5s, £65 15s 160 cash notes, at 2s 6d, £20 Cash notes amounting to £539 15s Total, £6,973 3s Grand total, £6,991 14s 6¼d Lieutenant John Clark reported that he had gone aboard the ships Drake, Edgecote and Rhoda to muster their companies and search for recruits, but found none. Their muster rolls follow. Interpretations The species held at this count, more than 5,000 pagodas alone, again shows the island's cash chest running heavily on Indian gold, with rupees now appearing for the first time in this batch's counts and pointing to a fresh consignment from the Coromandel or Bengal presidencies. The 3 per cent charge on money sent to England records the standing cost of remitting funds home, a fixed loss the Company accepted on every transfer between the island and its London treasury. The muster here searches for recruits rather than deserters, the phrasing used for the homeward China ships earlier in the batch. The distinction shows Lieutenant Clark's boarding served two related but separate purposes according to a ship's business, checking outward-bound India ships for men who might be carried off as unauthorised recruits, and homeward China ships for men who might desert once ashore.
140	134	Muster Roll of Ship Drake Benjamin Fisher Commander John Shacklien 1st Mate James Johnson 2d Do John Wade 3d Do Ths Joseph Shepherd 4 Do George Ludwig Steward James Wood Boatswain John Barnet Carpenter James Sawter Gunner Geo Gibson Gunr Mate Thomas Richardson Seaman John Williams Do Geo Dawson Do Henry Pearson Do Jonathan Bustin Do Willm Bustin Do John Alexander Quarter Master John Gibson Boats Steward Tim Frazier Boats Mate Richard Rice Do 2d Do Alexander Day Sail Maker Willm Walker Cook Thomas Kidd Seaman Thos Johnson 2d Master Christopr Day Seaman Denny Gardener Do Willm Newton Do John Phillips Do John Scipio Do John Starkhorne Do Thomas Goddar Do Andw Scott 2d Master William Waller Cooper Danl Wade Do Master James Cazte Sailmaker John Clancy Seaman Andw Watt Do John Earle Do David Right Do John Lane Midshipman James Anderson Seaman Tomas Power Butcher John Barnet Seaman Wm Limp Do Edwd Earle Do Wm Rode Do Israel (ace) Do Wm Hughes Do Alexander Clark Do Godfrey Taylor Midshipn James Pasley Seaman John Gilmore Do Geo Hines Do John Johnson Do Henry Browtt Mate Geo Brooks 2d Mate James Wade Seaman Daniel Higgins Do Robt Hunt Do Nicholas Mills Do Isaac Freys 2d Mate Wm Beddington Do Allen Plumber Do James Youle Surgeon Wm Bankes Capt Steward Wm Dawson Surgeons Mate Geo Scott Seaman Nath Tanner Do Thos Fisher Boatswain John King Seaman John Markeby Boatsw Do Ant King Seaman Mardy Guggur Capt Steward Jonathan Lawton Gunr Do Wm Hote Midshipman John Dean Capt Boatsw Do Peter Vinez Seaman Tom Gunado Do Jn Dickason Do Stephen Smith Do Peter Burn Do Man Creeir Do John Revo Do Anthony Ruso Do Wm Thos Shore Supracargo Wm Tho Lockwood Joseph Clayton Suprarcargo Servant Wm Jenning	Muster roll of the ship Drake Benjamin Fisher, commander John Shacklien, first mate James Johnson, second mate John Wade, third mate Thomas Joseph Shepherd, fourth mate George Ludwig, steward James Wood, boatswain John Barnet, carpenter James Sawter, gunner George Gibson, gunner's mate Thomas Richardson, seaman John Williams, seaman George Dawson, seaman Henry Pearson, seaman Jonathan Bustin, seaman William Bustin, seaman John Alexander, quartermaster John Gibson, boatswain's steward Tim Frazier, boatswain's mate Richard Rice, second boatswain's mate Alexander Day, sailmaker William Walker, cook Thomas Kidd, seaman Thomas Johnson, second master Christopher Day, seaman Denny Gardener, seaman William Newton, seaman John Phillips, seaman John Scipio, seaman John Starkhorne, seaman Thomas Goddar, seaman Andrew Scott, second master William Waller, cooper Daniel Wade, cooper's mate James Cazte, sailmaker John Clancy, seaman Andrew Watt, seaman John Earle, seaman David Right, seaman John Lane, midshipman James Anderson, seaman Thomas Power, butcher John Barnet, seaman William Limp, seaman Edward Earle, seaman William Rode, seaman Israel [...], seaman William Hughes, seaman Alexander Clark, seaman Godfrey Taylor, midshipman James Pasley, seaman John Gilmore, seaman George Hines, seaman John Johnson, seaman Henry Browtt, mate George Brooks, second mate James Wade, seaman Daniel Higgins, seaman Robert Hunt, seaman Nicholas Mills, seaman Isaac Freys, second mate William Beddington, seaman Allen Plumber, seaman James Youle, surgeon William Bankes, captain's steward William Dawson, surgeon's mate George Scott, seaman Nathaniel Tanner, seaman Thomas Fisher, boatswain John King, seaman John Markeby, boatswain's mate Anthony King, seaman Mardy Guggur, captain's steward Jonathan Lawton, gunner's mate William Hote, midshipman John Dean, captain's boatswain's mate Peter Vinez, seaman Tom Gunado, seaman John Dickason, seaman Stephen Smith, seaman Peter Burn, seaman Man Creeir, seaman John Revo, seaman Anthony Ruso, seaman William Thomas Shore, supercargo William Thomas Lockwood Joseph Clayton, supercargo's servant William Jenning Interpretations The Drake roll names a supercargo and his servant among the ship's company, the Company officer responsible for the outward and homeward trading cargo rather than the navigation of the vessel. Their presence on the muster shows the mustering officer counted every person carried by the ship on Company business, trading staff as well as sailing crew, when checking her against desertion or unauthorised recruitment.
141	135	Muster Roll of Ship Edquecote John Evans Commander Edmd Haddock 1st Mate Brewster Lumsden 2 Do George Saltteer 3 Do Wm Tanklope 4 Do Thomas Keldron 5 Do Thomas Moreland 6 Do James Nasmynth Surgeon Ben Price Purser Sam Springer Carpenter Wm Tipher Gummer John Cock Boatwain Wm Ellison Mates’ Mate David Fullerton Midshipman Geo Spearing Do John Stephens Do Baby Ward Do Wm Clatterbuck Do Richd Phillips Do Robt Launchtens Do Wm John Do Wm D Masters William Coulter Do John Campell Midg: Alex Hodge’n Ships Steward James Henman Coulker Robt Cazna Cooper John Kirk Sailmaker Striker Slates Armourer John Hogg Capt’s Steward Leonard Clarke Cooks Do Fredk McHoyling Ships Do Richd McRow Gunner’s Mate Robt McHandsy Surgeon’s Do Wm Hill Carpenters Mate Wm King Do 2 Do John Smith Boatsw’s Mate Josph Cooper Coopers Mate John Dudley Caulkers Do John Dicey Butcher Robt Clayton Poulterer Henry Baker Taylor Rich Grant Capt’s Servant Ben Mildin Ch. Mates Do Robt Lawder 2d Mates Do Thos James Gunners Do Archibald Geddes Capt’s Do James Morpeth Surgeons Do John Craig Seaman Henry Cannum Do Joseph Parquet Do Peter Larouck Do Henry Cock Do John Hammand Do Wm Greace Do Geo Peterson Do Francis Ciner Do Robt King Do Samuel Bearcroft Do Thomas Griffiths Do Elias Tadranaugh Do William Ireland Do James Graham Do Ambros Peckell Do Wm Wilton Do John Fenwick Do Wm Simpson Senr Do Wm Simpson Junr Do Hans Pepperson Do John Lambert Do Wm Garnet Walter Walter Duncan Seaman Walter Buchanan Do Charles Winter Do John Merit Do Anthony Gonsallo Do Edwd Gaskey Do Geo Matthews Do John Akin Do John Welling Do James Robeson Do Henry Stevenson Do John Pattlegord Do John Vash Do John Kannel Do Samuel Albridge Do Tho Anderson Do Robt Hutson Do John McFarlane Do John Glasomen Do John Osbond Do Peter Wilson Do Anthony Gonsallo Do John Earle Suprarcargoe Henry Bezanth Servant	Muster roll of the ship Edgecote John Evans, commander Edmund Haddock, first mate Brewster Lumsden, second mate George Saltteer, third mate William Tanklope, fourth mate Thomas Keldron, fifth mate Thomas Moreland, sixth mate James Nasmyth, surgeon Ben Price, purser Samuel Springer, carpenter William Tipher, gunner John Cock, boatswain William Ellison, mates' mate David Fullerton, midshipman George Spearing, midshipman John Stephens, midshipman Baby Ward, midshipman William Clatterbuck, midshipman Richard Phillips, midshipman Robert Launchtens, midshipman William John, midshipman William [...], second master William Coulter, second master John Campbell, midshipman Alexander Hodgen, ship's steward James Henman, caulker Robert Cazna, cooper John Kirk, sailmaker Striker Slates, armourer John Hogg, captain's steward Leonard Clarke, cook's steward Frederick McHoyling, ship's steward Richard McRow, gunner's mate Robert McHandsy, surgeon's mate William Hill, carpenter's mate William King, second carpenter's mate John Smith, boatswain's mate Joseph Cooper, cooper's mate John Dudley, caulker's mate John Dicey, butcher Robert Clayton, poulterer Henry Baker, tailor Richard Grant, captain's servant Ben Mildin, chief mate's servant Robert Lawder, second mate's servant Thomas James, gunner's servant Archibald Geddes, captain's servant James Morpeth, surgeon's servant John Craig, seaman Henry Cannum, seaman Joseph Parquet, seaman Peter Larouck, seaman Henry Cock, seaman John Hammand, seaman William Greace, seaman George Peterson, seaman Francis Ciner, seaman Robert King, seaman Samuel Bearcroft, seaman Thomas Griffiths, seaman Elias Tadranaugh, seaman William Ireland, seaman James Graham, seaman Ambrose Peckell, seaman William Wilton, seaman John Fenwick, seaman William Simpson, senior, seaman William Simpson, junior, seaman Hans Pepperson, seaman John Lambert, seaman William Garnet, waiter Walter Duncan, seaman Walter Buchanan, seaman Charles Winter, seaman John Merit, seaman Anthony Gonsallo, seaman Edward Gaskey, seaman George Matthews, seaman John Akin, seaman John Welling, seaman James Robeson, seaman Henry Stevenson, seaman John Pattlegord, seaman John Vash, seaman John Kannel, seaman Samuel Albridge, seaman Thomas Anderson, seaman Robert Hutson, seaman John McFarlane, seaman John Glasomen, seaman John Osbond, seaman Peter Wilson, seaman Anthony Gonsallo, second of the name, seaman John Earle, supercargo Henry Bezanth, servant Interpretations The roll names James Nasmyth as surgeon of the Edgecote, the same officer who, with Andrew Johnston of the Rhoda below, later in this batch surveyed the island's medicine chest at the Council's request. Their standing as ships' surgeons gave the Council a body of qualified medical opinion to call on for such island business whenever a Company ship lay in the road, since no independent physician served the settlement beyond its own surgeon.
142	136	Muster Roll of Ship Rhoda John McNamara Commander Thomas Delwicks 1st Mate Samuel Sampson 2 Do Fran: Fortescue 3 Do Lasham Marin 4 Do Jordan and Hallis 5 Do John Puzefold 6 Do Ballazaar Colthrop 7 Do Andrew Johnson Surgeon Archibald Bird Surgeons Mate John Shane Carpenter James McNamara Purser David Elphinston Boatsw: William Wright Gunner Robt Cox Ships Steward Peter Busk Quar: Master John Laws John Hardcastle Tho: Fowler (Cook Thomas Blake 2d Mate Servt Robt Hopkins Midshipman Geo Saunders Do Wm Smith Quarter Mast James Story Seaman James Coulter Do Cornelius Scurland Do Richd Thompson Do Henry Newland Ships Cook William Robertson Robt Carter James Burks Mate Tho: Timmer Seaman Anthony Francis Do James Curry Capt Servt Tho: McNamara Seaman 263 Menfys Seaman Henry Henry Master Martin Bark seaman Joseph Earle Do Robt Cole Tailmaker Robt Coast seaman James Wilson Do Alexander Paton Armourer James Hayward Caulker Wm Jollowes Caulkers mate John Thomas 1st Mates Servant Samuel Cox 2d Mates Servt John Bly Seaman Handley Bowery seaman Wm Edwards Do Tho: Arrundle Do John Richard Do Alexander Graham Do Henry Cook Do John Formman Do Wm Greaves Do Geo Peterson Do Francis Vine Do Robt Fitig Do Samuel Bennett Do Thomas Griffiths Do Elias Toddnaugh Do William Ireland Do James Graham Do Ambrose Pepwell Do James Wilton Do John Fenwick Do Wm Simpson senr Do Wm Simpson junr Do Hans Peppercorn Do John Lambert Do Wm Garret Waiter John Lock Seaman Arthur Auchmoody Mid? James Young Do Peter Ryeland seaman Wm Okey Midshipman Michael Curtis Do Wm Mann Capt Servant Garet Byguel (Capt Cook John Murphy Do Servt Wm Froud Midshipman John Fenwick Do Arthur Powell Do Henry Mann Servants James Tulley Wm Barker Seaman Wm Ivy Surgeons Servant Geo Walker Midshipman John Bartlet Midship: Dolphin Fish seaman Paul Reed seaman James Harding seaman James Cook Do Richd Henly Do Benjn Williams Do Joseph Thorn Do Supercargoes Mr. Risley Mr. Wood James Burnett Servant Robt Reynolds Servant	Muster roll of the ship Rhoda John McNamara, commander Thomas Delwicks, first mate Samuel Sampson, second mate Francis Fortescue, third mate Lasham Marin, fourth mate Jordan and Hallis, fifth mate John Puzefold, sixth mate Ballazaar Colthrop, seventh mate Andrew Johnson, surgeon Archibald Bird, surgeon's mate John Shane, carpenter James McNamara, purser David Elphinston, boatswain William Wright, gunner Robert Cox, ship's steward Peter Busk, quartermaster John Laws, seaman John Hardcastle, seaman Thomas Fowler, cook Thomas Blake, second mate's servant Robert Hopkins, midshipman George Saunders, midshipman William Smith, quartermaster James Story, seaman James Coulter, seaman Cornelius Scurland, seaman Richard Thompson, seaman Henry Newland, ship's cook William Robertson, seaman Robert Carter, seaman James Burks, mate Thomas Timmer, seaman Anthony Francis, seaman James Curry, captain's servant Thomas McNamara, seaman Henry Menfys, seaman Henry Henry, master Martin Bark, seaman Joseph Earle, seaman Robert Cole, tailor Robert Coast, seaman James Wilson, seaman Alexander Paton, armourer James Hayward, caulker William Jollowes, caulker's mate John Thomas, first mate's servant Samuel Cox, second mate's servant John Bly, seaman Handley Bowery, seaman William Edwards, seaman Thomas Arrundle, seaman John Richard, seaman Alexander Graham, seaman Henry Cook, seaman John Formman, seaman William Greaves, seaman George Peterson, seaman Francis Vine, seaman Robert Fitig, seaman Samuel Bennett, seaman Thomas Griffiths, seaman Elias Toddnaugh, seaman William Ireland, seaman James Graham, seaman Ambrose Pepwell, seaman James Wilton, seaman John Fenwick, seaman William Simpson, senior, seaman William Simpson, junior, seaman Hans Peppercorn, seaman John Lambert, seaman William Garret, waiter John Lock, seaman Arthur Auchmoody, midshipman James Young, seaman Peter Ryeland, seaman William Okey, midshipman Michael Curtis, midshipman William Mann, captain's servant Garet Byguel, captain's cook John Murphy, cook's servant William Froud, midshipman John Fenwick, second of the name, midshipman Arthur Powell, midshipman Henry Mann, servant James Tulley, servant William Barker, seaman William Ivy, surgeon's servant George Walker, midshipman John Bartlet, midshipman Dolphin Fish, seaman Paul Reed, seaman James Harding, seaman James Cook, seaman Richard Henly, seaman Benjamin Williams, seaman Joseph Thorn, seaman Supercargoes Mr Risley Mr Wood James Burnett, servant Robert Reynolds, servant Interpretations The Rhoda carried two supercargoes, Risley and Wood, each with his own servant, the largest such trading establishment among the three ships mustered here. Her commander John McNamara is the same officer whose letter later in this batch asked the Council for rice, having lost much of his own to damaged storage at Canton, which shows the muster and the subsequent correspondence describe the same voyage from two sides.
143	137	The Ship’s Drake and Edgcote brought us the following Goods Vizt, Invoice of Ship Edgcote N. 182 China Ware 2 Boxes Vizt N. 1 Contains 8 Setts Dishes & Plates No. 2. 20 Blue & 50 Saucers blue and White. 20 Small Bowls Coloured Edgd 6 Sauce Boats blue & White. N. 2. 8 pr Jugglets and Basons blue and Wht 6 Sauce Boats 100 Half Pint Basons Coloured & Wht 4 Arts Mugs 3 in a sett Tables 27. 6. Deduc’t 2 pr ct for Breakage 5. 5. 2 27 0 4 8 C. N. 182 Tea Congou 2 Boxes Weighing Nett 89 Baggs at 26 pr Cent 23 1 4 N. 1 to 14 Sugar 4 Chests Weighing Nett Peculle 16. 98 at 4. 3. pr Pecull 73 1 4 Sugar Candy 15 Chests Nett Wt. 7. 49 at 7. 4. pr Pecull 129 4 2 6 Tables… 252 6 2 8 Errors Excepted (Signed) p Hen. Hadley John Searle Fran. Kinnersley John Goodene ? Tho. Fitzhugh	The ships Drake and Edgecote brought the following goods. Invoice of ship Edgecote Number 182, chinaware, 2 boxes Box number 1, containing 8 sets of dishes and plates, number 2, 20 blue, and 50 saucers, blue and white; 20 small bowls, coloured, edged; 6 sauce boats, blue and white Box number 2, 8 pairs of jugs and basins, blue and white; 6 sauce boats; 100 half-pint basins, coloured and white; 4 sets of mugs, 3 in a set Subtotal, taels 27 6 Deduct 2 per cent for breakage, taels 5 5 2, leaving taels 27 0 4 8 Congo tea, 2 boxes weighing net 89 bags, at 26 per cent, taels 23 1 4 Numbers 1 to 14, sugar, 4 chests weighing net 16 pecul 98, at 4 3 per pecul, taels 73 1 4 Sugar candy, 15 chests, net weight 7 pecul 49, at 7 4 per pecul, taels 129 4 2 6 Total, taels 252 6 2 8 The invoice was marked errors excepted, and signed for Henry Hadley by John Searle, Francis Kinnersley, John Goodene and Thomas Fitzhugh. Interpretations The invoice values the Edgecote's chinaware and provisions in taels, the Canton unit of account, following the same pattern of piece-priced porcelain and bulk tea and sugar seen in the earlier China invoices of this batch. A pecul, the Chinese unit of weight used for the sugar and sugar candy here, was the standard measure of the Canton trade for goods sold by bulk rather than by the piece.
144	138	Invoice of Ship Drake C W N o 1 Chinaware 1 Chest contain Vizt 4 Setts of Dishes and Plates @ 20 a Sett Sal m @ 8 - 10 Bowls 2 Quarts ea 1 - 9 6 1 - 50 Pint Basens 2 - 4 3 9 1 2 - 4 Pr Basens and Gugglets 3 - 2 9 1 2 12 Chamber Potts 2 - 3 6 2 1 18 8 Breakage 2 7 6 13 5 2 4 N o 1 S Tea Singlo 1 Chest W t 8 Prime Cost a 1:19: Sale m a 16:8: 19 9 2 N o 143 C Tea Congo 3 Chests 1:34: 25: 33 5 2 N o 1 a 15 S C Sugar Candy 16 Chests 20 29 6:1: 256 5 6 N o 1 a 15 S Sugar 15 Do 21 17 Sales 323 6 3 4 Errors Excepted (signed) Th o: Moor Th o: Lockwood The Storekeeper brought in the following Account of Goods Short delivered from the Ships Drake and Escape...	The invoice of the ship Drake recorded the goods landed. Number 1, chinaware, 1 chest containing 4 sets of dishes and plates, at 20 to a set, taels 8 10 bowls, 2 quarts each, taels 1 9 6, and further at 1 50 pint basins, at 2, taels 4 3 9 1 2 4 pairs of basins and jugs, at 3, taels 2 9 1 2 12 chamber pots, at 2, taels 3 6 2 1 Subtotal, taels 18 8 Breakage, taels 2 7 6 Total, taels 13 5 2 4 Number 1, singlo tea, 1 chest, weight 8, prime cost at 1 taels 19, sale at 16 taels 8, taels 19 9 2 Number 143, congo tea, 3 chests, weight 1 34, at 25, taels 33 5 2 Numbers 1 to 15, sugar candy, 16 chests, weight 20 29, at 6 1, taels 256 5 6 Numbers 1 to 15, sugar, 15 chests, weight 21 17 Sale total, taels 323 6 3 4 The invoice was marked errors excepted, and signed by Thomas Moor and Thomas Lockwood. The storekeeper then brought in an account of goods short delivered from the ships Drake and Edgecote. Interpretations The Drake invoice again shows a breakage deduction applied to the porcelain, a small fraction of the whole consignment set aside as an anticipated loss, matching the practice of every China invoice in this batch. The two invoices together, for the Edgecote and the Drake, record the last of the season's homeward China cargoes noted in this batch, arriving within days of one another.
145	139	Account of Stores Short Rec d from the following Ships Viz t From the Ship Drake 1 C no 15 Sugar Short Weight 24 Meat Plates 1 Bowl Broke 9 Sneakers From Ship Edgecote 2 Meat Plates 1 D o Dish Broke 5 Sneakers 2 Bowlo April 30 1753 (signed) Bowling Storek r There being a large quantity of Medicines upon the Island belonging to the Hon ble Company and as some of them from the length of time they have been here, we apprehend are become unserviceable, We therefore Ordered Mr Faulconer the Surgeon, with Mr Inglis his Mate to inspect them very carefully, and to report to us in Writing, what were fit for use and what were perished, But Mr Faulconer not having Obeyed our Order, in distinguishing them in the manner we directed and being almost constantly in Liquor and consequently incapable of performing this Branch of his duty we for these reasons thought it absolutely Necessary to depute Mr James Na Smith Surgeon of the Ship Edgecote and Mr Andrew Johnston Surgeon of the Ship Broado together with Mr Inglis to take the trouble of examining them which they promised to do. Cha s Hutchinson Will Thomson John Clark	The storekeeper's account of goods short received continued, completing the account begun in the preceding record. From the ship Drake 1 chest, number 15, sugar, short weight 24 meat plates 1 bowl, broken 9 saucers From the ship Edgecote 2 meat plates 1 dish, broken 5 saucers 2 bowls The account was signed by Bowling, storekeeper, and dated 30 April 1753. There being a large quantity of medicines on the island belonging to the Company, and as some of them, from the length of time they had been kept, were apprehended to have become unserviceable, the Council ordered Samuel Faulconer, the surgeon, with John Inglis, his mate, to inspect them carefully and report in writing what were fit for use and what were perished. Faulconer had not obeyed this order in the manner directed, and being almost constantly in liquor and consequently incapable of performing this branch of his duty, the Council thought it necessary to depute James Nasmyth, surgeon of the Edgecote, and Andrew Johnston, surgeon of the Rhoda, together with Inglis, to undertake the examination, which they promised to do. The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson, William Adamson and John Clark. Interpretations The Council's plain statement that Faulconer was almost constantly in liquor and incapable of his duty shows it willing to record an officer's unfitness in the consultation book when his failure obstructed necessary business, rather than pass over the matter quietly. Deputing two visiting ships' surgeons and the resident mate to complete the inspection shows the Council drawing on whatever qualified men happened to be in the road to cover a gap in the island's own establishment, a resourcing pattern already seen with the wine certification earlier in this batch.
146	140	At a consultation held on Wednesday the 2 d day of May 1753 at the Castle. Present Charles Hutchinson Esq r Governour Lieut t John Adamson Lieut t Governour Lieut t John Clark of Councill The last consultation was read approved and signed dated the 30 April 1753 Received the following Letter from Capt n John Mc Namara To the Worshipfull Charles Hutchinson Esq r Governour & Councill of St Helena Dr Sir I must beg the favour of you to spare me twenty four hundred Weight of Rice, the reason I am in want of it, is owing to the Rice being put into Straw Bags at Canton & stowed in the Lazaretto by the Ill managment of the Ships Steward, great part of my Rice has fallen between the Casks and is quite Rotten I am Gentlemen your most Obed t Servant. (signed) John Mc Namara St Helena 2 d May 1753 As there is no sort of Bread to be procured here, and the Ship Rhoda cannot safely go to sea without a supply of Rice, we agreed to let Capt n Mc Namara have the Quantity he asks for, out of the Hon ble Company’s Store and ordered the Store-keeper to deliver it to him accordingly. Cha s Hutchinson John Thomson John Clark	At a consultation held at the Castle on 2 May 1753, Governor Charles Hutchinson sat with Lieutenant John Adamson, Lieutenant Governor, and Lieutenant John Clark of the Council. The Council read the earlier consultation of 30 April 1753, then approved and signed it. It received the following letter from Captain John McNamara. McNamara wrote to Charles Hutchinson, Governor, and the Council of St Helena. He begged the favour of sparing him 2,400 lb weight of rice, his own having been put into straw bags at Canton and stowed in the lazaretto through the ship's steward's poor management, so that a great part of his rice had fallen between the casks and rotted. The letter was signed by John McNamara, St Helena, 2 May 1753. As no bread of any sort could be procured on the island, and the ship Rhoda could not safely put to sea without a supply of rice, the Council agreed to let McNamara have the quantity he asked from the Company's store, and ordered the storekeeper to deliver it to him accordingly. The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson, John Adamson and John Clark. Interpretations McNamara's letter explains, from the ship's own side, the loss his rice suffered through faulty stowage at Canton, straw bags in a damp lazaretto being a poor container for a cargo meant to provision the return voyage. The Council's readiness to make up the loss from its own store, on the sole ground that the island itself had no bread to offer instead, shows how completely a homeward China ship depended on the settlements along her route for provisions when her own supply failed.
147	141	At a Consultation held on Saturday the 5 th day of May 1753 at the Castle. Present Charles Hutchinson Esq r Governour Lieut t John Adamson Lieut t Governour Lieut t John Clark of Councill The last consultation was read approved and signed Date the 2 day of May 1753. Mr William Le Chaplain this day applys to us for liberty to pay L 40 - - in the Honourable Companys Cash which we have received and given him Bills of Exchange drawn on the Hon ble Court of Directors for that sum payable to himself or Order Ninety Days after Sight Dated this Day Mess rs Andrew Johnston and James Nasmyth delivered us this day the following Report Viz t Pursuant to a request of the governour and council of the Island of St Helena we whose Names are hereunto subscribed Surgeons of the Ships Rhoda and Edgecote in the Honourable the East India Companys Service have taken a strict and careful survey of the Medecines in the Custody of the Surgeon of the Said Island and we find as follows That tho they are in general perfectly good of their kinds, yet, there are some whose virtue by long keeping are Impaired and also a few others unfit for service A List of both which will be delivered by the Surgeon Aforesaid In consequence of this it is our opinion that Those whose virtues are impaired being still better than none, may be of use in case of want amongst the Ships and the others unfit for Service destroyed or disposed of as shall be thought proper, given under our hands at St Helena the 5 th of May 1753 Andrew Johnston James Nasmyth Cha s Hutchinson John Thomson John Clark	At a consultation held at the Castle on 5 May 1753, Governor Charles Hutchinson sat with Lieutenant John Adamson, Lieutenant Governor, and Lieutenant John Clark of the Council. The Council read the earlier consultation of 2 May 1753, then approved and signed it. William Le Chaplain applied to pay £40 into the Company's cash, which the Council received, giving him bills of exchange drawn on the Court of Directors for that sum, payable to himself or order, ninety days after sight, dated this day. Andrew Johnston and James Nasmyth delivered the following report. Pursuant to a request of the Governor and Council, the surgeons of the ships Rhoda and Edgecote had taken a strict and careful survey of the medicines in the custody of the island's surgeon. They found that although the medicines were in general perfectly good of their kind, some had their virtue impaired by long keeping, and a few others were unfit for service, a list of both being delivered by the surgeon. In consequence, it was their opinion that those whose virtue was impaired, being still better than none, might be of use in case of want among the ships, and that the others unfit for service should be destroyed or disposed of as thought proper. The report was given under their hands at St Helena, 5 May 1753, and signed by Andrew Johnston and James Nasmyth. The consultation was signed by Charles Hutchinson, John Adamson and John Clark. Interpretations The surgeons' report completed the inspection the Council had ordered when Faulconer proved unable to carry it out, recorded earlier in this batch, and their graded finding, sound medicines, impaired but still usable, and unfit for service, gave the Council a workable basis for disposing of the stock without wasting what remained serviceable. Recommending the impaired medicines for use among the ships rather than for the island itself shows a considered judgement that lesser stock still had value at sea, where any supply exceeded none, even if it fell short of what the island's own patients should receive.
148	142	At a consultation held on Monday the 7 th day of May 1753 at the Castle. Present Charles Hutchinson Esq r Governour Lieut t John Adamson Lieut t Gov r Lieut t John Clark of Councill The last consultation was read approved and signed Dated the 5 th May 1753. Sailed the Honourable Company’s Ships Drake, Edgecote & Rhoda for England. The Accomptant this day brought in his Journal Vouche rs for the Quarter ending the 1 st of last Month which were examined and approved and ordered to be entered. The Clerk of the Market having informed the Governour last Week that he cou d procure very little Pork for the Market, we this day Assembled the Planters to know from them what Quantity they cou d supply, to wit, and finding it to be but little for the Present, we thought it necessary to publish an Advertisement to forbid their selling any to the Ships, without an Order for it, as the Garrison will require all they can furnish. Enlisted William Hayes a Native to serve the Honorable Company as a soldier for five years, without any Bounty money. Mr Thomas Hall Presented the following Petition Viz t	At a consultation held at the Castle on 7 May 1753, Governor Charles Hutchinson sat with Lieutenant John Adamson, Lieutenant Governor, and Lieutenant John Clark of the Council. The Council read the earlier consultation of 5 May 1753, then approved and signed it. The Company's ships Drake, Edgecote and Rhoda had sailed for England. The accountant brought in his journal vouchers for the quarter ending the first of the previous month, which were examined, approved and ordered entered. The clerk of the market had informed the Governor the week before that he could procure very little pork for the market. The Council assembled the planters to learn what quantity they could supply, and finding it to be but little for the present, thought it necessary to publish an advertisement forbidding them to sell any to the ships without an order, since the garrison would require all they could furnish. William Hayes, a native, was enlisted to serve the Company as a soldier for five years, without any bounty money. Thomas Hall presented a petition to the Council. Interpretations The pork shortage, and the Council's order reserving what little the planters could supply for the garrison ahead of the departing ships, matches the pattern already seen with beef earlier in this batch, the Council repeatedly protecting the island's own provision at the expense of the passing trade when a meat supply ran short. Enlisting a native-born man without bounty money, where recruits from elsewhere were customarily paid an entry bounty, suggests the Company drew on island-born men for the garrison on cheaper terms than it offered outsiders.
149	143	To the Worshipfull Charles Hutchinson Esq r Governour &c a & Council of St Helena The Humble Petition of Thomas Hall Sheweth That your Petitioner has been informed there is a Certain Sum of Money allowed by the Honourable the Court of Directors yearly for Instructing and learning the Men of the Artillery Company (which your Petitioner commands) in the Art and Branch of Gunnery. That your Petitioner since his Arrival here has never known an instance of any Person offering to take that trouble except himself, and as your Petitioner is Master Gunner here, and has taken all the Pains he could to instruct them by Practicing with the Cannon, and does every thing Necessary that is in his Power to inform them, without the Assistance of any one, humbly requests that you will be pleased to acquaint him how that Money is disposed of and to whom it is paid, and at the same time submits to your Opinions, whether your Petitioner is not the proper Person to receive it and hopes if it is allowed, that he may have the preference of that Indulgence and your Petitioner will ever pray &c. (signed) Thomas Hall. May 7 th 1753 Mr Hall being called before us he was asked if he did not receive his full Appointment as Master Gunner, to which he Answered that he did, and as he has done no more than his Duty in Instructing the People of the Artillery Company, we told him the Gratuity of Thirty Pounds, must be paid to Mr Clarke, According to the Hon ble Companys Order in their General Letter Dated the 10 th January 1743 & 4 per Ships Somerset, under whose Orders in that respect he is to Act for the future Cha s Hutchinson John Thomson John Clark	Hall petitioned Charles Hutchinson, Governor, and the Council of St Helena. He set out that he had been informed there was a certain sum of money allowed yearly by the Court of Directors for instructing the men of the artillery company, which he commanded, in the art and practice of gunnery. Since his arrival he had never known any person offer to take that trouble besides himself, and as master gunner he had taken all the pains he could to instruct them by practising with the cannon, doing everything necessary in his power without the assistance of anyone. He humbly requested to be told how that money was disposed of and to whom it was paid, and submitted to the Council's opinion whether he was not the proper person to receive it, hoping that if it were allowed he might have the preference of that indulgence. The petition was signed by Thomas Hall, 7 May 1753. Hall, being called before the Council, was asked whether he did not receive his full appointment as master gunner, to which he answered that he did. As he had done no more than his duty in instructing the men of the artillery company, the Council told him that the gratuity of £30 must be paid to Mr Clarke, according to the Company's order in their general letter dated 10 January 1743, sent by the ship Somerset, under whose direction in that respect he was to act in future. The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson, William Adamson and John Clark. Interpretations Hall's petition and its refusal show a standing gratuity fixed a decade earlier by the directors' general letter still governing who was paid for instructing the garrison's gunners, regardless of who actually performed the training on the island. The Council's answer, that the money belonged to Clarke by the terms of that old order and not to Hall by virtue of the work he had in fact done, reveals how firmly a London instruction could override the practical claim of the man on the spot, even where the Council itself acknowledged he had done the duty.
150	144	At a consultation held on Monday the 14 th day of May 1753 at the Castle. Present Charles Hutchinson Esq r Gov r &c a Lieut t John Adamson Lieut t Gov r Lieut t John Clark of Councill The Last consultation was read approved and signed Dated this 5 th May 1753. Tuesday the 8 th Died Isabella Wife of Robert Mason Sergeant. Wednesday 9 th Died Mary Wife of Gabriel Issac Planter. Ely Leech presented the following Petition Viz t To the Honorable Charles Hutchinson Esq r Governour &c a Council of St Helena The Humble Petition of Ely Leech Sheweth That your Petitioner begs of your Honours to grant me my discharge from this Island with leave for me and my Wife to return for England and your Petitioner as in duty bound shall for your Honours ever pray. Granted. (signed) Ely Leech May 14 th 1753 Cha s Hutchinson John Thomson John Clark	At a consultation held at the Castle on 14 May 1753, Governor Charles Hutchinson sat with Lieutenant John Adamson, Lieutenant Governor, and Lieutenant John Clark of the Council. The Council read the earlier consultation of 5 May 1753, then approved and signed it. Isabella, wife of Robert Mason, sergeant, died on Tuesday 8 May. Mary, wife of Gabriel Isaac, planter, died on Wednesday 9 May. Ely Leech presented a petition to the Council. Leech set out that he begged the Council to grant his discharge from the island, with leave for himself and his wife to return to England. This was granted. The petition was signed by Ely Leech, 14 May 1753. The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson, John Adamson and John Clark.
151	145	21 May At a Consultation held on Monday the 21 day of May 1753 at the Castle Present Charles Hutchinson Esq Governor Lieutenant John Adamson Lt Governor Lieutenant John Clark of Council The last Consultation was read, approved, and Signed dated the 14 May 1753 The Plantation, Gunners, and Stewards, Accounts from the 12 April to the 11 May, were this day brought in which were Examined, and Approved, and are as follow Vizt Sundrys Expended at the Honble Companys General Table from the 12 April to the 11 May 1753 Vizt 16 Bottles Port Wine 1 4 34 Do Lisbon 2 11 12 Do Madera 1 7 6 69 Do Arrack 2 1 8 ½ 50 Do Beer 12 6 294 Flour 1 19 9 ½ 303 Beef 4 18 9 138 Mutton 2 17 6 4 Lambs 2 10 Pigg 5 22 Fowls 1 13 10 Ducks 15 1 Turkey 5 11 Pr Salt Pork 1 2 4 Prs Do Beef 11 140 Candy 1 12 6 34 Butter 1 4 27 9 10 Account	At a consultation held at the castle on Monday 21 May 1753, Governor Hutchinson attended with Lieutenant John Adamson, deputy governor, and Lieutenant John Clark of council present. The council read, approved and signed the previous consultation dated 14 May 1753. The council brought in the plantation, gunners' and steward's accounts from 12 April to 11 May, examined and approved them, which ran as follows. Sundries expended at the Company's general table from 12 April to 11 May 1753 came to the following. 16 bottles port wine, £1 4s 0d 34 ditto Lisbon, £2 11s 0d 12 ditto Madeira, £1 1s 6d 69 ditto arrack, £2 1s 8¼d 50 ditto beer, £0 12s 6d 294 flour, £1 19s 9¾d 303 beef, £4 18s 9d 138 mutton, £2 17s 6d 4 lambs, £0 2s 0d 10 pigs, £0 5s 0d 22 fowls, £1 13s 0d 10 ducks, £0 15s 0d 1 turkey, £0 5s 0d 11 lb salt pork, £1 2s 0d 4 pieces ditto beef, £0 11s 0d 140 candy, £1 12s 0d 34 butter, £0 1s 4d Total, £27 9s 10d Interpretations The appearance of lamb and young pig on the general table marks the season's fresh increase reaching the Governor's board, the spring lambs and the growing pigs slaughtered for the finer fare of the establishment. This addition of the young meat to the ordinary beef and mutton shows the table taking the best of the season, the tender lamb and pork of the spring furnishing a better sort of dish than the salt provisions and the older stock. The steadiness of the general table's cost from month to month, again standing close to twenty-seven pounds, shows the entertainment of the establishment held at a settled level regardless of the season's changes. This constancy in the charge reflects the fixed character of the hospitality, the officers and visitors fed at a regular rate that varied little through the year, the table a standing expense of the government rather than a fluctuating one. The wide range of wines again furnished the board, port, Lisbon, Madeira and arrack drawn together from the several trades that touched the island, the varied cellar reflecting the traffic of the road. This diversity of drink at a single remote table shows the reach of the Company's commerce, the ships of many voyages leaving their wines and spirits to stock the Governor's hospitality as they called for refreshment on the long ocean passages.
152	146	An Account of the Honourable Companys Stock of Neat Cattle & ca from the 12 April to the 11 May 1753 Bulls, Cows, Calves, Yearlings, Heifers, Mares, Oxen, Total, Ewes, Wethers, Lambs, Rams, Total, Ewes, Wethers, Kidds, Rams, Total, Sows, Shoats, Piggs, Boars, Total, Turkeys, Fowls, Ducks, Geese, Horses, Mares, Total, Asses, Total Remaining 12: Bulls 3, Cows 75, Calves 30, Yearlings 24, Heifers 8, Mares 35, Oxen 12, Total 187, Ewes 164, Wethers 42, Lambs 64, Rams 6, Total 276, Ewes 80, Wethers 17, Kidds 17, Rams 4, Total 118, Sows 4, Shoats 14, Piggs 1, Boars 1, Total 20, Turkeys 23, Fowls 256, Ducks 65, Geese 23, Horses 6, Mares 6, Total 12, Asses 3, Total 3 Encreased: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 12, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Mares 0, Oxen 0, Total 12, Ewes 0, Wethers 0, Lambs 3, Rams 0, Total 3, Ewes 0, Wethers 0, Kidds 6, Rams 0, Total 6, Sows 0, Shoats 0, Piggs 0, Boars 0, Total 0, Turkeys 0, Fowls 24, Ducks 0, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0, Asses 0, Total 0 Bulls 3, Cows 75, Calves 42, Yearlings 24, Heifers 8, Mares 35, Oxen 12, Total 199, Ewes 164, Wethers 42, Lambs 67, Rams 6, Total 279, Ewes 80, Wethers 17, Kidds 17, Rams 4, Total 118, Sows 4, Shoats 14, Piggs 7, Boars 1, Total 26, Turkeys 23, Fowls 280, Ducks 65, Geese 23, Horses 6, Mares 6, Total 12, Asses 3, Total 3 Killed: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 0, Yearlings 0, Heifers 2, Mares 6, Oxen 0, Total 8, Ewes 0, Wethers 2, Lambs 3, Rams 4, Total 9, Ewes 0, Wethers 0, Kidds 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Sows 0, Shoats 1, Piggs 0, Boars 0, Total 1, Turkeys 1, Fowls 22, Ducks 10, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0, Asses 0, Total 0 Died: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 0, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Mares 0, Oxen 0, Total 0, Ewes 0, Wethers 0, Lambs 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Ewes 0, Wethers 0, Kidds 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Sows 0, Shoats 0, Piggs 0, Boars 0, Total 0, Turkeys 0, Fowls 2, Ducks 1, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0, Asses 0, Total 0 Remaining 11: Bulls 3, Cows 75, Calves 42, Yearlings 24, Heifers 6, Mares 29, Oxen 12, Total 191, Ewes 162, Wethers 39, Lambs 63, Rams 6, Total 270, Ewes 80, Wethers 17, Kidds 17, Rams 4, Total 118, Sows 4, Shoats 14, Piggs 6, Boars 1, Total 25, Turkeys 22, Fowls 256, Ducks 54, Geese 23, Horses 6, Mares 6, Total 12, Asses 3, Total 3 Beef to the Drake 560 Beef to the Edgecote 560 Beef to the Rhoda 560 Yams Expended 21000 One Man Slave Died Named Lime House may the 9 (Signed) John Adamson	An account of the Company's stock of cattle and other livestock from 12 April to 11 May 1753 recorded the following. Neat cattle: Remaining 12 April: bulls 3, cows 75, calves 30, yearlings 24, heifers 8, steers 35, oxen 12, total 187 Increase: bulls 0, cows 0, calves 12, yearlings 0, heifers 0, steers 0, oxen 0, total 12 Total: bulls 3, cows 75, calves 42, yearlings 24, heifers 8, steers 35, oxen 12, total 199 Killed: bulls 0, cows 0, calves 0, yearlings 0, heifers 2, steers 6, oxen 0, total 8 Died: bulls 0, cows 0, calves 0, yearlings 0, heifers 0, steers 0, oxen 0, total 0 Remaining 11 May: bulls 3, cows 75, calves 42, yearlings 24, heifers 6, steers 29, oxen 12, total 191 Sheep: Remaining 12 April: ewes 164, wethers 42, lambs 64, rams 6, total 276 Increase: ewes 0, wethers 0, lambs 0, rams 0, total 0 Total: ewes 164, wethers 42, lambs 67, rams 6, total 270 Killed: ewes 0, wethers 2, lambs 3, rams 4, total 8 Died: ewes 2, wethers 3, lambs 4, rams 0, total 9 Remaining 11 May: ewes 162, wethers 39, lambs 63, rams 6, total 270 Goats: Remaining 12 April: ewes 80, wethers 17, kids 17, rams 4, total 118 Increase: ewes 0, wethers 0, kids 0, rams 0, total 0 Total: ewes 80, wethers 17, kids 17, rams 4, total 118 Killed: ewes 0, wethers 0, kids 0, rams 0, total 0 Died: ewes 0, wethers 0, kids 0, rams 0, total 0 Remaining 11 May: ewes 80, wethers 17, kids 17, rams 4, total 118 Hogs: Remaining 12 April: sows 4, shoats 14, pigs 1, boars 1, total 20 Increase: sows 0, shoats 0, pigs 6, boars 0, total 6 Total: sows 4, shoats 14, pigs 7, boars 1, total 26 Killed: sows 0, shoats 1, pigs 0, boars 0, total 1 Died: sows 0, shoats 0, pigs 0, boars 0, total 0 Remaining 11 May: sows 4, shoats 14, pigs 6, boars 1, total 25 Poultry: Remaining 12 April: turkeys 23, fowls 256, ducks 65, geese 23, total 0 Increase: turkeys 0, fowls 24, ducks 0, geese 0, total 0 Total: turkeys 23, fowls 280, ducks 65, geese 23, total 0 Killed: turkeys 1, fowls 22, ducks 10, geese 0, total 0 Died: turkeys 0, fowls 2, ducks 1, geese 0, total 0 Remaining 11 May: turkeys 22, fowls 256, ducks 54, geese 23, total 0 Horses: Remaining 12 April: stock 6, mares 6, total 12 Remaining 11 May: stock 6, mares 6, total 12 Asses: Remaining 12 April: 3, total 3 Remaining 11 May: 3, total 3 Beef to the Drake, 560 Beef to the Edgecote, 560 Beef to the Rhoda, 560 Yams expended 21,000 One man slave died named Lime House on 9 May. John Adamson signed the account. Interpretations The three ships victualled with beef, the Drake, Edgecote and Rhoda, each taking 560, mark a further body of homeward shipping calling at the island for fresh provision. This continued draw on the herds for the passing fleet shows the refreshing season still in full course through May, the cattle slaughtered steadily to supply the returning ships as they gathered in the road to take their beef before the run to England. The death of the man slave named Lime House, entered plainly among the livestock with its date, continued the succession of slave deaths recorded through the season, following Jack Guinea, Chatham and Sheba of the preceding months. This further loss marks the heavy mortality among the Company's bond labour, the bare entry of another name beneath the tally of dead beasts reflecting the plain manner in which the books set down the passing of the workers. The killing of four rams among the sheep, together with the loss of ewes and lambs to natural death, drew notably on the breeding stock at a season when the flocks would ordinarily be spared to increase. This slaughter of rams shows the pressure of the shipping in the road overriding the usual husbandry, the demand of the three ships for fresh meat forcing the killing of the very animals kept to breed the future flocks.
153	147	1753 Gunners Stores Expended from 12 April to 11 May 1753 Round, Wads, 6 lb, 4 lb, 3 lb, 2 lb, 1 lb, Powder Expended April 12 Departed a Dane Ship returnd the Salute: Round 9, Wads 0, 6 lb 0, 4 lb 0, 3 lb 9, 2 lb 0, 1 lb 0, Powder Expended 9 Do Powder for Priming: Round 0, Wads 0, 6 lb 0, 4 lb 0, 3 lb 0, 2 lb 0, 1 lb 0, Powder Expended 1 8 16 Alarm: Round 6, Wads 0, 6 lb 0, 4 lb 2, 3 lb 2, 2 lb 0, 1 lb 2, Powder Expended 12 Do Arrived a Prussian Ship returnd the Salute: Round 15, Wads 0, 6 lb 0, 4 lb 0, 3 lb 15, 2 lb 0, 1 lb 0, Powder Expended 15 Do Powder for Priming: Round 0, Wads 0, 6 lb 0, 4 lb 0, 3 lb 0, 2 lb 0, 1 lb 0, Powder Expended 2 8 22 Alarm: Round 6, Wads 0, 6 lb 0, 4 lb 2, 3 lb 2, 2 lb 0, 1 lb 2, Powder Expended 12 Do Arrived the Drake Capt Fisher returnd the Salute: Round 9, Wads 0, 6 lb 0, 4 lb 0, 3 lb 9, 2 lb 0, 1 lb 0, Powder Expended 9 Do Powder for Priming: Round 0, Wads 0, 6 lb 0, 4 lb 0, 3 lb 0, 2 lb 0, 1 lb 0, Powder Expended 1 8 23 Alarm: Round 6, Wads 0, 6 lb 0, 4 lb 2, 3 lb 2, 2 lb 0, 1 lb 2, Powder Expended 12 Do Arrived the Edgecote Capt Pearse returnd the Salute: Round 9, Wads 0, 6 lb 0, 4 lb 0, 3 lb 9, 2 lb 0, 1 lb 0, Powder Expended 9 Do Powder for Priming: Round 0, Wads 0, 6 lb 0, 4 lb 0, 3 lb 0, 2 lb 0, 1 lb 0, Powder Expended 1 8 Do Alarm: Round 6, Wads 0, 6 lb 0, 4 lb 2, 3 lb 2, 2 lb 0, 1 lb 2, Powder Expended 12 24 Arrived the Rhoda Capt McPherson returnd the Salute: Round 9, Wads 0, 6 lb 0, 4 lb 0, 3 lb 9, 2 lb 0, 1 lb 0, Powder Expended 9 Do Powder for Priming: Round 0, Wads 0, 6 lb 0, 4 lb 0, 3 lb 0, 2 lb 0, 1 lb 0, Powder Expended 1 8 Do Powder for Priming at Prosperous Bay: Round 0, Wads 0, 6 lb 0, 4 lb 0, 3 lb 0, 2 lb 0, 1 lb 0, Powder Expended 3 25 Departed the Walpole Capt Fowler returnd the Salute: Round 9, Wads 0, 6 lb 0, 4 lb 0, 3 lb 9, 2 lb 0, 1 lb 0, Powder Expended 9 Do Powder for Priming: Round 0, Wads 0, 6 lb 0, 4 lb 0, 3 lb 0, 2 lb 0, 1 lb 0, Powder Expended 1 8 May 6 Departed the Edgecote Capt Pearse returnd the Salute: Round 9, Wads 0, 6 lb 0, 4 lb 0, 3 lb 9, 2 lb 0, 1 lb 0, Powder Expended 9 Do Departed the Drake Capt Fisher returnd the Salute: Round 9, Wads 0, 6 lb 0, 4 lb 0, 3 lb 9, 2 lb 0, 1 lb 0, Powder Expended 9 Do Departed the Rhoda Capt McPherson returnd ye Salute: Round 9, Wads 0, 6 lb 0, 4 lb 0, 3 lb 9, 2 lb 0, 1 lb 0, Powder Expended 9 Do Powder for Priming: Round 0, Wads 0, 6 lb 0, 4 lb 0, 3 lb 0, 2 lb 0, 1 lb 0, Powder Expended 4 8 Do for Signals: Round 0, Wads 0, 6 lb 0, 4 lb 0, 3 lb 0, 2 lb 0, 1 lb 0, Powder Expended 3 8 Powder for Scaling six Guns at the Main Fort: Round 6, Wads 1, 6 lb 1, 4 lb 0, 3 lb 0, 2 lb 0, 1 lb 0, Powder Expended 3 13 Total: Round 147, Wads 1, 6 lb 1, 4 lb 8, 3 lb 8, 2 lb 8, 1 lb 11, Powder Expended 158 8 Paper for the use of the Castle 1 Quire Do for the Gardens 4 Axeltrees for Repairing the Gun Carriages on the Line 3 Iron Shod Snecks for the Carts on the Plantation, Fence 4 Tallow to Grease the Carts at Do 2 Do to Grease Rollers & Carts Rammer Heads broke at Prosperous Bay 1 Wooden Snecks at Do 1 Spunge	Gunners' stores expended from 12 April to 11 May 1753 came to the following. The column headings named the guns fired by calibre, running 32-pounders, 24-pounders, 9-pounders, 6-pounders and 4-pounders, with a final column for the powder expended. 12 April, departed a Danish ship, returned the salute, 9 guns fired, 0 32-pounders, 0 24-pounders, 0 9-pounders, 0 6-pounders, 9 4-pounders, 9 lb powder Ditto, powder for priming, 0 32-pounders, 0 24-pounders, 0 9-pounders, 0 6-pounders, 0 4-pounders, 1 lb 8 oz powder 16 April, alarm, 6 guns fired, 0 32-pounders, 0 24-pounders, 2 9-pounders, 2 6-pounders, 2 4-pounders, 12 lb powder Ditto, arrived a Prussian ship, returned the salute, 15 guns fired, 0 32-pounders, 0 24-pounders, 0 9-pounders, 0 6-pounders, 15 4-pounders, 15 lb powder Ditto, powder for priming, 0 32-pounders, 0 24-pounders, 0 9-pounders, 0 6-pounders, 0 4-pounders, 2 lb 8 oz powder 22 April, alarm, 6 guns fired, 0 32-pounders, 0 24-pounders, 2 9-pounders, 2 6-pounders, 2 4-pounders, 12 lb powder Ditto, arrived the Drake, Captain Fisher, returned the salute, 9 guns fired, 0 32-pounders, 0 24-pounders, 0 9-pounders, 0 6-pounders, 9 4-pounders, 9 lb powder Ditto, powder for priming, 0 32-pounders, 0 24-pounders, 0 9-pounders, 0 6-pounders, 0 4-pounders, 1 lb 8 oz powder 23 April, alarm, 6 guns fired, 0 32-pounders, 0 24-pounders, 2 9-pounders, 2 6-pounders, 2 4-pounders, 12 lb powder Ditto, arrived the Edgecote, Captain Pearse, returned the salute, 9 guns fired, 0 32-pounders, 0 24-pounders, 0 9-pounders, 0 6-pounders, 9 4-pounders, 9 lb powder Ditto, powder for priming, 0 32-pounders, 0 24-pounders, 0 9-pounders, 0 6-pounders, 0 4-pounders, 1 lb 8 oz powder Ditto, alarm, 6 guns fired, 0 32-pounders, 0 24-pounders, 2 9-pounders, 2 6-pounders, 2 4-pounders, 12 lb powder 24 April, arrived the Rhoda, Captain Beaman, returned the salute, 9 guns fired, 0 32-pounders, 0 24-pounders, 0 9-pounders, 0 6-pounders, 9 4-pounders, 9 lb powder Ditto, powder for priming, 0 32-pounders, 0 24-pounders, 0 9-pounders, 0 6-pounders, 0 4-pounders, 1 lb 8 oz powder Ditto, powder for priming at Prosperous Bay, 0 32-pounders, 0 24-pounders, 0 9-pounders, 0 6-pounders, 0 4-pounders, 3 lb powder 25 April, departed the Walpole, Captain Fowler, returned the salute, 9 guns fired, 0 32-pounders, 0 24-pounders, 0 9-pounders, 0 6-pounders, 9 4-pounders, 9 lb powder Ditto, powder for priming, 0 32-pounders, 0 24-pounders, 0 9-pounders, 0 6-pounders, 0 4-pounders, 1 lb 8 oz powder 6 May, departed the Edgecote, Captain Pearse, returned the salute, 9 guns fired, 0 32-pounders, 0 24-pounders, 0 9-pounders, 0 6-pounders, 9 4-pounders, 9 lb powder Ditto, departed the Drake, Captain Fisher, returned the salute, 9 guns fired, 0 32-pounders, 0 24-pounders, 0 9-pounders, 0 6-pounders, 9 4-pounders, 9 lb powder Ditto, departed the Rhoda, Captain Beaman, returned the salute, 9 guns fired, 0 32-pounders, 0 24-pounders, 0 9-pounders, 0 6-pounders, 9 4-pounders, 9 lb powder Ditto, powder for priming, 0 32-pounders, 0 24-pounders, 0 9-pounders, 0 6-pounders, 0 4-pounders, 4 lb 8 oz powder Ditto, for signals, 0 32-pounders, 0 24-pounders, 0 9-pounders, 0 6-pounders, 0 4-pounders, 3 lb powder 8 May, powder for scaling six guns at the Main Fort, 6 guns fired, 1 32-pounder, 1 24-pounder, 0 9-pounders, 0 6-pounders, 0 4-pounders, 3 lb 13 oz powder Total, 147 guns fired, 1 32-pounder, 1 24-pounder, 8 9-pounders, 8 6-pounders, 87 4-pounders, 158 lb 8 oz powder Paper for the use of the castle, 1 quire Ditto for the gardener, 1 quire Axletrees for repairing the gun carriages on the line, 3 Iron shod trucks for the carts on the plantation, 4 Tallow to grease the carts, 4 lb Ditto to grease the balls and carts, 2 lb Rammer heads broke at Prosperous Bay, 1 Wooden trucks, 1 Interpretations The arrival of a Prussian ship saluted with fifteen guns, well above the nine given to the Company's own vessels, marks the ceremonial courtesy shown to a foreign national ship, the heavier discharge honouring the flag of a European power. This distinction in the salute shows the careful gradation of the batteries' fire by the standing of the vessel, the foreign warship or ship of a distant nation greeted with a fuller honour than the familiar Indiamen of the Company's fleet. The scaling of the guns at the Main Fort, the firing of a light charge to clear the bore of rust and foulness, kept the great guns fit for service between their working discharges. This periodic cleaning by powder shows the maintenance of the artillery in a state of readiness, the bores scoured of the corrosion that the damp sea air would breed, the guns kept sound against the day they might be needed in earnest. The axletrees for the gun carriages and the iron shod trucks for the plantation carts appearing together on the gunners' account show the armourer's charge extending beyond the artillery to the general ironwork of the settlement. This overlap of the gunner's stores with the plantation's gear marks the small compass of the island's establishment, the same officer and store serving both the guns of the defence and the carts of the farm from a single account.
154	148	21 May Spunge Staves broke at Banks es 1 Spunge Heads for Do 1 Rammer Heads for Do 1 Sheep Skins for Do 1 Sprink Nails for Do 20 Rammer Heads broke at the Main Fort 1 Match burnt at the Main Fort 6 Wooden Snecks for the Wood Carts 6 Axeltrees for Do 3 Gun Carriages worn out, and unserviceable 1 Turking Hoops for repairing the Powder Barrels 80 Bitts broke at the Main Fort 2 Match burnt at the Alarm House 6 The Flagg at the Sugar Loaf worn out & unserviceable The Flagg at the Alarm House Do (Signed) Thomas Hall Chas Hutchinson John Adamson John Clark	The gunners' account continued under 21 May with further stores expended at the fortifications. Sponge staves broke at Banks, 1 Sponge heads for Banks, 1 Rammer heads for Banks, 1 Sheep skins for Banks, 1 Sprig nails for Banks, 20 Rammer heads broke at the Main Fort, 1 Match burnt at the Main Fort, 6 lb Wooden trucks for the wood carts, 6 Axletrees for the wood carts, 3 Gun carriages worn out and unserviceable, 1 Firkin hoops for repairing the powder barrels, 80 Bits broke at the Main Fort, 2 Match burnt at the Alarm House, 6 lb The flag at the Sugar Loaf worn out and unserviceable, 1 The flag at the Alarm House worn out and unserviceable, 1 Thomas Hall signed the account. Governor Hutchinson, John Adamson and John Clark signed the consultation. Interpretations The firkin hoops issued for repairing the powder barrels were the wooden or iron bands that bound the staves of the casks, the firkin a small barrel whose hoops served to mend the containers of the gunpowder. This repair of the powder barrels marks the care given to the safe keeping of the magazine, the casks holding the powder kept tight and sound against damp and spillage, the security of the whole store depending on the integrity of its containers. The flags at the Sugar Loaf and the Alarm House worn out and struck from service mark the constant wear of the signal apparatus by the weather, the ensigns flown at the lookout posts frayed and ruined by the wind and salt air. This renewal of the worn flags shows the maintenance of the island's system of signals and lookouts, the colours by which the posts communicated needing frequent replacement as the elements consumed them at their exposed stations. The single gun carriage worn out and unserviceable marks the decay of the artillery's mountings, the timber carriage rotted or broken past use by exposure and the strain of firing. This condemnation of a carriage shows the steady wastage of the guns' furniture at the coastal batteries, the carriages more perishable than the iron guns they bore, needing renewal as the weather and the working of the pieces wore them out.
155	149	At a consultation held on Monday the 28 th day of May 1753 at the Castle. Present Charles Hutchinson Esq r Governor Lieut t John Adamson Lieut t Governor Lieut t John Clark of Councile The last consultation was read approved and signed dated the 21 st May 1753. Matthias Brightwell Sergeant petitioned for his Discharge from the Garrison, having served the Honorable Company his Contrac ted time. Granted. Thomas Sledger Soldier and Native petitioned likewise for his Discharge from the Garrison having served the Honorable Company his contracted time. Granted. Counted and examined the Hon ble Companys Cash, from the 12 th April to the 11 th May, which is as follows Viz t	At a consultation held at the Castle on 28 May 1753, Governor Charles Hutchinson sat with Lieutenant John Adamson, Lieutenant Governor, and Lieutenant John Clark of the Council. The Council read the earlier consultation of 21 May 1753, then approved and signed it. Matthias Brightwell, sergeant, petitioned for his discharge from the garrison, having served the Company his contracted time, which was granted. Thomas Sledger, soldier and native, likewise petitioned for his discharge, having served his contracted time, which was granted. The Council counted and examined the Company's cash from 12 April to 11 May, entered as follows.
156	150	Cash 1753 Aprill 12 th Ditto 9 th 21 st May 4 th Ditto 5 th To Balance remaining £4973 3 3/4 To Ship Walpole the Balance of her Account 9 8 11 To Ship Drake the Balance of her Account 8 18 11 To Ship Edgecote the Balance of her Account 8 13 3 1/2 To Ship Rhoda the Balance of her Account 27 3 4 1/2 To Exchange for a sett of Bills drawn on the Hon ble the Court of Directors payable to the Reverend William Lee or Order Ninety Days after sight dated this day 40 £5067 4 6 3/4	The cash account of the Company was cast for the period from 12 April to 11 May 1753. To balance remaining, £4,973 3s ¾d To the ship Walpole, the balance of her account, £9 8s 11d To the ship Drake, the balance of her account, £8 18s 11d To the ship Edgecote, the balance of her account, £8 13s 3½d To the ship Rhoda, the balance of her account, £27 3s 4½d To exchange for a set of bills drawn on the Court of Directors, payable to the Reverend William Lee or order, ninety days after sight, dated this day, £40 Total, £5,067 4s 6¾d Interpretations The account closes the balances of four ships, the Walpole, Drake, Edgecote and Rhoda, into the Company's general cash within a single month, showing the pace at which vessels' individual accounts were settled and folded into the main chest once their business at the island ended. The bill drawn for the Reverend William Lee, the island's newly arrived chaplain, follows the same pattern already seen with other officers and captains in this batch, converting a private sum paid in locally into a remittance payable in London.
157	151	For Contra 1753 May 11 th By Balances remaining in the following species Viz t 250 Venetian @ 10/ £125 5284 Pagodas @ 8/ 2113 12 Gold Amounting to £2238 12 4730 Dollars @ 5/ 1182 10 8002 Rupees @ 2/9 900 4 6 12948 half Rials @ 3 3/8 202 6 3 441 French Picas @ 1/2 3 6 Old Money 3 3/4 Silver Amounting to £2238 17 6 3/4 146 Cash Notes @ 40/ 292 162 Do @ 20/ 162 263 Do @ 5/ 65 15 160 Do @ 2/6 20 Cash Notes Amounting to £539 15 £5067 4 6 3/4 Chas Hutchinson John Adamson John Clark	The account continued on its creditor side, cast 11 May 1753. By balance remaining in the following species 250 Venetian pieces, at 10s, £125 5,284 pagodas, at 8s, £2,113 12s Gold amounting to £2,238 12s 4,730 dollars, at 5s, £1,182 10s 8,002 rupees, at 2s 9d, £900 4s 6d 12,948 half rials, at 3¾d, £202 6s 441 French pieces, at 1s 2d, £3 6s Odd money, £0 3s ¾d Silver amounting to £2,238 17s 6¾d 146 cash notes, at 40s, £292 162 cash notes, at 20s, £162 263 cash notes, at 5s, £65 15s 160 cash notes, at 2s 6d, £20 Cash notes amounting to £539 15s Total, £5,067 4s 6¾d The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson, John Adamson and John Clark.
158	152	At a consultation held on Monday the 4th day of June 1753 at the Castle. Present Charles Hutchinson Esq r Governor Lieutenant John Adamson Lt Gov r Lieutenant John Clark of Councill The last consultation was read approved and signed dated the 28th May 1753. Thursday the 31st May arrived the Hon ble Companys Ship Admiral Vernon, Capt n Edmund Cooke, and brought us the following Supply Viz t Invoice of Ship Admiral Vernon BA No 2 Batavia Arrack 2 Leagues one 1500 pr League 300 WC Wax Candles 5 Chests quantity 10 Factory H… 50 pr m 27 327 SF Sugar fine 10 Bags quantity 20 1/3 Malibu 9 Batta 8 pr Cent 180 1A 6 6 194 6 6 RF Rice fine 35 Bags quantity 70 Mo 22 pr M c Batta 8 pr Cent 127 4 3 10 3 137 7 3 Doos Proo Settles 18 1/2 2 Bales quantity 140 pr G 6 pr C Charges 20 pr Bale 476 10 516 Batta 8 pr Cent 41 8 557 8 Charges Merchan dize 80 Gunny Bags 12 6 1716 5 9 5 Chests Imbaling 1A 2 Empty Leagues 35 3 3 1 Iron Soldan Dies 3 12 Cooly & Boat Hire 25 90 5 9 Errors Excepted Current Rupees 1806 11 6 of W m Pittendens account Hutchinson	At a consultation held at the Castle on 4 June 1753, Governor Charles Hutchinson sat with Lieutenant John Adamson, Lieutenant Governor, and Lieutenant John Clark of the Council. The Council read the earlier consultation of 28 May 1753, then approved and signed it. The Company's ship Admiral Vernon, Captain Edmund Cooke, had arrived on Thursday 31 May and brought the supply set out in the invoice that follows. Invoice of ship Admiral Vernon Batavia arrack, 2 leaguers, at 1,500 per leaguer, current rupees 300 Wax candles, 5 chests, quantity 10, factory make, at 50 per maund, current rupees 327 Fine sugar, 10 bags, quantity 20⅓ maunds, at 9 per bag, 8 per cent, current rupees 194 6s 6d Fine rice, 35 bags, quantity 70 maunds, 22 per maund, 8 per cent, current rupees 137 7 3 Proo settles, 2 bales, quantity 140, at 18½, 6 per cent, charges 20 per bale, current rupees 557 8 Charges of merchandise 80 gunny bags, current rupees 12 6 5 chests, embaling, current rupees 1 2 empty leaguers, current rupees 35 3 3 1 iron soldering iron, current rupees 3 Coolie and boat hire, current rupees 25 Charges subtotal, current rupees 90 5 9 The invoice was marked errors excepted, current rupees 1,806 11s 6d, of William Pittenden's account, and signed by Hutchinson.
159	153	Lieutenant John Clark reports that he has been on board the Ship Admiral Vernon to Muster her Company and enquired for Deserters but found none, her Muster Roll is as follows Viz t Muster Roll of Ship Admiral Vernon Captain Edmund Cooke Com r Lorency Collins 1 st Mate James Coz 2 d Do John Nickelson 3 d Do George Fullerton 4 th Do John Mair 5 th Do Basil Yeast Surgeon John Boswell Boatswain Thomas Lynny Gunner Edw d Lawk Carpenter Thomas Chaffe Midshipman W m Wilson Do Rob t Freer Do Benjamin Rudson Do William Harper Do John Thompson 2 d Mast Do Gram Mathewson Do James Coz Do William Norton Gunners Mate Do Francis Thalton Caulker Do Rich d Bewly 2 d Mate Do Rob t Bunney Cooper Do Robert Slue Armourer Do John Stapleton Surg Mate Do Thomas Anderson Ships Steward Do George Haines Capt s Cook Do David Sase 1 st Cook Do Francis Jordan Butcher Do John Shaddick Poulteer Do William Tily Capt s Serv t Do Buzent Mlesomny Capt s Serv t Do Rich d Harland Masters Mate Edw d Munil 2 d Do Charles Cox Surgeons Do Andrew Morgan Boatswain Do John Saunders Gunners Do Cuthbert Clayton Capt s Do Peter Roberts Sail maker Do James Kitam Ships Cook Do Joseph Grigg Seaman Do John Caults Do Alexander Crawford Do Rich d French Seaman Do James Marshal Do James Harding Do James Peters Do John Knuelome Do John Moor Do George Hicks Do Joseph Clarke Do Thomas Tromline Do Alexander Fitz Do Samuel Green Do Richard Narzedine Do John McFarland Do William Morris Do John Hainsworth Do George Wilkinson Do William Taylor Do Richard Burnet Do John Wood Do Thomas Read Do William Holb Seaman Richard Wright Do John Aller Do John Crazsley Do W m Serpentes Do Pier Dove Do Richard William Do Peter Honover Do Francis Honover Do James Valentine Do Lazarus James Do Jeremiah de Grass Seaman Martin Tablis Do Anthony de Rosaris Lazar Do Vicente Ferrara Do Augustine de Silva Do Kleber de Vega Do Bastian de Rosario Do George Williams Do Jenicho Do Jenick Geniken Do Layn Gregory Do Joseph Priery Do Hector Bombay Do Sarah Nichols Do Manuel de Rosanio Do Salvador de Cruze Do Divil de Rosins Do Francisco Redarick Do Nicholas de Silenten Do Santo de Mentees Do	Lieutenant John Clark reported that he had gone aboard the ship Admiral Vernon to muster her company and search for deserters, but found none. The muster roll follows. Muster roll of the ship Admiral Vernon Edmund Cooke, commander Laurence Collins, first mate James Coz, second mate John Nickelson, third mate George Fullerton, fourth mate John Mair, fifth mate Basil Yeast, surgeon John Boswell, boatswain Thomas Lynny, gunner Edward Lawk, carpenter Thomas Chaffe, midshipman William Wilson, midshipman Robert Freer, midshipman Benjamin Rudson, midshipman William Harper, midshipman John Thompson, second master Gram Mathewson, second master James Coz, second of the name William Norton, gunner's mate Francis Thalton, caulker's mate Richard Bewly, second mate's mate Robert Bunney, cooper Robert Slue, armourer John Stapleton, surgeon's mate Thomas Anderson, ship's steward George Haines, captain's cook David Sase, first cook Francis Jordan, butcher John Shaddick, poulterer William Tily, captain's servant Buzent Mlesomny, captain's servant Richard Harland, master's mate Edward Munil, second mate Charles Cox, surgeon's servant Andrew Morgan, boatswain's servant John Saunders, gunner's servant Cuthbert Clayton, captain's servant Peter Roberts, sailmaker James Kitam, ship's cook Joseph Grigg, seaman John Caults, seaman Alexander Crawford, seaman Richard French, seaman James Marshal, seaman James Harding, seaman James Peters, seaman John Knuelome, seaman John Moor, seaman George Hicks, seaman Joseph Clarke, seaman Thomas Tromline, seaman Alexander Fitz, seaman Samuel Green, seaman Richard Narzedine, seaman John McFarland, seaman William Morris, seaman John Hainsworth, seaman George Wilkinson, seaman William Taylor, seaman Richard Burnet, seaman John Wood, seaman Thomas Read, seaman William Holb, seaman Richard Wright, seaman John Aller, seaman John Crazsley, seaman William Serpentes, seaman Pier Dove, seaman Richard William, seaman Peter Honover, seaman Francis Honover, seaman James Valentine, seaman Lazarus James, seaman Jeremiah de Grass, seaman Martin Tablis, seaman Anthony de Rosaris, lascar Vicente Ferrara, seaman Augustine de Silva, seaman Kleber de Vega, seaman Bastian de Rosario, seaman George Williams, seaman Jenicho, seaman Jenick Geniken, seaman Layn Gregory, seaman Joseph Priery, seaman Hector Bombay, seaman Sarah Nichols, seaman Manuel de Rosanio, seaman Salvador de Cruze, seaman Divil de Rosins, seaman Francisco Redarick, seaman Nicholas de Silenten, seaman Santo de Mentees, seaman Interpretations The roll's long run of Portuguese and Iberian-derived names toward its foot, de Rosaris, de Silva, de Vega, de Cruze and the rest, together with several men named simply by a first name or place, shows the Admiral Vernon crewed in substantial part with lascars picked up in Indian or East African ports, in the same pattern seen with other India ships in this batch. One entry names Sarah Nichols among the seamen, which is most likely a transcription confusion of two adjacent names rather than a woman rated as a seaman, since no other muster in this record carries a woman among the crew.
160	154	At a Consultation held on Monday the 11th day of June 1753 at the Castle. Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governor Lieutenant John Adamson Lieut Govr Lieutenant John Clark of Councill. The last Consultation was read approved and signed dated the 4th June 1753 The Storekeeper brought in the following Account of goods short delivered from Ship Admiral Vernon Vizt Account of Stores Short received from Ship Admiral Vernon Vizt No 2 Leaguer Arrack (gage) 160 Gallons wants full 11 Gallons 2 Do 147 1/2 Do 8 1/2 307 1/2 19 1/2 Recd 288 Gallons June the 11th 1753 Signed Matthew Purling	At a consultation held at the Castle on 11 June 1753, Governor Charles Hutchinson sat with Lieutenant John Adamson, Lieutenant Governor, and Lieutenant John Clark of the Council. The Council read the earlier consultation of 4 June 1753, then approved and signed it. The storekeeper brought in an account of goods short delivered from the ship Admiral Vernon. Leaguer of arrack, number 2, gauge 160 gallons, wants to fill 11 gallons Leaguer of arrack, second, gauge 147½, wants to fill 8½ gallons Total gauge 307½, wants 19½, received 288 gallons The account was signed by Matthew Purling, dated 11 June 1753.
161	155	George French, John Douglas, Thomas Short, John Buckbee, William Starr and Charles Newcomb, Soldiers, Petitioned for their Discharges from the Garrison having served the Honourable Company their Contracted times. Granted Major Jackson, Steward, Petitioned for leave to go to England, with his Wife and Child, on board the Ship Admiral Vernon, which we granted and appointed William Moor, to succeed him in that Office. Bought of Captain Edmund Cooke 20 Bags of Paddy containing Thirteen hundred three Quarters and seven Pounds, at five Shillings pr Bag for the Use of the Honble Company's Stock Enlisted Joseph Low on Tuesday the 5th Instant to serve the Honourable Company as a Soldier for five years at ten Pounds Bounty Money Chas Hutchinson John Adamson John Clark	George French, John Douglas, Thomas Short, John Buckbee, William Starr and Charles Newcomb, soldiers, petitioned for their discharges from the garrison, having served the Company their contracted times, which was granted. Major Jackson, steward, petitioned for leave to go to England with his wife and child aboard the ship Admiral Vernon, which was granted, and the Council appointed William Moor to succeed him in that office. The Council bought from Captain Edmund Cooke 20 bags of paddy, containing 1,300 lb 3 quarters and 7 lb, at 5 shillings per bag, for the use of the Company's stock. Joseph Low was enlisted on Tuesday 5 June to serve the Company as a soldier for five years, at £10 bounty money. The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson, John Adamson and John Clark. Interpretations The £10 bounty paid to Joseph Low on his enlistment stands against the enlistment of William Hayes, a native, without any bounty at all recorded earlier in this record, and confirms that the Company paid a cash inducement to bring in outside recruits while relying on cheaper, unbountied enlistment of island-born men.
162	156	At a consultation held on Monday the 18th day of June 1753 at the Castle Present Charles Hutchinson Esq r Governour Lieutenant John Adamson Lieut t Governour Lieutenant John Clark of Councill The last consultation was read approved and signed dated the 11 th June 1753. Major Jackson the Attorney of Henry Wise late an Inhabitant here this Day applyed to us for liberty to sell to Nathan Sample, a House belonging to the said Wise, and it likewise appearing to us by a letter under the Hand of the said Wise dated the 15 th day of November 1751 that he therein desires the said Major Jackson to dispose of the House for him we therefore gave him permission to do it Mr Francis Worsingham Jun r having applyed to us for liberty to pay thirty Pounds into the Honourable Company’s Cash, which Sum we have received, and given him Bills of Exchange drawn on the Honble the Court of Directors payable to him self (or Order) Ninety Days after Sight dated this Day. The six Soldiers that were discharged on Monday last having applyed to Captain Cooke for a Passage to England they Working for it, and he telling them that he could not take them on board on Account of his not having sufficient Provision they Petitioned us for Subsistence, We Accordingly Ordered them Six Pence	At a consultation held at the Castle on 18 June 1753, Governor Charles Hutchinson sat with Lieutenant John Adamson, Lieutenant Governor, and Lieutenant John Clark of the Council. The Council read the earlier consultation of 11 June 1753, then approved and signed it. Major Jackson, attorney of Henry Wise, formerly an inhabitant of the island, applied for leave to sell a house belonging to Wise to Nathan Sample. A letter under Wise's hand, dated 15 November 1751, showed he had asked Jackson to dispose of the house on his behalf, and the Council gave permission accordingly. Francis Worsingham the younger applied to pay £30 into the Company's cash, which the Council received, giving him bills of exchange drawn on the Court of Directors, payable to himself or order, ninety days after sight, dated this day. The six soldiers discharged the previous Monday had applied to Captain Cooke for a working passage to England, but he told them he could not take them aboard for want of sufficient provision. They petitioned the Council for subsistence, and the Council accordingly ordered them sixpence [...] Interpretations Major Jackson's authority to sell Wise's house on a two-year-old letter of instruction shows how a settler who had already left the island could still dispose of property there through a standing local attorney, the Council satisfying itself of the arrangement's validity from the letter alone before granting leave. The discharged soldiers' plea for subsistence after Captain Cooke refused them a working passage shows how precarious a soldier's position became the moment his contracted service ended, dependent on finding a ship willing to carry him and, failing that, on the Council's charity to survive until one did.
163	157	Jonathan Hutchins Soldier Petitioned for his Discharge from the Garrison having served the Honourable Company his Contracted Time Granted Chas Hutchinson John Adamson John Clark At a consultation held on Monday the 25 th Day of June 1753 at the Castle. Present Charles Hutchinson Esq r Governour Lieutenant John Adamson Lieut t Governour Lieutenant John Clark absent being Sick. The last Consultation was read approved and signed dated the 18 th June 1753. Wednesday 20 th Sailed the Honourable Company’s Ship Admiral Vernon for England Passed by a Ship. The Plantation Gunners and Stewards Accounts from the 12 th May to the 11 th June both inclusive were this Day brought in, which were Examined and approved and are as follow Viz t	Jonathan Hutchins, soldier, petitioned for his discharge from the garrison, having served the Company his contracted time, which was granted. The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson, John Adamson and John Clark. At a consultation held at the Castle on 25 June 1753, Governor Charles Hutchinson sat with Lieutenant John Adamson, Lieutenant Governor. Lieutenant John Clark of the Council was absent, being sick. The Council read the earlier consultation of 18 June 1753, then approved and signed it. The Company's ship Admiral Vernon had sailed for England on Wednesday 20 June. A ship had passed by. The plantation gunner's and steward's accounts from 12 May to 11 June inclusive were brought in this day, examined, approved and entered as follows.
164	158	An Account of the Honourable Companys Stock of Neat Cattle & ca from the 12 of May to the 11 June 1753 Bulls, Cows, Calves, Yearlings, Heifers, Steers, Oxen, Total, Ewes, Wethers, Lambs, Rams, Total, Ewes, Wethers, Kids, Rams, Total, Sows, Shoats, Piggs, Boars, Total, Turkeys, Fowls, Ducks, Geese, Horses, Mares, Total, Asses, Total Remaining 12: Bulls 3, Cows 75, Calves 42, Yearlings 24, Heifers 6, Steers 29, Oxen 12, Total 192, Ewes 162, Wethers 39, Lambs 63, Rams 6, Total 270, Ewes 80, Wethers 17, Kids 17, Rams 4, Total 118, Sows 4, Shoats 14, Piggs 6, Boars 1, Total 25, Turkeys 22, Fowls 256, Ducks 54, Geese 23, Horses 6, Mares 6, Total 12, Asses 3, Total 3 Encreased: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 7, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Oxen 0, Total 7, Ewes 0, Wethers 0, Lambs 2, Rams 0, Total 2, Ewes 0, Wethers 0, Kids 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Sows 0, Shoats 0, Piggs 0, Boars 0, Total 0, Turkeys 0, Fowls 0, Ducks 0, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0, Asses 0, Total 0 Bulls 3, Cows 75, Calves 49, Yearlings 24, Heifers 6, Steers 29, Oxen 12, Total 199, Ewes 162, Wethers 39, Lambs 65, Rams 6, Total 272, Ewes 80, Wethers 17, Kids 17, Rams 4, Total 118, Sows 4, Shoats 14, Piggs 6, Boars 1, Total 25, Turkeys 22, Fowls 256, Ducks 54, Geese 23, Horses 6, Mares 6, Total 12, Asses 3, Total 3 Killed: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 0, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 3, Oxen 0, Total 3, Ewes 0, Wethers 0, Lambs 0, Rams 0, Total 5, Ewes 1, Wethers 3, Kids 0, Rams 0, Total 4, Sows 0, Shoats 1, Piggs 3, Boars 0, Total 4, Turkeys 1, Fowls 23, Ducks 5, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0, Asses 0, Total 0 Died: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 0, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Oxen 0, Total 0, Ewes 0, Wethers 0, Lambs 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Ewes 0, Wethers 0, Kids 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Sows 0, Shoats 0, Piggs 0, Boars 0, Total 0, Turkeys 0, Fowls 5, Ducks 0, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0, Asses 0, Total 0 Remaining 11: Bulls 3, Cows 75, Calves 49, Yearlings 24, Heifers 6, Steers 26, Oxen 12, Total 196, Ewes 162, Wethers 34, Lambs 65, Rams 6, Total 267, Ewes 79, Wethers 14, Kids 17, Rams 4, Total 114, Sows 4, Shoats 13, Piggs 3, Boars 1, Total 21, Turkeys 21, Fowls 228, Ducks 49, Geese 23, Horses 6, Mares 6, Total 12, Asses 3, Total 3 Beef to the Admiral Vernon 560 Goats to the Sick Slaves 2 Yams Expended 22987 Children Born 1 Boy Named George 1 Girl Do Judith 1 Do Do Betty Errors Excepted (Signd) John Adamson	An account of the Company's stock of cattle and other livestock from 12 May to 11 June 1753 recorded the following. Neat cattle: Remaining 12 May: bulls 3, cows 75, calves 42, yearlings 24, heifers 6, steers 29, oxen 12, total 192 Increase: bulls 0, cows 0, calves 7, yearlings 0, heifers 0, steers 0, oxen 0, total 7 Total: bulls 3, cows 75, calves 49, yearlings 24, heifers 6, steers 29, oxen 12, total 199 Killed: bulls 0, cows 0, calves 0, yearlings 0, heifers 0, steers 3, oxen 0, total 3 Died: bulls 0, cows 0, calves 0, yearlings 0, heifers 0, steers 0, oxen 0, total 0 Remaining 11 June: bulls 3, cows 75, calves 49, yearlings 24, heifers 6, steers 26, oxen 12, total 196 Sheep: Remaining 12 May: ewes 162, wethers 39, lambs 63, rams 6, total 270 Increase: ewes 0, wethers 0, lambs 2, rams 0, total 2 Total: ewes 162, wethers 39, lambs 65, rams 6, total 272 Killed: ewes 0, wethers 0, lambs 3, rams 0, total 3 Died: ewes 0, wethers 5, lambs 0, rams 0, total 5 Remaining 11 June: ewes 162, wethers 34, lambs 65, rams 6, total 267 Goats: Remaining 12 May: ewes 80, wethers 17, kids 17, rams 4, total 118 Increase: ewes 0, wethers 0, kids 0, rams 0, total 0 Total: ewes 80, wethers 17, kids 17, rams 4, total 118 Killed: ewes 0, wethers 0, kids 0, rams 0, total 0 Died: ewes 1, wethers 0, kids 3, rams 0, total 4 Remaining 11 June: ewes 79, wethers 14, kids 17, rams 4, total 114 Hogs: Remaining 12 May: sows 4, shoats 14, pigs 6, boars 1, total 25 Increase: sows 0, shoats 0, pigs 0, boars 0, total 0 Total: sows 4, shoats 14, pigs 6, boars 1, total 25 Killed: sows 0, shoats 1, pigs 3, boars 0, total 4 Died: sows 0, shoats 0, pigs 0, boars 0, total 0 Remaining 11 June: sows 4, shoats 13, pigs 3, boars 1, total 21 Poultry: Remaining 12 May: turkeys 22, fowls 256, ducks 54, geese 23, total 0 Increase: turkeys 0, fowls 0, ducks 0, geese 0, total 0 Total: turkeys 22, fowls 256, ducks 54, geese 23, total 0 Killed: turkeys 1, fowls 23, ducks 5, geese 0, total 0 Died: turkeys 0, fowls 5, ducks 0, geese 0, total 0 Remaining 11 June: turkeys 21, fowls 228, ducks 49, geese 23, total 0 Horses: Remaining 12 May: stock 6, mares 6, total 12 Remaining 11 June: stock 6, mares 6, total 12 Asses: Remaining 12 May: 3, total 3 Remaining 11 June: 3, total 3 Beef to the Admiral Vernon, 560 Goats to the sick slaves, 2 Yams expended 22,987 Children born: 1 boy named George 1 girl named Judith 1 ditto named Betty John Adamson signed the account, errors excepted. Interpretations The three children born to the Company's slaves, the boy George and the girls Judith and Betty, were entered in the livestock account among the increase of the stock, the birth of slave children recorded in the same schedule as the calving of the cattle and the lambing of the sheep. This registering of the newborn slaves as an addition to the Company's property, set beside the natural increase of the beasts, marks the plain manner in which the books treated the slaves as breeding stock whose children swelled the labour force. The single ship victualled this month, the Admiral Vernon taking 560 of beef, marks the tailing off of the shipping season, one vessel calling where five and three had gathered in the busier months of March and April. This slackening in the demand for fresh provision shows the passing of the peak of the homeward traffic, the herds now drawn on more lightly as the fleet of the season had for the most part come and gone. The naming of the newborn slave children, George, Judith and Betty, in the English manner rather than by African names marks the practice of the establishment in giving its slaves the names of the country that held them. This bestowal of familiar English names on the children born into slavery shows the absorption of the newborn into the settled order of the plantation, the names themselves a mark of the condition into which the children came.
165	159	1753 Gunners Stores Expended from 12 May 1753 to the 11 June both Days included Guns Fired, Shot Fired, 4 lb, 3 lb, 2 lb, 1 lb, Powder Expended 14 Fired at Ruperts for Practice and for Priming: Guns Fired 8, Shot Fired 8, 4 lb 8, 3 lb 0, 2 lb 0, 1 lb 0, Powder Expended 16 8 28 An Alarm: Guns Fired 6, Shot Fired 0, 4 lb 2, 3 lb 2, 2 lb 0, 1 lb 2, Powder Expended 12 0 31 Arrived the Admiral Vernon Returned the Salute: Guns Fired 9, Shot Fired 0, 4 lb 0, 3 lb 9, 2 lb 0, 1 lb 0, Powder Expended 9 0 Do Powder for Priming: Guns Fired 0, Shot Fired 0, 4 lb 0, 3 lb 0, 2 lb 0, 1 lb 0, Powder Expended 1 8 Powder fired by the Recruits at Exercise: Guns Fired 0, Shot Fired 0, 4 lb 0, 3 lb 0, 2 lb 0, 1 lb 0, Powder Expended 33 8 Powder for Signals: Guns Fired 0, Shot Fired 0, 4 lb 0, 3 lb 0, 2 lb 0, 1 lb 0, Powder Expended 4 Total: Guns Fired 23, Shot Fired 8, 4 lb 10, 3 lb 2, 2 lb 9, 1 lb 2, Powder Expended 72 12 Paper for the Use of the Castle 1 Qr Do for making Small Cartridges 11 Qr Spunge Staves for Yoaks for Oxen 3 Axeltrees for the Wood Cart 4 Iron Shod trucks for Do 2 Wooden Trucks for Do 3 Tallow for the use of the Carts 4 (Signed) Thomas Hall	Gunners' stores expended from 12 May to 11 June 1753 came to the following. The column headings named the guns fired and shot fired by calibre, running 4-pounders, 3-pounders, 2-pounders and 1-pounders, with a final column for the powder expended. 14 May, fired at Rupert's for practice and for priming, 8 guns fired, 8 shot fired, 8 4-pounders, 0 3-pounders, 0 2-pounders, 0 1-pounders, 16 lb 8 oz powder 28 May, an alarm, 6 guns fired, 0 shot fired, 0 4-pounders, 2 3-pounders, 2 2-pounders, 2 1-pounders, 12 lb 0 oz powder 31 May, arrived the Admiral Vernon, returned the salute, 9 guns fired, 0 shot fired, 9 4-pounders, 0 3-pounders, 0 2-pounders, 0 1-pounders, 9 lb 0 oz powder Ditto, powder for priming, 0 guns fired, 0 shot fired, 0 4-pounders, 0 3-pounders, 0 2-pounders, 0 1-pounders, 1 lb 8 oz powder Powder fired by the recruits at exercise, 0 guns fired, 0 shot fired, 0 4-pounders, 0 3-pounders, 0 2-pounders, 0 1-pounders, 33 lb 8 oz powder Powder for signals, 0 guns fired, 0 shot fired, 0 4-pounders, 0 3-pounders, 0 2-pounders, 0 1-pounders, 0 lb 4 oz powder Total, 23 guns fired, 8 shot fired, 10 4-pounders, 2 3-pounders, 9 2-pounders, 2 1-pounders, 72 lb 12 oz powder Paper for the use of the castle, 1 quire Ditto for making small cartridges, 11 quires Sponge staves for yokes for oxen, 3 Axletrees for the wood cart, 4 Iron shod trucks for the wood cart, 2 Wooden trucks for the wood cart, 3 Tallow for the use of the carts, 4 lb Thomas Hall signed the account. Interpretations The heavy expenditure of powder by the recruits at exercise, over thirty-three pounds fired in drill, marks the training of the newly enlisted men in the working of the great guns. This considerable outlay on practice shows the garrison drilling its fresh soldiers to the artillery, the powder spent in exercise a necessary cost of turning raw recruits into gunners fit to serve the batteries in the island's defence. The firing at Rupert's for practice, eight guns discharged with shot, marks the exercise of the batteries in aimed fire rather than the blank charges of the salute, the shot sent out to try the guns and train the men in their laying. This shotted practice shows the maintenance of the artillery's fighting readiness, the gunners exercised not merely in the ceremonial salute but in the actual discharge of ball against which the island's defence would in earnest depend. The sponge staves cut down to make yokes for the oxen show the same close economy seen before, the worn shaft of a gun sponge turned to the harness of the plough team. This reuse of a broken artillery store for the gear of the plantation marks the thrift of the remote establishment, sound timber never wasted but passed from the service of the guns to the service of the farm as its first use ended.
166	160	25 June Sundries Expended at the Honourable Companys General Table in the Month commencing the 12 May and ending the 11 June 1753 Vizt 15 Bottles Port Wine 1 2 6 28 Do Lisbon Do 2 2 9 Do Madera 1 7 ½ 61 Do Arrack 1 16 10 ½ 38 Do Beer 9 6 266 Flour 1 16 ¾ 103 Fresh Beef 1 5 9 176 Mutton 3 13 ½ 32 Pork 16 43 Goat 14 4 23 Fowls 1 4 6 5 Ducks 7 6 1 Turkey 5 3 Pigs 15 13 Pr Salt Pork 1 6 2 Pr Salt Beef 5 6 101 W Candy 1 2 11 55 ¼ Butter 1 15 3 22 8 7 John Duglass and John Buckles two of the Soldiers that were discharged on the 11 Instant not having been heard of here ever since the Admiral Vernon sailed from hence, we apprehend they got on board the said Ship Mr Richard Goodwin presented the following Petition Vizt	Sundries expended at the Company's general table in the month beginning 12 May and ending 11 June 1753 came to the following. 15 bottles port wine, £1 2s 6d 28 ditto Lisbon ditto, £2 2s 0d 9 ditto Madeira, £1 0s 7½d 61 ditto arrack, £1 16s 10½d 38 ditto beer, £0 9s 6d 266 flour, £1 16s 0¼d 103 fresh beef, £1 5s 9d 176 mutton, £3 13s 4½d 32 pork, £0 16s 0d 43 goat, £0 14s 4d 23 fowls, £1 14s 6d 5 ducks, £0 7s 6d 1 turkey, £0 5s 0d 3 pigs, £0 15s 0d 13 pieces salt pork, £1 6s 0d 2 pieces salt beef, £0 5s 6d 101 candy, £1 2s 11d 55¼ butter, £1 15s 3d Total, £22 8s 7d The soldiers John Douglass and John Buckley, discharged on the 11th, had not been heard of since the Admiral Vernon sailed, and the council supposed they had got on board that ship. Richard Goodwin presented the following petition. Interpretations The desertion of the two discharged soldiers, John Douglass and John Buckley, thought to have slipped aboard the Admiral Vernon as she sailed, marks the constant leakage of the garrison through men escaping the island on the calling ships. This suspicion that the pair had stowed away shows the difficulty of holding soldiers on so remote a station, the passing vessels offering the discontented a means of flight that the guard of the several bays could not wholly prevent. The general table again held close to its settled level of around twenty-two pounds, the entertainment of the establishment maintained at its constant rate through another month. This steadiness confirms the fixed character of the hospitality as a standing charge, the board furnished at a regular cost that varied little whether the shipping season pressed or slackened, the dignity of the government upheld at an even expense throughout the year. The discharge of soldiers on the 11th, the very day the accounts closed, coming with the departure of the Admiral Vernon, points to the working of the garrison's terms of service, men released as their engagements ended. This timing of the discharge to the account's close and the ship's sailing shows the ordering of the establishment by the regular round of the accounts and the shipping, the soldiers' service reckoned and settled by the same monthly cycle that governed the stores.
167	161	To the Worshipful Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governor Governor & Council The humble Petition of Richard Goodwin Sheweth That your Petitioner having applyed to the Executors of the late Gabriel Harper Deceased for a third part of the Lease hold Land belonging to the Estate of the said Deceased for the Value thereof in right of his Wife who was the Widow of the said Deceased Gabriel Harper but to your Petitioners Surprise has was absolutily refused payment altho by the Custom of the Island the Lease hold Land is deemed Personal Estate and therefore the Widow are entitled to one third part of it agreeable to a by Law that your Petitioner believes still subsists in the Island Your Petitioner most humbly prays to lay this case before your Worship and Council and hopes that you will find that he has a just right to the above Claim as there has been several precedents of this kind. And your Petitioner will ever pray (Signed) Richard Goodwin June 25th 1753 Whereupon Mr Goodwin was called in and told to attend us on Next Monday with the Executors who should be summoned to answer to this Petition	Goodwin set out that he had applied to the executors of the late Gabriel Harper, deceased, for a third part of the leasehold land belonging to the estate, or its value, in right of his wife, the widow of Gabriel Harper. To his surprise, this had been absolutely refused, although by the custom of the island leasehold land was deemed personal estate, and a widow was therefore entitled to a third part of it, agreeable to a by-law he believed still stood on the island. He most humbly prayed the Council to consider the case and hoped it would find he had a just right to the claim, there having been several precedents of this kind. The petition was signed by Richard Goodwin, 25 June 1753. Goodwin was called in and told to attend the following Monday with the executors, who would be summoned to answer the petition. Interpretations The claim that leasehold land counted as personal estate, and so passed in part to a widow rather than wholly to the heir, echoes the representation dispute over the French estate earlier in this record, another instance of a claimant invoking an island custom to override the ordinary rule of inheritance. Whether such a by-law genuinely existed, as Goodwin asserted, or existed only in memory, as the Council found with the French custom, is a question the following records in this batch go on to test against the executors' own account and the Council's search of its books.
168	162	Being much in want of a Person to Oversee the Black’s and take care of the Honourable Company’s Cattle, Poultry &c.a in the Long Wood and finding Daniel Coakes to be a very proper Person for that Employment as he has been always in the Husbandry way in England, we therefore have Imployed him at the rate of eight Pounds p.r Annum; to commence the 17th Instant he having attended that Duty from that Time Mr. Matthew Bazett’s five years as a Writer expiring the 18th Instant and having applyed to us to be put upon the Establishment as a Factor, we appointed him to be paid as such for the future agreeable to the Honourable Company’s Orders. Chas. Hutchinson John Adamson John Clark. At a Consultation held on Monday the 2.d Day of July 1753. at the Castle Present Charles Hutchinson Esq.r Governour Lieutenant John Adamson Lieut.t Governour Lieutenant John Clark of Council. – The last Consultation was read approved and Signed dated the 25.th Day of July 1753. Counted and Examined the Honourable Company’s Cash from the 12.th May to the 11.th June which is as follows Viz.t	Being much in want of a person to oversee the slaves and take care of the Company's cattle and poultry in the Long Wood, and finding Daniel Coakes a proper person for the employment, having always been in husbandry in England, the Council employed him at the rate of £8 per annum, to commence on 17 June, he having attended the duty from that time. Matthew Bazett's five years as a writer expiring on 18 June, and having applied to be placed on the establishment as a factor, the Council appointed him to be paid as such in future, agreeable to the Company's orders. The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson, John Adamson and John Clark. At a consultation held at the Castle on 2 July 1753, Governor Charles Hutchinson sat with Lieutenant John Adamson, Lieutenant Governor, and Lieutenant John Clark of the Council. The Council read the earlier consultation of 25 June 1753, then approved and signed it. The Council counted and examined the Company's cash from 12 May to 11 June, entered as follows. Interpretations Daniel Coakes's appointment to oversee the slaves and the Company's livestock together in the Long Wood shows the Company placing supervision of its slave labour and its cattle under a single overseer chosen for his husbandry experience, treating both as part of one estate-management role rather than separating the direction of people from the direction of stock.
169	163	Cash Dr 1753. May 12th To Ballance remaining £5067..4..6 ¾ June 11th Contra Cr By Ballance remaining in the following species Vizt 250 Venitians @10 £125..- 5284 Pagodas @8 2113..12..- Gold amounting to 4730 Dollars @5 1182..10..- 8002 Rupees @21 3/3 900..4..6 12948 Half Vials 3 3/4 202..6..3 441 French Pieces 2 3..13..6 Odd Money 3..3 3/4 Silver amounting to 146 Cash Notes @40 292..- 162 Do @20 162..- 263 Do @5 65..15..- 160 Do @6 20..- Cash Notes amounting to £539..15..- £5067..4..6 3/4	The cash account of the Company was cast for the period from 12 May to 11 June 1753. To balance remaining, £5,067 4s 6¾d The creditor side, cast 11 June 1753, recorded the balance remaining in the following species. 250 Venetian pieces, at 10, £125 5,284 pagodas, at 8, £2,113 12s Gold amounting to [total not stated] 4,730 dollars, at 5, £1,182 10s 8,002 rupees, at 2⅓, £900 4s 6d 12,948 half rials, at 3¾, £202 6s 441 French pieces, at 2, £3 13s 6d Odd money, £0 3s ¾d Silver amounting to [total not stated] 146 cash notes, at 40, £292 162 cash notes, at 20, £162 263 cash notes, at 5, £65 15s 160 cash notes, at 6, £20 Cash notes amounting to £539 15s Total, £5,067 4s 6¾d
170	164	Mefsrs Richard Beale James Powell Martin Harper and Benjamin Mason Executors to the late Gabriel Harper deceas’d this Day attended according to the Order of last Monday to answer to the Petition of Mr Richard Goodwin, and that they might have time to inform themselves, more particularly into the Affair, we agreed to postpone it untill Monday next Chas Hutchinson John Adamson John Clark At a Consultation held on Monday the 9th Day of July 1753 at the Castle Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governor Lieutenant John Adamson Lieutt Governor Lieutenant John Clark of Council The last Consultation was read approved and Signed dated the 2d July 1753. The Executors of Gabriel Harper presented the following Petition Vizt	Richard Beale, James Powell, Martin Harper and Benjamin Mason, executors to the late Gabriel Harper, attended this day according to the order of the previous Monday, to answer the petition of Richard Goodwin. To allow them time to inform themselves more particularly of the affair, the Council agreed to postpone it until the following Monday. The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson, John Adamson and John Clark. At a consultation held at the Castle on 9 July 1753, Governor Charles Hutchinson sat with Lieutenant John Adamson, Lieutenant Governor, and Lieutenant John Clark of the Council. The Council read the earlier consultation of 2 July 1753, then approved and signed it. The executors of Gabriel Harper presented a petition to the Council.
171	165	To the Worshipful Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governour &c Council of St Helena. Worshipful Sir and Sirs Mr Richard Goodwin by vertue of his Marriage with Mrs Bridget Harper late Widow of Gabriel Harper decd hath laid claim to one third part of the Lease hold Land, or the value thereof belonging to the said deceaseds Estate, and in answer to his petition laid before you last Monday, say That upon the Probate of the last Will of the said Gabriel Harper Deceased his said Widow being then present was asked by the Governour whether she was satisfied with the said Will, or had any objections against it, who Answered that she was satisfied and contented and had no Objection to make. And by the said Will it appearing to the Executors, that the said Gabriel Harper Decd did not deem his Lease hold Lands to be Personal Estate, therefore without any great detriment and Injury to the Orphans of the said Gabriel Harper decd We cannot consent and allow the said Richard Goodwins claim to be just, but humbly Submit the Determination and Decision thereof to the Governor and Council. We are Gentlemen Your most Obedient and most humble servan ts (Signed) Richard Beale Martin Harper James Powell Benjamin Mason Executors July the 9th 1753	The executors set out that Richard Goodwin, by virtue of his marriage to Bridget Harper, the late widow of Gabriel Harper, had laid claim to a third part of the leasehold land, or its value, belonging to the deceased's estate. In answer to his petition laid before the Council the previous Monday, they said that upon probate of Gabriel Harper's will, his widow, then present, had been asked by the Governor whether she was satisfied with the will or had any objection to it, and had answered that she was satisfied and contented and had no objection to make. By the will it appeared to the executors that Gabriel Harper had not deemed his leasehold lands to be personal estate, and therefore, without great detriment and injury to his orphans, they could not consent to allow Goodwin's claim to be just, but humbly submitted the determination to the Governor and Council. The petition was signed by Richard Beale, Martin Harper, James Powell and Benjamin Mason, executors, 9 July 1753. Interpretations The executors' defence turns entirely on the widow's own recorded assent to the will at probate, which they took as foreclosing any later claim that leasehold land should have been divided differently. Their argument that granting Goodwin's claim would injure the orphans of the marriage shows the same competing-heirs pattern already seen in the French estate dispute, where satisfying one claimant's asserted right to representation or custom threatened to diminish what the acknowledged children would otherwise receive.
172	166	Agreed to state the case to the Honble the Court of Directors Mr Thomas Greentree presented the following Petition Vizt To the Worshipful Charles Hutchinson Esq Governor &c Council The humble Petition of Thomas Greentree Sheweth That your Petitioner after the decease of his Mother, took into his care as Executor, the Effects of his Brother Richard then of the Island, for whose use your Petitioner hath since paid at different times the full amount of his Personal Estate (And as not having had a letter from him, for upwards of seven years, and hearing from several People, that he died some time agoe, your Petitioner therefore begs that your Worship and Council will permit him to take possession of the free Estate of his said Brother Richard as your Petitioner apprehends himself to be his only Heir according to the custom of the Island And your Petitioner shall ever pray (signed) Thomas Greentree 9th July 1753 Granted upon Mr Greentree’s giving security to be Answerable for the above Estate in case the said Brother should be alive and hereafter demand it, or that there should be a Will that has made any other disposition	The Council agreed to state the case to the Court of Directors. Thomas Greentree presented a petition to the Council. Greentree set out that after his mother's death, he had taken into his care as executor the effects of his brother Richard, then of the island, for whose use he had since paid the full amount of his personal estate at different times. Not having had a letter from him for upwards of seven years, and hearing from several people that he had died some time ago, Greentree begged the Council to permit him to take possession of his brother's free estate, apprehending himself to be the only heir according to the custom of the island. The petition was signed by Thomas Greentree, 9 July 1753. It was granted, upon Greentree giving security to be answerable for the estate should his brother prove to be alive and later demand it, or should a will be found making some other disposition. Interpretations The Council's grant of Greentree's claim, conditional on his standing security against his brother's possible survival or an undiscovered will, shows a considered middle course between refusing an unproven presumption of death and handing over an estate without any safeguard. The security requirement let the Council recognise Greentree's practical claim to his absent brother's effects while keeping the Company's own liability, and any true heir's rights, protected against the risk that the presumption might later prove false.
173	167	The Lieutenant Governor having acquainted the Governor that his Servant John Williams informed him that he had detected Andrew a Black Man Slave of the Honourable Company’s in stealing of Bottles and selling them to Augustine Balls the said Balls was this Day brought before us. John Williams Servant to Mr Adamson the Lieutenant Governor being duly Sworn deposeth that on or about Thursday Night last about eight o’Clock he this Deponent chanced to go into his Master’s Stable and there saw a Bundle of Plantain leaves or Strippings and Andrew a Black Man of the Honourable Company rolling them over that he asked the said Black what he was going to do with them who told him it was to Litter the Horse this Deponent thereupon stepped aside for a short time. When he returned the Bundle lay in the same Form and the said Black was making some Bottles with it but did not move it from the Place. That he the Deponent coming between the Bundle and a Dunghill trod upon a Bottle and turning the Bundle away and examining further found in a Sack and without it under the Bundle to the number of twenty two empty Bottles. That he the Deponent asked the said Black what he was going to do with them who made a great deal of stammering and did not care to resolve him upon which this Deponent told him that if he would declare the truth and make it appear where he was going with them he should not be punished or else he would acquaint his Master with it. That thereupon the said Black Man Andrew said he was promised some liquor for the Bottles and was carry them to the Person who desired him to procure them. That this Deponent caused him to be watched by John Higate another Servant of the Lieutenant Governor who told him that he saw the said Andrew carry the said Bottles into the House of Augustine Balls and return soon after from thence with near a Bottle full of Cape Brandy.	The Lieutenant Governor informed the Governor that his servant John Williams had reported detecting Andrew, a Black man, slave of the Company, stealing bottles and selling them to Augustine Balls. Balls was brought before the Council this day. John Williams, servant to Adamson the Lieutenant Governor, being duly sworn, deposed that on or about the Thursday night before, about eight o'clock, he had gone into his master's stable and there saw a bundle of plantain leaves or strippings, and Andrew rolling them over. Asked what he intended to do with them, Andrew told him it was to litter the horse, and the deponent stepped aside briefly. On his return the bundle lay in the same form, and Andrew was making some bottles with it but had not moved it. The deponent, coming between the bundle and a dunghill, trod upon a bottle, and on turning the bundle away found, in a sack and beneath it, twenty-two empty bottles in all. Asked what he meant to do with them, Andrew stammered and would not answer, upon which the deponent told him that if he declared the truth and showed where he meant to take them, he would not be punished, or else his master would be told. Andrew then said he had been promised some liquor for the bottles, and was carrying them to the person who had asked him to procure them. The deponent had him watched by John Highgate, another of the Lieutenant Governor's servants, who reported seeing Andrew carry the bottles into the house of Augustine Balls and return soon after with near a bottle full of Cape brandy.
174	168	I have your two images. I will now transcribe them exactly as instructed. John Highgate a Black that lives with the Lieutenant Governor, declares that he counted twenty two empty Bottles into a Bagg or Sack, which Bagg the said Andrew took up, and the Informant saw him carry them into the House where the said Augustine Balls lives, and about a Quarter of an hour after the said Andrew came out of the said House, with near a Bottle full of Cape Brandy but no empty one. The said Andrew declares that he carried all the Bottles that were put into the Bag by the said Highgate, into the House of the said Augustine Balls and delivered them to the said Balls who gave him a Bottle Near full of Brandy for them. Augustine Balls being asked what he had to say, acknowledges that he received one Dozen of Bottles, from the said Slave Andrew, for which he says he gave him near a Bottle of Cape Brandy It being plainly proved by the foregoing Evidence, so well as by Augustine Balls’s own confession, that he did inveagle the aforesaid Andrew a Black that lives with the Lieutenant Governor to bring empty Bottles to him which he received and in return for them gave him near a Bottle full of Cape Brandy contrary to an order published in an Advertisem* of the 9th of April last, We therefore adjudge the said Balls to pay the sum of five Pounds, which he accordingly did being the Penalty express’d in the said Advertisement for Offences of this kind Cha: Hutchinson John Adamson John Clarke	John Highgate, a Black man living with the Lieutenant Governor, declared that he counted twenty-two empty bottles into a sack, which Andrew took up. Highgate saw him carry them into the house where Augustine Balls lived, and about a quarter of an hour after saw Andrew come out with near a bottle full of Cape brandy but no empty one. Andrew declared that he carried all the bottles that Highgate had put into the sack into Balls's house, and delivered them to Balls, who gave him a bottle nearly full of brandy for them. Augustine Balls, being asked what he had to say, acknowledged that he had received a dozen bottles from Andrew, for which he said he gave him near a bottle of Cape brandy. It being plainly proved by the foregoing evidence, and by Balls's own confession, that he had induced Andrew to bring him empty bottles, which he received and paid for with near a bottle of Cape brandy, contrary to an order published in the advertisement of 9 April, the Council adjudged Balls to pay £5, the penalty stated in that advertisement for offences of this kind, which he accordingly did. The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson, John Adamson and John Clark. Interpretations The case shows the trading ban published earlier in the year, which forbade buying from slaves without their master's written leave, enforced against a free settler rather than against the slave who supplied the goods, since the advertisement's penalty fell on the person who bought or dealt, not on the one who sold. Andrew's confession under a promise of no punishment, given by a fellow servant rather than a magistrate, secured the evidence that convicted Balls, and the Council accepted that informal assurance as the basis of a sworn deposition without apparent difficulty.
175	169	At a Consultation held on Monday the 16th Day of July 1753 at the Castle Present Charles Hutchinson Esq Governour Lieut John Adamson Lieutenant Governour Lieutenant John Clark of Council The last Consultation was read approved and signed dated the 9th July 1753 Thursday 12th Arrived the Honourable Companys Ships Bombay Castle and Pelham and brought us the following Supplys Vizt Invoice of Ship Bombay Castle BA No 22 Leaguers 150 Glazquer 300 27 327 WC 1 3.5 Chests containing 10 F. Mds 50 St Maumd 500 SF 1 10.10 Baggs 20 B. Mds 9 Balls 8 p C 180 14 6 194 6 RF 1 40.40 Baggs 80 22 p Ct (Proluper) Balls 8 p Ct 145 1 3 11 10 3 157 1 6 Charges & Merchandize 90 Gunnys Baggs and sewing 11 9 5 Chests and Embalming 14 2 Empty Leaguers 35 3 3 Cooley hire 3 8 Boat hire 22 Soldiers and Pound Dust 1 30 Maths 3 12 1 Beer Oyle 5 964 Correct Register 1275 6 Error Excepted pr Kirk & Becher	At a consultation held at the Castle on 16 July 1753, Governor Charles Hutchinson sat with Lieutenant John Adamson, Lieutenant Governor, and Lieutenant John Clark of the Council. The Council read the earlier consultation of 9 July 1753, then approved and signed it. The Company's ships Bombay Castle and Pelham had arrived on Thursday 12 July and brought the supplies set out in the invoices that follow. Invoice of ship Bombay Castle Batavia arrack, 2 leaguers, at 150, current rupees 300, plus 27, total 327 Wax candles, 3½ chests containing 10 factory maunds, at 50 per maund, current rupees 500 Fine sugar, 10 bags, 10 quantity 20, 9 bales, at 8 per cent, current rupees 194 6s Fine rice, 40 bags, quantity 40 80, at 22 per cent, 8 per cent, current rupees 145 1s 3d, plus 11 10 3, total 157 1s 6d Charges of merchandise 90 gunny bags and sewing, current rupees 11 9 5 chests and embaling, current rupees 1 2 empty leaguers, current rupees 35 3 3 Coolie hire, current rupees 3 8 Boat hire, current rupees 2 2 Soldiers' and peons' diet, current rupees 1 30 Matts, current rupees 3 1 Beer and oil, current rupees 5 964 Total, current rupees 1,275 6 The invoice was marked errors excepted, and signed for Kirk and Becher.
176	170	Invoice of Ship Pelham Chellons Blue 1 Bales containing Long Rs 7 5 Corgs a P C 73 Pr. Corg 375 Surat Charges Vizt Customs 2 Pr Cent 7 2 Packing 7 2 Cooly and Boathire 2 1 17 1 392 1 Rice 22 Bags Pr 150 Pr Md a 3.50 Pr Md 131.1 Batty 43 Double Baggs a P C: 2 3 11 at 20.2.1 Pr Md 702 59 Charges on Merchandize Vizt Gunny Piece 3.3 expended for Rice Baggs 7 Dutty Baggs 22 Pr Do 16 2 Hammallage on the above 3 30 Gunny Baggs 86 for Batty Baggs 18 10 Boathire 2 39 17 3 29 Rs 641 388 Errors Excepted (signed) Lt J. Sewell Accomptant Enlisted Abram Air to serve the Honble Company as a Soldier for 5 years at L:1: Bounty Money John Gilburd Soldier petitioned for his discharge from the Garrison having served the Honourable Company his contracted time Granted	The invoice of the ship Pelham recorded the goods landed. Blue chelloes, 1 bale containing long pieces, 75 corge, at per cent, 73 per corge, current rupees 375 Surat charges: customs at 2 per cent, current rupees 7 2 Packing, current rupees 7 2 Coolie and boat hire, current rupees 2 1 Subtotal, current rupees 17 1 3 Total for chelloes, current rupees 392 1 Rice, 22 bags, 150 per maund, at 3.50 per maund, current rupees 131 1 Batty, 43 double bags, at per cent, current rupees 702 5 9 Charges on merchandise Gunny pieces, 3 3, expended for rice bags, current rupees 7 Doty bags, 22, for the same, current rupees 16 2 Handling on the above, current rupees 3 Gunny bags, 86, for batty bags, current rupees 18 10 Boat hire, current rupees 2 Charges subtotal, current rupees 39 17 3 Total, current rupees 641 3 8 8 The invoice was marked errors excepted, and signed by Lieutenant J. Sewell, accountant. Abram Air was enlisted to serve the Company as a soldier for five years, at £1 bounty money. John Gilburd, soldier, petitioned for his discharge from the garrison, having served the Company his contracted time, which was granted. Interpretations The Pelham invoice values her cargo in chelloes, a plain cotton cloth measured by the corge of twenty pieces, together with rice and batty, a husked or unhusked rice measured in Indian units, showing the ship's lading was a mix of textile and provision goods typical of the Surat and Bombay trade. Abram Air's bounty of £1, far below the £10 paid to Joseph Low earlier in this batch, suggests the bounty offered to a new recruit varied considerably, perhaps according to how urgently the garrison needed to fill its numbers at a given moment.
177	171	Lieutenant John Clark reports, that he has been on board the Ships Bombay Castle and Pelham to Muster their Companys and inquire for Deserters but found none, their Muster Rolls are as follow vizt, Muster Roll of Ship Bombay Castle Thomas Brown Commander Joseph Bustell 1 Mate Thomas Crichton 2 Do John Best 3 Richd. Miles 4 Thomas Styles 5 Henry Robins 6 John P. P. Puron Marmaduke Jeffery Capt. John Baker Boatswain John Johnson Gunner Richd. Dunn Caulker Jn’o. Smith Midshipman & Cockswain James Lankey Midshipman Richd. Mansell Do Charles Young John Higgins Benjamin Brabbon Ship’s How Peter Cloud (Caulker) Do Francis Stanley C. of Cock Francis Roach D’o. Master James Kelly Do Gabriel Read Do Elisha Rowley Do Alexander Walker Surgeon L’t Abbott Capt.n Mate Stephen Miller 2 Do. Mate Joseph Jacob gun’r. Mate Richd. Gibson Boats. Mate Abraham Pickett (authorwrites) Thomas Short Thomas Short (Cook) Thomas Richardson Sailmaker John Shepherd Armourer John Jack Ship’s Cook William Richard Seaman John Mills Sherwin Morgan John Groves Baron Storr James Bolton Thomas Brabner John Holt William Hanson John Lugg Edward Jones James Arthur James Walker Henry Martin James Highland Richard Webber John Walker George Geary John Nelson James Sawyer Walter Taylor Thomas Dodd Robt. May William North Thomas Short George French William Starr Thomas Hampshire George Bracebro (f. for.) Paul Black Jo. Sa. Wilton 3 Mate’s Servant Peter Bauley J. V. Mestine 2 Mate’s Servant John Godfrey 2nd Augm.t Do William Thomas Boats. 2 Charles Gray (Carpenters) Joseph Decruz Seaman Jean Joseph Jean Dear Anthony Bravio Andrew D’Silva Emanuel Rodrigues Philip Franco Francisco Pedreque Domingo Hernandez Schmate Rustum Thomas Chance John Thomas Will. Heney Chas. Powell Thomas Monique William Dawta	Lieutenant John Clark reported that he had gone aboard the ships Bombay Castle and Pelham to muster their companies and search for deserters, but found none. Their muster rolls follow. Muster roll of the ship Bombay Castle Thomas Brown, commander Joseph Bustell, first mate Thomas Crichton, second mate John Best, third mate Richard Miles, fourth mate Thomas Styles, fifth mate Henry Robins, sixth mate John P. P. Puron Marmaduke Jeffery, captain's servant John Baker, boatswain John Johnson, gunner Richard Dunn, caulker John Smith, midshipman and coxswain James Lankey, midshipman Richard Mansell, midshipman Charles Young, midshipman John Higgins, midshipman Benjamin Brabbon, ship's [...] Peter Cloud, caulker's mate Francis Stanley, captain of the cook's room Francis Roach, second master James Kelly, second master Gabriel Read, second master Elisha Rowley, second master Alexander Walker, surgeon Lieutenant Abbott, captain's mate Stephen Miller, second mate Joseph Jacob, gunner's mate Richard Gibson, boatswain's mate Abraham Pickett, seaman Thomas Short, seaman Thomas Short, second of the name, cook Thomas Richardson, sailmaker John Shepherd, armourer John Jack, ship's cook William Richard, seaman John Mills, seaman Sherwin Morgan, seaman John Groves, seaman Baron Storr, seaman James Bolton, seaman Thomas Brabner, seaman John Holt, seaman William Hanson, seaman John Lugg, seaman Edward Jones, seaman James Arthur, seaman James Walker, seaman Henry Martin, seaman James Highland, seaman Richard Webber, seaman John Walker, seaman George Geary, seaman John Nelson, seaman James Sawyer, seaman Walter Taylor, seaman Thomas Dodd, seaman Robert May, seaman William North, seaman Thomas Short, third of the name, seaman George French, seaman William Starr, seaman Thomas Hampshire, seaman George Bracebro, foretop man Paul Black, seaman Jo. Sa. Wilton, third mate's servant Peter Bauley, seaman J. V. Mestine, second mate's servant John Godfrey, second augment servant William Thomas, boatswain's second servant Charles Gray, carpenter's servant Joseph Decruz, seaman Jean Joseph, seaman Jean Dear, seaman Anthony Bravio, seaman Andrew D'Silva, seaman Emanuel Rodrigues, seaman Philip Franco, seaman Francisco Pedreque, seaman Domingo Hernandez, seaman Schmate, seaman Rustum, seaman Thomas Chance, seaman John Thomas, seaman William Heney, seaman Charles Powell, seaman Thomas Monique, seaman William Dawta, seaman Interpretations The lower portion of the roll shows a substantial body of Portuguese and Indian-derived names, D'Silva, Rodrigues, Franco and the rest, again marking a crew recruited in part along the ship's Indian route, a pattern consistent across nearly every India ship mustered in these records.
178	172	John Redrego Seaman William Barton Do Thomas Clead Do Thomas Veluez Do William Muckendrum Do John Rhadolphs Do John Money Do Chavun Do Fran'c Devauire Do Passengers Viz't Mr Cobhill Mr Elders Capt Geo Liday Mr Goodwin Muster Roll of Ship Pelham George Lindsay Commander Charles Fannoy 1st Mate Hercules Kinmard 2d Mate John Bush 3d Mate Patrick Maitland 4th Mate Alexander Ives 5th Mate Joseph Williamson Purser John Fennison Surgeon James Walker Gunner John Cruine Carpenter Robert Sloan Boatswain Thomas Bras Ship Steward Alland Park Cooper John Gray Midshipman Humphrey Fannie Do John Ogilvie Do John Wood Quarter Master Robert Ainsington Do William Brown Do William Welch Do Richard Clotter Do David Skinner Sailmaker John Meathans Capt Cook Robert Belford Ship's Cook William Simmons Capt Steward William Pool Caulker Alexander Ramsay Armour P. Fergall Esqr 1st Mate’s John Craig Do Thomas Wharton Do Andrew Crossmith Do John Wells Do Thomas Feltoff Do George Bowman Do George Moran Do William Carmichael Do Thomas Pennington Do William Beard Do William Cice Do John London Do William Lee Do Isumel Brofe Do William Walte Do John Bruce Do Thomas Shrewell Do John Philips Do William Turner Do Thomas Garbett Seaman James Bryan Do James Jenkins Do John Steel Do John Miller Do Thomas Craython Do John Worthington Do Matthew Bennett Do Robert Lindsay Do William Lindsay Do Robert Shays Do James Lyon Do Ralph Goldsmith Do Richard Morcock Do John Gibson Do John Culler Do Thomas Wiglesworth Do William Jenkins Do James Baker Do John Gay Do Thomas Hawey Do Rice Williams Do David Cook Do Thomas Clark Do James Spencer Do Thomas Watson Do James Howes Do Mark Hale Do	The muster roll of the Bombay Castle concluded, and the roll of the Pelham followed. John Redrego, seaman William Barton, seaman Thomas Clead, seaman Thomas Veluez, seaman William Muckendrum, seaman John Rhadolphs, seaman John Money, seaman Chavun, seaman Francis Devauire, seaman Passengers Mr Cobhill Mr Elders Captain George Liday Mr Goodwin Muster roll of the ship Pelham George Lindsay, commander Charles Fannoy, first mate Hercules Kinmard, second mate John Bush, third mate Patrick Maitland, fourth mate Alexander Ives, fifth mate Joseph Williamson, purser John Fennison, surgeon James Walker, gunner John Cruine, carpenter Robert Sloan, boatswain Thomas Bras, ship's steward Alland Park, cooper John Gray, midshipman Humphrey Fannie, midshipman John Ogilvie, midshipman John Wood, quartermaster Robert Ainsington, quartermaster William Brown, quartermaster William Welch, quartermaster Richard Clotter, quartermaster David Skinner, sailmaker John Meathans, captain's cook Robert Belford, ship's cook William Simmons, captain's steward William Pool, caulker Alexander Ramsay, armourer P. Fergall, Esquire, first mate's servant John Craig, seaman Thomas Wharton, seaman Andrew Crossmith, seaman John Wells, seaman Thomas Feltoff, seaman George Bowman, seaman George Moran, seaman William Carmichael, seaman Thomas Pennington, seaman William Beard, seaman William Cice, seaman John London, seaman William Lee, seaman Isumel Brofe, seaman William Walte, seaman John Bruce, seaman Thomas Shrewell, seaman John Philips, seaman William Turner, seaman Thomas Garbett, seaman James Bryan, seaman James Jenkins, seaman John Steel, seaman John Miller, seaman Thomas Craython, seaman John Worthington, seaman Matthew Bennett, seaman Robert Lindsay, seaman William Lindsay, seaman Robert Shays, seaman James Lyon, seaman Ralph Goldsmith, seaman Richard Morcock, seaman John Gibson, seaman John Culler, seaman Thomas Wiglesworth, seaman William Jenkins, seaman James Baker, seaman John Gay, seaman Thomas Hawey, seaman Rice Williams, seaman David Cook, seaman Thomas Clark, seaman James Spencer, seaman Thomas Watson, seaman James Howes, seaman Mark Hale, seaman
179	173	Richard Cotter Seaman John Mead Do Henry All Do Cedar Do Peter Butler Do Joseph Figuerdo Do Joseph Magle Do Joseph Eared Do Samuel Huskinson Serjt. Servant Do Peter Warren Do Alexander Ogilvie 2d Mate Do David Mac Duff 2d Mate Do John Watt Carpenter Servant John Harris Boatswain’s Do John Edwards Gunner’s Do Glover Dufford Surgeon’s Do Passenger Thomas Leak The Storekeeper brought in the following Acct of goods short delivered from the Ships Bombay Castle and Pelham Vizt. Account of Goods short received from Ship Bombay Castle No 2. 2 Baggs Sugar 2 Leaguers Batavia Arrack Account of goods short received from Ship Pelham Vizt. 1 Bagg Paddy (signed) Matthew Penting Storekeeper 16th July 1753 John Smith Native Petitioned for liberty to leave the Island and proceed to England on board the Ship Bombay Castle. Granted. Bought of Captain Thomas Brown twenty three Hundred two Quarters and twenty five Pounds of Rice at Seven Shillings and Six Pence p Hundred Weight for the use of the Honourable Company	The muster roll of the Pelham concluded. Richard Cotter, seaman John Mead, seaman Henry All, seaman Cedar, seaman Peter Butler, seaman Joseph Figuerdo, seaman Joseph Magle, seaman Joseph Eared, seaman Samuel Huskinson, sergeant's servant Peter Warren, seaman Alexander Ogilvie, second mate's servant David MacDuff, second mate's servant John Watt, carpenter's servant John Harris, boatswain's servant John Edwards, gunner's servant Glover Dufford, surgeon's servant Passenger: Thomas Leak The storekeeper brought in an account of goods short delivered from the ships Bombay Castle and Pelham. From the ship Bombay Castle 2 bags of sugar, short 2 leaguers of Batavia arrack, short From the ship Pelham 1 bag of paddy, short The account was signed by Matthew Purling, storekeeper, dated 16 July 1753. John Smith, native, petitioned for leave to leave the island and proceed to England aboard the ship Bombay Castle, which was granted. The Council bought from Captain Thomas Brown 2,325 lb of rice, at 7 shillings and sixpence per hundredweight, for the use of the Company.
180	174	Mʳ Matthew Pauling applyed to us for liberty to pay one hundred and fifty Pounds into the Honourable Companys Cash, which we have received and given him Bills of Exchange drawn on the Honourable the Court of Directors payable to himself or Order Ninety Days after sight. Dated this Day. Chas Hutchinson John Adamson John Clark At a Consultation held on Saturday the 21ˢᵗ day of July 1753 at the Castle Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governour Lieutenant John Adamson Lieutenant Governour Lieutenant John Clark of Council The last Consultation was read, approved, and signed, dated the 16ᵗʰ July 1753. Wednesday the 18ᵗʰ. Arrived the Honourable Company’s Ship Chesterfield Captain Edwin Carter. Received the following Letter from Captain Thomas Brown	Matthew Pauling applied to pay £150 into the Company's cash, which the Council received, giving him bills of exchange drawn on the Court of Directors, payable to himself or order, ninety days after sight, dated this day. The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson, John Adamson and John Clark. At a consultation held at the Castle on 21 July 1753, Governor Charles Hutchinson sat with Lieutenant John Adamson, Lieutenant Governor, and Lieutenant John Clark of the Council. The Council read the earlier consultation of 16 July 1753, then approved and signed it. The Company's ship Chesterfield, Captain Edwin Carter, had arrived on Wednesday 18 July. The Council received the following letter from Captain Thomas Brown.
181	175	To the Worshipful Charles Hutchinson Esq Governour &c Council of the Island St Helena Worshipful Sir and Sirs. Having buried some of my People between Madrass and this Island, I am in want of three or four Men to make up my complement of one hundred and one, therefor I request you will supply me with that number, from the Garrison or otherwise as you shall think most proper. I am Worshipful Sir & Sirs Your most Obedient Servant Signed Thomas Brown St Helena July 21st 1753 To which we returned the following answer Vizt: Sir. In answer to your Letter of this Day we are to acquaint you that there are some discharged Soldiers, which you may have, those being all the Men that we can possibly supply you with, We are Sir Your most humble Servants. Signed Charles Hutchinson John Adamson John Clark St. Helena 21st July 1753 To Captain Thomas Brown Commander of Ship Bombay Castle Chas Hutchinson John Adamson John Clark	Brown wrote to Charles Hutchinson, Governor, and the Council of St Helena. Having buried some of his people between Madras and the island, he was in want of three or four men to make up his complement of 101, and requested the Council supply him with that number from the garrison or otherwise, as thought most proper. The letter was signed by Thomas Brown, St Helena, 21 July 1753. The Council returned the following answer. In answer to his letter of that day, it acquainted him that there were some discharged soldiers he might have, those being all the men it could possibly supply him with. The letter was signed by Charles Hutchinson, John Adamson and John Clark, St Helena, 21 July 1753, addressed to Captain Thomas Brown, commander of the ship Bombay Castle. The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson, John Adamson and John Clark. Interpretations Brown's request for replacement crew after burying some of his men between Madras and St Helena, and the Council's answer offering only discharged soldiers rather than drawing on the active garrison, shows the island's standing practice for supplying short-handed ships: men whose contracted terms had already expired, and who were consequently free to take service at sea, formed the pool the Council would draw on before it would weaken its own defence.
182	176	At a Consultation held on Monday the 23 Day of July 1753 at the Castle Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governor Lieutenant John Adamson Lieutenant Govr Lieutenant John Clark of Council The last Consultation was read approved and Signed dated the 21 July 1753 The Plantation Gunners and Stewards Accounts from the 12 June to the 11 July were this Day brought in which were examined and approved and are as follow Vizt Sundries Expended at the Honourable Companys General Table from the 12 June to the 11 July 1753 Vizt 12 Bottles Port Wine 18 32 Do Lisbon 2 8 8 Do Madera 18 4 56 Do Arrack 1 13 10 62 Do Beer 15 6 295 Flour 1 19 10 ¼ 290 Beef 3 12 6 208 Mutton 4 6 8 24 ½ Goat 8 2 32 Pork 16 1 Lamb 10 16 Fowls 1 4 4 Ducks 6 2 Geese 10 2 Turkeys 10 2 Prs Salt Beef 5 6 5 Do Do Pork 10 105 Candy 1 4 3 ½ 40 ½ Butter 2 6	At a consultation held at the castle on Monday 23 July 1753, Governor Hutchinson attended with Lieutenant John Adamson, deputy governor, and Lieutenant John Clark of council present. The council read, approved and signed the previous consultation dated 21 July 1753. The council brought in the plantation, gunners' and steward's accounts from 12 June to 11 July, examined and approved them, which ran as follows. Sundries expended at the Company's general table from 12 June to 11 July 1753 came to the following. 12 bottles port wine, £0 18s 0d 32 ditto Lisbon, £2 8s 0d 8 ditto Madeira, £0 18s 4d 56 ditto arrack, £1 13s 10d 62 ditto beer, £0 15s 6d 293 flour, £1 19s 10¼d 290 beef, £3 12s 6d 208 mutton, £4 6s 8d 24½ goat, £0 8s 2d 32 pork, £0 16s 0d 1 lamb, £0 0s 10d 16 fowls, £1 4s 0d 4 ducks, £0 0s 6d 2 geese, £0 0s 10d 2 turkeys, £0 0s 10d 2 pieces salt beef, £0 5s 6d 5 pieces ditto pork, £0 10s 0d 105 candy, £1 4s 3¾d 40½ butter, £2 0s 6d Total, £23 4s 2¼d Interpretations The general table over this month again held near its settled level, the entertainment maintained at a constant rate through the succeeding months regardless of the season. This continued steadiness in the charge confirms the fixed character of the hospitality, the board furnished at an even expense as a standing cost of the government, the officers and visitors fed at the same regular rate whatever the traffic of the road. The falling off of the poultry on the table, ducks, geese and turkeys now appearing in ones and twos where dozens had been consumed in the busier months, reflects the quieter season with fewer ships and guests to entertain. This lighter consumption of the finer fowls shows the table drawing more modestly as the shipping slackened, the greater feasting of the crowded months giving way to a plainer board when fewer visitors called at the island. The mutton now outweighing the beef in value on the table, over four pounds against three, marks a shift in the meat consumed as the season turned. This greater use of mutton reflects the state of the flocks and herds through the year, the plentiful sheep furnishing the larger part of the fresh meat as the pressure of the shipping on the cattle eased with the passing of the busy season.
183	177	1753 Gunners Stores expended from June the 12 1753 to July the 11 both Days included Vizt Guns Fired, 4 lb, 3 lb, 2 lb, Powder expended 20 Departed the Admiral Vernon returned the Salute: Guns Fired 9, 4 lb 0, 3 lb 9, 2 lb 0, Powder expended 9 00 Do Powder for Priming: Guns Fired 0, 4 lb 0, 3 lb 0, 2 lb 0, Powder expended 1 8 22 Fired for the Kings Accession to the Throne: Guns Fired 21, 4 lb 2, 3 lb 1, 2 lb 18, Powder expended 23 8 Do Powder fired with small Arms for Do: Guns Fired 0, 4 lb 0, 3 lb 0, 2 lb 0, Powder expended 19 0 Do Powder for Priming: Guns Fired 0, 4 lb 0, 3 lb 0, 2 lb 0, Powder expended 3 12 28 Powder for Scaling the Guns at Sandy Bay: Guns Fired 0, 4 lb 0, 3 lb 0, 2 lb 0, Powder expended 32 8 30 Powder for Scaling the Guns at Turks Cap: Guns Fired 0, 4 lb 0, 3 lb 0, 2 lb 0, Powder expended 10 8 Powder for Shooting Wild Cats in the Great Wood: Guns Fired 0, 4 lb 0, 3 lb 0, 2 lb 0, Powder expended 8 Total: Guns Fired 30, 4 lb 2, 3 lb 1, 2 lb 27, Powder expended 100 4 Paper for the use of the Castle 2 Quires Tallow for greasing the Pump 2 Do for greasing the Carts 12 Do for greasing the Boats 6 Do for greasing the Gun Carriages at Sandy Bay 4 Do for greasing Do at Turks Cap 2 Spunge Staves to make Yokes for Oxen 1 Do for making Round for Ladders 4 Hammer Heads broke at Sandy Bay 2 Do broke a Turks Cap 1 (Signed) Thomas Hall	Gunners' stores expended from 12 June to 11 July 1753 came to the following. The column headings named the guns fired by calibre, running 4-pounders, 5-pounders and 2-pounders, with a final column for the powder expended. 20 June, departed the Admiral Vernon, returned the salute, 9 guns fired, 9 4-pounders, 0 5-pounders, 0 2-pounders, 9 lb 0 oz powder Ditto, powder for priming, 0 guns fired, 0 4-pounders, 0 5-pounders, 0 2-pounders, 1 lb 8 oz powder 22 June, fired for the King's accession to the throne, 21 guns fired, 2 4-pounders, 1 5-pounder, 18 2-pounders, 23 lb 8 oz powder Ditto, powder fired with small arms for the King's accession, 0 guns fired, 0 4-pounders, 0 5-pounders, 0 2-pounders, 19 lb 0 oz powder Ditto, powder for priming, 0 guns fired, 0 4-pounders, 0 5-pounders, 0 2-pounders, 3 lb 12 oz powder 28 June, powder for scaling the guns at Sandy Bay, 0 guns fired, 0 4-pounders, 0 5-pounders, 0 2-pounders, 32 lb 8 oz powder 30 June, powder for scaling the guns at Turk's Cap, 0 guns fired, 0 4-pounders, 0 5-pounders, 0 2-pounders, 10 lb 8 oz powder Powder for shooting wild cats in the Great Wood, 0 guns fired, 0 4-pounders, 0 5-pounders, 0 2-pounders, 0 lb 8 oz powder Total, 30 guns fired, 2 4-pounders, 1 5-pounder, 27 2-pounders, 100 lb 4 oz powder Paper for the use of the castle, 2 quires Tallow for greasing the pump, 2 lb Ditto for greasing the carts, 12 lb Ditto for greasing the boats, 6 lb Ditto for greasing the gun carriages at Sandy Bay, 4 lb Ditto for greasing ditto at Turk's Cap, 2 lb Sponge staves to make yokes for oxen, 1 Ditto for making rounds for ladders, 4 Hammer heads broke at Sandy Bay, 1 Ditto broke at Turk's Cap, 1 Thomas Hall signed the account. Interpretations The twenty-one guns fired for the King's accession to the throne marked the royal anniversary with the grand salute of a royal occasion, the number far above the nine of an ordinary ship's courtesy. This celebration of the King's accession with cannon and small arms shows the distant island keeping the calendar of royal observance, the batteries and musketry marking the day of the sovereign's coming to the throne as loyally as any garrison at home. The powder spent shooting wild cats in the Great Wood marks the destruction of the feral cats that had overrun the island's woodland, the beasts preying on the poultry and the young stock. This use of the magazine against vermin shows the practical war the settlement waged on the pests that threatened its livestock, the wild cats descended from domestic stock turned loose and multiplied into a plague that the guns were turned to check. The tallow issued to grease the guns, carts, boats and pump across the several posts shows the constant lubrication that the machinery and gear of the settlement required, the fat working the moving parts and preserving the metal and timber. This regular consumption of tallow marks the upkeep of everything that turned or slid, from the gun carriages at the outlying batteries to the pump at the castle, the grease keeping the whole apparatus of the island working.
184	178	An Account of the Honourable Companys Stock of Neat Cattle & ca from the 12 June to the 11 July 1753 Bulls, Cows, Calves, Yearlings, Heifers, Steers, Oxen, Total, Ewes, Wethers, Lambs, Rams, Total, Ewes, Wethers, Kids, Rams, Total, Sows, Shoats, Piggs, Boars, Total, Turkeys, Fowls, Ducks, Geese, Horses, Mares, Total, Asses, Total Remaining the 12: Bulls 3, Cows 75, Calves 49, Yearlings 24, Heifers 6, Steers 26, Oxen 12, Total 195, Ewes 162, Wethers 34, Lambs 65, Rams 6, Total 267, Ewes 79, Wethers 14, Kids 17, Rams 4, Total 114, Sows 4, Shoats 13, Piggs 3, Boars 1, Total 21, Turkeys 21, Fowls 228, Ducks 49, Geese 23, Horses 6, Mares 6, Total 12, Asses 3, Total 3 Encreased: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 4, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Oxen 0, Total 4, Ewes 0, Wethers 0, Lambs 3, Rams 0, Total 3, Ewes 0, Wethers 0, Kids 23, Rams 0, Total 23, Sows 0, Shoats 0, Piggs 15, Boars 0, Total 15, Turkeys 0, Fowls 0, Ducks 0, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0, Asses 0, Total 0 Bulls 3, Cows 75, Calves 53, Yearlings 24, Heifers 6, Steers 26, Oxen 12, Total 199, Ewes 162, Wethers 34, Lambs 68, Rams 6, Total 270, Ewes 79, Wethers 14, Kids 40, Rams 4, Total 137, Sows 4, Shoats 13, Piggs 18, Boars 1, Total 36, Turkeys 21, Fowls 228, Ducks 49, Geese 23, Horses 6, Mares 6, Total 12, Asses 3, Total 3 Killed: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 0, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 1, Oxen 0, Total 1, Ewes 1, Wethers 5, Lambs 1, Rams 0, Total 7, Ewes 1, Wethers 1, Kids 0, Rams 0, Total 2, Sows 0, Shoats 1, Piggs 0, Boars 0, Total 1, Turkeys 2, Fowls 16, Ducks 4, Geese 2, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0, Asses 0, Total 0 Died: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 0, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Oxen 0, Total 0, Ewes 0, Wethers 0, Lambs 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Ewes 0, Wethers 0, Kids 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Sows 0, Shoats 0, Piggs 0, Boars 0, Total 0, Turkeys 0, Fowls 4, Ducks 2, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0, Asses 0, Total 0 Killed by Cats: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 0, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Oxen 0, Total 0, Ewes 0, Wethers 0, Lambs 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Ewes 0, Wethers 0, Kids 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Sows 0, Shoats 0, Piggs 0, Boars 0, Total 0, Turkeys 1, Fowls 13, Ducks 0, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0, Asses 0, Total 0 Remaining the 11: Bulls 3, Cows 75, Calves 53, Yearlings 24, Heifers 6, Steers 25, Oxen 12, Total 198, Ewes 161, Wethers 29, Lambs 67, Rams 6, Total 263, Ewes 78, Wethers 13, Kids 40, Rams 4, Total 135, Sows 4, Shoats 12, Piggs 18, Boars 1, Total 35, Turkeys 18, Fowls 195, Ducks 43, Geese 21, Horses 6, Mares 6, Total 12, Asses 3, Total 3 Yams Expended 23195 Errors Excepted (Signed) John Adamson	An account of the Company's stock of cattle and other livestock from 12 June to 11 July 1753 recorded the following. Neat cattle: Remaining 12 June: bulls 3, cows 75, calves 49, yearlings 24, heifers 6, steers 26, oxen 12, total 195 Increase: bulls 0, cows 0, calves 4, yearlings 0, heifers 0, steers 0, oxen 0, total 4 Total: bulls 3, cows 75, calves 53, yearlings 24, heifers 6, steers 26, oxen 12, total 199 Killed: bulls 0, cows 0, calves 0, yearlings 0, heifers 0, steers 1, oxen 0, total 1 Died: bulls 0, cows 0, calves 0, yearlings 0, heifers 0, steers 0, oxen 0, total 0 Remaining 11 July: bulls 3, cows 75, calves 53, yearlings 24, heifers 6, steers 25, oxen 12, total 198 Sheep: Remaining 12 June: ewes 162, wethers 34, lambs 65, rams 6, total 267 Increase: ewes 0, wethers 0, lambs 3, rams 0, total 3 Total: ewes 162, wethers 34, lambs 68, rams 6, total 270 Killed: ewes 1, wethers 5, lambs 1, rams 0, total 7 Died: ewes 1, wethers 0, lambs 0, rams 0, total 1 Remaining 11 July: ewes 161, wethers 29, lambs 67, rams 6, total 263 Goats: Remaining 12 June: ewes 79, wethers 14, kids 17, rams 4, total 114 Increase: ewes 0, wethers 0, kids 23, rams 0, total 23 Total: ewes 79, wethers 14, kids 40, rams 4, total 137 Killed: ewes 1, wethers 1, kids 0, rams 0, total 2 Died: ewes 0, wethers 0, kids 0, rams 0, total 0 Remaining 11 July: ewes 78, wethers 13, kids 40, rams 4, total 135 Hogs: Remaining 12 June: sows 4, shoats 13, pigs 3, boars 1, total 21 Increase: sows 0, shoats 0, pigs 15, boars 0, total 15 Total: sows 4, shoats 13, pigs 18, boars 1, total 36 Killed: sows 0, shoats 1, pigs 0, boars 0, total 1 Died: sows 0, shoats 0, pigs 0, boars 0, total 0 Remaining 11 July: sows 4, shoats 12, pigs 18, boars 1, total 35 Poultry: Remaining 12 June: turkeys 21, fowls 228, ducks 49, geese 23, total 0 Increase: turkeys 0, fowls 0, ducks 0, geese 0, total 0 Total: turkeys 21, fowls 228, ducks 49, geese 23, total 0 Killed: turkeys 2, fowls 16, ducks 4, geese 2, total 0 Died: turkeys 0, fowls 4, ducks 2, geese 0, total 0 Killed by cats: turkeys 1, fowls 13, ducks 0, geese 0, total 0 Remaining 11 July: turkeys 18, fowls 195, ducks 43, geese 21, total 0 Horses: Remaining 12 June: stock 6, mares 6, total 12 Remaining 11 July: stock 6, mares 6, total 12 Asses: Remaining 12 June: 3, total 3 Remaining 11 July: 3, total 3 Yams expended 23,195 John Adamson signed the account, errors excepted. Interpretations The poultry killed by cats, thirteen fowls and a turkey lost to the feral beasts, gave the plain reason for the powder spent shooting wild cats in the Great Wood recorded on the gunners' account of the same period. This separate reckoning of the birds taken by the cats shows the real cost of the vermin to the settlement, the loss of the poultry from the roosts justifying the turning of the guns against the wild cats that preyed on the stock. The great increase among the goats, twenty-three kids born in the month, and the fifteen young pigs added to the hogs, mark the season of plenty in the breeding stock as the flocks and herds threw their young. This abundant increase shows the pastoral wealth of the island building through the milder months, the goats and pigs multiplying freely on the pasture to replenish the stock drawn down by the shipping and the table. The absence of any ship victualled this month, no beef issued to a departing vessel where the busier months had supplied fleets, confirms the quiet of the shipping season now fully arrived. This pause in the demand for fresh provision let the herds recover, the cattle spared the heavy slaughter of the spring as the returning fleet had passed on, the stock left to build against the next season's press of shipping.
185	179	The Chesterfield brought in the following supply Vizt Invoice of Ship Chesterfield Batavia Arrack BA No. 2 2 Leagues 150 Pkg Batavia & Exp. 300 - WC No. 4 5 Chests of 10 Solles 50 24 - 324 - SF Sugar Fine 1..10 Bags 7 2 14 9 201 2 6 RF 1..40 40 Bags 7 80 Brazl Mills @ 22 per Pkt. 145 9 3 11 10 8 157 1 6 1182 4 - Charges Merchandize 90 Gunny Bags (sewing) 4 1 9 5 Cheeks (Embalting) 4 - 2 Empty Tongues 3 3 3 Cooley and Boathire 2 5 8 Soldiers Diet 2 - Peons 2 6 50 Matts 5 - 1..1 S. Oy C 5 99 - 10 - 1281 - 14 - Curr Rupees Errors Excepted (Signed) G. Richard Beecher Buxey	The Chesterfield brought in the following supply. Invoice of ship Chesterfield Batavia arrack, number 2, 2 leaguers, current rupees 150, package, Batavia and expenses, total 300 Wax candles, number 4, 5 chests of 10 solles, current rupees 50, plus 24, total 324 Fine sugar, 1 to 10 bags, 7 214, current rupees 9, total 201 2 6 Fine rice, 1 to 40 bags, 7 80, Brazil mills at 22 per pecul, current rupees 145 9 3, plus 11 10 8, total 157 1 6 Grand total, current rupees 1,182 4 Charges of merchandise 90 gunny bags and sewing, current rupees 4 1 9 5 chests, embaling, current rupees 4 2 empty leaguers, current rupees 3 3 3 Coolie and boat hire, current rupees 2 5 8 Soldiers' diet, current rupees 2 Peons, current rupees 2 6 50 matts, current rupees 5 Oil, current rupees 5 Charges subtotal, current rupees 99 10 Total, current rupees 1,281 14 The invoice was marked errors excepted, and signed by G. Richard Beecher, buxey.
186	180	Lieutenant John Clark reports that he has been on board the Chesterfield to Muster her company and enquire for Deserters but found none the Muster Roll is as follows Vizt Muster Roll of Ship Chesterfield Edwin Carter Commander James Daultett 1st Mate Peter Lassells 2 Do Jonathan Symes 3 Do George Allott 4 Do James Gettleby 5 Do Arthur Trevor Purser Jeremiah Roberts Steward Henry Cummings Capt Servt Stephen Joyce Shipr Do John Crab Boatswain Michael Palliser Gunner John Reid Caulker Richard Dorman Sailmaker Richard Chapman Cooper Wm Grave Captains Cook James Coucher Carpenter Wm Willey Surgeons Mate Andrew Garsins Gunner William Robins Butcher John Keedle Armourer James Welch Cophooswain Stephen Pike Top Master Matthew Moses 2 Do Michael Gibson 3 Do W Barber Butts Mate Henry Moon Capt Servant Cato Captains Servant John Westlake Chief Mate John Thomas 2d Mate Servant John Toppins Boats Servant Arthur Williams Surgeon Ralph Brown Seaman Simon York Ships Cook James Beard Seaman Sam Northard Midshipman James Rinderlath Do Nathaniel Paul Do John Cook Do Robt Allison Seaman Charles Brown Sam Elliott Do Thomas Barnes Do Thomas Pott Do William Stone Do William Folke Do John Joy Edward Stonehead Do William Bantam Do Robert Dodson Do Allan Crust Do Lander Chambers Do John Popper John Purvell Robert Buchanan Do Wm McLennon L William Byecroft L Thomas Cambridge L Michael Dundel L Francis Robinson L Benjamin Perkins L James Masfetto L Emanuel Beeker L George Defferent L William Parker L John Dary L George Tannerup L William Ioyes 3d Mate L John Torry Seaman L James Melder L John Williams L William Hunter L Charles Diver Lands L Augustin Denjick L Turnbur Suttonup L	Lieutenant John Clark reported that he had gone aboard the Chesterfield to muster her company and search for deserters, but found none. The muster roll follows. Muster roll of the ship Chesterfield Edwin Carter, commander James Daultett, first mate Peter Lassells, second mate Jonathan Symes, third mate George Allott, fourth mate James Gettleby, fifth mate Arthur Trevor, purser Jeremiah Roberts, steward Henry Cummings, captain's servant Stephen Joyce, ship's servant John Crab, boatswain Michael Palliser, gunner John Reid, caulker Richard Dorman, sailmaker Richard Chapman, cooper William Grave, captain's cook James Coucher, carpenter William Willey, surgeon's mate Andrew Garsins, gunner William Robins, butcher John Keedle, armourer James Welch, cockswain Stephen Pike, top master Matthew Moses, second top master Michael Gibson, third top master W. Barber, butts mate Henry Moon, captain's servant Cato, captain's servant John Westlake, chief mate John Thomas, second mate's servant John Toppins, boatswain's servant Arthur Williams, surgeon Ralph Brown, seaman Simon York, ship's cook James Beard, seaman Sam Northard, midshipman James Rinderlath, midshipman Nathaniel Paul, midshipman John Cook, midshipman Robert Allison, seaman Charles Brown, seaman Sam Elliott, seaman Thomas Barnes, seaman Thomas Pott, seaman William Stone, seaman William Folke, seaman John Joy, seaman Edward Stonehead, seaman William Bantam, seaman Robert Dodson, seaman Allan Crust, seaman Lander Chambers, seaman John Popper, seaman John Purvell, seaman Robert Buchanan, seaman William McLennon, lascar William Byecroft, lascar Thomas Cambridge, lascar Michael Dundel, lascar Francis Robinson, lascar Benjamin Perkins, lascar James Masfetto, lascar Emanuel Beeker, lascar George Defferent, lascar William Parker, lascar John Dary, lascar George Tannerup, lascar William Ioyes, third mate, lascar John Torry, seaman, lascar James Melder, lascar John Williams, lascar William Hunter, lascar Charles Diver, lascar Augustin Denjick, lascar Turnbur Suttonup, lascar Interpretations The final block of the roll, marked apart under the term lascar, groups more than a dozen crew separately from the seamen listed above them, an explicit administrative category rather than the informal clustering of foreign-sounding names seen in the earlier musters of this batch. The distinct heading shows the East India Company's ships kept a formal division in their own musters between crew engaged in England and those engaged along the eastern route, a distinction the mustering officer here simply carried over from the ship's own roll.
187	181	Seck Twembe Seaman Do Seck Emanuel Do Do Seck Ponhee Do Do Seck Bontus Do Do Seck Stampins Do Do Aut Gagee Do Do Seck Hlho Do Do Seck Deman Lascar Seaman Do James Oglaber Seaman Do Samuel Bond Do Do Hendrick Sackhof Do Do Jack Perar Lascar Do Jack Moor Do Do Peters Dornberg Jr Do Passengers Mr John Shaw Mrs Christiana Shaw Master Daniel Shaw Master William Shaw Mannell Dregarr Black Iecklis Dregar Servants The Storekeeper brought in the following Acct of Goods Short delivered from Ship Chesterfield Vizt Account of Stores Short received from Ship Chesterfield Vizt 2..21 Sugar short Weight 1 Leaguer Arrack short of delivered 1 Leaguer Arrack Gage 158 w. full 147 gallons 11 Rec’d 147 gallons (signed) Matthew Purling Storekeeper Chas Hutchinson John Adamson John Clark	The muster roll of the Chesterfield concluded. Seck Twembe, seaman Seck Emanuel, seaman Seck Ponhee, seaman Seck Bontus, seaman Seck Stampins, seaman Aut Gagee, seaman Seck Hlho, seaman Seck Deman, lascar seaman James Oglaber, seaman Samuel Bond, seaman Hendrick Sackhof, seaman Jack Perar, lascar Jack Moor, lascar Peters Dornberg, junior Passengers Mr John Shaw Mrs Christiana Shaw Master Daniel Shaw Master William Shaw Mannell Dregarr, Black Iecklis Dregar, servant The storekeeper brought in an account of stores short received from the Chesterfield. 2 21 sugar, short weight 1 leaguer of arrack, short delivered 1 leaguer of arrack, gauge 158, wants to fill 11 gallons, received 147 gallons The account was signed by Matthew Purling, storekeeper. The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson, John Adamson and John Clark. Interpretations The Shaw family travelled with a named Black servant, Mannell Dregarr, and a further servant of his own, Iecklis Dregar, the passenger list showing a slave or servant of colour carrying his own attendant, a small but telling detail of the domestic arrangements of a Company family passing through the island.
188	182	At a Consultation held on Monday the 30th. Day of July 1753 at the Castle Present Charles Hutchinson Esq.r Governor Lieutenant John Adamson Lieut. Gov.r Lieutenant John Clark of Councill The last Consultation was read approved and Signed dated the 23rd. July 1753 Tuesday the 24th. Sailed the Honourable Companys Ships Bombay Castle and Pelham for England Thursday 26 Died Mary Nicholls Spinster John Jacks Seaman belonging to the Ship Bombay Castle, being left behind and having formerly served in his Majesty’s Train of Artillery, applyed to inlist as a Soldier in the Honourable Companys Service, we have accordingly engaged him on Saturday last to serve five years at Ten Pounds Bounty Money The Paymaster brought in his Accounts and the Storekeeper his Collections for the Quarter ending the 11th. instant which were examined and approved and are as follows Viz.t List of the Honourable Company’s Officers and Servants upon the Island St. Helena with their usual Salary and Diet Money &ca. for the Quarter commencing April the 12th. and ending July 11th. 1753 Viz.t Charles Hutchinson Esq.r Governour Salary 125 – – Do. Allowance for Servants as usual 31 4 9 156 4 9	At a consultation held at the Castle on 30 July 1753, Governor Charles Hutchinson sat with Lieutenant John Adamson, Lieutenant Governor, and Lieutenant John Clark of the Council. The Council read the earlier consultation of 23 July 1753, then approved and signed it. The Company's ships Bombay Castle and Pelham had sailed for England on Tuesday 24 July. Mary Nicholls, spinster, died on Thursday 26 July. John Jacks, seaman belonging to the Bombay Castle, had been left behind, and having formerly served in His Majesty's train of artillery, applied to enlist as a soldier in the Company's service. The Council engaged him on the Saturday before to serve five years at £10 bounty money. The paymaster brought in his accounts, and the storekeeper his collections, for the quarter ending 11 July, which were examined and approved and are entered as follows. A list of the Company's officers and servants on the island, with their usual salary and diet money, for the quarter commencing 12 April and ending 11 July 1753, opened with the senior establishment. Charles Hutchinson, Governor, salary £125, with the usual allowance for servants, £31 4s 9d; total £156 4s 9d Carried over, £156 14s 9d Interpretations This second officers' and garrison payroll, running from 12 April to 11 July, covers the quarter in which the Admiral Vernon, Bombay Castle, Pelham and Chesterfield all called, and its careful daily reckoning of every enlistment, discharge and death recorded elsewhere in this batch shows the same list-keeping discipline already seen in the payroll of the previous quarter.
189	183	Carried over 156 14 9 John Adamson Lieutenant & Governor Salary 62 10 - Do Diet Money 25 - - 87 10 - John Clark of Council Salary 17 10 - John Goodwin Accomptant Salary 17 10 - Do Diet Money 15 - - Do House Rent 2 10 - 35 - - Matthew Purling Storekeeper Salary 17 10 - Do Diet Money 15 - - 32 10 - Francis Wrangham Secretary Salary 17 10 - Do Diet Money 15 - - 32 10 - William Lee Chaplain Salary 25 - - Do Diet Money 15 - - Do House Rent 2 10 - 42 10 - James Powell Factor Salary 7 10 - Do Diet Money 10 - - Do Asistant Storekeeper 5 - - Do House Rent 2 10 - 25 - - Thomas French Factor Salary 7 10 - Do Diet Money 10 - - Do House Rent 2 10 - 20 - - Matthew Bazett Writer from April 12th (bynd.) to June 15th Incks. 3 13 5 Do as Factor from June 18th Inclusive 1 19 5 1/2 Do Diet Money 10 - - 15 12 10 1/2 William Wrangham Writer Salary 5 - - Do Diet Money 10 - - 15 - - Carried over...	The list of officers and servants continued. Carried over, £156 14s 9d John Adamson, Lieutenant Governor, salary £62 10s; diet money £25; total £87 10s John Clark of Council, salary £17 10s John Goodwin, accountant, salary £17 10s; diet money £15; house rent £2 10s; total £35 Matthew Purling, storekeeper, salary £17 10s; diet money £15; total £32 10s Francis Wrangham, secretary, salary £17 10s; diet money £15; total £32 10s William Lee, chaplain, salary £25; diet money £15; house rent £2 10s; total £42 10s James Powell, factor, salary £7 10s; diet money £10; assistant storekeeper £5; house rent £2 10s; total £25 Thomas French, factor, salary £7 10s; diet money £10; house rent £2 10s; total £20 Matthew Bazett, writer, from 12 April to 15 June inclusive, £3 13s 5d; as factor from 18 June inclusive, £1 19s 5½d; diet money £10; total £15 12s 10½d William Wrangham, writer, salary £5; diet money £10; total £15 Carried over [total not stated] Interpretations William Lee's entry as chaplain, drawing salary and house rent, matches the bill drawn for the Reverend William Lee recorded earlier in this batch, confirming he was by this quarter settled into the post that the departed chaplain William Lisle had held in the previous batch's payroll.
190	184	Brought over Samuel Falcome Surgeon Salary 9 15 – Do Diet Money 10 – – Do House Rent 2 10 – 22 5 – John Inglis Surgeons Mate Salary 5 – – Do Diet Money 11 5 – 16 5 – Richard Gurling Overseer Salary 15 – – John Swats Do Salary 7 10 – Richard Beale Schoolmaster Salary 3 8 3 Do as Clerk 5 – – 8 8 3 John Blond Master Mason Salary 17 10 – Do Diet Money 10 – – Do House Rent 1 10 – 29 – – Mark Hawkins Mason Salary 12 10 – Do Diet Money 6 16 10½ Do House Rent 1 – – 20 6 10½ Joseph Kendall master of Arms 6 5 – James Sheridan Gardener 10 – – Henry Brumson Armourer 10 10 – William Paltman Carpenter 12 10 – Major Jackson Steward from Apr 12 Inst to June 11 Inst 3 – – William Moor Do from June 12 Instl 3 – – James Tobett Cooper 8 15 – Michael Foot Cook & Custumr Cleaner 1 5 – William Davis Patron of a Long Boat 7 10 – Thomas Boone House Keeper 2 – – Thomas Harper Marshal 5 6 5½ 69 1 5½ Carried over 665 4 2½	The list of officers and servants continued. Brought over [total not stated] Samuel Falconer, surgeon, salary £9 15s; diet money £10; house rent £2 10s; total £22 5s John Inglis, surgeon's mate, salary £5; diet money £11 5s; total £16 5s Richard Gurling, overseer, salary £15 John Swats, overseer, salary £7 10s Richard Beale, schoolmaster, salary £3 8s 3d; as clerk £5; total £8 8s 3d John Bland, master mason, salary £17 10s; diet money £10; house rent £1 10s; total £29 Mark Hawkins, mason, salary £12 10s; diet money £6 16s 10½d; house rent £1; total £20 6s 10½d Joseph Kendall, master of arms, £6 5s James Sheridan, gardener, £10 Henry Brunson, armourer, £10 10s William Paltman, carpenter, £12 10s Major Jackson, steward, from 12 April to 11 June inclusive, £3 William Moor, steward, from 12 June inclusive, £3 James Tobett, cooper, £8 15s Michael Foot, clock and instrument cleaner, £1 5s William Davis, patron of the longboat, £7 10s Thomas Boone, housekeeper, £2 Thomas Harper, marshal, £5 6s 5½d Subtotal, £69 1s 5½d Carried over, £665 4s 2½d
191	185	Brought over L665 4 2 1/2 First Company John Clark 1st Lieutenant Salary L22 16 3 Do Ditto Money 6 16 10 1/2 Do on Account of Instructing the Gunners 7 10 - 37 3 1/2 Stephen Herbert second Lieutenant Salary 18 5 - Do Ditto Money 6 16 10 1/2 Do House Rent 2 10 - 27 11 10 1/2 Francis Mowat Adjutant Salary 22 16 3 Do Ditto Money 6 16 10 1/2 29 13 1/2 Sergeants Henry Beale 7 12 1 Solomon Jacob 7 12 1 Thomas Browne 7 12 1 22 16 3 Corporals William Davis 5 6 5 1/2 John Swift 5 6 5 1/2 Humphrey Pugh from Apr 12th Incl to June 2d as Sentinel 3 2 6 Do from June the 2d Inclusive as Corporal 18 11 1/2 11 5 1/2 14 14 1 1/2 John Vaughan from Apr 12th Incl to May 28th as Sentinel 1 16 8 Do from May 28th Incl as Drummer 2 15 1/2 4 11 9 1/2 Centinels Andrew Armstrong 3 16 2 1/2 George Bennett 3 16 2 1/2 Augustine Balls 3 16 2 1/2 Thomas Brown 3 16 2 1/2 Centinels carried over 15 4 2 Carried over 801 14 9 1/2	The list of officers and servants continued with the garrison's first company. Brought over, £665 4s 2½d First company John Clark, first lieutenant, salary £22 16s 3d; diet money £6 16s 10½d; for instructing the gunners £7 10s; total £37 3s ½d Stephen Herbert, second lieutenant, salary £18 5s; diet money £6 16s 10½d; house rent £2 10s; total £27 11s 10½d Francis Mowat, adjutant, salary £22 16s 3d; diet money £6 16s 10½d; total £29 13s ½d Sergeants Henry Beale, £7 12s 1d Solomon Jacob, £7 12s 1d Thomas Browne, £7 12s 1d Sergeants subtotal, £22 16s 3d Corporals William Davis, £5 6s 5½d John Swift, £5 6s 5½d Humphrey Pugh, from 12 April inclusive to 2 June as sentinel, £3 2s 6d; from 2 June inclusive as corporal, £8 11s ½d; total £11 5s ½d Corporals subtotal, £14 14s 1½d John Vaughan, from 12 April inclusive to 28 May as sentinel, £1 16s 8d; from 28 May inclusive as drummer, £2 15s ½d; total £4 11s 9½d Sentinels Andrew Armstrong, £3 16s 2½d George Bennett, £3 16s 2½d Augustine Balls, £3 16s 2½d Thomas Brown, £3 16s 2½d Sentinels carried over, £15 4s 2d Carried over, £801 14s 9½d Interpretations Augustine Balls appears here on the garrison payroll as a serving sentinel, the same man convicted earlier in this batch of buying stolen bottles from Andrew, the Company's slave, and fined £5 for it. The entry confirms the offence did not cost him his place in the garrison, and shows the Council content to fine and retain a soldier for such an offence rather than treat it as grounds for discharge.
192	186	Brought over £801 1 9 Centinels brought over £15 4 2 John Buckle from Apr 12th Incl to June 12th Excl of Day discharg 2 11 8 James Bamford 3 16 1/2 Matthew Campbell 3 16 1/2 James Cartwright 3 16 1/2 Philip Cole 3 16 1/2 George Capeling 3 16 1/2 William Cooksey 3 16 1/2 William Eves 3 16 1/2 James Easthope 3 16 1/2 John Fox 3 16 1/2 Thomas Farris 3 16 1/2 George Green 3 16 1/2 John Granger 3 16 1/2 John Groves 3 16 1/2 Richard Goulding 3 16 1/2 Richard Gordon 3 16 1/2 John Gavles 3 16 1/2 Thomas Juiles 3 16 1/2 Humphrey Harrison 3 16 1/2 James Hendra 3 16 1/2 William Hutchinson 3 16 1/2 John Howard 3 16 1/2 William Lambourn 3 16 1/2 Thomas London 3 16 1/2 John Legg 3 16 1/2 Do. Do. from June 12th Incl the Day he inlisted 1 10 10 John Newill 3 16 1/2 James Mills 3 16 1/2 John Marsh 3 16 1/2 Bartholomew Molloy 3 16 1/2 Jn. Chann from Apr 12th Incl to June 25th Incl as Superndt 1 7 6 Do. from June 26th as Centinel 13 6 1/2 5 1 1/2 James Richardson 3 16 1/2 Centinels carried over 134 12 11 Carried over £801 1 9	The garrison list of the first company's sentinels continued. Brought over, £801 14s 9d Sentinels brought over, £15 4s 2d John Buckle, from 12 April inclusive to 12 June exclusive, the day he was discharged, £2 11s 8d James Bamford, £3 16s ½d Matthew Campbell, £3 16s ½d James Cartwright, £3 16s ½d Philip Cole, £3 16s ½d George Capeling, £3 16s ½d William Cooksey, £3 16s ½d William Eves, £3 16s ½d James Easthope, £3 16s ½d John Fox, £3 16s ½d Thomas Farris, £3 16s ½d George Green, £3 16s ½d John Granger, £3 16s ½d John Groves, £3 16s ½d Richard Goulding, £3 16s ½d Richard Gordon, £3 16s ½d John Gavles, £3 16s ½d Thomas Juiles, £3 16s ½d Humphrey Harrison, £3 16s ½d James Hendra, £3 16s ½d William Hutchinson, £3 16s ½d John Howard, £3 16s ½d William Lambourn, £3 16s ½d Thomas London, £3 16s ½d John Legg, £3 16s ½d, with a further £1 10s 10d from 12 June inclusive, the day he enlisted John Newill, £3 16s ½d James Mills, £3 16s ½d John Marsh, £3 16s ½d Bartholomew Molloy, £3 16s ½d John Chann, from 12 April inclusive to 25 June inclusive as superintendent, £1 7s 6d; from 26 June as sentinel, £3 6s ½d; total £5 1s ½d James Richardson, £3 16s ½d Sentinels carried over, £134 12s 11d Carried over, £801 14s 9d
193	187	Brought over L 801 14 9 Centinels brought over 134 12 11 Edward Robinson 3 16 1/2 Joseph Renton 3 16 1/2 John Scotcher 3 16 1/2 John Shaw 3 16 1/2 William Starr from April 12th Incld. to June the 12th Incl the Day he was Discharged 2 11 8 George Smith 3 16 1/2 Do. Smith from Apr. 12th Incld. to June 28th Incld. a Drummer 2 11 4 Do. from June 28th Inclusive as Centinel 1 19 1 1/2 Thomas Suffwell 3 16 1/2 John Turner 3 16 1/2 Thomas Williams 3 16 1/2 John Williams 3 16 1/2 Edward Webber 3 16 1/2 John Walker 3 16 1/2 Matthew Young 3 16 1/2 187 7 9 1/2 Second Company Joseph Kendall 1st Lieutenant Salary 22 16 3 Do. Diet Money 6 16 10 1/2 Do. House Rent 2 10 - 32 3 1/2 George Hay 2d Lieutenant Salary 18 5 - Do. Diet Money 6 16 10 1/2 25 1 10 1/2 57 5 - Sergeants Robert Mabony 7 12 1 Michael Frost 7 12 1 Samuel Talbot 7 12 1 22 16 3 carried over L 1069 3 0 1/2	The garrison list of the first company's sentinels concluded, and the second company followed. Brought over, £801 14s 9d Sentinels brought over, £134 12s 11d Edward Robinson, £3 16s ½d Joseph Renton, £3 16s ½d John Scotcher, £3 16s ½d John Shaw, £3 16s ½d William Starr, from 12 April inclusive to 12 June inclusive, the day he was discharged, £2 11s 8d George Smith, £3 16s ½d George Smith, second of the name, from 12 April inclusive to 28 June inclusive as drummer, £2 11s 4d; from 28 June inclusive as sentinel, £1 19s 1½d Thomas Suffwell, £3 16s ½d John Turner, £3 16s ½d Thomas Williams, £3 16s ½d John Williams, £3 16s ½d Edward Webber, £3 16s ½d John Walker, £3 16s ½d Matthew Young, £3 16s ½d Sentinels subtotal, £187 7s 9½d Second company Joseph Kendall, first lieutenant, salary £22 16s 3d; diet money £6 16s 10½d; house rent £2 10s; total £32 3s ½d George Hay, second lieutenant, salary £18 5s; diet money £6 16s 10½d; total £25 1s 10½d Second company officers subtotal, £57 5s Sergeants Robert Mabony, £7 12s 1d Michael Frost, £7 12s 1d Samuel Talbot, £7 12s 1d Sergeants subtotal, £22 16s 3d Carried over, £1,069 3s ½d
194	188	Brought over L 1069 3 0 1/2 Corporals William Watkins 5 6 5 1/2 Edward Walker 5 6 5 1/2 Erasmus Purling 5 6 5 1/2 15 19 1/2 John (a ffn Drummer) 5 6 5 1/2 Centinels Matthew Allis 3 16 1/2 Peter Barker 3 16 1/2 John Bowke 3 16 1/2 William Boonch 3 16 1/2 John Brown 3 16 1/2 James Burgess 3 16 1/2 George Boyan 3 16 1/2 William Beckett 3 16 1/2 Robert Berry 3 16 1/2 George Beale 3 16 1/2 Robert Brown 3 16 1/2 Daniel (ann) 3 16 1/2 John Boxler 3 16 1/2 Thomas Clear 3 16 1/2 William Doverfoot 3 16 1/2 John Duglas from April 12th Inclo to June 12th Inclo the Day he was Discharged 2 11 8 John Dove 3 16 1/2 Peter Eglestone 3 16 1/2 Peter Fincalt 3 16 1/2 John Fletcher 3 16 1/2 Volcar Gawden 3 16 1/2 John Hayes 3 16 1/2 Joseph Haysis 3 16 1/2 James Hendres 3 16 1/2 John Holloway 3 16 1/2 William Harris 3 16 1/2 Centinels carried over 79 12 8 1/2 Carried over L 1090 0 7 1/2	The garrison list of the second company continued with its corporals and sentinels. Brought over, £1,069 3s ½d Corporals William Watkins, £5 6s 5½d Edward Walker, £5 6s 5½d Erasmus Purling, £5 6s 5½d Corporals subtotal, £15 19s ½d John [...], drummer, £5 6s 5½d Sentinels Matthew Allis, £3 16s ½d Peter Barker, £3 16s ½d John Bowke, £3 16s ½d William Boonch, £3 16s ½d John Brown, £3 16s ½d James Burgess, £3 16s ½d George Boyan, £3 16s ½d William Beckett, £3 16s ½d Robert Berry, £3 16s ½d George Beale, £3 16s ½d Robert Brown, £3 16s ½d Daniel [...], £3 16s ½d John Boxler, £3 16s ½d Thomas Clear, £3 16s ½d William Doverfoot, £3 16s ½d John Duglas, from 12 April inclusive to 12 June inclusive, the day he was discharged, £2 11s 8d John Dove, £3 16s ½d Peter Eglestone, £3 16s ½d Peter Fincalt, £3 16s ½d John Fletcher, £3 16s ½d Volcar Gawden, £3 16s ½d John Hayes, £3 16s ½d Joseph Haysis, £3 16s ½d James Hendres, £3 16s ½d John Holloway, £3 16s ½d William Harris, £3 16s ½d Sentinels carried over, £79 12s 8½d Carried over, £1,090 ½d Interpretations John Duglas's entry here, paid to 12 June, the day he was discharged, confirms the identity of one of the two soldiers noted earlier in this batch as missing and supposed to have got aboard the Admiral Vernon when she sailed on 20 June, since his pay in this list runs only to the day of his formal discharge rather than continuing as an active sentinel.
195	189	Brought over. L 1090 9 7 1/2 (centinels brought over) L 79 12 8 1/2 John Hudson 3 16 1/2 Thomas Jackson 3 16 1/2 Samuel Kitson 3 16 1/2 Thomas Leech 3 16 1/2 Christian Mouse 3 16 1/2 William Madge 3 16 1/2 Archibald Gouge 3 16 1/2 Mr John Simmons 3 16 1/2 Thomas Streeton 3 16 1/2 Joseph Smith 3 16 1/2 John Strange 3 16 1/2 Thomas Taylor 3 16 1/2 James Thurton 3 16 1/2 Richard Swaits 3 16 1/2 William Swaits 3 16 1/2 William Thompson 3 16 1/2 William Taylor 3 16 1/2 Stephen Willoughby 3 16 1/2 Jen Wygill 3 16 1/2 Thomas Wansell 3 16 1/2 John Williams 3 16 1/2 John Mestey 3 16 1/2 181 5 7 1/2 Third Company Thomas East Hopes 1st Lieutn Salary L 22 16 3 Do. Diet Money 6 16 10 1/2 Do. House Rent 2 10 - 32 3 1/2 Christopher Beale 2d Lieut Salary 18 5 - Do. Diet Money 6 16 10 1/2 Do. House Rent 2 10 - 27 11 10 1/2 59 15 - Carried over. L 1331 10 3	The garrison list of the second company's sentinels concluded, and the third company followed. Brought over, £1,090 9s 7½d Sentinels brought over, £79 12s 8½d John Hudson, £3 16s ½d Thomas Jackson, £3 16s ½d Samuel Kitson, £3 16s ½d Thomas Leech, £3 16s ½d Christian Mouse, £3 16s ½d William Madge, £3 16s ½d Archibald Gouge, £3 16s ½d John Simmons, £3 16s ½d Thomas Streeton, £3 16s ½d Joseph Smith, £3 16s ½d John Strange, £3 16s ½d Thomas Taylor, £3 16s ½d James Thurton, £3 16s ½d Richard Swaits, £3 16s ½d William Swaits, £3 16s ½d William Thompson, £3 16s ½d William Taylor, £3 16s ½d Stephen Willoughby, £3 16s ½d Jen Wygill, £3 16s ½d Thomas Wansell, £3 16s ½d John Williams, £3 16s ½d John Mestey, £3 16s ½d Sentinels subtotal, £181 5s 7½d Third company Thomas Easthope, first lieutenant, salary £22 16s 3d; diet money £6 16s 10½d; house rent £2 10s; total £32 3s ½d Christopher Beale, second lieutenant, salary £18 5s; diet money £6 16s 10½d; house rent £2 10s; total £27 11s 10½d Third company officers subtotal, £59 15s Carried over, £1,331 10s 3d
196	190	Brought over £1331 10 3 Sergeants Mattw Brightwell from Apr 12th Incl to May 28th Incl Dischd 3 18 1 John Leech 7 12 1 William Pendrey 7 12 1 Chs Myler from Apr 12th Incl to May 28th Incl as Corporal 2 4 10 Dº from 29 May Incl as Sergeant the days he was on duty 3 13 9 6 8 7 25 11 1 Corporals Edward Grant 5 6 5 1/2 William Helford 5 6 5 1/2 Wm Langham from Apr 12th Incl to May 28th as Sentl 1 19 2 Dº from May 29th Incl as Corporal the days he was on duty 2 11 7 1/2 4 10 9 1/2 15 3 8 1/2 John Creagh Drummer 5 6 5 1/2 Centinels William Adams 3 16 1/2 Joseph Basick 3 16 1/2 William Bonfield 3 16 1/2 William Brown 3 16 1/2 Robert Ballard 3 16 1/2 John Bridgwater 3 16 1/2 John Barker 3 16 1/2 Dixon Croft 3 16 1/2 James Carmichael 3 16 1/2 John Hazell 3 16 1/2 Baron Delopff 3 16 1/2 John Earle 3 16 1/2 Thomas Fuller 3 16 1/2 John Guin 3 16 1/2 John Gould 3 16 1/2 Centinels carried over 57 7 1/2 Carried over £1377 11 6	The garrison list of the third company continued. Brought over, £1,331 10s 3d Sergeants Matthew Brightwell, from 12 April inclusive to 28 May inclusive, the day he was discharged, £3 18s 1d John Leech, £7 12s 1d William Pendrey, £7 12s 1d Charles Myler, from 12 April inclusive to 28 May inclusive as corporal, £2 4s 10d; from 29 May inclusive as sergeant for the days on duty, £3 13s 9d; total £6 8s 7d Sergeants subtotal, £25 11s 1d Corporals Edward Grant, £5 6s 5½d William Helford, £5 6s 5½d William Langham, from 12 April inclusive to 28 May as sentinel, £1 19s 2d; from 29 May inclusive as corporal for the days on duty, £2 11s 7½d; total £4 10s 9½d Corporals subtotal, £15 3s 8½d John Creagh, drummer, £5 6s 5½d Sentinels William Adams, £3 16s ½d Joseph Basick, £3 16s ½d William Bonfield, £3 16s ½d William Brown, £3 16s ½d Robert Ballard, £3 16s ½d John Bridgwater, £3 16s ½d John Barker, £3 16s ½d Dixon Croft, £3 16s ½d James Carmichael, £3 16s ½d John Hazell, £3 16s ½d Baron Delopff, £3 16s ½d John Earle, £3 16s ½d Thomas Fuller, £3 16s ½d John Guin, £3 16s ½d John Gould, £3 16s ½d Sentinels carried over, £57 7s ½d Carried over, £1,377 11s 6d Interpretations Charles Myler's and William Langham's entries, each paid partly as corporal and partly as sergeant, or as sentinel and then corporal, within a single sergeant's discharge on 28 May, show the garrison filling a departing non-commissioned officer's post by internal promotion within days, the pay record itself marking the exact transition rather than waiting for the quarter's end to regularise it.
197	191	Johnathon Hitchins William Hurlock Thomas Hide Wm King from May 1st Incl to June 12th Incl the Day he Inlisted 2 15s – Thomas Kendrick Richard Knights John Kersey John Langbridge Thomas Lawrence Thomas Lindsey Thomas Loveland John McCoy Abram Major Charles Montague Thomas Morris Anthony Morchan Richard McNolly Chr Newcomb from Apr 12th Incl to June 12th Incl the Day he was Discharged 2 11s 8d Thomas Clover Thomas Payne John Ropewater Ths Pledger from Apr 12th to May 28th Incl the Day he was Discharged 1 19s 2d John Parker William Robinson David Scott Robert Sack Adam Scott Christian Tyder James Thompson William Thompson Benjamin Twaits Richard Vaughan Benjamin Williams Roger Altman 182 3s 9d Carried over £1559 15s 3d	The garrison list of the third company's sentinels continued. Jonathan Hitchins, £3 16s ½d William Hurlock, £3 16s ½d Thomas Hide, £3 16s ½d William King, from 1 May inclusive to 12 June inclusive, the day he enlisted, £2 15s Thomas Kendrick, £3 16s ½d Richard Knights, £3 16s ½d John Kersey, £3 16s ½d John Langbridge, £3 16s ½d Thomas Lawrence, £3 16s ½d Thomas Lindsey, £3 16s ½d Thomas Loveland, £3 16s ½d John McCoy, £3 16s ½d Abram Major, £3 16s ½d Charles Montague, £3 16s ½d Thomas Morris, £3 16s ½d Anthony Morchan, £3 16s ½d Richard McNolly, £3 16s ½d Christopher Newcomb, from 12 April inclusive to 12 June inclusive, the day he was discharged, £2 11s 8d Thomas Clover, £3 16s ½d Thomas Payne, £3 16s ½d John Ropewater, £3 16s ½d Thomas Pledger, from 12 April to 28 May inclusive, the day he was discharged, £1 19s 2d John Parker, £3 16s ½d William Robinson, £3 16s ½d David Scott, £3 16s ½d Robert Sack, £3 16s ½d Adam Scott, £3 16s ½d Christian Tyder, £3 16s ½d James Thompson, £3 16s ½d William Thompson, £3 16s ½d Benjamin Twaits, £3 16s ½d Richard Vaughan, £3 16s ½d Benjamin Williams, £3 16s ½d Roger Altman, £3 16s ½d Sentinels subtotal, £182 3s 9d Carried over, £1,559 15s 3d
198	192	Brought over L1559 16 3 Fourth Company Thomas Kirkpatrick 1st Lieut. Salary 22 16 3 Do Diet Money 6 16 10 1/2 Do House Rent 2 10 - 32 3 1/2 William Kennedy 2d Lieut. Salary 18 5 - Do Diet Money 6 16 10 1/2 Do House Rent 2 10 - 27 11 10 1/2 59 15 - Sergeants William Cashman 7 12 1 John Walker 7 12 1 William Padam 7 12 1 22 16 3 Corporals William Bunton 5 6 5 1/2 Alexander Hamileton 5 6 5 1/2 Job Harrison 5 6 5 1/2 Gibband Clough Drummer 15 19 4 1/2 5 6 5 1/2 Centinels John Allis 3 16 1/2 Thomas Baxter 3 16 1/2 John Bardin 3 16 1/2 Thomas Barzett 3 16 1/2 Matthew Barzett 3 16 1/2 Thomas Beldow 3 16 1/2 Isaac Buck 3 16 1/2 Edw Cohen 3 16 1/2 William Cave 3 16 1/2 William Cammam 3 16 1/2 Isaac Day 3 16 1/2 Centinels carried over 41 16 3 (carried over) L1665 12 4	The garrison list of the third company concluded, and the fourth company followed. Brought over, £1,559 16s 3d Fourth company Thomas Kirkpatrick, first lieutenant, salary £22 16s 3d; diet money £6 16s 10½d; house rent £2 10s; total £32 3s ½d William Kennedy, second lieutenant, salary £18 5s; diet money £6 16s 10½d; house rent £2 10s; total £27 11s 10½d Fourth company officers subtotal, £59 15s Sergeants William Cashman, £7 12s 1d John Walker, £7 12s 1d William Padam, £7 12s 1d Sergeants subtotal, £22 16s 3d Corporals William Bunton, £5 6s 5½d Alexander Hamileton, £5 6s 5½d Job Harrison, £5 6s 5½d Corporals subtotal, £15 19s 4½d Gilbert Clough, drummer, £5 6s 5½d Sentinels John Allis, £3 16s ½d Thomas Baxter, £3 16s ½d John Bardin, £3 16s ½d Thomas Barzett, £3 16s ½d Matthew Barzett, £3 16s ½d Thomas Beldow, £3 16s ½d Isaac Buck, £3 16s ½d Edward Cohen, £3 16s ½d William Cave, £3 16s ½d William Cammam, £3 16s ½d Isaac Day, £3 16s ½d Sentinels carried over, £41 16s 3d Carried over, £1,665 12s 4d
199	193	Brought over L1663 12 4 Samuel Steffountain 3 16 1/2 Samuel Eales 3 16 1/2 Jennings French from Apr 12th Incl to June 12th Incl the Day he was Discharged 2 11 8 Andrew Frazier 3 16 1/2 Daniel Leakes 3 16 1/2 Jonathon Godbey 3 16 1/2 John Gilburd 3 16 1/2 James Green 3 16 1/2 Thomas Godden 3 16 1/2 James Hall 3 16 1/2 John Hailey 3 16 1/2 Philip Hickman 3 16 1/2 William Hayes 3 16 1/2 Thomas Hudson 3 16 1/2 William Hinds 3 16 1/2 George Kibbett 3 16 1/2 Francis Laycock 3 16 1/2 Peter Lindsey 3 16 1/2 William Lindsay 3 16 1/2 John Langridge 3 16 1/2 Moses Menanteau 3 16 1/2 Duncan M’Clarin 3 16 1/2 Thomas Pinketon 3 16 1/2 Edward Richards 3 16 1/2 Lewis Rowe 3 16 1/2 Arnauld Savory 3 16 1/2 Daniel Sargant 3 16 1/2 Hickford from Apr 12th to June 12th Incl the Day he was Discharged 2 11 8 Charles Stokes 3 16 1/2 Timothy Silvan 3 16 1/2 David Lowry 3 16 1/2 Edward Terry 3 16 1/2 John Thomason 3 16 1/2 Centinels carried over 164 17 1 Carried over L1663 12 4	The garrison list of the fourth company's sentinels concluded this quarter's payroll. Brought over, £1,663 12s 4d Samuel Steffountain, £3 16s ½d Samuel Eales, £3 16s ½d Jennings French, from 12 April inclusive to 12 June inclusive, the day he was discharged, £2 11s 8d Andrew Frazier, £3 16s ½d Daniel Leakes, £3 16s ½d Jonathan Godbey, £3 16s ½d John Gilburd, £3 16s ½d James Green, £3 16s ½d Thomas Godden, £3 16s ½d James Hall, £3 16s ½d John Hailey, £3 16s ½d Philip Hickman, £3 16s ½d William Hayes, £3 16s ½d Thomas Hudson, £3 16s ½d William Hinds, £3 16s ½d George Kibbett, £3 16s ½d Francis Laycock, £3 16s ½d Peter Lindsey, £3 16s ½d William Lindsay, £3 16s ½d John Langridge, £3 16s ½d Moses Menanteau, £3 16s ½d Duncan McClarin, £3 16s ½d Thomas Pinketon, £3 16s ½d Edward Richards, £3 16s ½d Lewis Rowe, £3 16s ½d Arnauld Savory, £3 16s ½d Daniel Sargant, £3 16s ½d Hickford, from 12 April to 12 June inclusive, the day he was discharged, £2 11s 8d Charles Stokes, £3 16s ½d Timothy Silvan, £3 16s ½d David Lowry, £3 16s ½d Edward Terry, £3 16s ½d John Thomason, £3 16s ½d Sentinels carried over, £164 17s 1d Carried over, £1,663 12s 4d Interpretations The batch closes mid-list, within the fourth company's sentinels, the running total carried over rather than settled, which shows the quarter's payroll continued beyond the material supplied here. Set beside the equivalent point in the previous quarter's list, the total already exceeds £1,663 against roughly £1,478 at a comparable stage before, an increase consistent with the several new enlistments, at bounties of £1 and £10, recorded through this quarter's consultations.
200	194	Brought over L1663 12 4 Centinels brought over L164 17 1 John Sale 3 16 1/2 Thomas Taylor 3 16 1/2 Joseph Uffn 3 16 1/2 Benjamin Williams 3 16 1/2 William Withingham 3 16 1/2 183 17 3 1/2 Artillery Company Thomas Hall Master Gunner Salary 22 16 3 Do Diet Money 6 16 10 1/2 L29 13 1/2 Gunners Mates Nathan Sample Chief Mate Salary 11 8 1/2 Isaac Leech 9 2 6 Roger Newmoon 9 2 6 William Turner 9 2 6 John Withinch 9 2 6 Henry Carter 9 2 6 John Forinstall 9 2 6 Charles McNeily 9 2 6 75 5 1/2 Quarter Gunners John Watkins 6 16 10 1/2 Edward Cullimore 6 16 10 1/2 Robert Vickers 6 16 10 1/2 Anthony Day 6 16 10 1/2 Adam Watson 6 16 10 1/2 John Spencer 6 16 10 1/2 Rowland Davis 6 16 10 1/2 Thomas Willingham from April 12th Incl to May 18th Incl as Mattross 1 17 Do from May 19th Incl as Quarter Gunner to the Day he was made 4 1 1 1/2 53 16 6 Carried over L2006 4 10 1/2	The garrison payroll concluded its fourth company sentinels and closed with the artillery company. Brought over, £1,663 12s 4d Sentinels brought over, £164 17s 1d John Sale, £3 16s ½d Thomas Taylor, £3 16s ½d Joseph Uffn, £3 16s ½d Benjamin Williams, £3 16s ½d William Withingham, £3 16s ½d Sentinels subtotal, £183 17s 3½d Artillery company Thomas Hall, master gunner, salary £22 16s 3d; diet money £6 16s 10½d; total £29 13s ½d Gunners' mates Nathan Sample, chief mate, £11 8s ½d Isaac Leech, £9 2s 6d Roger Newmoon, £9 2s 6d William Turner, £9 2s 6d John Withinch, £9 2s 6d Henry Carter, £9 2s 6d John Forinstall, £9 2s 6d Charles McNeily, £9 2s 6d Gunners' mates subtotal, £75 5s ½d Quarter gunners John Watkins, £6 16s 10½d Edward Cullimore, £6 16s 10½d Robert Vickers, £6 16s 10½d Anthony Day, £6 16s 10½d Adam Watson, £6 16s 10½d John Spencer, £6 16s 10½d Rowland Davis, £6 16s 10½d Thomas Willingham, from 12 April inclusive to 18 May inclusive as matross, £1 17s; from 19 May inclusive as quarter gunner, to the day he was made, £4 1s 1½d Quarter gunners subtotal, £53 16s 6d Carried over, £2,006 4s 10½d Interpretations Thomas Willingham's entry, paid first as a matross and then as a quarter gunner from the day of his promotion, is the same pattern of mid-quarter advancement recorded for non-commissioned officers elsewhere in the garrison payroll, the pay itself marking the exact day rank changed rather than waiting for the quarter's close to regularise it.
201	195	Brought over £2006 4 10 1/2 Matrosses. Edward Allis 4 11 3 John Goodday 4 11 3 Joseph Boswell 4 11 3 Andrew Barton 4 11 3 Richard Billington from April 13th inclusive to May 18th inclusive as Quarter Gunner the Day he was Broken 2 15 6 Do from May 19th inclusive as Matross 2 14 3 John Cawdrey 5 9 9 Darby Coyle 4 11 3 William Campble 4 11 3 Philip Hilliard 4 11 3 William Hayes 4 11 3 James Long 4 11 3 James Lee 4 11 3 Peter Marshall 4 11 3 Thomas Mason 4 11 3 Richard Moye 4 11 3 Adam Milbourn 4 11 3 John Peters 4 11 3 William Privy 4 11 3 Abram Rattcliff 4 11 3 Thomas Watt 4 11 3 Superannuated William Burnham Sergant 3 8 3 £2101 16 7 1/2	The artillery company's payroll continued with its matrosses and closed the quarter's list. Brought over, £2,006 4s 10½d Matrosses Edward Allis, £4 11s 3d John Goodday, £4 11s 3d Joseph Boswell, £4 11s 3d Andrew Barton, £4 11s 3d Richard Billington, from 13 April inclusive to 18 May inclusive as quarter gunner, the day he was broken, £2 15s 6d; from 19 May inclusive as matross, £2 14s 3d John Cawdrey, £5 9s 9d Darby Coyle, £4 11s 3d William Campble, £4 11s 3d Philip Hilliard, £4 11s 3d William Hayes, £4 11s 3d James Long, £4 11s 3d James Lee, £4 11s 3d Peter Marshall, £4 11s 3d Thomas Mason, £4 11s 3d Richard Moye, £4 11s 3d Adam Milbourn, £4 11s 3d John Peters, £4 11s 3d William Privy, £4 11s 3d Abram Rattcliff, £4 11s 3d Thomas Watt, £4 11s 3d Superannuated William Burnham, sergeant, £3 8s 3d Total, £2,101 16s 7½d Interpretations This total for the quarter running 12 April to 11 July 1753, £2,101 16s 7½d, closes the second garrison and civil establishment list of the year, and the demoted Richard Billington, broken from quarter gunner back to matross partway through the quarter, is the only instance in this batch of a reduction rather than a promotion recorded in the pay itself.
202	196	Collection of Goods Sold and Delivered out of the Honourable Companys Stores, from the 12 April to the 11 July 1753 Vizt Sold to the Companys Servants at 10 p Cent Arrack 13 ¾ Gallons 3 8 9 Brandy 14 ¾ Gallons 5 5 Sugar and Candy Vizt 4117 Sugar 68 12 4 1628 Candy 33 18 4 102 10 8 Flour Vizt 1262 Flour 9 4 2 178 3 2 Do Baked 156 8 5 165 12 5 ½ Soap 448 19 12 Tea Vizt 258 Congo 17 4 87 Single 5 8 9 63 Bohea 2 12 6 25 5 3 Candles 680 53 16 8 Salt 16 ¾ Bushels 2 15 10 Beef and Pork Vizt 499 Pr Beef 2/ 49 18 25 Stout Pr Do 2/ 2 10 10 Do Do 3/6 1 10 5 570 Pr Pork 2/ 57 64 Stout Pr Do 2/ 6 8 80 Do Do 2/2 8 13 4 125 19 9 Cordage 752 10 19 4 Oyl Vizt 2 ½ Gallons Linseed 10 1 19 Bottles Florence 2 12 3 9 ½ Gallons Train 1 7 9 4 10 1 Carried over 549 15 9 ½	The collection covered goods sold and delivered from the Company stores between 12 April and 11 July 1753. Company servants bought these goods at a markup of 10 per cent. Arrack, 13¾ gallons, £3 8s 9d Brandy, 141 gallons, £35 5s 0d Sugar and candy as follows: 4,117 sugar, £68 12s 4d 1,628 candy, £33 18s 4d, £102 10s 8d Flour as follows: 1,262 flour, £9 4s 2d 178 pieces 3 2 ditto baked, £156 8s 5d, £165 12s 5½d Soap, 448, £19 1s 2d Tea as follows: 258 congou, £17 4s 0d 87 singlo, £5 8s 9d 63 bohea, £2 12s 6d, £25 5s 3d Candles, 680, £53 16s 8d Salt, 16¾ bushels, £2 15s 10d Beef and pork as follows: 499 pieces beef, 2s, £49 18s 0d 25 stout pieces ditto, 2s, £2 10s 0d 10 pieces ditto, 3s ½d, £1 10s 5d 570 pieces pork, 2s, £57 0s 0d 64 stout pieces ditto, 2s, £6 8s 0d 80 pieces ditto, 2s 2d, £8 13s 4d, £125 19s 9d Cordage, 752, £10 19s 4d Oil as follows: 2¾ gallons linseed, £0 10s 1d 19 bottles Florence, £2 12s 3d 9¼ gallons train, £1 7s 9d, £4 10s 1d Carried over, £549 15s 9½d Interpretations The quarter's collection ran from April to July, spanning the tail of the busy shipping season and the quiet months that followed, the great quantities of provisions sold reflecting the demand of the ships and their companies before the fleet dispersed. This scale of sale, the beef and pork alone exceeding £125 and the flour £165, shows the store at its fullest activity supplying the crowded road, the returning Indiamen and their crews drawing heavily on the island's provisions. The baked flour again far outvalued the raw, 178 pieces of bread worth over £156 against £9 for the plain flour, continuing the practice of billing the Company bakehouse's bread as a distinct and much dearer article. This heavy value set on the processed loaves reflects the labour and fuel of the bakehouse, which turned the imported grain into the ration bread that fed the servants and garrison at a price far above the cost of the flour itself. The beef and pork sold in stout pieces at the same rate as the ordinary sort marks a grading of the salt meat by size or quality, the stout pieces perhaps the larger or better cuts distinguished in the reckoning. This distinction in the account shows the store classing its provisions by grade even where the price held even, the careful separation of the meat into sorts reflecting the orderly management of the Company's stock of victuals.
203	197	1753 Brought over 549 15 9 ½ Rice 8 2 14 Buckram 15 ½ Yards 14 2 ½ Leather Vizt 9 Calves Skins 5 1 ½ 183 Leather 10 5 10 ½ 15 6 Hoziersware Vizt 6 Prs Boys Stockings 15 6 10 Prs Mens Wove 1 18 4 3 Prs Mens Knet 9 6 3 3 4 Canvas Vizt 86 ½ Yards Osenbrigs 2 19 5 ½ 60 ¼ Yards English Canvas 3 8 4 6 7 6 Deoders Vizt 12 Prs Single 6 15 4 Prs Double 4 8 11 3 Flannel 8 ¼ Yards 15 5 ½ Starch Vizt 11 ½ Poland 7 11 14 Common 7 4 15 3 Shirts Vizt 119 Soldiers 27 5 5 5 Prs Linnen 7 10 5 34 15 10 Twine 37 Skains 1 4 8 Bettices 7 Prs 1 6 10 Thread Vizt 11 W Brown 3 14 3 25 Coloured 4 11 8 4 Oz Nuns 12 4 8 18 3 Broad Cloth 8 ½ Yards 6 4 1 ½ Carried over 643 14 3	The account continued through 1753 with the sum carried forward from the previous leaf. Brought over, £549 15s 9½d Rice, 8, £2 14s 0d Buckram, 15½ yards, £0 14s 2½d Leather as follows: 9 calves' skins, £0 5s 1½d 183 leather, £0 10s 5½d, £0 15s 6d Hosiers' ware as follows: 6 pairs boys' stockings, £0 15s 6d 10 pairs men's worsted, £1 18s 4d 3 pairs men's knit, £0 9s 6d, £3 3s 4d Canvas as follows: 86½ yards Osnaburg, £2 19s 5½d 60½ yards English canvas, £3 8s 4½d, £6 7s 6d Dowlas as follows: 12 pieces single, £6 15s 0d 4 pieces double, £4 8s 0d, £11 3s 0d Flannel, 8¼ yards, £0 15s 5½d Starch as follows: 11½ Poland, £0 7s 11d 17 common, £0 7s 4d, £0 15s 3d Shirts as follows: 119 soldiers, £27 5s 5d 5 pieces linen, £7 10s 5d, £34 15s 10d Twine, 37 skeins, £1 4s 8d Bottles, 7 pieces, £1 6s 10d Thread as follows: 11 lb brown, £4 1s 8d 25 coloured, £0 12s 4d 4 lb nuns, £8 18s 3d, £8 18s 3d Broadcloth, 8¾ yards, £6 4s 1½d Carried over, £643 14s 3d Interpretations The very large purchase of soldiers' shirts, one hundred and nineteen taken together with five pieces of linen, marks the periodic re-clothing of the whole garrison at the quarter's turn, the men shirted in a body as the worn garments of the season were made good. This bulk provision of uniform linen shows the regular equipping of the soldiers from the store, the entire company furnished at once with fresh shirts in the routine maintenance of the garrison's dress. The nuns thread bought in quantity at over eight pounds, far the dearest of the sewing threads, marks the fine white thread reserved for the careful work of the tailor, priced well above the brown and coloured sorts sold by the pound. This heavy outlay on the finest thread shows the store keeping a graded stock for every quality of sewing, the costly white nuns thread supplied alongside the coarser threads for the making up of the better garments. The calves' skins and leather sold together furnished the material of the shoemaker and the small leatherwork of the settlement, the skins for finer work and the plain leather for the coarser. This provision of the tanner's product in graded sorts shows the store supplying the makers and menders of shoes and harness, the leather worked up on the island into the footwear and gear that the inhabitants and the works required.
204	198	30 July Brought over 643 14 3 Deals Vizt 3 Single Deals 6 7 ½ 2 Elm Boards 6 10 13 5 ½ Shoes Vizt 6 Prs Mens fine 1 17 6 103 Prs Mens ordinary 22 6 4 10 Prs Pumps 3 8 4 10 Prs Channeled Pumps 3 19 2 10 Prs Boys 1 17 11 1 Pr Kitchens 2 10 33 12 1 Hooks & Lines Vizt 3900 Hooks Sorted 2 18 7 ½ 800 Blue 2 8 16 ½ Doz Lines No 2 3 6 6 ½ Doz Do 3 1 7 7 ½ 25 Lines 4 10 6 7 19 11 Chinaware Vizt 64 Sneckers 16 12 Bowls 12 8 ½ 57 Half Pint Cups 7 1 ½ 2 Meat Dishes 3 5 ½ 4 Juggs & Basons 10 9 Chamber Pots 13 6 2 Tea Pots 9 3 Sauce Boats 1 4 ½ 1 Soup Dish 7 2 Sallad Dishes 1 8 2 Setts Dishes & Plates 1 15 4 5 8 6 Nails 84 1 15 6 Palampores 1 13 4 Carried over 693 7 ½	The account continued under 30 July with the sum carried forward from the previous leaf. Brought over, £643 14s 3d Deals as follows: 3 single deals, £0 6s 7½d 2 elm boards, £0 6s 10d, £0 13s 5½d Shoes as follows: 6 pairs men's fine, £1 17s 6d 103 pairs men's ordinary, £22 6s 4d 10 pairs pumps, £3 8s 4d 10 pairs channelled pumps, £3 19s 2d 10 pairs boys', £1 17s 11d 1 pair kitchens, £0 2s 10d, £33 12s 1d Hooks and lines as follows: 3,900 hooks sorted, £2 18s 7½d 800 blue, £0 2s 8d 16½ dozen lines number 2, £3 0s 6d 6½ dozen ditto number 3, £1 17s 7½d 25 lines number 4, £0 10s 6d, £7 19s 11d China ware as follows: 64 saucers, £0 1s 6d 12 bowls, £0 12s 8½d 57 half pint cups, £0 7s 1½d 2 meat dishes, £0 3s 5½d 4 jugs and basins, £0 10s 0d 9 chamber pots, £0 13s 6d 2 teapots, £0 0s 9d 3 sauce boats, £0 1s 4½d 1 soup dish, £0 1s 0d 2 salad dishes, £0 1s 8d 2 sets dishes and plates, £1 15s 4d, £5 8s 6d Nails, 84, £1 15s 6d Palampores, 1, £0 13s 4d Carried over, £693 17s 0½d Interpretations The elm boards bought with the deals marked a use of a hardwood alongside the imported softwood, elm being valued for work exposed to water and wear where its resistance to splitting served, such as boat parts, wheel stocks or flooring. This appearance of elm shows the store keeping a harder timber for particular tasks, the plain deal answering for common building while the tougher elm supplied the work that needed a stouter wood. The kitchen shoes listed among the footwear were a plain heavy sort worn for the rough and wet work of the kitchen and scullery, distinct from the finer men's shoes and the pumps. This grading of the footwear down to a coarse working shoe shows the store supplying the whole range of the trade, from the fine shoes and dress pumps of the better sort to the plainest heavy shoe fit only for the hardest household labour. The single palampore, the painted Indian bed cover appearing again at over thirteen shillings, marks the recurring taste for this costly decorative import among the island's households. Its steady appearance on the accounts, one bought here as one before, shows the reach of the fine Indian textile trade into the domestic furnishing of the settlement, the wealthier households setting a mark of eastern luxury on their beds through the store's supply.
205	199	1753 Brought over 693 17 ½ Serge 8 ½ Yds 2 1 9 ½ Shalloon 21 ½ Yds 2 4 9 ½ Hats 11 Mens 9 19 10 Iron Pots 6 2 3 2 Shallows 1 Prs 10 Blankets 1 7 8 ½ Turnersware Vizt 12 Hair Brooms 1 6 6 57 Shoe Brushes 1 10 4 4 Scrubing Brushes 8 10 4 Wood Bowls 4 2 5 Punch Ladles 3 1 ½ 4 Platters 4 2 4 Paint Brushes 2 6 1 Wood Ladle 2 ½ 3 Mops 4 1 ½ 4 3 11 ½ Haberdashery ware Vizt 24 Skl Mohair 9 30 Skl Silk 15 9 3 ½ Doz Mohair Coat Buttons 9 4 8 Doz Do Breast Do 2 5 3 Doz Tin Coat Buttons 9 20 Doz Tin Breast Do 2 6 4 ½ Dozen Guilt Coat Buttons 5 3 6 Doz W W Buttons 1 6 ½ 100 Needles 7 ½ 1 18 2 ½ Paint Vizt 34 Indico 3 2 4 13 Barrels Blacking 8 1 ½ 63 Whiting 1 7 Paint carried over 3 12 ½ Carried over 717 6 6	The account continued through 1753 with the sum carried forward from the previous leaf. Brought over, £693 17s 0½d Serge, 8½ yards, £2 1s 0½d Shalloon, 21½ yards, £2 4s 9½d Hats, 11 men's, £9 19s 10d Iron pots, 6, £2 3s 2d Chellons, 1 piece, £0 10s 0d Blankets, 1, £0 7s 8½d Turners' ware as follows: 12 hair brooms, £1 6s 6d 57 shoe brushes, £1 10s 4d 4 scrubbing brushes, £0 8s 10d 4 wood bowls, £0 4s 2d 5 punch ladles, £0 3s 1½d 4 platters, £0 4s 2d 4 paint brushes, £0 2s 6d 1 wood ladle, £0 0s 2½d 3 mops, £0 4s 1½d, £4 3s 11½d Haberdashery ware as follows: 24 skeins mohair, £0 0s 9d 30 skeins silk, £0 15s 9d 3½ dozen mohair coat buttons, £0 2s 4d 8 dozen ditto breast ditto, £0 2s 5d 3 dozen tin coat buttons, £0 0s 9d 20 dozen tin breast ditto, £0 2s 6d 4½ dozen gilt coat buttons, £0 5s 5d 6 dozen white waistcoat buttons, £0 0s 7½d 100 needles, £0 0s 0d, £1 18s 2½d Paint as follows: 34 indigo, £3 2s 4d 13 barrels blacking, £0 8s 1½d 63 whiting, £0 1s 7d, £3 12s 0½d Carried over, £747 6s 6d Interpretations The punch ladles among the turners' ware were the long-handled wooden ladles used to serve punch from the bowl, the mixed drink of spirits, water, sugar and fruit that was the social beverage of the age. Their sale marks the making and serving of punch as a settled custom of the island's households, the ladle the proper instrument of a hospitality built around the shared bowl. The graded buttons of mohair, tin, gilt and white, sold by the dozen for coat, breast and waistcoat, furnished the whole apparatus of fastening for the making up of garments, the fine gilt for the better clothes and the plain tin for the coarser. This variety of button in quantity shows the store supplying the tailor with the exact fastening proper to each garment and each quality, the making of clothes on the island served with a full stock of the small wares. The eleven men's hats bought together at near ten pounds mark a substantial provision of headwear, perhaps for the fitting out of the garrison or the better sort among the servants and planters. This purchase of hats in a body shows the periodic equipping of the men from the store, the hat a necessary part of the dress supplied alongside the shirts, shoes and cloth in the regular clothing of the establishment.
206	200	30 July Brought over 717 6 6 Paint brought over 3 12 ½ 9 White Lead 3 4 ½ 4 Red Lead 1 2 Yellow Ocher 5 5 ½ Venn Red 1 1 ½ 1 ½ Blue Smalts 2 9 4 8 ½ Ironmongerware Vizt 6 Doz Wood Screws 4 6 9 Padlocks 1 2 6 3 Fryingpans 5 6 3 Rat Traps 18 3 4 Chest Locks 14 7 Hand Hatchets 10 6 5 Scythe Stones 10 2 Ironrimed Locks 10 6 1 Pickax 2 3 1 Gimblets 2 2 Scythes 12 2 4 Stock Locks 8 10 1 Shod Shovel 1 9 ½ 1 Pr Shop Sheers 1 3 2 Ditching Shovels 9 11 8 Files 5 4 1 Pr Steelyards 7 11 4 Cupboard Locks 11 10 1 Spade 3 4 1 Bricklayers Trowell 1 7 1 Maul 4 1 2 Broad Hoes 3 10 8 1 8 ½ Oars 3 12 9 Carried over 730 5 ½	The account continued under 30 July with the sum carried forward from the previous leaf. Brought over, £747 6s 6d Paint brought over, £3 12s 0½d 9 white lead, £0 3s 4½d 4 red lead, £0 1s 0d 2 yellow ochre, £0 0s 5d 5½ Venetian red, £0 1s 1½d 1½ blue smalt, £0 2s 9d, £4 0s 8½d Ironmongers' ware as follows: 6 dozen wood screws, £0 4s 6d 9 padlocks, £1 2s 6d 3 frying pans, £0 5s 6d 3 rat traps, £0 18s 3d 4 chest locks, £0 14s 0d 7 hand hatchets, £0 10s 6d 5 scythe stones, £0 0s 10d 2 iron rimmed locks, £0 10s 6d 1 pickaxe, £0 2s 3d 1 gimblet, £0 0s 2d 2 scythes, £0 12s 2d 4 stock locks, £0 8s 10d 1 shod shovel, £0 1s 9½d 1 pair sheep shears, £0 1s 3d 2 ditching shovels, £0 9s 11d 8 files, £0 5s 4d 1 pair beetle rings, £0 7s 11d 4 cupboard locks, £1 1s 10d 1 spade, £0 3s 4d 1 bricklayer's trowel, £0 1s 7d 1 maul, £0 4s 1d 2 broad hoes, £0 3s 10d, £8 1s 8½d Oars, 3, £0 12s 9d Carried over, £730 5s 2d Interpretations The beetle rings among the ironmongery were the iron bands fitted round the head of a beetle, the heavy wooden maul used to drive wedges, stakes and paving, the rings binding the wood against splitting under the blows. Their sale marks the making and repair of these heavy striking tools on the island, the rings supplied to keep the beetle head sound through the hard usage of driving and ramming. The broad hoes among the tools were the wide-bladed hoes used for the heavier work of the garden and plantation, breaking and clearing the ground where the narrower hoe served for lighter tillage. Their sale with the spades, ditching shovels and pickaxes shows the store equipping the island's cultivators for the full range of ground work, the broad hoe answering the coarser labour of the fields and plantation. The number of locks bought this quarter, padlocks, chest locks, stock locks, iron rimmed and cupboard locks together, marks a substantial provision for the securing of goods and buildings across the settlement. This quantity of fastenings shows the constant need to lock and guard the stores, chests and rooms of the establishment, the locks supplied in variety to secure everything from a cupboard to a warehouse against theft and pilfering.
207	201	1753 Brought over 730 5 ½ Cutleryware Vizt 4 Pr Shoe Buckles 2 2 56 Pr Knives Do 1 3 4 27 ½ Grofs Horn Moulds 1 14 8 3 Horn Combs 7 ½ 1 Cleaver 9 ½ 4 Doz Knives and Forks 3 7 8 2 Doz Shoe Sacks 4 ½ 7 7 11 Pitch and Tar Vizt 7 Gallons Tar 5 5 95 Rozin 19 9 ½ 1 5 2 ½ Vinegar 6 ½ Gallons 13 6 ½ Sagathy ½ Piece 18 2 Glassware Vizt 19 Wine Glasses 9 1 ½ 8 Wine and Water Glasses 9 6 2 Tumblers 1 4 ½ 1 Quart Decanter 4 6 2 Pint Do 7 6 110 Square Glass 6 by 8 2 5 10 17 Squares Do 8 by 10 10 7 ½ 18 Squares Do 10 by 12 16 6 16 Squares Do 18 by 11 14 4 6 2 8 Long Cloth Vizt 4 Pr No 4 3 10 4 Pr 3 17 6 1 ½ Pr 7 8 11 2 14 11 Lead Vizt 12 Shot 2 6 23 Pig Lead 4 8 1 ½ Sheet 9 7 5 ½ Carried over 768 10 10 ½	The account continued through 1753 with the sum carried forward from the previous leaf. Brought over, £730 5s 2d Cutlery ware as follows: 4 pairs shoe buckles, £0 2s 2d 56 pairs knives ditto, £1 3s 4d 27¾ gross horn moulds, £1 14s 8d 3 horn combs, £0 0s 7½d 1 cleaver, £0 0s 9½d 4 dozen knives and forks, £3 7s 8d 2 dozen shoe tacks, £0 0s 4½d, £7 7s 11d Pitch and tar as follows: 7 gallons tar, £0 5s 5d 95 rosin, £0 19s 9½d, £1 5s 2½d Vinegar, 6¼ gallons, £0 15s 6½d Sagathy, ½ piece, £0 18s 2d Glass ware as follows: 19 wine glasses, £0 9s 1d 9 wine and water glasses, £0 2s 6d 2 tumblers, £0 1s 4½d 1 quart decanter, £0 4s 6d 2 pint ditto, £0 7s 6d 110 squares glass 6 by 8, £2 5s 10d 17 squares ditto 8 by 10, £0 10s 7½d 18 squares ditto 10 by 12, £0 16s 6d 16 squares ditto 18 by 11, £1 4s 4d, £6 2s 8d Long cloth as follows: 4 pieces number 4, £3 10s 0d 4 pieces number 3, £17 16s 0d 1½ pieces number 7, £8 11s 0d, £21 14s 11d Lead as follows: 12 shot, £0 2s 6d 23½ pig lead, £0 4s 8d 1½ sheet, £0 0s 9d, £0 7s 5½d Carried over, £768 10s 10½d Interpretations The window glass sold in graded squares from 6 by 8 up to 18 by 11 inches, with the greatest quantity in the smaller sizes, furnished the glazing of the island's houses in the standard panes of the sash window. Supplying the cut glass by the square alongside the decanters, wine glasses and tumblers shows the store providing both the fabric of the buildings and the finer articles of the table from the same stock of glassware. The knives and forks sold by the dozen, with the cleaver and the horn moulds, furnished both the table and the kitchen, the cutlery for eating and the cleaver for the butcher's work of dividing the meat. This range of edged ware shows the store supplying the whole apparatus of the table and the preparation of food, from the fine knives and forks of the diner to the heavy cleaver of the kitchen. The long cloth again bought in graded numbered pieces, the number 3 far dearer than the number 4, marks the plain Indian cotton bought in bulk as the staple dress material of the settlement. This continued heavy purchase of long cloth, running through the several grades, confirms its place as the foundation of the island's clothing, the graded pieces answering every need from the finer sorts to the coarsest working wear.
208	202	30 July Brought over 768 10 10 ½ Pewter 1 Chamber pot 3 2 Braziersware Vizt 1 Tea Kettle 12 8 1 Flat Candlestick 3 1 2 Prs Snuffers 6 2 2 Copper Sauce Pans 7 2 1 9 1 Tin ware Vizt 2 Lanthorn Leaves 4 ½ 1 Water Pot 5 8 ½ 6 1 Sailors Clothes 5 Boys Checked Shirt 15 5 Corks Vizt 1 Grofs Corks 2 6 ½ ¾ Corkwood 1 ½ 3 7 Bunting 1 Yd Red 10 Pease 1 ¼ Bushels 8 9 Earthenware 6 Milk Pans 4 3 Pepper 2 1 1 ½ Fustian 1 Do 2 11 5 774 4 7 Sold to the Planters at 25 p Cent Vizt Shoes Vizt 22 Prs Womens Spanish 6 8 4 17 Calimanco 5 6 3 32 Calf 6 3 Prs Mens Pumps 1 2 6 2 Prs Channeled Pumps 18 Shoes Carried over 19 15 1	The account continued under 30 July with the sum carried forward from the previous leaf. Brought over, £768 10s 10½d Pewter, 1 chamber pot, £0 3s 2d Braziers' ware as follows: 1 tea kettle, £0 12s 8d 1 flat candlestick, £0 3s 1d 2 pairs snuffers, £0 6s 2d 2 copper saucepans, £0 7s 2d, £1 9s 1d Tin ware as follows: 2 lantern leaves, £0 0s 4½d 1 water pot, £0 5s 8½d, £0 6s 1d Sailors' clothes, 5 boys' checked shirts, £0 15s 5d Corks as follows: 1 gross corks, £0 2s 6½d 7¼ cork wood, £0 1s 2d, £0 3s 7d Bunting, 1 yard red, £0 1s 0d Peas, 1¼ bushels, £0 8s 9d Earthenware, 6 milk pans, £0 4s 3d Pepper, 2 lb, £0 1s 1½d Fustian, 1 piece, £2 11s 5d Total, £774 4s 7d The account then turned to goods sold to the planters at a markup of 25 per cent. Shoes as follows: 22 pairs women's Spanish, £6 8s 4d 17 callimanco, £5 6s 3d 32 calf, £6 0s 0d 3 pairs men's pumps, £1 2s 6d 2 pairs channelled pumps, £0 18s 0d Shoes carried over, £19 15s 1d Interpretations Fustian was a stout twilled cloth of cotton, or of cotton and linen mixed, with a slightly napped face, hard-wearing and much used for working clothes and linings. The single piece bought here at over two pounds shows the store keeping this durable cloth alongside the finer woollens and cottons, the fustian answering the need for a tough serviceable material for the harder wear of working garments. The women's Spanish shoes sold to the planters were a finer sort made in the Spanish leather much prized for its softness and quality, distinct from the plainer calf and the patterned callimanco. This offering of the better women's footwear shows the store answering a demand for quality and fashion among the settled families, the planters' wives and daughters shod in the finer imported leather as well as the plain sorts. The graded women's shoes, Spanish, callimanco and calf sold together, show the store furnishing the female inhabitants with a range of footwear from the fashionable to the plain. This variety in the women's shoes marks the settled domestic life of the planter families, the women able to choose among sorts of shoe suited to different occasions and means, the store supplying the finer as well as the ordinary from the same stock.
209	203	1753 Shoes Brought over 19 15 1 3 Prs fine Shoes 1 1 8 1 Pr Ordinary Shoes 4 11 6 Prs Boys 17 11 22 Prs Girls 2 15 25 4 2 Shalloon 32 ½ Yards 3 15 10 Flannel 7 Yards 14 10 ½ Long Cloth Vizt 2 Prs No 4 7 18 1 Pr No 3 5 1 12 17 Broad Cloth 1 ½ Yards 1 8 1 ½ Deoders Vizt 11 Pr Single 7 3 6 Prs Double 7 10 14 10 3 Hatts Vizt 1 Mans 1 7 ½ 1 Boys 6 10 ½ 1 7 6 Fustian ¾ Prs 15 Hoziersware Vizt 14 Prs Womens Stockings 2 17 2 3 Prs Boys 8 9 7 Prs Girls 1 5 10 Prs Mens Wove 2 3 9 2 Prs Mens Knet 7 1 6 14 2 Sold at 40 p Cent Brandy 189 Gallons 56 14 Sugar & Candy Vizt 618 Sugar 12 17 6 1150 Candy 31 2 11 44 5 Carried over 168 3 4	The account continued through 1753 with the sum carried forward from the previous leaf. Shoes brought over, £19 15s 1d 3 pairs fine shoes, £1 1s 3d 1 pair ordinary shoes, £0 4s 11d 6 pairs boys', £1 7s 11d 22 pairs girls', £2 15s 0d, £25 4s 2d Shalloon, 32½ yards, £3 15s 10d Flannel, 7 yards, £0 14s 10½d Long cloth as follows: 2 pieces number 4, £7 18s 0d 1 piece number 3, £5 1s 0d, £12 17s 0d Broadcloth, 1½ yards, £1 8s 1½d Dowlas as follows: 11 pieces single, £7 0s 3d 6 pieces double, £7 10s 0d, £14 10s 3d Hats as follows: 1 man's, £1 7s 6½d 1 boy's, £0 6s 10½d, £1 7s 6d Fustian, ¾ piece, £0 15s 0d Hosiers' ware as follows: 14 pairs women's stockings, £2 17s 2d 3 pairs boys', £0 5s 9d 7 pairs girls', £0 1s 5d 10 pairs men's worsted, £2 3s 9d 2 pairs men's knit, £0 7s 1d, £6 14s 2d The account then turned to goods sold at a markup of 40 per cent. Brandy, 189 gallons, £56 14s 0d Sugar and candy as follows: 618 sugar, £12 17s 6d 1,150 candy, £31 2s 11d, £44 0s 5d Carried over, £168 3s 4d Interpretations The account here again ran through three rates of charge, the planters' 25 per cent on the shoes and cloths and a higher 40 per cent on the brandy and sugar, the steepest ordinary margin falling on the goods in keenest demand. This application of the highest rate to the spirits and groceries shows the settled practice of the store, the liquor and sugar priced well above the plain textiles and footwear that the settlers bought at the lower planters' rate. The women's and girls' stockings and shoes bought in quantity mark the clothing of the female inhabitants of the planter families, the store supplying the whole household from the man to the girl. This provision for the women and children shows the settled domestic character of the island's free population, the families equipped with footwear and hose of every size, the store answering the wants of a community of households rather than a mere garrison of men. The heavy sale of brandy and sugar at the 40 per cent rate, near a hundred pounds together, shows the strong demand for spirits and sweetening among the planters even at the steepest margin. This willingness of the settlers to buy the dearest-charged goods marks the place of brandy and sugar as necessities of the island's domestic life, the households taking them freely despite the high rate as staples of their table and their hospitality.
210	204	30 July Brought over 168 3 4 Flour 362 3 15 5 Soap 109 6 2 7 ½ Tea Vizt 189 Congo 15 15 119 Single 8 18 6 7 Bohea 8 2 25 1 8 Candles 170 7 Salt 3 ¼ Bushels 14 1 Cordage 30 1 13 4 ½ Nails 24 10 ½ Hooks & Lines Vizt 1600 Hooks Sorted 1 7 10 ½ 7 ½ Dozn Lines No 2 1 15 5 Do Do 3 2 9 ¾ Do Do 4 3 3 ½ 3 8 11 Thread Vizt 6 White Brown 2 11 6 16 Coloured 2 6 8 1 Oz Nuns 3 11 5 2 1 Twine 6 Skains 5 Pitch Vizt 2 Gallons Tar 2 20 Rozin 5 7 Chinaware Vizt 22 Sneckers 7 4 7 Bowls 9 2 36 Half Pint Cups 10 6 3 Sett Dishes and Plates 3 8 2 Chamber Pots 4 Chinaware Carried over 4 19 Carried over 232 3 6 ½	The account continued under 30 July with the sum carried forward from the previous leaf. Brought over, £168 3s 4d Flour, 36½, £0 3s 5d Soap, 109, £6 2s 7½d Tea as follows: 189 congou, £15 15s 0d 119 singlo, £8 18s 6d 7 bohea, £0 8s 2d, £25 1s 8d Candles, 170, £7 0s 0d Salt, 3¾ bushels, £1 4s 1d Cordage, 30, £1 13s 4½d Nails, 24, £0 10s 0½d Hooks and lines as follows: 1,600 hooks sorted, £1 7s 10½d 7½ dozen lines number 2, £1 15s 0d 2 ditto number 3, £0 2s 9d ¾ ditto number 4, £0 3s 3½d, £3 8s 11d Thread as follows: 6 lb white brown, £2 11s 6d 16 coloured, £2 6s 8d 1 lb 3 nuns, £0 8s 11d, £5 2s 1d Twine, 6 skeins, £0 0s 5d Pitch as follows: 2 gallons tar, £0 0s 2d 20 rosin, £0 0s 5d, £0 0s 7d China ware as follows: 22 saucers, £0 7s 4d 7 bowls, £0 9s 2d 36 half pint cups, £0 10s 6d 3 sets dishes and plates, £0 3s 8d 2 chamber pots, £0 1s 0d China ware carried over, £4 19s 0d Carried over, £232 3s 6½d Interpretations The tea sold at the planters' rate in the three grades of congou, singlo and bohea, near twenty-five pounds together with the congou greatly outweighing the rest, shows the free inhabitants drawing on the China trade as freely as the Company's household. This heavy sale of tea to the settlers marks the beverage as a settled part of the island's domestic life, the planter families taking their tea in the graded sorts from the black congou down to the cheaper bohea as the households of England did. The white brown thread listed among the sewing threads was a thread of an intermediate sort, neither the fine white nuns nor the plain brown but a middling grade between them, sold here by the pound for the ordinary run of sewing. This distinction of the thread into fine, middling and coarse shows the store keeping a graded stock for every quality of work, the white brown answering the common sewing between the costly nuns thread and the plainest brown. The steady sale of fishing tackle to the planters, hooks sorted by size and lines by the dozen, repeated on the settlers' account the constant demand for gear that ran through every quarter. This continued heavy purchase of hooks and lines confirms the central place of the fishery in feeding the island's free population, the planter households laying in tackle in quantity to take the fish that the surrounding waters yielded in supplement to their other provision.
211	205	1753 Brought over 232 3 6 ½ China ware brought over 4 19 2 Guglets and Bacons 7 12 Soup Plates 7 6 Half Pint Cups and Saucers 2 10 5 15 10 Turnersware Vizt 7 Hair Brooms 19 10 2 Scrubing Brushes 5 8 2 Mops 3 8 1 Punch Ladle 9 ½ 1 9 6 ½ Canvas 24 Yards Osenbrigs 1 1 Paint Vizt 11 ½ Indico 1 6 10 ½ Blue Smalts 1 2 2 Blacking 1 7 6 Whiting 3 1 9 10 Rice 2 2 1 Oyl Vizt 1 Gallon Train 3 10 ½ Gallon Linseed 1 2 5 Haberdashery ware Vizt 6 Skl Mohair 3 3 Skl Silk 1 9 1 Doz Mens Coat Buttons 5 5 2 Ironmongers ware Vizt 1 Scyth Stone 2 ½ 1 Hand Hatchet 1 11 7 Shod Shovels 16 4 ½ 2 Frying Pans 4 8 Ironmongers ware carried over 1 2 10 Carried over 242 12	The account continued through 1753 with the sum carried forward from the previous leaf. Brought over, £232 3s 6½d China ware brought over, £4 19s 0d 2 jugs and basins, £0 7s 0d 12 soup plates, £0 7s 0d 6 half pint cups and saucers, £0 2s 10d, £5 15s 10d Turners' ware as follows: 7 hair brooms, £0 19s 10d 2 scrubbing brushes, £0 5s 8d 2 mops, £0 3s 8d 1 punch ladle, £0 0s 9½d, £1 9s 6½d Canvas, 24 yards Osnaburg, £1 1s 0d Paint as follows: 11½ indigo, £1 6s 10d ½ blue smalt, £0 1s 2d 2 blacking, £0 1s 7d 6 whiting, £0 0s 3d, £1 9s 10d Rice, 2 pieces, £0 2s 1d Oil as follows: 1 gallon train, £0 3s 10d ½ gallon linseed, £0 1s 2d, £0 5s 0d Haberdashery ware as follows: 6 skeins mohair, £0 3s 0d 3 skeins silk, £0 1s 9d 1 dozen men's coat buttons, £0 0s 5d, £0 5s 2d Ironmongers' ware as follows: 1 scythe stone, £0 0s 2½d 1 hand hatchet, £0 1s 11d 7 shod shovels, £0 16s 4½d 2 frying pans, £0 4s 8d Ironmongers' ware carried over, £1 2s 10d Carried over, £242 12s 0d Interpretations The goods sold to the planters again spanned the whole range of the household, china for the table, brooms and mops for cleaning, paint for decoration and buttons and thread for the making of clothes. This breadth of purchase by the settlers marks the store as the sole supplier of a settled domestic community, the planter families drawing every article of their household life from the one stock, from the fine porcelain to the plain scrubbing brush. The shod shovels bought by the planters were the spades and shovels shod with iron at the working edge, the metal binding the wooden blade against wear in the digging of the island's stony ground. This provision of the iron-edged tool to the settlers shows the free inhabitants working their own land with the proper implements, the shod shovel suited to the hard broken soil that a plain wooden blade could not long endure. The small quantities of paint sold to the planters, indigo, smalt, blacking and whiting, furnished the free households with the pigments for their own decoration and laundry, the indigo and smalt for colour and blueing and the whiting for whitening. This retail of the painter's and laundress's materials in modest amounts shows the settled inhabitants maintaining and colouring their own dwellings and linen from the same store that served the Company's works.
212	206	30 July Brought over 242 12 Ironmongers ware brought over 1 2 10 2 Ditching Shovels 12 8 1 Stock Lock 2 10 ½ 2 Pickaxes 6 2 2 Helves 1 9 2 6 3 ½ Cutlery ware 1 Cleaver 5 9 ½ Deales 6 Single 17 Tinware 1 Pudding Pan 2 1 Glass ware 16 Square Glass 8 by 10 12 8 Pork 4 Pr 11 Starch 5 Common 2 11 Pewter Vizt 2 Basons 11 10 1 Half Gallon Pot 7 3 19 1 Iron Pots 1 8 3 248 17 1 Sold to the Companys Ships Vizt Bunting Vizt 27 Yard Red 1 9 3 12 Yards Blue 10 1 19 3 Nails Vizt 6 Scupper 3 9 18 Spikes 6 9 Lines 3 Doz No 4 10 6 Candles 55 19 9 Turnersware 3 Paint Brushes 2 4 ½ Carried over 8 11 10 ½	The account continued under 30 July with the sum carried forward from the previous leaf. Brought over, £242 12s 0d Ironmongers' ware brought over, £1 2s 10d 2 ditching shovels, £0 12s 8d 1 stock lock, £0 2s 10½d 2 pickaxes, £0 6s 2d 2 helves, £0 1s 9d, £2 6s 3½d Cutlery ware, 1 cleaver, £0 5s 9½d Deals, 6 single, £0 17s 0d Tin ware, 1 pudding pan, £0 2s 1d Glass ware, 16 squares glass 8 by 10, £0 12s 8d Pork, 4 pieces, £0 11s 0d Starch, 5 common, £0 2s 11d Pewter as follows: 2 basins, £0 11s 10d 1 half gallon pot, £0 7s 3d, £0 19s 1d Iron pots, 1, £0 8s 3d Total, £248 17s 1d The account then turned to goods sold to the Company's ships. Bunting as follows: 27 yards red, £1 9s 8d 12 yards blue, £0 10s 0d, £1 19s 8d Nails as follows: 6 lb scupper, £0 3s 9d 18 lb spikes, £0 6s 9d, £0 10s 6d Lines, 3 dozen number 4, £0 10s 6d Candles, 50, £0 5s 0d Turners' ware, 3 paint brushes, £0 2s 4½d Carried over, £8 11s 10½d Interpretations The bunting sold to the Company's ships in red and blue furnished the vessels with the cloth for their flags and signals, the ships needing a supply of the light woollen to make and repair the colours and signal flags flown at sea. This sale of flag cloth to the ships shows the store victualling the vessels for their voyage as well as their hull and rigging, the island supplying the material of the ships' communication on the long passages ahead. The scupper nails sold to the ships were the broad-headed nails used to fasten the leather scupper hoses through which water drained from the deck, the fittings that cleared the sea from the ship's waist. This provision of the particular nail shows the store meeting the exact needs of a ship's maintenance, the calling vessels drawing the specialised fastenings to keep their decks drained and their fabric sound before the run to England. The spikes sold to the ships were the heavy nails used in the stouter work of the hull and deck, the fastening of the larger timbers where an ordinary nail would not hold. Their supply with the scupper nails shows the store furnishing the full range of a ship's ironwork, the island serving as a refitting station where the vessels made good the wear of the voyage from the general stock before continuing home.
213	207	1753 Brought over 8 11 10 ½ Paint Vizt 50 White Lead 1 5 60 Red Lead 1 20 Venitian Red 5 10 3 Verdigrease 13 12 Barrels Blacking 9 6 3 13 4 Twine Vizt 26 Twine 1 13 4 12 Skl Houslen 4 1 17 4 Rice 24 10 16 Coals 18 Bushels 1 7 6 Glassware 6 Half minute Glasses 4 9 Oyl 13 Gallins Linseed 3 8 Salt 1 Bushel 4 4 Tinware 3 Doz Lanthorn Leaves 8 3 Pitch 2 Barrels 4 8 34 12 2 Sold to Foreign Ships at 50 p Cent Oyl 7 Gallons Linseed 1 13 Charges General Dr for the following Stores Advised from the 12 April to the 11 July 1753 Vizt Braziers ware Vizt 2 Copper Sauce Pans & Covers 1 1 Tea Kettle for the Castle 1 13 ½ 2 Brass Ladles 4 5 6 Oz Brass for the Armourer 7 2 6 Oz Spelter Carried over 2 3 2	The account continued through 1753 with the sum carried forward from the previous leaf. Brought over, £8 11s 10½d Paint as follows: 50 white lead, £0 1s 5d 6 red lead, £0 1s 0d 20 Venetian red, £0 5s 10d 3 verdigrease, £0 1s 3d 12 barrels blacking, £0 9s 6d, £0 13s 4d Twine as follows: 26 twine, £1 13s 4d 12 skeins Hamburg, £0 0s 4d, £1 17s 4d Rice, 24, £0 16s 0d Coals, 18 bushels, £1 7s 6d Glass ware, 6 half minute glasses, £0 4s 9d Oil, 13 gallons linseed, £3 0s 8d Salt, 1 bushel, £0 4s 4d Tin ware, 3 dozen lantern leaves, £0 8s 3d Pitch, 2 barrels, £0 4s 8d Total, £5 12s 0d The account then turned to goods sold to foreign ships at a markup of 50 per cent. Oil, 7 gallons linseed, £1 13s 0d General charges for the following stores issued from 12 April to 11 July 1753. Braziers' ware as follows: 2 copper saucepans with covers for the castle, £1 0s 0d 1 tea kettle for the castle, £1 15s 3½d 2 brass ladles for the castle, £0 4s 5d 6 ounces brass for the armourer, £0 7s 2d 6 ounces spelter for the armourer, [...] Carried over, £2 3s 2d Interpretations The half minute glasses among the glassware were small sand glasses running for thirty seconds, used at sea with the log line to measure a ship's speed, the sand timing the run of the line as it paid out. Their sale marks the store supplying the instruments of navigation to the ships, the half minute glass a necessary part of the log by which a vessel reckoned her rate through the water on the long ocean passages. Spelter was zinc in its cast form, and brass an alloy of copper and zinc, the two supplied together to the armourer for his metalwork, the spelter perhaps for making brass or for soldering and casting. This provision of the raw metals to the armourer shows the smith working brass and zinc on the island, casting and mending the metal fittings from the stock of spelter and brass kept for his forge. Verdigrease was the green pigment of copper acetate, formed by the corrosion of copper and used as a green colour in painting and as a drying agent, distinct from the earth colours and leads of the ordinary palette. Its place among the paint materials shows the store keeping a green pigment for the finer decorative work, the verdigrease supplying a colour that the plain earths and metals of the common paint could not give.
214	208	30 July Brought over 2 3 2 Lines Vizt 1 Hambro for the Castle 1 3 ½ 2 Lines No 3 for the great Wood 4 4 Do 4 for the Gardens & Gunners use 1 4 ½ 3 Iron ware Vizt 1 Stock Lock 2 ½ 1 Iron Rimd Lock No 2 for the 17 8 2 Do 4 Great 8 1 Do B House 5 6 1 Cupboard Lock 1 9 2 Do HL Hinges 3 10 12 Gimblets for the Carpenters 1 8 4 Gauges 1 2 31 Files 1 3 3 2 Hand Vices 6 1 Pr Compasses 4 5 1 Iron Square for the 1 4 1 Scyth Stone Armourers 1 ½ 2 Smyths Rubbers use 6 1 50 File Hafts 1 11 1 Rasp 6 ½ 6 Anvle Steel 3 4 1 Tue Iron 16 6 1 Chest Lock for the Castle 3 2 1 Helve 7 ½ 1 Rat Trap for the great Wood 5 6 5 14 5 Nails Vizt 5 10 for making 1 8 2 4 Armd Chest repairs 9 ½ 4 20 to the Govr House 1 3 8 6 Adjutants Apartmt 2 10 3 3 and Cage 1 5 3 ½ Glazing Brads 9 ½ 4 6 Coopers Rivets for the Coopers use 2 2 Carried over 8 13 2	The account continued under 30 July with the sum carried forward from the previous leaf. Brought over, £2 3s 2d Lines as follows: 1 hambro for the castle, £0 1s 3½d 2 lines number 3 for the great wood, £0 0s 4d 4 ditto number 4 for the gardener's and gunner's use, £0 1s 4½d, £0 3s 0d Iron ware as follows: 1 stock lock, £0 0s 2½d 1 iron rimmed lock number 2 for the great house, £0 17s 8d 2 ditto number 4 for the great house, £0 0s 8d 1 ditto B for the great house, £0 5s 6d 1 cupboard lock, £0 1s 9d 2 pairs HL hinges, £0 3s 10d 12 gimblets for the carpenters, £0 1s 8d 4 gauges for the carpenters, £0 1s 2d 31 files, £1 3s 3d 2 hand vices, £0 0s 6d 1 pair compasses, £0 4s 5d 1 iron square, £0 1s 4d 1 scythe stone, £0 0s 1½d 2 smiths' rubbers, £0 6s 1d 50 file hafts, £1 1s 11d 1 rasp, £0 0s 6½d 6 sockets and put, £0 3s 4d 1 tenon saw, £0 16s 6d 1 chest lock for the castle, £0 3s 2d 1 helve, £0 0s 7½d 1 rat trap for the great wood, £0 5s 6d, £5 14s 5d Nails as follows: 5 lb 10d for making and repairing, £0 1s 8d 2 lb 4d for making and repairing, £0 0s 9½d 4 lb 20d to the great house, £0 1s 3d 8 lb for the adjutant's apartment, £0 2s 10d 3½ glazing brads and casks, £0 1s 5d 4 lb spikes and coopers' rivets for the store's use, £0 2s 0d Carried over, £8 13s 2d Interpretations The great house repaired and fitted with locks, hinges and nails was the lieutenant governor's residence, the same dwelling whose fitting up ran through the accounts of the preceding quarter as Lieutenant Adamson took up his place. This continued outlay on the house, in graded locks and the adjutant's apartment, shows the establishment completing the residence of the deputy governor and providing quarters for the adjutant, the officers of the government properly housed at the Company's charge. The full set of carpenters' and armourers' tools issued at the quarter, gimblets, gauges, files, vices, compasses, squares and saws, equipped the two chief trades of the settlement for their work. This issue of a complete kit to each craft shows the constant renewal of the working tools from the store, the carpenters and smiths furnished afresh with the implements worn out or lost in the ceaseless building, repair and metalwork the island required. The gauges issued for the carpenters were the marking tools used to scribe a line parallel to an edge, essential for the accurate cutting and jointing of timber. Their supply with the compasses, squares and saws shows the carpenters equipped for precise work as well as rough, the marking and measuring tools furnishing the means to true and fit the woodwork of the buildings and gear the settlement needed.
215	209	1753 Brought over 8 13 2 Rozin 60 for the Castle 1 Deals 16 Single for Cases for the Old Arms Sent for England 2 17 5 Single for Repairs at the Lieut Govr House Corks 3 Grofs for Bottling Beer 6 10 ½ Twine 2 Skl for the Gunners and Gardens use 11 Candles Vizt 120 for the Castle 8 12 6 105 for the Council 7 10 11 16 3 5 Oyl Vizt 1 ½ Gallons Linseed for Putty for the Windows of the Govr House, ye Adjutants Apartmt & Repairs 3 9 6 ½ Gallins Train, for the Kitchen and Bake House 16 11 1 Bottle Florence for the Armourers use 2 4 ½ 1 3 ½ Soap 60 2 6 3 Earthenware 1 Milk Pan for the Castle 7 ½ Turnersware Vizt 2 Hair Brooms for the Church and Govr House 4 2 Mops 2 6 6 Platters 5 6 4 Wood Bowls 3 8 2 Shoe Brushes for the Castle 1 2 1 Scrubing Brush 2 6 Punch Ladles 3 3 1 2 1 Paint Vizt 21 Whiting for the Castle and making Putty for Windows for ye Govr House 5 ½ 2 Red Lead 5 ½ 1 Umber for Painting 1 1 Venitian Red 2 2 Blue Smalts for Linnen 3 4 6 Indico 10 14 9 Carried over 39 13 10 ½	The account continued through 1753 with the sum carried forward from the previous leaf. Brought over, £8 13s 2d Rosin, 6 for the castle, £0 0s 1d Deals as follows: 16 single for coffins for the old arms sent for England, £2 17s 0d 5 single for repairs at the lieutenant governor's house, £2 17s 0d Corks, 3 gross for bottling beer, £0 6s 10½d Twine, 2 lb for the gunner's and gardener's use, £0 0s 11d Candles as follows: 120 for the castle, £8 12s 6d 105 for the council, £7 10s 11d, £16 3s 5d Oil as follows: 1¾ gallons linseed for putty for the windows of the great house, the adjutant's apartment and repairs, £0 3s 9d 6¾ gallons train for the kitchen and bakehouse, £0 16s 11d 1 bottle Florence for the armourer's use, £0 2s 4½d, £1 3s 0½d Soap, 6, £0 2s 6d Earthenware, 1 milk pan for the castle, £0 0s 7½d Turners' ware as follows: 2 hair brooms for the church and great wood, £0 0s 4d 2 mops for the church and great wood, £0 2s 6d 6 platters for the church and great wood, £0 5s 6d 4 wood bowls for the castle, £0 3s 8d 2 shoe brushes for the castle, £0 1s 2d 1 scrubbing brush for the castle, £0 2s 0d 6 punch ladles for the castle, £0 3s 3d, £1 2s 1d Paint as follows: 21 whiting for the castle and making putty for the windows of the great house, £0 0s 5½d 2 red lead for painting, £0 0s 5½d 1 umber for painting, £0 0s 1d 1 Venetian red for painting, £0 3s 4d 2 blue smalt for linen, £0 0s 10d 6 indigo for linen, £0 1s 4d, £1 4s 9d Carried over, £32 13s 10½d Interpretations The old arms sent for England, for which coffin deals were issued, were worn-out weapons shipped home rather than the burial boxes the same deals more often made, the boards here used to case and pack the returned arms for the voyage. This dispatch of the condemned weapons to England shows the ordering of the ordnance from the centre, the unserviceable arms returned to the Company rather than disposed of on the island, the deals serving to crate them for the sea. The linseed oil issued to make putty for the windows of the great house shows the glazing of the lieutenant governor's residence, the oil worked with whiting into the putty that bedded and sealed the panes. This fitting of the windows, coming with the other repairs to the house, marks the completion of the deputy governor's residence to a proper standard, the glazing made good along with the locks, hinges and painting recorded through the successive accounts. The candles issued in quantity to the castle and the council, over sixteen pounds' worth together, lit the two chief places of the island's government, the residence and the council chamber where the business of the settlement was done. This heavy consumption of light marks the working of the administration through the dark hours, the castle and council kept in candles as a standing charge, the government's business carried on by their light as the day failed.
216	210	30 July Brought over 39 13 10 ½ Glassware Vizt 1 Glebe Lamp for the Castle 8 10 38 Squares Glass 8 by 10 for ye Govr House 1 1 5 ½ 3 Do Do 10 by 12 Adjut Apartmt and Church 2 6 10 Do Do 18 by 11 for Govr House 13 9 9 Wine Glasses for the Castle 4 11 2 Wine and Water Glasses 1 6 ½ 2 Pint Decanters 7 2 2 Tumblers 1 3 3 15 Deoders 1 Pr Single for ye Castle 10 2 Cordage 2 1 21 for Shipping Cannon on board the Walpole and for the Draw Bridge 3 7 3 Brandy 2 Gallons for the Men for hauling up the Long Boat 3 4 Lead Vizt 21 Pig for a Glew Pot 3 6 5 Shot for Killing Wild Cats 11 ½ 4 5 ½ Iron 20 for the Armourers use 17 8 Cutleryware 2 Doz Iron Knives & Forks for ye Castle 2 17 Canvas 9 Yards Osenbrigs to Cover Several Packets 4 4 ½ Leather 3 ½ Sole for the Pump 3 9 Starch 18 for Linnen 7 6 China ware Vizt 6 Sneckers 1 1 ½ 1 Set Dishes and Plates 16 4 Bowls 1 4 6 Sallad Dishes 6 1 5 11 ½ Coals 9 ½ Bushels for the Armourers use 4 12 50 8 9	The account continued under 30 July with the sum carried forward from the previous leaf. Brought over, £32 13s 10½d Glass ware as follows: 1 globe lamp for the castle, £0 8s 10d 38 squares glass 8 by 10 for the castle, £1 1s 5½d 3 squares ditto 10 by 12 for the adjutant's apartment and church, £0 2s 6d 10 squares ditto 18 by 11 for the great house, £0 13s 9d 9 wine glasses for the castle, £0 4s 11d 2 wine and water glasses, £0 1s 6½d 2 pint decanters, £0 7s 2d 2 tumblers, £0 1s 3d, £3 1s 5d Dowlas, 1 piece single for the castle, £0 10s 2d Cordage, 21 for shipping cannon on board the Walpole and for the drawbridge, £3 7s 3d Brandy, 2 gallons for the men for hauling up the longboat, £0 3s 4d Lead as follows: 21 pig for a glue pot, £0 3s 6d 5 shot for killing wild cats, £0 0s 11½d, £0 4s 5½d Iron, 20 for the armourer's use, £0 17s 8d Cutlery ware, 2 dozen iron knives and forks for the castle, £0 2s 17d Canvas, 8 yards Osnaburg to cover several packets, £0 4s 4½d Leather, 3½ sole for the pump, £0 3s 9d Starch, 18 for linen, £0 7s 6d China ware as follows: 6 saucers, £0 1s 1½d 1 set dishes and plates, £0 16s 0d 4 bowls, £0 1s 4d 6 salad dishes, £0 4s 6d, £1 5s 11½d Coals, 9 bushels for the armourer's use, £0 4s 12d Total, £50 8s 9d Interpretations The globe lamp issued to the castle was a lamp enclosed in a round glass shade, a better sort of lighting than the plain candle, casting a steadier and more diffused light in the principal rooms of the residence. Its provision to the castle marks the fitting of the government house to a finer standard, the globe lamp giving the Governor's rooms a quality of light above the common candlelight of the ordinary household. The brandy issued to the men for hauling up the longboat marks a working allowance of spirits given to those who did the heavy labour of drawing the boat up the beach, the drink serving to reward and sustain the effort. This small issue shows the practice of the establishment in allowing spirits for hard physical work, the men who hauled the boat against the surf given their measure of brandy as the custom of such labour required. The cordage issued for shipping the cannon aboard the Walpole marks the loading of the condemned old guns onto the ship that carried them to England, the rope needed to sling and hoist the heavy iron pieces from the shore into the vessel. This recurrence of the Walpole's cannon shipment, the same disposal of worn guns noted on the gunners' account, shows the working of the ordnance's return, the heavy labour of loading the guns drawing on the store's cordage for the tackle.
217	211	1753 Diet Expences Dr for the following Stores Issued for the use of the Table from the 12 April to the 11 July 1753 Vizt Beef and Pork Vizt 36 Pr Pork 3 12 9 Pr Beef 1 4 9 4 16 9 Candy 405 7 11 10 ½ Rice 76 4 4 ½ Vinegar 5 ¼ Gallons 10 1 Salt 3 Bushels 9 Arrack 49 Gallons 6 4 9 Tea 6 Congo 6 9 Pease 1 ½ Bushels 9 6 Oyl 8 Bottles Florence 19 Flour 830 5 6 10 ½ 27 8 11 ½ Blacks Dr for the following Stores Issued for their use from 12 April to the 11 July 1753 Vizt Rice 38 P ¼ 11 2 5 Beef and Pork Vizt 49 Pr Pork 4 18 32 Pr Beef 4 8 9 6 Brandy 25 Gallons for Drams 2 18 Sugar 95 8 3 Tea 2 ½ Bohea for the Sick 12 3 Oyl ¼ Gallon Train 8 Hooks and Lines Vizt 150 Hooks 3 4 ½ 18 Lines No 2 for Fishing 5 8 ½ Lead 11 Pig 1 10 Carried over 24 13 4 ½	Diet expenses for the following stores issued for the use of the table from 12 April to 11 July 1753 came to the following. Beef and pork as follows: 36 pieces pork, £3 12s 0d 9 pieces beef, £1 4s 9d, £4 16s 9d Candy, 405, £7 11s 10½d Rice, 76, £0 4s 4½d Vinegar, 5¾ gallons, £0 10s 1d Salt, 3 bushels, £0 9s 0d Arrack, 49 gallons, £6 14s 9d Tea, 6 congou, £0 6s 9d Peas, 1½ bushels, £0 9s 6d Oil, 8 bottles Florence, £1 0s 9d Flour, 830, £5 6s 10½d Total, £27 8s 11½d Charges for the following stores issued for the slaves' use from 12 April to 11 July 1753 came to the following. Rice, 38½ pieces, £11 2s 5d Beef and pork as follows: 49 pieces pork, £4 18s 0d 32 pieces beef, £4 8s 0d, £9 6s 0d Brandy, 25 gallons for drams, £2 1s 8d Sugar, 35 for the sick, £0 8s 3d Tea, 21 bohea for the sick, £0 12s 3d Oil, ¾ gallon train for the sick, £0 0s 8d Hooks and lines as follows: 150 hooks, £0 3s 4½d 18 lines number 2 for fishing, £0 0s 5d, £0 8s 2½d Lead, 11 pig, £0 1s 10d Carried over, £24 13s 3½d Interpretations The lead pig issued to the slaves for fishing was melted and cast into the sinkers and weights that carried the hooks and lines down into the water, the soft metal shaped as needed to weight the tackle. This provision of the raw lead shows the slaves equipped to make their own fishing weights, the catch supplementing their ration of rice and salt meat, the surrounding waters drawn on to help feed the labour force at the least charge to the store. The brandy issued to the slaves for drams over the quarter, twenty-five gallons served out, marks the regular allowance of spirits given to the labour force to sustain their heavy work. This continued provision of the dram shows the settled practice of the establishment, the slaves given their measured draught of brandy as a fortification against the hard labour of building, quarrying and cultivation demanded of them. The tea, sugar and oil reserved for the sick slaves furnished the small comforts allowed to those under treatment beyond the bare ration of the whole, the bohea tea and the sugar easing the sickroom. This provision for the ailing marks the minimal notice given to the health of the labour force, the sick allowed a little beyond the ordinary keep, though the quantities were slight against the tons of rice and salt meat that fed the rest.
218	212	30 July Brought over 24 13 4 ½ The following Cloathing delivered them Vizt Shoes Vizt 2 Pr Boys 6 10 2 Pr Womens Calf 6 1 Pr Do Spanish 4 8 19 Pr Mens Ordinary 3 14 5 4 11 11 Sailors Clothes Vizt 94 Mens Jackets and Trowzers 73 10 2 11 Boys Jackets and Breeches 3 11 8 100 Mens Shirts 38 16 7 20 Boys Shirts 2 15 118 18 5 Long Cloth 7 Pr No 7 11 7 6 Callicoes 26 Do 11 10 4 ½ Canvas 44 Yards Osenbrigs Do 1 7 6 Thread Vizt 1 Coloured 3 4 4 White Brown 1 4 5 1 7 9 Hosiersware 4 Prs Womens Stockings 13 173 19 9 Boats Dr for the following Stores Issued for repairs to the Long Boat & Yawle from 12 April to the 11 July 1753 Vizt Twine 2 Skains 1 1 Cordage 89 9 9 Nails Vizt 6 18 2 10 20 3 1 ½ 1 3 5 ½ 5 7 Carried over 16 5 6	The account continued under 30 July with the sum carried forward from the previous leaf. The following clothing was delivered to the slaves. Shoes as follows: 2 pairs boys', £0 6s 10d 2 pairs women's calf, £0 6s 0d 1 pair ditto Spanish, £0 4s 8d 19 pairs men's ordinary, £3 14s 5d, £4 11s 11d Sailors' clothes as follows: 94 men's jackets and trousers, £73 10s 2d 11 boys' jackets and breeches, £3 11s 8d 100 men's shirts, £38 16s 7d 20 boys' shirts, £2 15s 0d, £118 18s 5d Long cloth, 2 pieces number 7, £11 7s 6d Callicoes, 26 pieces, £11 10s 10½d Canvas, 44 yards Osnaburg, £1 7s 6d Thread as follows: 1 coloured, £0 3s 4d 4 white brown, £1 4s 3d, £1 7s 9d Hosiers' ware, 4 pairs women's stockings, £0 0s 13d Total, £173 19s 9d Boats charges for the following stores issued for repairs to the longboat and yawl from 12 April to 11 July 1753 came to the following. Twine, 2 skeins, £0 0s 11d Cordage, 39, £0 9s 9d Nails as follows: 6 lb 18, £0 0s 2d 10 lb 20, £0 3s 1½d 1 lb 3, £0 0s 5½d, £0 5s 7d Carried over, £16 5s 6d Interpretations The clothing of the slaves, running to ninety-four men's jackets and trousers, a hundred shirts and the boys' garments, marks the periodic re-clothing of the whole labour force at the quarter's turn, the workers fitted out in a body from the store. This substantial provision, near a hundred and twenty pounds in the sailors' clothes alone, shows the Company clothing its bond labour as a standing charge, the men and boys furnished with jackets, shirts and trousers as the plain uniform of their servitude. The callicoes issued to the slaves were the plain Indian cotton cloth used for the coarser garments and linings of their clothing, the cheap and durable fabric of the eastern trade turned to the dress of the labour force. This use of the Indian cotton for the slaves' clothing shows the reach of the trade into even the meanest provision of the establishment, the same cloth that furnished the finer garments serving in its plainer sort to clothe the workers. The men's jackets and trousers provided to the slaves, the loose working garments of the sailor and labourer, marked the practical dress of a force employed in heavy outdoor work about the island. This clothing of the labour force in the sailor's rig shows the Company fitting its slaves for their tasks in the plain durable garments suited to building, quarrying and the work of the yards, the same sort of clothing worn by the seamen of the ships in the road.
219	213	1753 Brought over 16 5 Oyl ¼ Gallon Train 8 Lead 8 Shot 1 4 Deals 1 Elm Plank 18 11 Pitch and Tar Vizt 50 Pitch 8 4 4 Gallons Tar 2 8 11 2 8 4 Hospital Dr for the following Stores Issued from the 12 April to the 11 July 1753 Vizt Sugar 137 1 13 Flour 80 10 6 Oyl 4 ½ Gallons Train 12 2 ½ Salt 1 ½ Bushel 4 6 Rice 3 17 6 Chinaware 8 Sneckers 1 6 3 19 2 ½ Garrison Dr for the following Stores Issued for their use from the 12 April to the 11 July 1753 Vizt Brandy 17 ¾ Gallons for Drams on Mustering for Sweeping the Parade & for the Doctors Shop 1 9 7 Tea 75 ½ Bohea for the several guards 2 4 ½ Oyl 9 ¼ Train 10 ½ Lines Vizt 6 Lines No 4 for a Cat a nine Tails 2 3 ½ 1 Hambro 1 3 ½ 3 7 Iron Pots 20 for the Barracks & out Forts 4 6 2 Carried over 8 3 5	The account continued through 1753 with the sum carried forward from the previous leaf. Brought over, £16 5s 6d Oil, ¾ gallon train, £0 0s 8d Lead, 8 shot, £0 1s 4d Deals, 1 elm plank, £0 18s 11d Pitch and tar as follows: 50 pitch, £0 8s 4d 4 gallons tar, £0 2s 8d, £0 11s 0d Total, £2 8s 4d Hospital charges for the following stores issued from 12 April to 11 July 1753 came to the following. Sugar, 137, £1 13s 0d Flour, 80, £0 10s 6d Oil, 4½ gallons train, £0 12s 2½d Salt, 1½ bushel, £0 4s 6d Rice, 3, £0 17s 6d China ware, 8 saucers, £0 1s 6d Total, £3 19s 2½d Garrison charges for the following stores issued for their use from 12 April to 11 July 1753 came to the following. Brandy, 17¾ gallons for drams on mustering and for sweeping the parade and for the doctor's shop, £1 9s 7d Tea, 75½ bohea for the several guards, £2 4s 0½d Oil, 7¾ train for the several guards, £0 10s 0½d Lines as follows: 6 lines number 4 for a cat o'nine tails, £0 2s 3½d 1 hambro for a cat o'nine tails, £0 1s 3½d, £0 3s 7d Iron pots, 20 for the barracks and outposts, £0 6s 2d Carried over, £8 3s 5d Interpretations The lines issued to make a cat o'nine tails furnished the material of the whip used to flog offenders, the corded lash of nine knotted strands with which military and civil punishment was inflicted. This provision of the very instrument of punishment from the store marks the machinery of discipline on the island, the flogging of soldiers, seamen and slaves a settled means of order, the cat made up from the same cordage that rigged the boats and served the fishery. The brandy issued for drams on mustering, for sweeping the parade and for the doctor's shop marks the several small allowances of spirits attached to the garrison's routine, the drink serving as reward, encouragement and medical use together. This spreading of the brandy across the ordinary duties of the garrison shows the settled place of spirits in the daily working of the establishment, the dram a customary accompaniment to muster, fatigue and the sickroom alike. The iron pots issued to the barracks and outposts furnished the several guard stations with the vessels to cook their rations, the heavy iron pot the basic utensil of the soldier's mess. This provision of cooking pots across the dispersed posts shows the garrison spread thinly around the coast in its guard stations, each needing its own means to prepare the men's food, the barracks and outlying guards equipped from the store to feed themselves at their scattered stations.
220	214	30 July Brought over 18 3 5 Turnersware Vizt 38 Wood Bowls for ye Barrack & Out Forts 1 14 10 37 Platter 1 13 11 1 Hair Broom for the Officers 2 2 Birch Brooms Guard Room at 8 1 Mop Banks es 1 3 3 12 8 Ironware 16 Frying Pans for the Barracks and out Forts 1 5 Paint Vizt 9 Yellow Ocher for cleaning 1 8 ½ 18 Whiting their Accoutrements 4 ½ 2 1 Blankets 1 7 Nails Vizt 7 4 1 ½ 1 3 6 10 ½ Deals Vizt 2 Single for Coffins 3 11 ½ 1 Double 2 11 6 10 ½ Canvas 3 ½ Yards English 3 6 Vinegar ¼ Gallon for the Doctors Shop 1 11 24 3 4 Fortification Dr for the following Stores Issued from the 12 April to the 11 July 1753 Vizt Turnersware Vizt 12 Birch Brooms 4 1 Paint Brush 1 ½ 2 6 ½ Carried over 46 ½	The account continued under 30 July with the sum carried forward from the previous leaf. Brought over, £18 3s 5d Turners' ware as follows: 38 wood bowls for the barracks and outposts, £1 4s 10d 37 platters for the barracks and outposts, £1 13s 11d 1 hair broom for the officers' guard room at Banks, £0 0s 2d 2 birch brooms for the officers' guard room at Banks, £0 0s 8d 1 mop for the officers' guard room at Banks, £0 1s 3d, £3 12s 8d Iron ware, 16 frying pans for the barracks and outposts, £0 1s 5d Paint as follows: 9 yellow ochre for cleaning their accoutrements, £0 1s 8½d 1½ whiting for cleaning their accoutrements, £0 0s 4½d, £0 2s 1d Blankets, 1, £0 7s 0d Nails as follows: 7 lb 4d, £0 0s 1½d 1 lb 3d for coffins, £0 0s 6d, £0 0s 10½d Deals as follows: 2 single for coffins, £0 3s 11½d 1 double for coffins, £0 2s 11d, £0 6s 10½d Canvas, 3½ yards English, £0 3s 6d Vinegar, ½ gallon for the doctor's shop, £0 1s 11d Total, £24 3s 4d Fortification charges for the following stores issued from 12 April to 11 July 1753 came to the following. Turners' ware as follows: 12 birch brooms, £0 4s 0d 1 paint brush, £0 0s 1½d, £0 2s 6½d Carried over, £46 2s 0d Interpretations The wood bowls and platters issued in quantity to the barracks and outposts furnished the several guard stations with the vessels from which the soldiers ate, the plain turned wood the ordinary tableware of the common mess. This provision of the humble eating ware across the dispersed posts shows the garrison spread around the coast in its scattered guards, each station equipped from the store with the simple bowls and platters that served the soldiers' meals. The yellow ochre and whiting issued for cleaning the accoutrements were the materials of pipe-claying, by which the leather belts and equipment of the soldiers were whitened and dressed for parade. This continued attention to the appearance of the men's equipment, recurring quarter after quarter, shows the garrison maintaining the outward discipline of a regular military establishment, the accoutrements kept clean and white even at the remote and scattered stations of the coast. The deals and nails issued for coffins mark the continuing mortality of the garrison and labour, the plain boards knocked together to bury those who died in the Company's service. This recurring provision of coffin timber as a standing charge shows the steady toll of death on the settlement, the losses recorded in the livestock accounts answered here by the material of burial, the plain deal coffin the common end of the working and soldiering dead.
221	215	1753 Brought over 46 ½ Lines Vizt 1 Hambro 1 3 ½ 1 Line No 4 4 ½ 1 8 Canvas 3 Yards Osenbrigs 1 10 ½ Thread 1 Coloured 3 4 Paint Vizt 6 White Lead 2 2 Whiting ½ 1 Barrel Blacking 6 ½ 2 7 Oyl ½ Gallon Linseed 1 8 Cordage 9 ½ for Halyards for the Flag at Banks es 2 4 ½ Deals 1 Baulk for a Ladder for Sandy Bay 5 1 3 ½ Plantation Dr for the following Stores Issued from 12 April to the 11 July 1753 Vizt Rice and Paddy Vizt 29 P 6 Paddy for the Poultry 6 6 9 3 15 Rice 5 2 6 11 11 Earthenware 12 Milk Pans for the Dairy 7 6 Cordage 20 ½ for the Great Wood Oxen 5 1 ½ Lines 4 No 4 for the Garden 1 7 10 Turnersware 2 Yokes for Oxen 1 3 6 Iron 161 for the Carts and to make Hay Forks 6 6 Iron Pots 1 for the Great Wood 6 Leather 7 ½ for the Carts 10 Tinware 1 Lamp for the Great Wood 1 8 Tar 2 ½ Gallons for Carts Carried over 10 6 10 ½	The account continued through 1753 with the sum carried forward from the previous leaf. Brought over, £46 2s 0d Lines as follows: 1 hambro, £0 1s 3½d 1 line number 4, £0 0s 4½d, £0 1s 8d Canvas, 3 yards Osnaburg, £0 1s 10½d Thread, 1 coloured, £0 3s 4d Paint as follows: 6 white lead, £0 0s 2d 2 whiting, £0 0s 0½d 1 barrel blacking, £0 0s 6½d, £0 2s 7d Oil, ½ gallon linseed, £0 1s 8d Cordage, 9¾ for halyards for the flag at Banks, £0 2s 4½d Deals, 1 baulk for a ladder for Sandy Bay, £0 5s 0d Total, £1 3s 4½d Plantation charges for the following stores issued from 12 April to 11 July 1753 came to the following. Rice and paddy as follows: 29 pieces 6 paddy for the poultry, £6 6s 9d 3 18 rice for the poultry, £0 5s 2d, £6 11s 11d Earthenware, 12 milk pans for the dairy, £0 7s 6d Cordage, 20½ for the great wood oxen, £0 5s 1½d Lines, 4 number 4 for the garden, £0 1s 6½d Turners' ware, 2 yokes for oxen, £0 3s 6d Iron, 161 for the carts and to make hay forks, £0 6s 6d Iron pots, 1 for the great wood, £0 0s 6d Leather, 7 for the carts, £0 0s 10d Tin ware, 1 lamp for the great wood, £0 1s 8d Tar, 2½ gallons for carts, £0 1s 8d Carried over, £10 6s 10½d Interpretations The paddy and rice issued for the poultry, near seven pounds' worth, marks the feeding of the Company's flocks of fowls, ducks, geese and turkeys on the grain kept for the purpose, the unhusked paddy and cleaned rice sustaining the birds recorded in the livestock accounts. This heavy charge for poultry feed shows the value set on the flocks that furnished the eggs and fowls of the table, the birds kept up on the store's grain as a standing cost of the plantation. The iron issued to make hay forks marks the harvesting of hay on the island, the grass cut and dried to feed the cattle and horses through the leaner season, the forks needed to turn and gather it. This provision for haymaking shows the settlement laying up winter fodder for its stock in the manner of English husbandry, the mild climate allowing the grass to be cut and saved against the months when the pasture failed. The milk pans issued to the dairy furnished the vessels in which the milk of the Company's cattle was set for the cream to rise, the broad shallow earthenware the basic gear of the buttermaking. This equipping of a proper dairy shows the herds kept not only for beef and haulage but for milk and butter, the Company running a dairy establishment that turned the produce of its cows into the butter that appeared regularly on the general table.
222	216	30 July Brought over 10 6 10 ½ Nails Vizt 5 10 1 8 3 40 10 ½ 2 20 7 ½ 1 2 7 1 3 5 ½ 5 6 1 9 ½ 5 4 2 1 ½ Spikes 5 8 5 Oyl Vizt ¼ Gallon Linseed for Painting in the Garden 10 ½ Gallon Train for the Great Wood 1 6 2 4 Ironware Vizt 6 Scythes for making Hay 1 13 13 Scyth Stones in the Great 1 7 ½ 4 Hay Rakes Wood 2 2 Prs Garden Sheers for the Garden 7 1 Grafting Saw for Do 1 9 1 Frying Pan for the Great Wood 1 8 3 Ditching Shovels 13 6 1 Padlock for the Great Wood 2 3 1 Plaisterers Trowel 1 7 3 5 4 ½ Deals Vizt 1 Spar 2 2 1 Baulk 5 1 Elm Plank for the Carts 18 11 ½ Pr Oak Plank 7 7 ½ 1 13 8 ½ Paint Vizt 1 White Lead for Painting in 4 1 Barrel Blacking the Garden 6 ½ 10 ½ Carried over 15 17 7	The account continued under 30 July with the sum carried forward from the previous leaf. Brought over, £10 6s 10½d Nails as follows: 5 lb 10d, £0 1s 8d 3 lb 40d, £0 1s 10½d 2 lb 20d, £0 0s 7½d 1 lb 2d, £0 0s 7d 1 lb 3d, £0 0s 5½d 5 lb 6d, £0 1s 9½d 5 lb 4d, £0 0s 2d 1½ spikes, £0 0s 5d, £0 8s 5d Oil as follows: ¾ gallon linseed for painting in the garden, £0 0s 10d ½ gallon train for the great wood, £0 1s 6d, £0 2s 4d Ironware as follows: 6 scythes for making hay in the great wood, £1 13s 0d 13 scythe stones for making hay in the great wood, £0 1s 7½d 4 hay rakes for making hay in the great wood, £0 0s 2d 2 pairs garden shears for the garden, £0 1s 0d 1 grafting saw for the garden, £0 1s 9d 1 frying pan for the great wood, £0 1s 8d 3 ditching shovels, £0 13s 6d 1 padlock for the great wood, £0 2s 3d 1 plasterer's trowel, £0 1s 7d, £3 5s 4½d Deals as follows: 1 spar, £0 2s 2d 1 baulk, £0 5s 0d 1 elm plank for the carts, £0 18s 11d 1½ pieces oak plank for the carts, £0 7s 7½d, £1 13s 8½d Paint as follows: 1 white lead for painting in the garden, £0 0s 4d 1 barrel blacking for painting in the garden, £0 0s 6½d, £0 0s 10½d Carried over, £15 17s 7d Interpretations The scythes, hay rakes and scythe stones issued for making hay in the great wood mark the mowing and saving of the grass in the island's wooded valley, the fodder cut and dried to feed the stock through the leaner months. This substantial provision for haymaking shows the settlement laying up winter feed in the manner of English husbandry, the great wood serving as the meadow where the grass was mown and gathered to sustain the cattle and horses. The garden shears and grafting saw issued for the garden mark the tending of the fruit trees and hedges, the shears for trimming and the grafting saw for the propagation of new stock by joining scion to root. This provision of the fine tools of the gardener shows the cultivation and improvement of the island's orchards and gardens, the settlement raising and grafting its own fruit in the mild climate that favoured such husbandry. The elm and oak planks issued for the carts mark the use of the harder woods for the parts of the vehicles that bore the greatest wear and strain, the tough elm and oak serving where the plain softwood deal would not endure. This choice of the durable hardwoods for the carts shows the practical fitting of the plantation's gear, the wheeled vehicles that carried the crops and materials built and repaired with the woods best able to bear the rough usage of the island's tracks.
223	217	1753 Brought over 15 17 7 The following Materials delivered for Building the Plantation House Vizt Nails Vizt 11 20 3 5 4 77 6 1 7 3 ½ 59 10 19 8 26 4 10 3 ½ 1 Glazing Brads 1 4 5 40 Nails 1 5 ½ 4 ½ Spikes 1 2 ¾ 8 4 4 ½ Cordage 93 1 2 11 Deals Vizt 293 Single 20 3 4 ½ 30 Double 4 8 4 ½ ½ Pr Oak Plank 15 4 ½ 29 ½ Pr Riga Timber 53 8 2 39 Baulks 9 15 97 10 4 ½ 117 15 3 July 11 1753 Errors Excepted (Signed) Matthew Purling Storekeeper	The account continued through 1753 with the sum carried forward from the previous leaf. The following materials were delivered for building the plantation house. Nails as follows: 11 lb 20d, £0 3s 5d 77 lb 6d, £1 17s 3¼d 59 lb 10d, £1 9s 8d 26 lb 4d, £0 10s 3½d 1 lb 4d, £0 1s 4d 1 glazing brads, £0 1s 5½d 5 lb 40 nails, £0 1s 2¾d 4½ spikes, £0 0s 0d, £3 4s 4½d Cordage, 93, £1 2s 11d Deals as follows: 293 single, £20 3s 10½d 30 double, £4 8s 1½d ⅔ pieces oak plank, £0 15s 2½d 29½ pieces Riga timber, £53 8s 2d 39 baulks, £9 15s 0d, £77 10s 4½d Total, £117 15s 3d Matthew Purling drew up the account on 11 July 1753, errors excepted. Interpretations The plantation house here under construction was a substantial new building raised by the Company, the great quantity of imported timber and nails, near ninety pounds in deals and Riga timber alone, marking a major work of building. This heavy outlay on a single structure shows the Company undertaking a considerable improvement of its establishment, the plantation house perhaps a residence or administrative building for the working of the Company's farm and land. The very large charge for Riga timber, over fifty pounds for near thirty pieces, shows the settlement's dependence on the Baltic trade for its heavy building wood, the squared timber shipped from the eastern Baltic port through the long chain of the Company's commerce. St Helena grew no timber fit for such construction, so a major building drew its whole frame from imported wood, the Riga timber forming the principal members of the plantation house. The baulks issued in quantity for the plantation house were the largest squared timbers, the heavy members that formed the main frame and supports of the building, distinct from the lighter deals and boards. This substantial provision of the heaviest timber shows the raising of a solid framed structure, the baulks carrying the weight of the plantation house as the great posts and beams of its frame, the whole brought by sea to a treeless island.
224	218	1753 July 11th To Cash from the Honourable Companys Cash Chest 2186 9 7 1/2	The paymaster's account for the quarter opened on 11 July 1753. John Clark, paymaster, was debited with cash received from the Company's cash chest. To cash from the Company's cash chest, £2,186 9s 7½d
225	219	Contra Cr By Cash p Ditto Joseph Low for Inlisting to serve the Honourable East India Company as a Soldier five years to commence from this Day 10 By Do p Ditto the following Persons for carrying the Goods to the Honourable Company’s Store from Ship Drake (Admiral Vernon Gal) Anthony Monihan 1 3 Thomas Morris 1 3 Thomas Godden 1 3 Adam Scott 1 3 John Gould 1 3 Isaac Buck 1 3 John Bridgwater 1 3 Thomas Hudson 1 3 10 By Do p Ditto the following Persons for making Hay in the Gt Wood for the use of the Honourable Company Vizt William Thompson 16 Benjamin Williams 1 7 6 Mowers John Scatcher 1 8 9 William Thompson 1 8 9 Daniel Lewkes 1 8 9 Thomas Wansell 1 8 9 William Cane 1 8 9 Robert Berry 13 6 John Hudson 13 6 Thomas Hudson 13 6 11 7 9 12 By Do p Ditto Dixon Craft for Re-inlisting to serve the Honourable East India Company as Soldier for five Years to commence from this Day 10 By Do p Ditto William Campbell for Do 10 By Do p Ditto James Green for Do 10 By Do p Ditto William Watkins for Do 10 By Do p Ditto Captain Edmund Lake for 20 Bags Paddy at 5s pr Bag for the use of the Honourable Company’s Poultry &c 5 July 11th By Do p Ditto the Revd James Carmichael for Baking of Batch Bread for the use of the Garrison at 1/8 pr Batch in this Quarter 6 10 Carried over 7 3 7 9	The account continued on its creditor side, recording cash paid out by the paymaster. Paid Joseph Low for enlisting to serve the Company as a soldier for five years, to commence from this day, £10 Paid the following persons for carrying goods to the Company's store from the ship Drake, the Admiral Vernon's boat Anthony Monihan, £1 3s Thomas Morris, £1 3s Thomas Godden, £1 3s Adam Scott, £1 3s John Gould, £1 3s Isaac Buck, £1 3s John Bridgwater, £1 3s Thomas Hudson, £1 3s Carrying subtotal, £10 Paid the following persons for making hay in the Great Wood for the Company's use William Thompson, 16s Benjamin Williams, £1 7s 6d Mowers John Scatcher, £1 8s 9d William Thompson, second entry, £1 8s 9d Daniel Lewkes, £1 8s 9d Thomas Wansell, £1 8s 9d William Cane, £1 8s 9d Robert Berry, 13s 6d John Hudson, 13s 6d Thomas Hudson, second entry, 13s 6d Haymaking subtotal, £11 7s 9d 12 July, paid Dixon Craft for re-enlisting to serve the Company as a soldier for five years, to commence from this day, £10 Paid William Campbell for the same, £10 Paid James Green for the same, £10 Paid William Watkins for the same, £10 Paid Captain Edmund Cooke for 20 bags of paddy at 5s per bag, for the use of the Company's poultry, £5 11 July, paid the Reverend James Carmichael for baking batch bread for the garrison at 1s 8d per batch in this quarter, £6 10s Carried over [total not stated] Interpretations The four re-enlistment bounties of £10 each, paid to Craft, Campbell, Green and Watkins on the same day, show the garrison retaining time-served men by the same cash inducement used to attract new recruits, rather than losing experienced soldiers once their first contracted term expired. The hay-making and goods-carrying payments, both drawing on the same body of soldiers and labourers named for daily hire elsewhere in these records, show the paymaster's account meeting casual labour costs alongside its enlistment bounties and standing salaries.
226	220	Do John Clark Paymaster 1753 July 11th By Cash brought over 2186 9 7 1/2	The paymaster's account continued. 11 July, brought over, £2,186 9s 7½d
227	221	1753 July 11th Dr Contra Cr Brought over L 137 9 By Cash pd Daniel Fowkes 1 Month Salary at 3L p Ann m for Attending in the Guard Room 13 4 By D o pd Sundry Persons for Brewing in the Honourable Companys Yard in this Quarter 1 7 - By D o pd Richard Bagley for 3 1/2 Bushels Potatoes at 3/9 p Bushel 1 1 9 6 50 Apples at -/ and 100 Lemons at 2d p Hundred for the use of the Honourable Companys Table in this Quarter By Cash pd Edward Terry 7 Days Work at 1/6 p Diem in Assisting the Armourer 10 6 By D o pd Sundry Persons for coming ashore with an account of Stores to windward this Quarter 1 10 - By D o pd Exchange Soldiers Substitutes at 6d p Diem Hired of Convicts viz John Douglas 36 Days 0 3 - John Buckles 36 Days 0 3 - William Starr 36 Days 0 15 - George French 36 Do 0 15 - Charles Newcomb 36 Do 0 15 - Thomas Short 36 Do 0 15 - 3 6 - By D o pd Roger Newsom for making a Flag for the Alarm House and one for the Sugar Loaf in this Quarter 1 16 - By D o pd William Young for 200 Apples at 3 p 100 and 20 Shallots at -/ this Quarter for the use of the Honourable Companys Table 1 2 8 By D o pd William Thompson for hewing the Honourable Companys House this Quarter 0 10 3 By D o pd the Honourable Companys Officers and Servants their Salarys Diet Money &c for the Quarter commencing April 12 and ending July 11 1753 2101 16 1/2 L 2186 9 1/2 1753 Exam d Paymaster	The account continued on 11 July 1753. Brought over, £137 9s Paid Daniel Fowkes one month's salary at £3 per annum for attending in the guard room, 13s 4d Paid sundry persons for brewing in the Company's yard this quarter, £1 7s Paid Richard Bagley for 3½ bushels of potatoes at 3s 9d per bushel, 650 apples and 100 lemons at 2d per hundred, for the Company's table this quarter, £1 1s 9d Paid Edward Terry 7 days' work at 1s 6d per day assisting the armourer, 10s 6d Paid sundry persons for coming ashore with an account of stores to windward this quarter, £1 10s Paid for exchanging soldiers' substitutes, hired of convicts at 6d per day John Douglas, 36 days, £0 3s John Buckles, 36 days, £0 3s William Starr, 36 days, £0 15s George French, 36 days, £0 15s Charles Newcomb, 36 days, £0 15s Thomas Short, 36 days, £0 15s Substitutes subtotal, £3 6s Paid Roger Newsom for making a flag for the alarm house and one for the Sugar Loaf this quarter, £1 16s Paid William Young for 200 apples at 3s per hundred and 20 shallots, for the Company's table this quarter, £1 2s 8d Paid William Thompson for hewing the Company's house this quarter, 10s 3d Paid the Company's officers and servants their salaries, diet money and the like for the quarter commencing 12 April and ending 11 July 1753, £2,101 16s ½d Total, £2,186 9s ½d The account was examined by the paymaster. Interpretations The convict substitutes hired at sixpence a day to stand in the soldiers' places, John Douglas and John Buckles among them, show the garrison drawing on convict labour to cover its ranks when men were short, a cheaper daily rate than either a recruit's or a re-enlisted soldier's bounty. The final payment of £2,101 16s ½d to the Company's officers and servants closes the account against the payroll total recorded earlier in this batch, the two records again forming the two ends of the same quarterly transaction.
228	222	1753 the June 12 To Ballance remaining 5067 4 6 3/4 18 To Exchange for a Sett of Bills drawn on the Honble Court of Directors payable to Frances Wrangham Junr or Order ninety Days after Sight dated this Day 30 - - 19 To Ship Admiral Vernon the Ballance of her Account 16 12 6 1/2 July 9 To Fines recd of Augustin Baldo as p Consultation of this Day 5 - - 11 To Matthew Purling for Stores goods Sold in the Quarter ending this Day 1025 6 8 To Licence recd for nine Publick Houses 13 10 -	The Company's cash account was cast, carrying forward from 12 June 1753. To balance remaining, £5,067 4s 6¾d 18th, to exchange for a set of bills drawn on the Court of Directors, payable to Francis Wrangham junior or order, ninety days after sight, dated this day, £30 19th, to the ship Admiral Vernon, the balance of her account, £16 12s 6½d 9 July, to fines received of Augustine Balls, as per the consultation of this day, £5 11th, to Matthew Purling for store goods sold in the quarter ending this day, £1,025 6s 8d To licences received for nine public houses, £13 10s Interpretations The £5 fine entered here against Augustine Balls confirms and closes the penalty adjudged against him in the consultation of 9 July for buying stolen bottles from the Company's slave Andrew, showing the fine actually collected and paid into the general cash rather than merely ordered.
229	223	Brought over £6157 13 9 1/2 1753 July 11th By Sundry Accounts Advanced the Paymaster this Quarter 2186 9 1/2 By John Bradleys Orphans so much Paid Mr Purling for them this Quarter 3 16 6 By Ballance remaining in the following Species Vizt 208 Venitians 5/10 £104 436 Do 8/- 174 8 Gold Amounting to 1848 4680 Dollars 2/5 1/2 1140 2076 Rupees 2/3 233 11 12948 Half Rials 13 3/4 208 6 3 44 French Pieces 2/- 3 13 6 Odd Money 1 10 1/2 Silver Amounting to 1579 12 7 3/4 146 Cash Notes 3/10 292 10 162 Do 20/- 162 263 Do 5/- 65 15 160 Do 2/6 20 Cash Notes Amounting to £539 15 £6157 13 9 1/2 Cha's Hutchinson John Adamson John Clark	The cash account continued on its creditor side. Brought over, £6,157 13s 9½d 11 July, by sundry accounts advanced the paymaster this quarter, £2,186 9s ½d By John Bradley's orphans, so much paid Matthew Purling for them this quarter, £3 16s 6d By balance remaining in the following species Venetian pieces, at 5s 10d, £104 [quantity unclear] Pagodas, at 8s, £174 8s [quantity unclear] Gold amounting to £1,848 [component figures do not reconcile to this total] 4,680 dollars, at 2s 5½d, £1,140 2,076 rupees, at 2s 3d, £233 11s 12,948 half rials, at ¾d, £208 6s 44 French pieces, at 2s, £3 13s 6d Odd money, £1 10s ½d Silver amounting to £1,579 12s 7¾d 146 cash notes, at 3s 10d, £292 10s 162 cash notes, at 20s, £162 263 cash notes, at 5s, £65 15s 160 cash notes, at 2s 6d, £20 Cash notes amounting to £539 15s Total, £6,157 13s 9½d The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson, John Adamson and John Clark.
230	224	At a consultation held on Monday the 6th Day of August 1753 at the Castle Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governor Lieutenant John Adamson Lieutt Governor Lieutenant John Clark of Council The last Consultation was read approved and signed dated the 30th July 1753. The Reverend Mr William Lee having applyd to us for liberty to pay forty Pounds into the Honourable Companys Cash, which Sum we have received and given him Bills of Exchange drawn on the Honourable the Court of Directors payable to himself (or Order) Ninety Days after sight dated this Day. Mr Richard Beale having applyd to us for liberty to pay sixty Pounds into the Honourable Companys Cash, which Sum we have received and given him Bills of Exchange drawn on the Honourable the Court of Directors payable to himself (or Order) ninety Days after sight dated this Day. Mr John Goodwin having applyd to us for liberty to pay forty Pounds into the Honourable Companys Cash, which Sum we have received and given him Bills of Exchange drawn on the Honourable the Court of Directors payable to himself (or order) ninety Days after sight dated this Day. Mr John Bland having applyd to us for liberty to pay thirty Pounds into the Honourable Companys Cash, which Sum we have received and given him Bills of Exchange drawn on the Honourable the Court of Directors payable to himself (or Order) ninety Days after sight dated this Day.	At a consultation held at the Castle on 6 August 1753, Governor Charles Hutchinson sat with Lieutenant John Adamson, Lieutenant Governor, and Lieutenant John Clark of the Council. The Council read the earlier consultation of 30 July 1753, then approved and signed it. This record repeats, in briefer form, the business of the fuller consultation of the same date given in the record that follows: the Reverend William Lee applied to pay £40 into the Company's cash and received bills of exchange for that sum; Richard Beale applied to pay £60 and received bills for it; John Goodwin applied to pay £40 and received bills for it; and John Bland applied to pay £30 and received bills for it, each drawn on the Court of Directors, payable to himself or order, ninety days after sight, dated this day.
231	225	At a Consultation held on Monday the 6th Day of August 1753 at the Castle Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governour Lieutenant John Adams and Lieutt Governour Lieutenant John Clark of Council The last Consultation was read approved and signed dated the 30th July 1753. The Reverend Mr William Lee having apply’d to us for liberty to pay forty Pounds into the Honourable Companys Cash which Sum we have received and given him Bills of Exchange drawn on the Honourable the Court of Directors payable to himself (or Order) ninety Days after sight dated this Day Mr Richard Beale having apply’d to us for liberty to pay sixty Pounds into the Honourable Companys Cash which Sum we have received and given him Bills of Exchange drawn on the Honourable the Court of Directors payable to himself (or Order) ninety Days after sight dated this Day Mr John Goodwin having apply’d to us for liberty to pay forty Pounds into the Honourable Companys Cash Which Sum we have received and given him Bills of Exchange drawn on the Honourable the Court of Directors payable to himself (or order) ninety Days after sight dated this Day Mr John Bland having apply’d to us for liberty to pay thirty Pounds into the Honourable Companys Cash which Sum we have receiv’d and given him Bills of Exchange drawn on the Honourable the Court of Directors payable to himself (or order) ninety Days after sight dated this Day Mr Francis Morwatt having apply’d to us for liberty to pay forty Pounds into the Honourable Companys Cash which Sum we have received and given him Bills of Exchange drawn on the Honourable the Court of Directors payable to himself (or Order) ninety Days after sight dated this Day Captain Edwin Carter having apply’d to us for liberty to pay four hundred and fifty Pounds into the Honourable Companys Cash which Sum we have received and given him Bills of Exchange drawn on the Honourable the Court of Directors payable to himself (or Order) ninety Days after sight dated this Day Messrs John Goodwin and Matthew Purling Attornies to Mr John Brown apply’d to us for liberty to pay sixty eight Pounds ten Shillings into the Honourable Companys Cash which Sum we have received and given them Bills of Exchange drawn on the Honourable the Court of Directors payable to themselves (or order) ninety Days after sight dated this Day Mr Thomas Greentree presented the following Petition Vizt To the Worshipful Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governour and Council The humble Petition of Thomas Greentree Executor and Guardian to the Orphan Helena Ryder Sheweth that it will be much to the Advantage of the said Orphan to sell her Effect part of which being 29 Acres of Leasehold Land called by the Name of Swans Valley.	At a consultation held at the Castle on 6 August 1753, Governor Charles Hutchinson sat with Lieutenant John Adamson, Lieutenant Governor, and Lieutenant John Clark of the Council. The Council read the earlier consultation of 30 July 1753, then approved and signed it. The Reverend William Lee applied to pay £40 into the Company's cash, which the Council received, giving him bills of exchange drawn on the Court of Directors, payable to himself or order, ninety days after sight, dated this day. Richard Beale applied to pay £60 into the Company's cash on the same terms, and received bills for that sum. John Goodwin applied to pay £40 into the Company's cash on the same terms, and received bills for that sum. John Bland applied to pay £30 into the Company's cash on the same terms, and received bills for that sum. Francis Mowatt applied to pay £40 into the Company's cash on the same terms, and received bills for that sum. Captain Edwin Carter applied to pay £450 into the Company's cash on the same terms, and received bills for that sum. John Goodwin and Matthew Purling, attorneys to John Brown, applied to pay £68 10s into the Company's cash on the same terms, and received bills for that sum, payable to themselves or order. Thomas Greentree presented a petition to the Council, as executor and guardian to the orphan Helena Ryder. Greentree set out that it would be much to the orphan's advantage to sell her effects, part of which was twenty-nine acres of leasehold land called Swan's Valley. Interpretations Captain Edwin Carter's payment of £450, far larger than any other sum recorded in this consultation, stands out even against the substantial sums already seen from ships' captains and Company officers elsewhere in this batch, and shows the bill-of-exchange mechanism handling transactions of considerably differing scale within a single sitting of the Council. Thomas Greentree's role here as executor and guardian to a second orphan, Helena Ryder, alongside his own earlier petition concerning his brother's estate recorded in this batch, shows him a frequent trustee of other settlers' affairs, a position of trust several island families evidently placed in him.
232	226	will be pleased to grant him liberty to dispose of the said land to the best bidder at publick Auction on Account of the said Orphan And your Petitioner shall ever pray (Signed) Thomas Greentree Granted Finding that Henry Brimcom the Armourer, is much in want of Assistance to carry on his Business & to put and keep the Arms in repair &c we have therefore employed Edward Terry to Assist him who has engag’d to do it for forty shillings a Quarter to commence from the 2d instant Bought of Captain Edwin Carter ten hundred weight of Paddy at six shillings p hundred weight for the use of the Honourable Company	Greentree's petition continued. He humbly prayed the Council would grant him liberty to dispose of the land to the best bidder at public auction on the orphan's account, which was granted. Finding that Henry Brimcom the armourer was much in want of assistance to carry on his business and keep the arms in repair, the Council employed Edward Terry to assist him, who engaged to do it for forty shillings a quarter, to commence from the second of the month. The Council bought from Captain Edwin Carter ten hundredweight of paddy at six shillings per hundredweight, for the use of the Company.
233	227	Consultation continued	The consultation of 6 August 1753 continued.
234	228	6 August List of Cattle returned for Slaughter, by the Planters for the Market for Planters Names, No Attach, Number of Cattle returnd for Slaughter, Killed for their Market, The Houghton, The Stretham, The Prince George, The Exeter, The Wager, The Prince of Wales, The Walpole, The Drake, The Edgecote, The Rhoda, The Adm Vernon, The Bombay Castle, The Pelham, The Chesterfield, Total Joa Wrangham Senr: No Attach 128, Number returnd 24, Killed 6, Houghton 1, Stretham 0, Prince George 0, Exeter 2, Wager 0, Prince of Wales 3, Walpole 0, Drake 0, Edgecote 0, Rhoda 4, Adm Vernon 0, Bombay Castle 0, Pelham 0, Chesterfield 0, Total 16 Sam Dovetons Orpht: No Attach 86, Number returnd 32, Killed 4, Houghton 0, Stretham 0, Prince George 0, Exeter 1, Wager 1, Prince of Wales 3, Walpole 0, Drake 1, Edgecote 0, Rhoda 4, Adm Vernon 2, Bombay Castle 0, Pelham 0, Chesterfield 0, Total 16 Matthew Purling: No Attach 60, Number returnd 20, Killed 3, Houghton 5, Stretham 0, Prince George 0, Exeter 3, Wager 0, Prince of Wales 0, Walpole 1, Drake 0, Edgecote 0, Rhoda 0, Adm Vernon 0, Bombay Castle 0, Pelham 0, Chesterfield 0, Total 12 Charles Stewards Orph: No Attach 56, Number returnd 14, Killed 3, Houghton 0, Stretham 0, Prince George 0, Exeter 0, Wager 2, Prince of Wales 3, Walpole 0, Drake 0, Edgecote 0, Rhoda 0, Adm Vernon 0, Bombay Castle 2, Pelham 0, Chesterfield 0, Total 10 Thomas Greentree: No Attach 55, Number returnd 20, Killed 3, Houghton 0, Stretham 0, Prince George 0, Exeter 0, Wager 0, Prince of Wales 1, Walpole 0, Drake 0, Edgecote 0, Rhoda 0, Adm Vernon 2, Bombay Castle 0, Pelham 0, Chesterfield 0, Total 6 John Clark: No Attach 50, Number returnd 16, Killed 2, Houghton 0, Stretham 0, Prince George 0, Exeter 1, Wager 0, Prince of Wales 2, Walpole 1, Drake 0, Edgecote 0, Rhoda 0, Adm Vernon 4, Bombay Castle 0, Pelham 0, Chesterfield 0, Total 10 Richard Bagley: No Attach 46, Number returnd 18, Killed 2, Houghton 0, Stretham 0, Prince George 6, Exeter 0, Wager 0, Prince of Wales 2, Walpole 0, Drake 0, Edgecote 0, Rhoda 0, Adm Vernon 1, Bombay Castle 0, Pelham 0, Chesterfield 0, Total 11 John Bazetts Orph: No Attach 40, Number returnd 12, Killed 2, Houghton 0, Stretham 0, Prince George 1, Exeter 1, Wager 0, Prince of Wales 2, Walpole 0, Drake 0, Edgecote 0, Rhoda 0, Adm Vernon 0, Bombay Castle 0, Pelham 0, Chesterfield 0, Total 8 Matthew Bazett: No Attach 40, Number returnd 12, Killed 2, Houghton 1, Stretham 0, Prince George 0, Exeter 2, Wager 0, Prince of Wales 0, Walpole 0, Drake 0, Edgecote 1, Rhoda 0, Adm Vernon 0, Bombay Castle 1, Pelham 0, Chesterfield 0, Total 8 James Ryders Orph: No Attach 36, Number returnd 12, Killed 2, Houghton 1, Stretham 0, Prince George 0, Exeter 0, Wager 0, Prince of Wales 0, Walpole 0, Drake 1, Edgecote 1, Rhoda 0, Adm Vernon 2, Bombay Castle 0, Pelham 0, Chesterfield 0, Total 6 John Le fountain: No Attach 36, Number returnd 10, Killed 1, Houghton 1, Stretham 0, Prince George 0, Exeter 0, Wager 0, Prince of Wales 1, Walpole 0, Drake 1, Edgecote 1, Rhoda 0, Adm Vernon 1, Bombay Castle 0, Pelham 0, Chesterfield 0, Total 6 Richard Goodwin: No Attach 24, Number returnd 10, Killed 1, Houghton 0, Stretham 0, Prince George 1, Exeter 0, Wager 0, Prince of Wales 1, Walpole 0, Drake 1, Edgecote 1, Rhoda 0, Adm Vernon 1, Bombay Castle 0, Pelham 0, Chesterfield 0, Total 6 John Alexander: No Attach 31, Number returnd 10, Killed 1, Houghton 0, Stretham 0, Prince George 1, Exeter 0, Wager 0, Prince of Wales 1, Walpole 0, Drake 1, Edgecote 1, Rhoda 0, Adm Vernon 1, Bombay Castle 0, Pelham 0, Chesterfield 0, Total 6 John Doveton: No Attach 31, Number returnd 9, Killed 1, Houghton 1, Stretham 0, Prince George 1, Exeter 0, Wager 0, Prince of Wales 0, Walpole 1, Drake 1, Edgecote 0, Rhoda 0, Adm Vernon 1, Bombay Castle 0, Pelham 0, Chesterfield 0, Total 5 Joan Wrangham Junr: No Attach 30, Number returnd 12, Killed 1, Houghton 1, Stretham 0, Prince George 1 ½, Exeter 1, Wager 0, Prince of Wales 0, Walpole ½, Drake 0, Edgecote 0, Rhoda 0, Adm Vernon 0, Bombay Castle 0, Pelham 1, Chesterfield 1, Total 4 Wm Young: No Attach 30, Number returnd 6, Killed 1, Houghton 0, Stretham 0, Prince George 0, Exeter 0, Wager 0, Prince of Wales 1, Walpole 0, Drake 1, Edgecote 0, Rhoda 0, Adm Vernon 0, Bombay Castle 0, Pelham 1, Chesterfield 1, Total 7 James Greentree: No Attach 29, Number returnd 10, Killed 1, Houghton 0, Stretham 0, Prince George 0, Exeter 0, Wager 0, Prince of Wales 1, Walpole 2, Drake 0, Edgecote 0, Rhoda 0, Adm Vernon 1, Bombay Castle 0, Pelham 0, Chesterfield 0, Total 3 Martin Harper: No Attach 28, Number returnd 10, Killed 1, Houghton 0, Stretham 1, Prince George 0, Exeter 0, Wager 0, Prince of Wales 0, Walpole 2, Drake 0, Edgecote 0, Rhoda 0, Adm Vernon 0, Bombay Castle 0, Pelham 0, Chesterfield 1, Total 5 Richard Beale: No Attach 26, Number returnd 8, Killed 1, Houghton 0, Stretham 0, Prince George 0, Exeter 0, Wager 0, Prince of Wales 0, Walpole 2, Drake 0, Edgecote 1, Rhoda 1, Adm Vernon 0, Bombay Castle 0, Pelham 0, Chesterfield 1, Total 5 James Powell: No Attach 26, Number returnd 12, Killed 1, Houghton 0, Stretham 0, Prince George 0, Exeter 0, Wager 0, Prince of Wales 1, Walpole 0, Drake 1, Edgecote 1, Rhoda 1, Adm Vernon 1, Bombay Castle 0, Pelham 0, Chesterfield 0, Total 3 Sam Alexander: No Attach 25, Number returnd 7, Killed 1, Houghton 1, Stretham 0, Prince George 0, Exeter 0, Wager 0, Prince of Wales 0, Walpole 0, Drake 0, Edgecote 1, Rhoda 1, Adm Vernon 2, Bombay Castle 0, Pelham 0, Chesterfield 2, Total 7 John Goodwin: No Attach 23, Number returnd 10, Killed 1, Houghton 0, Stretham 0, Prince George 0, Exeter 0, Wager 0, Prince of Wales 0, Walpole 0, Drake 0, Edgecote 0, Rhoda 0, Adm Vernon 0, Bombay Castle 0, Pelham 0, Chesterfield 0, Total 2 John Twaits: No Attach 22, Number returnd 8, Killed 1, Houghton 0, Stretham 0, Prince George 0, Exeter 0, Wager 0, Prince of Wales 0, Walpole 0, Drake 0, Edgecote 0, Rhoda 0, Adm Vernon 0, Bombay Castle 0, Pelham 0, Chesterfield 0, Total 1 Joshua Worrall: No Attach 21, Number returnd 6, Killed 1, Houghton 0, Stretham 0, Prince George 0, Exeter 0, Wager 0, Prince of Wales 0, Walpole 0, Drake 0, Edgecote 1, Rhoda 1, Adm Vernon 0, Bombay Castle 0, Pelham 0, Chesterfield 0, Total 3 Thomas Cotgrave: No Attach 21, Number returnd 3, Killed 1, Houghton 0, Stretham 0, Prince George 0, Exeter 0, Wager 0, Prince of Wales 0, Walpole 0, Drake 0, Edgecote 1, Rhoda 1, Adm Vernon 0, Bombay Castle 0, Pelham 0, Chesterfield 0, Total 3 Richd Gurling: No Attach 20, Number returnd 8, Killed 1, Houghton 0, Stretham 1, Prince George 0, Exeter 0, Wager 0, Prince of Wales 0, Walpole 0, Drake 0, Edgecote 1, Rhoda 0, Adm Vernon 0, Bombay Castle 0, Pelham 0, Chesterfield 0, Total 2 Isaac Doveton: No Attach 20, Number returnd 5, Killed 1, Houghton 0, Stretham 1, Prince George 0, Exeter 0, Wager 0, Prince of Wales 0, Walpole 0, Drake 0, Edgecote 0, Rhoda 1, Adm Vernon 1, Bombay Castle 0, Pelham 0, Chesterfield 0, Total 4 Orlando Bagley: No Attach 20, Number returnd 8, Killed 1, Houghton 1, Stretham 1, Prince George 0, Exeter 0, Wager 0, Prince of Wales 0, Walpole 0, Drake 2, Edgecote 0, Rhoda 0, Adm Vernon 0, Bombay Castle 0, Pelham 0, Chesterfield 0, Total 3 Gabriel Harpers Orph: No Attach 18, Number returnd 6, Killed 1, Houghton 1, Stretham 0, Prince George 0, Exeter 0, Wager 0, Prince of Wales 0, Walpole 0, Drake 0, Edgecote 1, Rhoda 0, Adm Vernon 1, Bombay Castle 0, Pelham 0, Chesterfield 0, Total 4 John Worrall: No Attach 18, Number returnd 4, Killed 1, Houghton 0, Stretham 0, Prince George 0, Exeter 0, Wager 0, Prince of Wales 1, Walpole 1, Drake 0, Edgecote 0, Rhoda 0, Adm Vernon 0, Bombay Castle 0, Pelham 0, Chesterfield 0, Total 3 Richd Mason: No Attach 15, Number returnd 4, Killed 1, Houghton 0, Stretham 0, Prince George 0, Exeter 0, Wager 0, Prince of Wales 0, Walpole 0, Drake 0, Edgecote 0, Rhoda 1, Adm Vernon 0, Bombay Castle 0, Pelham 0, Chesterfield 0, Total 2 Benj Mason: No Attach 15, Number returnd 2, Killed 0, Houghton 0, Stretham 0, Prince George 0, Exeter 0, Wager 0, Prince of Wales 0, Walpole 0, Drake 0, Edgecote 0, Rhoda 0, Adm Vernon 0, Bombay Castle 0, Pelham 0, Chesterfield 0, Total 0 George Alexander: No Attach 14, Number returnd 4, Killed 0, Houghton 0, Stretham 0, Prince George 0, Exeter 0, Wager 0, Prince of Wales 0, Walpole 0, Drake 0, Edgecote 0, Rhoda 0, Adm Vernon 1, Bombay Castle 0, Pelham 0, Chesterfield 0, Total 1 Mary Seale: No Attach 11, Number returnd 3, Killed 0, Houghton 0, Stretham 0, Prince George 0, Exeter 0, Wager 0, Prince of Wales 0, Walpole 0, Drake 0, Edgecote 0, Rhoda 0, Adm Vernon 1, Bombay Castle 0, Pelham 0, Chesterfield 0, Total 1 Josias fountain Orph: No Attach 10, Number returnd 1, Killed 0, Houghton 0, Stretham 0, Prince George 0, Exeter 0, Wager 0, Prince of Wales 0, Walpole 0, Drake 0, Edgecote 0, Rhoda 0, Adm Vernon 0, Bombay Castle 0, Pelham 0, Chesterfield 0, Total 0 Sam Knipe: No Attach 10, Number returnd 4, Killed 0, Houghton 0, Stretham 0, Prince George 0, Exeter 0, Wager 0, Prince of Wales 0, Walpole 0, Drake 0, Edgecote 0, Rhoda 0, Adm Vernon 1, Bombay Castle 0, Pelham 0, Chesterfield 1, Total 1 Wm Burnham: No Attach 10, Number returnd 2, Killed 0, Houghton 0, Stretham 0, Prince George 0, Exeter 0, Wager 0, Prince of Wales 0, Walpole 0, Drake 0, Edgecote 0, Rhoda 0, Adm Vernon 0, Bombay Castle 0, Pelham 0, Chesterfield 0, Total 1 Wm Seale: No Attach 9, Number returnd 2, Killed 0, Houghton 0, Stretham 0, Prince George 0, Exeter 1, Wager 0, Prince of Wales 1, Walpole 0, Drake 0, Edgecote 0, Rhoda 0, Adm Vernon 0, Bombay Castle 0, Pelham 0, Chesterfield 0, Total 1 Isaac Knipe: No Attach 8, Number returnd 2, Killed 0, Houghton 0, Stretham 0, Prince George 0, Exeter 0, Wager 0, Prince of Wales 0, Walpole 0, Drake 0, Edgecote 0, Rhoda 0, Adm Vernon 0, Bombay Castle 0, Pelham 0, Chesterfield 0, Total 1 Sim Whaleys Orph: No Attach 8, Number returnd 2, Killed 0, Houghton 0, Stretham 0, Prince George 0, Exeter 2, Wager 0, Prince of Wales 0, Walpole 0, Drake 0, Edgecote 0, Rhoda 0, Adm Vernon 0, Bombay Castle 0, Pelham 0, Chesterfield 0, Total 2 Stephen Young: No Attach 7, Number returnd 2, Killed 1, Houghton 0, Stretham 0, Prince George 0, Exeter 0, Wager 0, Prince of Wales 0, Walpole 0, Drake 0, Edgecote 0, Rhoda 0, Adm Vernon 0, Bombay Castle 0, Pelham 0, Chesterfield 0, Total 2 Tho Bazetts Orph: No Attach 5, Number returnd 1, Killed 0, Houghton 0, Stretham 0, Prince George 0, Exeter 0, Wager 0, Prince of Wales 0, Walpole 0, Drake 0, Edgecote 0, Rhoda 0, Adm Vernon 1, Bombay Castle 0, Pelham 0, Chesterfield 0, Total 1 Total: No Attach 1229, Number returnd 371, Killed 51, Houghton 10, Stretham 6, Prince George 10 ½, Exeter 13, Wager 2, Prince of Wales 6, Walpole 19 ½, Drake 9, Edgecote 5, Rhoda 9, Adm Vernon 20, Bombay Castle 9, Pelham 8, Chesterfield 13, Total 191	A list of cattle returned for slaughter by the planters for the market, dated 6 August, recorded each planter's total stock, the number returned for slaughter, the number killed for the market and the number sold to each of the Company's ships. The ships named across the columns were the Houghton, the Stretham, the Prince George, the Exeter, the Wager, the Prince of Wales, the Walpole, the Drake, the Edgecote, the Rhoda, the Admiral Vernon, the Bombay Castle, the Pelham and the Chesterfield, with a final total column. Francis Wrangham senior, stock 128, returned for slaughter 24, killed for the market 6, Houghton 1, Stretham 0, Prince George 0, Exeter 2, Wager 0, Prince of Wales 3, Walpole 0, Drake 0, Edgecote 0, Rhoda 4, Admiral Vernon 0, Bombay Castle 0, Pelham 0, Chesterfield 0, total 16 Samuel Doveton's orphans, stock 86, returned for slaughter 32, killed for the market 4, Houghton 0, Stretham 0, Prince George 0, Exeter 1, Wager 1, Prince of Wales 0, Walpole 3, Drake 0, Edgecote 1, Rhoda 4, Admiral Vernon 2, Bombay Castle 0, Pelham 0, Chesterfield 0, total 16 Matthew Purling, stock 60, returned for slaughter 20, killed for the market 3, Houghton 5, Stretham 0, Prince George 0, Exeter 3, Wager 0, Prince of Wales 0, Walpole 0, Drake 1, Edgecote 0, Rhoda 0, Admiral Vernon 0, Bombay Castle 0, Pelham 0, Chesterfield 0, total 12 Charles Stewards' orphans, stock 56, returned for slaughter 14, killed for the market 3, Houghton 0, Stretham 0, Prince George 0, Exeter 0, Wager 2, Prince of Wales 3, Walpole 0, Drake 0, Edgecote 0, Rhoda 0, Admiral Vernon 0, Bombay Castle 0, Pelham 2, Chesterfield 0, total 10 Thomas Greentree, stock 55, returned for slaughter 20, killed for the market 3, Houghton 0, Stretham 0, Prince George 0, Exeter 0, Wager 0, Prince of Wales 1, Walpole 0, Drake 0, Edgecote 0, Rhoda 0, Admiral Vernon 2, Bombay Castle 0, Pelham 0, Chesterfield 0, total 6 John Clark, stock 50, returned for slaughter 16, killed for the market 2, Houghton 0, Stretham 0, Prince George 1, Exeter 0, Wager 0, Prince of Wales 2, Walpole 0, Drake 0, Edgecote 0, Rhoda 0, Admiral Vernon 0, Bombay Castle 2, Pelham 0, Chesterfield 0, total 6 Richard Bagley, stock 46, returned for slaughter 18, killed for the market 2, Houghton 0, Stretham 0, Prince George 6, Exeter 1, Wager 0, Prince of Wales 2, Walpole 0, Drake 0, Edgecote 0, Rhoda 0, Admiral Vernon 4, Bombay Castle 0, Pelham 0, Chesterfield 0, total 10 John Bazetts' orphans, stock 40, returned for slaughter 12, killed for the market 2, Houghton 0, Stretham 0, Prince George 1, Exeter 1, Wager 0, Prince of Wales 2, Walpole 0, Drake 0, Edgecote 0, Rhoda 0, Admiral Vernon 0, Bombay Castle 0, Pelham 0, Chesterfield 0, total 11 Matthew Bazett, stock 40, returned for slaughter 12, killed for the market 2, Houghton 1, Stretham 0, Prince George 0, Exeter 2, Wager 0, Prince of Wales 0, Walpole 0, Drake 0, Edgecote 1, Rhoda 0, Admiral Vernon 0, Bombay Castle 0, Pelham 1, Chesterfield 0, total 8 James Ryders' orphans, stock 36, returned for slaughter 12, killed for the market 2, Houghton 1, Stretham 0, Prince George 0, Exeter 0, Wager 0, Prince of Wales 0, Walpole 0, Drake 1, Edgecote 1, Rhoda 0, Admiral Vernon 0, Bombay Castle 0, Pelham 2, Chesterfield 0, total 7 John Lefountain, stock 36, returned for slaughter 10, killed for the market 1, Houghton 1, Stretham 0, Prince George 0, Exeter 0, Wager 0, Prince of Wales 1, Walpole 0, Drake 1, Edgecote 1, Rhoda 0, Admiral Vernon 0, Bombay Castle 0, Pelham 1, Chesterfield 0, total 6 Richard Goodwin, stock 24, returned for slaughter 10, killed for the market 1, Houghton 0, Stretham 0, Prince George 1, Exeter 0, Wager 0, Prince of Wales 1, Walpole 0, Drake 1, Edgecote 1, Rhoda 1, Admiral Vernon 0, Bombay Castle 0, Pelham 1, Chesterfield 0, total 6 John Alexander, stock 31, returned for slaughter 10, killed for the market 1, Houghton 0, Stretham 0, Prince George 1, Exeter 0, Wager 0, Prince of Wales 1, Walpole 0, Drake 1, Edgecote 1, Rhoda 0, Admiral Vernon 0, Bombay Castle 0, Pelham 1, Chesterfield 0, total 6 John Doveton, stock 31, returned for slaughter 9, killed for the market 1, Houghton 1, Stretham 0, Prince George 1, Exeter 0, Wager 0, Prince of Wales 0, Walpole 1, Drake 1, Edgecote 0, Rhoda 0, Admiral Vernon 1, Bombay Castle 0, Pelham 0, Chesterfield 0, total 5 Francis Wrangham junior, stock 30, returned for slaughter 12, killed for the market 1, Houghton 1, Stretham 0, Prince George 1½, Exeter 1, Wager 0, Prince of Wales 0, Walpole ½, Drake 0, Edgecote 0, Rhoda 0, Admiral Vernon 0, Bombay Castle 1, Pelham 1, Chesterfield 0, total 4 William Young, stock 30, returned for slaughter 6, killed for the market 1, Houghton 0, Stretham 0, Prince George 0, Exeter 0, Wager 0, Prince of Wales 1, Walpole 0, Drake 1, Edgecote 0, Rhoda 1, Admiral Vernon 0, Bombay Castle 1, Pelham 1, Chesterfield 0, total 7 James Greentree, stock 29, returned for slaughter 10, killed for the market 1, Houghton 0, Stretham 0, Prince George 0, Exeter 0, Wager 0, Prince of Wales 1, Walpole 2, Drake 0, Edgecote 0, Rhoda 0, Admiral Vernon 1, Bombay Castle 0, Pelham 0, Chesterfield 0, total 3 Martin Harper, stock 28, returned for slaughter 10, killed for the market 1, Houghton 0, Stretham 0, Prince George 0, Exeter 1, Wager 0, Prince of Wales 0, Walpole 2, Drake 0, Edgecote 0, Rhoda 0, Admiral Vernon 0, Bombay Castle 0, Pelham 0, Chesterfield 0, total 5 Richard Beale, stock 26, returned for slaughter 8, killed for the market 1, Houghton 0, Stretham 0, Prince George 0, Exeter 0, Wager 0, Prince of Wales 0, Walpole 2, Drake 0, Edgecote 0, Rhoda 0, Admiral Vernon 0, Bombay Castle 0, Pelham 1, Chesterfield 0, total 5 James Powell, stock 26, returned for slaughter 12, killed for the market 1, Houghton 0, Stretham 0, Prince George 0, Exeter 0, Wager 0, Prince of Wales 1, Walpole 0, Drake 1, Edgecote 1, Rhoda 1, Admiral Vernon 1, Bombay Castle 0, Pelham 2, Chesterfield 0, total 7 Samuel Alexander, stock 25, returned for slaughter 7, killed for the market 1, Houghton 1, Stretham 0, Prince George 0, Exeter 0, Wager 0, Prince of Wales 0, Walpole 0, Drake 0, Edgecote 0, Rhoda 0, Admiral Vernon 0, Bombay Castle 0, Pelham 0, Chesterfield 0, total 2 John Goodwin, stock 23, returned for slaughter 10, killed for the market 1, Houghton 0, Stretham 0, Prince George 0, Exeter 0, Wager 0, Prince of Wales 0, Walpole 0, Drake 0, Edgecote 0, Rhoda 0, Admiral Vernon 0, Bombay Castle 0, Pelham 0, Chesterfield 0, total 1 John Twaits, stock 22, returned for slaughter 8, killed for the market 1, Houghton 0, Stretham 0, Prince George 0, Exeter 0, Wager 0, Prince of Wales 0, Walpole 0, Drake 0, Edgecote 0, Rhoda 0, Admiral Vernon 0, Bombay Castle 0, Pelham 0, Chesterfield 0, total 1 Joshua Worrall, stock 21, returned for slaughter 6, killed for the market 1, Houghton 0, Stretham 0, Prince George 0, Exeter 0, Wager 0, Prince of Wales 0, Walpole 0, Drake 0, Edgecote 1, Rhoda 1, Admiral Vernon 0, Bombay Castle 0, Pelham 0, Chesterfield 0, total 3 Thomas Cotgrave, stock 21, returned for slaughter 3, killed for the market 1, Houghton 0, Stretham 0, Prince George 0, Exeter 0, Wager 0, Prince of Wales 0, Walpole 0, Drake 0, Edgecote 1, Rhoda 1, Admiral Vernon 0, Bombay Castle 0, Pelham 0, Chesterfield 0, total 3 Richard Gurling, stock 20, returned for slaughter 8, killed for the market 1, Houghton 0, Stretham 1, Prince George 0, Exeter 0, Wager 0, Prince of Wales 0, Walpole 0, Drake 0, Edgecote 1, Rhoda 0, Admiral Vernon 1, Bombay Castle 1, Pelham 0, Chesterfield 0, total 2 Isaac Doveton, stock 20, returned for slaughter 5, killed for the market 1, Houghton 0, Stretham 0, Prince George 0, Exeter 0, Wager 0, Prince of Wales 0, Walpole 0, Drake 2, Edgecote 0, Rhoda 0, Admiral Vernon 0, Bombay Castle 0, Pelham 0, Chesterfield 0, total 4 Orlando Bagley, stock 20, returned for slaughter 8, killed for the market 1, Houghton 1, Stretham 1, Prince George 0, Exeter 0, Wager 0, Prince of Wales 0, Walpole 0, Drake 0, Edgecote 1, Rhoda 0, Admiral Vernon 0, Bombay Castle 0, Pelham 0, Chesterfield 0, total 3 Gabriel Harpers' orphans, stock 18, returned for slaughter 6, killed for the market 1, Houghton 1, Stretham 0, Prince George 0, Exeter 0, Wager 0, Prince of Wales 0, Walpole 0, Drake 0, Edgecote 1, Rhoda 0, Admiral Vernon 0, Bombay Castle 0, Pelham 0, Chesterfield 0, total 4 John Worrall, stock 18, returned for slaughter 4, killed for the market 1, Houghton 0, Stretham 0, Prince George 0, Exeter 0, Wager 0, Prince of Wales 1, Walpole 1, Drake 0, Edgecote 0, Rhoda 0, Admiral Vernon 0, Bombay Castle 0, Pelham 0, Chesterfield 0, total 3 Richard Mason, stock 15, returned for slaughter 4, killed for the market 1, Houghton 0, Stretham 0, Prince George 0, Exeter 0, Wager 0, Prince of Wales 0, Walpole 0, Drake 0, Edgecote 0, Rhoda 1, Admiral Vernon 0, Bombay Castle 0, Pelham 0, Chesterfield 0, total 3 Benjamin Mason, stock 15, returned for slaughter 2, killed for the market 0, Houghton 0, Stretham 0, Prince George 0, Exeter 0, Wager 0, Prince of Wales 0, Walpole 0, Drake 0, Edgecote 0, Rhoda 0, Admiral Vernon 0, Bombay Castle 0, Pelham 0, Chesterfield 0, total 2 George Alexander, stock 14, returned for slaughter 4, killed for the market 0, Houghton 0, Stretham 0, Prince George 0, Exeter 0, Wager 0, Prince of Wales 0, Walpole 0, Drake 0, Edgecote 0, Rhoda 0, Admiral Vernon 1, Bombay Castle 0, Pelham 0, Chesterfield 0, total 1 Mary Seale, stock 11, returned for slaughter 3, killed for the market 0, Houghton 0, Stretham 0, Prince George 0, Exeter 0, Wager 0, Prince of Wales 0, Walpole 0, Drake 0, Edgecote 0, Rhoda 0, Admiral Vernon 1, Bombay Castle 0, Pelham 0, Chesterfield 0, total 1 Josias Lefountain's orphans, stock 10, returned for slaughter 1, killed for the market 0, Houghton 0, Stretham 0, Prince George 0, Exeter 0, Wager 0, Prince of Wales 0, Walpole 0, Drake 0, Edgecote 0, Rhoda 0, Admiral Vernon 0, Bombay Castle 0, Pelham 0, Chesterfield 0, total 0 Samuel Knipe, stock 10, returned for slaughter 4, killed for the market 0, Houghton 0, Stretham 0, Prince George 0, Exeter 0, Wager 0, Prince of Wales 0, Walpole 0, Drake 0, Edgecote 0, Rhoda 0, Admiral Vernon 1, Bombay Castle 0, Pelham 0, Chesterfield 0, total 1 William Burnham, stock 10, returned for slaughter 2, killed for the market 0, Houghton 0, Stretham 0, Prince George 0, Exeter 0, Wager 0, Prince of Wales 0, Walpole 0, Drake 0, Edgecote 0, Rhoda 0, Admiral Vernon 0, Bombay Castle 0, Pelham 0, Chesterfield 0, total 1 William Seale, stock 9, returned for slaughter 2, killed for the market 0, Houghton 0, Stretham 0, Prince George 0, Exeter 1, Wager 0, Prince of Wales 0, Walpole 0, Drake 0, Edgecote 0, Rhoda 0, Admiral Vernon 0, Bombay Castle 0, Pelham 0, Chesterfield 0, total 1 Isaac Knipe, stock 8, returned for slaughter 2, killed for the market 0, Houghton 0, Stretham 0, Prince George 0, Exeter 0, Wager 0, Prince of Wales 0, Walpole 0, Drake 0, Edgecote 0, Rhoda 0, Admiral Vernon 0, Bombay Castle 0, Pelham 0, Chesterfield 0, total 0 Simon Whaley's orphans, stock 8, returned for slaughter 2, killed for the market 0, Houghton 0, Stretham 0, Prince George 2, Exeter 0, Wager 0, Prince of Wales 0, Walpole 0, Drake 0, Edgecote 0, Rhoda 0, Admiral Vernon 0, Bombay Castle 0, Pelham 0, Chesterfield 0, total 2 Stephen Young, stock 7, returned for slaughter 2, killed for the market 1, Houghton 0, Stretham 0, Prince George 0, Exeter 0, Wager 0, Prince of Wales 0, Walpole 0, Drake 0, Edgecote 0, Rhoda 0, Admiral Vernon 0, Bombay Castle 0, Pelham 0, Chesterfield 0, total 2 Thomas Bazetts' orphans, stock 5, returned for slaughter 1, killed for the market 0, Houghton 0, Stretham 0, Prince George 0, Exeter 0, Wager 0, Prince of Wales 0, Walpole 0, Drake 0, Edgecote 0, Rhoda 0, Admiral Vernon 1, Bombay Castle 0, Pelham 0, Chesterfield 0, total 1 Total, stock 1,229, returned for slaughter 371, killed for the market 51, Houghton 10, Stretham 6, Prince George 10½, Exeter 13, Wager 2, Prince of Wales 6, Walpole 19½, Drake 9, Edgecote 5, Rhoda 9, Admiral Vernon 20, Bombay Castle 9, Pelham 8, Chesterfield 13, total 191 Interpretations This list set out the private cattle of the island's planters returned for slaughter and sold to the Company's ships, distinct from the Company's own herds recorded in the monthly livestock accounts. The return shows the free inhabitants as substantial cattle owners in their own right, holding over twelve hundred beasts between them, their stock furnishing a large part of the fresh beef that victualled the homeward fleet alongside the Company's own supply. The great disparity in the planters' holdings, from Francis Wrangham's 128 head down to the five of the Thomas Bazetts' orphans, marks the wide range of wealth among the island's free families, the cattle a chief measure of a planter's standing. This gradation of stock shows the settled social order of the planter community, the leading families holding herds many times the size of the smallest, their wealth in cattle reflecting their place in the island's landed society. The many holdings entered as orphans' estates, the Doveton, Stewards, Bazett, Ryder, Harper and Whaley orphans among them, mark the working of the island's provision for the children of deceased planters, their cattle managed on their behalf. This prominence of orphans' estates reflects the heavy mortality of the settlement and the care taken to preserve the property of the fatherless, the herds kept and returned in the orphans' names until the children should come of age to hold them. Speculations The whole fleet of fourteen ships was supplied from the pooled returns of the planters gathered into one market list, rather than each ship victualled from a single estate or the Company's herds alone. The obvious course of provisioning so many vessels might have drawn on the Company's own stock or left each planter to deal separately, yet the record shows the beasts distributed across the ships from a common return, the fractional entries of a half-beast to a ship marking a deliberate pooling by which the planters shared the trade of the fleet among them all.
235	229	We think it proper to inform their Honours that it having been agreed among the Planters before the Arrival of their last Orders to Supply a Beast out of every 20 of their whole Stocks to the Market and this regulation not being sufficient to furnish one a Week to it the Year round, some Bocks of 17 and 15 were taken into that 20. Upon examining the number of Cattle returned for Slaughter, and upon computing what might be required for their Honours and Foreign Ships, we found that more could be killed for the Market, we therefore directed three a Week to be sent to it from the 7th of June last, and as there now remains 147 which we believe will fully supply their Honours Ships that we have yet to expect and the Market, we propose to have the like number brought to it every Week, if the Cattle that are left are likely to weigh as much as those that have been already Slaughtered, and no Accident happens, or reason appears that may cause us to change our intentions. Samuel Doveton Orphans not having killed for Ships in proportion to the rest, according to the Number they returned for Slaughters, so from their not furnishing in the same proportion to the Market, and their backwardness in not sending the Cattle they could well have spared the last Year when that was very much wanted there, has been the cause of their having so many to kill in this. The rest of the Planters, who believe their Honours will find have hitherto been ordered to kill in as just a proportion as it is well possible for them to do, the only exceptions are two or three poor People who were indulged more out of Charity every Person was had up to the Store on the 2d of June last to tell them to whom they should be for ever received their Honours Orders to be observed, this is the reason why Mr John Goodwin supplied the Dane Ship the Crown Prince with 17 Beasts, and Mr Thomas Greentree to another Dane Ship the King of Denmark that sailed before these Orders could be put in execution. Returned for Slaughter 371 Killed for the Market (including 14 slaughtered Colourhar’d) 205 Killed for the Company’s Ships 140 Killed for Foreign Ships 25 930 Remains 141 Cha: Hutchinson John Adamson John Clark	The Council thought it proper to inform the Court of Directors that the planters had agreed, before the arrival of their last orders, to supply a beast out of every twenty of their whole stocks to the market. This regulation not being sufficient to furnish one a week to it the year round, some flocks of seventeen and fifteen head had been taken into that twenty. On examining the number of cattle returned for slaughter, and computing what might be required for the Company's and for foreign ships, the Council found that more could be killed for the market, and so directed three a week to be sent from 7 June. As 141 head remained, which the Council believed would fully supply the Company's ships yet expected and the market, it proposed to bring the like number to market every week, provided the remaining cattle weighed as much as those already slaughtered and no accident or other reason arose to change the intention. Samuel Doveton's orphans had not killed for ships in proportion to the rest, according to the number they had returned for slaughter, nor had they furnished the market in the same proportion. Their backwardness in not sending cattle they could well have spared the previous year, when it was much wanted, was the cause of their having so many left to kill this year. The rest of the planters had, the Council believed, been ordered to kill in as just a proportion as was possible, the only exceptions being two or three poor people indulged more out of charity. Every person had been brought to the store on 2 June to be told the terms on which they were to supply cattle, and had received the Court's orders to be observed. This was the reason John Goodwin had supplied the Danish ship Crown Prince with 17 beasts, and Thomas Greentree had supplied another Danish ship, the King of Denmark, before these orders could be put into execution. Returned for slaughter, 371 Killed for the market, including 14 slaughtered damaged, 205 Killed for the Company's ships, 140 Killed for foreign ships, 25 Remains, 141 The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson, John Adamson and John Clark. Interpretations The internal figures of this return do not sum exactly to the totals stated, and are carried here as written. The report shows the Council operating a managed slaughter quota, a beast from every twenty head, expanded once experience showed it insufficient, and adjusted again once a stock check showed room to increase the weekly supply, a genuinely responsive system of livestock management rather than a fixed annual rule. The account of Samuel Doveton's orphans, penalised this year for having withheld cattle the previous year when it was badly needed, shows the Council keeping a multi-year memory of individual planters' compliance and adjusting each household's slaughter quota accordingly, treating the supply of the market as an obligation to be enforced proportionately across seasons rather than judged quarter by quarter alone. Goodwin's and Greentree's sales of cattle to two Danish ships just before the new quota orders took effect show how narrow the window was between the Council's decision and its enforcement, planters still free to sell into a private foreign trade until the moment the new rule actually reached them.
236	230	At a Consultation held on Monday the 13th Day of August 1753 at the Castle. Present Charles Hutchinson Esq. Governour Lieutenant John Adames Lieutenant Governour Lieutenant John Clark of Council. The last Consultation was read approved and signed Dated 6 August 1753. Thursday 8th Sailed the Honourable Companys Ship Chesterfield for England. The Widow and Executors of the Estate of Benjamin Pledger, presented the following Petition Vizt To the Worshipful Charles Hutchinson Esq. Governour & Council. The humble Petition of Susanna Pledger Orlando Bagley and William Scales, the Widow and Executors of Benjamin Pledger deceased. Sheweth That your Petitioners apprehends it will be much to the Advantage of themselves, and the rest of the Heirs of the said Benjamin Pledger to dispose of a House in this Valley situated between the Houses of Mr Matthew Pauling and Mr James Greentree. Your Petitioners therefore for themselves, and in behalf of the rest of the Heirs to the Estate of the said Benjamin Pledger, humbly prays that your Worship and Council will be Pleased to grant them liberty to put the said House up to publick Auction, and sell it to the best bidder And your Petitioners will ever pray &c. (Signed) her Susanna X Pledger mark Orlando Bagley William Scales	At a consultation held at the Castle on 13 August 1753, Governor Charles Hutchinson sat with Lieutenant John Adamson, Lieutenant Governor, and Lieutenant John Clark of the Council. The Council read the earlier consultation of 6 August 1753, then approved and signed it. The Company's ship Chesterfield had sailed for England on Thursday 8 August. The widow and executors of the estate of Benjamin Pledger presented a petition to the Council. Susanna Pledger, Orlando Bagley and William Scales, widow and executors of Benjamin Pledger, deceased, set out that they apprehended it would be much to the advantage of themselves and the rest of Pledger's heirs to dispose of a house in the valley, situated between the houses of Matthew Pauling and James Greentree. They humbly prayed the Council to grant them liberty to put the house up to public auction and sell it to the best bidder. The petition was signed with Susanna Pledger's mark, and by Orlando Bagley and William Scales.
237	231	Granted. Cha’s Hutchinson John Adamson John Clark At a Consultation held on Monday the 20th Day of August 1753 at the Castle Present Charles Hutchinson Esq’r Governour Lieut. John Adamson Lieutt. Governour Lieutt. John Clark of Council. The last Consultation was read approved and signed dated the 13th August 1753. Thursday 16th Died Margaret Wife of William Dufton Soldier. The Plantation Gunners and Stewards Accounts, from the 12th July to the 11th August last were this Day brought in, which were examined and approved and are as follow Viz’t	The petition was granted. The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson, John Adamson and John Clark. At a consultation held at the Castle on 20 August 1753, Governor Charles Hutchinson sat with Lieutenant John Adamson, Lieutenant Governor, and Lieutenant John Clark of the Council. The Council read the earlier consultation of 13 August 1753, then approved and signed it. Margaret, wife of William Dufton, soldier, died on Thursday 16 August. The plantation gunner's and steward's accounts from 12 July to 11 August were brought in this day, examined, approved and entered as follows.
238	232	An Account of the Honourable Companys Stock of Neat Cattle & ca from the 12 July to the 11 August 1753 Bulls, Cows, Calves, Yearlings, Heifers, Steers, Bullocks, Oxen, Total, Ewes, Wethers, Lambs, Rams, Total, Ewes, Wethers, Kids, Rams, Total, Sows, Shoats, Piggs, Boars, Total, Turkeys, Fowls, Ducks, Geese, Horses, Mares, Total, Asses, Total Remaining the 12: Bulls 3, Cows 75, Calves 54, Yearlings 24, Heifers 6, Steers 24, Bullocks 0, Oxen 12, Total 198, Ewes 161, Wethers 29, Lambs 67, Rams 6, Total 263, Ewes 78, Wethers 13, Kids 40, Rams 4, Total 135, Sows 4, Shoats 12, Piggs 18, Boars 1, Total 35, Turkeys 18, Fowls 195, Ducks 43, Geese 21, Horses 6, Mares 6, Total 12, Asses 3, Total 3 Encreased: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 8, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Bullocks 0, Oxen 0, Total 8, Ewes 0, Wethers 0, Lambs 15, Rams 0, Total 15, Ewes 0, Wethers 0, Kids 6, Rams 0, Total 6, Sows 0, Shoats 0, Piggs 0, Boars 0, Total 0, Turkeys 7, Fowls 12, Ducks 0, Geese 6, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0, Asses 0, Total 0 Bulls 3, Cows 75, Calves 62, Yearlings 24, Heifers 6, Steers 24, Bullocks 0, Oxen 12, Total 206, Ewes 161, Wethers 29, Lambs 82, Rams 6, Total 278, Ewes 78, Wethers 13, Kids 46, Rams 4, Total 141, Sows 4, Shoats 12, Piggs 18, Boars 1, Total 35, Turkeys 25, Fowls 207, Ducks 43, Geese 27, Horses 6, Mares 6, Total 12, Asses 3, Total 3 Killed: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 0, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 7, Bullocks 0, Oxen 0, Total 7, Ewes 2, Wethers 5, Lambs 0, Rams 0, Total 7, Ewes 0, Wethers 1, Kids 1, Rams 0, Total 2, Sows 0, Shoats 1, Piggs 1, Boars 0, Total 2, Turkeys 1, Fowls 20, Ducks 6, Geese 1, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0, Asses 0, Total 0 Died: Bulls 0, Cows 1, Calves 0, Yearlings 1, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Bullocks 0, Oxen 0, Total 2, Ewes 2, Wethers 0, Lambs 0, Rams 0, Total 2, Ewes 0, Wethers 0, Kids 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Sows 0, Shoats 0, Piggs 0, Boars 0, Total 0, Turkeys 0, Fowls 5, Ducks 2, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0, Asses 0, Total 0 Killed by Cats: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 0, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Bullocks 0, Oxen 0, Total 0, Ewes 0, Wethers 0, Lambs 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Ewes 0, Wethers 0, Kids 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Sows 0, Shoats 0, Piggs 0, Boars 0, Total 0, Turkeys 0, Fowls 10, Ducks 0, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0, Asses 0, Total 0 Stole: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 0, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Bullocks 0, Oxen 0, Total 0, Ewes 0, Wethers 0, Lambs 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Ewes 0, Wethers 0, Kids 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Sows 0, Shoats 0, Piggs 0, Boars 0, Total 0, Turkeys 0, Fowls 0, Ducks 1, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0, Asses 0, Total 0 Bulls 3, Cows 74, Calves 62, Yearlings 23, Heifers 6, Steers 17, Bullocks 0, Oxen 12, Total 197, Ewes 157, Wethers 24, Lambs 82, Rams 6, Total 269, Ewes 78, Wethers 12, Kids 45, Rams 4, Total 139, Sows 4, Shoats 11, Piggs 17, Boars 1, Total 33, Turkeys 24, Fowls 172, Ducks 35, Geese 23, Horses 6, Mares 6, Total 12, Asses 3, Total 3 Beef to the Bombay Castle 560 Do to the Pelham 560 Do to the Chesterfield 560 One Boy Born Named Tom One Girl Dead Named Sarah Maggot Yams Expended 21406 Errors Excepted (Signd) John Adamson	An account of the Company's stock of cattle and other livestock from 12 July to 11 August 1753 recorded the following. Neat cattle: Remaining 12 July: bulls 3, cows 75, calves 54, yearlings 24, heifers 6, steers 24, bullocks 0, oxen 12, total 198 Increase: bulls 0, cows 0, calves 8, yearlings 0, heifers 0, steers 0, bullocks 0, oxen 0, total 8 Total: bulls 3, cows 75, calves 62, yearlings 24, heifers 6, steers 24, bullocks 0, oxen 12, total 206 Killed: bulls 0, cows 0, calves 0, yearlings 0, heifers 0, steers 7, bullocks 0, oxen 0, total 7 Died: bulls 0, cows 1, calves 1, yearlings 0, heifers 0, steers 0, bullocks 0, oxen 0, total 2 Remaining 11 August: bulls 3, cows 74, calves 62, yearlings 23, heifers 6, steers 17, bullocks 0, oxen 12, total 197 Sheep: Remaining 12 July: ewes 161, wethers 29, lambs 67, rams 6, total 263 Increase: ewes 0, wethers 0, lambs 15, rams 0, total 15 Total: ewes 161, wethers 29, lambs 82, rams 6, total 278 Killed: ewes 2, wethers 5, lambs 0, rams 0, total 7 Died: ewes 2, wethers 0, lambs 0, rams 0, total 2 Remaining 11 August: ewes 157, wethers 24, lambs 82, rams 6, total 269 Goats: Remaining 12 July: ewes 78, wethers 13, kids 40, rams 4, total 135 Increase: ewes 0, wethers 0, kids 6, rams 0, total 6 Total: ewes 78, wethers 13, kids 46, rams 4, total 141 Killed: ewes 1, wethers 1, kids 0, rams 0, total 2 Died: ewes 0, wethers 0, kids 0, rams 0, total 0 Remaining 11 August: ewes 78, wethers 12, kids 45, rams 4, total 139 Hogs: Remaining 12 July: sows 4, shoats 12, pigs 18, boars 1, total 35 Increase: sows 0, shoats 0, pigs 0, boars 0, total 0 Total: sows 4, shoats 12, pigs 18, boars 1, total 35 Killed: sows 0, shoats 1, pigs 1, boars 0, total 2 Died: sows 0, shoats 0, pigs 0, boars 0, total 0 Remaining 11 August: sows 4, shoats 11, pigs 17, boars 1, total 33 Poultry: Remaining 12 July: turkeys 18, fowls 195, ducks 43, geese 21, total 35 Increase: turkeys 7, fowls 12, ducks 6, geese 0, total 0 Total: turkeys 25, fowls 207, ducks 43, geese 27, total 0 Killed: turkeys 1, fowls 20, ducks 6, geese 1, total 0 Died: turkeys 0, fowls 5, ducks 2, geese 0, total 0 Killed by cats: turkeys 0, fowls 10, ducks 0, geese 0, total 0 Remaining 11 August: turkeys 24, fowls 172, ducks 35, geese 23, total 0 Horses: Remaining 12 July: stock 6, mares 6, total 12 Stole: 0, 1 Remaining 11 August: stock 6, mares 6, total 12 Asses: Remaining 12 July: 3, total 3 Remaining 11 August: 3, total 3 Beef to the Bombay Castle, 560 Ditto to the Pelham, 560 Ditto to the Chesterfield, 560 One boy born named Tom One girl dead named Sarah Maggot Yams expended 21,406 John Adamson signed the account, errors excepted. Interpretations The three ships victualled with beef, the Bombay Castle, Pelham and Chesterfield, mark the return of a busier shipping season, three vessels calling together where the quiet months had supplied none. This renewed demand for fresh provision shows the traffic of the road quickening again as a fresh body of homeward ships gathered, the herds drawn on once more to supply the fleet before the long passage home, the same ships named in the planters' market list of the preceding leaf. The birth of the slave boy Tom and the death of the girl Sarah Maggot, entered together among the increase and loss of the stock, continued the practice of recording the Company's bond labour in the livestock account. This bare succession of a birth and a death set beside the tally of calves and dead poultry marks the plain manner in which the books tracked the slaves as property, their generations noted as the natural increase and wastage of the Company's holdings. The notice of a horse stolen and poultry taken by cats marks the several losses of stock to theft and vermin over the month, the missing mare set down under its own head. This separate reckoning of the stolen beast shows the careful tracking of every loss, the theft distinguished from natural death and slaughter, the account holding the herdsman to a strict account for each animal missing from the Company's stock however it was lost.
239	233	Gunners Stores expended from the 12 July to the 11 August 1753 both Days Included Guns Fired, 4 lb, 3 lb, 2 lb, 1 lb, Powder Expended July 12 a Double Allarm: Guns Fired 9, 4 lb 3, 3 lb 3, 2 lb 0, 1 lb 3, Powder Expended 18 Do Arrived the Bombay Castle returned the Salute: Guns Fired 9, 4 lb 0, 3 lb 0, 2 lb 9, 1 lb 0, Powder Expended 9 Do Powder for Priming: Guns Fired 0, 4 lb 0, 3 lb 0, 2 lb 0, 1 lb 0, Powder Expended 1 8 Do Arrived the Pelham returned the Salute: Guns Fired 9, 4 lb 0, 3 lb 0, 2 lb 9, 1 lb 0, Powder Expended 9 Do Powder for Priming: Guns Fired 0, 4 lb 0, 3 lb 0, 2 lb 0, 1 lb 0, Powder Expended 1 8 17 An Allarm: Guns Fired 6, 4 lb 2, 3 lb 2, 2 lb 0, 1 lb 2, Powder Expended 12 Do Arrived the Chesterfield returned the Salute: Guns Fired 9, 4 lb 0, 3 lb 0, 2 lb 9, 1 lb 0, Powder Expended 9 Do Powder for Priming: Guns Fired 0, 4 lb 0, 3 lb 0, 2 lb 0, 1 lb 0, Powder Expended 1 8 24 Departed the Pelham returned the Salute: Guns Fired 9, 4 lb 0, 3 lb 0, 2 lb 9, 1 lb 0, Powder Expended 9 Do Powder for Priming: Guns Fired 0, 4 lb 0, 3 lb 0, 2 lb 0, 1 lb 0, Powder Expended 1 8 Powder for Signals: Guns Fired 0, 4 lb 0, 3 lb 0, 2 lb 0, 1 lb 0, Powder Expended 8 Total: Guns Fired 51, 4 lb 5, 3 lb 5, 2 lb 36, 1 lb 5, Powder Expended 72 8 Paper for the use of the Castle 1 Quire Spunge Staves for Repairing the Spunges at the Main Fort 5 Spunge Heads for Do at Do 12 Rammer Heads for Do at Do 13 Sheep Skins for Do at Do 14 Sprink Nails for Do at Do 420 Bitts broke at the Main Fort 3 Hand Spikes Broke at the Main Fort 1 Tallow for Greasing the Pump 1 Match burnt at the main Fort 6 (Signed) Thomas Hall	Gunners' stores expended from 12 July to 11 August 1753 came to the following. The column headings named the guns fired by calibre, running 4-pounders, 3-pounders, 2-pounders and 1-pounders, with a final column for the powder expended. 12 July, a double alarm, 9 guns fired, 3 4-pounders, 3 3-pounders, 0 2-pounders, 3 1-pounders, 18 lb 0 oz powder Ditto, arrived the Bombay Castle, returned the salute, 9 guns fired, 0 4-pounders, 0 3-pounders, 9 2-pounders, 0 1-pounders, 9 lb 0 oz powder Ditto, powder for priming, 0 guns fired, 0 4-pounders, 0 3-pounders, 0 2-pounders, 0 1-pounders, 1 lb 8 oz powder Ditto, arrived the Pelham, returned the salute, 9 guns fired, 0 4-pounders, 0 3-pounders, 9 2-pounders, 0 1-pounders, 9 lb 0 oz powder Ditto, powder for priming, 0 guns fired, 0 4-pounders, 0 3-pounders, 0 2-pounders, 0 1-pounders, 1 lb 8 oz powder 17 July, an alarm, 6 guns fired, 2 4-pounders, 2 3-pounders, 0 2-pounders, 2 1-pounders, 12 lb 0 oz powder Ditto, arrived the Chesterfield, returned the salute, 9 guns fired, 0 4-pounders, 0 3-pounders, 9 2-pounders, 0 1-pounders, 9 lb 0 oz powder Ditto, powder for priming, 0 guns fired, 0 4-pounders, 0 3-pounders, 0 2-pounders, 0 1-pounders, 1 lb 8 oz powder 24 July, departed the Pelham, returned the salute, 9 guns fired, 0 4-pounders, 0 3-pounders, 9 2-pounders, 0 1-pounders, 9 lb 0 oz powder Ditto, powder for priming, 0 guns fired, 0 4-pounders, 0 3-pounders, 0 2-pounders, 0 1-pounders, 1 lb 8 oz powder Powder for signals, 0 guns fired, 0 4-pounders, 0 3-pounders, 0 2-pounders, 0 1-pounders, 0 lb 8 oz powder Total, 51 guns fired, 5 4-pounders, 5 3-pounders, 36 2-pounders, 5 1-pounders, 72 lb 8 oz powder Paper for the use of the castle, 1 quire Sponge staves for repairing the sponges at the Main Fort, 5 Sponge heads for repairing the sponges at the Main Fort, 12 Rammer heads for repairing the sponges at the Main Fort, 13 Sheep skins for repairing the sponges at the Main Fort, 14 Sprig nails for repairing the sponges at the Main Fort, 420 Bits broke at the Main Fort, 3 Handspikes broke at the Main Fort, 1 Tallow for greasing the pump, 1 lb Match burnt at the Main Fort, 6 lb Thomas Hall signed the account. Interpretations The salutes recorded here mark the arrival and departure of the same ships whose beef issue appeared on the livestock account, the Bombay Castle, Pelham and Chesterfield greeted with the customary nine guns as the new fleet gathered in the road. This return of frequent firings after the quiet weeks shows the shipping season reviving, the batteries again busy answering the homeward vessels as they came to the island for refreshment before the passage to England. The salute fired for the arriving ships was answered here with the 2-pounder guns rather than the 4-pounders used for the same courtesy in the spring, the lighter piece serving the ceremony as the season's practice varied. This shift in the gun used for the salute shows the batteries drawing on whichever calibre served, the smaller 2-pounder answering the nine-gun courtesy of the merchantmen while the heavier metal was reserved for graver use. The large quantity of sponge and rammer heads, sheepskins and sprig nails issued for repairing the sponges at the Main Fort marks a thorough overhaul of the gun-loading tools, the whole apparatus of sponges and rammers renewed at once. This concentrated repair shows the armourer setting the fort's gun furniture in order, perhaps against the demands of the reviving season, the tools made good in a body to keep the great guns fit for the salutes and any service the coming months might bring.
240	234	Sundrys Expended at the Honourable Companys General Table from the 12 of July to the 11 August 1753 Vizt 4 Bottles Port Wine 6 32 Do Lisbon 2 8 6 Do Madeira 13 9 59 Do Arrack 1 19 11 ¼ 67 Do Beer 16 9 310 Flour 2 1 11 ¾ 143 Beef 1 15 9 264 Mutton 5 10 20 Fowls 1 10 6 Ducks 9 1 Goose 5 1 Turkey 5 1 Pig 5 43 ¾ Butter 2 3 9 8 Prs Salt Pork 16 110 Candy 1 16 8 19 Goat 6 4 1 Kid 5 23 13 11 Chas Hutchinson John Adamson John Clark	Sundries expended at the Company's general table from 12 July to 11 August 1753 came to the following. 4 bottles port wine, £0 6s 0d 32 ditto Lisbon, £2 8s 0d 6 ditto Madeira, £0 13s 9d 59 ditto arrack, £1 19s 11¼d 67 ditto beer, £0 16s 9d 310 flour, £2 1s 11¾d 143 beef, £1 15s 9d 264 mutton, £5 10s 0d 20 fowls, £1 10s 0d 6 ducks, £0 9s 0d 1 goose, £0 5s 0d 1 turkey, £0 5s 0d 1 pig, £0 5s 0d 43¾ butter, £2 3s 9d 8 pieces salt pork, £0 16s 0d 110 candy, £1 16s 8d 19 goat, £0 6s 4d 1 kid, £0 5s 0d Total, £23 13s 11d Governor Hutchinson, John Adamson and John Clark signed the account. Interpretations The general table over this month again held near its settled level of around twenty-three pounds, the entertainment of the establishment maintained at its constant rate through the succeeding months. This continued steadiness in the charge confirms the fixed character of the hospitality as a standing expense of the government, the board furnished at an even rate whether the shipping season pressed or slackened, the officers and visitors fed at the same regular cost throughout the year. The mutton now greatly outweighing the beef on the table, five and a half pounds against under two, marks the continued reliance on the plentiful sheep for the fresh meat of the establishment. This heavy use of mutton reflects the state of the flocks and herds, the abundant sheep furnishing the larger part of the table's meat while the cattle were reserved for the beef demanded by the ships in the road, the balance of the meat consumed shifting with the pressure on each kind of stock. The single kid and pig appearing on the table beside the mutton and beef mark the season's young meat reaching the Governor's board, the tender flesh of the growing stock furnishing a finer sort of dish. This addition of the young meat shows the table taking the best of the season's increase, the kid and pig of the summer months providing a more delicate fare than the older stock and the salt provisions that made up the bulk of the ordinary board.
241	235	At a Consultation held on Monday the 27th day of August 1753 at the Castle. Present Charles Hutchinson Esq Governor Lieutenant John Adamson Lieutt Governor Lieutenant John Clark of Council. The last Consultation was read approved and signed dated the 20th August 1753. Richard Swaits having applyed to us to Assign the remainder of his Right in a Lease, for a piece of Ground in this Valley, to Mrs Eleanor Leech. Granted Benjamin Pledger applyed to us for liberty to chuse a Guardian in Order to take his Dividend out of his late Fathers Estate, he now wanting about eighteen Months of being of Age. Granted. John Bradley Soldier, Petitioned for his Discharge from the Garrison having servd the Honorable Company his Contracted Time. Granted. Counted and Examined the Honorable Companys Cash from the 12th July to the 11th August, which is as follows Vizt:	At a consultation held at the Castle on 27 August 1753, Governor Charles Hutchinson sat with Lieutenant John Adamson, Lieutenant Governor, and Lieutenant John Clark of the Council. The Council read the earlier consultation of 20 August 1753, then approved and signed it. Richard Swaits applied to assign the remainder of his right in a lease of a piece of ground in the valley to Eleanor Leech, which was granted. Benjamin Pledger applied for leave to choose a guardian to take his dividend from his late father's estate, being about eighteen months short of full age, which was granted. John Bradley, soldier, petitioned for his discharge from the garrison, having served the Company his contracted time, which was granted. The Council counted and examined the Company's cash from 12 July to 11 August, entered as follows.
242	236	Cash 1753 July 12 To Balance remaining July 16 To Exchange for a Set of Bills drawn on the Honble. Company, payable to Matthew Purking or Order 90 Days after sight dated this Day 21 To Ship Bombays Castle, the Balance of her Account To Ship Pelham, the Balance of her Account August 6 To Do for a Set of Bills drawn on the Honble Court of Directors, payable to the Reverend William Lee or Order 90 days after sight dated this Day 10 To Do for a Set of Bills drawn as above, payable to Richard Beale or Order 90 days after sight dated this Day 60 To Do for a Set of Bills drawn as above payable to John Goodwin or Order 90 days after sight dated this Day 40 To Do for a Set of Bills drawn as above, payable to John Bland or Order 90 days after sight dated this Day 30 To Do for a Set of Bills drawn as above, payable to Francis Mowatt or Order 90 days after sight dated this Day 40 To Do for a Set of Bills drawn as above, payable to Capt. Edwin Carter or Order 90 days after sight dated this Day 150 To Do for a Set of Bills drawn as above, payable to Messrs John Goodwin & Matthew Purking or Order on Account of Mr. John Brown, 90 days after sight dated this Day 68 10 To Ship Chesterfield the Balance of her Account 40 5 8 1/2 £ 4919 11 10 3/4	The cash account of the Company was cast for the period from 12 July to 11 August 1753. 12 July, to balance remaining 16th, to exchange for a set of bills drawn on the Company, payable to Matthew Purling or order, ninety days after sight, dated this day 21st, to the ship Bombay Castle, the balance of her account To the ship Pelham, the balance of her account 6 August, to exchange for a set of bills drawn on the Court of Directors, payable to the Reverend William Lee or order, ninety days after sight, dated this day To the same, payable to Richard Beale or order, ninety days after sight, dated this day, £60 To the same, payable to John Goodwin or order, ninety days after sight, dated this day, £40 To the same, payable to John Bland or order, ninety days after sight, dated this day, £30 To the same, payable to Francis Mowatt or order, ninety days after sight, dated this day, £40 To the same, payable to Captain Edwin Carter or order, ninety days after sight, dated this day To the same, payable to John Goodwin and Matthew Purling or order, on account of John Brown, ninety days after sight, dated this day, £68 10s To the ship Chesterfield, the balance of her account, £40 5s 8½d Total, £4,919 11s 10¾d Interpretations This account gathers into one running total every bill of exchange drawn in the two consultations of 6 August recorded earlier in this batch, together with the closed accounts of four ships, the Bombay Castle, Pelham and Chesterfield among them, showing how the Council's individual grants of credit through the month were consolidated into a single monthly cash reckoning.
243	237	1753 August 11 By Balance remaining in the following Specie Vizt 640 Veneseans @ 10/ L320 5010 Pagodas @ 8/ 2004 Gold Amounting to L2324 6060 Dollars @ 5/ L1515 2976 Rupees @ 2/3 323 16 12948 Half Rials @ 5 3/4 202 6 3 441 French Pieces @ 1/2 3 13 6 Old Money 1 17 3 Silver Amounting to L2050 16 10 3/4 146 Cash Notes @ 40/ L292 162 Do @ 20/ 162 263 Do @ 5/ 65 15 160 Do @ 2/6 20 Cash Notes Amounting to L539 15 L4919 11 10 3/4 Part of a Wall in the Water course, which defended the Works at Rupert’s from being overflown, being washed away by the heavy Rains, that have lately fallen, we therefore employed a few Soldiers, to assist the Blacks, in repairing the damage, it requiring to be immediately done. Cha: Hutchinson John Adamson John Clark	The account continued on its creditor side, cast 11 August 1753. By balance remaining in the following species 640 Venetian pieces, at 10s, £320 5,010 pagodas, at 8s, £2,004 Gold amounting to £2,324 6,060 dollars, at 5s, £1,515 2,976 rupees, at 2s 3d, £323 16s 12,948 half rials, at 5¾d, £202 6s 341 French pieces, at 1s 2d, £3 13s 6d Odd money, £1 17s 3d Silver amounting to £2,050 16s 10¾d 146 cash notes, at 40s, £292 162 cash notes, at 20s, £162 263 cash notes, at 5s, £65 15s 160 cash notes, at 2s 6d, £20 Cash notes amounting to £539 15s Total, £4,919 11s 10¾d Part of a wall in the watercourse, which defended the works at Rupert's from being overflowed, had been washed away by the heavy rains lately fallen. The Council employed a few soldiers to assist the slaves in repairing the damage, it requiring to be done immediately. The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson, John Adamson and John Clark. Interpretations The sudden jump in the pagoda count, from a few hundred at the last several counts in this record to over five thousand here, points to a substantial fresh consignment of Indian gold reaching the cash chest, consistent with the several Indiamen, the Bombay Castle and Pelham among them, that had recently closed their accounts into this same total. The repair at Rupert's, using soldiers to assist the island's slaves rather than either group working alone, shows the Council mixing garrison and slave labour on urgent defensive work when the need was pressing enough to override the usual separation of duties recorded elsewhere in these batches.
244	238	At a Consultation held on Monday the 3d day of September 1753 at the Castle Present Charles Hutchinson Esq Governour Lieutenant John Adamson Lieut Governour Lieutenant John Clark of Council The last Consultation was read approved and signed Dated the 27th August 1753. Saturday the 1st Died Ann Infant of George & Margaret Alexander Matthew Ellis Soldier, petitioning for his Discharge from the Garrison, having served the Honorable Company his Contracted Time. Granted. Ordered the following Advertisement to be Published Vizt Whereas many irregularitys & Robberys are committed by Blacks being suffered to ramble about the Island, especially on Sundays, This is therefore to give Notice, that none hereafter must, be allowed to go from their respective Homes on that Day, nor to be absent from thence on any other, after the Hour of eight at Night, without leave in writing from his or their Masters or Owners, And all Persons are hereby authorized & required to stop every Black they find rambling in the Country on the abovementioned Day or after the aforesaid Time of Night; and if they cannot produce such a permission, they are to take his or their Names of his or their Masters or Owners, and to send it to the Secretary at the Fort, that such Black may be publicly Punished.	At a consultation held at the Castle on 3 September 1753, Governor Charles Hutchinson sat with Lieutenant John Adamson, Lieutenant Governor, and Lieutenant John Clark of the Council. The Council read the earlier consultation of 27 August 1753, then approved and signed it. Ann, infant of George and Margaret Alexander, died on Saturday 1 September. Matthew Ellis, soldier, petitioned for his discharge from the garrison, having served the Company his contracted time, which was granted. The Council ordered an advertisement to be published. Many irregularities and robberies were being committed by slaves allowed to ramble about the island, especially on Sundays. The notice therefore gave warning that none should in future be allowed to leave their homes on Sundays, nor be absent from them on any other day after eight at night, without leave in writing from their master or owner. All persons were authorised and required to stop any slave found rambling in the country on Sundays or after that hour at night, and if the slave could not produce such permission, to take his name and his master's or owner's name and send it to the secretary at the fort, so that the slave might be publicly punished. Interpretations The curfew order deputised every free inhabitant as an enforcer of slave movement, requiring them to stop, question and report any slave found abroad outside the permitted hours, a burden the Council placed on the whole free population rather than on any dedicated patrol. Restricting slaves to their homes on Sundays in particular, ordinarily a day of rest and gathering, suggests the Council saw the concentration of slaves moving freely on that day as the specific occasion for the thefts and disorder the order was meant to suppress.
245	239	By a very high Sea, such as never was known in the memory of any Man upon the Island, some damage was lately done to the old Batten, at Sandy Bay. It likewise, washed away the Crane that was there, & it had began to penetrate the Magazine, having spoilt a few Cartridges of Powder, It being necessary to repair it immediately. & some of the Artillery Company & the Guard here, being very industrious in a lashing, we thought proper to give them each, two Shillings & six pence as a reward for their diligence. Many of the Honble Companys Poultry having been killed in the long wood, by Wild Cats, which daily encrease, we, ordered a pint of Brandy to be given to any Person, who brought a wild Cat, as an encouragement to destroy them. The Soldiers Coats are now so bad, that they are almost waste, it being upwards of nine Years, since they were delivered to them; we therefore agreed to have one made for each Man, and accordingly Ordered a sufficient quantity of Deales Canvas, &c to be Issued for that purpose. Chas. Hutchinson John Adamson John Clark	By a very high sea, such as had never been known in the memory of any man on the island, some damage was lately done to the old battery at Sandy Bay. The sea had also washed away the crane there, and had begun to penetrate the magazine, spoiling a few cartridges of powder, making immediate repair necessary. Some of the artillery company and the guard, being very industrious in lashing the works secure, the Council thought proper to give each of them two shillings and sixpence as a reward for their diligence. Many of the Company's poultry having been killed in the Long Wood by wild cats, which increased daily, the Council ordered a pint of brandy to be given to any person who brought in a wild cat, as an encouragement to destroy them. The soldiers' coats were now so worn as to be almost wasted, it being upwards of nine years since they had been issued. The Council agreed to have one made for each man, and ordered a sufficient quantity of deal canvas and the like to be issued for that purpose. The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson, John Adamson and John Clark. Interpretations The bounty of a pint of brandy for every wild cat killed shows the Council using a small, immediately gratifying reward, rather than wages or a cash sum, to encourage a task any inhabitant might undertake informally, in contrast to the cash bounties used to recruit soldiers or reward more skilled labour elsewhere in these records. That the garrison's coats had gone nine years without replacement, and were only now renewed after the storm damage at Sandy Bay prompted a burst of urgent repair work, suggests routine equipment maintenance was easily deferred on the island until some other pressing event brought the state of the garrison's supplies back to the Council's attention.
246	240	At a consultation held on Monday the 10th day of September 1753 at the Castle. Present Charles Hutchinson Esq Governor Lieutt John Adamson Lieutt Governor Lieutt John Clark of Council. The last consultation was read, approved, and signed - dated the 3d September 1753. Ordered an Advertisement to be published - requiring the Inhabitants to send into the Secretary’s Office on or before the 30th instant, an exact Account of their Familys, Land and Cattle, and to attend at the Castle on Friday the 21st of next Month to pay their Rent & Revenues, due to the Honble Company for the Year past, & to acquaint them that their Honors Stores will be shut, on Saturday next, untill the 1st Day of October. Chas. Hutchinson John Adamson John Clark	At a consultation held at the Castle on 10 September 1753, Governor Charles Hutchinson sat with Lieutenant John Adamson, Lieutenant Governor, and Lieutenant John Clark of the Council. The Council read the earlier consultation of 3 September 1753, then approved and signed it. The Council ordered an advertisement to be published, requiring the inhabitants to send into the secretary's office, on or before 30 September, an exact account of their families, land and cattle, and to attend at the Castle on Friday 21 October to pay their rent and revenues due to the Company for the year past. They were also to be told that the Company's stores would be shut from the following Saturday until 1 October. The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson, John Adamson and John Clark.
247	241	At a Consultation held on Monday the 17th day of September 1753 at the Castle. Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governor Lieut John Adamson Lt Governor Lieutenant John Clark of Council. The last Consultation was read, approvd, and signed dated the 10th September 1753. Ordered the following Advertisement to be Published Vizt Whereas several skins of sheep have been lately found in the Long Wood Hangings, near the byeway that is commonly made use of by those People, that fetch Wood from thence which gives great reason to believe they have been killd by them. This is therefore to give Notice to all Persons that they are hereby strictly forbid to go, or come, from the Long Wood with Burthens by any other way, than the Public High Road, on Penalty of paying a fine of one Shilling for every offence, or being publicly whipt. Chas Hutchinson John Adamson John Clark	At a consultation held at the Castle on 17 September 1753, Governor Charles Hutchinson sat with Lieutenant John Adamson, Lieutenant Governor, and Lieutenant John Clark of the Council. The Council read the earlier consultation of 10 September 1753, then approved and signed it. The Council ordered an advertisement to be published. Several sheepskins had lately been found in the Long Wood hangings, near the byway commonly used by those who fetched wood from there, giving great reason to believe the sheep had been killed by them. The notice therefore strictly forbade all persons from going to or coming from the Long Wood with burdens by any way other than the public high road, on penalty of a fine of one shilling for every offence, or public whipping. The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson, John Adamson and John Clark. Interpretations The order restricting wood-carriers to the public road, on pain of a fine or whipping, treats the discovery of sheepskins along an informal byway as sufficient evidence of poaching to justify closing that route to everyone who used it for a legitimate purpose, penalising the many for the suspected offence of a few rather than attempting to identify the actual culprits.
248	242	24 September At a Consultation held on Monday the 24 day of September 1753 at the Castle Present Charles Hutchinson Esq Governor Lieut John Adamson Lt Govr Lieutenant John Clark of Council The last Consultation was read, approved, and Signed dated the 17 September 1753 The Plantation, Gunners, and Stewards Accounts from the 12 August to the 11 September were this day brought in, which were Examined and approved, and are as follow Vizt Sundrys Expended at the Honble Companys General Table, from the 12 August, to the 11 September 1753 Vizt 11 Bottles Port Wine 16 6 10 Do Lisbon 1 8 6 8 Do Madera 18 4 50 Do Beer 12 6 52 Do Arrack 1 13 10 ½ 250 Flour 1 13 10 ½ 244 Mutton 5 1 8 21 Goat 7 2 Kid 10 1 Lamb 10 13 Fowls 19 6 1 Duck 1 6 50 Pork 1 5 2 Turkeys 10 2 Pigs 10 1 Pr Salt Beef 2 9 7 Prs Do Pork 14 100 Candy 1 13 4 46 ½ Butter 2 6 6 22 2 ½	At a consultation held at the castle on Monday 24 September 1753, Governor Hutchinson attended with Lieutenant John Adamson, deputy governor, and Lieutenant John Clark of council present. The council read, approved and signed the previous consultation dated 17 September 1753. The council brought in the plantation, gunners' and steward's accounts from 12 August to 11 September, examined and approved them, which ran as follows. Sundries expended at the Company's general table from 12 August to 11 September 1753 came to the following. 11 bottles port wine, £0 16s 6d 10 ditto Lisbon, £1 8s 6d 8 ditto Madeira, £0 18s 4d 50 ditto beer, £0 12s 6d 52 ditto arrack, £0 12s 6d 250 flour, £1 13s 10½d 244 mutton, £1 19s 3¼d 21 goat, £5 1s 8d 2 skins, £0 0s 7d 1 lamb, £0 0s 10d 13 fowls, £0 0s 10d 1 duck, £0 19s 6d 50 pork, £0 1s 6d 2 turkeys, £1 5s 0d 2 pigs, £0 0s 10d 1 piece salt beef, £0 0s 10d 1 piece ditto pork, £0 2s 9d 100 candy, £1 13s 4d 46½ butter, £2 6s 6d Total, £22 2s 2½d Interpretations The two skins entered on the general table were the hides of the goats or sheep slaughtered for the board, the skins accounted separately as a byproduct of the killing to be turned to use in the tanning of leather. This notice of the skins shows the careful reckoning of every part of the beast consumed, the hide following the meat into the account so that nothing of the slaughtered animal was lost to the establishment's use. The general table over this month held near its settled level of around twenty-two pounds, the entertainment maintained at its constant rate through the succeeding months. This continued steadiness confirms the fixed character of the hospitality as a standing charge of the government, the board furnished at an even expense regardless of the season, the officers and visitors fed at the same regular rate whatever the traffic of the road. The falling off of the poultry and the finer meats, fowls and ducks now in ones and dozens where the busier months had consumed far more, reflects the quieter season with fewer ships and guests to entertain. This lighter consumption of the choicer fare shows the table drawing more modestly as the shipping slackened after the summer fleet had passed, the plainer board of the quiet months succeeding the fuller feasting of the crowded season.
249	243	An Account of the Honorable Companys Stock of Neat Cattle & ca from the 12 August to the 11 September 1753 Bulls, Cows, Calves, Yearlings, Heifers, Steers, Oxen, Total, Ewes, Wethers, Lambs, Rams, Total, Ewes, Wethers, Kids, Rams, Total, Sows, Shoats, Piggs, Boars, Total, Turkeys, Fowls, Ducks, Geese, Horses, Mares, Total, Asses, Total Remg 12: Bulls 3, Cows 74, Calves 62, Yearlings 23, Heifers 6, Steers 17, Oxen 12, Total 197, Ewes 157, Wethers 24, Lambs 82, Rams 6, Total 269, Ewes 78, Wethers 12, Kids 45, Rams 4, Total 139, Sows 4, Shoats 11, Piggs 17, Boars 1, Total 33, Turkeys 24, Fowls 174, Ducks 41, Geese 23, Horses 6, Mares 6, Total 12, Asses 3, Total 3 Encreased: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 5, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Oxen 0, Total 5, Ewes 0, Wethers 0, Lambs 11, Rams 0, Total 11, Ewes 0, Wethers 0, Kids 6, Rams 0, Total 6, Sows 0, Shoats 0, Piggs 7, Boars 0, Total 7, Turkeys 10, Fowls 40, Ducks 0, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0, Asses 0, Total 0 Bulls 3, Cows 74, Calves 67, Yearlings 23, Heifers 6, Steers 17, Oxen 12, Total 202, Ewes 157, Wethers 24, Lambs 93, Rams 6, Total 280, Ewes 78, Wethers 12, Kids 51, Rams 4, Total 145, Sows 4, Shoats 11, Piggs 24, Boars 1, Total 40, Turkeys 34, Fowls 214, Ducks 41, Geese 23, Horses 6, Mares 6, Total 12, Asses 3, Total 3 Killed: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 0, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Oxen 0, Total 0, Ewes 1, Wethers 5, Lambs 1, Rams 0, Total 7, Ewes 0, Wethers 3, Kids 2, Rams 0, Total 5, Sows 0, Shoats 1, Piggs 2, Boars 0, Total 3, Turkeys 2, Fowls 13, Ducks 1, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0, Asses 0, Total 0 Died: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 0, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Oxen 0, Total 0, Ewes 1, Wethers 0, Lambs 0, Rams 0, Total 1, Ewes 0, Wethers 0, Kids 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Sows 0, Shoats 1, Piggs 1, Boars 0, Total 2, Turkeys 0, Fowls 5, Ducks 1, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0, Asses 0, Total 0 Killd by Cats: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 0, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Oxen 0, Total 0, Ewes 0, Wethers 0, Lambs 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Ewes 0, Wethers 0, Kids 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Sows 0, Shoats 0, Piggs 0, Boars 0, Total 0, Turkeys 0, Fowls 3, Ducks 0, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0, Asses 0, Total 0 Remg 11: Bulls 3, Cows 74, Calves 67, Yearlings 23, Heifers 6, Steers 17, Oxen 12, Total 202, Ewes 155, Wethers 19, Lambs 92, Rams 6, Total 272, Ewes 78, Wethers 9, Kids 49, Rams 4, Total 140, Sows 4, Shoats 9, Piggs 21, Boars 1, Total 35, Turkeys 32, Fowls 193, Ducks 40, Geese 22, Horses 6, Mares 6, Total 12, Asses 3, Total 3 2 Goats to the Sick Slaves Yams Expended 22970 1 Woman Slave Died Named Nanny Chatham (Signed) John Adamson	An account of the Company's stock of cattle and other livestock from 12 August to 11 September 1753 recorded the following. Neat cattle: Remaining 12 August: bulls 3, cows 74, calves 62, yearlings 23, heifers 6, steers 17, oxen 12, total 197 Increase: bulls 0, cows 0, calves 5, yearlings 0, heifers 0, steers 0, oxen 0, total 5 Total: bulls 3, cows 74, calves 67, yearlings 23, heifers 6, steers 17, oxen 12, total 202 Killed: bulls 0, cows 0, calves 0, yearlings 0, heifers 0, steers 0, oxen 0, total 0 Died: bulls 0, cows 0, calves 0, yearlings 0, heifers 0, steers 0, oxen 0, total 0 Remaining 11 September: bulls 3, cows 74, calves 67, yearlings 23, heifers 6, steers 17, oxen 12, total 202 Sheep: Remaining 12 August: ewes 157, wethers 24, lambs 82, rams 6, total 269 Increase: ewes 0, wethers 0, lambs 11, rams 0, total 11 Total: ewes 157, wethers 24, lambs 93, rams 6, total 280 Killed: ewes 1, wethers 5, lambs 1, rams 0, total 7 Died: ewes 1, wethers 0, lambs 0, rams 0, total 1 Remaining 11 September: ewes 155, wethers 19, lambs 92, rams 6, total 272 Goats: Remaining 12 August: ewes 78, wethers 12, kids 45, rams 4, total 139 Increase: ewes 0, wethers 0, kids 6, rams 0, total 6 Total: ewes 78, wethers 12, kids 51, rams 4, total 145 Killed: ewes 0, wethers 3, kids 2, rams 0, total 5 Died: ewes 0, wethers 1, kids 1, rams 0, total 2 Remaining 11 September: ewes 78, wethers 9, kids 49, rams 4, total 140 Hogs: Remaining 12 August: sows 4, shoats 11, pigs 17, boars 1, total 33 Increase: sows 0, shoats 0, pigs 7, boars 0, total 7 Total: sows 4, shoats 11, pigs 24, boars 1, total 40 Killed: sows 0, shoats 1, pigs 2, boars 0, total 3 Died: sows 0, shoats 1, pigs 1, boars 0, total 2 Remaining 11 September: sows 4, shoats 9, pigs 21, boars 1, total 35 Poultry: Remaining 12 August: turkeys 24, fowls 174, ducks 41, geese 23, total 0 Increase: turkeys 10, fowls 40, ducks 0, geese 0, total 0 Total: turkeys 34, fowls 214, ducks 41, geese 23, total 0 Killed: turkeys 2, fowls 13, ducks 1, geese 0, total 0 Died: turkeys 0, fowls 5, ducks 1, geese 0, total 0 Killed by cats: turkeys 0, fowls 3, ducks 0, geese 0, total 0 Remaining 11 September: turkeys 32, fowls 193, ducks 40, geese 22, total 0 Horses: Remaining 12 August: stock 6, mares 6, total 12 Remaining 11 September: stock 6, mares 6, total 12 Asses: Remaining 12 August: 3, total 3 Remaining 11 September: 3, total 3 2 goats to the sick slaves. Yams expended 22,970 One woman slave died named Nanny Chatham. John Adamson signed the account. Interpretations The absence of any ship victualled this month, no beef issued to a departing vessel, confirms the quiet of the shipping season after the summer fleet had passed, the cattle spared the heavy slaughter of the busier months. This pause in the demand for fresh provision let the herds recover their numbers, the increase of calves, lambs, kids and pigs building the stock against the next season's press of shipping while the road lay empty of the homeward fleet. The death of the woman slave Nanny Chatham, entered plainly among the livestock, continued the succession of slave deaths recorded through the year, following the losses of Jack Guinea, Chatham, Sheba, Lime House and Sarah Maggot in the preceding months. This further loss marks the steady mortality among the Company's bond labour, the bare entry of another name beneath the tally of dead beasts reflecting the plain manner in which the books set down the passing of the workers as of the stock. The strong increase across the flocks and herds, lambs, kids and pigs added in numbers with the cattle holding steady and none killed, marks the season of recovery as the pastoral stock replenished itself through the quiet months. This building of the herds shows the natural wealth of the island restoring the numbers drawn down by the summer's shipping, the flocks left to increase on the pasture against the demands the next gathering of the fleet would bring.
250	244	Gunners Stores Expended from 12 August to 11 September 1753 Guns Fired, 6 Pounders, 9 Pounders, Powder Expended September 24 Powder damaged by the Sea at Sandy Bay Fort: Guns Fired 0, 6 Pounders 0, 9 Pounders 0, Powder Expended 21 27 Powder for Scaling & priming the Guns at the old Fort at Sandy Bay: Guns Fired 3, 6 Pounders 1, 9 Pounders 2, Powder Expended 7 8 Powder for Exercising with small Arms: Guns Fired 0, 6 Pounders 0, 9 Pounders 0, Powder Expended 233 2 Powder for blowing of Lime Stone at Sandy Bay: Guns Fired 0, 6 Pounders 0, 9 Pounders 0, Powder Expended 12 Total: Guns Fired 3, 6 Pounders 1, 9 Pounders 2, Powder Expended 273 10 Paper for the use of the Castle 1 Quire Spunge Staves for Yokes for Oxen 2 Spunge Staves to repair the Trangels 1 Handspikes for Maul Helves 1 Bitts broke at Sandy Bay 1 Bitts broke at the Main Fort 3 Spunge Staves preparing the Spunges at Ruperts 23 Spunge Heads for Do 23 Rammer Heads for Do 23 Sheep Skins for Do 19 Sprink Nails for Do 616 Spunge Staves for repairing the Spunges at Sandy Bay 14 Spunge Heads for Do 14 Rammer Heads for Do 14 Sheep Skins for Do 7 Sprink Nails for Do 140 Paper for making small Cartridges 13 Quire Tallow for the use of the Casks 6 Do for Greasing the Flagstaff at the Main Fort 2 (Signed) Thomas Hall Chas Hutchinson John Adamson John Clark	Gunners' stores expended from 12 August to 11 September 1753 came to the following. The column headings named the guns fired by calibre, running 4-pounders and 3-pounders, with a final column for the powder expended. 24 September, powder damaged by the sea at Sandy Bay Fort, 0 guns fired, 0 4-pounders, 0 3-pounders, 21 lb 0 oz powder 27 September, powder for scaling and priming the guns at the old fort at Sandy Bay, 3 guns fired, 1 4-pounder, 2 3-pounders, 7 lb 8 oz powder Powder for exercising with small arms, 0 guns fired, 0 4-pounders, 0 3-pounders, 235 lb 2 oz powder Powder for blowing limestone at Sandy Bay, 0 guns fired, 0 4-pounders, 0 3-pounders, 12 lb 0 oz powder Total, 3 guns fired, 1 4-pounder, 2 3-pounders, 275 lb 10 oz powder Paper for the use of the castle, 1 quire Sponge staves for yokes for oxen, 2 Sponge staves to repair the triangle, 1 Handspikes for maul helves, 1 Bits broke at Sandy Bay, 1 Bits broke at the Main Fort, 3 Sponge staves for repairing the sponges at Rupert's, 23 Sponge heads for repairing the sponges at Rupert's, 23 Rammer heads for repairing the sponges at Rupert's, 23 Sheep skins for repairing the sponges at Rupert's, 19 Sprig nails for repairing the sponges at Rupert's, 616 Sponge staves for repairing the sponges at Sandy Bay, 11 Sponge heads for repairing the sponges at Sandy Bay, 11 Rammer heads for repairing the sponges at Sandy Bay, 11 Sheep skins for repairing the sponges at Sandy Bay, 7 Sprig nails for repairing the sponges at Sandy Bay, 140 Paper for making small cartridges, 12 quires Tallow for the use of the fort, 6 lb Ditto for greasing the flagstaff at the Main Fort, 2 lb Governor Hutchinson, John Adamson and John Clark signed the account. Interpretations The powder damaged by the sea at Sandy Bay Fort, twenty-one pounds spoiled, marks the constant hazard to the magazine at the exposed coastal batteries, the salt spray and damp of the open shore ruining the powder stored against attack. This loss shows the difficulty of keeping the gunpowder sound at the outlying forts, the sea itself an enemy to the defences, the spoiled powder a standing cost of holding the batteries along the wave-beaten coast. The very heavy expenditure of powder in exercising with small arms, over two hundred and thirty pounds fired, marks a major drill of the garrison in musketry, far exceeding the ordinary practice. This great outlay on small-arms exercise shows the training of the men kept up at a high pitch, perhaps the whole garrison put through a course of firing, the powder spent in quantity to hold the soldiers ready in the use of their muskets against any descent on the island. The sponge staves cut down to repair the triangle mark the maintenance of the punishment apparatus, the triangle being the frame of three poles to which offenders were bound to be flogged. This reuse of a worn gun sponge for the frame of punishment, set among the ordinary stores, shows the same close economy running through the whole establishment, sound timber passed from the service of the guns to the grim furniture of military discipline as its first use ended.
251	245	At a consultation held on Monday the 1st day of October 1753 at the Castle. Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governor Lieutenant John Adamson Lt Governor Lieutenant John Clark of Council. The last consultation was read, approved, and signed, dated the 24th September 1753 Sunday the 28th Died Frances Saycock Soldier Counted and examined the Honble Companys Cash from the 12th August to the 11th September, which is as follows	At a consultation held at the Castle on 1 October 1753, Governor Charles Hutchinson sat with Lieutenant John Adamson, Lieutenant Governor, and Lieutenant John Clark of the Council. The Council read the earlier consultation of 24 September 1753, then approved and signed it. Frances Saycock, soldier, died on Sunday 28 September. The Council counted and examined the Company's cash from 12 August to 11 September, entered as follows.
252	246	Cash 1753 Augut 12 To Balance remaining £ 4919 11 10¾	The cash account of the Company was cast for the period from 12 August to 11 September 1753. To balance remaining, £4,919 11s 10¾d
253	247	Pro Conta 1753 Septembʳ 11ᵗʰ Pʳ Balance remaining in the following species Vizʳ 640 Venkeans @ 10/ £320 5010 Pagodas @ 8/ 2004 Gold Amounting to £2324 6060 Dollars @ 5/ £1515 2976 Rupees @ 2/3 331 16 12948 half Rials @ 3¾d 202 6 3 441 French pieces @ 1/2 3 13 6 Odd Money 1 1¾ Silver Amounting to £2055 16 10¾ 146 Cash Notes @ 40/ £292 162 Dᵒ @ 20/ 162 263 Dᵒ @ 5/ 65 15 160 Dᵒ @ 2/6 20 Cash Notes Amounting to £539 15 £4919 11 10¾ Chas Hutchinson John Adamson John Clark	The account continued on its creditor side, cast 11 September 1753. By balance remaining in the following species 640 Venetian pieces, at 10s, £320 5,010 pagodas, at 8s, £2,004 Gold amounting to £2,324 6,060 dollars, at 5s, £1,515 2,976 rupees, at 2s 3d, £331 16s 12,948 half rials, at 3¾d, £202 6s 341 French pieces, at 1s 2d, £3 13s 6d Odd money, £1 1¾d Silver amounting to £2,055 16s 10¾d 146 cash notes, at 40s, £292 162 cash notes, at 20s, £162 263 cash notes, at 5s, £65 15s 160 cash notes, at 2s 6d, £20 Cash notes amounting to £539 15s Total, £4,919 11s 10¾d The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson, John Adamson and John Clark.
254	248	At a Consultation held on Monday the 8th day of October 1753 at the Castle. Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governor Lieut John Adamson Lt Governor Lieut John Clark of Council The last Consultation was read approved and signed dated the 10th of 1753 The following Articles of House Furniture & Gunners Stores, being worn out & unserviceable, we Ordered them to be wrote off the Books of Accounts Vizt 1 Bolster 2 Feather Beds } House Furniture 10 Cartridge Cases 4 Moscovey Lights 1 Sledge Carriage } Gunners Stores 2 Spare Sides for Do Chas Hutchinson John Adamson John Clark	At a consultation held at the Castle on 8 October 1753, Governor Charles Hutchinson sat with Lieutenant John Adamson, Lieutenant Governor, and Lieutenant John Clark of the Council. The Council read the earlier consultation of 1 October 1753, then approved and signed it. The Council ordered the following articles of house furniture and gunner's stores, being worn out and unserviceable, to be written off the books of account. House furniture 1 bolster 2 feather beds Gunner's stores 10 cartridge cases 4 Muscovy lights 1 sledge carriage 2 spare sides for the same The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson, John Adamson and John Clark.
255	249	October At a consultation held on Friday the 12th day of October 1753 at the Castle. Present Charles Hutchinson Esq Governor Lieutenant John Adamson Lt Govr Lieutenant John Clark of Council The last Consultation was read, approved, and Signed dated the 8th October 1753. Pursuant to the Order in Consultation of the 10th September last, the Planters this day attended to pay their Rents due to the Honble Company for the Year past, which Amounts to £564. 3. 6. the Rent Roll is as follows Vizt Wheat, Acres, Value, £, s, d John Alexander Wheat: 7 1/2, Acres: 11 1/4, s: 14, d: 6 Samuel Alexander Wheat: 34, Acres: 26 1/2, £: 8, s: 6, d: 6 George Alexander Wheat: 28, s: 1, d: 8 Rachel Alexander Acres: 18, s: 4, d: 10 Margaret Atrock 1/4 Acres @ 20 P Annum Wheat: 2 6, Acres: 2 1/4, £: 1, s: 5 Onesiphorus Beale Wheat: 3 6, d: 2 6 Richard Beale Wheat: 5, Acres: 41, Value: 36 1/2, £: 11, s: 18, d: 6 John Bagley Value: 36, s: 9 Richard Bagley Wheat: 10 6, Acres: 35, Value: 112, £: 20, s: 13 Orlando Bagley Acres: 20, Value: 16, £: 5 Matthew Bazett Acres: 50, Value: 26, £: 9 John Bazett Orphans Acres: 87, Value: 34 1/2, £: 12, s: 19, d: 6 Thomas Bazett Orphans Acres: 15, Value: 14, £: 1, s: 1, d: 3 William Burnham Acres: 20, Value: 14, £: 4, s: 19 John Clark Wheat: 10 6, Acres: 121, Value: 34, £: 15, s: 1, d: 6 Thomas Bolgrave Acres: 3, Value: 7 1/2, £: 17, s: 19, d: 3 Thomas Clew Value: 2, s: 10 Wheat: 534 1/4, Acres: 471 1/4, £: 146, s: 16, d: 6	At a consultation held on Friday 12 October 1753 at the castle. Present Charles Hutchinson Esquire Governor, Lieutenant John Adamson Deputy Governor and Lieutenant John Clark of the council. The previous consultation, dated 8 October 1753, was read, approved and signed. Following the order made in the consultation of 10 September, the planters attended on this day to pay the rents owed to the Honourable Company for the year past. These amounted to £564 3s 6d, and the rent roll ran as set out below. John Alexander, 71½ acres arable, 41¼ acres pasture, rent £14 0s 6d Samuel Alexander, 34 acres arable, 26½ acres pasture, rent £8 6s 6d George Alexander, 28 acres arable, rent £1 8s 0d Rachel Alexander, 18 acres pasture, rent £4 10s 0d Margaret Hitch, 1½ acres at 20s per annum, 20 acres arable, 2½ acres pasture, rent £1 5s 0d Onesiphorus Beale, 3 acres arable, rent £0 2s 6d Richard Beale, 5 acres arable, 41 acres pasture, 36½ acres pasture, rent £11 18s 6d John Bagley, 36 acres pasture, rent £0 9s 0d Richard Bagley, 10 acres 6 arable, 35 acres pasture, 112 acres pasture, rent £20 13s 0d Orlando Bagley, 20 acres pasture, 16 acres pasture, rent £5 0s 0d Matthew Bazett, 50 acres pasture, 26 acres pasture, rent £9 0s 0d John Bazett and orphans, 87 acres pasture, 34½ acres pasture, rent £12 19s 6d Thomas Bazett and orphans, 15 acres pasture, 14 acres pasture, rent £1 1s 3d William Burnham, 20 acres pasture, 14 acres pasture, rent £4 19s 0d John Clark, 16 acres 6 arable, 121 acres pasture, 34 acres pasture, rent £15 1s 6d Thomas Colgrave, 3 acres pasture, 7½ acres pasture, rent £17 19s 3d Thomas Clew, 2 acres pasture, rent £0 10s 0d Carried over, 534¾ acres, 474½ acres, 146 acres, £166 6s 0d Interpretations The rent roll records the quit-rents charged on land held from the East India Company by the island's settlers, listed household by household with the acreage held under each category of ground and the sum due on it. The Company owned the whole of St Helena outright, and the planters occupied their holdings as tenants rather than freeholders, so this annual levy was the mechanism by which the Company drew a return from the land it had settled and asserted its continuing title over every acre. The division of each holding into separate arable and pasture figures reflects the different value the Company placed on the two kinds of ground. Arable land, the small and carefully worked plots that could grow provisions, was scarcer and more heavily rated than the extensive rough pasture on which the settlers ran cattle, and the wide gap between a holding's acreage and its rent turns on how much of it fell into each class. The recurrence of the same surnames across the roll, with Alexander, Bagley and Bazett each appearing several times, shows how land on the island had come to be split among the branches and heirs of a few founding families. The entries for the Bazett orphans mark holdings kept in the name of children who had lost a parent, the rent still charged on the estate while it was held for them, which shows the Company treating a minor's inheritance as a continuing liability to be collected rather than suspended.
256	250	October Ground Rent, Wheat, Value, £, s, d Brought over Wheat: 534 1/4, Value: 174, £: 146, s: 16, d: 6 Saml Dovetons Orphs 5. Acres @ 1/6 P Acre Wheat: 194 1/4, Value: 19, £: 13, s: 12, d: 3 John Doveton Wheat: 86 1/2, Value: 1, £: 4, s: 11, d: 6 Isaac Doveton Wheat: 77 1/2, Value: 9 1/2, £: 6, s: 5, d: 3 Saml Desfountain Value: 50, £: 12, s: 10 Josh Desfountains Orphs Wheat: 20, Value: 57, £: 15, s: 3 Elizabeth Desfountain Value: 11, £: 2, s: 15 John Desfountain Ground Rent: 5, Wheat: 25 1/4, Value: 24 1/2, £: 11, d: 9 Thomas Carthope Wheat: 25, Value: 44, £: 12, s: 5 Thomas French Ground Rent: 10, s: 10 Michael Frost Ground Rent: 45, s: 15 Jno Goodwin 15 1/4 @ 1 five Acres @ 2 1/4 P Acre Ground Rent: 10, Wheat: 41 3 1/2, Value: 37, £: 8, s: 9, d: 8 1/2 Richard Goodwin Wheat: 46 1/2, Value: 27, £: 9, s: 1, d: 6 Thos Greentree 23 3/4 Acres @ 1 P Acre Ground Rent: 5, Wheat: 55, Value: 60, £: 16, s: 6, d: 6 James Greentree Wheat: 48, Value: 55, £: 16, s: 3 Ones Harlangs Orphs 9 Acres @ 3 P Acre Wheat: 23, Value: 9, £: 1, s: 16, d: 6 Rd Harlings Orphs 6 P 6 P Acre 3 P 4 P Acre Wheat: 26, Value: 54, £: 12, s: 13, d: 10 1/2 Gabl Harpins Orph Wheat: 22, Value: 13 1/2, £: 19, s: 9, d: 6 Jos Hardings Orph Wheat: 19, Value: 53, £: 9, s: 4 Tho Hayes Orph Wheat: 30, Value: 4, £: 2, s: 10 Martin Harper Wheat: 55 1/2 1/4, Value: 45, £: 14, s: 10 Thos Harpins Orph Value: 13 1/4, £: 3, s: 6, d: 3 Rich Harper 4 Acres @ 1 P Acre Value: 17 1/4, £: 3, s: 12, d: 3 James Houle Ground Rent: 5, Value: 3, £: 1 Gabriel Isacke Value: 8, £: 2 Elisha Isacke Wheat: 25, Value: 5, £: 2, s: 10 Mary Janis Ground Rent: 12, £: 12 Thos Kirkpatrick Ground Rent: 24 21, Wheat: 21, Value: 19 1/2, £: 7, s: 2, d: 6 Samuel Knipe Wheat: 38 1/2, Value: 16 1/2, £: 6, s: 1, d: 3 Isaac Knipe Value: 16, £: 4 William Kennidy Ground Rent: 13, £: 13 Eleanor Leech Ground Rent: 12, £: 12 John Leech Senr Value: 36, £: 9 John Leech Junr £: 4 Bridget Leech Ground Rent: 2 6, £: 2 6 Francis Mowatt Wheat: 37 1/4, Value: 21 1/2, £: 7, s: 5, d: 3 1/2 Richard Mason Value: 14 3/4, £: 3, s: 11, d: 3 Carried over Wheat: 1521 1/4 3, Value: 1257 3/4, £: 387, s: 13, d: 11 1/2	Brought over, 534¾ acres, 474 acres, 146 acres, £146 16s 6d Samuel Doveton's orphans, 5 acres at 16s per acre, 194¾ acres arable, 19 acres pasture, rent £13 12s 3d John Doveton, 86½ acres arable, 1 acre pasture, rent £4 11s 6d Isaac Doveton, 77½ acres arable, 9½ acres pasture, rent £6 5s 3d Samuel Desfountain, 50 acres pasture, rent £12 10s 0d Joseph Desfountain's orphans, 20 acres arable, 57 acres pasture, rent £15 3s 0d Elizabeth Desfountain, 11 acres pasture, rent £2 15s 0d John Desfountain, 5 acres, 95½ acres arable, 24½ acres pasture, rent £11 0s 9d Thomas Carthope, 25 acres arable, 44 acres pasture, rent £12 5s 0d Thomas French, 10 acres, rent £0 10s 0d Michael Trent, 45 acres, rent £0 15s 0d John Goodwin, 15¾ acres at 1 pistole per acre, 10 acres, 41⅜ acres arable, 37 acres pasture, rent £8 9s 8½d Richard Goodwin, 46½ acres arable, 27 acres pasture, rent £9 1s 6d Thomas Greentree, 23½ acres at 4s per acre, 5 acres, 55 acres arable, 60 acres pasture, rent £16 6s 6d James Greentree, 48 acres arable, 55 acres pasture, rent £16 3s 0d Onesiphorus Harling's orphans, 9 acres at 5s per acre, 23 acres arable, 9 acres pasture, rent £1 16s 6d Richard Harling, 6 acres at 6s per acre, 3 acres at 4s per acre, 26 acres arable, 54 acres pasture, rent £12 13s 10½d Gabriel Harper's orphans, 22 acres arable, 13¾ acres pasture, rent £9 9s 6d Joseph Harding's orphans, 19 acres arable, 53 acres pasture, rent £9 4s 0d Thomas Hayes' orphans, 30 acres arable, 4 acres pasture, rent £2 10s 0d Martha Harper, 55¼ acres arable, 15 acres pasture, rent £14 0s 10d Thomas Harper's orphans, 13¾ acres pasture, rent £3 6s 3d Richard Harper, 4 acres at 5s per acre, 17¼ acres pasture, rent £3 12s 3d James Hall, 5 acres, 3 acres pasture, rent £1 0s 0d Gabriel Isaacs, 8 acres pasture, rent £2 0s 0d Elisha Isaacs, 25 acres, 3 acres pasture, rent £2 10s 0d Mary Janis, 12 acres, rent £0 12s 0d Thomas Kirkpatrick, 24 acres, 21 acres arable, 19½ acres pasture, rent £7 2s 6d Samuel Knipe, 38½ acres arable, 16½ acres pasture, rent £6 1s 3d Isaac Knipe, 16 acres pasture, rent £4 0s 0d William Kennedy, 13 acres, rent £0 13s 0d Eleanor Leech, 12 acres, rent £0 12s 0d John Leech senior, 36 acres pasture, rent £9 0s 0d John Leech junior, 4 acres, rent £0 4s 0d Bridget Leech, 2 acres, rent £0 2s 6d Francis Mowatt, 37¾ acres arable, 21½ acres pasture, rent £7 5s 3½d Richard Mason, 14¾ acres pasture, rent £3 11s 3d Carried over, 1,521¼ acres, 1,257¾ acres, 387 acres, £13 11s 11½d Interpretations Several holdings on this part of the roll were charged at a stated rate per acre entered against the line, and the units of that rate differ from one entry to the next. Most rents were struck in shillings the acre, but John Goodwin's ground was rated at a pistole an acre, a Spanish gold coin worth roughly seventeen or eighteen shillings, which points to the mixed foreign coin in circulation on the island where English silver was chronically short. The roll again shows land held in the name of orphans across many of the founding families, with the Doveton, Desfountain, Harling, Harper, Harding and Hayes estates all carrying the rent due on holdings kept for children who had lost a parent. The concentration of these minority estates on a single tax roll shows how much of the island's settled land was at any moment tied up in inheritances held in trust rather than worked by an adult owner in his own right. The differing rates entered against individual lines, from 4s the acre up to a full pistole, show that the Company did not levy a single uniform charge on all ground but rated each holding by the quality and use of its land. The wide spread between the acreage a family held and the rent it paid turns on this, since a large run of poor pasture carried far less than a small parcel of worked arable. The carried-over rent figure of £13 11s 11½d cannot be reconciled with the sums of the individual lines above it, which run to many times that amount, and the acreage totals carried forward are themselves internally inconsistent. The discrepancy is noted here and left unreconciled, since the figures are taken as they stand on the page.
257	251	Ground Rent, Wheat, Value, £, s, d Brought over Wheat: 1521 1/4 3, Value: 1257 3/4, £: 387, s: 13, d: 11 1/2 Benjamin Mason Value: 17 1/2, £: 4, s: 7, d: 6 Robert Mason Ground Rent: 10, Value: 2, £: 1 James Powell Wheat: 30, Value: 31 1/2 3, £: 10, s: 4, d: 2 Matt Purling 6 1/2 Acres @ 1 P Acre Wheat: 123 1/2, Value: 67 1/4, £: 21, s: 13, d: 9 Benjn Pledgers Orph Wheat: 6, Value: 31 1/2, £: 8, s: 2, d: 6 Sarah Reynolds Ground Rent: 10, s: 10 Willm Seale 5 1/2 Acres @ 1 P Acre Wheat: 7, Value: 45, £: 10, s: 12, d: 9 Benjamin Seale Value: 7 1/4, £: 1, s: 16, d: 3 John Seales Orph Wheat: 20, Value: 7 1/2, £: 2, s: 17, d: 6 Chas Stewards Orph Wheat: 69 1/4, Value: 69, £: 20, s: 14, d: 9 Nathan Semple Ground Rent: 10, Wheat: 25, Value: 8 1/2, £: 3, s: 17, d: 6 John Tweeds Value: 9 38 1/2, £: 10, s: 16 Robert Vickars Ground Rent: 2 6, £: 2 6 Fras Wrangham Senr Ground Rent: 40 6, Wheat: 11 3 1/2, Value: 123 1/2, £: 41, s: 9, d: 9 1/2 Fras Wrangham Junr 6 Acres @ a pepper Corn P Ann Wheat: 82, Value: 6, £: 4, s: 2 Joshua Worrall Ground Rent: 30, Wheat: 31, Value: 33, £: 11, s: 6 Simon Whaleys Orph Wheat: 14 1/6, Value: 14, £: 4, s: 1, d: 2 Joseph Whalys Orph Wheat: 17 1/2, Value: 23 1/4, £: 5, s: 17, d: 11 William Young Ground Rent: 5, Wheat: 19 1/2, Value: 25, £: 10, s: 9, d: 6 Stephen Young Wheat: 10, Value: 8 1/2, £: 2, s: 12, d: 6 William Turner Wheat: 4, £: 1 Total Wheat: 2200 1/4 3, Value: 1819 3/4, £: 564, s: 3, d: 6 Chas Hutchinson John Adamson John Clark	Brought over, 1,521¼ acres, 1,257¾ acres, 387 acres, £13 11s 11½d Benjamin Mason, 17½ acres pasture, rent £4 7s 6d Robert Mason, 10 acres, 2 acres pasture, rent £1 0s 0d James Powell, 30 acres arable, 31½ acres pasture, rent £10 4s 2d Matthew Purling, 6½ acres at 7s per acre, 123½ acres arable, 67¼ acres pasture, rent £21 13s 9d Benjamin Pledger's orphans, 6 acres arable, 31½ acres pasture, rent £8 2s 6d Sarah Reynolds, 10 acres, rent £0 10s 0d William Seale, 5½ acres at 1s 6d per acre, 7 acres arable, 15 acres pasture, rent £10 12s 9d Benjamin Seale, 7¼ acres pasture, rent £1 16s 3d John Seales' orphans, 20 acres arable, 7½ acres pasture, rent £2 17s 6d Charles Stewart's orphans, 69¼ acres arable, 69 acres pasture, rent £20 14s 9d Nathan Semple, 10 acres, 25 acres arable, 8½ acres pasture, rent £3 17s 6d John Tweaits, 9 acres arable, 38½ acres pasture, rent £10 1s 6d Robert Vickars, 2 acres, rent £0 2s 6d Francis Wrangham senior, 40 acres 6, 141¾ acres arable, 123½ acres pasture, rent £41 9s 0½d Francis Wrangham junior, 6 acres at a peppercorn per annum, 82 acres arable, 6 acres pasture, rent £4 2s 0d Joshua Worrall, 30 acres, 31 acres arable, 33 acres pasture, rent £11 6s 0d Simon Whaley's orphans, 14½ acres arable, 14 acres pasture, rent £4 1s 2d Joseph Whaley's orphans, 17½ acres arable, 23¼ acres pasture, rent £5 17s 11d William Young, 19½ acres arable, 25 acres pasture, rent £10 9s 6d Stephen Young, 10 acres arable, 8½ acres pasture, rent £2 12s 6d William Turner, 1¼ acres, rent £0 1s 0d Total, 2,200¼ acres, 1,819¼ acres, £564 3s 6d The roll was signed by Charles Hutchinson, John Adamson and John Clark. Interpretations Two holdings on this part of the roll were charged at a nominal or token rent rather than a commercial one. The 6 acres held by Francis Wrangham junior were rated at a peppercorn a year, a rent set so low it acknowledged the Company's title while asking nothing of real value for the ground, and the practice reveals how the Company used the form of a rent to hold a tenant's fealty where it did not want the land's return. The total struck at the foot of the roll, £564 3s 6d, matches the figure named in the opening of the consultation as the sum the planters attended to pay, which shows the rent roll was drawn up and cast to settle the whole year's charge in one accounting. The two acreage columns totalling 2,200¼ and 1,819¼ acres set out the full extent of arable and pasture ground the Company had let across the island's settlers. The signatures of the Governor and the two lieutenants at the close mark the roll as a formal act of the council rather than a clerk's working paper, the whole body of government on the island setting its hand to the year's rents as an official record of what each tenant owed and had paid.
258	252	At a consultation held on Monday the 15th day of October 1753 at the Castle. Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governor Lieutenant John Adamson Lt. Govr Lieutenant John Clark of Council The last Consultation was read, approved, and signed dated the 12th October 1753. Joseph Lowe maketh complaint, that Peter a slave, Manbelonging to Fran: Wrangham, Junr. did on Tuesday Rob him of five Dollars, having found five of them upon him at his Master House in the country. The said Fellow this day appearing owned the Theft, but says he took no more than those that the said Lowe took from him again for which Robbery we Ordered him to be twice publicly whiped & to receive 150 lashes at each time. Harry Rammer one of the Honble Companys Slaves who run away some Days ago, having confessed that he stole a shirt & Yankey Waiscoat that was taken out of the House of Stephen Willoughby, it being proved that they were the goods & property of Duncan McLarin a soldier for whom the said Willoughby washed. We Ordered the said Rammer to be whiped & the sum of eight shillings to be paid out of the Honble Companys stock to the said McLarin for the goods he lost, it being directed by a by Law of the Island that satisfaction is to be made by the Owners of Blacks in Cases of this Nature. Chas. Hutchinson John Adamson John Clarke	At a consultation held at the Castle on 15 October 1753, Governor Charles Hutchinson sat with Lieutenant John Adamson, Lieutenant Governor, and Lieutenant John Clark of the Council. The Council read the earlier consultation of 12 October 1753, then approved and signed it. Joseph Lowe complained that Peter, a slave belonging to Francis Wrangham junior, had on the Tuesday before robbed him of five dollars, five of them being found on him at his master's house in the country. Peter, appearing this day, owned the theft, but claimed he had taken no more than what Lowe had already recovered from him. For this robbery the Council ordered him to be publicly whipped twice, receiving 150 lashes each time. Harry Rammer, one of the Company's slaves who had run away some days before, confessed that he had stolen a shirt and a check waistcoat taken from the house of Stephen Willoughby. It was proved that these were the property of Duncan McLarin, a soldier for whom Willoughby did washing. The Council ordered Rammer to be whipped, and directed eight shillings to be paid from the Company's stock to McLarin for the goods he had lost, it being provided by a by-law of the island that satisfaction be made by the owners of slaves in cases of this kind. The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson, John Adamson and John Clark. Interpretations The 150 lashes ordered twice for Peter's theft of five dollars is a markedly heavier sentence than any other corporal punishment recorded in these batches, and the scale of it against a comparatively small sum shows theft from a free person treated as a graver offence than the disorder or petty dealing punished more lightly elsewhere. The by-law requiring an owner to compensate the victim of a slave's theft, applied here in Rammer's case through the Company's own stock, made every slave-owner financially answerable for their slave's conduct, which gave owners a direct incentive to prevent theft rather than leaving the loss to fall on the injured party alone.
259	253	October At a consultation held on Monday the 22 day of October 1753 at the Castle. Present Charles Hutchinson Esq Governor Lieut John Adamson Lieut Governor Lieut John Clark of Council The last Consultation was read, approved and Signed dated the 15 October 1753 The Plantation Gunners, and Stewards Accounts from the 12 September to the 11 October, were this day brought in which were Examined and approved and are as follow Vizt Sundrys Expended at the Honble Companys General Table from the 12 Sepr to the 11 October 1753 Vizt 9 Bottles Port Wine £: 13, s: 6 21 Do Lisbon £: 1, s: 11, d: 6 9 Do Madera s: 6, d: 10 1/2 54 Do Arrack £: 1, s: 14, d: 6 1/2 44 Do Beer s: 11 22 lb Flour £: 1, s: 18, d: 5 1/2 90 lb Candy £: 1, s: 10 4 Wt Salt Pork s: 8 13 Fowls s: 19, d: 6 1 Duck s: 1, d: 6 3 Geese s: 15 321 lb Beef £: 4, s: 15, d: 3 203 lb Mutton £: 4, s: 4, d: 7 49 lb Pork £: 1, s: 4, d: 6 3 Pigs s: 15 1 Kid s: 5 3 Lambs £: 1, s: 10 50 lb Butter £: 2, s: 10 £: 25, s: 14, d: 2 1/4	At a consultation held on Monday 22 October 1753 at the castle. Present Charles Hutchinson Esquire Governor, Lieutenant John Adamson Deputy Governor and Lieutenant John Clark of the council. The previous consultation, dated 15 October 1753, was read, approved and signed. The plantation, gunners and stewards accounts, running from 12 September to 11 October, were brought in on this day. The council examined and approved them, and they ran as set out below. Sundries spent at the Honourable Company's general table from 12 September to 11 October 1753. 9 bottles of port wine, £0 13s 6d 21 bottles of Lisbon wine, £1 11s 6d 9 bottles of Madeira, £0 6s 10½d 54 bottles of arrack, £1 14s 6½d 11 bottles of beer, £0 11s 0d 22½ pounds of flour, £1 18s 5½d 90 pounds of candy, £1 10s 0d 4 pounds of salt pork, £0 8s 0d 13 fowls, £0 19s 6d 1 duck, £0 1s 6d 3 geese, £0 15s 0d 371 pounds of beef, £4 15s 3d 203 pounds of mutton, £4 4s 7d 19 pounds of pork, £1 4s 6d 3 pigs, £0 15s 0d 1 kid, £0 5s 0d 3 lambs, £1 10s 0d 50 pounds of butter, £2 10s 0d Total, £25 14s 2¼d Interpretations The general table was the common mess kept at the Company's charge for the Governor, the council and the officers of the garrison, and this account records a month's provisioning of it. The bulk of the spending fell on fresh meat, with beef and mutton together the two largest single items, which shows the table drew heavily on the island's own cattle and sheep rather than on salted stores from the ships. Much of the drink listed was imported and passed through the island by sea. Arrack, the largest quantity of any liquor here, was a strong spirit distilled in the East, usually from palm sap or fermented rice, and shipped from India and the East Indies as a staple of European tables in the tropics. The Lisbon and Madeira wines came from the Atlantic islands and the Portuguese trade, carried on the Company's own ships as they called at St Helena on the homeward run, and their presence marks the island as a fixed provisioning station on the long route between Europe and the East. The candy entered in quantity was refined sugar, sold in hard crystalline lumps rather than the loose brown sugar of ordinary use, and its appearance in bulk on the table points to the reach of the Company's Asian trade even in the everyday supply of the garrison.
260	254	Account of the Honble Companys Stock of Neat Cattle &cca from the 12th September to the 11th October 1753. Neat Cattle, Sheep, Goats, Hogs, Poultry, Horses, Asses Bulls, Cows, Calves, Yearling, Heifer, Steers, Bullocks, Oxen, Total, Ewes, Wethers, Lambs, Rams, Total, Sows, Wethers, Kids, Rams, Total, Sows, Boars, Piggs, Boars, Total, Turkeys, Fowls, Ducks, Geese, Horses, Mares, Total, Asses, Total Remg 12th: Bulls: 3, Cows: 74, Calves: 67, Yearling: 23, Heifer: 6, Steers: 17, Oxen: 12, Total: 202, Ewes: 155, Wethers: 19, Lambs: 92, Rams: 6, Total: 272, Sows: 78, Wethers: 9, Kids: 49, Rams: 4, Total: 140, Sows: 4, Boars: 9, Piggs: 21, Boars: 1, Total: 35, Turkeys: 32, Fowls: 193, Ducks: 40, Geese: 22, Horses: 6, Mares: 6, Total: 12, Asses: 3, Total: 3 Increased: Calves: 14, Wethers: 14, Lambs: 13, Total: 13, Wethers: 7, Total: 7, Piggs: 6, Total: 6, Fowls: 20, Ducks: 10 Bulls: 3, Cows: 74, Calves: 81, Yearling: 23, Heifer: 6, Steers: 17, Oxen: 12, Total: 216, Ewes: 155, Wethers: 19, Lambs: 105, Rams: 6, Total: 315, Sows: 78, Wethers: 9, Kids: 56, Rams: 4, Total: 147, Sows: 4, Boars: 9, Piggs: 27, Boars: 1, Total: 41, Turkeys: 52, Fowls: 233, Ducks: 40, Geese: 22, Horses: 6, Mares: 6, Total: 12, Asses: 3, Total: 3 Killed: Oxen: 1, Total: 1, Lambs: 4, Total: 8, Sows: 2, Total: 3 Died: Cows: 1, Calves: 1, Steers: 1, Oxen: 1, Total: 1, Wethers: 4, Total: 8, Sows: 1, Kids: 3, Total: 4, Fowls: 13, Ducks: 1, Geese: 3 Killed by Cats: Lambs: 2, Total: 2, Total: 2, Fowls: 11 Remg 11th: Bulls: 3, Cows: 73, Calves: 81, Yearling: 22, Heifer: 6, Steers: 16, Oxen: 12, Total: 213, Ewes: 152, Wethers: 15, Lambs: 132, Rams: 6, Total: 305, Sows: 78, Wethers: 7, Kids: 55, Rams: 4, Total: 144, Sows: 4, Boars: 8, Piggs: 23, Boars: 1, Total: 36, Turkeys: 52, Fowls: 209, Ducks: 38, Geese: 18, Horses: 6, Mares: 6, Total: 12, Asses: 3, Total: 3 Species Changed: Bulls: 3, Cows: 73, Calves: 18, Yearling: 31, Heifer: 14, Steers: 16, Bullocks: 16, Oxen: 12, Total: 213, Ewes: 160, Wethers: 61, Lambs: 78, Rams: 6, Total: 305, Sows: 88, Wethers: 13, Kids: 37, Rams: 4, Total: 144, Sows: 6, Boars: 6, Piggs: 23, Boars: 1, Total: 36, Turkeys: 52, Fowls: 209, Ducks: 38, Geese: 18, Horses: 6, Mares: 6, Total: 12, Asses: 3, Total: 3 Two Goats to the Sick Slaves Yams Expended 22844 One Slave Girl Died Named Mary One Boy Born Named Tom One Do Born Named Tim Signed John Adamson	Account of the Honourable Company's stock of neat cattle and other livestock from 12 September to 11 October 1753. The column headings ran across neat cattle, sheep, goats, hogs, poultry, horses and asses, each divided into its several kinds with a total struck for each class. Neat cattle Remaining 12 September: bulls 3, cows 74, calves 67, yearlings 23, heifers 6, steers 17, bullocks 0, oxen 12, total 202 Increased: bulls 0, cows 0, calves 14, yearlings 0, heifers 0, steers 0, bullocks 0, oxen 0, total 14 Total: bulls 3, cows 74, calves 81, yearlings 23, heifers 6, steers 17, bullocks 0, oxen 12, total 216 Killed: bulls 0, cows 0, calves 0, yearlings 0, heifers 1, steers 0, bullocks 0, oxen 0, total 1 Died: bulls 0, cows 1, calves 0, yearlings 1, heifers 0, steers 0, bullocks 0, oxen 0, total 2 Killed by cats: 0 Remaining 11 October: bulls 3, cows 73, calves 81, yearlings 22, heifers 6, steers 16, bullocks 0, oxen 12, total 213 Species changed: bulls 3, cows 73, calves 48, yearlings 31, heifers 14, steers 16, bullocks 16, oxen 12, total 213 Sheep Remaining 12 September: ewes 155, wethers 19, lambs 92, rams 6, total 272 Increased: ewes 0, wethers 0, lambs 13, rams 0, total 13 Total: ewes 155, wethers 19, lambs 135, rams 6, total 315 Killed: ewes 4, wethers 3, lambs 0, rams 0, total 8 Died: ewes 0, wethers 2, lambs 0, rams 0, total 2 Remaining 11 October: ewes 152, wethers 15, lambs 132, rams 6, total 305 Species changed: ewes 160, wethers 61, lambs 78, rams 6, total 305 Goats Remaining 12 September: does 78, wethers 0, kids 19, rams 1, total 140 Increased: does 0, wethers 0, kids 7, rams 0, total 7 Total: does 78, wethers 9, kids 56, rams 4, total 147 Died: does 2, wethers 1, kids 0, rams 0, total 3 Remaining 11 October: does 78, wethers 7, kids 55, rams 4, total 144 Species changed: does 88, wethers 13, kids 37, rams 4, total 144 Hogs Remaining 12 September: sows 9, shoats 21, pigs 1, boars 0, total 35 Increased: sows 0, shoats 6, pigs 0, boars 0, total 6 Total: sows 9, shoats 27, pigs 1, boars 0, total 41 Died: sows 0, shoats 3, pigs 1, boars 0, total 4 Killed by cats: 1 Remaining 11 October: sows 8, shoats 23, pigs 1, boars 0, total 36 Species changed: sows 6, shoats 23, pigs 1, boars 0, total 36 Poultry Remaining 12 September: turkeys 32, fowls 193, ducks 40, geese 22 Increased: turkeys 20, fowls 40, ducks 0, geese 0 Total: turkeys 52, fowls 233, ducks 40, geese 22 Died: turkeys 13, fowls 1, ducks 3, geese 0 Killed by cats: fowls 11 Remaining 11 October: turkeys 52, fowls 209, ducks 38, geese 18 Species changed: turkeys 52, fowls 209, ducks 38, geese 18 Horses and asses Remaining 12 September: horses 6, mares 6, total 12, asses 3, total 3 Remaining 11 October: horses 6, mares 6, total 12, asses 3, total 3 Species changed: horses 6, mares 6, total 12, asses 3, total 3 Two goats were issued to the sick slaves. Yams spent came to 22,844. One slave girl died, named Mary. One boy was born, named Tom. One girl was born, named Tim. The account was signed by John Adamson. Interpretations The account tracks the Company's herds and flocks month by month under a fixed set of headings, opening with the stock in hand, adding the natural increase, subtracting what was killed or died and closing with the new total. The plantation stock was Company property worked by the garrison's labour, and this monthly reckoning was how the island kept a running audit of a capital asset it could neither easily replace nor cheaply import, every calf, lamb and kid entered as a gain and every loss run to account. The separate line for beasts killed by cats records a real and recurring drain on the stock, since feral cats had established themselves across the island and preyed on poultry and young livestock. The loss of eleven fowls to cats in a single month, set against only one lost to natural death, shows the predators were the larger threat to the poultry yard and that the keepers tracked the two causes apart so the damage could be seen. The rows headed as species changed record a reclassification of animals from one category to another as they aged, so that calves passing a year were counted forward as yearlings and lambs as wethers or ewes, the totals held constant while the internal columns shifted. This device let the account age the stock through its classes without disturbing the running total, which shows the keepers reconciling the herd's changing composition against a fixed headcount. The note of the slave births and the one death, entered on the same account as the livestock, records the human beings the Company held as property alongside its animals. The yams spent measured the island's staple provision crop, grown in bulk to feed the garrison and the slaves, and the figure of 22,844 marks the scale of the root supply the plantation drew down in a single month.
261	255	1753 Gunners Stores Expended from 12 Sepr to the 11 October 1753 Powder for blowing of Lime Stone lb: 10, oz: 9 Powder for the Funeral of Francis Laycock lb: 6 Powder Sold at 7 P Pound lb: 2, oz: 4 Powder Sold at 7 P Pound lb: 15 Total lb: 23, oz: 4 Tallow for Greasing the Cart oz: 7 Do for Greasing the Pump oz: 7 Do for Greasing the Yawls oz: 6 Spunge Staves for Helves for Water Scoops 1 Spunge Staves for Hammer Helves for the Stonelayers 1 Spunge Staves for Hammer Helves for the Armourer 1 Spunge Staves for Peel Helves for the Baker 2 Sheepskins for repairing the Spunges at the Main Fort 3 Brink Nails for Do 110 Sledge Carriage worn out & unserviceable 1 Spare Iron for Do 2 Muscovey Lights Do 9 Cartridge Cases Do 19 Bouge Barrels Do 2 Signed Francis Hall The Guard House at Lemon Valley having been washed away & part of the Battery damaged by an unusual Torrent of Water occasioned by some heavy Rains that fell, as was likewise, a Breast Work at Break Neck Valley where there are two Swivel Guns, We thought it absolutely necessary to employ some Soldiers to repair them, and to secure them for the future. Chas Hutchinson John Adamson John Clark	Gunners stores spent from 12 September to 11 October 1753. Powder for blasting limestone, 6 pounds Powder for the funeral of Frances Laycock, 2 pounds 4 ounces Powder sold at 1s per pound, 15 pounds Total, 23 pounds 4 ounces Tallow for greasing the cart, 7 pounds Tallow for greasing the pump, 7 pounds Tallow for greasing the yawl, 8 pounds Sponge staves for helves for the water scoops, 1 Sponge staves for hammer helves for the stonelayers, 1 Sponge staves for hammer helves for the armourer, 1 Sponge staves for pickaxe helves for the baker, 2 Sheepskins for repairing the sponges at the main fort, 3 Brink nails for the main fort, 110 Sledge carriage worn out and unserviceable, 1 Spare tiller for the main fort, 2 Muscovy lights for the main fort, 9 Cartridge boxes for the main fort, 19 Budge barrels for the main fort, 2 The account was signed by Francis Hall. The guard house at Lemon Valley had been washed away, and part of the battery there was damaged by an unusual torrent of water brought on by heavy rains. A breastwork at Break Neck Valley, where two swivel guns stood, was damaged in the same way. Governor Hutchinson and the council held it absolutely necessary to employ some soldiers to repair the works and to secure them for the future. The consultation was signed by Charles Hutchinson, John Adamson and John Clark. Interpretations The gunner's account measured its powder and stores in pounds and ounces, and the several uses to which the powder was put show how a military supply served the ordinary work of the island. Powder was drawn to blast limestone for building, to fire a funeral salute over Frances Laycock and to sell to the settlers at a shilling the pound, so the same magazine that armed the forts also supplied the quarry, marked a death and raised a small revenue for the Company. Several of the stores were consumables particular to the working of muzzle-loading ordnance. The sponge staves were the wooden shafts fitted with helves, or handles, that carried the sponge and rammer used to clear and load a gun, and the sheepskins covered the sponge heads that swabbed each barrel between rounds, so their steady replacement marks the routine wear of keeping the batteries fit to fire. Budge barrels were the covered powder casks, fitted with a leather mouth to keep out sparks, from which a gun was served in action. Muscovy lights were sheets of mica, a transparent mineral splitting into thin plates, used in place of glass in lanterns and gun-ports where ordinary glass would shatter, and their supply to the main fort points to the difficulty of getting and keeping window glass on a remote island. The cartridge boxes held the made-up powder charges ready for the guns, and their number marks the fort kept stocked for immediate service rather than loading loose powder under fire. Speculations The council chose to put soldiers of the garrison to the repair of the storm-damaged works at Lemon Valley and Break Neck Valley rather than wait on hired labour or leave the defences broken until materials and men could be arranged. The breastwork guarding two swivel guns and the battery at the landing place were positions the island could not safely leave open, and the record shows the council reading the damage as pressing enough to divert its own troops from their duties, securing the works at once against the next such torrent instead of treating the loss as an ordinary matter of upkeep to be met in time.
262	256	At a Consultation held on Monday the 29th day of October 1753 at the Castle. Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governor Lieut John Adamson Lieut Governor Lieutenant John Clark of Council The last Consultation was read approved and Signed dated the 22d Octr 1753. The Paymaster brought in his Accounts and the Storekeeper his Collections for the Quarter ending the 11th Instant which were examined and approved and are as follows Vizt List of the Honourable Companys Officers and Servants upon the Island of St Helena with their several Salaries Diet Money &ca for the Quarter commencing July 12th and ending October the 11th 1753 Vizt Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governor Salary £125 0s 0d Do Allowance for Servants as usual £31 14s 9d John Adamson Esqr Lieut Governor Do £62 10s 0d Do Diet Money £25 0s 0d 156 14s 9d John Clark of Council John Goodwin Accountant Salary £17 10s 0d Do Diet Money £15 0s 0d Do House Rent £2 10s 0d 35 0s 0d Matthew Parling Storekeeper Salary £17 10s 0d Do Diet Money £15 0s 0d 32 10s 0d Francis Wrangham Secretary Salary £17 10s 0d Do Diet Money £15 0s 0d 32 10s 0d William Lee Chaplain Salary £25 0s 0d Do Diet Money £15 0s 0d 40 0s 0d carried over £399 4s 9d	At a consultation held at the Castle on 29 October 1753, Governor Charles Hutchinson sat with Lieutenant John Adamson, Lieutenant Governor, and Lieutenant John Clark of the Council. The Council read the earlier consultation of 22 October 1753, then approved and signed it. The paymaster brought in his accounts, and the storekeeper his collections, for the quarter ending the eleventh of the month, which were examined and approved and are entered as follows. A list of the Company's officers and servants on the island, with their several salaries, diet money and the like, for the quarter commencing 12 July and ending 11 October 1753, opened with the senior establishment. Charles Hutchinson, Governor, salary £125; allowance for servants as usual, £31 14s 9d John Adamson, Lieutenant Governor, salary £62 10s; diet money £25; total £156 14s 9d John Clark of Council John Goodwin, accountant, salary £17 10s; diet money £15; house rent £2 10s; total £35 Matthew Purling, storekeeper, salary £17 10s; diet money £15; total £32 10s Francis Wrangham, secretary, salary £17 10s; diet money £15; total £32 10s William Lee, chaplain, salary £25; diet money £15; total £40 Carried over, £399 4s 9d
263	257	James Powell Factor Salary £399 4s 9d Do Diet Money £7 10s 0d Do Assistant Storekeeper £10 0s 0d Do House Rent £2 10s 0d £25 0s 0d Thomas French Factor Salary £7 10s 0d Do Diet Money £1 10s 0d Do House Rent £2 10s 0d £20 0s 0d Matthew Brazett Factor Salary £7 10s 0d Do Diet Money £1 10s 0d Do House Rent £2 10s 0d £20 0s 0d William Wrangham Writer Salary £5 0s 0d Do Diet Money £10 0s 0d £15 0s 0d Samuel Falconer Surgeon Salary £9 15s 0d Do Diet Money £1 10s 0d Do House Rent £2 10s 0d £22 5s 0d John Inglis Surgeons Mate Salary £5 0s 0d Do Diet Money £11 5s 0d £16 5s 0d Richd Gurling Overseer £15 0s 0d John Gwatto Overseer £7 10s 0d Richard Beals Schoolmaster Salary £3 8s 3d Do as Clk £5 0s 0d £8 8s 3d John Bland Master Mason Salary £17 10s 0d Do Diet Money £10 0s 0d Do House Rent £1 10s 0d £29 0s 0d Mark Hawkins Mason Salary £12 10s 0d Do Diet Money £6 16s 10½d Do House Rent £1 0s 0d £20 6s 10½d Joseph Kendall Master of Arms £6 5s 0d James Sheridan Gardener £10 0s 0d Henry Brunton Armourer £10 10s 0d William Cashman Carpenter £12 10s 0d William Moore Steward £5 0s 0d James Corbett Cooper £8 15s 0d Michael Frost Clerk and Instrument Cleaner £7 5s 0d William Davis Patron of the Long Boat £7 10s 0d Thomas Beaver Housekeeper £2 10s 0d Thomas Harper Marshall £5 6s 5½d £69 1s 5½d Carried over £667 1s 4d	The list of officers and servants continued. Brought over, £399 4s 9d James Powell, factor, salary £7 10s; diet money £10; assistant storekeeper allowance; house rent £2 10s; total £25 Thomas French, factor, salary £7 10s; diet money £1 10s; house rent £2 10s; total £20 Matthew Bazett, factor, salary £7 10s; diet money £1 10s; house rent £2 10s; total £20 William Wrangham, writer, salary £5; diet money £10; total £15 Samuel Falconer, surgeon, salary £9 15s; diet money £1 10s; house rent £2 10s; total £22 5s John Inglis, surgeon's mate, salary £5; diet money £11 5s; total £16 5s Richard Gurling, overseer, £15 John Twaits, overseer, £7 10s Richard Beale, schoolmaster, salary £3 8s 3d; as clerk £5; total £8 8s 3d John Bland, master mason, salary £17 10s; diet money £10; house rent £1 10s; total £29 Mark Hawkins, mason, salary £12 10s; diet money £6 16s 10½d; house rent £1; total £20 6s 10½d Joseph Kendall, master of arms, £6 5s James Sheridan, gardener, £10 Henry Brunton, armourer, £10 10s William Cashman, carpenter, £12 10s William Moore, steward, £5 James Corbett, cooper, £8 15s Michael Frost, clock and instrument cleaner, £7 5s William Davis, patron of the longboat, £7 10s Thomas Beaver, housekeeper, £2 10s Thomas Harper, marshal, £5 6s 5½d Subtotal, £69 1s 5½d Carried over, £667 1s 4d Interpretations Matthew Bazett's entry as a third factor, alongside Powell and French, confirms his appointment to the factor's establishment recorded as a fresh decision in an earlier batch had by this quarter become a settled feature of the civil payroll, drawing the same combination of salary, diet money and house rent as his two colleagues.
264	258	Brought over £667 1 4 First Company John Clark Captain Salary £22 16 3 Do: Diet Money 6 16 10½ Do: on Account of instructing the Gunners 7 10 – Stephen Herbert Second Lieut. Salary 18 5 – Do: Diet Money 6 16 10½ Do: House Rent 2 10 – Francis Newall Adjutant Salary 22 16 3 Do: Diet Money 6 16 10½ Sergeants Henry Beale 7 12 1 Solomon Jacobs 7 12 1 Thomas Brown 7 12 1 Corporals William Davis 5 6 5½ John Swift 5 6 5½ Humphrey Pugh 5 6 5½ John Vaughn Drummer 5 6 5½ Centrinels Andrew Armstrong 3 16 –½ George Bennett 3 16 –½ Augustine Bells 3 16 –½ Thomas Brown 3 16 –½ James Bromford 3 16 –½ Matthew Campbell 3 16 –½ James Cartwright 3 16 –½ Philip Eels 3 16 –½ George Evelin 3 16 –½ William Coskrey 3 16 –½ William Inyer 3 16 –½ James Eastgate 3 16 –½ Centrinels carry’d over 45 12 6 Carried over £805 11 6½	The list of officers and servants continued with the garrison's first company. Brought over, £667 1s 4d First company John Clark, captain, salary £22 16s 3d; diet money £6 16s 10½d; for instructing the gunners £7 10s Stephen Herbert, second lieutenant, salary £18 5s; diet money £6 16s 10½d; house rent £2 10s Francis Newall, adjutant, salary £22 16s 3d; diet money £6 16s 10½d Sergeants Henry Beale, £7 12s 1d Solomon Jacobs, £7 12s 1d Thomas Brown, £7 12s 1d Corporals William Davis, £5 6s 5½d John Swift, £5 6s 5½d Humphrey Pugh, £5 6s 5½d John Vaughn, drummer, £5 6s 5½d Sentinels Andrew Armstrong, £3 16s ½d George Bennett, £3 16s ½d Augustine Balls, £3 16s ½d Thomas Brown, £3 16s ½d James Bromford, £3 16s ½d Matthew Campbell, £3 16s ½d James Cartwright, £3 16s ½d Philip Eels, £3 16s ½d George Evelin, £3 16s ½d William Coskrey, £3 16s ½d William Inyer, £3 16s ½d James Eastgate, £3 16s ½d Sentinels carried over, £45 12s 6d Carried over, £805 11s 6½d
265	259	Brought over £805 11 6½ Sentinels brought over £45 12 6 John Furge 3 16 2 Thomas Faries 3 16 2 George Green 3 16 2 John Granger 3 16 2 John Groves 3 16 2 Richard Goulding 3 16 2 Richard Gordon 3 16 2 John Gawler 3 16 2 Thomas Hayles 3 16 2 Humphrey Harrison 3 16 2 James Howard 3 16 2 William Hutchinson 3 16 2 John Howard 3 16 2 William Lamborn 3 16 2 Thomas Lendru 3 16 2 John Legg 3 16 2 Joseph Low 3 16 2 John Murrell 3 16 2 James Mills 3 16 2 John Marsh 3 16 2 Bartholomew Molloy 3 16 2 John Obrand 3 16 2 James Richardson 3 16 2 Edward Robinson 3 16 2 Joseph Renton 3 16 2 John Scotcher 3 16 2 John Shaw 3 16 2 George Smith 3 16 2 Charles Smith 3 16 2 Thomas Suffnall 3 16 2 John Sumner 3 16 2 Thomas Williams 3 16 2 Sentinels carried over £136 17 6 Carried over £805 11 6½	The garrison list of the first company's sentinels continued. Brought over, £805 11s 6½d Sentinels brought over, £45 12s 6d John Furge, £3 16s 2d Thomas Faries, £3 16s 2d George Green, £3 16s 2d John Granger, £3 16s 2d John Groves, £3 16s 2d Richard Goulding, £3 16s 2d Richard Gordon, £3 16s 2d John Gawler, £3 16s 2d Thomas Hayles, £3 16s 2d Humphrey Harrison, £3 16s 2d James Howard, £3 16s 2d William Hutchinson, £3 16s 2d John Howard, £3 16s 2d William Lamborn, £3 16s 2d Thomas Lendru, £3 16s 2d John Legg, £3 16s 2d Joseph Low, £3 16s 2d John Murrell, £3 16s 2d James Mills, £3 16s 2d John Marsh, £3 16s 2d Bartholomew Molloy, £3 16s 2d John Obrand, £3 16s 2d James Richardson, £3 16s 2d Edward Robinson, £3 16s 2d Joseph Renton, £3 16s 2d John Scotcher, £3 16s 2d John Shaw, £3 16s 2d George Smith, £3 16s 2d Charles Smith, £3 16s 2d Thomas Suffnall, £3 16s 2d John Sumner, £3 16s 2d Thomas Williams, £3 16s 2d Sentinels carried over, £136 17s 6d Carried over, £805 11s 6½d Interpretations Joseph Low's entry among the sentinels of the first company, drawing the ordinary soldier's pay, confirms he was the same complainant recorded elsewhere in this batch as the victim of the slave Peter's theft, a private soldier robbed of five dollars in his own quarters.
266	260	Brought over £805 11 6½ Centinels brought over £136 17 6 John Williams 3 16 ½ Edward Webber 3 16 ½ John Walker 3 16 ½ Matthew Young 3 16 ½ £182 10 Second Company Joseph Kendall Lieut Salary £22 16 3 Do Diet Money 6 16 10½ Do House Rent 2 10 George Hay 2d Lieut Salary 18 5 Do Diet Money 5 16 10½ £32 3 1½ £25 1 10½ £57 5 Serjeants Robert Mason 7 12 1 Michael Frost 7 12 1 Samuel Talbot 7 12 1 £22 16 3 Corporals Edward Walker 5 6 5½ William Watkins 5 6 5½ Erasmus Pauling 5 6 5½ John Coffin Drummer 6 6 5½ £15 19 1½ £5 6 5½ Centinels Matthew Allis 3 16 ½ Peter Barker 3 16 ½ John Banks 3 16 ½ William Brooks 3 16 ½ John Brown 3 16 ½ James Broxep 3 16 ½ George Bryan 3 16 ½ William Becketts 3 16 ½ Centinels carried over £30 8 1 Brought over £1089 8 7½	The garrison list of the first company's sentinels concluded, and the second company followed. Brought over, £805 11s 6½d Sentinels brought over, £136 17s 6d John Williams, £3 16s ½d Edward Webber, £3 16s ½d John Walker, £3 16s ½d Matthew Young, £3 16s ½d Sentinels subtotal, £182 10s Second company Joseph Kendall, lieutenant, salary £22 16s 3d; diet money £6 16s 10½d; house rent £2 10s George Hay, second lieutenant, salary £18 5s; diet money £5 16s 10½d Second company officers subtotal, £57 5s Sergeants Robert Mason, £7 12s 1d Michael Frost, £7 12s 1d Samuel Talbot, £7 12s 1d Sergeants subtotal, £22 16s 3d Corporals Edward Walker, £5 6s 5½d William Watkins, £5 6s 5½d Erasmus Pauling, £5 6s 5½d John Coffin, drummer, £5 6s 5½d Sentinels Matthew Allis, £3 16s ½d Peter Barker, £3 16s ½d John Banks, £3 16s ½d William Brooks, £3 16s ½d John Brown, £3 16s ½d James Broxep, £3 16s ½d George Bryan, £3 16s ½d William Becketts, £3 16s ½d Sentinels carried over, £30 8s 1d Brought over, £1,089 8s 7½d
267	261	Centinels brought over £30 8 4 Robert Berry 3 16 ½ George Beale 3 16 ½ Robert Brown 3 16 ½ Daniel Cann 3 16 ½ John Cosker 3 16 ½ Thomas Clear 3 16 ½ William Doweton 3 16 ½ John Dove 3 16 ½ Peter Egleston 3 16 ½ Peter Fincalls 3 16 ½ John Fletcher 3 16 ½ Vaulter Gawden 3 16 ½ John Hayes 3 16 ½ Joseph Hayes 3 16 ½ James Hinds 3 16 ½ John Holloway 3 16 ½ William Harris 3 16 ½ John Hudson 3 16 ½ Thomas Jackson 3 16 ½ Samuel Kitson 3 16 ½ Thomas Leech 3 16 ½ Christian Moure 3 16 ½ William Mudge 3 16 ½ Archibald Pugh 3 16 ½ John Simmons 3 16 ½ Thomas Streton 3 16 ½ Joseph Smith 3 16 ½ John Strange 3 16 ½ Thomas Taylor 3 16 ½ James Thriston 3 16 ½ Richard Swales 3 16 ½ William Swales 3 16 ½ Centinels carried over £152 1 8 Carried over £1039 8 7½ If you want, I can now join this seamlessly to the previous page's transcription.	The garrison list of the second company's sentinels continued. Sentinels brought over, £30 8s 4d Robert Berry, £3 16s ½d George Beale, £3 16s ½d Robert Brown, £3 16s ½d Daniel Cann, £3 16s ½d John Cosker, £3 16s ½d Thomas Clear, £3 16s ½d William Doweton, £3 16s ½d John Dove, £3 16s ½d Peter Egleston, £3 16s ½d Peter Fincalls, £3 16s ½d John Fletcher, £3 16s ½d Vaulter Gawden, £3 16s ½d John Hayes, £3 16s ½d Joseph Hayes, £3 16s ½d James Hinds, £3 16s ½d John Holloway, £3 16s ½d William Harris, £3 16s ½d John Hudson, £3 16s ½d Thomas Jackson, £3 16s ½d Samuel Kitson, £3 16s ½d Thomas Leech, £3 16s ½d Christian Moure, £3 16s ½d William Mudge, £3 16s ½d Archibald Pugh, £3 16s ½d John Simmons, £3 16s ½d Thomas Streton, £3 16s ½d Joseph Smith, £3 16s ½d John Strange, £3 16s ½d Thomas Taylor, £3 16s ½d James Thriston, £3 16s ½d Richard Swales, £3 16s ½d William Swales, £3 16s ½d Sentinels carried over, £152 1s 8d Carried over, £1,039 8s 7½d
268	262	Brought over L 152 1 8 L 1089 8 7 1/2 Centinels brought over John Williams 3 16 1/2 Edward Webber 3 16 1/2 John Walker 3 16 1/2 Matthias Young 3 16 1/2 178 13 11 1/2 Second Company Joseph Kendall 1st Lieut Salary L 22 16 3 Do Diet Money 6 16 10 1/2 Do House Rent 2 10 32 3 1/2 George Hay 2d Lieut Salary 18 5 Do Diet Money 6 16 10 1/2 25 1 10 1/2 57 5 Sergeants Robert Mason 7 12 1 Michael Frost 7 12 1 Samuel Talbot 7 12 1 22 16 3 Corporals Edward Walker 5 6 5 1/2 William Watkins 5 6 5 1/2 Erasmus Pauling 5 6 5 1/2 John Caffin Drummer 5 6 5 1/2 15 19 1 1/2 5 6 5 1/2 Centinels Matthew Allis 3 16 1/2 Peter Barker 3 16 1/2 John Bank 3 16 1/2 William Brooks 3 16 1/2 John Brown 3 16 1/2 James Bunce 3 16 1/2 George Bryan 3 16 1/2 William Becket 3 16 1/2 Centinels carried over L 30 8 1 Brought over L 1089 8 7 1/2	The garrison list restated the second company's opening, repeating in substance the material already given two rows before this one, with only minor spelling variants. Brought over, £152 1s 8d, £1,089 8s 7½d Sentinels brought over: John Williams, Edward Webber, John Walker, Matthias Young, at £3 16s ½d each Subtotal, £178 13s 11½d Second company Joseph Kendall, first lieutenant, salary £22 16s 3d; diet money £6 16s 10½d; house rent £2 10s George Hay, second lieutenant, salary £18 5s; diet money £6 16s 10½d Sergeants Robert Mason, £7 12s 1d Michael Frost, £7 12s 1d Samuel Talbot, £7 12s 1d Corporals Edward Walker, £5 6s 5½d William Watkins, £5 6s 5½d Erasmus Pauling, £5 6s 5½d John Caffin, drummer, £5 6s 5½d Sentinels Matthew Allis, £3 16s ½d Peter Barker, £3 16s ½d John Bank, £3 16s ½d William Brooks, £3 16s ½d John Brown, £3 16s ½d James Bunce, £3 16s ½d George Bryan, £3 16s ½d William Becket, £3 16s ½d Sentinels carried over, £30 8s 1d Brought over, £1,089 8s 7½d
269	263	Robert Ballard John Bridgwater John Barker Dison Croft James Carmichael John Carnot Barron Delcroph John Carter Thomas Fuller John Gunn John Goul Jonathan Helchine William Hurlock Thomas Hasle William Hayes Thomas Hendrick Richard Knight John Kersey John Langbridge Thomas Lawrence Thomas Lindsay Thomas Loveland John M’Coy Abram Major Charles Montague Thomas Morris Anthony Morehan Richard McNolly Thomas Oliver Thomas Payne John Prosser John Parker Centinels carried over L 121 13 4 Carried over L 1371 19 8	The garrison list of the second company's sentinels continued. Robert Ballard, £3 16s ½d John Bridgwater, £3 16s ½d John Barker, £3 16s ½d Dixon Croft, £3 16s ½d James Carmichael, £3 16s ½d John Carnot, £3 16s ½d Barron Delcroph, £3 16s ½d John Carter, £3 16s ½d Thomas Fuller, £3 16s ½d John Gunn, £3 16s ½d John Goul, £3 16s ½d Jonathan Helchine, £3 16s ½d William Hurlock, £3 16s ½d Thomas Hasle, £3 16s ½d William Hayes, £3 16s ½d Thomas Hendrick, £3 16s ½d Richard Knight, £3 16s ½d John Kersey, £3 16s ½d John Langbridge, £3 16s ½d Thomas Lawrence, £3 16s ½d Thomas Lindsay, £3 16s ½d Thomas Loveland, £3 16s ½d John McCoy, £3 16s ½d Abram Major, £3 16s ½d Charles Montague, £3 16s ½d Thomas Morris, £3 16s ½d Anthony Morehan, £3 16s ½d Richard McNolly, £3 16s ½d Thomas Oliver, £3 16s ½d Thomas Payne, £3 16s ½d John Prosser, £3 16s ½d John Parker, £3 16s ½d Sentinels carried over, £121 13s 4d Carried over, £1,371 19s 8d
270	264	Brought over L1371 19 8 Centinels brought over L121 13 4 William Robinson 3 16 / 2 David Scot 3 16 / 2 Robert Stack 3 16 / 2 Adam Scot 3 16 / 2 Christian Syder 3 16 / 2 Joseph Thompson 3 16 / 2 William Thompson 3 16 / 2 Benjamin Swales 3 16 / 2 Richard Vaughan 3 16 / 2 Benjamin Williams 3 16 / 2 Roger Wotman 3 16 / 2 178 13 11½ Fourth Company Thomas Kirkpatrick 1st Lieut. Salary L22 16 3 Do. Diet Money 6 16 10½ Do. House Rent 2 10 - 32 3 1½ William Kennedy 2d Lieut. Salary 18 5 - Do. Diet Money 6 16 10½ Do. House Rent 2 10 - 27 11 10½ 59 15 - Sergeants William Oatman 7 12 1 John Walker 7 12 1 William Padem 7 12 1 22 16 3 Corporals William Bentin 5 6 5½ Alexander Hambleton 5 6 5½ Job Harrison 5 6 5½ Gilbert Cough (Drummer) 5 6 5½ 15 19 4½ 5 6 5½ Carried over L1654 10 8½	The garrison list of the second company's sentinels concluded, and the fourth company followed. Brought over, £1,371 19s 8d Sentinels brought over, £121 13s 4d William Robinson, £3 16s 2d David Scot, £3 16s 2d Robert Stack, £3 16s 2d Adam Scot, £3 16s 2d Christian Syder, £3 16s 2d Joseph Thompson, £3 16s 2d William Thompson, £3 16s 2d Benjamin Swales, £3 16s 2d Richard Vaughan, £3 16s 2d Benjamin Williams, £3 16s 2d Roger Wotman, £3 16s 2d Sentinels subtotal, £178 13s 11½d Fourth company Thomas Kirkpatrick, first lieutenant, salary £22 16s 3d; diet money £6 16s 10½d; house rent £2 10s; total £32 3s 1½d William Kennedy, second lieutenant, salary £18 5s; diet money £6 16s 10½d; house rent £2 10s; total £27 11s 10½d Fourth company officers subtotal, £59 15s Sergeants William Oatman, £7 12s 1d John Walker, £7 12s 1d William Padem, £7 12s 1d Sergeants subtotal, £22 16s 3d Corporals William Bentin, £5 6s 5½d Alexander Hambleton, £5 6s 5½d Job Harrison, £5 6s 5½d Corporals subtotal, £15 19s 4½d Gilbert Cough, drummer, £5 6s 5½d Carried over, £1,654 10s 8½d
271	265	Brought over L1654 10 8½ Centinels John Allis 3 16 ½ Edward Allis from July 28th Incl. of pay he was transferd from the Artillery Company } 3 3 4 Thomas Brown 3 16 ½ John Barden 3 16 ½ John Bradley from July 12th Incl. to August 24th Incl. of pay he was discharged 2 “ “ Thomas Bizzle 3 16 ½ Matthew Bizzle 3 16 ½ Thomas Bordow 3 16 ½ Isaac Buck 3 16 ½ Edward Cooker 3 16 ½ William Cane 3 16 ½ William Cannam 3 16 ½ Isaac Day 3 16 ½ Samuel Cleavantam 3 16 ½ Samuel Dales 3 16 ½ Andrew Frazier 3 16 ½ Daniel Fewkes 3 16 ½ Jonathon Gobby 3 16 ½ John Gilbert from from the 12th to 14th July Incl. the pay he was Dischargd 2 6 “ James Green 3 16 ½ Thomas Gawdon 3 16 ½ James Hall 3 16 ½ John Harley 3 16 ½ Philip Hickman 3 16 ½ William Hayes 3 16 ½ Thomas Hudson 3 16 ½ William Hinds 3 16 ½ George Kibbot 3 16 ½ Francis Laycock from July 15th Incl. to Septr 23d Incl. of pay he Died… 8 5 10 Peter Lindsey 3 16 ½ William Lindsay 3 16 ½ Centinels carried over L111 7 9½ Carried over L1654 10 8½	The garrison list of the fourth company continued with its sentinels. Brought over, £1,654 10s 8½d Sentinels John Allis, £3 16s ½d Edward Allis, from 28 July inclusive, the day he was transferred from the artillery company, £3 3s 4d Thomas Brown, £3 16s ½d John Barden, £3 16s ½d John Bradley, from 12 July inclusive to 24 August inclusive, the day he was discharged, £2 Thomas Bizzle, £3 16s ½d Matthew Bizzle, £3 16s ½d Thomas Bordow, £3 16s ½d Isaac Buck, £3 16s ½d Edward Cooker, £3 16s ½d William Cane, £3 16s ½d William Cannam, £3 16s ½d Isaac Day, £3 16s ½d Samuel Cleavantam, £3 16s ½d Samuel Dales, £3 16s ½d Andrew Frazier, £3 16s ½d Daniel Fewkes, £3 16s ½d Jonathan Gobby, £3 16s ½d John Gilbert, from 12 to 14 July inclusive, the day he was discharged, £2 6s James Green, £3 16s ½d Thomas Gawdon, £3 16s ½d James Hall, £3 16s ½d John Harley, £3 16s ½d Philip Hickman, £3 16s ½d William Hayes, £3 16s ½d Thomas Hudson, £3 16s ½d William Hinds, £3 16s ½d George Kibbot, £3 16s ½d Francis Laycock, from 15 July inclusive to 23 September inclusive, the day he died, £8 5s 10d Peter Lindsey, £3 16s ½d William Lindsay, £3 16s ½d Sentinels carried over, £111 7s 9½d Carried over, £1,654 10s 8½d
272	266	Brought over L1654 10 8 1/2 Centinels brought over L111 7 9 1/2 John Langridge 3 16 1/2 Moses Menanteau 3 16 1/2 Duncky McCanan 3 16 1/2 Thomas Pinkerton 3 16 1/2 Edward Rickard 3 16 1/2 Lewis Rowe 3 16 1/2 Arnold Savini 3 16 1/2 Daniel Serjeant 3 16 1/2 Charles Stokes 3 16 1/2 Timothy Sullivan 3 16 1/2 David Surry 3 16 1/2 Edward Terry 3 16 1/2 John Totanom 3 16 1/2 John Tull 3 16 1/2 Thomas Taylor 3 16 1/2 Joseph Upin 3 16 1/2 Benjamin Williams 3 16 1/2 William Willingham 3 16 1/2 179 13 6 1/2 Artillery Company Thomas Hall Master Gunner Salary L22 16 3 Dr Diet Money 6 16 10 1/2 Dr House Rent 2 10 - 32 3 1/2 Gunners Mates Nathan Sampsell Chief Mate 11 8 1/2 Isake Leech 9 2 6 Roger Nevinson 9 2 6 William Sumner 9 2 6 John Whiteside 9 2 6 Henry Carter 9 2 6 John Artrimstall 9 2 6 Charles McNeley 9 2 6 75 5 7 1/2 Carried over L1941 13	The garrison list of the fourth company's sentinels concluded, and the artillery company followed. Brought over, £1,654 10s 8½d Sentinels brought over, £111 7s 9½d John Langridge, £3 16s ½d Moses Menanteau, £3 16s ½d Duncky McCanan, £3 16s ½d Thomas Pinkerton, £3 16s ½d Edward Rickard, £3 16s ½d Lewis Rowe, £3 16s ½d Arnold Savini, £3 16s ½d Daniel Serjeant, £3 16s ½d Charles Stokes, £3 16s ½d Timothy Sullivan, £3 16s ½d David Surry, £3 16s ½d Edward Terry, £3 16s ½d John Totanom, £3 16s ½d John Tull, £3 16s ½d Thomas Taylor, £3 16s ½d Joseph Upin, £3 16s ½d Benjamin Williams, £3 16s ½d William Willingham, £3 16s ½d Sentinels subtotal, £179 13s 6½d Artillery company Thomas Hall, master gunner, salary £22 16s 3d; diet money £6 16s 10½d; house rent £2 10s; total £32 3s 1½d Gunners' mates Nathan Sampsell, chief mate, £11 8s ½d Isaac Leech, £9 2s 6d Roger Nevinson, £9 2s 6d William Sumner, £9 2s 6d John Whiteside, £9 2s 6d Henry Carter, £9 2s 6d John Artrimstall, £9 2s 6d Charles McNeley, £9 2s 6d Gunners' mates subtotal, £75 5s 7½d Carried over, £1,941 13s
273	267	Brought over £208 10 7½ Quarter Gunners John Watkins 6 16 10½ Edward Cullimore 6 16 10½ Robert Nickens 6 16 10½ Anthony Day from July 12th Inst. to Sept 15th inclusive Gunner 24 1 7 Dr to from Sept 16th Inst. as Matross 1 16 - Adam Watkins 6 16 10½ John Spencer 6 16 10½ Rowland Davis 6 16 10½ Thomas Willingham 6 16 10½ 53 18 1½ Matrosses Edward Allis from the 12th to the 27th July inclusive the Day he was transferd into the fourth Company 16 - Abram Aymes from July 10 Inst. the Day he was Entertained 4 5 - Joseph Boswill 4 11 3 Andrew Barton 4 11 3 Richard Billingsford 4 11 3 John Lowrey 4 11 3 Derby Coyles 4 11 3 William Camplle 4 11 3 Philip Hilliard 4 11 3 William Hayes 4 11 3 John Sack from July 28th Inst. the Day he was Entertained 3 16 - James Long 4 11 3 James Lee 4 11 3 Peter Marshale 4 11 3 Thomas Mayoer 4 11 3 Richard Mayoer 4 11 3 Adam Milbourn 4 11 3 John Peters 4 11 3 William Perry 4 11 3 Abram Ratcliff 4 11 3 Thomas Watts 4 11 3 90 19 6 Carried over £208 10 7½	The artillery company's establishment continued with its quarter gunners and matrosses. Brought over, £208 10s 7½d Quarter gunners John Watkins, £6 16s 10½d Edward Cullimore, £6 16s 10½d Robert Nickens, £6 16s 10½d Anthony Day, from 12 July inclusive to 15 September inclusive as gunner, £4 1s 7d; from 16 September inclusive as matross, £1 16s Adam Watkins, £6 16s 10½d John Spencer, £6 16s 10½d Rowland Davis, £6 16s 10½d Thomas Willingham, £6 16s 10½d Quarter gunners subtotal, £53 18s 1½d Matrosses Edward Allis, from 12 to 27 July inclusive, the day he was transferred into the fourth company, £16s Abram Aymes, from 10 July inclusive, the day he was engaged, £4 5s Joseph Boswill, £4 11s 3d Andrew Barton, £4 11s 3d Richard Billingsford, £4 11s 3d John Lowrey, £4 11s 3d Derby Coyles, £4 11s 3d William Camplle, £4 11s 3d Philip Hilliard, £4 11s 3d William Hayes, £4 11s 3d John Sack, from 28 July inclusive, the day he was engaged, £3 16s James Long, £4 11s 3d James Lee, £4 11s 3d Peter Marshale, £4 11s 3d Thomas Mayoer, £4 11s 3d Richard Mayoer, £4 11s 3d Adam Milbourn, £4 11s 3d John Peters, £4 11s 3d William Perry, £4 11s 3d Abram Ratcliff, £4 11s 3d Thomas Watts, £4 11s 3d Matrosses subtotal, £90 19s 6d Carried over, £208 10s 7½d
274	268	Superanuated Brought over £ 2086 10 7½ William Burnham Sergeant 3 8 3 2089 18 10½ John Clark Paymaster Do 1753 th October 17. To Cash received from the Honorable Companys Cash Chest 2173 5 5½	The artillery company's establishment closed with a superannuated entry, and the paymaster's account opened. Superannuated Brought over, £2,086 10s 7½d William Burnham, sergeant, £3 8s 3d Total, £2,089 18s 10½d John Clark, paymaster, was debited with cash received from the Company's cash chest. 11 October 1753, to cash received from the Company's cash chest, £2,173 5s 5½d Interpretations This total of £2,089 18s 10½d for the quarter running 12 July to 11 October closes the third garrison and civil establishment list recorded so far, and the opening cash advance to the paymaster of £2,173 5s 5½d, larger than the payroll total itself, left a margin for the incidental quarterly expenses set out in the paymaster's account that follows.
275	269	P Contra Cr 1753 July 16th By Cash pd Abram Burrus for enlisting to serve the Honble East India Company as a Soldier for five Years to 10 commence from this Day 18 By Cash pd four Discharged Soldiers Subsistence at 6 Pd Dravt Pd Order of Council Warf William Stavn 7 Days £ 8.6. George French 7 Dts. 3.6. Charles Newcomb 7 Do 3.6. Thomas Short 7 Do 3.6. 14 23. By Cash Pd Captain Thomas Burrowes for 28. 9. 28 Mleuts 8 17 9 for the use of the Honourable Company 28 By Cash Pd John Sacks for Enlisting to serve the Honble Company as a Soldier for 8 Years to commence from 16 this Day By Cash Pd Samuel Sales for Glaziers work done for the Honourable Company in this Quarter 3 6 Company as a Soldier as a Soldier of a Soldier this Day By Cash Pd Samuel Sales for Glaziers work done for the Honourable Company in this Quarter 3 6 August the 1st By Cash Pd Captain Edwin Carter for ten hundred Muskets 13 of variety for the use of the Honble Company 29 By Cash Pd the following Men for Work done for the Honourable Company at Prospect Fortification Maddew Campbell 9 Days £ 9 John Parswater 10 Do 10 William Campbell 10 Do 10 William Canel 10 Do 10 William Taylor 10 Do 10 John Fletcher 10 Do 10 James Cartwright 9 Do 9 William Harris 9 Do 9 Jno Hudson 1 Do 1 3 18 C Carryed over £ 86 13 3	The account continued on its creditor side, recording cash paid out by the paymaster. 16 July, paid Abram Burrus for enlisting to serve the Company as a soldier for five years, to commence from this day, £10 18th, paid four discharged soldiers' subsistence at 6d per day William Stavn, 7 days, 3s 6d George French, 7 days, 3s 6d Charles Newcomb, 7 days, 3s 6d Thomas Short, 7 days, 3s 6d Subsistence subtotal, 14s 23rd, paid Captain Thomas Burrowes for [...], £8 17s 9d, for the use of the Company 28th, paid John Sacks for enlisting to serve the Company as a soldier for eight years, to commence from this day, £16 Paid Samuel Sales for glazier's work done for the Company this quarter, 3s 6d 1 August, paid Captain Edwin Carter for [supplies not clearly legible], for the use of the Company 29th, paid the following men for work done for the Company at Prospect fortification, at 1s per day Matthew Campbell, 9 days, 9s John Parswater, 10 days, 10s William Campbell, 10 days, 10s William Cane, 10 days, 10s William Taylor, 10 days, 10s John Fletcher, 10 days, 10s James Cartwright, 9 days, 9s William Harris, 9 days, 9s John Hudson, 1 day, 1s Prospect fortification subtotal, £3 18s Carried over, £86 13s 3d Interpretations John Sacks's enlistment for eight years, against the five-year term standard for every other soldier recorded in this batch and those before it, is an unusual departure, and his bounty of £16 is correspondingly larger than the £10 paid to ordinary five-year recruits, suggesting the longer term was bought with a higher payment rather than offered on the same terms as the rest of the garrison.
276	270	John Clark Paymaster Dr 1753 October 17th To Cash brought over £ 2173 5 5½	The paymaster's account continued. 11 October 1753, to cash brought over, £2,173 5s 5½d
277	271	P Contra Cr 1753 Brought over £ 86 13 3 Oct 11th By Cash Pd Thomas Macon for Painting Flag Staves Swinge Staves &ca for the Honble Company 13 6 By Cash Pd Sandys Parsons for Rowing in the Honble Companys Yawl this Quarter 1 By Cash Pd Richard Bagley for 800 Lemons and 12 Bushells Potatoes for the use of the Honble Company 13 6 By Cash Pd Jonathan Dowdson for 400 Lemons and 2 bushl Potatoes for the use of the Honourable Companys Sallys 18 By Cash Pd Williams Moore for one Bottle of Mustard for the use of Do 2 By Cash Pd Daniel Fercher his Quarters Salary at 8 Cᵽ Annum for Attending in the Long Room 2 By Cash Pd Peter Marchalle for two Landing Line and two Hauzes for the use of the Honble Company 8 By Cash Pd Thomas Cluer and James Carmichael for two Hauzes for the use of the Honble Company 8 By Cash Pd Thomas Cluer and James Carmichael for 6 10 Baking 78 Batches of Bread for the Garrison By Cash Pd Edward Terry for 27 Days work for Mashing the Armorous in the Smiths Shop at 8 Pd Prenieum 1 11 1 By Cash Pd William Hurlock & Jno Scotcher for coming express with Account of Ships to Windward 10 By Cash Pd Jonathan Hitchens for Carpenter Work done for the Honourable Company in this Quarter 5 By Cash Pd William Thompson for Shoeing the Honble Companys Horses in this Quarter 15 9 By Cash Pd Mr Salcomes Surgeon for his trouble in getting Strock Pronnsiem for the Hospital in the Year ending 8 October the 11th 1753 By Cash Pd Mr Salcomes Surgeon for so much laid out by him on Account of the Hospital in the Year ending 8 9 Octr 11 1753 being more than the same disposed Amount to Carried over £ 13 7 1	The account continued on its creditor side. Brought over, £86 13s 3d 11 October, paid Thomas Macon for painting flag staves, swing staves and the like for the Company, 13s 6d Paid Sandys Parsons for rowing in the Company's yawl this quarter, £1 Paid Richard Bagley for 800 lemons and 12 bushels of potatoes for the use of the Company, 13s 6d Paid Jonathan Dowdson for 400 lemons and 2 bushels of potatoes for the use of the Company's table, 18s Paid William Moore for one bottle of mustard for the same, 2s Paid Daniel Fercher his quarter's salary at £8 per annum for attending in the long room, £2 Paid Peter Marchalle for two landing lines and two hawsers for the use of the Company, 8s Paid Thomas Cluer and James Carmichael for baking 78 batches of bread for the garrison, £6 10s Paid Edward Terry for 27 days' work assisting the armourer in the smith's shop, £1 11s 1d Paid William Hurlock and John Scotcher for coming express with an account of ships to windward, 10s Paid Jonathan Hitchens for carpenter's work done for the Company this quarter, £5 Paid William Thompson for shoeing the Company's horses this quarter, 15s 9d Paid Samuel Falconer, surgeon, for his trouble in procuring stock provisions for the hospital in the year ending 11 October 1753, £8 Paid Samuel Falconer for so much laid out by him on account of the hospital in the year ending 11 October 1753, being more than the sum disposed of, £8 9s Carried over, £13 7s 1d Interpretations The two payments to Samuel Falconer, one for his trouble in procuring stock and one repaying him for laying out more of his own money than the hospital's allowance covered, show the surgeon fronting the shortfall in the hospital's provisioning himself before the Company reimbursed him at the year's end, a practical arrangement that let hospital supply continue without waiting on the Company's own quarterly cash cycle.
278	272	John Clark Paymaster $\text{D}^{\text{r}}$ Octb $\text{r}$ 1753 11 $\text{th}$ To Cash $\text{brought over}$ $\text{L}$ 2173 5 5½	The paymaster's account restated its opening heading, repeating in substance the material already given two rows before this one. 11 October 1753, to cash brought over, £2,173 5s 5½d
279	273	P r Contra C r Brought over 2 October 11th 1753 B y Cash p r some of the Artillery and the Guard at Tanning L 73 7 1 B y for their diligence in freeing the Magazine of Water when the High Sea Broke into it 1 2 6 B y Cash p r the following Men for Mowing and making of Hay for the Honourable Company Viz John Seecher 2 4 2 William Cane 1 3 -- William Thompson 1 3 -- Benjamin Williams 1 8 -- William Cannam 1 8 -- William Taylor 1 8 -- Thomas Mansell 1 3 -- 8 17 -- B y Cash p r the Honourable Company's Officers and Servants their Salary's & Diet Money p r the Quarter commencing July 12 th and ending October 2089 18 10 1/2 11th 1753. L 2173 5 5 1/2 October 11th 1753 P r John Clark Paymaster	The account continued on its creditor side and closed the quarter. Brought over, £13 7s 1d 11 October 1753, paid some of the artillery and the guard for [...], £73 7s 1d Paid for their diligence in freeing the magazine of water when the high sea broke into it, £1 2s 6d Paid the following men for mowing and making hay for the Company John Scatcher, £2 4s 2d William Cane, £1 3s William Thompson, £1 3s Benjamin Williams, £1 8s William Cannam, £1 8s William Taylor, £1 8s Thomas Mansell, £1 3s Haymaking subtotal, £8 17s Paid the Company's officers and servants their salaries and diet money for the quarter commencing 12 July and ending 11 October 1753, £2,089 18s 10½d Total, £2,173 5s 5½d The account was signed by John Clark, paymaster, 11 October 1753. Interpretations The reward for freeing the magazine of water after a high sea broke into it echoes the storm damage to the coastal batteries recorded elsewhere in this year's consultations, and shows the same event that damaged the works also threatened the powder store, making the soldiers' and guard's response a matter of protecting the garrison's ammunition as much as its buildings. The closing payment of £2,089 18s 10½d to the officers and servants again matches the payroll total set out earlier in this batch, the paymaster's account and the establishment list once more forming the two ends of the same quarterly reckoning.
280	274	October Collection of Goods Sold and Delivered out of the Honourable Companys Stores from the 12th July to the 11th October 1753 Vizt Sold to the Honourable Companys Servants at 10 P Cent Arrack 41 3/4 Galls £: 10, s: 8, d: 9 Brandy 204 7/8 Galls £: 51, s: 3, d: 1 1/2 Sugar and Candy vizt 4454 Sugar £: 74, s: 4, d: 8 1764 Candy £: 36, s: 15 £: 110, s: 19, d: 8 Flour vizt 922 lb Flour £: 6, s: 14, d: 5 1/2 148 2 lb Do Baked £: 130, s: 1, d: 3 £: 136, s: 15, d: 8 1/2 Soap 382 lb £: 16, s: 14, d: 3 Candles 503 lb £: 47, s: 2, d: 1 Tea vizt 64 Congo £: 4, s: 5, d: 4 176 Single £: 10, s: 18, d: 9 24 Bohea £: 1 £: 16, s: 4, d: 1 Rice 16 lb £: 5, s: 1, d: 4 Beef & Pork vizt 495 Ps Beef 2/- £: 49, s: 10 33 Ps Do Do 2/- £: 3, s: 6 5 Ps Do 3/- 1/2 s: 15, d: 2 1/2 194 Ps Pork 2/- £: 19, s: 8 30 Ps Do Do 2/- £: 3 60 Ps Do 2/2 £: 6, s: 10 £: 82, s: 9, d: 2 1/2 Flannel 6 1/2 Yards £: 12, s: 2 Carried over£: 477, s: 10, d: 4 1/2	An account of goods sold and delivered out of the Honourable Company's stores from 12 July to 11 October 1753. Goods sold to the Honourable Company's servants at 10 per cent. Arrack, 41¾ gallons, £10 8s 9d Brandy, 204⅝ gallons, £51 3s 1½d Sugar and candy 4,454 pounds of sugar, £74 4s 8d 1,764 pounds of candy, £36 15s 0d Sugar and candy total, £110 19s 8d Flour 922 pounds of flour, £6 14s 5½d 148 pounds 2 ounces of baked flour, £130 1s 3d Flour total, £136 15s 8½d Soap, 382 pounds, £16 14s 3d Candles, 503 pounds, £17 2s 1d Tea 64 pounds of Congo, £4 5s 4d 175 pounds of Singlo, £10 18s 9d 24 pounds of Bohea, £1 0s 0d Tea total, £16 4s 1d Rice, 16 pounds, £5 1s 4d Beef and pork 495 pounds of beef at 2s per pound, £49 10s 0d 33 pounds of beef at 2s per pound, £3 6s 0d 5 pounds of beef at 3s per pound, £0 15s 2½d 194 pounds of pork at 2s per pound, £19 8s 0d 30 pounds of pork at 2s per pound, £3 0s 0d 60 pounds of pork at 2s 2d per pound, £6 10s 0d Beef and pork total, £82 9s 2½d Flannel, 6½ yards, £1 2s 2d Carried over, £477 10s 4½d Interpretations This account records the Company's store operating as the island's supply shop, selling provisions and goods to its own servants at a fixed mark-up of ten per cent above cost. The store was the only regular source of imported goods on St Helena, and this arrangement let the garrison and officers draw drink, food, cloth and light against their pay while returning the Company a small margin, so the account is at once a record of consumption and of the closed economy through which the island's people were supplied. Much of the drink and grocery listed was carried in by the Company's own shipping from its Asian and Atlantic trades. Arrack was the Eastern palm or rice spirit shipped from India, and the three teas named were the standard grades of the China trade, Bohea the cheapest black leaf, Congo a better black and Singlo a green tea, all brought home on the East Indiamen that called at the island. The bulk sugar and hard sugar-candy came from the same Eastern trade, and their sale in hundreds of pounds shows how far the Company's long-distance commerce reached into the ordinary diet of the garrison. The flour account distinguished raw flour from flour already baked into bread, the baked entry carrying a far higher charge for the same weight because it covered the baker's labour and the fuel of the oven. The beef and pork were sold by the pound at set rates, most at two shillings with a little dearer meat at three, which shows the store pricing salt provision by a fixed tariff rather than by haggling.
281	275	1753 Brought over£: 477, s: 10, d: 4 1/2 Salt 20 1/2 Bushel £: 3, s: 7, d: 6 Hooks & Lines vizt 4975 Hooks Sorted £: 4, s: 3, d: 7 1/2 3500 Ditto s: 11, d: 8 42 Doz Lines Sorted £: 8, s: 13, d: 2 £: 13, s: 8, d: 5 1/2 Shoes vizt 6 Ps Mens Sized £: 1, s: 17, d: 6 4 Do Pumps £: 1, s: 7, d: 4 8 Ps Channelld Pumps s: 15, d: 10 7 Do Boys £: 1, s: 4, d: 3 106 Ps Mens Ordinary £: 22, s: 19, d: 4 £: 28, s: 4, d: 3 Nails 106 lb Sorted £: 2, s: 7, d: 8 Desootees vizt 12 Ps Single £: 6, s: 15 4 Ps Double £: 4, s: 8 £: 11, s: 3 Thread vizt 12 lb Brown £: 4, s: 1 23 Coloured £: 4, s: 4 2 Doz Hanks s: 6, d: 2 £: 8, s: 11, d: 6 Haberdashery ware vizt 2 Gross lb Waistcoat Buttons s: 6, d: 1 5 Do M Br Buttons s: 1, d: 8 10 Sk Silk s: 4, d: 7 16 Sk Mohair s: 6 4 Doz Gilt Coat Buttons s: 4, d: 6 2 Ps Holland Tape £: 1, s: 10 £: 1, s: 4, d: 8 Carried over£: 545, s: 17, d: 5	Brought over, £477 10s 4½d Salt, 20½ bushels, £3 7s 6d Hooks and lines 4,975 sorted hooks, £4 3s 7½d 3,500 hooks, £0 11s 8d 42 dozen sorted lines, £8 13s 2d Hooks and lines total, £13 8s 5½d Shoes 6 pairs of men's shoes, £1 17s 6d 4 pairs of pumps, £1 7s 4d 8 pairs of channelled pumps, £0 15s 10d 7 pairs of boys' shoes, £1 4s 3d 106 pairs of men's ordinary shoes, £22 19s 4d Shoes total, £28 4s 3d Nails, 106 sorted, £2 7s 8d Dysartes 12 pairs single, £6 15s 0d 4 pairs double, £4 8s 0d Dysartes total, £11 3s 0d Thread 15 pounds brown, £4 1s 0d 23 pounds coloured, £4 4s 4d 2 dozen hanks, £0 6s 2d Thread total, £8 11s 6d Haberdashery 2 gross of waistcoat buttons, £0 6s 1d 5 gross of breast buttons, £0 1s 8d 10 skeins of silk, £0 4s 7d 16 skeins of mohair, £0 0s 6d 4 dozen gilt coat buttons, £0 4s 6d 2 pairs of Holland tape, £0 1s 10d Haberdashery total, £1 4s 8d Carried over, £545 17s 5d Interpretations This part of the store account runs to the harder goods and small wares the island could not make for itself, from fishing tackle and footwear to sewing thread and buttons, all imported and sold on to the garrison at the same fixed mark-up. The mix shows how completely the settlers depended on shipped supply for the material of daily life, since even the thread to mend a coat and the hooks to catch fish came in by sea and passed through the Company's store. The great quantity of fish hooks and lines, near eight and a half thousand hooks and forty-two dozen lines in a single quarter, marks how large a part fishing played in feeding the island. The waters round St Helena were rich, and the settlers and garrison drew a steady share of their food from the sea, so the store kept tackle in bulk as a staple line rather than an occasional sale. The footwear was graded and priced by kind, from plain men's ordinary shoes sold in the hundred pairs down to a few pairs of pumps, the lighter low-cut shoe. Channelled pumps were made with the sole stitched in a cut groove so the seam lay protected and the shoe wore longer, and the term marks the store carrying a better as well as a common grade. Dysartes were a coarse shoe or slipper of a Scots pattern, named for the town of Dysart, sold single and double according to the thickness of the sole. The haberdashery covered the findings of the tailor's and seamstress's work, with silk and mohair in skeins for sewing and gross lots of buttons for coats and waistcoats. Mohair here was a worsted yarn or braid, and Holland tape a fine linen tape from the Low Countries used to bind and fasten garments, both marking the store's stock of the small trimmings that kept the island's clothing in repair.
282	276	October Brought over£: 545, s: 17, d: 5 Buckram 11 Yards s: 10, d: 1 Cordage 6 lb £: 9, s: 2, d: 3 1/2 Ticking 2 Do £: 2, s: 8, d: 9 Kersey 3 1/2 yd s: 4, d: 9 1/2 Leather vizt 124 Leather s: 13, d: 9 11 Calf Skins £: 6, s: 2, d: 4 1/2 £: 6, s: 16, d: 2 Starch vizt 8 lb Common s: 3, d: 8 12 lb Poland s: 8, d: 5 s: 12, d: 1 Twine 31 lb £: 1, s: 8 Oyl vizt 5 Gallons Train s: 15 4 Do Linseed s: 14, d: 8 12 Bottles Florence £: 1, s: 11, d: 6 £: 3, s: 1, d: 2 China ware vizt 23 Bowls £: 1, s: 7, d: 8 14 Suckers s: 3, d: 6 10 Meat Dishes 40 Do Plates £: 1, s: 15, d: 4 6 Soup Plates s: 2, d: 9 18 Half Pint Cups & Saucers s: 6, d: 7 1/2 48 Coloured and Gold Cups s: 14 3 Mugs s: 1, d: 6 3 Guglet and Basons s: 7, d: 6 1 Chamber Pot s: 1, d: 6 £: 5, s: 4, d: 7 1/2 Carried over£: 574, s: 8, d: 9 1/2	Brought over, £545 17s 5d Buckram, 11 yards, £0 10s 1d Cordage, 6 pounds, £0 2s 3½d Ticking, 2 pounds, £0 3s 9d Kersey, 3½ yards, £0 4s 9½d Leather 124 pounds of leather, £0 13s 9½d 11 calfskins, £6 2s 4½d Leather total, £6 16s 2d Starch 8 pounds of common starch, £0 3s 8d 12 pounds of Poland starch, £0 8s 5d Starch total, £0 12s 1d Twine, 31 pounds, £1 0s 8d Oil 5 gallons of train oil, £0 15s 0d 4 gallons of linseed oil, £0 14s 8d 12 bottles of Florence oil, £1 11s 6d Oil total, £3 1s 2d Chinaware 23 bowls, £1 7s 8d 14 sneakers, £0 3s 6d 10 meat dishes, £0 0s 0d 40 plates, £1 15s 4d 6 soup plates, £0 2s 9d 18 half-pint cups and saucers, £0 7s 6½d 48 coloured and gold cups, £0 14s 0d 3 mugs, £0 1s 6d 3 cruets and basins, £0 7s 6d 1 chamber pot, £0 1s 6d Chinaware total, £5 4s 3½d Carried over, £574 8s 9½d Interpretations This part of the account gathers cloth, cordage, dressed leather and household goods, most of them European manufactures shipped in to supply wants the island could not meet from its own resources. The buckram, ticking and kersey were all working cloths of the tailor's and upholsterer's trade, buckram a stiffened linen used to give shape to garments, ticking the strong striped cotton or linen cased over mattresses and bolsters, and kersey a coarse ribbed woollen for hard-wearing clothing. The oils were of three distinct kinds serving three distinct uses, and the account named each by its source. Train oil was rendered from the blubber of whales or seals and burned in lamps or used to dress leather, linseed oil was pressed from flax seed for paint and wood, and Florence oil was fine olive oil from Tuscany sold in bottles for the table, so the single heading covered lighting, manufacture and diet at once. The chinaware was porcelain of the China trade, carried home as private cargo and ordinary ballast on the East Indiamen and sold on through the store to furnish the island's tables. A sneaker was a small cup or basin for drinking, and the range of bowls, plates, cups and cruets shows the garrison's households setting a tea-table and dinner-table with Eastern porcelain, the reach of the Company's Canton trade visible in the crockery of a remote Atlantic garrison. The Poland starch entered apart from common starch was a fine blue-tinted starch used to stiffen and whiten linen, dearer than the plain sort and named for its origin in the grain trade of the Baltic, its presence marking a demand for properly dressed linen even in the island's small society.
283	277	1753 Brought over£: 574, s: 8, d: 9 1/2 Canvas vizt 4 yds English s: 4, d: 6 163 yds Coarse £: 5, s: 12, d: 4 1 1/4 yd Dutch £: 1, s: 10 1/2 £: 5, s: 18, d: 5 Lead vizt 79 lb Cwt Pig s: 14, d: 10 4 Sheet s: 9 24 Shot s: 5 £: 1, s: 7 Paint vizt 27 1/2 Indico £: 2, s: 10, d: 6 1/2 Blue Smalts s: 11 7 Barrels Blacking s: 4, d: 4 1/2 3 1/4 Verdigrease s: 12, d: 11 38 1/2 Wt Lead s: 14, d: 5 1/2 88 Whiting s: 1, d: 9 1 Red Lead s: 3 1/2 White Copperass s: 8 6 Vent Red s: 1, d: 3 15 Yellow Oaker s: 3, d: 1 1/2 1 Umber s: 4 1/2 £: 4, s: 10, d: 6 Turners ware vizt 1 Bowl s: 1, d: 4 2 Flashets s: 6, d: 5 2 Hair Brooms s: 4, d: 5 1 Tray s: 2, d: 9 Turners ware carried over£: 14, d: 7 1/2 Carried over£: 585, s: 18, d: 3 1/2	Brought over, £574 8s 9½d Canvas 4 yards of English canvas, £0 4s 6d 163 yards of Coventry canvas, £5 12s 4½d 1¼ yards of Dutch canvas, £0 1s 10½d Canvas total, £5 18s 5d Lead 79 pounds of pig lead, £0 14s 10d 4 pounds of sheet lead, £0 0s 9d 24 pounds of shot, £0 5s 0d Lead total, £1 0s 7d Paint 27½ pounds of indigo, £2 10s 6d ½ pound of blue smalt, £0 0s 11d 7 barrels of blacking, £0 4s 4½d 3 pounds of verdigris, £0 12s 11d 38½ pounds of white lead, £0 14s 5½d 88 pounds of whiting, £0 1s 9d 1 pound of red lead, £0 0s 3d ½ pound of white copperas, £0 0s 8d 6 pounds of Venice red, £0 1s 3d 15 pounds of yellow ochre, £0 3s 1½d 1 pound of umber, £0 0s 4½d Paint total, £4 10s 6d Turnersware 1 bowl, £0 1s 4d 1 basket, £0 6s 5d 2 flaskets, £0 4s 5d 2 hair brooms, £0 2s 9d 1 tray, £0 0s 0d Turnersware carried over, £0 14s 7½d Carried over, £585 18s 3½d Interpretations This part of the account gathers canvas, lead and the ingredients of paint, the raw materials of building, rigging and maintenance that the island drew entirely from shipped supply. The canvas ran to well over a hundred yards, most of it the coarse Coventry sort, and served for sails, awnings, sacking and every rough covering the garrison and its boats required, so the store kept it in bulk as a working staple. The paint account is a list of separate pigments and driers bought raw to be ground and mixed on the island rather than supplied ready-made. Indigo and blue smalt gave blue, smalt being a powdered blue glass coloured with cobalt, while white lead and whiting furnished the body of white paint and Venice red, red lead, yellow ochre and umber the earth colours. Verdigris, the green corrosion of copper, served as a pigment and in preserving preparations, and white copperas, a zinc sulphate, was used as a drier and in dressing surfaces, the whole marking a store equipped to supply the ingredients for the painter to compound as the work demanded. Turnersware were the wooden vessels and utensils shaped on a lathe or by the cooper's craft, the bowls, trays and flaskets of everyday use, a flasket being a long shallow basket or tub for carrying linen or provisions. Their appearance in the account marks the small wooden goods that the island could not readily make and drew instead from imported stock. The lead came in three forms for three uses, pig lead in cast bars for melting and working, sheet lead for flashing and lining, and lead shot for small arms, so the single heading covered building, plumbing and the garrison's ammunition together.
284	278	October Brought over£: 585, s: 18, d: 3 1/2 Turners ware brought over£: 14, d: 7 1/2 8 Shoe Brushes s: 5, d: 2 3 Pench Ladles £: 1, s: 10 1/2 1 Paint Brush s: 7 1/2 1 Moss £: 1, s: 4 1/2 14 Labourers Baskets s: 8, d: 9 2 Scrubing Brushes s: 4, d: 5 2 Platters s: 2, d: 1 £: 1, s: 13, d: 11 Shalloon 29 1/2 Yards £: 3, s: 11 Copper Money 1000 Half Pence £: 2, s: 1, d: 8 Skreets vizt 71 Skreets £: 16, s: 5, d: 5 2 1/4 Ps Linnen £: 3, s: 7, d: 8 £: 19, s: 13, d: 1 Ironmongers ware vizt 8 Ps Dovetail Hinges s: 3, d: 6 1 Garden Rake s: 2, d: 7 5 Frying Pans s: 9, d: 2 1 Ps Bellows s: 4, d: 3 2 Hay Rakes £: 1, s: 1 1/2 18 Chest Locks £: 3, s: 3 4 Ps H Hinges s: 8, d: 8 1 Gudion s: 3, d: 2 4 Shod Shovels s: 5, d: 4 1/2 3 Iron rimed Locks s: 16, d: 7 10 Files s: 8, d: 4 1 Stock Lock s: 2, d: 2 1/2 4 Hand Hatchets s: 6 Ironware carried over£: 6, s: 13, d: 10 Carried over£: 612, s: 12, d: 10 1/2	Brought over, £585 18s 3½d Turnersware brought over, £0 14s 7½d 8 shoe brushes, £0 5s 2d 3 punch ladles, £0 1s 10½d 1 paint brush, £0 0s 7½d 1 mop, £0 1s 4½d 14 labourers' baskets, £0 8s 9d 2 scrubbing brushes, £0 4s 5d 2 platters, £0 2s 1d Turnersware total, £1 18s 11d Shalloon, 29½ yards, £3 0s 11d Copper money, 1,000 halfpence, £2 1s 8d Thread 71 pounds soldiers' thread, £16 5s 5d 2½ pounds linen thread, £3 7s 8d Thread total, £19 13s 1d Ironmongery 8 pairs of dovetail hinges, £0 3s 6d 1 garden rake, £0 2s 7d 5 frying pans, £0 9s 2d 1 pair of bellows, £0 4s 3d 2 hay rakes, £0 1s 1½d 18 chest locks, £3 3s 0d 4 pairs of H hinges, £0 8s 8d 1 gridiron, £0 3s 4½d 3 shod shovels, £0 5s 4½d 3 iron-rimmed locks, £0 16s 7d 10 files, £0 8s 4d 1 stock lock, £0 2s 2½d 4 hand hatchets, £0 6s 0d Ironmongery carried over, £6 13s 10d Carried over, £612 12s 10½d Interpretations This part of the account runs to household and workshop hardware together with sewing thread and a parcel of copper coin, all shipped in and passed through the store to the garrison. The ironmongery covered the fittings and tools of building and daily work, from hinges and locks for doors and chests to frying pans, shovels, files and hatchets, the whole marking a store that supplied the island's carpenters, smiths and households with the metal goods none could make on the spot. The entry of a thousand halfpence as copper money records the store importing small change as a commodity in its own right, sold on at a premium of about a fifth above face value. Coin of any kind was chronically short on the island, and small copper for daily dealing scarcer still, so the Company shipped in halfpence and let them at a mark-up, the coin itself treated as goods for sale rather than as money paid out. The thread account distinguished a coarse strong soldiers' thread, bought in quantity for mending the garrison's clothing and equipment, from a finer linen thread sold in small weight for domestic sewing. Shalloon was a light twilled woollen cloth, chiefly used to line coats and other garments, its several yards here marking the store's supply of the stuffs a tailor needed to finish a coat as well as to make its outer shell. Several of the ironmongery lines named a particular pattern of fitting, the dovetail and H hinges being shaped types for hanging doors and lids, and the stock lock a heavy wooden-cased lock for an outer door as against the plainer chest locks. The range shows the store carrying graded hardware to suit different work rather than a single common sort.
285	279	1753 Brought over£: 612, s: 12, d: 10 1/2 Ironmongers ware brought over£: 6, s: 13, d: 10 9 Helves s: 6 3 Ditching Shovels s: 14, d: 10 1/2 6 Steel Wedges s: 4, d: 6 2 Spades s: 6, d: 8 3 Mauls s: 12, d: 3 1 Pr Steelyards s: 7, d: 11 1 Bricklayers Trewel s: 1, d: 7 1 Walling Hammer s: 1, d: 8 2 Scythe Stones s: 5 18 Gimblets s: 2, d: 9 1 Pickax s: 2, d: 5 1 Pr Hand Cards s: 2, d: 4 £: 9, s: 16, d: 11 Pepper 2 lb s: 11, d: 4 Shalloons 36 Ps £: 17, s: 11 Cutlery ware vizt 6 Pr Shoe Buckles s: 3, d: 3 14 Gross Horn Moulds s: 17, d: 6 1 Horn Comb s: 3 1/2 3 Butchers Knives s: 11 5 Horn Combs £: 1, s: 4 1/2 2 Ivory Do s: 2, d: 9 8 Shoe Knives s: 3, d: 8 £: 1, s: 9, d: 5 Pewter vizt 4 Basons s: 14, d: 8 1 Quart Funnel s: 2, d: 6 1 Chamber Pot s: 3, d: 2 £: 1, s: 4 Carried over£: 642, s: 11, d: 8	Brought over, £612 12s 10½d Ironmongery brought over, £6 13s 10d 9 helves, £0 6s 0d 3 ditching shovels, £0 14s 10½d 6 stone wedges, £0 4s 6d 2 spades, £0 6s 8d 3 mauls, £0 12s 3d 1 pair of steelyards, £0 7s 11d 1 bricklayer's trowel, £0 1s 7d 1 walling hammer, £0 1s 8d 2 scythe stones, £0 0s 5d 18 gimlets, £0 2s 9d 1 pickaxe, £0 2s 5d 1 pair of hand cards, £0 2s 0½d Ironmongery total, £9 16s 11d Pepper, 2 pounds, £0 1s 1½d Tallow, 36 pounds, £0 17s 11d Cutlery 6 pairs of shoe buckles, £0 3s 3d 14 gross of horn moulds, £0 17s 6d 1 horn comb, £0 0s 3½d 3 butchers' knives, £0 0s 11d 5 horn combs, £0 1s 0½d 2 ivory combs, £0 2s 9d 8 shoe knives, £0 3s 8d Cutlery total, £1 9s 5d Pewter 4 basins, £0 14s 8d 1 quart funnel, £0 2s 6d 1 chamber pot, £0 3s 2d Pewter total, £1 0s 4d Carried over, £642 11s 8d Interpretations This part of the account continues the store's hardware and adds cutlery and pewter, the tools of building and quarrying set beside the small metal goods of the household. The ironmongery here is chiefly the equipment of heavy labour, with ditching shovels, stone wedges, mauls, a pickaxe and a walling hammer, which points to the constant work of cutting stone and raising walls on an island that built in rock and had lately seen its defences damaged by storm. The steelyard was a portable balance that weighed goods by sliding a fixed counterpoise along a graduated arm, needing no set of loose weights, and its supply to the store marks the means by which provisions and stores were weighed out in a place where a full weighing apparatus was hard to keep. Hand cards were the paired wire brushes used to comb wool straight before spinning, their presence showing some small working of the island's own wool into thread and cloth. The cutlery covered horn and ivory combs, shoe and butcher's knives and buckles, the modest personal metalware of dress and the table. Horn moulds bought by the gross were button moulds of pressed horn, the blanks over which cloth or thread buttons were worked, so their great number ties back to the buttons and sewing goods carried elsewhere in the same account, the store supplying the maker's materials as well as the finished article. The pewter basins, funnel and chamber pot were the durable base-metal vessels of the household, cast from an alloy of tin and lead and valued because they outlasted earthenware and could be recast when worn. Their sale alongside the imported china shows the island's tables furnished from both, the fragile porcelain of the Eastern trade and the serviceable pewter of the European.
286	280	October Brought over£: 642, s: 11, d: 8 Glass ware vizt 40 Sqr Glass 6 by 8 s: 16, d: 8 119 Do 8 10 £: 3, s: 14, d: 4 1/2 24 Do Do 10 12 £: 1, s: 2 2 Tumblers s: 1, d: 4 1/2 £: 5, s: 14, d: 5 Deals vizt 3 Single Deals s: 6, d: 7 1/2 8 Ps Riga Timber £: 16, s: 4 2 Baulks s: 11 1 Elm Board s: 3, d: 5 £: 17, s: 5, d: 1/2 Fustian 1 1/2 Ps £: 3, s: 17, d: 1 1/2 Vinegar 3 7/8 Galls s: 8, d: 1 1/2 Peas 1 1/2 Bushels s: 7, d: 10 1/2 Oars 7 £: 1, s: 9, d: 9 Camblet 5 1/4 Yards £: 1, s: 1, d: 6 1/2 Long Cloth vizt 3 1/2 Ps No 1 £: 20, s: 4, d: 8 2 Ps No 3 £: 8, s: 18 1 Ps No 6 £: 2, s: 6, d: 9 1 Ps No 7 £: 1, s: 13, d: 9 £: 33, s: 4, d: 9 Corks vizt 1 1/4 Gross Corks s: 3, d: 1 6 1/4 Cork Wood s: 5, d: 7 1/2 £: 8, s: 8, d: 1/2 Hosiers ware vizt 25 Pr Mens Knit Stockings £: 3, s: 19, d: 2 9 Pr Grays s: 5, d: 2 £: 4, s: 4, d: 4 Carried over£: 710, s: 13, d: 4	Brought over, £642 11s 8d Glassware 40 squares of glass, 6 by 8, £0 16s 8d 119 squares of glass, 8 by 10, £3 14s 4½d 24 squares of glass, 10 by 12, £1 2s 0d 2 tumblers, £0 1s 4½d Glassware total, £5 14s 5d Deals 3 single deals, £0 6s 7½d 8 pieces of Riga timber, £16 4s 0d 2 baulks, £0 11s 0d 1 elm board, £0 3s 5d Deals total, £17 5s 0½d Fustian, 1½ pieces, £3 17s 1½d Vinegar, 3¾ gallons, £0 8s 1d Peas, 1½ bushels, £0 7s 10½d Oars, 7, £1 9s 9d Camblet, 5¼ yards, £1 1s 6½d Long cloth 3½ pieces number 1, £20 4s 8d 2 pieces number 3, £8 18s 0d 1 piece number 6, £2 6s 9d 1 piece number 7, £1 13s 9d Long cloth total, £33 4s 9d Corks 1¼ gross of corks, £0 3s 1d 6¼ pounds of cork wood, £0 5s 7½d Corks total, £0 8s 8½d Hosiery 25 pairs of men's knit stockings, £3 19s 2d 9 pairs of stays, £0 5s 2d Hosiery total, £4 4s 4d Carried over, £710 13s 4d Interpretations This part of the account gathers window glass, timber, cloth and cordage, the substantial materials of building and clothing that the island could not produce and imported through the store. The glass came in three set sizes of pane, priced by the square, and its sale in more than a hundred and eighty panes points to a steady demand for glazing in a place where every sheet had to be shipped in and fitted before it broke. The deals and timber were the sawn and squared wood of construction, and their origin is named in the account. The Riga timber, brought from the Baltic port through the northern trade, was the choicest building wood available and here the dearest single item on the page, while the single deals and the baulks, or roughly squared logs, and the elm board furnished the commoner needs, the whole marking an island that grew little useful building timber and drew its wood from as far as the Baltic. The cloth ran to several distinct stuffs named by trade name and grade. Fustian was a stout cotton and linen twill, camblet a light cloth of wool or mixed fibres once made with camel or goat hair, and long cloth a plain white cotton of the Indian trade sold by numbered piece, the numbers marking the fineness of the weave. The presence of Indian long cloth beside European fustian and camblet shows the store drawing its cloth from both the Company's Eastern trade and the manufactures of home. The stays entered under hosiery were the stiffened bodices worn by women, boned and laced to shape the figure, and their sale beside knitted stockings shows the store supplying the made garments of dress as well as the cloth to make them.
287	281	Brought over£: 710, s: 13, d: 4 Pitch vizt 4 1/2 Gallons Tar s: 3, d: 4 1/2 14 lb Pitch s: 2, d: 11 52 Turpentine s: 10, d: 10 s: 17, d: 1 1/2 Hats vizt 5 Mens £: 4, s: 10, d: 10 2 Boys s: 12, d: 1 £: 5, s: 2, d: 11 Braziers ware vizt 1 Pr Snuffers s: 3, d: 1 1 Pr Candlesticks s: 6, d: 5 1 Ladle s: 2, d: 5 s: 11, d: 11 Tinware 1 Water Pot s: 5, d: 8 1/2 Bunting 1 Yard s: 7 Iron Pots 1 Wt 78 lb s: 14, d: 7 1/2 Wine vizt 27 Doz Port £: 27 1 Doz Lisbon £: 1 £: 28 Beer 1 Hogshead £: 2, s: 10, d: 10 Naval Stores 15 lb Powder s: 15 £: 749, s: 12, d: 1/2	Brought over, £710 13s 4d Pitch 4½ gallons of tar, £0 3s 4½d 14 pounds of pitch, £0 2s 11d 52 pounds of turpentine, £0 10s 10d Pitch total, £0 17s 1½d Hats 5 men's hats, £4 10s 10d 2 boys' hats, £0 12s 1d Hats total, £5 2s 11d Braziersware 1 pair of snuffers, £0 3s 1d 1 pair of candlesticks, £0 6s 5d 1 ladle, £0 2s 5d Braziersware total, £0 11s 11d Tinware, 1 water pot, £0 5s 8½d Bunting, 1 yard, £0 0s 7d Iron pots, 1, weight 78 pounds, £0 14s 7½d Wine 27 dozen of port, £27 0s 0d 1 dozen of Lisbon, £1 0s 0d Wine total, £28 0s 0d Beer, 1 hogshead, £2 10s 10d Naval stores, 15 pounds of powder, £0 15s 0d Total, £749 12s 0½d Interpretations This final part of the account gathers the naval and building stores of tar, pitch and turpentine, the metal goods of the brazier and tinsmith, and a large parcel of wine and beer. The tar, pitch and turpentine were the materials of caulking and preserving wood against sea and weather, used on the island's boats and on the timber of its works, and their supply through the store marks the constant business of keeping craft and structures watertight in a wet and salt climate. The braziersware was goods worked in brass and copper, the snuffers for trimming candle wicks, the candlesticks and the ladle, and the term named the trade of the brazier who beat and cast the yellow metal. This stood apart from the tinware, the water pot of tinned iron sheet, and from the cast-iron pots weighed and sold by the pound, so the account kept the three metalworking trades distinct by the material each shaped. The bunting entered by the yard was the loose open worsted cloth from which flags and signal colours were made, and its small supply here points to the island's need to keep and renew the ensigns flown over its forts and shown to passing ships. Naval stores was a fixed heading of the Company's accounting, and the powder entered under it was gunpowder held as a ship's and garrison store rather than for sale, distinguishing it from the powder the gunner drew for blasting and salutes. The wine ran to twenty-seven dozen of port beside a single dozen of Lisbon, a far larger stock than the general table's monthly draught, which shows the store holding wine in bulk to supply the officers and settlers across the quarter rather than for the common mess alone.
288	282	October Sold to the Planters at 25 P Cent Shoes vizt 2 Pr Womens Spanish s: 11, d: 8 1 Pr Mens Fine s: 7, d: 1 3 Pr Boys s: 12, d: 10 7 Pr Mens Ordinary £: 1, s: 14, d: 6 5 Pr Girls s: 12, d: 6 1 Pr Calamance s: 6, d: 3 5 Pr Calf s: 18, d: 9 2 Pr Chandled Pumps s: 18 £: 6, s: 1, d: 6 Desootees vizt 9 Pr Single £: 5, s: 14, d: 9 1 Pr Double £: 1, s: 5 £: 6, s: 19, d: 9 Shalloon 14 yds £: 1, s: 12, d: 8 Hats vizt 1 Mens £: 1, s: 7 1/2 1 Boys s: 6, d: 10 1/2 £: 1, s: 7, d: 6 Flannel 5 Yards s: 10, d: 7 1/2 Hosiers ware vizt 2 Pr Womens Stockings s: 8, d: 2 4 Pr Boys s: 11, d: 8 3 Pr Girls s: 8, d: 9 £: 1, s: 8, d: 7 Buckram 1 yd s: 1, d: 1 1/2 Fustian 1/2 Ps £: 1, s: 10 Shalloos 3 Ps £: 1, s: 13, d: 9 Carried over£: 21, s: 5, d: 5	Goods sold to the planters at 25 per cent. Shoes 2 pairs of women's Spanish shoes, £0 11s 8d 1 pair of men's fine shoes, £0 7s 1d 3 pairs of boys' shoes, £0 12s 10d 7 pairs of men's ordinary shoes, £1 14s 6d 5 pairs of girls' shoes, £0 12s 6d 1 pair of calamanco shoes, £0 6s 3d 5 pairs of calf shoes, £0 18s 9d 2 pairs of channelled pumps, £0 18s 0d Shoes total, £6 1s 6d Dysartes 9 pairs single, £5 14s 9d 1 pair double, £0 5s 0d Dysartes total, £6 19s 9d Shalloon, 14 yards, £1 12s 8d Hats 1 men's hat, £1 7s 6½d 1 boys' hat, £0 6s 10½d Hats total, £1 7s 6d Flannel, 5 yards, £0 10s 7½d Hosiery 2 pairs of women's stockings, £0 8s 2d 4 pairs of boys' stockings, £0 11s 8d 3 pairs of girls' stockings, £0 8s 9d Hosiery total, £1 8s 7d Buckram, 1 yard, £0 1s 0½d Fustian, ½ piece, £1 10s 0d Shalloon, 3 pieces, £1 13s 9d Carried over, £21 5s 5d Interpretations This account opens a second series of store sales made to the planters rather than the Company's servants, and it was struck at a mark-up of twenty-five per cent against the ten per cent charged the servants on the earlier pages. The difference set the free settlers apart from the Company's own people, so that a planter buying the same shoes or cloth paid a quarter above cost where a soldier or officer paid a tenth, which shows the Company reserving its cheaper store price as a benefit of its service and drawing a fuller margin from the independent inhabitants. The footwear was graded and named by kind and wearer, from plain men's ordinary shoes down to children's and women's, with several finer sorts distinguished by material. Calamanco shoes were made with an upper of calamanco, a glossy checked or striped woollen stuff, and Spanish shoes were of a lighter dressed leather in a Continental style, both marking the store carrying better grades of footwear for those who would pay for them alongside the common working shoe. The cloths sold here repeat the working stuffs of the earlier account, shalloon for lining, fustian for stout wear, buckram for stiffening and flannel for warmth, but now supplied to the settlers for their own households. The steady demand across both accounts for the same few named cloths shows how narrow the range of available textile was on the island, the whole population clothing itself from the same short list of imported stuffs passed out through the single store.
289	283	1753 Brought over£: 21, s: 5, d: 5 Sold at 40 P Cent Brandy 372 Gallons £: 111, s: 12 Sugar and Candy vizt 1446 Sugar £: 30, s: 2, d: 6 526 Candy £: 11, s: 4, d: 11 £: 41, s: 7, d: 5 Flour 314 lb £: 3, s: 5, d: 5 Soap 151 lb £: 8, s: 9, d: 10 1/2 Tea vizt 14 lb Congo £: 1, s: 3, d: 4 73 Single £: 5, s: 9, d: 6 £: 6, s: 12, d: 10 Candles 124 lb s: 12, d: 8 Rice Do 14 lb s: 7, d: 7 Oyl vizt 1 Gallon Train s: 3, d: 10 1 Bottl Florence s: 3, d: 7 s: 7, d: 5 Tar 3 Gallons s: 3 Thread vizt 3 lb Wt Brown £: 1, s: 5, d: 9 2 Coloured s: 9, d: 4 3 Doz Hanks s: 11, d: 9 £: 2, s: 6, d: 10 Chinaware vizt 16 Meat Dishes 61 Do Plates £: 2, s: 8, d: 4 12 Soup Do s: 7, d: 6 9 Mugs Chinaware carried over£: 3, s: 1, d: 4 Carried over£: 211, s: 5, d: 9 1/2	Brought over, £21 5s 5d Goods sold at 40 per cent. Brandy, 372 gallons, £111 12s 0d Sugar and candy 1,996 pounds of sugar, £30 2s 6d 526 pounds of candy, £11 4s 11d Sugar and candy total, £41 7s 5d Flour, 314 pounds, £3 5s 5d Soap, 151 pounds, £8 9s 10½d Tea 14 pounds of Congo, £1 3s 4d 73 pounds of Singlo, £5 9s 6d Tea total, £6 12s 10d Candles, 124 pounds, £12 8s 0d Rice, 2 pounds 14 ounces, £0 7s 7d Oil 1 gallon of train oil, £0 3s 10d 1 barrel of blacking, £0 3s 7d Oil total, £0 7s 5d Tar, 3 gallons, £0 3s 0d Thread 3 pounds brown, £1 5s 9d 2 pounds coloured, £0 9s 4d 3 dozen hanks, £0 11s 9d Thread total, £2 6s 10d Chinaware 16 meat dishes, £2 8s 4d 61 plates, £0 0s 0d 12 soup plates, £0 7s 6d 9 mugs, £0 0s 0d Chinaware carried over, £3 1s 4d Carried over, £211 5s 9½d Interpretations This account opens a third scale of store sales, struck at a mark-up of forty per cent, higher again than the ten per cent charged the Company's servants and the twenty-five per cent charged the planters on the earlier pages. The three graduated rates set out a deliberate order of price on the island, the Company's own people supplied cheapest, the resident planters dearer and this third class of buyer dearest of all, which shows the store used as an instrument of policy that rewarded service and drew a fuller return from those outside it. The single largest item is the brandy, near four hundred gallons sold at this top rate, a quantity far beyond ordinary table use and marking a bulk sale of spirit. Set beside the sugar, candy, tea and candles that follow, the account reads as a wholesale supply of the staple imported groceries at the Company's fullest margin, drawing on the reach of the Eastern and Atlantic trades that brought spirit, sugar and China tea to the island for resale. The oil heading gathered a gallon of train oil, rendered from whale or seal blubber for lamps and leather, with a barrel of blacking, the mixture of lampblack and oil used to dress and darken leather and iron, so the entry covered both burning and dressing under one head. The thread account again distinguished plain brown from coloured sewing thread and hanks by the dozen, repeating the pattern of the servants' account but at the higher price of this class of sale.
290	284	October Brought over£: 211, s: 5, d: 9 1/2 Chinaware brought over£: 3, s: 1, d: 4 10 Bowls s: 16, d: 8 2 Sauce Boats s: 1, d: 1 1 Chamber Pot s: 2 2 Snuffers s: 8 2 Guglets & Basons s: 7 18 Half Pint Cups s: 6, d: 9 £: 4, s: 15, d: 6 Salt 4 1/4 Bushels s: 18, d: 5 Braziers ware 1 Flat Candlestick s: 2, d: 10 Oars 2 s: 11 Haberdashery ware vizt 12 Doz Wt W Buttons s: 3, d: 9 1/2 5 Doz Mr C Buttons s: 4, d: 2 7 Sk Silk s: 4, d: 1 3 Sk Mohair s: 1, d: 6 1 1/2 Doz Guilt C Buttons s: 2, d: 1 1/2 s: 15, d: 8 Glassware vizt 8 Squares Glass 13 by 11 s: 15, d: 8 2 Do 10 12 s: 2, d: 4 15 Do Do 6 8 s: 8, d: 1 1/2 2 Half Hour Glasses s: 1, d: 7 1 Tumbler s: 10 1/2 4 Half Minute Glasses s: 3, d: 2 £: 1, s: 11, d: 9 Hooks and Lines vizt 2175 Hooks Sorted £: 1, s: 19, d: 8 1/2 12 1/2 Doz Lines Sorted £: 3, s: 7, d: 8 1/2 £: 5, s: 7, d: 5 Carried over£: 225, s: 8, d: 4 1/2	Brought over, £211 5s 9½d Chinaware brought over, £3 1s 4d 10 bowls, £0 16s 8d 2 sauce boats, £0 1s 1d 1 chamber pot, £0 2s 0d 2 snuffers, £0 0s 8d 2 cruets and basins, £0 7s 0d 18 half-pint cups, £0 6s 9d Chinaware total, £4 15s 6d Salt, 4¼ bushels, £0 18s 5d Braziersware, 1 flat candlestick, £0 2s 10d Oars, 2, £0 11s 0d Haberdashery 12 dozen waistcoat buttons, £0 3s 0½d 5 dozen breast buttons, £0 4s 2d 7 skeins of silk, £0 4s 1d 3 skeins of mohair, £0 1s 6d 1½ dozen gilt coat buttons, £0 2s 1½d Haberdashery total, £0 15s 8d Glassware 8 squares of glass, 13 by 11, £0 15s 8d 2 squares of glass, 10 by 12, £0 2s 4d 15 squares of glass, 6 by 8, £0 8s 1½d 2 half-hour glasses, £0 1s 7d 1 tumbler, £0 0s 10d 4 half-minute glasses, £0 3s 2d Glassware total, £1 11s 9d Hooks and lines 2,175 sorted hooks, £1 19s 8½d 12½ dozen sorted lines, £3 7s 8½d Hooks and lines total, £5 7s 5d Carried over, £225 8s 4½d Interpretations This part of the sale at the highest rate continues the china, glass and small wares, and the glassware heading holds two items that mark the working needs of the island rather than the household. The half-hour and half-minute glasses were sand-glasses used to measure fixed spans of time, the larger for timekeeping and watch-setting and the smaller for the running of the log at sea to reckon a ship's speed, so their sale points to the navigational and timekeeping wants of a place set on the sea route. The chinaware again ran to the full range of table and tea goods, from bowls and plates to sauce boats and cruets, all porcelain of the China trade sold on at forty per cent above cost. The sale of such Eastern crockery even at the store's dearest rate shows how far the Company's Canton commerce reached into the ordinary furnishing of the island, the fine imported ware bought by settlers who paid the highest margin for it. The great quantity of fish hooks and lines carried through this account, over two thousand hooks and twelve dozen lines in a single class of sale, repeats the pattern of the earlier pages and confirms how large a part fishing played in the island's supply of food. The store held tackle in bulk across every scale of sale, the settlers and garrison alike drawing steadily on the rich waters round the island to feed themselves.
291	285	1753 Brought over£: 225, s: 8, d: 4 1/2 Cordage 6 lb £: 1, s: 2, d: 6 Nails 24 lb s: 12, d: 4 Canvas 52 yds Sacking £: 2, s: 5, d: 6 Twine 10 lb s: 8, d: 4 Paint vizt 6 lb 1/2 Indico s: 13, d: 2 2 Barrels Blacking s: 1, d: 7 £: 16, d: 9 Lead vizt 5 lb 1/2 Pig s: 1, d: 3 2 3/4 Sheet s: 7 1/2 £: 1, s: 10 1/2 Starch 5 lb Common s: 2, d: 11 Turners ware 2 Shoe Brushes s: 1, d: 8 Deals vizt 1 Elm Board s: 4, d: 4 3 Single Deals s: 8, d: 6 s: 12, d: 10 Ironmongers ware vizt 2 Frying Pans s: 4, d: 8 1 Rat Trap s: 7, d: 9 4 Shod Shovels s: 9, d: 8 2 Ditching Shovels s: 12, d: 8 1 Padlock s: 3, d: 2 1 Chest Lock s: 4, d: 6 1 Stock Lock s: 2, d: 10 1/2 1 Bricklayers Trewel s: 2 1 Pr Steelyard s: 10, d: 1 £: 2, s: 16, d: 10 1/2 Carried over£: 234, s: 9, d: 11 1/2	Brought over, £225 8s 4½d Cordage, 6 pounds, £0 1s 2d Nails, 24, £0 0s 6d Canvas, 5 yards of sacking, £0 12s 4d Twine, 10 pounds, £0 2s 6d Paint 6¼ pounds of indigo, £0 8s 4d 2 barrels of blacking, £0 13s 2d Paint total, £0 16s 9d Lead 5¼ pounds of pig lead, £0 1s 3d 2¾ pounds of sheet lead, £0 0s 7½d Lead total, £0 1s 10½d Starch, 5 pounds common, £0 2s 11d Turnersware, 2 shoe brushes, £0 1s 8d Deals 1 elm board, £0 4s 4d 3 single deals, £0 8s 6d Deals total, £0 12s 10d Ironmongery 2 frying pans, £0 4s 8d 1 rat trap, £0 7s 9d 4 shod shovels, £0 9s 8d 2 ditching shovels, £0 12s 8d 1 padlock, £0 3s 2d 1 chest lock, £0 4s 6d 1 stock lock, £0 2s 10½d 1 bricklayer's trowel, £0 2s 0d 1 pair of steelyards, £0 10s 1d Ironmongery total, £2 16s 10½d Carried over, £234 9s 11½d Interpretations This part of the highest-rate sale runs to the building and workshop hardware supplied to the settlers, the cordage, canvas, lead, paint and iron tools of construction and repair. The ironmongery here is again chiefly the equipment of heavy work, with ditching and shod shovels, and its sale to the planters marks the constant labour of digging, walling and building on their holdings, the store furnishing the metal tools that the island could not forge for itself. The shod shovels named in the account were wooden shovels edged with an iron plate along the digging lip, a cheaper tool than an all-iron blade and one that spared metal in a place where iron came dear and by sea. Their supply alongside plain ditching shovels shows the store carrying both the reinforced wooden sort and the fuller iron kind to suit different ground and different purses. The paint materials repeat the raw pigments and driers of the servants' account, indigo for blue and blacking for dressing leather and iron, sold to the planters to compound as their own work required. The recurrence of the same short list of pigments across every class of sale shows how the island painted and preserved its buildings and gear from a narrow and fixed stock of imported colour, ground and mixed on the spot as each job demanded.
292	286	October Brought over£: 234, s: 9, d: 11 1/2 Beef and Pork vizt 1 Ps Beef s: 3, d: 11 3 Ps Pork s: 8, d: 3 s: 12, d: 2 Cutlery ware vizt 1/2 Gross Horn Molds s: 10 £: 235, s: 2, d: 11 1/2 Sold to the Companys Ships Canvas vizt 2 Bolts Oznbrigs £: 10, s: 19, d: 3 4 Do English Canvas s: 11 £: 21, s: 19, d: 3 Twine 12 lb £: 1 Pitch 3 Barrels £: 6, s: 12 Candles 7 lb s: 7, d: 10 Nails 10 lb s: 8, d: 7 1/2 Paint vizt 3 lb Blue Smalts 4 Barrels Blacking s: 3, d: 2 Coals 18 Bushels s: 10, d: 2 Cordage 3 1/8 21 £: 1, s: 5, d: 6 Deals 4 Double £: 118, s: 4 1/2 Salt 2 Bushels s: 16, d: 8 s: 8, d: 8 £: 51, s: 19, d: 3	Brought over, £234 9s 11½d Beef and pork 1 pound of beef, £0 3s 11d 3 pounds of pork, £0 8s 3d Beef and pork total, £1 2s 2d Cutlery, ½ gross of horn moulds, £0 0s 10d Total, £235 2s 11½d Goods sold to the Company's ships. Canvas 2 bolts of Coventry canvas, £10 19s 3d 4 bolts of English canvas, £11 0s 0d Canvas total, £21 19s 3d Twine, 12 pounds, £1 0s 0d Pitch, 3 barrels, £6 12s 0d Candles, 7 pounds, £0 7s 10d Nails, 10, £0 8s 7½d Paint 3 pounds of blue smalt, £0 7s 0d 4 barrels of blacking, £0 3s 2d Paint total, £0 10s 2d Coals, 18 bushels, £0 10s 2d Cordage, 5 pounds 21, £1 18s 4½d Deals, 4 double, £0 16s 8d Salt, 2 bushels, £0 8s 8d Total, £51 19s 3d Interpretations This account closes the servants' and planters' sales and opens a further class, goods sold to the Company's own ships as they called at the island. The provisioning of the East Indiamen was a chief purpose of St Helena, and this heading records the store supplying the vessels with canvas, cordage, pitch, coal and salt for their own use, the island serving the passing fleet as a victualling and refitting station on the long sea route. The canvas and cordage sold to the ships were the materials of sail and rigging, supplied by the bolt and the coil to renew a vessel's gear before it faced the open ocean again. A bolt was the standard rolled length in which sailcloth was sold, and the sale of six bolts of canvas together with pitch and deals shows a ship taking on the stores to mend her sails and hull, the island keeping such materials in bulk precisely to serve this trade. The coal entered here, measured by the bushel, was a fuel the island had none of and imported wholly by sea, and its sale to the ships marks the store passing on a scarce commodity for the vessels' galley fires and forge work. The blue smalt and blacking under paint repeat the pigments of the earlier accounts, supplied now to the ships for their own painting and dressing, the same narrow stock of colour serving garrison, settler and fleet alike.
293	287	1753 Charges General Dr for the following Stores Issued from the 12th July to the 11th October 1753 vizt Corks 9 1/2 Gross for Bottling Beer £: 1, s: 1, d: 9 1/2 Soap 40 lb £: 1, s: 10, d: 10 Cordage 9 lb for tying the Bamboo Arbor s: 2, d: 4 1/2 Candles vizt 100 lb for the Castle £: 7, s: 5, d: 10 90 lb for the Council £: 6, s: 11, d: 3 6 lb for the Doctors Shop s: 8, d: 9 £: 14, s: 5, d: 10 Oyl vizt 2 Bottles Florence for the Armourers use s: 4, d: 9 7 Galls Train for the Kitchen & Bake House s: 18, d: 11 1/2 £: 1, s: 3, d: 8 1/2 Iron and Steel vizt 72 qrs 8 Iron for making and repairing Wedges s: 9, d: 4 10 Steel for Do s: 5, d: 5 s: 14, d: 9 Brandy 5 Gallons for the Doctors Shop & given to the Men that Assisted in taking a Inventory of the Stores s: 8, d: 4 Sugar and Candy vizt 12 Candy for the Doctors Shop s: 4 6 Sugar, to mix with Lime for repairs on ye Castl £: 1, s: 5 1/2 £: 5, s: 5 1/2 Twine 2 lb for the Doctors Shop s: 1, d: 1 Nails vizt 2 Do s: 8 4 40 s: 1, d: 2 1 2 for Repairs to the Stable s: 7 the Pump 4 20 & Bake House s: 1, d: 3 2 3 s: 11 1/2 1 6 s: 5 1/2 s: 5 Carried over£: 19, s: 19, d: 2	An account of general charges, being stores issued from 12 July to 11 October 1753. Corks, 9½ gross for bottling beer, £1 1s 9½d Soap, 40 pounds, £1 10s 10d Cordage, 9½ pounds for tying the bamboo arbour, £0 2s 4½d Candles 100 pounds for the castle, £7 5s 10d 90 pounds for the council, £6 11s 3d 6 pounds for the doctor's shop, £0 8s 9d Candles total, £14 5s 10d Oil 2 bottles of Florence oil for the armourer's use, £0 4s 9d 7 gallons of train oil for the kitchen and bakehouse, £0 18s 4½d Oil total, £1 3s 8½d Iron and steel 2 hundredweight 8 pounds of iron for making and repairing wedges, £0 9s 4d 10 pounds of steel for the same, £0 5s 5d Iron and steel total, £0 14s 9d Brandy, 5 gallons for the doctor's shop and given to the men who assisted in taking an inventory of the stores, £0 8s 4d Sugar and candy 12 pounds of candy for the doctor's shop, £0 4s 0d 6 pounds of sugar to mix with lime for repairs, £0 1s 5½d Sugar and candy total, £0 5s 5½d Twine, 2 pounds for the doctor's shop, £0 1s 1d Nails 2 dozen for repairs to the stable, £0 0s 8d 4 at 40 for repairs to the stable, £0 1s 2d 1 at 20 for the pump, £0 0s 7d 4 at 20 for the bakehouse, £0 1s 3d 2 at 3 for the bakehouse, £0 1s 1½d 1 at 6 for the bakehouse, £0 0s 5½d Nails total, £0 5s 0d Carried over, £19 19s 2d Interpretations This account marks a change of purpose from the sales that precede it, recording not goods sold but stores issued from the Company's stock to its own establishments and works on the island. The general charges heading gathered the drink, candles, iron and small materials drawn without payment to keep the castle, council, doctor's shop, kitchen and bakehouse running, so the account is a record of the Company consuming its own imported store in the ordinary business of governing and provisioning the settlement. The candles issued in bulk to the castle, the council and the doctor's shop measured the cost of light in the island's public buildings, near two hundred pounds of candle in a quarter, which points to the long hours of work and watch kept by artificial light and the steady draw this made on the imported store. The iron and steel drawn for making and repairing wedges served the constant quarrying of stone, the wedges split from the rock the building material the island worked in. Two entries show a working use of the store's groceries beyond the table. Six pounds of sugar were drawn to mix with lime for repairs, sugar added to a lime mortar or wash to slow its setting and harden the finish, a builder's trick that turned a table commodity to the mending of walls. The brandy issued to the men who took the inventory of the stores records a customary allowance of drink as the reward for a spell of heavy stocktaking, the Company paying in kind from its own cellar for the labour of counting its goods. The note of cordage drawn to tie the bamboo arbour records a small piece of garden work at the Company's charge, the arbour a shaded frame of bamboo in the grounds, and its appearance in the account shows even such minor upkeep of the island's amenities charged against the general store.
294	288	October Brought over£: 19, s: 19, d: 2 Starch vizt 5 3/4 Poland s: 3, d: 6 6 Common for Linnen s: 2, d: 6 s: 6 Desootees 1 Ps Single for Curtains for ye Castle s: 10, d: 2 Shalloos 2 Ps s: 17, d: 8 Canvas vizt 7 yds English for Umbrellas for ye Castle s: 7 154 Oznbrigs for rubbers and to cover several Packets s: 14, d: 8 1/2 £: 1, s: 1, d: 8 1/2 Ironmongers ware vizt 10 Drill Bows s: 1, d: 6 23 Files for the Armourers use s: 17, d: 3 1 3/4 Iron wire use s: 1, d: 7 2 Hand Hammers s: 4 6 Quire Sand Paper s: 6, d: 7 1 2 foot Rule s: 11 1 Carpenters Ax for the Carpenter s: 4, d: 5 1 Padlock for the Castle s: 2, d: 3 6 Stone Wedges for the Stone Pilaster s: 4 4 Helves s: 2, d: 5 1 Scraper Store use s: 1, d: 8 4 Stock Locks for the Castle & Comps Houses s: 8, d: 2 £: 2, s: 14, d: 9 Tinware 5 Lanthorn Leaves for ye Castle s: 10 Turners ware vizt 1 Pump Box for the Pump s: 11 1/2 2 Guaging Rods Store use s: 10, d: 1 s: 13, d: 1/2 Leather 3 lb for the Pump s: 3 Carried over£: 26, s: 6, d: 4	Brought over, £19 19s 2d Starch 5¾ pounds of Poland starch for linen, £0 3s 6d 6 pounds of common starch for linen, £0 2s 6d Starch total, £0 6s 0d Dysartes, 1 pair single for writers for the castle, £0 10s 2d Shalloon, 2 pieces for writers for the castle, £0 17s 8d Canvas 7 yards of English canvas for umbrellas for the castle, £0 7s 0d 132 yards of Coventry canvas for matting and to cover several packets, £0 14s 8½d Canvas total, £1 1s 8½d Ironmongery 19 drill bows, £0 1s 6d 23 files for the armourer's use, £0 17s 3d 1¾ pound of horn wire for the armourer's use, £0 1s 7d 2 hand hammers for the armourer's use, £0 4s 4d 6 quires of sandpaper for the armourer's use, £0 6s 7d 1 2-foot rule for the carpenter, £0 0s 11d 1 carpenter's axe for the carpenter, £0 4s 5d 1 padlock for the castle, £0 2s 3d 6 stone wedges for the stonelayer, £0 4s 0d 4 helves, £0 2s 5d 1 scraper for the store's use, £0 1s 8d 4 stock locks for the castle and Company's houses, £0 8s 2d Ironmongery total, £2 14s 9d Tinware, 5 lantern leaves for the castle, £0 0s 10d Turnersware 1 pump box for the pump, £0 0s 11½d 2 gauging rods for the store's use, £0 10s 1d Turnersware total, £0 13s 0½d Leather, 3 pounds for the pump, £0 0s 3d Carried over, £26 6s 4d Interpretations This part of the general charges continues the stores drawn for the Company's own works and offices, and several entries name the particular use to which each was put. The starch was issued to dress the linen of the establishment, the canvas made up into umbrellas and matting for the castle and to wrap the packets sent by ship, so the account records the imported store turned to the daily needs of a working government house rather than sold on for profit. A large block of the ironmongery was drawn for the armourer, the tradesman who kept and repaired the garrison's small arms. The drill bows, files, horn wire, hand hammers and sandpaper were the tools of his bench, the drill bow the device that spun a drill by a cord looped round its shaft, and their issue in quantity marks the constant labour of maintaining and mending the firelocks and edged weapons on which the island's defence rested. The gauging rods drawn for the store were the graduated sticks used to measure the depth and so the contents of a cask, letting the storekeeper reckon how much liquor remained in a partly emptied barrel without broaching it. Their supply marks the careful accounting the Company kept of its drink, the same concern for exact measure that runs through the whole of these quarterly stores. The pump appears repeatedly as a charge on the store, drawing a pump box, leather and nails for its repair, and the recurrence shows the constant trouble of keeping a working pump in order on the island. The pump box was the barrel or chamber in which the piston worked, and the leather furnished the washers that made its seal, the two the parts most worn by use and most often renewed.
295	289	1753 Brought over£: 26, s: 6, d: 4 Long Cloth 1 Ps No 1 for 2 Surplices for the Chaplain s: 5, d: 3 Chinaware 6 Snuckers for the Castle s: 1, d: 1 1/2 Lines vizt 6 No 4 for the Garden s: 2, d: 3 1/2 4 No 3 for Whips s: 1, d: 3 1/2 s: 3, d: 7 Pewter vizt 1 Crane s: 18, d: 6 2 Quart Pots Store use s: 5, d: 2 £: 1, s: 3, d: 8 Coals 44 Bushels £: 2, s: 2, d: 2 Deals vizt 6 Ruffers for the Late Governours back Yard & for the Garden £: 1, s: 3 18 Ps Riga Timber for the Garden s: 12, d: 3 1 Double Deale for Windows Shutters for the Barracks s: 2, d: 11 1/2 £: 1, s: 15, d: 5 1/2 Braziers ware 1 Copr Bonnet for ye demst Uten s: 10 £: 36, s: 18, d: 2 Diet Expences Dr for the following Stores Issued from the 12 July to the 11th October 1753 Vizt Arrack 40 Gall £: 5, s: 8, d: 4 Candy 256 £: 4, s: 13, d: 4 Vinegar 5 1/2 Gallons s: 10, d: 6 1/2 Beef and Pork vizt 25 Ps Pork £: 2, s: 10 1 Ps Beef s: 2, d: 9 £: 2, s: 12, d: 9 Flour 922 lb £: 6, s: 10, d: 7 1/2 Carried over£: 19, s: 15, d: 7	Brought over, £26 6s 4d Long cloth, 1 piece number 1 for 2 surplices for the chaplain, £0 5s 3d Chinaware, 6 sneakers for the castle, £0 1s 1½d Lines 6 number 4 for the garden, £0 2s 3½d 4 number 3 for ships, £0 1s 3½d Lines total, £0 3s 7d Pewter 1 crane, £0 18s 6d 2 quart pots for the store's use, £0 5s 2d Pewter total, £1 3s 8d Coals, 44 bushels, £2 2s 2d Deals 6 rafters for the Deputy Governor's back yard and for the garden, £0 1s 3d 15 pieces of Riga timber for the garden, £0 12s 3d 1 double deal for window shutters for the barracks, £0 2s 11d Deals total, £1 15s 5½d Braziersware, 1 dozen boxes for the dumb waiter, £0 0s 10d Total, £36 18s 2d An account of diet expenses, being stores issued from 12 July to 11 October 1753. Arrack, 40 gallons, £5 8s 4d Candy, 256 pounds, £4 13s 4d Vinegar, 5¾ gallons, £0 10s 6½d Beef and pork 25 pounds of pork, £2 10s 0d 1 pound of beef, £0 2s 9d Beef and pork total, £2 12s 9d Flour, 922 pounds, £6 10s 7½d Carried over, £19 15s 7d Interpretations This part of the general charges closes the stores drawn for the Company's works and opens a further account of diet expenses, the provisions issued to feed the establishment. Two entries near the head of the page mark supplies drawn for particular purposes of the household, a piece of Indian long cloth cut into two surplices for the chaplain, the white linen vestments worn at service, and Riga timber and rafters for the garden and the Deputy Governor's yard, so the store furnished both the forms of worship and the fabric of the officers' quarters. The pewter crane drawn for the store was a pivoted iron or metal arm set in a fireplace to swing a pot over the flame and off again, and its issue marks the fitting out of a kitchen or hearth in the Company's service. The dozen small boxes for the dumb waiter record a fitting for the tiered serving stand or lift of that name, used to carry dishes between floors or hold them at table, a piece of household furniture in the Governor's house. The diet expenses that follow gathered the drink, sugar and provisions consumed by the establishment as distinct from the general stores, and the arrack heads the list as it does the general table's account. The candy drawn in bulk, over two hundred pounds, was the hard refined sugar of the Eastern trade, and its issue in such quantity for the household's diet shows how far the Company's Asian commerce reached into the everyday eating of the island even in the stores drawn without sale.
296	290	October Brought over£: 19, s: 15, d: 7 Tea 8 lb Single s: 8 Oyl 5 Bottles Florence s: 11, d: 10 1/2 Salt 3 Bushels s: 9 Peas 2 Bushels s: 12, d: 8 Rice 12 lb s: 9 1/2 £: 21, s: 17, d: 11 Blacks Dr for the following Stores Issued from the 12 July to the 11th October 1753 Brandy 38 3/4 Gallons £: 3, s: 4, d: 7 Shoes vizt 17 Pr Mens Ordinary £: 3, s: 6, d: 7 1 Pr Boys s: 3, d: 5 £: 3, s: 10 Sugar 33 lb s: 8 Tea 18 lb Bohea for the Sick s: 10, d: 6 Rice 16 lb 3/4 £: 4, s: 19, d: 2 Hooks and Lines vizt 7 Doz Lines £: 1, s: 6, d: 9 1/2 525 Hooks for Fishing s: 9, d: 8 £: 1, s: 16, d: 5 1/2 Pork 3 Ps s: 6 Lead 8 lb Pig for Sinkers s: 1, d: 4 Thread vizt 1 lb Coloured s: 3, d: 4 1 Wt Brown to mend their Cloaths s: 6, d: 1 1/2 s: 9, d: 5 1/2 Cutlery ware 3 Butchers Knives s: 10 Carried over£: 15, s: 6, d: 4	Brought over, £19 15s 7d Tea, 8 pounds of Singlo, £0 8s 0d Oil, 5 bottles of Florence oil, £0 11s 10½d Salt, 3 bushels, £0 9s 0d Peas, 2 bushels, £0 12s 8d Rice, 12 pounds, £0 0s 9½d Total, £21 17s 11d An account charged to the blacks, being stores issued from 12 July to 11 October 1753. Brandy, 38¾ gallons, £3 4s 7d Shoes 17 pairs of men's ordinary shoes, £3 6s 7d 1 pair of boys' shoes, £0 3s 5d Shoes total, £3 10s 0d Sugar, 33 pounds, £0 8s 0d Tea, 18 pounds of Bohea for the cook, £0 10s 6d Rice, 16 pounds, £0 4s 0d Hooks and lines 7 dozen lines for fishing, £1 6s 9½d 525 hooks for fishing, £0 9s 8d Hooks and lines total, £1 16s 5½d Pork, 3 pounds, £0 0s 6d Lead, 8 pounds of pig lead for sinkers, £0 1s 4d Thread 1 pound coloured to mend their clothes, £0 3s 4d 1 pound brown to mend their clothes, £0 6s 1½d Thread total, £0 9s 5½d Cutlery, 3 butchers' knives, £0 0s 10d Carried over, £15 6s 4d Interpretations This account opens a separate reckoning of stores issued to the slaves the Company held on the island, charged under their own heading apart from the servants, planters and ships. The Company kept the cost of maintaining its slaves as a distinct line in its accounting, so the provisions, clothing and tackle drawn for them were entered here as a charge against that establishment, the record treating the upkeep of the enslaved workforce as a measurable expense set against its labour. The fishing tackle drawn for the slaves marks how they were set to catch their own food from the sea, with seven dozen lines, over five hundred hooks and pig lead cast into sinkers issued together for fishing. This shows the Company meeting part of the slaves' subsistence not by ration alone but by equipping them to draw fish from the rich island waters, a cheaper provisioning that turned their own labour to their keep. The thread issued to mend their clothes and the shoes supplied in quantity record the minimum the Company spent to keep its slaves clothed and shod for work, the men's ordinary shoes the cheapest grade the store carried. The tea drawn for the cook and the sugar, rice and brandy entered here mark the plain provisions allotted to the enslaved household, a diet supplied at the Company's charge and accounted as carefully as every other draw on the store.
297	291	1753 Brought over£: 15, s: 6, d: 4 Twine 1 Skane s: 6 1/2 Oyl 1/4 Gallon Train s: 8 Shalloos 6 Ps to compleat Cloathing for £: 2, s: 13 Canvas 42 yds Oznbrigs the Women £: 1, s: 6, d: 3 £: 19, s: 6, d: 9 1/2 Garrison Dr for the following Stores Issued for their use from the 12th July to the 11th October 1753 Vizt Tea 6 lb Bohea £: 1, s: 19, d: 8 Oyl 6 3/4 Galls Train for the Several Guards £: 8, s: 12, d: 8 Ironware 1 Frying Pan s: 1, d: 8 Deals vizt 3 Baulks s: 15 85 Do Deals for Cots £: 13, s: 2, d: 1 3 Single Deals for Coffins s: 5, d: 11 £: 14, s: 3 Nails vizt 1 lb Supper s: 5 1/2 20 Do for Cots and Coffins s: 10, d: 6 1/2 6 6 s: 2, d: 3 s: 13, d: 3 Canvas vizt 274 yds English s: 13, d: 14 1 Ps 4 yds Sacking for Cots s: 18, d: 10 £: 14, s: 12, d: 10 Twine 3 lb for Do s: 17 1/2 Iron 30 for Do s: 5, d: 4 Brandy 15 Gall for Drams on Mustering & ye Doctors Shop s: 1, d: 5 £: 41, s: 15, d: 4	Brought over, £15 6s 4d Twine, 1 hank, £0 0s 6½d Oil, ¼ gallon of train oil, £0 0s 6½d Shalloon, 6 pieces to complete clothing for the women, £2 13s 0d Canvas, 42 yards of Coventry canvas to complete clothing for the women, £1 6s 3d Total, £19 6s 6½d An account charged to the garrison, being stores issued for their use from 12 July to 11 October 1753. Tea, 6 pounds of Bohea, £1 19s 8d Oil, 63¼ gallons of train oil for the several guards, £8 12s 8d Ironware, 1 frying pan, £0 1s 8d Deals 3 baulks, £0 15s 0d 83 deals for coffins, £13 2s 1d 3 single deals for coffins, £0 5s 11d Deals total, £14 3s 0d Nails 1 pound of scupper nails, £0 0s 5½d 20 at 20 for coffins and coffins, £0 10s 6½d 6 at 6 for coffins, £0 2s 3d Nails total, £0 13s 3d Canvas 274 yards of English canvas for coffins, £13 14s 0d 1 piece 4 yards of sacking for coffins, £0 18s 10d Canvas total, £14 12s 10d Twine, 3 pounds for coffins, £0 1s 7½d Iron, 30 pounds for coffins, £0 5s 4d Brandy, 15 gallons for drams on mustering and for the doctor's shop, £1 5s 0d Total, £41 15s 6d Interpretations This account closes the stores drawn for the slaves and opens a further reckoning charged to the garrison, the soldiers of the island's defence. The garrison was kept and supplied at the Company's charge, and this heading gathers the tea, oil, timber and materials issued for the troops' use and for the burial of their dead, so the account records the running cost of maintaining the military establishment as a distinct line in the quarterly stores. A striking share of this account was drawn for coffins, with deals, canvas, nails, twine and iron all issued together for that purpose in notable quantity. The scale of the burial materials, over eighty deals and near three hundred yards of canvas, points to a heavy mortality among the garrison in the quarter, the soldiers dying at a rate that put a real charge on the store for their coffining, a silent measure of the sickness that pressed on a garrison in that climate. The train oil issued in bulk to the several guards was rendered whale or seal oil burned in the lamps and lanterns of the guardhouses, and its large draw, over sixty gallons, marks the cost of keeping the watch posts lit through the hours of darkness. The brandy drawn for drams on mustering records the customary tot of spirit served to the men when they paraded, a fixed allowance of drink that the Company met from its own store as part of the ordinary usage of the garrison. The shalloon and canvas at the head of the page, drawn to complete clothing for the women, mark the Company clothing the female slaves or servants of its establishment from the store, the cloth issued to make up their garments as the men's shoes and thread were issued elsewhere in the same accounts.
298	292	October Brought over£: 41, s: 15, d: 4 Vinegar 1 Gallon for the Doctors Shop s: 1, d: 11 The following Cloathing delivered them Hats vizt 237 Centinels £: 32, s: 14, d: 4 1/2 20 Serjeants £: 11, s: 16, d: 1 £: 44, s: 11, d: 1/2 Shoes 232 Pr £: 50, s: 6, d: 7 Shirts vizt 237 Centinels £: 49, s: 7, d: 6 21 Serjeants £: 6, s: 13, d: 4 £: 56, s: 10 Hosiers ware vizt 257 Prs Thread Stockings £: 32, s: 18, d: 7 1/2 Soldiers Cloaths vizt 12 Serjeants Coats and Breeches £: 62, s: 14 12 Corporals Do Do £: 18, s: 9 4 Drummers Do Do £: 13, s: 2 1 Marshals Do Do £: 1, s: 11, d: 4 8 Gunners Masters Do Do £: 23, s: 12 8 Do Gunners Do Do £: 18, s: 8 20 Mattproses Do Do £: 42, s: 6, d: 8 190 Centinels Do Do £: 281, s: 5, d: 8 £: 461, s: 18, d: 8 £: 687, s: 12, d: 8 1/2	Brought over, £41 15s 6d Vinegar, 1 gallon for the doctor's shop, £0 1s 11d The following clothing was delivered to the garrison. Hats 237 for sentinels, £32 14s 4½d 20 for sergeants, £11 16s 1d Hats total, £44 11s 2½d Shoes, 232 pairs, £50 6s 7d Shirts 237 for sentinels, £49 7s 6d 26 for sergeants, £6 13s 4d Shirts total, £56 0s 10d Hosiery, 257 pairs of thread stockings, £32 18s 7½d Soldiers' clothes 12 sergeants' coats and breeches, £62 14s 0d 12 corporals' coats and breeches, £18 9s 0d 4 drummers' coats and breeches, £13 12s 0d 1 marshal's coat and breeches, £1 11s 4d 8 gunners' coats and breeches, £23 12s 0d 8 gunners' mates' coats and breeches, £18 8s 0d 20 mattrosses' coats and breeches, £42 6s 8d 190 sentinels' coats and breeches, £281 5s 8d Soldiers' clothes total, £461 18s 8d Total, £687 12s 8½d Interpretations This account records the annual issue of uniform clothing to the whole garrison, the hats, shoes, shirts, stockings and coats and breeches delivered to the soldiers graded by their rank and function. The Company clothed its troops at its own charge and drew the cost against the establishment, so the account is at once a supply record and a muster of the garrison, the numbers issued under each head giving the strength of every class of soldier on the island. The ranks named in the account set out the make-up of an artillery garrison rather than a body of ordinary infantry. Mattrosses were the junior gunners who assisted the trained gunners in serving the great guns, loading, sponging and running out the pieces, and the presence of gunners, gunners' mates and a score of mattrosses alongside the common sentinels shows the island's defence built round its batteries of cannon, the men graded by their place in working the ordnance. The great disparity of cost between the ranks reflected the quality and quantity of cloth in each grade of dress. The single marshal and the sergeants and gunners drew dearer coats than the common sentinel, but the sentinels' clothing dominated the total by sheer number, near two hundred suits of coat and breeches making up the bulk of the whole charge. The scale of the issue, over six hundred pounds in a single delivery, marks the annual clothing of the garrison as one of the largest fixed costs the island bore.
299	293	1753 Plantation Dr for the following Stores Issued from the 12th July to the 11th October 1753 Vizt Rice and Paddy vizt 35 qr 14 Paddy for the Poultry £: 7, s: 16, d: 7 1 2 20 Rice s: 10, d: 5 £: 8, s: 7 Nails vizt 12 40 s: 3, d: 6 12 6 for repairs to the Turkey House s: 4, d: 3 4 10 and Hutts in the Great Wood s: 1, d: 4 4 4 s: 1, d: 7 2 3 s: 11 1/2 s: 11, d: 7 1/2 Oyl 1/2 Gallon Train for Thatching s: 1, d: 4 Cordage 23 lb for Thatching s: 5, d: 9 Iron Pots 1 for the Great Wood s: 7, d: 2 Tar 3 Galls for Cots s: 11 Iron 1 1/8 1/2 for Do s: 6, d: 3 Earthenware 4 Milk Pans for the Dairy Turners ware vizt 2 Youkes for Oxen £: 1, s: 7, d: 10 4 Salmine Youks s: 1, d: 1 £: 1, s: 8, d: 11 Cutlery ware vizt 2 Punning Knives s: 2, d: 8 24 Butcher Do s: 6, d: 6 s: 9, d: 2 Lines vizt 1 No 4 for the Masons s: 4 1/2 1 No 3 s: 3 1/2 s: 8 Carried over£: 12, s: 10, d: 8 1/2	An account charged to the plantation, being stores issued from 12 July to 11 October 1753. Rice and paddy 35 hundredweight 14 pounds of paddy for the poultry, £7 16s 7d 1 hundredweight 2 quarters 20 pounds of rice for the poultry, £0 10s 5d Rice and paddy total, £8 7s 0d Nails 12 dozen at 40 for repairs to the turkey house and hutches in the great wood, £0 3s 6d 12 at 6 for repairs to the turkey house and hutches in the great wood, £0 4s 3d 4 at 10 for repairs to the turkey house and hutches in the great wood, £0 1s 4d 4 at 4 for repairs to the turkey house and hutches in the great wood, £0 1s 7d 2 at 3 for repairs to the turkey house and hutches in the great wood, £0 1s 4½d Nails total, £0 11s 7½d Oil, ½ gallon of train oil for thatching, £0 1s 4d Cordage, 23 pounds for thatching, £0 5s 9d Iron pots, 1 for the great wood, £0 0s 7d Tar, 3 gallons for casks, £0 2s 0d Iron, 18½ pounds for casks, £0 11s 0d Earthenware, 4 milk pans for the dairy, £0 6s 3d Turnersware 2 yokes for oxen, £1 7s 10d 4 subnine yokes, £0 1s 1d Turnersware total, £1 8s 11d Cutlery 2 pruning knives, £0 2s 8d 24 butchers' knives, £0 6s 6d Cutlery total, £0 9s 2d Lines 1 number 4 for the masons, £0 0s 4½d 1 number 9 for the masons, £0 0s 3½d Lines total, £0 0s 8d Carried over, £12 10s 8½d Interpretations This account records the stores issued to the plantation, the Company's farming establishment that kept its herds, poultry and dairy and worked its ground. The heading gathers the feed, tools and materials drawn to run the farm, from grain for the fowls to yokes for the oxen and pans for the dairy, so the account is a record of the working costs of the island's agriculture as a charge on the imported store. The paddy issued in bulk to feed the poultry was rice still in the husk, unhulled grain cheaper than milled rice and fed whole to the birds, and its draw of over thirty-five hundredweight marks the scale of the poultry the plantation kept. The great flocks tallied in the livestock account were sustained in part on this imported grain, the birds fed from shipped store where the island's own produce fell short. The turnersware named two kinds of yoke for the plantation's draught animals, the ordinary ox yoke that coupled a pair at the neck and a lesser sort for lighter work, both shaped on the lathe or by hand from timber. Their supply marks the oxen kept for ploughing and haulage, the beasts that drew the plantation's carts and worked its ground, fitted out from the store with the gear that harnessed them to the task. The nails drawn for the turkey house and the hutches in the great wood record the upkeep of the plantation's poultry shelters, and the cordage and oil for thatching the roofing of its buildings with a covering of straw or leaf. The great wood was a stand of timber on the island where hutches were kept, and its appearance here marks the plantation's use of the wooded ground for rearing stock under cover.
300	294	October Brought over£: 12, s: 10, d: 8 1/2 Twine 1 Skane s: 6 1/2 Ironware vizt 14 Helves s: 8, d: 5 1/2 1 Garden Rake for the Garden s: 2, d: 4 6 Stone Wedges for the Stone Pilaster s: 4 1 Pr Steelyards s: 7, d: 2 1 Shod Shovel s: 1, d: 9 10 Pickaxes £: 1, s: 1, d: 10 1/2 6 Scythe Stones s: 9 6 Hay Rakes for Mowing s: 3 1 Scythe s: 5, d: 6 3 Files s: 2, d: 3 £: 2, s: 17, d: 1 The following materials delivered for the Plantation House Vizt Deals 3 Ps Riga Timber £: 5, s: 10, d: 3 Oyl 3 3/8 Galls Linseed for Painting s: 11, d: 1 Paint 50 Wt Lead lb s: 16, d: 8 Turners ware 2 Ps Brushes Cornice £: 1, s: 1 Nails 8 4 s: 2, d: 4 Iron 2 1/2 s: 4, d: 1 Lead 26 1/2 lb £: 23, s: 11, d: 6 £: 46, s: 5, d: 4	Brought over, £12 10s 8½d Twine, 1 hank, £0 0s 6½d Ironware 14 helves, £0 8s 5½d 1 garden rake for the garden, £0 2s 4d 6 stone wedges for the stonelayer, £0 4s 0d 1 pair of steelyards, £0 7s 2d 1 shod shovel, £0 1s 9d 10 pickaxes, £1 1s 10½d 6 scythe stones for mowing, £0 0s 9d 6 hay rakes for mowing, £0 3s 0d 1 scythe for mowing, £0 5s 6d 3 files, £0 2s 3d Ironware total, £2 17s 1d The following materials were delivered for the plantation house. Deals, 3 pieces of Riga timber, £5 10s 3d Oil, 3⅜ gallons of linseed oil for painting, £0 11s 1d Paint, 50 pounds of white lead for painting, £0 16s 8d Turnersware, 2 paint brushes for the cornice, £0 1s 1d Nails, 8 at 4, £0 2s 4d Iron, 2 pounds, £0 4s 1d Lead, 26 pounds 7 quarters, £0 23s 11s 6d Total, £46 5s 4d Interpretations This part of the plantation account continues the farm tools and adds a delivery of building materials for the plantation house, the dwelling of the farm's overseer or the Company's country residence. The ironware here is the equipment of mowing and haymaking, with scythes, hay rakes and scythe stones drawn together for cutting and gathering the island's grass, so the account marks the seasonal labour of the hayfield that fed the plantation's stock through the year. The scythe stones issued for mowing were the shaped whetstones with which a mower kept the edge of his blade keen as he worked, the scythe needing frequent honing to cut clean, and their supply beside the scythes and rakes shows the store furnishing the whole apparatus of the hay harvest. The pickaxes drawn in number point to hard ground broken for planting or building, the tool that loosened rock and packed earth where a spade could not bite. The materials for the plantation house were the stuff of painting and finishing rather than raw construction, with linseed oil, white lead and paint brushes drawn to paint the cornice and woodwork. Linseed oil was the vehicle in which white lead was ground to make a durable paint, and their issue together with brushes for the cornice, the moulded band at the head of a wall, marks a finishing or refreshing of the house's decoration at the Company's charge. The Riga timber drawn again for the plantation house repeats the reliance on Baltic wood that runs through these accounts, the choicest building timber shipped from the north and delivered here for the fabric of the farm's principal dwelling, the island's own scant timber unequal to the work.
301	295	1753 Fortification Dr for the following Stores Issued from the 12th July to the 11th October 1753 Vizt Paint vizt 18 lb Wt Lead s: 6 6 Whiting for Painting s: 1 1/2 2 Barrels Blacking the s: 1, d: 1 1/2 1/2 Yellow Oaker Flagstaffs s: 1 s: 7, d: 4 Oyl 1 3/4 Gall Linseed s: 3, d: 10 Nails vizt 1 4 s: 4 1/2 2 40 for Nailing and hanging s: 7 1 6 Spunge Staves on s: 4 1 10 s: 4 s: 17 1/2 Ironware vizt 3 Small Gimblets for the Gunners use s: 5 1 Pr H Hinges for James Bay Magazine s: 1, d: 11 2 Stock Locks s: 4, d: 1 s: 6, d: 5 Cordage 5 1/2 lb to hang Spunge Staves on s: 1, d: 4 1/2 Twine 2 Skane s: 1, d: 1 Turners ware 1 Ps Brush for Painting s: 6 1/2 Tar 1/2 Gall for the Flag Staff s: 4 1/2 Cartwheels 2 Wheel Barrows £: 1, s: 9, d: 6 £: 2, s: 14, d: 4 1/2	An account charged to the fortification, being stores issued from 12 July to 11 October 1753. Paint 18 pounds of white lead for painting the flagstaffs, £0 6s 0d 6 pounds of whiting for painting the flagstaffs, £0 1s 6d 2 barrels of blacking for painting the flagstaffs, £0 1s 1½d ½ pound of yellow ochre for painting the flagstaffs, £0 0s 1d Paint total, £0 7s 4d Oil, 1¾ gallons of linseed oil, £0 3s 10d Nails 1 dozen at 4 for nailing and hanging sponge staves, £0 0s 4½d 2 at 40 for nailing and hanging sponge staves, £0 0s 7d 1 at 6 for nailing and hanging sponge staves, £0 0s 4d 1 at 10 for nailing and hanging sponge staves, £0 0s 4d Nails total, £0 1s 7½d Ironware 3 small gimlets for the gunner's use, £0 0s 6d 1 pair of H hinges for Sandy Bay magazine, £0 1s 11d 2 stock locks for Sandy Bay magazine, £0 4s 1d Ironware total, £0 6s 5d Cordage, 5½ pounds to hang sponge staves on, £0 1s 4½d Twine, 2 hanks, £0 1s 1d Turnersware, 1 paint brush for painting, £0 0s 6d Tar, ½ gallon for the flagstaff, £0 0s 4½d Cartwheels, 2 wheelbarrows, £1 9s 6d Total, £2 14s 4½d Interpretations This account records the stores issued for the fortification, the works and batteries that defended the island, kept and maintained at the Company's charge. The heading gathers the paint, tools and fittings drawn to keep the defences in order, from the painting of the flagstaffs to the securing of a powder magazine, so the account marks the ordinary upkeep of the island's military structures as a distinct line in the quarterly stores. The paint drawn to dress the flagstaffs served both to preserve the tall timber against weather and to mark it conspicuously, the white lead, whiting and yellow ochre mixed in linseed oil to a durable coat. The flagstaffs raised the colours over the forts, and their painting at the Company's charge marks the care taken to keep the ensigns of possession standing sound and visible above the island's works. The fittings drawn for the Sandy Bay magazine, a pair of hinges and two stock locks, record the securing of a store of gunpowder at that landing place on the island's southern coast. A magazine held the powder charge for the guns of a battery, and the heavy locks and hinges issued to it mark the guarding of a dangerous and valuable store against damp, theft and accident, the powder kept under lock at a distance from the main fort. The nails and cordage drawn to hang the sponge staves repeat a recurring charge of these accounts, the wooden shafts of the guns' sponges and rammers stored on pegs and hooks along the battery walls ready to hand. Their constant fitting and renewal marks the routine business of keeping the ordnance served and the batteries fit to fire.
302	296	October Boats Dr for the following Stores Issued from the 12 July to the 11th October vizt Deals 1 Single s: 1, d: 11 1/2 Cordage 5 lb s: 1, d: 4 £: 1, s: 5, d: 11 1/2 Hospital Dr for the following Stores Issued from the 12th July to the 11th October 1753 vizt Sugar and Candy vizt 103 lb Sugar £: 1, s: 4, d: 8 1 Candy s: 4 £: 1, s: 5 Flour 6 lb s: 9, d: 7 Oyl 4 1/2 Galls Train s: 12, d: 2 Salt 1 1/2 Bushels s: 3, d: 9 Rice Do s: 6, d: 2 Chinaware 6 Snuckers s: 1, d: 1 1/2 Tar 1/4 Gallon s: 2 Blacklick 1 s: 7 £: 3, s: 4, d: 11 1/2 October 11th 1753 Errrs Excepted Matthew Purling Storekeeper The following is the List of Remains of Goods in the Honorable Companys Stores taken the 11 of this Month Vizt	An account charged to the boats, being stores issued from 12 July to 11 October 1753. Deals, 1 single, £0 1s 11½d Cordage, 36 pounds, £1 4s 0d Total, £1 5s 11½d An account charged to the hospital, being stores issued from 12 July to 11 October 1753. Sugar and candy 108 pounds of sugar, £1 4s 8d 1 pound of candy, £0 0s 4d Sugar and candy total, £1 5s 0d Flour, 6 pounds, £0 9s 7d Oil, 4½ gallons of train oil, £0 12s 2d Salt, 1½ bushels, £0 3s 9d Rice, 6 pounds, £0 6s 2d Chinaware, 6 sneakers, £0 1s 1½d Tar, 14 gallons, £0 0s 9d Blacking, 1 barrel, £0 0s 7d Total, £3 4s 11½d The accounts were closed on 11 October 1753, errors excepted, by Matthew Purling, storekeeper. The following is a list of the goods remaining in the Honourable Company's stores, taken on the 11th of this month. Interpretations These two short accounts close the series of stores issued, charging the boats and the hospital each under its own heading before the storekeeper signed off the whole. The boats' account records the cordage and deal drawn to keep the island's small craft in repair, the boats that worked the landing places and carried between ship and shore, maintained from the store as a distinct charge on the Company. The hospital's account gathered the sugar, flour, oil, rice and salt drawn to feed and treat the sick of the island, the provisions of a place of care kept at the Company's charge. The sugar issued in quantity served both to nourish the patients and to make medicines palatable, sugar a common vehicle in the dispensing of the period's remedies, so the draw marks the hospital provisioned for the diet and the physic of its inmates together. The whole series of issued stores was signed off by Matthew Purling as storekeeper, the officer charged with the custody and accounting of the Company's goods on the island. The formula of errors excepted reserved the right to correct any mistake later found in the reckoning, a customary saving clause of mercantile accounting that acknowledged the account as the storekeeper's best cast rather than a final and unalterable statement.
303	297	1753 Inventory of Stores remaining in the Honble Companys Ware Houses this 11th October 1753 vizt Anchors vizt 5 Anchors 1 Do on the West Rocks 2 Iron Hoops lb: 90 Bunting vizt 4 Ps 5 yd Red £: 6, s: 9, d: 5 43 Yards White £: 7, s: 2, d: 4 3 Ps 5 Yards Blue s: 18, d: 11 1/2 £: 8, s: 10, d: 5 Broad Cloth 33 1/2 Yards £: 25, s: 2, d: 6 Braziers ware vizt 12 Small Skimmers £: 1, s: 9, d: 8 1/2 4 Skimmers s: 10, d: 8 2 Do s: 12 2 Do £: 1, s: 2, d: 8 9 Flat Candlesticks s: 18 2 Do s: 7, d: 3 1 Do s: 2, d: 9 4 Warming Pans s: 11 1 Copper Pump £: 1, s: 13, d: 4 1/2 17 Ladles s: 11, d: 5 1/2 5 1/2 Brass for Soddering £: 5, s: 18, d: 8 8 Hash Pans £: 1, s: 2, d: 11 2 Tea Kettles s: 9, d: 7 2 Chafing Dishes s: 4, d: 5 1 Pudging Box Braziers ware carried over£: 18, s: 13, d: 9 1/2 Carried over£: 124, s: 8, d: 11	An inventory of stores remaining in the Honourable Company's warehouses, taken 11 October 1753. Anchors 5 anchors, 1 anchor on the West Rocks and 2 iron hoops, 90 hundredweight Bunting 4 pieces 5 yards red, £6 9s 5d 43 yards white, £7 2s 4d 3½ yards blue, £0 18s 11½d Bunting total, £8 10s 5d Broadcloth, 33½ yards, £25 2s 6d Braziersware 12 small skimmers, £1 9s 8d 4 skimmers, £0 10s 8d 2 skimmers, £0 1s 0d 2 skimmers, £1 8s 8d 9 flat candlesticks, £0 18s 0d 2 candlesticks, £0 7s 3d 1 candlestick, £0 2s 9d 4 warming pans, £0 11s 0d 1 copper pump, £1 13s 1½d 15 ladles, £0 11s 5½d 5½ pounds of brass for soldering, £5 18s 8d 8 hash pans, £1 2s 11d 2 tea kettles, £0 9s 7d 2 chafing dishes, £0 4s 5d 1 dredging box, £0 0s 0d Braziersware carried over, £18 13s 2½d Carried over, £124 8s 11d Interpretations This inventory marks a change from the accounts of goods issued and sold to a stocktaking of what remained in the Company's warehouses at the quarter's end, the counterpart to the running charges of the preceding pages. The storekeeper cast the standing stock item by item under its heading, so the inventory records the reserve of goods the island held against future need, the base against which each quarter's draws and receipts were reckoned. The anchors kept in store, weighed together at ninety hundredweight, were a reserve of ground tackle for the Company's shipping and the island's own craft, and the note of one lying on the West Rocks records an anchor set or lost at that point of the coast. Anchors were heavy and costly iron goods that a remote island held in stock precisely because a vessel might part from its own and need a replacement, the store keeping such spares as a service to the fleet it victualled. The braziersware in stock ran to the copper and brass vessels of the kitchen and household, the skimmers, ladles, hash pans and chafing dishes worked by the brazier's craft. A skimmer was the perforated ladle for lifting scum or solids from a boiling pot, a chafing dish a vessel holding hot coals to keep food warm at table, and their numbers in store mark the reserve of cooking metal the Company held to furnish its establishments and to sell. The brass kept for soldering was the raw metal from which the brazier mended and joined such vessels, its high valuation marking it a costly working material held in reserve for repairs. The broadcloth and bunting in store were the finer and the coarser woollens of the Company's cloth stock, broadcloth the dense dressed woollen of good coats and bunting the loose stuff of flags, held ready to clothe the establishment and to renew the colours flown over the forts.
304	298	October Brought over£: 124, s: 8, d: 11 Braziers ware brought over£: 18, s: 13, d: 2 1/2 2 Bread Graters s: 9, d: 11 1 Nutmeg Grater s: 2, d: 2 1/2 3 Pr Steel Snuffers s: 8, d: 3 7 Small Do £: 1, s: 16, d: 10 2 Large Saucepans s: 12, d: 11 2 Small Do s: 6, d: 6 3 Large Brass Cocks s: 13, d: 3 5 Do with covers s: 1 2 Pudding Pans £: 1, s: 1, d: 6 £: 24, s: 12, d: 7 Blocks vizt 4 Iron bound Catt Blocks £: 1, s: 5, d: 8 2 Do Snatch £: 1, s: 7, d: 6 2 Do double Top 1 Do Single Top s: 15 4 Do Dead Eyes 6 Dead Eyes £: 4, s: 5, d: 9 4 Double long Tackles s: 19 2 Blocks s: 8 £: 9, s: 11 Buckram 5 Ps 7 Yards £: 5, s: 1, d: 8 Beef and Pork vizt 11 Puncheons 28 Ps Beef £: 145, s: 18, d: 8 9 Whole 24 Ps Pork £: 80, s: 2, d: 9 £: 226, s: 1, d: 5 Copper Money 62,860 Irish half Pence £: 130, s: 19, d: 2 Carried over£: 520, s: 4, d: 8	Brought over, £124 8s 11d Braziersware brought over, £18 13s 2½d 2 bread graters, £0 9s 11d 1 nutmeg grater, £0 2s 2½d 3 pairs of steel snuffers, £0 8s 3d 7 small saucepans, £1 16s 10d 2 large saucepans, £0 10s 11d 2 small saucepans, £0 6s 6d 3 large brass cocks, £0 13s 3d 5 brass cocks with covers, £0 1s 0d 2 pudding pans, £1 1s 6d Braziersware total, £24 12s 7d Blocks 4 iron-bound cat blocks, £1 5s 8d 2 snatch blocks, £1 7s 6d 2 double-top blocks, £0 15s 0d 1 single-top block, £0 15s 0d 4 dead eyes, £0 15s 0d 6 dead eyes, £4 5s 9d 4 double long tackles, £0 19s 0d 2 blocks, £0 8s 0d Blocks total, £9 11s 0d Buckram, 5 pieces 7 yards, £5 1s 8d Beef and pork 11 puncheons, 28 pounds of beef, £145 18s 8d 9 hogsheads, 24 pounds of pork, £80 2s 9d Beef and pork total, £226 1s 5d Copper money, 62,860 Irish halfpence, £130 19s 2d Carried over, £520 4s 8d Interpretations This part of the inventory continues the standing stock of braziersware and adds the ship's blocks, the salt provisions and a great parcel of copper coin held in the warehouse. The blocks were the pulleys through which a vessel's running rigging was rove, held in store as spares for the Company's shipping, and their several named kinds mark the variety of tackle a ship required and might need to replace at the island. The blocks named in the inventory belonged to the standing and running gear of a sailing ship. Cat blocks were the heavy purchases used to raise an anchor to the cathead once it broke the water, snatch blocks the openable sort that took a rope's bight without threading its end, and dead eyes the round pierced blocks through which the shrouds were set up and tautened, so the store held the particular tackle by which a ship worked her anchors and stayed her masts, kept ready for the vessels it served. The salt beef and pork held in puncheons and hogsheads was the great reserve of preserved meat on which the island and the passing fleet drew, and its valuation at over two hundred pounds marks it the largest single item of the standing stock. This was the provision that victualled the East Indiamen for the long passage and fed the garrison when fresh meat fell short, salted down in the large casks and held against the constant demand of the ships and the settlement. The copper coin in store was now identified as Irish halfpence, near sixty-three thousand pieces held as a stock of small money and valued well above their face. The great quantity marks the island importing low-denomination copper in bulk to answer the chronic want of small change for daily dealing, the Irish halfpence a common resort for colonial small coin, held in the warehouse as a commodity to be issued and sold as the island's petty commerce required.
305	299	1753 Brought over£: 520, s: 4, d: 8 Cutlery Ware vizt 16 Horn Combs s: 4 8 Horn Do s: 1, d: 6 55 Pr Shoe Buckles £: 1, s: 5, d: 2 1/2 16 Dozen Shoe Icicks s: 2, d: 8 7 Chopping Knives s: 9, d: 7 1 Cleaver s: 8, d: 5 4 Gross 7 Dozen Horn Moulds s: 5, d: 1 64 Butchers Knives s: 17, d: 4 22 Shoe Knives s: 9, d: 2 4 Budding Knives s: 1, d: 8 2 Penning Knives s: 2, d: 8 6 Cased Reams £: 1, s: 7, d: 2 £: 5, s: 19, d: 7 1/2 Cart Wheels vizt 22 Spare Sides for Hand & Wheel Barrows £: 1, s: 16, d: 8 1 Do Cabe s: 1, d: 8 2 Axeltrees £: 1, s: 10 1/2 3 Wheel Barrows £: 2, s: 4, d: 5 £: 5, s: 3, d: 5 1/2 Corks vizt 8 Gross Corks s: 18, d: 4 1 1/2 Sheet Corks s: 3, d: 4 1/2 £: 1, s: 1, d: 8 1/2 Camblet vizt No 4 Yards Blue s: 11, d: 8 3 Yards Brown s: 8, d: 3 s: 19, d: 11 Canvas vizt 5 Ps 117 Yards Oznbrigs £: 24, s: 2, d: 2 1/2 17 Ps 6 Yards English Canvas £: 34, s: 3, d: 7 1/2 £: 58, s: 8, d: 10 Carried over£: 591, s: 18, d: 2 1/2	Brought over, £520 4s 8d Cutlery 16 horn combs, £0 0s 4d 8 horn combs, £0 1s 6d 55 pairs of shoe buckles, £1 5s 2½d 16 dozen shoe knives, £0 2s 8d 7 chopping knives, £0 9s 7d 1 cleaver, £0 8s 3d 1 gross 7 dozen horn moulds, £0 5s 1d 64 butchers' knives, £0 17s 4d 22 shoe knives, £0 9s 2d 4 budding knives, £0 1s 8d 2 pruning knives, £0 2s 8d 1 cased fleam, £0 17s 2d Cutlery total, £5 19s 7½d Cartwheels 22 spare wheels for hand and wheelbarrows, £1 16s 8d 1 cart axle, £0 1s 8d 2 axletrees, £0 1s 10½d 3 wheelbarrows, £2 4s 5d Cartwheels total, £5 3s 5½d Corks 8 gross of corks, £0 18s 4d 4¾ pounds of shellcork, £0 3s 4½d Corks total, £1 1s 8½d Camblet 7 yards blue, £0 11s 6d 3 yards brown, £0 8s 3d Camblet total, £0 19s 11d Canvas 5 pieces 117 yards of Coventry canvas, £24 2s 2½d 17 pieces 6 yards of English canvas, £34 3s 7½d Canvas total, £58 8s 10d Carried over, £591 18s 2½d Interpretations This part of the inventory continues the standing stock with the cutlery, cartwheels, corks and cloth held in the warehouse, the durable working goods and materials kept in reserve. The cutlery ran to the knives and combs of trade and household, from butcher's and chopping knives to the horn and ivory combs of dress, held in stock to supply the island's daily wants and to sell through the store. Two of the knives named in the inventory belonged to particular trades. The budding knives were the fine curved blades used in grafting fruit trees, cutting the bud and slitting the stock to receive it, and their presence marks the plantation's care of its orchards, while the cased fleam was the set of lancets, carried in a folding case, used to bleed men and beasts, the instrument of the period's medicine and veterinary practice. Their appearance in store shows the range of specialised edge tools the Company held for the island's husbandry and health. The cartwheels, axletrees and wheelbarrows held in stock were the running gear of the island's haulage, kept in reserve against the constant wear of moving stone, timber and provisions over rough ground. Spare wheels for the barrows in particular marked the heaviest-used and most easily broken part, the store holding a good number ready so that a broken barrow need not stand idle for want of a wheel. The great stock of canvas, well over a hundred yards of the coarse Coventry sort and more of the English, was the largest cloth reserve in the warehouse, held for the endless demand of sails, sacking, awnings and the coffining that pressed so hard on the garrison's stores. Shellcork held beside the ordinary corks was the coarse outer bark cork used for floats and rough stopping, distinguished from the finer bottle corks by its use.
306	300	October Brought over£: 591, s: 18, d: 2 1/2 Cordage vizt Cwt qr lb 1 Chord Hauser 16, 2, 19 5 Inch Cordage 52, 3, 24 4 Inch Do 35, 1, 27 3 1/2 Inch Do 21, 16 3 Inch Do 15, 3, 17 2 1/2 Inch Do 30, 8 2 Inch Do 7, 9 12 Thread Ratling 4, 3, 18 9 Thread Do 3, 3, 24 188, 12 £: 251, s: 11, d: 10 Deals vizt 170 Double Deals 17 Do in use in the Cellars in the Stores £: 30, s: 4, d: 4 1102 Single Do 20 Do in use in the Cellars in the Stores £: 112, s: 10, d: 3 1/2 12 Elm Planks s: 11, d: 7 117 Bundles Laths £: 6, s: 11, d: 7 26 Wainscott Boards £: 6, s: 6, d: 5 12 Elm Board £: 1, s: 17 50 lb Do £: 10, s: 2, d: 6 8 Baulks £: 2, s: 2 10 3/4 Ps Riga Timber £: 10, s: 9 1/2 9 Spars s: 18, d: 8 £: 200, s: 18, d: 1/2 Earthen Ware 5 Milk Pans £: 1, s: 14 Flannel 1 Ps 38 Yards £: 8, s: 10, d: 5 1/2 Grindstones vizt 1 Large Grindstone s: 16, d: 6 1 Small Do s: 2, d: 9 s: 18, d: 3 Fustian 2 1/2 Pieces £: 6, s: 10, d: 10 Flour 240 2 lb £: 171, s: 7, d: 1 1/2 Carried over£: 1233, s: 8, d: 9	The cordage was listed by hundredweight, quarters and pounds, and the deals by number and use. The column headings above the cordage ran to hundredweight, quarters and pounds. Brought over, £591 18s 2½d Cordage 1 coil of hawser, 16 hundredweight 2 quarters 19 pounds 5-inch cordage, 52 hundredweight 3 quarters 24 pounds 4-inch cordage, 35 hundredweight 1 quarter 27 pounds 3½-inch cordage, 21 hundredweight 0 quarters 16 pounds 3-inch cordage, 15 hundredweight 3 quarters 17 pounds 2½-inch cordage, 30 hundredweight 0 quarters 8 pounds 2-inch cordage, 7 hundredweight 0 quarters 9 pounds 12-thread ratline, 4 hundredweight 3 quarters 18 pounds 9-thread cordage, 3 hundredweight 3 quarters 24 pounds Cordage total, 188 hundredweight 0 quarters 12 pounds, £251 11s 10d Deals 170 double deals, £30 4s 4d 17 pieces in use as pillars in the store, and 1,102 single deals, £30 4s 4d 20 pieces in use as shelves in the store, £112 10s 3½d 12 elm planks, £0 11s 7d 117 bundles of laths, £6 11s 0d 26 wainscot boards, £6 6s 5d 12 elm boards, £1 17s 0d 2 sole pieces, £10 2s 6d 8 baulks, £2 0s 2d 10½ pieces of Riga timber, £10 0s 7½d 2 spars, £0 18s 8d Deals total, £200 18s 0½d Earthenware, 5 milk pans and stone jars, £1 15s 0d Flannel, 1 piece 58 yards, £8 10s 5½d Grindstones 1 large grindstone, £0 15s 6d 1 small grindstone, £0 2s 9d Grindstones total, £0 18s 3d Fustian, 2 pieces, £6 10s 10d Flour, 240 pounds, £171 7s 1½d Carried over, £1,233 8s 9d Interpretations This part of the inventory holds the great standing stocks of cordage, timber and flour, the heaviest and most valuable reserves in the warehouse. The cordage alone ran to near a hundred and ninety hundredweight, graded by the diameter of the rope from stout hawser down to thin ratline, and its valuation at over two hundred and fifty pounds marks it a principal store held for the rigging of ships and the working of the island's tackle. The cordage was ranged by its thickness because each size served a distinct use in a ship's gear, the thick hawser for warping and mooring, the several inch-graded ropes for the running rigging, and the thin ratlines for the horizontal steps seized across the shrouds by which men climbed the masts. The store held the whole range so that a vessel or the island's own works could draw rope of the right size for any purpose, the graded stock reflecting the exact and various demands of sail and hoist. The deals and timber in stock were the sawn wood of building, and the inventory noted that a number of the deals were not idle stock but in use as the very shelves and pillars of the storehouse, the Company's building timber pressed into service to hold its own goods. The wainscot boards were fine oak boards for panelling, the laths the thin strips nailed as a ground for plaster, and the Riga timber again the choice Baltic wood, the whole marking a large reserve of construction material held on an island poor in useful timber. The flour held in store, valued at over a hundred and seventy pounds against only two hundredweight or so in weight, carried a strikingly high price that marks grain as dear and precious on the island, a staple that had to be shipped in and was held as one of the most valuable provisions in the warehouse against the constant want of bread.
307	301	1753 Brought over£: 1233, s: 8, d: 9 Glaziers Ware vizt 261 Sqr Glass 6 by 8 £: 4, s: 17, d: 10 1/2 192 Sqr Do 8 by 10 £: 5, s: 8 630 Sqr Do 10 by 12 £: 26, s: 12, d: 6 57 Sqr Do 10 by 12 1/2 £: 2, s: 4, d: 11 2 Sqr Do 11 by 18 s: 2, d: 9 1 Quart Decanter s: 5, d: 1 3 Pint Decanters s: 10, d: 9 2 Beer Glasses s: 16 1/2 3 Frit Hour Glasses s: 10 1 Three Hour Glass s: 3, d: 4 14 Half Hour Glasses s: 2, d: 2 13 Wine Glasses s: 5, d: 5 1 Pr Guerts s: 6, d: 11 1/2 £: 41, s: 9, d: 11 1/2 Hats vizt 2 Mens £: 1, s: 13 4 Boys £: 2, s: 4 £: 3, s: 17 Iron & Steel vizt 34 4 27 Iron £: 32, s: 17, d: 2 1/2 2 25 Steel £: 2, s: 4, d: 7 £: 34, s: 11, d: 9 1/2 Hooks & Lines vizt 76 Dozen Lines No 4 £: 17, s: 3, d: 4 28 Dozen 8 Do 3 £: 5, s: 0, d: 10 1/2 11 1/2 Dozen Do 2 £: 1, s: 18, d: 4 6 Hambro Lines s: 7, d: 7 1/2 9400 Hooks No 1 8900 Do 2 3150 Do 3 £: 12, s: 3, d: 7 8000 Do 5 3200 Do 6 600 Do 7 £: 2, s: 13, d: 10 Hooks & Lines carried over£: 40, s: 1, d: 7 Carried over£: 1313, s: 4, d: 6	Brought over, £1,233 8s 9d Glassware 261 squares of glass, 6 by 8, £4 17s 10½d 192 squares of glass, 8 by 10, £5 8s 0d 630 squares of glass, 10 by 12, £26 12s 6d 57 squares of glass, 10½ by 12½, £2 4s 11d 2 squares of glass, 11 by 18, £0 2s 9d 1 quart decanter, £0 5s 1d 3 pint decanters, £0 10s 9d 2 beer glasses, £0 1s 6½d 3 five-hour glasses, £0 10s 0d 1 three-hour glass, £0 3s 4d 14 half-hour glasses, £0 2s 2d 13 wine glasses, £0 5s 5d 1 cruet, £0 6s 11½d Glassware total, £41 9s 11½d Hats 2 men's hats, £1 13s 0d 4 boys' hats, £2 4s 0d Hats total, £3 17s 0d Iron and steel 34 hundredweight 3 quarters 27 pounds of iron, £32 17s 2½d 2 hundredweight 25 pounds of steel, £2 4s 7d Iron and steel total, £34 11s 9½d Hooks and lines 76 dozen lines number 1, £17 8s 4d 28 dozen lines number 3, £5 0s 10½d 11½ dozen lines number 2, £1 18s 4d 6 Hamburg lines, £0 7s 7½d 9,400 hooks number 1 8,900 hooks number 2 3,150 hooks number 3 8,000 hooks number 5 3,200 hooks number 6 600 hooks number 7, £12 3s 7d Hooks and lines total, £40 1s 7d Carried over, £1,313 4s 6d Interpretations This part of the inventory holds the standing stocks of window glass, iron, steel and fishing tackle, the durable materials and goods kept in reserve. The glass ran to well over a thousand panes across several set sizes, the largest single count in the inventory, and its valuation marks a great reserve held against the constant breaking and reglazing of windows on a wind-swept island where every sheet came in by sea. The glassware held beside the window panes ran to the vessels of the table, the decanters, beer and wine glasses and cruet, together with a set of sand-glasses for measuring time. The five-hour, three-hour and half-hour glasses were the graduated timekeepers by which the hours of watch and work were told, and their several spans mark the different intervals the island needed to measure, from the long stretch of a watch to the shorter turns of a task. The iron and steel in stock, weighed by the hundredweight, were the raw metal from which the island's smith forged and mended tools, fittings and ironwork, held in bulk because everything of iron the settlement used had to be worked from such imported stock. The steel, dearer and held in smaller quantity, was reserved for the cutting edges of tools that plain iron would not serve. The fishing tackle held in store was enormous, over thirty thousand hooks graded by size and near a hundred and twenty dozen lines, the largest reserve of any single kind of goods in the warehouse by count. This vast stock confirms how central fishing was to feeding the island, the Company holding hooks and lines by the many thousand so that the settlers, garrison and slaves could all draw food from the sea, the tackle issued and sold across every account in these stores.
308	302	October Brought over£: 1313, s: 4, d: 6 Hooks & Lines Brought over£: 40, s: 1, d: 7 1800 Hooks No 9 1375 Do 10 £: 5, s: 11, d: 1 1/2 14,250 Blue Hooks £: 1, s: 18, d: 7 8,800 Do P Grantham £: 5, s: 8 £: 52, s: 19, d: 3 1/2 Haberdashery Ware vizt 8 lb Whale Bone £: 2, s: 2, d: 2 7 Sk Silk £: 2, s: 15 4 Mohair s: 4, d: 16 33 Gross Mohair Coat Buttons £: 11, s: 19, d: 3 3 1/2 Dozen Tin Coat Buttons s: 8 1/2 6 1/2 Gross White Waistcoat Buttons s: 17, d: 10 1/2 11 Gross Shirt Buttons £: 1, s: 3, d: 10 70 yds Holland Tape £: 2, s: 12, d: 4 24 P Carnation Do s: 10 15 Gross 18 Dozen Mohair Br Buttons £: 2, s: 11, d: 5 1/2 7 Gross 2 Dozen Tin Br Do s: 8, d: 11 1/2 £: 30, s: 9, d: 7 Hosiers Ware vizt 13 Pr Womens Stockings £: 2, s: 2, d: 3 14 Pr Girls Do £: 1, s: 12, d: 3 11 Pr Boys Do £: 1, s: 3, d: 8 43 Pr Mens Thread £: 5, s: 10, d: 2 30 Scotch Bonnets £: 1, s: 18, d: 9 £: 12, s: 9, d: 6 Iron Pots vizt 4 12 Gallons Wt qr lb 2 2 20 £: 2, s: 10 1 6 Gallons 1 12 s: 6, d: 8 1 6 Gallons broke s: 6, d: 7 1/2 3 1 Gallons s: 5, d: 9 1/2 £: 3, s: 8, d: 6 Ironmongers Ware vizt 1 Till Lock s: 2, d: 1 5 Iron rimed Locks Do s: 10, d: 4 Ironmongers Ware Carried over£: 5, s: 12, d: 5 Carried over£: 1412, s: 14, d: 4 1/2	Brought over, £1,313 4s 6d Hooks and lines brought over, £40 1s 7d 1,800 hooks number 9 1,375 hooks number 10 14,250 blue hooks 8,800 Grantham hooks, £5 11s 1½d Hooks and lines total, £52 19s 3½d Haberdashery 8 pounds of whalebone, £2 2s 2d 7 pounds of silk, £2 15s 0d 4 pounds of mohair, £4 16s 0d 33 gross of mohair coat buttons, £11 19s 3d 3½ dozen tin coat buttons, £0 0s 8½d 6½ gross of white waistcoat buttons, £0 17s 9½d 11 gross of shirt buttons, £1 3s 10d 70 yards of Holland tape, £2 12s 4d 24 pounds of carnation tape, £0 10s 0d 15 gross 18 dozen mohair breast buttons, £2 11s 5½d 7 gross 2 dozen tin breast buttons, £0 8s 11½d Haberdashery total, £30 9s 7d Hosiery 13 pairs of women's stockings, £2 2s 3d 14 pairs of girls' stockings, £1 12s 3d 11 pairs of boys' stockings, £1 5s 8d 43 pairs of men's thread stockings, £5 10s 2d 30 Scotch bonnets, £1 18s 9d Hosiery total, £12 9s 6d Iron pots 4 iron pots, 12 gallons, weight 2 hundredweight 2 quarters 20 pounds, £2 10s 0d 1 iron pot, 6 gallons, weight 1 hundredweight 12 pounds, £0 6s 8d 1 iron pot, 6 gallons broke, £0 6s 7½d 3 iron pots, 1 gallon, £0 5s 9½d Iron pots total, £3 8s 6d Ironmongery 1 till lock, £0 2s 1d 5 iron-rimmed locks, £3 10s 4d Ironmongery carried over, £3 12s 5d Carried over, £1,412 14s 4½d Interpretations This part of the inventory continues the fishing tackle and adds the standing stocks of haberdashery, hosiery and ironware held in the warehouse. The hooks in store were now told in still greater number, over fifty thousand in all counting the several patterns, among them blue hooks and Grantham hooks named by their finish and their maker, which shows the store distinguishing its tackle by source and quality even in a reserve held by the tens of thousand. The haberdashery ran to the findings of the tailor's and seamstress's trade held in bulk, with silk and mohair thread, whalebone and buttons by the many gross. The whalebone was the springy baleen taken from the mouth of the whale, used to stiffen stays and bodices, and its stock beside the tapes and buttons marks the store holding the materials to make and mend the shaped garments of dress. Carnation tape was a flesh-pink linen tape, distinguished by its colour from the plain Holland sort, both held for binding and fastening clothing. The hosiery in stock held the knitted stockings of every wearer together with a parcel of Scotch bonnets, the flat round woollen caps of a Scots pattern worn by men. Their presence in the island's store marks the reach of British manufacture into the settlement's dress, the common headgear of the north country stocked for sale on a remote Atlantic island. The iron pots held in store were the cast cooking vessels graded by their capacity in gallons and weighed by the hundredweight, and the inventory frankly noted one six-gallon pot as broken yet still carried at near its full value. This marks the careful accounting of even damaged goods, the broken pot retained on the books as metal of worth that might be mended or recast rather than written off as a total loss.
309	303	1753 Brought over£: 1412, s: 14, d: 4 1/2 Ironmongers Ware Brought over£: 5, s: 12, d: 5 5 Iron rimed Locks No 2 £: 4, s: 8, d: 8 6 Brass Locks £: 6, s: 19 8 Iron rimed Locks A £: 1, s: 12 10 Iron rimed Do B £: 2, s: 15 12 Iron rimed Do C £: 4, s: 6 2 Cupboard Lock A s: 3, d: 6 4 Brass Cupboard Locks £: 1, s: 2 21 Stock Locks £: 2, s: 3, d: 1/2 3 Stock Locks with Pipes s: 11, d: 9 24 Broad Hoes £: 2, s: 1 13 Garden Hoes s: 11, d: 11 2 Jack Plains s: 3, d: 8 6 Plains mixd s: 2, d: 2 13 Gouges s: 2, d: 8 1/2 16 Pr Sheep Shears s: 12, d: 8 1/2 10 Axes £: 1, s: 1, d: 8 12 Scrapers £: 1 3 Belging Irons s: 12, d: 17 8 Surfing Do s: 3 17 Small Frying Pans £: 1, s: 8, d: 4 2 Mauls s: 7, d: 5 20 Pickaxes £: 4, s: 4 10 Augers s: 8, d: 8 1/2 52 lb Lead Nails £: 1, s: 3, d: 10 220 Packing Needles s: 4 20 Pr H Hinges £: 4, s: 2, d: 9 52 Pr H Hinges £: 4, s: 1, d: 1 11 Pr H Hinges £: 2, s: 10, d: 8 16 Pr Hinges with noseing joynts £: 1, s: 4, d: 9 11 Pr Shutter Hinges £: 2, s: 15 10 Scythe s: 1, d: 4 1 Scythe Stone s: 7, d: 11 5 Bricklayers Trewels Ironmongers Ware Carried over£: 58, s: 16, d: 10 1/2 Carried over£: 1412, s: 14, d: 4 1/2	Brought over, £1,412 14s 4½d Ironmongery brought over, £3 12s 5d 5 iron-rimmed locks number 2, £4 8s 8d 6 brass locks, £6 19s 0d 8 iron-rimmed locks A, £1 12s 0d 10 iron-rimmed locks B, £2 15s 0d 12 iron-rimmed locks C, £4 6s 0d 2 cupboard locks A, £0 3s 6d 4 brass cupboard locks, £1 2s 0d 21 stock locks, £2 3s 1½d 3 stock locks with pipes, £0 14s 9d 24 broad hoes, £2 1s 0d 13 garden hoes, £0 11s 11d 2 jack planes, £0 3s 8d 6 planes soled, £0 2s 2d 13 gouges, £0 3s 0½d 16 pairs of sheep shears, £0 12s 8½d 10 axes, £1 1s 8d 12 scrapers, £1 0s 0d 3 belaying irons, £0 12s 7d 7 stuffing irons, £0 3s 0d 17 small frying pans, £1 8s 4d 2 mauls, £0 7s 5d 2 pickaxes, £0 4s 4½d 10 augers, £0 8s 8½d 52 lead nails, £1 3s 10d 220 packing needles, £1 13s 6d 20 pairs of H hinges, £0 4s 0d 52 pairs of H hinges, £4 1s 1d 11 pairs of H hinges, £2 10s 8d 16 pairs of H hinges with rising joints, £1 4s 9d 11 pairs of shutter hinges, £2 15s 0d 10 scythes, £0 0s 1½d 1 scythe stone, £0 0s 11d 5 bricklayers' trowels, £0 0s 0d Ironmongery total, £58 16s 10½d Carried over, £1,412 14s 4½d Interpretations This part of the inventory holds the great standing stock of ironmongery, the locks, tools and fittings kept in the warehouse in far larger number than any single account issued. The locks alone ran to many kinds graded by letter and pattern, from brass and cupboard locks to stock locks with pipes, which shows the store holding a full range of fastenings to secure every sort of door, chest and cupboard on the island and its works. Several of the tools named belonged to particular trades and mark the range of craft the store supplied. The jack planes and soled planes were the carpenter's tools for smoothing and truing wood, a soled plane being one faced with a harder wood on its working surface, and the gouges and augers the chisels and borers for cutting and drilling. The belaying and stuffing irons belonged to the rigger and the sailmaker, the belaying iron a pin for making fast a rope and the stuffing iron a tool for driving packing into a seam. The hinges held in stock ran to many patterns and quantities, the plain H hinges by the score for common doors and lids, the H hinges with rising joints that lifted a door as it opened to clear a threshold or carpet, and the shutter hinges for the window shutters that closed against storm and sun. Their numbers mark the constant business of hanging and rehanging the doors, shutters and lids of the island's buildings, the store holding the fittings to answer every such need. The broad and garden hoes, sheep shears, scythes and packing needles held in bulk mark the tools of the island's husbandry and trade, the hoes for tilling, the shears for clipping the plantation's sheep, and the packing needles for sewing up the coarse wrappings of goods shipped and stored. This wide reserve of working tools shows the Company holding the equipment of farm, workshop and warehouse against the constant wear and loss of an isolated settlement that could replace nothing except by sea.
310	304	October Brought over£: 1412, s: 14, d: 4 1/2 Ironmongers Ware Brought over£: 58, s: 16, d: 10 1/2 23 Bricklayers Trewels £: 1, s: 12, d: 7 5 Bricklayers Do s: 5 9 Joyners Hatchets s: 18 2 dozen small Gimblets s: 3, d: 10 1/2 24 Stone Wedges s: 16 1 Whip Saw £: 1, s: 2, d: 7 1/2 3 Hand Do s: 7, d: 6 1 Jack Do s: 4, d: 9 1/2 3 Joyners Rubstones s: 7, d: 6 25 Dozen Files £: 10, s: 6, d: 3 4 Smiths Rubbers s: 12, d: 2 3 Turners Chissels s: 1, d: 6 2 Mowsettles s: 5, d: 8 4 Cross Saws £: 1, s: 1, d: 10 1/2 8 Ps Stone Saw Heads £: 2, s: 3, d: 8 13 Spades £: 6, s: 18, d: 9 3 Grubing Hoes s: 14, d: 7 41 Ditchdens Shovels £: 9, s: 4, d: 5 1 Wt Hand Cart s: 1, d: 11 6 Wt Planking Do £: 1, s: 18, d: 2 20 Shod Shovels £: 1, s: 12, d: 6 35 Sole Knitting Needles s: 2, d: 8 20 Setting Hammers £: 6, s: 15, d: 1 1/2 1 Carpenters Ax s: 4, d: 5 13 Drill Bows £: 1, s: 8, d: 7 1/2 1 Pr Bellows s: 3, d: 10 2 Thatching Dishes s: 10, d: 6 1 Fire Engine £: 5, s: 15, d: 6 20 Richard Helves £: 12, s: 1 13 Hoe Helves s: 7, d: 7 6 Drill Bows s: 9 1 Cross Reader s: 2, d: 6 1 Large Hammer s: 6, d: 6 1 Cross Cutt Saw £: 1, s: 1, d: 4 1/2 11 Hand Hatchets s: 14, d: 4 Ironmongers Ware Carried over£: 118, s: 2, d: 5 Carried over£: 1412, s: 14, d: 4 1/2	Brought over, £1,412 14s 4½d Ironmongery brought over, £58 16s 10½d 23 bricklayers' trowels, £1 12s 7d 5 bricklayers' trowels, £0 5s 0d 9 joiners' hatchets, £0 18s 0d 2 dozen small gimlets, £0 3s 10½d 24 stone wedges, £0 16s 0d 1 whipsaw, £1 2s 7½d 3 handsaws, £0 7s 6d 1 jacksaw, £0 4s 9½d 3 joiners' rubstones, £0 7s 6d 25 dozen files, £10 6s 3d 4 smiths' rubbers, £0 12s 2d 3 tinmen's helves, £0 1s 6d 2 mole cutters, £0 5s 8d 4 crosscut saws, £1 1s 10½d 8 pairs of stone saw heads, £2 3s 8d 15 spades, £6 18s 9d 5 grubbing hoes, £0 14s 7d 41 ditching shovels, £9 4s 5d 1 man's hand cart, £0 1s 11d 6 men's planking, £1 18s 2d 20 shod shovels, £1 12s 6d 35 sole knitting needles, £0 2s 8d 20 setting hammers, £6 15s 1½d 1 carpenter's axe, £0 4s 5d 15 drill bows, £1 8s 7½d 1 pair of bellows, £0 3s 10d 2 flasking dishes, £0 10s 6d 1 fire engine, £5 15s 6d 20 Richard helves, £1 2s 1d 13 hoe helves, £0 1s 7d 6 armourers' boxes, £0 0s 9d 1 coffee roaster, £0 2s 6d 1 large hammer, £0 6s 6d 1 cross-cut saw, £1 1s 4½d 11 hand hatchets, £0 14s 8d Ironmongery carried over, £118 2s 5d Carried over, £1,412 14s 4½d Interpretations This part of the inventory continues the great standing stock of ironmongery, running to the saws, spades, shovels and specialist tools held in the warehouse. The digging tools alone were held in striking number, over forty ditching shovels and a score of shod shovels beside the spades and grubbing hoes, which marks the constant labour of cutting drains, breaking ground and moving earth on an island that built and farmed in hard and stony soil. Several of the tools named belonged to distinct trades and reveal the range of work the store supplied. The stone saw heads and mole cutters were the fittings of stone-working, the joiners' and smiths' rubstones and rubbers the abrasive blocks for sharpening and finishing, and the drill bows the devices that spun a drill by a looped cord. The setting hammers held in quantity were the masons' hammers for dressing and laying stone, their number tying to the constant building in rock that these accounts record. The single fire engine held in store, valued high among the ironware, was the island's apparatus for fighting fire, a hand-worked pump on a carriage that threw water on a blaze. Its presence marks the care taken against fire in a settlement of timber-roofed and thatched buildings where a blaze might spread fast and destroy the Company's stores, the engine held ready as the one machine that might check such a loss. The coffee roaster entered among the ironware was the pan or drum in which green coffee beans were parched over a fire before grinding, and its single presence marks the drinking of coffee in the island's better households alongside the tea that runs so freely through these accounts. Such small domestic implements held in the store show the Company supplying the refinements as well as the necessities of the settlement's table.
311	305	1753 Brought over£: 1412, s: 14, d: 4 1/2 Ironmongers Ware Brought over£: 118, s: 2, d: 5 9 Wire Rat Traps £: 2, s: 9, d: 6 3 Pr Steelyards £: 1, s: 1, d: 6 1 Long Plein s: 4, d: 1 1/2 1 Tenant Saw s: 7, d: 1 1/2 7 Garden Rakes s: 16, d: 4 26 Chest Locks £: 4, s: 2, d: 4 12 Padlocks £: 1, s: 7 2 Pr Garden Shears s: 7 11 Walling Hammers s: 16, d: 6 24 Playshares s: 3, d: 10 2 Inch Bitts 6 Center Do 6 Nooks Do s: 6, d: 7 1 Piercer Stock 12 Pr Steel Compasses s: 3, d: 10 12 Ps Hollow & Round Plains £: 1, s: 6, d: 5 71 File Hafts s: 2, d: 9 £: 131, s: 17, d: 3 Lead vizt Cwt qr lb 40 2 5 Sheet Lead £: 36, s: 13, d: 2 1/2 20 Pigg s: 3, d: 4 10 Yards of 1/2 Inch Pipe £: 4, s: 15, d: 6 16 Water Pipes s: 7, d: 6 2 Heads for Do £: 3, s: 2, d: 2 2 10 Small Shot s: 13, d: 4 £: 52, s: 8, d: 2 Leather vizt 4 Calf Skins £: 2, s: 4 26 Sheep Skins £: 1, s: 3 1/2 2 10 Sole Leather £: 5, s: 3 £: 7, s: 4, d: 7 1/2 Carried over£: 1604, s: 4, d: 3 1/2	Brought over, £1,412 14s 4½d Ironmongery brought over, £118 2s 5d 9 wire rat traps, £2 9s 6d 3 pairs of steelyards, £1 1s 6d 1 long plane, £0 4s 1½d 1 tenant saw, £0 7s 1½d 7 garden rakes, £0 16s 4d 26 chest locks, £4 2s 4d 12 padlocks, £1 7s 0d 2 pairs of garden shears, £0 7s 0d 11 walling hammers, £0 16s 6d 24 rubstones, £0 3s 10d 2 inch bits, and 6 centre bits, and 6 nose bits, £0 6s 7d 1 piercer stock, £0 6s 7d 12 pairs of steel compasses, £0 3s 10d 12 pairs of hollow and round planes, £1 6s 5d 71 file hafts, £0 2s 9d Ironmongery total, £131 17s 3d Lead 40 hundredweight 2 quarters 5 pounds of sheet lead, £36 13s 2½d 20 pieces of pig lead, £0 3s 4d 10 yards of ½-inch pipe, £1 15s 6d 16 water plates, £0 7s 6d 2 plates for the same, £3 2s 2d 2 hundredweight 10 pounds of small shot, £0 13s 4d Lead total, £52 8s 2d Leather 4 calfskins, £2 4s 0d 26 sheepskins, £1 3s 2d 2 hundredweight 10 pounds of sole leather, £5 3s 0d Leather total, £7 4s 7½d Carried over, £1,604 4s 3½d Interpretations This part of the inventory closes the great stock of ironmongery and adds the standing reserves of lead and leather held in the warehouse. The tools that end the ironware ran to the finer instruments of the joiner and turner, the centre and nose bits for boring clean holes, the piercer stock that held and turned them, and the hollow and round planes that cut curved mouldings, which marks the store holding the precise tools of skilled woodwork as well as the rough implements of labour. Several of the boring tools named worked together as a set. The stock was the brace that held a bit and gave the leverage to turn it, and the several bits, inch, centre and nose, were the interchangeable cutters for holes of different size and kind, the centre bit scoring a clean circle and the nose bit clearing a deep hole. Their stock beside the steel compasses, the joiner's tool for scribing and measuring, shows the store equipped to supply the whole apparatus of accurate woodwork. The lead held in store ran to sheet and pig lead, pipe, water plates and small shot, the metal serving the plumber, the builder and the garrison together. The sheet lead was the largest reserve, weighed at over forty hundredweight, used to line cisterns and flash roofs against the wet, while the half-inch pipe carried water and the small shot fed the muskets, the single metal answering the island's need for waterworks, weatherproofing and ammunition alike. The leather in stock ran to dressed calf and sheep skins and a weight of sole leather, the raw material of the island's shoemaking and repair. The sole leather in particular, held by the hundredweight, was the thick hide for the soles of shoes, and its reserve marks the store supplying the cobbler's stuff to keep the settlement shod, the made shoes sold elsewhere in these accounts backed by a stock of the leather to mend and renew them.
312	306	October Brought over£: 1604, s: 4, d: 3 1/2 Masts vizt 1 Mame Mast 76 foot long 21 Inches Diameter £: 33, s: 11 1 Top Mast 65 foot long 17 Inches Diameter £: 21, s: 15 1/2 a Top Mast £: 8, s: 10 1 Top Mast of Pelham s: 7 1 Cap £: 1, s: 11, d: 6 £: 72, s: 7, d: 6 Mustard Seed 2 1/2 Bushels £: 2, s: 9, d: 7 Nails vizt 6 8 3 £: 19, s: 16, d: 8 7 3 5 £: 18, s: 17, d: 1 12 1 4 £: 26, s: 12, d: 5 7 8 6 £: 14, s: 6 14 1 25 10 £: 21, s: 8, d: 4 6 1 20 £: 10, s: 10, d: 3 1/2 2 28 40 £: 3, s: 12, d: 1/2 3 12 Glasing Brads £: 4, s: 18 4 1 13 Scupper Nails £: 10, s: 13, d: 11 1 Coopers Rivets £: 2, s: 14, d: 6 1/2 3 1 14 Flooring Brads £: 10, s: 8 £: 143, s: 4, d: 5 1/2 Oyl vizt 16 1/2 Gallons Train £: 22, s: 12, d: 3 1/2 13 1/2 Do Linseed £: 22, s: 16, d: 8 40 Bottles Florence £: 4, s: 15 £: 50, s: 3, d: 11 1/2 Oars vizt 3 of 22 feet s: 17 36 of 16 Do 24 of 14 Do s: 19, d: 2 £: 1, s: 16, d: 2 Paint vizt 1 7 Verdigrease £: 5, s: 10, d: 1 2 3 11 Whiting s: 6, d: 5 1/2 Paint Carried over£: 5, s: 16, d: 6 1/2 Carried over£: 1874, s: 6, d: 1 1/2	The nails were listed by hundredweight, quarters and pounds together with the size of nail each row counted. The nail columns ran to hundredweight, quarters, pounds and the size in the fourth place. Brought over, £1,604 4s 3½d Masts 1 lame mast, 76 feet long, 21 inches diameter, £53 11s 0d 1 topmast, 65 feet long, 17 inches diameter, £21 15s 0d 1 topmast, £8 10s 0d 1 topmast of the Pelham, £7 1s 0d 1 cap, £1 11s 6d Masts total, £72 7s 6d Mustard seed, 2½ bushels, £2 9s 7d Nails 6 hundredweight 0 quarters 8 pounds, size 8, £19 16s 8d 7 hundredweight 3 quarters 3 pounds, size 3, £18 17s 1d 12 hundredweight 1 quarter 4 pounds, size 4, £26 12s 5d 7 hundredweight 0 quarters 8 pounds, size 6, £14 0s 6d 11 hundredweight 1 quarter 25 pounds, size 10, £21 8s 4d 6 hundredweight 0 quarters 1 pound, size 20, £10 10s 3½d 2 hundredweight 0 quarters 28 pounds, size 40, £3 12s 7½d 3 hundredweight 12 pounds, glazing brads, £4 18s 0d 4 hundredweight 1 quarter 13 pounds, scupper nails, £10 13s 11d 1 hundredweight, clamp rivets, £2 14s 6½d 5 hundredweight 1 quarter 14 pounds, flooring brads, £10 0s 8d Nails total, £143 4s 5½d Oil 16½ gallons of train oil, £22 12s 3½d 15½ gallons of linseed oil, £22 16s 8d 40 bottles of Florence oil, £4 15s 0d Oil total, £50 3s 11½d Oars 3 oars of 22 feet, £0 17s 0d 36 oars of 16 feet, £0 19s 2d 2 oars of 14 feet, £0 19s 2d Oars total, £1 16s 2d Paint 1 hundredweight 7 pounds of verdigris, £5 10s 1d 2 hundredweight 3 quarters 11 pounds of whiting, £0 6s 5½d Paint carried over, £5 16s 6½d Carried over, £1,874 6s 1½d Interpretations This part of the inventory holds the standing stocks of ship's masts, nails, oils and oars, the heavy naval and building materials kept in reserve. The masts held in store were spare spars for the Company's shipping, and one was named as the topmast of the Pelham, an East Indiaman whose spar had come into the island's stock, which shows the store holding replacement masts against the loss or damage a vessel might suffer on the long ocean passage. The masts were graded by their length and diameter and by their place in a ship's rig, the great lower mast, the topmasts that rose above it, and the cap that was the fitting joining one to the next. One lower mast was described as lame, meaning flawed or damaged yet still held and valued, and the store's keeping of such heavy timber marks the island's role in refitting the fleet, a place where a ship that had sprung or lost a mast might be resupplied from a standing reserve. The nails held in store ran to an enormous stock weighed by the hundredweight and graded by size, from small brads to great spikes, and included special kinds for particular work. The glazing brads were the small nails that fixed glass in its frame, the scupper nails the broad-headed sort that fastened lead in a ship's drains, the clamp rivets for heavy joins and the flooring brads for laying boards, so the graded stock answered every kind of fastening the island's building and shipwork required. The oils held in bulk repeat the three kinds of the earlier accounts, train oil for lamps and leather, linseed for paint and Florence for the table, held now in large reserve. The mustard seed entered among these stores was the whole seed from which mustard was ground for the table, held as a keeping commodity that would not spoil, its presence marking the store's supply of the condiments as well as the staples of the island's diet.
313	307	1753 Brought over£: 1874, s: 6, d: 1 1/2 Paint Brought over£: 5, s: 16, d: 6 1/2 2 17 Umber £: 1, s: 7, d: 8 21 Red Lead £: 2, s: 16, d: 1 1/2 16 2 12 White Lead £: 31, s: 16, d: 7 1/2 3 21 Venetian Red s: 19, d: 8 2 3 2 Brimstone £: 3, s: 4, d: 7 1 2 7 Olive Colour £: 15, s: 3, d: 3 3 3 Yellow Oaker s: 16, d: 4 10 Blue Smalts s: 16, d: 2 3 13 Indico £: 8, s: 1, d: 8 9 Jamaica Indico £: 2, s: 9, d: 6 16 White Copperass s: 17, d: 4 1 22 Vent Oaker £: 1, s: 1, d: 6 1 21 English Oaker s: 8, d: 2 10 1/2 Ounces Prussian Blue £: 1, s: 6 14 1/2 Accerum Saturni s: 2, d: 8 1 11 Rys Blue £: 10, s: 4, d: 7 1 11 Mahogany s: 4, d: 8, d: 7 3 21 Stone Colour £: 2, s: 10, d: 8 56 Barrels Blacking £: 1, s: 10, d: 4 £: 95, s: 14, d: 11 1/2 Pitch & Tar vizt 16 Barrels Tar £: 16, s: 9, d: 4 16 Barrels Pitch £: 21, s: 18, d: 8 1/2 Barrel Turpentine £: 1, s: 12, d: 11 1/2 14 Rosin s: 2, d: 4 £: 40, s: 3, d: 3 1/2 £: 31, s: 9, d: 4 Pumps 5 Pewter vizt 2 Gallon Pots s: 19, d: 10 1 half Gallon Pots £: 1, s: 16, d: 2 6 Quart Funnels s: 13, d: 6 1 Gallon Funnel s: 18, d: 11 1/2 4 Dishes £: 1, s: 13, d: 4 Pewter Carried over£: 6, s: 19, d: 1/2 Carried over£: 2047, s: 13, d: 6 1/2	The paint was listed by hundredweight, quarters and pounds against each pigment. Brought over, £1,874 6s 1½d Paint brought over, £5 16s 6½d 2 hundredweight 17 pounds of umber, £1 7s 8d 2 hundredweight 21 pounds of red lead, £2 16s 1½d 16 hundredweight 2 quarters 12 pounds of white lead, £31 16s 7½d 3 hundredweight 21 pounds of Venice red, £0 19s 8d 2 hundredweight 3 quarters 2 pounds of brimstone, £3 4s 7d 1 hundredweight 2 quarters 7 pounds of stone colour, £15 3s 3d 3 hundredweight 3 pounds of yellow ochre, £0 16s 4d 10 pounds of blue smalt, £0 16s 2d 3 hundredweight 13 pounds of indigo, £8 1s 8d 9 pounds of Jamaica indigo, £2 9s 6d 16 pounds of white copperas, £0 17s 4d 1 hundredweight 22 pounds of stone ochre, £1 1s 6d 1 hundredweight 21 pounds of English ochre, £0 8s 2d 10¾ ounces of Prussian blue, £1 0s 6d 14½ ounces of saccharum saturni, £0 2s 8d 1 hundredweight 11 pounds of Thye blue, £10 4s 7d 1 hundredweight 11 pounds of mahogany, £4 8s 7d 3 hundredweight 21 pounds of stone colour, £2 10s 8d 56 barrels of blacking, £1 10s 4d Paint total, £95 14s 11½d Pitch and tar 16 barrels of tar, £16 9s 4d 16 barrels of pitch, £21 18s 8d ½ barrel of turpentine, £1 12s 11½d 14 rosin, £0 2s 4d Pitch and tar total, £40 3s 3½d Pumps, 3, £31 9s 4d Pewter 2-gallon pots, £0 19s 10d 9 half-gallon pots, £1 16s 2d 6 quart funnels, £0 13s 6d 1 gallon funnel, £0 18s 11½d 4 dishes, £1 13s 4d Pewter carried over, £6 19s 7½d Carried over, £2,047 13s 6½d Interpretations This part of the inventory holds the great standing stock of paint pigments, the pitch and tar, the pumps and the pewter kept in reserve. The pigments ran to a long list of coloured earths, minerals and manufactured colours weighed by the hundredweight, the largest reserve of paint materials in the store, held for the constant painting and preserving of the island's buildings, ships and works. Several of the pigments named were costly or particular colours drawn from far trade. Prussian blue was a deep synthetic blue, then a relatively new manufacture and sold in small weight by the ounce, and Thye blue and Jamaica indigo were named blue and violet colours, the indigo the plant dye brought from the West Indies. The saccharum saturni was sugar of lead, a sweet-tasting lead acetate used as a drier in paint and in medicine, its Latin name marking it a preparation of the apothecary as well as the painter. The stone colour and the several ochres held in bulk were the common earth pigments of ordinary painting, the browns, yellows and greys that coated the mass of the island's woodwork and walls. Brimstone, the crude sulphur held among the paints, served in preparing certain colours and in fumigating and preserving, its stock beside the pigments marking the range of chemical materials the store held for the painter and the household alike. The pitch, tar and turpentine held in barrels were the great reserve of the materials that caulked and preserved wood against the sea, held in bulk for the island's boats and the passing ships. The three pumps held in store, valued high, were spare pumps against the constant failure of those in use, the recurring trouble of keeping water raised on the island answered by a standing reserve of the whole machine as well as the parts to mend it.
314	308	October Brought over£: 2047, s: 13, d: 6 1/2 Pewter Brought over£: 6, s: 1, d: 9 1/2 21 Dishes £: 6, s: 16, d: 6 1 Cullender s: 6 1/2 2 Worm Tubs & Stills £: 21, s: 4, d: 8 10 Basons 10 Basons £: 4, s: 5 2 Steel Pans s: 9 4 Cranes £: 3, s: 14 £: 42, s: 17 Pease 1/4 Bushel s: 17 Starch vizt 5 7 5 Common £: 3, s: 5 2 21 Poland £: 2, s: 8, d: 1 1/2 £: 5, s: 8, d: 6 1/2 Shoes vizt 5 Pr Mens Pumps £: 1, s: 10, d: 10 4 Pr Mens fine Shoes £: 1, s: 2, d: 8 4 Pr Channeld Pumps £: 1, s: 8, d: 0 7 Pr Callimance £: 1, s: 15 14 Pr Womens Calf £: 1, s: 13 1 Pr Womens Spanish s: 4, d: 8 3 Pr Girls s: 6 3 Pr Boys s: 10, d: 3 90 Pr Mens Ordinary £: 17, s: 12, d: 6 3 Pr Stretchers s: 1, d: 9 £: 26, s: 11, d: 4 Soap 9 3 10 £: 42, s: 9, d: 3 1/2 Salt 5 1/2 Bushels s: 7, d: 3 Shalloon 143 3/4 Yards £: 13, d: 6 1/2 Shirts vizt 370 Soldiers Shirts £: 17, s: 1, d: 8 1 1/2 Ps Linen £: 1, s: 14, d: 2 £: 78, s: 15, d: 10 Soldiers Cloaths 8 Serjeants Coats & Breeches £: 41, s: 16 Carried over£: 2306, s: 6, d: 10	Brought over, £2,047 13s 6½d Pewter brought over, £6 19s 7½d 21 dishes, £6 16s 6d 1 cullender, £0 0s 6½d 2 worm tubs and stills, £21 4s 8d 10 basins, £0 4s 5d 10 basins, £0 4s 5d 2 steel pans, £0 0s 9d 4 cranes, £3 14s 0d Pewter total, £42 17s 0d Peas, ¾ bushel, £0 0s 17d Starch 5 hundredweight 1 quarter 5 pounds of common starch, £3 0s 5d 2 hundredweight 21 pounds of Poland starch, £2 8s 1½d Starch total, £5 8s 6½d Shoes 5 pairs of men's pumps, £1 10s 10d 4 pairs of men's fine shoes, £1 2s 8d 4 pairs of channelled pumps, £1 8s 0d 1 pair of calamanco shoes, £1 15s 0d 1 pair of women's calf shoes, £1 3s 0d 1 pair of women's Spanish shoes, £0 4s 8d 3 pairs of girls' shoes, £0 6s 0d 3 pairs of boys' shoes, £0 10s 3d 90 pairs of men's ordinary shoes, £17 12s 6d 3 pairs of stretchers, £0 1s 9d Shoes total, £26 11s 4d Soap, 9 hundredweight 3 quarters 10 pounds, £42 9s 3½d Salt, 51 bushels, £7 13s 0d Shalloon, 143¾ yards, £13 0s 6½d Shirts 370 soldiers' shirts, £77 1s 8d 1 piece of linen, £1 14s 2d Shirts total, £78 15s 10d Soldiers' clothes, 8 sergeants' coats and breeches, £41 16s 0d Carried over, £2,306 6s 10d Interpretations This part of the inventory holds the standing stocks of pewter, starch, shoes, soap and soldiers' clothing kept in reserve. Among the pewter the inventory entered a set of worm tubs and stills, valued high at over twenty pounds, the apparatus for distilling spirit, the still the vessel in which the wash was heated and the worm the coiled tube in a tub of cooling water where the vapour condensed to liquor. Their presence marks the island's capacity to distil its own spirit, a working plant held in the Company's store. The shoes held in stock repeat the graded range of the sales accounts, from the common men's ordinary shoes held by the ninety pairs down to the finer calamanco, Spanish and calf sorts, together with a few pairs of stretchers. The stretchers were the wooden lasts or trees on which a shoe was shaped and held to keep its form, tools of the shoemaker's and wearer's trade rather than footwear, their presence marking the store's supply of the means to make and keep shoes as well as the shoes themselves. The great stock of soldiers' shirts, near four hundred held in reserve, and the sergeants' coats and breeches mark the Company holding a standing store of uniform clothing beyond the year's issue, ready to clothe recruits and replace worn garments as the garrison required. This reserve set against the annual delivery recorded earlier shows the care taken to keep the troops clothed without waiting on the uncertain arrival of the next supply ship. The soap held by the hundredweight and the starch in common and Poland grades were the materials of washing and dressing the island's linen, held in bulk for the establishment's laundry. The Poland starch, the finer blue-tinted sort, marks again the demand for properly dressed linen even in the island's small society, held in reserve beside the common starch for the everyday stiffening of cloth.
315	309	1753 Brought over£: 2306, s: 6, d: 10 Scales & Weights vizt 3 Pr Scales Store use 1 Ps Scales £: 15, s: 18, d: 7 3 Beams five Scales 1 Beam Store use £: 28, s: 12 1 Do Scale Board 1 Do Do Store use £: 4, s: 19 1 Do Do Rotten £: 49, s: 9, d: 7 Sailors Cloaths vizt 26 Mens Jackets & Trowsers £: 20, s: 6, d: 8 50 Mens Shirts £: 9, s: 11, d: 9 £: 29, s: 18, d: 5 Saddles 2 £: 4, s: 13, d: 4 Thread vizt 6 10 Brown £: 1, s: 16, d: 1 1/2 38 Coloured £: 6, s: 6, d: 8 18 Ounces Hanks £: 1, s: 6, d: 1 1/2 £: 9, s: 9, d: 11 Tin Ware vizt 6 1/2 Sal Armoniac s: 1, d: 9 67 Lanthorn Leaves s: 11, d: 2 6 Dripping Pans £: 1, s: 4, d: 10 1/2 47 Patty Pans s: 10 4 Water Pots £: 1, s: 8 2 Quart Saucepans s: 1, d: 2 £: 3, s: 15, d: 7 1/2 Ticking vizt 6 Ps fine s: 8, d: 8 1 Ps Coarse £: 1, s: 8 £: 9, s: 8, d: 8 Twine vizt 307 Twine £: 16, s: 18, d: 1 1/2 150 Skains Houseline & Marlin £: 1, s: 14, d: 4 1/2 £: 18, s: 13 Carried over£: 2431, s: 17, d: 4	Brought over, £2,306 6s 10d Scales and weights 3 pairs of scales for the store's use, and 1 pair of scales, £15 18s 7d 3 beams for scales, and 1 beam for the store's use, £28 12s 0d 1 pair of scale boards, and 1 pair for the store's use, and 1 pair rotten, £4 19s 0d Scales and weights total, £49 9s 7d Sailors' clothes 26 men's jackets and trousers, £20 6s 8d 50 men's shirts, £9 11s 9d Sailors' clothes total, £29 18s 5d Saddles, 2, £4 13s 4d Thread 6 pounds brown, £1 16s 1½d 38 pounds coloured, £6 6s 8d 15 ounces of hanks, £1 6s 1½d Thread total, £9 9s 11d Tinware 6½ pounds of sal ammoniac, £0 1s 9d 67 lantern leaves, £0 11s 2d 6 dripping pans, £1 4s 10½d 47 patty pans, £0 0s 10d 4 water pots, £1 0s 8d 2 quart saucepans, £0 1s 2d Tinware total, £3 15s 7½d Ticking 6 pounds fine, £0 8s 8d 1 pound coarse, £1 0s 8d Ticking total, £9 0s 8d Twine 30 pounds of twine, £16 18s 1½d 150 skeins of houseline and marline, £1 14s 4½d Twine total, £18 13s 0d Carried over, £2,431 17s 4½d Interpretations This part of the inventory holds the standing stocks of scales and weights, sailors' clothing, saddles, thread, tinware and cordage kept in reserve. The scales, beams and boards held in number and valued high were the weighing apparatus on which the whole business of the store depended, the beam the arm that balanced the load against the weights and the boards the pans that held the goods, and the inventory frankly noted one pair as rotten, kept still on the account until it could be replaced. The sailors' clothing held apart from the soldiers' uniforms was the slop clothing of the sea, the jackets, trousers and shirts issued or sold to the men of the Company's ships. This standing store marks the island's service to the fleet extending to the clothing of its crews, the slops held ready to supply a ship whose men had worn out their own on the long passage, a further part of the provisioning that was the settlement's chief purpose. The tinware ran to the light vessels of tinned iron sheet, the dripping and patty pans of the kitchen, the water pots and saucepans, cheaper and lighter than the cast iron or beaten copper and held for the ordinary uses of cookery. The sal ammoniac entered among the tinware was a salt used as a flux in soldering tin, its presence marking the store holding the material to mend and join the tinware as well as the finished vessels. The cordage that closes the page ran to twine and to houseline and marline, the small lines of the rigger and sailmaker. Houseline was a three-strand line for seizing and serving, and marline a two-strand tarred line for whipping rope ends and binding, both the fine cordage by which a ship's larger ropes were secured and finished, held in the store's reserve for the constant work of maintaining the fleet's rigging.
316	310	October Brought over£: 2431, s: 17, d: 4 1/2 Turners Ware vizt 56 Scrubing Brushes s: 4, d: 5 12 Platter s: 11 13 Bowls s: 11, d: 11 1 Ladles s: 1, d: 2 1 Straining Dishes s: 1, d: 9 3 Trays s: 7, d: 6 2 Sons s: 2, d: 2 5 Cloth Brushes s: 5, d: 5 14 Labourers Baskets £: 1, s: 5, d: 5 1/2 164 Shoe Brushes £: 4, s: 15, d: 8 1 Butter Print s: 6 1/2 128 Paint Brushes £: 2, s: 18, d: 8 10 Skimmers s: 4, d: 4 4 Flashets s: 11, d: 8 9 Punch Ladles s: 4, d: 10 1/2 27 Hair Brooms £: 2, s: 14 4 Moss s: 5 22 Birch Brooms s: 7, d: 4 £: 10, s: 13, d: 5 1/2 Vinegar 31 1/2 Gallons good for nothing £: 3, s: 5 1/2 European Goods Amounting to£: 2434, s: 11, d: 2 1/2 India Goods vizt Arrack 210 Gallons Batavia 585 Gallons Goa £: 152, s: 4, d: 2 Brandy 108 1/2 Gallons Cape £: 90, s: 11, d: 8 Pellitees 16 Pieces £: 12, s: 19, d: 8 China Ware vizt 56 Soup Plates £: 1, s: 3, d: 4 2 Large Bowls s: 2, d: 2 6 Small Do s: 5 36 Snuckers s: 6, d: 9 China Ware Carried over£: 1, s: 17, d: 3 Carried over£: 2710, s: 6, d: 8	Brought over, £2,431 17s 4½d Turnersware 56 scrubbing brushes, £0 4s 5d 12 platters, £0 0s 11d 13 bowls, £0 11s 11d 1 ladle, £0 1s 2d 1 straining dish, £0 1s 9d 3 trays, £0 7s 6d 2 fans, £0 2s 2d 5 cloth brushes, £0 5s 5d 17 labourers' baskets, £0 5s 5½d 164 shoe brushes, £4 15s 8d 1 butter print, £0 0s 6½d 128 paint brushes, £2 18s 8d 10 skimmers, £0 4s 4d 4 flaskets, £0 11s 0d 9 punch ladles, £0 4s 10½d 27 hair brooms, £2 11s 0d 4 mops, £0 5s 0d 22 birch brooms, £0 7s 4d Turnersware total, £1,013 5s 5½d Vinegar, 31½ gallons, good for nothing, £3 0s 5½d European goods total, £2,434 11s 2½d India goods Arrack, 210 gallons Batavia, 585 gallons Goa, £152 4s 2d Brandy, 108½ gallons Cape, £90 11s 8d Pellets, 16 pieces, £12 19s 8d Chinaware 56 soup plates, £1 3s 4d 2 large bowls, £0 2s 2d 6 small bowls, £0 5s 0d 36 sneakers, £0 6s 0d Chinaware carried over, £1 17s 3d Carried over, £2,710 6s 8½d Interpretations This part of the inventory closes the European goods and opens a separate reckoning of goods of the India trade, dividing the store's stock by the source of its supply. The turnersware that ends the European stock ran to the wooden vessels and brushes of household and workshop, held in quantity, and the vinegar was frankly entered as good for nothing yet still carried on the account, the storekeeper recording even spoiled stock rather than quietly dropping it from the reckoning. The division of the whole inventory into European and India goods marks the two great channels through which the island was supplied, the manufactures of home carried out on the outward voyage and the produce of Asia bought on the Company's Eastern trade. The arrack named by its origin, from Batavia and Goa, and the brandy from the Cape, show the store tracking not just the kind of spirit but the port it came from, the distinct sources valued and accounted apart. The arrack held in bulk from Batavia and Goa was the Eastern spirit distilled at those great trading ports, Batavia the Dutch seat in Java and Goa the Portuguese on the Indian coast, the two sources yielding the palm and rice spirit that these accounts show flowing so freely through the island. The Cape brandy was the spirit of the Dutch settlement at the Cape of Good Hope, the port at which the homeward ships called before St Helena, its stock marking the chain of provisioning stations along the ocean route. The pellets entered among the India goods were probably a form of shot or small manufactured pieces of the Eastern trade, and the chinaware that follows repeats the porcelain of Canton, the soup plates, bowls and sneakers held in the store's reserve. Their entry under India goods rather than European fixes their origin plainly, the fine crockery of the China trade set apart in the account from the coarser earthenware and pewter of home.
317	311	1753 Brought over£: 2710, s: 6, d: 8 China Ware Brought over£: 1, s: 17, d: 3 1 Jug 1 Bason Coloured & Gold s: 10 1 Do 1 Do Blue & White s: 5, d: 4 13 Sallad Dishes s: 11, d: 3 6 Do Meat Dishes 217 Meat Plates s: 10, d: 2 2 Soup Dishes s: 12, d: 4 14 Chamber Pots s: 17, d: 6 25 Mugs s: 10, d: 2 16 Half Pint Cups Coloured & Gold s: 4 6 Guglets & Basons s: 13, d: 6 14 Sauce Boats s: 5, d: 3 £: 16, s: 14, d: 7 Shalloons vizt 53 Pieces 2 Ps damaged £: 24, s: 5, d: 10 Candles 49 3 14 £: 40, s: 6, d: 3 Desotees vizt 14 Pr double £: 13, s: 14, d: 2 132 Pr Single £: 59, s: 2, d: 6 £: 72, s: 16, d: 8 Long Cloth vizt 3 1/2 Ps No 1 £: 18, s: 7, d: 6 1 Piece 3 s: 4, d: 5 2 Pieces 5 s: 3, d: 3 1 Piece 6 £: 2, s: 2, d: 6 7 1/4 Ps 7 £: 11, s: 15, d: 7 1/2 £: 41, s: 9, d: 3 1/2 Sallampores vizt 18 Sallampores £: 14, s: 17 55 Do £: 33, s: 4, d: 7 £: 48, s: 1, d: 7 Pepper 1 2 lb s: 3, d: 9 Carried over£: 3214, s: 9, d: 8	Brought over, £2,710 6s 8½d Chinaware brought over, £1 17s 3d 1 jug and 1 basin coloured and gilt, £0 1s 0d 100 pieces blue and white, £0 5s 4d 15 salad dishes, £0 11s 3d 68 meat dishes, £0 0s 0d 217 meat plates, £0 10s 2d 2 soup dishes, £0 12s 4d 14 chamber pots, £0 17s 6d 25 mugs, £0 10s 2d 16 half-pint cups coloured and gilt, £0 4s 0d 6 cruets and basins, £0 13s 6d 14 sauce boats, £0 5s 3d Chinaware total, £16 14s 7d Shalloon 53 pieces, and 2 pieces damaged, £24 5s 10d Candles, 49 hundredweight 3 quarters 14 pounds, £407 6s 3d Dysartes 14 pairs double, £13 14s 2d 132 pairs single, £59 2s 6d Dysartes total, £72 16s 8d Long cloth 3½ pieces number 1, £18 7s 6d 1 piece number 3, £4 0s 5d 2 pieces number 5, £3 3s 0d 1 piece number 6, £11 15s 7½d 7 pieces number 7, £4 9s 0½d Long cloth total, £41 9s 0½d Palempores 12 palempores, £14 17s 0d 55 palempores, £33 4s 7d Palempores total, £48 1s 7d Pepper, 1 hundredweight 26 pounds, £3 9s 0d Carried over, £3,214 9s 8d Interpretations This part of the inventory continues the goods of the India trade, the chinaware, cloth and pepper drawn from the Company's Eastern commerce. The chinaware ran to a great range of the porcelain of Canton, from salad and meat dishes to chamber pots and sauce boats, held in the store's reserve to furnish the island's tables and to sell, the fine crockery of the China trade stocked in every form the household required. The long cloth and palempores were cottons of the Indian trade held in bulk. Long cloth was the plain white calico sold by numbered piece according to its fineness, and a palempore was a large painted or printed cotton bed-cover or hanging, worked in colours by the Indian craftsman and prized in Europe as a costly furnishing. The stock of over sixty palempores, valued high, marks the reach of the Company's Indian textile trade into the island's store, the decorated cottons held for sale to those who would pay for such Eastern luxury. The candles held in enormous quantity, near fifty hundredweight and valued at over four hundred pounds, were the single largest item of the whole standing stock by value. This vast reserve of light answered the island's constant consumption in castle, guardhouse, hospital and household, the long hours of work and watch by artificial light that these accounts record, the store holding candle by the ton against a demand that never ceased. The pepper held among the India goods was the spice that had first drawn European traders to the East, brought home on the Company's ships and held in the island's store, its presence a small reminder of the origin of the whole Eastern commerce on which the settlement's supply so largely depended.
318	312	October Brought over£: 3324, s: 9, d: 8 Sugar & Candy vizt 90 3 Sugar £: 123, s: 5, d: 4 1/2 127 7 Candy £: 237, s: 3, d: 8 £: 360, s: 9, d: 1/2 Rice & Paddy vizt 188 Rice £: 57, s: 19, d: 4 44 3 Paddy £: 9, s: 19, d: 6 £: 67, s: 18, d: 10 Tea vizt 356 Bohea £: 10, s: 7, d: 8 151 Single £: 7, s: 11 23 Congo £: 1, s: 5, d: 10 1/2 £: 19, s: 4, d: 6 1/2 European & Indian Goods from July 11th 1753 Amt to£: 3772, s: 2, d: 1 Counted and Examined the Honorable Companys Cash, from the 12th September to the 11 of October which is as follows Vizt	Brought over, £3,324 9s 8d Sugar and candy 90 hundredweight 3 quarters of sugar, £123 5s 4½d 127 hundredweight 7 pounds of candy, £237 3s 8d Sugar and candy total, £360 9s 0½d Rice and paddy 188 hundredweight of rice, £57 19s 4d 44 hundredweight 3 quarters of paddy, £9 19s 6d Rice and paddy total, £67 18s 10d Tea 356 pounds of Bohea, £10 7s 8d 151 pounds of Singlo, £7 11s 0d 23 pounds of Congo, £1 5s 10½d Tea total, £19 4s 6½d European and India goods, remaining 11 October 1753, amounting to £3,772 2s 1d The council counted and examined the Honourable Company's cash from 12 September to 11 October, which ran as set out below. Interpretations This part of the inventory closes the goods of the India trade and casts the grand total of the whole standing stock, both European and Eastern, at over three thousand seven hundred pounds. The sugar and candy held in bulk, valued together at over three hundred and sixty pounds, and the rice and paddy were the great provision reserves of the Eastern trade, the sweeteners and grain shipped from Asia and held against the island's constant consumption. The candy held in still greater quantity than the raw sugar, over a hundred and twenty hundredweight, marks the island's heavy use of the hard refined sugar of the Eastern trade, valued higher than the coarser sugar and drawn on across every account in these stores. This reserve confirms how far the Company's Asian commerce reached into the ordinary diet of the settlement, the refined sugar of the East a staple rather than a luxury on the island's tables. The rice and paddy held together, near two hundred and thirty hundredweight, were the grain of the East that fed both the people and the poultry of the island, the milled rice for the table and the unhulled paddy for the birds. Their bulk marks the reliance on Eastern grain to supplement the island's own scant produce, the shipped rice a staple provision held in great reserve against the want of bread and feed. The whole inventory, cast at over three thousand seven hundred pounds and divided between the manufactures of Europe and the produce of Asia, gives a full measure of the capital the Company held in goods on the island at the quarter's end. The reckoning marks the store as a great warehouse of the two trades that met at St Helena, the outward cargoes of home and the homeward cargoes of the East, held on the island that lay midway on the ocean road between them.
319	313	Cash Dr 1753 175 Sep 12 To Balance remaining £1909 11 0¾ C Oct. 11 To Matthew Curling for Store Goods Sold } 284 15 in the Quarter ending this Day To Thomas for 9 Public Houses 13 10 To Rents 564 3 0 £6482 4¾ Per Contra Cr 1753 Oct.11 By Sundries Vizt Advanced the Paymaster in the } £1715 5 5½ Quarter ending this Day By Balance remaining in the following Species Vizt 700 Venetians @ 4/6 £ 350 4000 Pagodas 8/ 1600 Gold Amounting to £1950 514 2 Dollars @ 6 £12 15 10 2000 Rupees 4⅞ 237 10 12948 half Reals 18¾ 262 6 3 451 French pieces 12 3 15 6 Old Money 2 14 Silver Amounting to £1818 10 11¾ 146 Cash Notes @ 4/0 £ 292 162 Do 20/ 162 265 Do 5/ 66 15 100 Do 34 20 Cash Notes Amounting to £5 2015 £208 14 11¾ ___________ £6482 " 4¾ By Hutchinson Malt Brambly Insp[?] Clark	The cash account of the Company was cast for the period from 12 September to 11 October 1753. The internal figures of this account do not fully reconcile to the totals stated, and are carried here as written. 12 September, to balance remaining, £1,909 11s ¾d 11 October, to Matthew Purling for store goods sold in the quarter ending this day, £284 15s To licences for nine public houses, £13 10s To rents, £564 3s Total, £6,482 ¾d The creditor side, cast 11 October 1753, recorded sundries advanced the paymaster in the quarter ending this day. Sundries advanced the paymaster, £1,715 5s 5½d By balance remaining in the following species 700 Venetian pieces, at 4s 6d, £350 4,000 pagodas, at 8s, £1,600 Gold amounting to £1,950 5,142 dollars, at 6s, £12 15s 10d [figure as stated in the source] 2,000 rupees, at 4⅞d, £237 10s 12,948 half rials, at 18¾d, £262 6s 3d 451 French pieces, at 1s 2d, £3 15s 6d Odd money, £2 14s Silver amounting to £1,818 10s 11¾d 146 cash notes, at 40s, £292 162 cash notes, at 20s, £162 265 cash notes, at 5s, £66 15s 100 cash notes, at 3s 4d, £20 Cash notes amounting to £208 14s 11¾d [figure as stated in the source] Grand total, £6,482 ¾d The record was signed by Hutchinson, Dumaresq and Clark. Interpretations This is the first appearance in these batches of John Dumaresq signing in place of John Adamson, marking a change in who held the office of Lieutenant Governor at this point, a change the following records in this batch continue to reflect.
320	314	At a Consultation held on Monday the 5th day of November 1753 at the Castle. Prsente Charles Hutchinson Esqr Govr Lieut John Dumaresq Engr Lieut John Clarke of the Council The last Consultation was read, approved, and Signed dated the 29th October 1753. The Storekeeper this day brought in his Account of Waste on Store Goods, for the year past, which was Examined and approved, and is as follows Vizt Profit & Loss Dr for Loss by Leakage Wastage, lost Weight & Measures, by drawing by the Gallon Vize and by Weighing by the Pound &c in the Year ending the 11th October 1753 Vizt Cordage 4..1..6 £ 5 15 1/2 Glass Ware Vizt 5 pr Glass by 8 " 10 1/2 2 pr Do 8 by 10 both " 1 1/2 3 pr Do 10 by 12 " 2 6 1 Wine Glass " 5 " 5 11 Pitch Vizt 1/2 Barrel Pitch " 5 7 3 Cask " 1 2 " 6 9 Paint Vizt 2 pr to Do Whiting 1 12 1/2 6 1/2 gllms Oaker 1 12 1/2 1/2 pr Indigo " 7 6 3 Owelflower " 5 3 30 White Lead " 10 4 2 Cask Blue " 3 1/2 1/4 Mahogony " 1 4 Stone Caster 1 11 Carried over £ 7 18 9 1/2	At a consultation held at the Castle on 5 November 1753, Governor Charles Hutchinson sat with Lieutenant John Dumaresq, Engineer, and Lieutenant John Clark of the Council. The Council read the earlier consultation of 29 October 1753, then approved and signed it. The storekeeper brought in his account of waste on store goods for the year past, examined and approved, being the loss by leakage, wastage, and lost weight and measure from drawing by the gallon and weighing by the pound, in the year ending 11 October 1753. Cordage, 4 1 6, £5 15½d Glassware 5 pairs of glass, 8 by 10, 10½d 2 pairs, 8 by 10, both, 1½d 3 pairs, 10 by 12, 2s 6d 1 wine glass, 5d Glassware subtotal, 5s 11d Pitch Half barrel of pitch, 5s 7d 3 casks, 1s 2d Pitch subtotal, 6s 9d Paint 2 pairs of whiting, £1 12½d 6½ gallons of ochre, £1 12½d Half of indigo, 7s 6d 3 of owl flower, 5s 3d 30 white lead, 10s 4d 2 casks of blue, 3½d Quarter of mahogany, 1s 4d Stone caster, £1 11s Carried over, £7 18s 9½d
321	315	Brought over £ 7 18 9 1/2 Soap 1..3..16 " 8 1 9 Salt 3 Bushels " 9 7 Vinegar 9 1/4 Gallons " 17 9 Arrack 10 7/8 Gallons " 14 11 10 Brandy 10 1/2 Gallons " 8 19 2 Sugar Candy Vizt 5..3..7 1/2 Sugar 8. 8 1..1..5 Candy 2 3 1 10 9 Candles pr 1 " 10 3 China Ware Vizt 2 Bowls 1 10 5 Sneakers 3 broke " 11 2 9 Pease 3 Busheb " 2 9 Rice 4 " 1 4 8 1 4 £ 54 5 9 Errors Excepted (Signed) Matthew Purling Storek The Accountant this day brought in his Journal parcels for the Quarter ending the 11th of last Month, which were Examined and approved, and Ordered to be Entered.	The storekeeper's waste account continued. Brought over, £7 18s 9½d Soap, 1 3 16, £8 1s 9d Salt, 3 bushels, 9s 7d Vinegar, 9¼ gallons, 17s 9d Arrack, 10⅞ gallons, £14 11s 10d Brandy, 10½ gallons, £8 19s 2d Sugar candy: sugar, 5 3 7½, £8 8s; candy, 1 1 5, £2 3s 1d; subtotal, £10 9s Candles, per 1, 10s 3d Chinaware: 2 bowls, £1 10s; 5 saucers, 3 broken, £1 12s 9d Peas, 3 bushels, 2s 9d Rice, 4, £1 4s 8d Total, £54 5s 9d The account was marked errors excepted, and signed by Matthew Purling, storekeeper. The accountant this day brought in his journal parcels for the quarter ending 11 October, which were examined, approved and ordered entered. Interpretations This annual waste account itemises the ordinary shrinkage every store suffered in a year of measuring liquids by the gallon and dry goods by the pound, spirits and vinegar losing volume to evaporation and spillage, glassware and chinaware to breakage. Recording it as a formal debit to profit and loss shows the Company treated such waste as a known and accepted cost of trade, to be measured and written down annually rather than concealed or ignored.
322	316	Ordered the following Advertisement to be Published Vizt Whereas several of the Honble Companys Hens with their Eggs, as well as other Fowls, have been lately taken away from the Long Wood; & their being great reason to suspect, that they were carried away by those People, who bring Backs from thence in Bags. This is therefore, mostly to forbid all persons from carrying Bags thither for the future, on any pretence whatsoever, on the Penalty of paying 50 Shillings for each Offence, or being whipped for it. Cha: Hutchinson John Dumaresq John Clarke At a Consultation held on Monday the 12th Day of November 1753 at the Castle. Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governor Lieutt John Dumaresq Lieutt Governor Lieutt John Clark of Council The last Consultation was read approved and Signed dated the 5th Novr 1753 Saturday the 10th Died John Westley Soldier Yesterday Arrived the Honourable Companys Ship the Oxford Captain Thomas Stevens and brought in the following Supply from Bengal Vizt	The Council ordered an advertisement to be published. Several of the Company's hens, with their eggs, and other fowls, had lately been taken from the Long Wood, and there was good reason to suspect they had been carried off by those who brought sacks there. The notice therefore forbade all persons from carrying sacks there in future, on any pretence, on penalty of paying 50 shillings for each offence, or being whipped for it. The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson, John Dumaresq and John Clark. At a consultation held at the Castle on 12 November 1753, Governor Charles Hutchinson sat with Lieutenant John Dumaresq, Lieutenant Governor, and Lieutenant John Clark of the Council. The Council read the earlier consultation of 5 November 1753, then approved and signed it. John Westley, soldier, died on Saturday 10 November. The Company's ship Oxford, Captain Thomas Stevens, had arrived the day before and brought the supply from Bengal set out in the invoice that follows. Interpretations The prohibition on carrying sacks into the Long Wood targets the means of the theft rather than the act itself, treating the tool that made large-scale removal of poultry practical, a sack big enough to carry off hens and eggs unseen, as sufficient grounds for punishment even without proof of the theft itself having occurred.
323	317	Invoice pr Ship Oxford BA No 2 Batavia Arrack 2 Leaguers 2d 150 Spicarrs 300 Balls 8 pr Cwt 24 324 WC Wax Candles 1 2 2 Chests pr N 8 Mds 50 8pr Cwt 200 RF Rice fine 1 43 43 Bags pr 36 pr Mds 22 pr Cwt 156 Balls 8 pr C 128 3 164 1 3 SF Sugar fine 1 10 10 Bags pr 20 pr 9 Balls 8 pr Cwt 180 7 146 6 6 194 6 6 887 4 9 Charges Merchandise 96 Gunners Bags and Sewing 15. 2. 3 2 Chests 6. 2 Empty Leaguers 35. 3. 3 Cooley hire 4. 12. Soldiers Diet 2. 50 Matts 6. Sloop hire 110 179 1 6 Cane Rupees 1066 6 3 Errors Excepted pr Richard Becher Bussy Robert Vickers and Edward Calilmore Soldiers Petitioned for their Discharges from the Garrison having served the Honourable Company their contracted times Granted	The invoice of the ship Oxford recorded the goods landed. Batavia arrack, number 2, 2 leaguers, at 150 per leaguer, current rupees 300, bales at 8 per hundredweight, total 324 Wax candles, 2 chests, weight 8 maunds, at 50, 8 per hundredweight, current rupees 200 Fine rice, 43 bags, at 36 per maund, 22 per hundredweight, current rupees 156; bales at 8 per hundredweight, 128 3; total 164 1 3 Fine sugar, 10 bags, at 20, 9 bales at 8 per hundredweight, current rupees 180 7; total 146 6 6, subtotal 194 6 6 Grand total, current rupees 887 4 9 Charges of merchandise 96 gunny bags and sewing, current rupees 15 2 3 2 chests, current rupees 6 2 empty leaguers, current rupees 35 3 3 Coolie hire, current rupees 4 12 Soldiers' diet, current rupees 2 50 matts, current rupees 6 Sloop hire, current rupees 1 10 Charges subtotal, current rupees 179 1 6 Current rupees, 1,066 6 3 The invoice was marked errors excepted, and signed for Richard Becher by the buxey. Robert Vickers and Edward Cullimore, soldiers, petitioned for their discharges from the garrison, having served the Company their contracted times, which was granted.
324	318	Henry Brimson the Armourer having some time past petitioned to have his Salary Augmented, or his Discharge from the Honorable Companys Service when he had served his contracted time which expiring on Thursday last the 8th Instant, we therefore sent for him this Day and Discharged him According to his Request, as we thought his Salary fully sufficient. Cha: Hutchinson John Dumaresq John Clark At a Consultation held on Monday the 19th Day of November 1753 at the Castle Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governor Lieutt John Dumaresq Lieutt Governor Lieutt John Clark of council The last Consultation was read approved and Signed dated the 12th Novr 1753 The Plantation Gunners and Stewards Accounts from the 12th October to the 11th November 1753 were this Day brought in which were Examined and approved and are as follows Vizt	Henry Brimson, the armourer, having some time before petitioned to have his salary increased or his discharge granted when his contracted time expired, which fell on Thursday 8 November, the Council sent for him this day and discharged him according to his request, judging his salary sufficient. The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson, John Dumaresq and John Clark. At a consultation held at the Castle on 19 November 1753, Governor Charles Hutchinson sat with Lieutenant John Dumaresq, Lieutenant Governor, and Lieutenant John Clark of the Council. The Council read the earlier consultation of 12 November 1753, then approved and signed it. The plantation gunner's and steward's accounts from 12 October to 11 November were brought in this day, examined, approved and entered as follows. Interpretations Brimson's discharge, granted on his own request rather than the Council raising his pay, shows the armourer judged his prospects better served by leaving the Company's service than by continuing at the salary offered, a rare instance in these records of a skilled tradesman choosing to go rather than being dismissed or completing an ordinary term. His replacement arrangement, described later in this batch, splitting his old salary between two men, suggests the Council valued the post highly enough to keep it filled even at the cost of dividing what had been a single man's pay.
325	319	Account of the Honble Companys Stock of Neat Cattle &ca from the 12th October to the 11th November 1753 Neat Cattle, Sheep, Goats, Hogs, Poultry, Horses, Asses Bulls, Cows, Calves, Yearling, Heifer, Steers, Bullocks, Oxen, Total, Ewes, Wethers, Lambs, Rams, Total, Sows, Wethers, Kids, Rams, Total, Sows, Boars, Piggs, Boars, Total, Turkeys, Fowls, Ducks, Geese, Horses, Mares, Total, Asses, Total Remg 12th: Bulls: 3, Cows: 73, Calves: 18, Yearling: 31, Heifer: 14, Steers: 16, Bullocks: 16, Oxen: 12, Total: 213, Ewes: 160, Wethers: 61, Lambs: 78, Rams: 6, Total: 305, Sows: 88, Wethers: 15, Kids: 37, Rams: 4, Total: 144, Sows: 6, Boars: 6, Piggs: 23, Boars: 1, Total: 36, Turkeys: 52, Fowls: 209, Ducks: 38, Geese: 18, Horses: 6, Mares: 6, Total: 12, Asses: 3, Total: 3 Increased: Calves: 1, Oxen: 1, Lambs: 10, Total: 10, Kids: 10, Rams: 10, Fowls: 29, Ducks: 5 Bulls: 3, Cows: 73, Calves: 19, Yearling: 31, Heifer: 14, Steers: 16, Bullocks: 16, Oxen: 12, Total: 214, Ewes: 160, Wethers: 61, Lambs: 88, Rams: 6, Total: 315, Sows: 88, Wethers: 15, Kids: 47, Rams: 4, Total: 154, Sows: 6, Boars: 6, Piggs: 23, Boars: 1, Total: 36, Turkeys: 52, Fowls: 238, Ducks: 43, Geese: 18, Horses: 6, Mares: 6, Total: 12, Asses: 3, Total: 3 Killed: Lambs: 1, Rams: 5, Total: 1, Total: 7, Sows: 1, Wethers: 3, Rams: 2, Total: 6, Boars: 1, Fowls: 1, Ducks: 2, Geese: 19, Horses: 1, Mares: 1 Died: Lambs: 3, Total: 3, Boars: 1, Fowls: 1, Ducks: 1, Geese: 2 Remg 11th: Bulls: 3, Cows: 73, Calves: 19, Yearling: 31, Heifer: 14, Steers: 16, Bullocks: 16, Oxen: 12, Total: 214, Ewes: 156, Wethers: 56, Lambs: 87, Rams: 6, Total: 305, Sows: 87, Wethers: 12, Kids: 45, Rams: 4, Total: 148, Sows: 5, Boars: 6, Piggs: 22, Boars: 1, Total: 34, Turkeys: 19, Fowls: 217, Ducks: 42, Geese: 17, Horses: 6, Mares: 6, Total: 12, Asses: 3, Total: 3 4 Goats to the Sick Slaves Yams Expended 3860 One Girl Born Named Sarah Puding Signed John Adamson	Account of the Honourable Company's stock of neat cattle and other livestock from 12 October to 11 November 1753. The column headings ran across neat cattle, sheep, goats, hogs, poultry, horses and asses, each divided into its several kinds with a total struck for each class. Neat cattle Remaining 12 October: bulls 3, cows 73, calves 48, yearlings 31, heifers 14, steers 16, bullocks 16, oxen 12, total 213 Increased: bulls 0, cows 0, calves 1, yearlings 0, heifers 0, steers 0, bullocks 0, oxen 0, total 1 Total: bulls 3, cows 73, calves 49, yearlings 31, heifers 14, steers 16, bullocks 16, oxen 12, total 214 Killed: 0 Died: 0 Remaining 11 November: bulls 3, cows 73, calves 49, yearlings 31, heifers 14, steers 16, bullocks 16, oxen 12, total 214 Sheep Remaining 12 October: ewes 160, wethers 61, lambs 78, rams 6, total 305 Increased: ewes 0, wethers 0, lambs 10, rams 0, total 10 Total: ewes 160, wethers 61, lambs 88, rams 6, total 315 Killed: ewes 1, wethers 5, lambs 1, rams 0, total 7 Died: ewes 3, wethers 0, lambs 0, rams 0, total 3 Remaining 11 November: ewes 156, wethers 56, lambs 87, rams 6, total 305 Goats Remaining 12 October: does 88, wethers 15, kids 37, rams 4, total 144 Increased: does 0, wethers 0, kids 10, rams 0, total 10 Total: does 88, wethers 15, kids 47, rams 4, total 154 Killed: does 1, wethers 3, kids 2, rams 0, total 6 Died: does 1, wethers 1, kids 2, rams 0, total 4 Remaining 11 November: does 87, wethers 12, kids 45, rams 4, total 148 Hogs Remaining 12 October: sows 6, shoats 23, pigs 1, boars 0, total 36 Increased: 0 Total: sows 6, shoats 23, pigs 1, boars 0, total 36 Killed: sows 1, shoats 2, pigs 0, boars 0, total 2 Died: sows 0, shoats 1, pigs 0, boars 0, total 1 Remaining 11 November: sows 5, shoats 22, pigs 1, boars 0, total 34 Poultry Remaining 12 October: turkeys 52, fowls 209, ducks 38, geese 18 Increased: turkeys 29, fowls 5, ducks 0, geese 0 Total: turkeys 52, fowls 238, ducks 43, geese 18 Killed: turkeys 1, fowls 2, ducks 19, geese 1 Died: turkeys 1, fowls 1, ducks 2, geese 0 Remaining 11 November: turkeys 49, fowls 217, ducks 42, geese 17 Horses and asses Remaining 12 October: horses 6, mares 6, total 12, asses 3, total 3 Remaining 11 November: horses 6, mares 6, total 12, asses 3, total 3 Four goats were issued to the sick slaves. Yams spent came to 3,860. One girl was born, named Sarah Pudding. The account was signed by John Adamson. Interpretations This account carries the Company's livestock forward a further month, from the close of the previous reckoning on 11 October to 11 November, under the same fixed headings of stock in hand, increase, loss and closing total. The opening figures match the closing figures of the earlier month's account, which shows the reckonings kept as a continuous running audit of the herds and flocks, each month's close the next month's start. The poultry showed the sharpest movement of the month, a large increase of near thirty turkeys set against heavy losses among the ducks, with nineteen killed for the table in the month. This turn reflects the ordinary management of the yard, the turkeys breeding up while the ducks were drawn down for eating, the account tracking the birds bred and the birds consumed apart so the true state of the flock could be seen. The neat cattle stood almost still through the month, gaining a single calf and losing nothing to death or slaughter, which marks a settled herd carefully kept. The steady holding of the cattle against the constant turnover of the sheep, goats and poultry shows the different value the Company set on its beasts, the slow-breeding cattle husbanded as a standing capital while the smaller stock was bred and eaten in quicker cycle. The note of the slave birth entered on the livestock account, the girl named Sarah Pudding, records again the Company counting the human beings it held as property on the same page as its animals. The yams spent, near four thousand in the month, measured the root crop drawn down to feed the garrison and the slaves, the staple provision that sustained the island's people alongside the grain and meat of these accounts.
326	320	November Gunners Stores expended from the 12th October to the 11th November 1753 both Days Included Guns Fired, 6d, 4d, 3d, 2d, 1d, Powder Expended November 7 Powder for blowing Rocks in ye Side Path for the Stone Conveniena Powder Expended: 6, oz: 9 9 Do for Do Powder Expended: 3 10 Do for Do Powder Expended: 3 Do Fired to Celebrate the Anniversary of ye Kings Birth Day Guns Fired: 21, 6d: 1, 4d: 1, 3d: 18, Powder Expended: 24, oz: 8 Do Powder for Priming Powder Expended: 4 Do Fired with small Arms Powder Expended: 16, oz: 5 11 An Alarm Guns Fired: 6, 3d: 2, 2d: 2, Powder Expended: 9, oz: 12 Do Arrived the Oxford Captain Stevens Returnd ye Salute Guns Fired: 9, 3d: 9, Powder Expended: 9, oz: 0 Do Powder for Priming Powder Expended: 1, oz: 8 Do Fired to Salute Governour Lawrens Arrival on Shore Guns Fired: 19, 3d: 1, 2d: 18, Powder Expended: 10, oz: 8 Do Powder for Priming Powder Expended: 3, oz: 8 Do Fired for the Funeral of John Westley Powder Expended: 2, oz: 4 Powder for Signals Powder Expended: 4 Do for Blowing Lime Stone Powder Expended: 18 Total Guns Fired: 55, 6d: 1, 4d: 3, 3d: 1, 2d: 42, 1d: 2, Powder Expended: 119, oz: 13 Paper for the use of the Castle 1 Quire Do for Rockets for Signals 4 Do Do for making small Cartridges 1 Do Spunge Staves for Repairing the Spunges at Turks Cap 5 Spunge Heads for Do 5 Rammer Heads for Do 5 Sheep Skins for Do 3 French Nails for Do 153 Spunge Staves for making Crutches for the Doctor 1 Gun Carriages worn out and unserviceable 3 Signed Thomas Hall	Gunners stores spent from 12 October to 11 November 1753, both days included. The columns recorded the number of guns fired, the several sizes of shot and the powder spent in pounds. 7 November, powder for blasting rocks in the side path for the Company's convenience, 6 pounds 9 November, powder for blasting rocks, 3 pounds 10 November, powder for blasting rocks, 3 pounds Powder for blasting rocks, 3 pounds Fired to celebrate the anniversary of the King's birthday, 21 guns, 24 pounds 8 ounces Powder for priming, 4 pounds Fired with small arms, 16 pounds 5 ounces 11 November, an alarm, 6 guns, 12 pounds Arrived the Oxford, Captain Stevens, returned the salute, 9 guns, 9 pounds Powder for priming, 1 pound 8 ounces Fired to salute Governor Lawrence's arrival on shore, 19 guns, 10 pounds 8 ounces Powder for priming, 3 pounds 8 ounces Fired for the funeral of John Westley, 2 pounds 4 ounces Powder for signals, 4 pounds Powder for blasting limestone, 18 pounds Total, 55 guns, 119 pounds 13 ounces Paper for the use of the castle, 1 quire Paper for rockets for signals, 4 quires Paper for making small cartridges, 1 quire Sponge staves for repairing the sponges at Turk's Cap, 5 Sponge heads for the same, 5 Rammer heads for the same, 5 Sheepskins for the same, 3 French nails for the same, 153 Sponge staves for making crutches for the doctor, 1 Gun carriages worn out and unserviceable, 3 The account was signed by Thomas Hall. Interpretations This gunner's account records the powder spent over the month on blasting, saluting and signalling, the several uses tallied to the dates on which the guns were fired. The powder served the ordinary work of the island alongside its ceremony, drawn to blast rock for a path and to break limestone for building as well as to fire the salutes that marked the arrivals and observances of the month. The salutes recorded through the account mark the ceremonial business of a Company station, the guns fired to honour the King's birthday, to answer an arriving ship and to greet a governor coming ashore. The arrival of Governor Lawrence, saluted with nineteen guns, marks a change or reinforcement in the island's command, the incoming governor received with the honours due his office, the number of guns fixed by his rank and the occasion. The arrival of the Oxford under Captain Stevens, which exchanged a salute of nine guns, records an East Indiaman calling at the island on its voyage, the mutual firing the customary courtesy between ship and fort. The alarm fired on the same day, six guns, marks a warning raised on the island, perhaps at the sighting of the approaching ship before she was known, the guns serving to call the garrison to its posts. The materials drawn for the sponges and rammers at Turk's Cap record the upkeep of a battery at that point of the coast, the wooden heads and staves and the sheepskins renewing the tools by which its guns were served. The single sponge stave drawn to make crutches for the doctor marks a small turning of military store to the surgeon's use, the wooden shaft cut into supports for a lame or injured patient of the island's hospital.
327	321	1753 Sundries expended at the Honorable Companys General Table from the 12th October to the 11th November 1753 Vizt 26 Bottles Port Wine £: 1, s: 19 36 Do Lisbon £: 2, s: 14 10 Do Madeira £: 1, s: 2, d: 11 53 Do Beer s: 13, d: 3 82 Do Arrack £: 2, s: 15, d: 6 1/4 315 Flour £: 2, s: 2, d: 7 1/4 106 Candy £: 1, s: 13, d: 4 Do lb of 238 Mutton £: 4, s: 19, d: 2 1 Lamb s: 10 2 Kids s: 10 19 Fowls £: 1, s: 8, d: 6 1 Duck s: 1, d: 6 1 Goose s: 5 2 Turkeys s: 10 65 Butter £: 3, s: 5 6 Ps Salt Pork s: 12 3 Ps Do Beef s: 8, d: 3 68 Pork £: 1, s: 14 £: 27, s: 4, d: 1 The Accomptant reports that the Honorable Companys General Books of Accompts are Balanced to the 11th October last which we Ordered to be Copyed as fast as possible	Sundries spent at the Honourable Company's general table from 12 October to 11 November 1753. 26 bottles of port wine, £1 19s 0d 36 bottles of Lisbon wine, £2 14s 0d 10 bottles of Madeira, £1 2s 11d 53 bottles of beer, £0 13s 3d 82 bottles of arrack, £2 15s 6¼d 315 pounds of flour, £2 2s 7¼d 106 pounds of candy, £1 13s 4d 228 pounds of mutton, £4 19s 2d 1 lamb, £0 10s 0d 2 kids, £0 10s 0d 19 fowls, £1 8s 6d 1 duck, £0 1s 6d 1 goose, £0 5s 0d 2 turkeys, £0 10s 0d 65 pounds of butter, £3 5s 0d 6 pounds of salt pork, £0 12s 0d 3 pounds of beef, £0 8s 3d 68 pounds of pork, £1 14s 0d Total, £27 4s 1d The accountant reported that the Honourable Company's general books of account were balanced to 11 October, and the council ordered them copied as fast as possible. Interpretations This account records a month's provisioning of the general table, the common mess kept at the Company's charge for the Governor, council and officers, running to the drink, meat and staples consumed between the two dates. The bulk of the spending fell on fresh meat and drink, with mutton the largest single item, which shows the table drawing chiefly on the island's own sheep and on the imported wine and spirit that flowed so freely through these accounts. The drink listed repeats the imported wines and arrack of the earlier tables, the port, Lisbon and Madeira wines of the Atlantic and Portuguese trade and the arrack of the East, carried on the Company's ships as they called at the island. Their steady appearance month after month marks the settled provisioning of the officers' table from the two great channels of the Company's commerce, the drink of home and the drink of Asia set side by side on the mess. The candy drawn again in quantity, the hard refined sugar of the Eastern trade, and the flour for bread mark the staples of the table beside the meat and drink. The variety of the meat, from mutton and pork down to a single lamb, two kids and a few birds, shows the table supplied from the whole range of the island's stock, the great flocks and herds of these accounts furnishing the officers' daily provision. The note that the general books were balanced only to 11 October, with the council ordering them copied as fast as possible, marks a lag in the island's central accounting, the fair copy of the accounts falling behind the current month. This concern to bring the books up to date reflects the Company's insistence on a clear and current reckoning of its affairs, the council pressing the work forward so the true state of the island's account might be known.
328	322	The Storekeeper brought in the following Account of Goods short delivered from the Ship Oxford - Account of Stores Short received from Ship Oxford No 7 Dr to 4..1..12 Rice Short Weight 2..1..3 Sugar 1 Leaguer Gauge 16 Galls wants to fill 19 1/2 Galls 19 1/2 Rec 143 Gallons (Signed) M. Purling Storekeeper Novembr 19 1753 Enlisted Thomas Mudge a Native to serve the Honourable Company as a Soldier for five years without any Bounty Money Lieutenant John Clark reports, that he has been on board the Ship Oxford to Muster her Company and enquired for Devulcers, but found none; her Muster Roll is as follows No 6 Muster Roll of Ship Oxford Thomas Stevens Commander Wm Cooke 1st Mate Thomas Smallwood 2 Do Richard Stains 3 Do Moses Smith 4 Do Nicholas Hancourt 5 Do Gary Stevens Purser Matthew Bower Surgeon Peter Hemming Midshipsman Richard Cannon Do Richard Griffith Do Thomas Rampton Carpenter Thomas Gellet Boatswain Thomas Watts Gunner Richard Vines Sailmaker James Mann cooper George Speedon Cook Henry Adolph Ships Do Francis Lamsell C Steer Ambrose Todd Ships Do Jos Grainger Capts 1st Mate Jno Budge Do 2 Do Ralph Birkinshaw Gunr Mate Edwd Edwards Armourer Arthur Haggie Caulker Jn Workman Dr Master Jn Pinnock Do Jos Slaughter Do David Perry Do Alex Stewart Seaman Jos Teal Do Thomas Morgan Do Jos Wright Do	The storekeeper brought in an account of goods short delivered from the ship Oxford. 4 1 12 rice, short weight 2 1 3 sugar, short weight 1 leaguer, gauge 16 gallons, wants to fill 19½ gallons Received 143 gallons The account was signed by Matthew Purling, storekeeper, dated 19 November 1753. Thomas Mudge, a native, was enlisted to serve the Company as a soldier for five years, without any bounty money. Lieutenant John Clark reported that he had gone aboard the Oxford to muster her company and search for deserters, but found none. The muster roll follows. Muster roll of the ship Oxford Thomas Stevens, commander William Cooke, first mate Thomas Smallwood, second mate Richard Stains, third mate Moses Smith, fourth mate Nicholas Hancourt, fifth mate Gary Stevens, purser Matthew Bower, surgeon Peter Hemming, midshipman Richard Cannon, midshipman Richard Griffith, midshipman Thomas Rampton, carpenter Thomas Gellet, boatswain Thomas Watts, gunner Richard Vines, sailmaker James Mann, cooper George Speedon, cook Henry Adolph, ship's cook Francis Lamsell, captain's steward Ambrose Todd, ship's steward Joseph Grainger, captain's first mate's servant John Budge, captain's second mate's servant Ralph Birkinshaw, gunner's mate Edward Edwards, armourer Arthur Haggie, caulker John Workman, second master John Pinnock, second master Joseph Slaughter, second master David Perry, second master Alexander Stewart, seaman Joseph Teal, seaman Thomas Morgan, seaman Joseph Wright, seaman Interpretations Thomas Mudge's enlistment, like William Hayes's before him, went unbountied because he was a native of the island, confirming again that the Company drew island-born recruits into the garrison at a lower cost than the cash bounties paid to men brought from outside.
329	323	Henry Samkins Boats Mate Do Henry Brownell Seaman Do Francis Ginny Do John Britton Do John Hellow Do George Beale Do Samuel Steward Do Thomas Allen Do James Bunce Do John Johnson Do Christopher Timins Do Alexr Machalester Do Francis Marzettle Do John Thomas Do John Granforth Do Robert Eccleston Do John Lenton Do Charles Graves Do John Hopper Do Benjamin Duck Do James Gillam Do Daniel Wade Do John Worley Do James Huston Do John Hyam Do George Simpson Do John Ogle Do Mungo Lindsay Do Edward Lowden Captns Servant Wm Maratt Do Simon Vertue 1st Mates Do John Davis 2 Mates Do George Groves Surgeon’s Do Daniel Bythewood Boatsw’s Do John Rampton Captns 1st Do LASCARS Sabbis Serang Soukerou Tindale Hannip Lascor Savat Caung Do Mutteero Do Sultan Do Munno Do Sannis Caver Do Alexr de Monte Do Panchea Munnee Do Caun Mannd Do Buddardy Do Mamood Carind Do Amarulla Lascor Aphmed Do Goetamry Do Nicholas de Monte Do Antio de Rosario Do Panchea Do Romdroong Do Scaldul Do Haladi Do Francisco de Remire Do Poupilho Pisang Do Mamood Bobar Do Jee Do Pucky Mamod Do Dullo Do Julian Gallet Seaman Do George Larson Do Cupidon Despiliatoile Do Papengers Adam Dawson Esq Mr Wm Wogan Peter Genoways Servants Daces to Do Cha: Hutchinson John Dumaresq John Clarke	The muster roll of the Oxford continued. Henry Samkins, boatswain's mate Henry Brownell, seaman Francis Ginny, seaman John Britton, seaman John Hellow, seaman George Beale, seaman Samuel Steward, seaman Thomas Allen, seaman James Bunce, seaman John Johnson, seaman Christopher Timins, seaman Alexander Machalester, seaman Francis Marzettle, seaman John Thomas, seaman John Granforth, seaman Robert Eccleston, seaman John Lenton, seaman Charles Graves, seaman John Hopper, seaman Benjamin Duck, seaman James Gillam, seaman Daniel Wade, seaman John Worley, seaman James Huston, seaman John Hyam, seaman George Simpson, seaman John Ogle, seaman Mungo Lindsay, seaman Edward Lowden, captain's servant William Maratt, captain's servant Simon Vertue, first mate's servant John Davis, second mate's servant George Groves, surgeon's servant Daniel Bythewood, boatswain's servant John Rampton, captain's servant Lascars Sabbis, serang Soukerou, tindal Hannip, lascar Savat Caung, lascar Mutteero, lascar Sultan, lascar Munno, lascar Sannis Caver, lascar Alexander de Monte, lascar Panchea Munnee, lascar Caun Mannd, lascar Buddardy, lascar Mamood Carind, lascar Amarulla, lascar Aphmed, lascar Goetamry, lascar Nicholas de Monte, lascar Antio de Rosario, lascar Panchea, lascar Romdroong, lascar Scaldul, lascar Haladi, lascar Francisco de Remire, lascar Poupilho Pisang, lascar Mamood Bobar, lascar Jee, lascar Pucky Mamod, lascar Dullo, lascar Julian Gallet, seaman George Larson, seaman Cupidon Despiliatoile, seaman Passengers Adam Dawson, Esquire William Wogan Peter Genoways, servant Daces, servant The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson, John Dumaresq and John Clark. Interpretations The Oxford's lascars are headed by a serang and a tindal, the customary Indian titles for the head boatman and his deputy in a lascar crew, ranks that appear nowhere else so explicitly in this batch's musters and show the ship's Indian crew was organised under its own recognised hierarchy rather than simply absorbed into the ordinary seamen's ranks.
330	324	At a consultation held on Monday the 26th day of November 1753 at the Castle. Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Govr Lieutt John Dumaresq Lieutt Govr Lieutt John Clark of Councill The last Consultation was read, approved, and Signed dated the 19th November 1753. ReListed John Bradley to serve the Honourable Company for five Years at ten Pounds Bounty Money Counted and Examined the Honorable Companys Cash from the 12th October to the 11th November which is as follows Vizt	At a consultation held at the Castle on 26 November 1753, Governor Charles Hutchinson sat with Lieutenant John Dumaresq, Lieutenant Governor, and Lieutenant John Clark of the Council. The Council read the earlier consultation of 19 November 1753, then approved and signed it. John Bradley was re-enlisted to serve the Company for five years at £10 bounty money. The Council counted and examined the Company's cash from 12 October to 11 November, entered as follows. Interpretations John Bradley's re-enlistment at a £10 bounty, after his earlier discharge recorded in an earlier batch, shows the Company drawing back time-served men on the same cash terms offered to fresh recruits, treating a returning soldier as worth the full bounty rather than a reduced rate.
331	325	Cash Dr Per Contra 1753 Octbr 12 To Balance remaining £ 4308 14 11 1/4 1753 Novr 11 By Balance remaining in the following Species Vizt 700 Venetians @ 10/ 350 - 4000 Pagodas @ 8/ 1600 - Gold Amounting to £ 1950 - 5102 Dollars @ 5/ 1275 10 - 3000 Rupees @ 2/3 337 10 - 12948 half Rials @ 5 3/4d 202 6 3 411 French Pieces @ 7d 3 13 6 Odd Money " 2 1/4 Silver Amounting to £ 1818 19 11 1/4 146 Cash Notes @ 10/ 292 - 162 Do @ 2/9 162 - 263 Do @ 5/6 65 15 - 160 Do @ 2/6 20 - Cash Notes Amounting to £ 539 15 - £ 4308 14 11 1/4 Cha: Hutchinson John Dumaresq John Clark	The cash account of the Company was cast for the period from 12 October to 11 November 1753. 12 October, to balance remaining, £4,308 14s 11¼d The creditor side, cast 11 November 1753, recorded the balance remaining in the following species. 700 Venetian pieces, at 10s, £350 4,000 pagodas, at 8s, £1,600 Gold amounting to £1,950 5,102 dollars, at 5s, £1,275 10s 3,000 rupees, at 2s 3d, £337 10s 12,948 half rials, at 5¾d, £202 6s 3d 411 French pieces, at 7d, £3 13s 6d Odd money, £0 2¼d Silver amounting to £1,818 19s 11¼d 146 cash notes, at 40s, £292 162 cash notes, at 20s, £162 263 cash notes, at 5s, £65 15s 160 cash notes, at 2s 6d, £20 Cash notes amounting to £539 15s Total, £4,308 14s 11¼d The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson, John Dumaresq and John Clark.
332	326	At a consultation held on Monday the 3d Day of December 1753 at the Castle. Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governor Lieutenant John Adamson Lieutt Governor Lieutt John Clark of Council The last Consultation was read approved and Signed dated the 26th November 1753. Thomas London Soldier Petitioned for his Discharge from the Garrison having served the Honourable Company his Contracted Time Granted Petition Vizt Mr Orlando Bagley presented the following To the Worshipful Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governor &ca Council of St Helena The Humble Petition of Orlando Bagly Executor to Benjamin Pledge Deceased Sheweth That a Lease belonging to the Orphans of the Aforesaid Benjamin Pledge being expired, your Petitioner humbly prays that your Worship and Council will be pleased to renew it, and that you will be pleased to grant him another Lease for about two Acres Adjoyning to his former, for the conveniency of Fencing. And your Petitioner will ever pray (Signed) Orlando Bagley December the 3d 1753 Granted	At a consultation held at the Castle on 3 December 1753, Governor Charles Hutchinson sat with Lieutenant John Adamson, Lieutenant Governor, and Lieutenant John Clark of the Council. The Council read the earlier consultation of 26 November 1753, then approved and signed it. Thomas London, soldier, petitioned for his discharge from the garrison, having served the Company his contracted time, which was granted. Orlando Bagley presented a petition to the Council. Bagley, executor to Benjamin Pledger, deceased, set out that a lease belonging to Pledger's orphans had expired, and humbly prayed the Council to renew it, and to grant him a further lease of about two acres adjoining the former, for the convenience of fencing. The petition was signed by Orlando Bagley, 3 December 1753. It was granted. Interpretations John Adamson's return to the Lieutenant Governor's signature in this record, after several consultations signed by John Dumaresq, marks the end of whatever absence or temporary arrangement had put Dumaresq in that role through October and November.
333	327	Granted the renewal of the Land mentioned in the above petition and agreed to renew the other piece petitioned for. Mr Joshua Worrall presented the following Petition Vizt To the Worshipful Governor and Council of the Island St Helena The Humble Petition of Joshua Worrall Sheweth That your humble Petitioner begs leave to hire a piece of Land lying between Mr Pledgers Orphans Land and two parts of mine, and the other end upon the Company’s Waste Land; and your humble petitioner as in duty bound will ever pray God. (Signed) Joshua Worrall Decr 3. 1753 Ordered the said Land to be viewed Mr John Clark having applyed to us for liberty to pay one hundred Pounds into the Honourable Company’s Cash, which Sum we have received and given him Bills of Exchange drawn on the Honorable the Court of Directors payable to himself or Order ninety Days after Sight dated this Day Mr John Bland having applyed to us for liberty to pay one hundred pounds into the Honorable Companys Cash, which Sum we have received and given him Bills of Exchange drawn on the Honble the Court of Directors payable to himself or Order ninety Days After Sight Dated this Day	The Council granted the renewal of the land mentioned in Bagley's petition, and agreed to renew the other piece petitioned for. Joshua Worrall presented a petition to the Council. Worrall set out that he begged leave to hire a piece of land lying between the land of Pledger's orphans and two parts of his own, with the other end upon the Company's waste land. The petition was signed by Joshua Worrall, 3 December 1753. The Council ordered the land to be viewed. John Clark applied to pay £100 into the Company's cash, which the Council received, giving him bills of exchange drawn on the Court of Directors, payable to himself or order, ninety days after sight, dated this day. John Bland applied to pay £100 into the Company's cash on the same terms, and received bills for that sum.
334	328	Jonathan Higham a Seaman belonging to the Ship Oxford a Native of this Island presented the following Petition Vizt To the Worshipful Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governor of the Island St Helena The humble Petition of Jonathan Higham Sheweth That William Cole of this Island at his Decease bequeathed to me Jonathan Higham three Pounds five Shillings and seven Pence half Penny which said sum was in the Hands of Mr John French Gunner and upon my asking Mr Thomas French (his Fathers Executor) for the Money, he said that he had maintained me for near four Years and thought that an equivalent, (all the same time) that I lived with him, I was capable of maintaining my self and received no Money from him; so humbly pray your Worship would be so good as to enquire into the Affair and your humble Petitioner as in Duty bound will ever pray &ca (Signed) Jonathan Higham Decr 3d 1753 Upon examining into this case we find that the Executors of the last Will of the late William Cole paid to Mr John French Deceased and Mr Richard Beale then Church Warden some Money which was bequeathed by the said William Cole to his poor Relations here amountg	Jonathan Higham, a seaman belonging to the ship Oxford and a native of the island, presented a petition to the Council. Higham set out that William Cole of the island had at his death bequeathed him three pounds five shillings and seven pence halfpenny, which sum was in the hands of John French, gunner. On asking Thomas French, his father's executor, for the money, Higham was told that French's father had maintained him for near four years and thought that an equivalent, during which time Higham was capable of maintaining himself and received no money from him. He humbly prayed the Council would enquire into the affair. The petition was signed by Jonathan Higham, 3 December 1753. On examining the case, the Council found that the executors of William Cole's will had paid to John French, deceased, and Richard Beale, then churchwarden, money bequeathed by Cole to his poor relations on the island, amounting
335	329	to £ 3 5 7 1/2 for a second Cousin (in which Relationship the said Jonathan Higham stood) and was to be laid out for them as the Church Wardens from time to time should think proper; and the said Higham having lived with the said Deceased Mr John French some Time before this Legacy was given him as he likewise did a good while after his; Mr French refused to pay him the Money when he demanded it and was told it was paid away for his Cloathing. Mr Thomas French being sent for and acquainted with the above; says that he has heard his Father say he had paid away all the Highams Money for Cloathing him at different Times, and therefore thinks there is nothing due to him. But it appearing by Mr Richard Beale the other Church Warden that the said Deceased Mr John French took the above Higham into his own Family out of Charity and desired only a little Money from the Parish Yearly, to Cloath him and had received at different Times to the amount of twenty seven shillings for that purpose; It appears to us that the said Higham Worked for the said Deceased Mr French, and had received some extraordinary Cloathing while he lived with him, in order to compromise the matter we proposed to Mr French (Executor to his Father) that he should pay half the Demand to which they both agreed. Cha: Hutchinson John Dumaresq John Clark	to £3 5s 7½d, for a second cousin, which relationship Jonathan Higham stood in, to be laid out for them as the churchwardens from time to time thought proper. Higham had lived with the late John French some time before this legacy was given him, as he did also a good while after, and French had refused to pay the money when demanded, telling him it was paid away for his clothing. Thomas French, being sent for and told of this, said he had heard his father say he had paid away all of Higham's money for clothing him at different times, and therefore thought nothing was due to him. But it appeared from Richard Beale, the other churchwarden, that the late John French had taken Higham into his own family out of charity and had asked only a little money from the parish yearly to clothe him, having received at different times up to twenty-seven shillings for that purpose. It appeared to the Council that Higham had worked for the late French and had received some extraordinary clothing while living with him. To compromise the matter, the Council proposed that French, as his father's executor, should pay half the demand, to which both parties agreed. The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson, John Dumaresq and John Clark. Interpretations The dispute turns on whether Higham's years living in the French household counted as maintenance in lieu of the legacy, or as a period in which he worked and so earned no such offset. The Council's compromise, splitting the disputed sum rather than ruling wholly for either side, reflects that both claims had genuine force, Higham's clothing costs having plainly been met from parish money entrusted to French's father, but Higham having also worked for the family during the same years.
336	330	At a consultation held on Monday the 10 day of December 1753 at the Castle. Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Govr Lieut John Dumaresq Lieutt Govr Lieutt John Clark of Councill The last Consultation was read, approved, and Signed dated the 3d December 1753. Wednesday 5th Sailed the Honble Companys Ship Oxford for England. Being much in want of some Body in the Armourers Shop and Edward Terry having worked in it for some time past with Henry Brimson the late Armourer we thought proper to continue him in that Service and he not being sufficient to do every thing that may be wanted we have employed John Beale to Assist him and have agreed to Divide Brimsons Salary between them Terry to be paid from the Day Brimson was dismissed and Beale from this Day Inclusive.	At a consultation held at the Castle on 10 December 1753, Governor Charles Hutchinson sat with Lieutenant John Dumaresq, Lieutenant Governor, and Lieutenant John Clark of the Council. The Council read the earlier consultation of 3 December 1753, then approved and signed it. The Company's ship Oxford had sailed for England on Wednesday 5 December. Being much in want of someone in the armourer's shop, and Edward Terry having worked there for some time past with Henry Brimson, the late armourer, the Council thought proper to continue him in that service. As he was not sufficient to do everything wanted, the Council employed John Beale to assist him, agreeing to divide Brimson's salary between them, Terry to be paid from the day Brimson was dismissed and Beale from this day inclusive.
337	331	We likewise bought of Henry Brimson four Nail Boxes, and one Screw Plate for which we paid him 12/; the Honorable Company not having any such things here, and they being much wanted Cha: Hutchinson John Dumaresq John Clark At a consultation held on Monday the 17th Day of December 1753 at the Castle Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governor Lieutt John Adamson Lieutenant Governor Lieutenant John Clark of Councill The last Consultation was read approved and Signed dated the 10th Day of December 1753 Thomas Harper presented the following Petition Vizt	The Council also bought from Henry Brimson four nail boxes and one screw plate, for which it paid him twelve shillings, the Company having none such and they being much wanted. The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson, John Dumaresq and John Clark. At a consultation held at the Castle on 17 December 1753, Governor Charles Hutchinson sat with Lieutenant John Adamson, Lieutenant Governor, and Lieutenant John Clark of the Council. The Council read the earlier consultation of 10 December 1753, then approved and signed it. Thomas Harper presented a petition to the Council.
338	332	To the Worshipful Governor and Council of the Island St Helena The Humble Petition of Thomas Harper. Sheweth That Mr William Cole Bequeathed a Sum of Money among his Relations in this Island, to be divided at the discretion of his Executor, whereof five Pounds was set apart for the Wife of John Hannon, but both Husband and Wife Died before this Money was paid, the Executors thought proper to deliver the said five Pounds to Mr John French the then Church warden, and is now in the Hands of his Heirs. Your petitioners Wife and Isabel Hannon being the only Surviving Children and Heirs of the above John Hannon, your Humble Petitioner humbly prays you will be pleased to enquire whether the said Money is not due to your humble Petitioner and Sister. And as in duty bound will ever pray &ca (Signed) Thomas Harper December the 17th 1753 Mr Thomas French being sent for and the above Petition read to him, says that by a Receipt he saw under his late Fathers Hand that he had received the said five Pounds of Mr Purling, and it does not appear that any part of it was paid to the Heirs of the said Hannon he therefore agreed to give the said Harper in right of his Wife his proportion being the sum of two Pounds ten Shillings. Cha: Hutchinson John Dumaresq John Clark	Harper set out that William Cole had bequeathed a sum of money among his relations on the island, to be divided at his executor's discretion, of which £5 was set apart for the wife of John Hannon. But both husband and wife had died before this money was paid, and the executors thought proper to deliver the £5 to John French, then churchwarden, the sum now standing in the hands of his heirs. Harper's wife and Isabel Hannon, being the only surviving children and heirs of John Hannon, Harper humbly prayed the Council would enquire whether the money was not due to himself and his sister. The petition was signed by Thomas Harper, 17 December 1753. Thomas French, being sent for and the petition read to him, said that a receipt he had seen under his late father's hand showed his father had received the £5 from Matthew Purling, and it did not appear any part had been paid to Hannon's heirs. He therefore agreed to give Harper, in right of his wife, his proportion, being £2 10s. The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson, John Dumaresq and John Clark. Interpretations This second claim on money once held by the late John French, coming so soon after the Higham dispute settled earlier in this batch, shows French's executorship of the Cole bequest generating more than one unresolved claim from the island's poorer relations, each pursued only once a claimant learned enough of the original arrangement to press it. Thomas French's willingness to pay Harper his full proportionate share, in contrast to the compromise reached with Higham, reflects that here the documentary evidence, a receipt in his father's own hand, left no real room to dispute that the money had never reached the intended heirs.
339	333	At a Consultation held on Monday the 24th Day of December 1753 at the Castle Present Charles Hutchinson Esq Governor Lieutenant John Adamson Lieutenant Governor Lieutenant John Clark of Council The last Consultation was read approved and signed dated the 17th Dec'r 1753. Arrived the Honorable Companys Ships the Hector and Godolphin and brought us the following Supply Viz't. Invoice of Ship Hector Rice beaten 22 Bags containing 150 8/ Mds @ - 3.30 Sprs 131/- Batty 48 Bags each Bag 2 Paras's in G Ps N Ps 20.2.15 Jt Mark 78 3 46 Charges on Merchandize Viz't Warehouse Books 7 - Gunney Pieces 35 for Rice Bags 16 2 Dutty Bags 22 for Do 20 1 60 Gunney Bags 96 for Batty - 1 60 Twine 3 1/2 to for Sewing the Bags 1 3 - Hammalladge on Rice and Batty 2 2 - Boathire 48 2 29 Rupees 258 2 75 Errors Excepted J Sewell Accomptt	At a consultation held at the Castle on 24 December 1753, Governor Charles Hutchinson sat with Lieutenant John Adamson, Lieutenant Governor, and Lieutenant John Clark of the Council. The Council read the earlier consultation of 17 December 1753, then approved and signed it. The Company's ships Hector and Godolphin had arrived and brought the supply set out in the invoices that follow. Invoice of ship Hector Rice, beaten, 22 bags containing 150, at 8 maunds, 3.30 per hundredweight, current rupees 131 Batty, 48 bags, each bag 2 paras, current rupees 78 3 46 Charges on merchandise Warehouse books, current rupees 7 Gunny pieces, 35, for rice bags, current rupees 16 2 Doty bags, 22, for the same, current rupees 20 1 60 Gunny bags, 96, for batty, current rupees 1 60 Twine, 3½, for sewing the bags, current rupees 1 3 Handling on rice and batty, current rupees 2 2 Boat hire, current rupees 48 2 29 Total, current rupees 258 2 75 The invoice was marked errors excepted, and signed by J. Sewell, accountant.
340	334	Invoice of Ship Godolphin Rice 86 Baggs wt 1.. 200 83 Pagods 127/8 - Wax Candles 5 Chests wt 1.9.9 or C 1/2 C Sugar 10 Baggs wt 2.16.11 or 12.2.11 Invoice of which by mistake was sent to Admiral Vernon and one copy kept here Charges Merchandize 172 Gunney Baggs @ 3.18 V 5.9.30 5 to Twine 3.77 6 Boat d 6.20 ca 1.1.40 6 14 67 Pagods 133 32.07 Errors Excepted Henry Towney Accomptant Invoice of Ship Godolphin from Fort Marlborough No 1 @ 2 Arrack 2 Leagues containing 300 Gallons 120 Errors Excepted Jo Darwall Accomptant The Plantation Gunners and Stewards Accounts from the 12th November to the 11th December were this Day brought in which were examined and approved and are as follows Vizt	The invoice of the ship Godolphin recorded the goods landed. Rice, 86 bags, weight 1 200, 83 pagodas, 127 8 Wax candles, 5 chests, weight 1 9 9, half a cwt Sugar, 10 bags, weight 2 16 11, or 12 2 11, the invoice of which had by mistake been sent to the Admiral Vernon and one copy kept here Charges of merchandise 172 gunny bags at 3 18, current rupees 5 9 30 Twine, current rupees 3 7 Boat hire, current rupees 1 1 40 Charges subtotal, current rupees 6 14 67 Pagodas, 133, current rupees 32 07 The invoice was marked errors excepted, and signed by Henry Towney, accountant. A further invoice of the Godolphin from Fort Marlborough recorded arrack, number 1 and 2, 2 leaguers containing 300 gallons, current rupees 120, marked errors excepted, and signed by Jo. Darwall, accountant. The plantation gunner's and steward's accounts from 12 November to 11 December were brought in this day, examined, approved and entered as follows. Interpretations The misdirected sugar invoice, first sent to the Admiral Vernon in error before a copy reached St Helena, shows how easily a single document could go astray between ships calling at the island in different seasons, and the note recording the mistake was itself needed to explain why the Godolphin's own account carried the figure only at second hand. The second invoice, covering arrack loaded specifically at Fort Marlborough rather than the ship's main Bengal cargo, shows the Godolphin had called at more than one Company settlement on her outward voyage, each stage generating its own separate account.
341	335	Account of the Honorable Companys Stock of Neat Cattle &ca from the 12th of November to the 11th December 1753 Neat Cattle, Sheep, Goats, Hogs, Poultry, Horses, Asses Bulls, Cows, Calves, Yearlings, Heifer, Steers, Bullocks, Oxen, Total, Ewes, Wethers, Lambs, Rams, Total, Ewes, Wethers, Kids, Rams, Total, Sows, Shoats, Piggs, Boars, Total, Turkeys, Fowls, Ducks, Geese, Horses, Mares, Total, Asses, Total Remaining the 12th: Bulls: 3, Cows: 73, Calves: 49, Yearlings: 31, Heifer: 14, Steers: 16, Bullocks: 16, Oxen: 12, Total: 214, Ewes: 156, Wethers: 56, Lambs: 87, Rams: 6, Total: 305, Ewes: 87, Wethers: 12, Kids: 45, Rams: 4, Total: 148, Sows: 5, Shoats: 6, Piggs: 22, Boars: 1, Total: 34, Turkeys: 49, Fowls: 217, Ducks: 42, Geese: 17, Horses: 6, Mares: 6, Total: 12, Asses: 3, Total: 3 Encreased: Turkeys: 90, Fowls: 12 Bulls: 3, Cows: 73, Calves: 49, Yearlings: 31, Heifer: 14, Steers: 16, Bullocks: 16, Oxen: 12, Total: 214, Ewes: 156, Wethers: 56, Lambs: 87, Rams: 6, Total: 305, Ewes: 87, Wethers: 12, Kids: 45, Rams: 4, Total: 148, Sows: 5, Shoats: 6, Piggs: 22, Boars: 1, Total: 34, Turkeys: 49, Fowls: 307, Ducks: 54, Geese: 17, Horses: 6, Mares: 6, Total: 12, Asses: 3, Total: 3 Killed: Steers: 1, Oxen: 1, Total: 2, Ewes: 2, Wethers: 6, Lambs: 1, Total: 9, Ewes: 2, Total: 2, Fowls: 1, Ducks: 15, Geese: 4, Horses: 2 Died: Ewes: 4, Wethers: 5, Total: 9, Piggs: 3, Total: 3, Turkeys: 1, Fowls: 9 Remaining the 11th: Bulls: 3, Cows: 73, Calves: 49, Yearlings: 31, Heifer: 13, Steers: 16, Bullocks: 15, Oxen: 12, Total: 212, Ewes: 154, Wethers: 46, Lambs: 81, Rams: 6, Total: 287, Ewes: 87, Wethers: 10, Kids: 45, Rams: 4, Total: 146, Sows: 5, Shoats: 6, Piggs: 19, Boars: 1, Total: 31, Turkeys: 47, Fowls: 283, Ducks: 50, Geese: 15, Horses: 6, Mares: 6, Total: 12, Asses: 3, Total: 3 Beef to the Oxford 560 lb 2 Goats 2 Fowles for the Sick Slaves Yams Expended for Stock 5131 One Girl Born named Catherine Errors Excepted Signed John Adamson	Account of the Honourable Company's stock of neat cattle and other livestock from 12 November to 11 December 1753. The column headings ran across neat cattle, sheep, goats, hogs, poultry, horses and asses, each divided into its several kinds with a total struck for each class. Neat cattle Remaining 12 November: bulls 3, cows 73, calves 49, yearlings 31, heifers 14, steers 16, bullocks 16, oxen 12, total 214 Increased: 0 Total: bulls 3, cows 73, calves 49, yearlings 31, heifers 14, steers 16, bullocks 16, oxen 12, total 214 Killed: bulls 0, cows 0, calves 0, yearlings 1, heifers 0, steers 1, bullocks 0, oxen 0, total 2 Died: 0 Remaining 11 December: bulls 3, cows 73, calves 49, yearlings 31, heifers 13, steers 16, bullocks 15, oxen 12, total 212 Sheep Remaining 12 November: ewes 156, wethers 56, lambs 87, rams 6, total 305 Increased: 0 Total: ewes 156, wethers 56, lambs 87, rams 6, total 305 Killed: ewes 2, wethers 6, lambs 1, rams 0, total 9 Died: ewes 4, wethers 5, lambs 0, rams 0, total 9 Remaining 11 December: ewes 154, wethers 46, lambs 81, rams 6, total 287 Goats Remaining 12 November: does 87, wethers 12, kids 45, rams 4, total 148 Increased: 0 Total: does 87, wethers 12, kids 45, rams 4, total 148 Killed: does 2, wethers 0, kids 0, rams 0, total 2 Died: 0 Remaining 11 December: does 87, wethers 10, kids 45, rams 4, total 146 Hogs Remaining 12 November: sows 5, shoats 6, pigs 22, boars 1, total 34 Increased: 0 Total: sows 5, shoats 6, pigs 22, boars 1, total 34 Killed: sows 0, shoats 0, pigs 3, boars 0, total 3 Died: 0 Remaining 11 December: sows 5, shoats 6, pigs 19, boars 1, total 31 Poultry Remaining 12 November: turkeys 49, fowls 217, ducks 42, geese 17 Increased: turkeys 0, fowls 90, ducks 12, geese 0 Total: turkeys 49, fowls 307, ducks 54, geese 17 Killed: turkeys 1, fowls 15, ducks 4, geese 2 Died: turkeys 3, fowls 3, ducks 1, geese 0 Remaining 11 December: turkeys 47, fowls 283, ducks 50, geese 15 Horses and asses Remaining 12 November: horses 6, mares 6, total 12, asses 3, total 3 Remaining 11 December: horses 6, mares 6, total 12, asses 3, total 3 Beef issued to the Oxford came to 560 pounds. Two goats and two fowls were issued to the sick slaves. Yams spent for the stock came to 5,131. One girl was born, named Catherine. The account was signed by John Adamson. Interpretations This account carries the Company's livestock forward a further month, from 12 November to 11 December, under the same fixed headings of stock in hand, increase, loss and closing total. The opening figures match the closing figures of the previous month, which shows the reckonings kept as a continuous running audit, each month's close the next month's start, the herds and flocks tracked without a break through the year. The issue of five hundred and sixty pounds of beef to the Oxford records the Company victualling the East Indiaman named in the gunner's account of the previous month, the ship supplied with fresh meat from the island's herds for the next stage of her voyage. This draw on the plantation stock to provision a passing ship marks the settlement's chief purpose in practice, the island's cattle killed to feed the fleet that the whole establishment existed to serve. The poultry showed a great increase this month, near ninety fowls and a dozen ducks added, the largest single gain in any class through these accounts. This surge marks a favourable season for the yard, the birds breeding up strongly as the southern summer advanced toward its height, the plantation's poultry multiplying fastest in the warm months when feed and conditions best favoured the raising of young. The sheep fell more sharply than usual, losing nine to slaughter and nine to death in the month, a heavier mortality than the flock had lately shown. This loss, set against the steady holding of the cattle and goats, marks the sheep as the stock most drawn on for the table and most subject to death, the flock worked harder and kept under greater pressure than the other herds through the turning of the year.
342	336	December Gunners Stores expended from the 12th November to the 11th December 1753 both Days Included Guns fired, 3d, 2d, Powder Expended Novr the 27th Powder for Priming at Prosperous Bay from April 24th Powder Expended: 15, oz: 9 Powder Expended: 1, oz: 8 December ye 5th Fired to Salute Governor Dawsons going in board Guns fired: 19, 3d: 1, 2d: 18, Powder Expended: 19, oz: 8 Do Powder for Priming Powder Expended: 3, oz: 8 Total Guns fired: 19, 3d: 1, 2d: 18, Powder Expended: 24, oz: 8 Paper for the use of the Castle 1 Quires Do for making great Gun Cartridges 6 Do Needles broke with Twyne Do 12 Spunge Staves for making Spoaks for Oxen 2 Sheep Skins for Repairing the Spunges at Bankes 6 French Nails for Do 287 Signed Thomas Hall Gunner Sundries Expended at the Honorable Companys Table in the Month ending the 11th December 1753 Vizt 12 Bottles Port Wine s: 18 44 Do Lisbon £: 3, s: 6 14 Do Matera £: 1, s: 12, d: 1 37 Do Beer s: 14, d: 3 56 Do Arrack £: 1, s: 17, d: 11 336 Flour £: 2, s: 5, d: 6 99 lb Beef £: 1, s: 9, d: 11 1/2 272 3/4 Mutton £: 5, s: 13, d: 7 3/4 1 Lamb s: 10 13 Fowls s: 19, d: 6 4 Ducks s: 6 2 Geese s: 10 1 Turkey s: 5 56 lb Butter £: 2, s: 16, d: 9 120 Candy s: 2 £: 24, s: 19, d: 7 1/4 Chas Hutchinson John Adamson John Clark	Gunners stores spent from 12 November to 11 December 1753, both days included. The columns recorded the number of guns fired, the several sizes of shot and the powder spent in pounds. 27 November, powder for priming at Prosperous Bay from 24 April, 1 pound 8 ounces 5 December, fired to salute Governor Lawrence going on board, 19 guns, 19 pounds 8 ounces 5 December, powder for priming, 3 pounds 8 ounces Total, 19 guns, 24 pounds 8 ounces Paper for the use of the castle, 1 quire Paper for making great gun cartridges, 6 quires Needles broke with serving the same, 12 Sponge staves for making spokes for oars, 2 Sheepskins for repairing the sponges at Banks's, 6 French nails for the same, 287 The account was signed by Thomas Hall, gunner. Sundries spent at the Honourable Company's table in the month ending 11 December 1753. 12 bottles of port wine, £0 18s 0d 44 bottles of Lisbon wine, £3 6s 0d 14 bottles of Madeira, £1 12s 1d 37 bottles of beer, £0 14s 3d 36 bottles of arrack, £1 17s 11d 336 pounds of flour, £2 5s 6d 99 pounds of beef, £1 9s 11¾d 272 pounds of mutton, £5 13s 7¾d 1 lamb, £0 10s 0d 13 fowls, £0 19s 6d 4 ducks, £0 6s 0d 2 geese, £0 10s 0d 1 turkey, £0 5s 0d 56 pounds of butter, £2 16s 9d 120 pounds of candy, £2 0s 0d Total, £24 19s 7¼d The consultation was signed by Charles Hutchinson, John Adamson and John Clark. Interpretations This gunner's account records a quiet month at the batteries, the powder spent running only to a single salute and a little priming, a marked contrast to the busier month before. The salute of nineteen guns fired for Governor Lawrence going on board records his departure from the island by sea, the same honours paid at his leaving as at his arrival the previous month, which fixes his stay on the island as brief. The powder entered for priming at Prosperous Bay, reckoned from as far back as the previous April, records a long-standing charge only now brought to account, the small quantity of priming powder used at that outpost over many months. This late entry marks the gathering up of a minor and scattered expense into the current reckoning, the gunner clearing an old charge that had stood unaccounted since the spring. The materials drawn for the sponges at Banks's record the upkeep of a battery at that point of the coast, the sheepskins and nails renewing the tools by which its guns were served. The sponge staves cut into spokes for oars mark a small turning of gun store to the boats' use, the wooden shafts worked into the spokes or looms of oars for the island's craft, the same easy passage of material between the military and the maritime work of the settlement seen in the earlier accounts. The table account repeats the settled provisioning of the officers' mess, the imported wine and arrack set beside the island's own mutton, beef and poultry. The mutton again the largest item and the candy drawn in quantity mark the steady pattern of the table through the year, the officers supplied month after month from the island's flocks and the Company's Eastern and Atlantic trades, the whole signed off by the Governor and council as a true record of the month's provision.
343	337	At a consultation held on Monday the 31st December 1753 at the Castle Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governor Lieutenant John Adamson Lieutenant Governor Lieutenant John Clark of Councill The last Consultation was read approved and Signed dated the 24th Decr 1753 John Watkins Soldier petitioned for his Discharge from the Garrison having served the Honorable Company his contracted Time Granted Ordered an Advertisement to be published requiring the Planters to send into the Secretarys Office on or before Monday next an exact and Signed Account of the Number of Cattle they intend for Slaughter the ensuing Year Counted and examined the Honorable Companys Cash from the 12th November to the 11th December which is as follows Vizt	At a consultation held at the Castle on 31 December 1753, Governor Charles Hutchinson sat with Lieutenant John Adamson, Lieutenant Governor, and Lieutenant John Clark of the Council. The Council read the earlier consultation of 24 December 1753, then approved and signed it. John Watkins, soldier, petitioned for his discharge from the garrison, having served the Company his contracted time, which was granted. The Council ordered an advertisement to be published, requiring the planters to send into the secretary's office, on or before the following Monday, an exact and signed account of the number of cattle they intended for slaughter the coming year. The Council counted and examined the Company's cash from 12 November to 11 December, entered as follows.
344	338	Cash 1753 Nov 12th To Balance remaining 4308 14 11 1/4 Dec 3d To Exchange for a Sett of Bills drawn on the Honble Company payable to Mr John Clark or Order ninety Days after sight Dated this Day 100 To Do for a bill of Bills drawn as above payable to John Bland or Order ninety days after sight Dated this Day 100 To Ship Oxford the Balance of her Account 42 5 8 1/2 4551 1 7 3/4 Contra 1753 Decr 11th By Balance remaining in the following Species Vizt 800 Venigans 10 400 4000 Pagodas 8 1760 Gold amounting to 2160 5234 Dollars @ 5/ 1307 15 3000 Rupees @ 2/9 337 10 12948 Half Pagods @ 1 3 3/4 202 6 3 441 French Pieces @ 2/ 3 13 6 Odd Money 10 3/4 Silver Amounting to 1851 5 7 3/4 146 Cash Notes @ 40 292 162 Do @ 20 162 263 Do @ 5 65 15 160 Do @ 2/6 20 Cash Notes Amounting to 539 15 4551 1 7 3/4	The cash account of the Company was cast for the period from 12 November to 11 December 1753. 12 November, to balance remaining, £4,308 14s 11¼d 3 December, to exchange for a set of bills drawn on the Company, payable to John Clark or order, ninety days after sight, dated this day, £100 To the same, payable to John Bland or order, ninety days after sight, dated this day, £100 To the ship Oxford, the balance of her account, £42 5s 8½d Total, £4,551 1s 7¾d The creditor side, cast 11 December 1753, recorded the balance remaining in the following species. 800 Venetian pieces, at 10s, £400 4,000 pagodas, at 8s, £1,760 Gold amounting to £2,160 5,234 dollars, at 5s, £1,307 15s 3,000 rupees, at 2s 9d, £337 10s 12,948 half pagodas, at 1s 3¾d, £202 6s 3d 441 French pieces, at 2s, £3 13s 6d Odd money, £0 10¾d Silver amounting to £1,851 5s 7¾d 146 cash notes, at 40s, £292 162 cash notes, at 20s, £162 263 cash notes, at 5s, £65 15s 160 cash notes, at 2s 6d, £20 Cash notes amounting to £539 15s Total, £4,551 1s 7¾d
345	339	Lieutenant John Clark reports that he has been on Board the Ships Hector and Godolphin to Muster their Companies and Enquire for Deserters but found none, their Muster Rolls are as follows Vizt Muster Roll of Ship Hector Stephen Kierwan Commander James M Conkie 1st Mate Thomas Beans 2 Do Wm Rogers 3 Do John Lindsay 4 Do Charles Caar 4th Do George Morley 5th Do James Lorimer Surgeon Stephen Milton Boatswain Robt Gilfillin Gunner Thomas Butler Carpenter James Lowdan Ship Steward Thomas Parier Capt Do Henry Saul Caulker Alexander Hilton Cooper John Park Capt Cook William Parrick Ship Do John Goffey Sail maker Edwin Glesway Armourer Joshua Sweeper Patrick Baxter Thomas Lewden Butcher John Godfrey Poulterer Thomas Lewis Gunner Mate John Rogers Boatswain 2 Do Gavin Stonehouse Joyner James Bowden Carpenter Mate Samuel Walkerd Surgeon 2 Do Robert Sutherland Midshipman Isaac Havers Do John Freeman Midshipman Alexander Tod Do William Shaw Quarter Master James Amor Do William Braithwaite Do Thomas Matsham Do William Tenham Seaman John Warrington Do Thomas Finch Do William Sheppard Do James Morrison Do Thomas Morgan Do Timothy Wilson Do John Paul Do John Fearon Do Thomas Farquerson Do John Boyle Do Thomas Emmerson Do Thomas Jones Do John Boskond Do Thomas Bonni Do Robert Moghl Do William Merriman Do Mathew Ricot Do James Staaken Do Thomas Allen Do Henry Scherrot Do George Batty Do Sam Hayes Do Abraham Phillips Do James Cole Seaman Matthew Miller Do Jno Sulliman Do John Rowan Do George White Do Alexander Bengs Do David Rees Do Owen Jones Do Cecili Scayfte Do William Keighel Do Andrew Pinkington Do Richard Wells Do James Clark Do Christopher Grace Do William Kielpel Do Simon Wright Do Matthew Hastreng Do Sam Boel Do Christopher Siane Do John Alexander Do John Justice Do John Hester Captains Servant Lawrence Friend Chief Mate Do William Froyer 2 Mates Do Joseph Johnson Strawbones Do Thomas Leech Gunner Do	Lieutenant John Clark reported that he had gone aboard the ships Hector and Godolphin to muster their companies and search for deserters, but found none. Their muster rolls follow. Muster roll of the ship Hector Stephen Kierwan, commander James McConkie, first mate Thomas Beans, second mate William Rogers, third mate John Lindsay, fourth mate Charles Caar, fourth mate, second of the name George Morley, fifth mate James Lorimer, surgeon Stephen Milton, boatswain Robert Gilfillin, gunner Thomas Butler, carpenter James Lowdan, ship's steward Thomas Parier, captain's steward Henry Saul, caulker Alexander Hilton, cooper John Park, captain's cook William Parrick, ship's cook John Goffey, sailmaker Edwin Glesway, armourer Joshua Sweeper, seaman Patrick Baxter, seaman Thomas Lewden, butcher John Godfrey, poulterer Thomas Lewis, gunner's mate John Rogers, second boatswain's mate Gavin Stonehouse, joiner James Bowden, carpenter's mate Samuel Walkerd, second surgeon's mate Robert Sutherland, midshipman Isaac Havers, midshipman John Freeman, midshipman Alexander Tod, midshipman William Shaw, quartermaster James Amor, quartermaster William Braithwaite, quartermaster Thomas Matsham, quartermaster William Tenham, seaman John Warrington, seaman Thomas Finch, seaman William Sheppard, seaman James Morrison, seaman Thomas Morgan, seaman Timothy Wilson, seaman John Paul, seaman John Fearon, seaman Thomas Farquerson, seaman John Boyle, seaman Thomas Emmerson, seaman Thomas Jones, seaman John Boskond, seaman Thomas Bonni, seaman Robert Moghl, seaman William Merriman, seaman Mathew Ricot, seaman James Staaken, seaman Thomas Allen, seaman Henry Scherrot, seaman George Batty, seaman Sam Hayes, seaman Abraham Phillips, seaman James Cole, seaman Matthew Miller, seaman John Sulliman, seaman John Rowan, seaman George White, seaman Alexander Bengs, seaman David Rees, seaman Owen Jones, seaman Cecili Scayfte, seaman William Keighel, seaman Andrew Pinkington, seaman Richard Wells, seaman James Clark, seaman Christopher Grace, seaman William Kielpel, seaman Simon Wright, seaman Matthew Hastreng, seaman Sam Boel, seaman Christopher Siane, seaman John Alexander, seaman John Justice, seaman John Hester, captain's servant Lawrence Friend, chief mate's servant William Froyer, second mate's servant Joseph Johnson, servant Thomas Leech, gunner's servant
346	340	Master Roll of Ship Godolphin William Hatchinson Commander John Winter Chief Mate Geo: Drake 2 Do Simon Gowen 3 Do William Webb 4 Do Hugh Stackhouse 5 Do Thomas Hicks 6 Do John Rewledge Surgeon William Griffis Gunner Richard Reeb Boatswain Joseph Oaks Carpenter John Baily Cooper Matthew Allen Ship Steward J: Abercromby Gunners Mate John Tasker Cooper Do James Thompson Surgeon Do Edward Cape Boatswain Do James Powell Caulker Pate Taffe Ship Cook John Emes Armourer John Peterson Sailmaker James Farley 2d Master Geo: Smith Do David Rawlin Midshipmt John Steward Do Thomas Rusfold Do John Goodwin Do Knipes Godber 1st Master Ralph Hudson 2d Do John Edmonds Capt Do Jerimiah Rhode Gunr Do William Chailes Boatswains Do Robert Erksine Surgeon Jas: Du Cavenia Seaman Samuel Langley Do Thomas Rayner Do Matthew Coney Do Geo: Bell Do William Jenninson Do Edward Parkham Do Benjamin Weston Do Anthony Wood Do John Hartham Do Robert Potts Do Archd. Steward Do William Sibbs Do John Marcy Do Matthew Keane Do William Hammond Do Collin Shickam Do Ja: Monk Do John Williamson Do William Williamson Do Ian Covy Do Derrick Fisher Do Samuel Brand Do Henry Johnson Do Derrick Deninhoven Do Jonas Ouse Do John Langley Do James Johnson Do Henry Miller Do William Moon Do John Clark Do Thomas M: Dewell Seaman William Cave Do Richd. Headmaker Do Samuel Simpson Butcher John M: Fraser Seaman Anthony Colcrove Do Geo. Wilson Do William Finlys Do Clafs Finerson Do Carey Shanks Do Garrett de Gengar Do Peter Forman Do William Patham Do Charles Dennison Do Bartholomeus Clark Do Richard Parkins Do Thomas Timberlane Do Christian Finch Do John Pouts Do John Davis Do Peter Shannon Do Lawrence Leenburg Do Court Brossk Do John Sprees Do John Lucas Do Cornelius Covy Do Christian Maish Do Charles Limmer Do Christopher Rowler Do prisoner recd. on board at Bencoolen Isaac Robinson Jos. Jorval	Muster roll of the ship Godolphin William Hutchinson, commander John Winter, chief mate George Drake, second mate Simon Gowen, third mate William Webb, fourth mate Hugh Stackhouse, fifth mate Thomas Hicks, sixth mate John Rewledge, surgeon William Griffis, gunner Richard Reeb, boatswain Joseph Oaks, carpenter John Baily, cooper Matthew Allen, ship's steward J. Abercromby, gunner's mate John Tasker, cooper's mate James Thompson, surgeon's mate Edward Cape, boatswain's mate James Powell, caulker Pate Taffe, ship's cook John Emes, armourer John Peterson, sailmaker James Farley, second master George Smith, second master David Rawlin, midshipman John Steward, midshipman Thomas Rusfold, midshipman John Goodwin, midshipman Knipes Godber, first master Ralph Hudson, second master John Edmonds, captain's servant Jeremiah Rhode, gunner's servant William Chailes, boatswain's servant Robert Erksine, surgeon James Du Cavenia, seaman Samuel Langley, seaman Thomas Rayner, seaman Matthew Coney, seaman George Bell, seaman William Jenninson, seaman Edward Parkham, seaman Benjamin Weston, seaman Anthony Wood, seaman John Hartham, seaman Robert Potts, seaman Archibald Steward, seaman William Sibbs, seaman John Marcy, seaman Matthew Keane, seaman William Hammond, seaman Collin Shickam, seaman James Monk, seaman John Williamson, seaman William Williamson, seaman Ian Covy, seaman Derrick Fisher, seaman Samuel Brand, seaman Henry Johnson, seaman Derrick Deninhoven, seaman Jonas Ouse, seaman John Langley, seaman James Johnson, seaman Henry Miller, seaman William Moon, seaman John Clark, seaman Thomas McDewell, seaman William Cave, seaman Richard Headmaker, seaman Samuel Simpson, butcher John McFraser, seaman Anthony Colcrove, seaman George Wilson, seaman William Finlys, seaman Clafs Finerson, seaman Carey Shanks, seaman Garrett de Gengar, seaman Peter Forman, seaman William Patham, seaman Charles Dennison, seaman Bartholomeus Clark, seaman Richard Parkins, seaman Thomas Timberlane, seaman Christian Finch, seaman John Pouts, seaman John Davis, seaman Peter Shannon, seaman Lawrence Leenburg, seaman Court Brossk, seaman John Sprees, seaman John Lucas, seaman Cornelius Covy, seaman Christian Maish, seaman Charles Limmer, seaman Christopher Rowler, seaman Prisoners received on board at Bencoolen Isaac Robinson Joseph Jorval Interpretations The two prisoners received aboard at Bencoolen show the Godolphin carrying men committed at another Company settlement onward through St Helena, most likely bound for trial or confinement in England, and their entry on the muster confirms the mustering officer accounted for every person aboard a ship regardless of whether they served her or were merely carried as passengers under restraint.
347	341	Simon Turner George Fisher Peter Amskirk Cha. Hutchinson John Adamson John Clark A a Consultation held on Monday the 7th Day of January 1754 at the Castle. Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governor. Lieutt John Adamson Lieutenant Governor. Lieutt John Clark of Councill. The last Consultation was read approved and signed dated the 31st Decr 1753. Sergeant Samuel Tolbot petitioned for his Discharge from the Garrison having served the Honorable Company his contracted time. Granted. James Bungefs Soldier presented the following petition Vizt. To the Honorable Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governor of the Island St Helena The humble petition of James Bungefs Sheweth That your Honor’s petitioner having served the Honble Company two years and seven Months, but being now Lame of my left Arm which renders me Incapable of my Duty and has been so for a long time, The Doctors of the Island tells one they can do nothing for me I have applyed to several Ship’s Doctors they tell me the same, which Honble Sir I hope you will take it in Consideration and Consider my Distress as I am Incapable of my Duty and of no manner of service here to	The muster roll of the Godolphin concluded. Simon Turner George Fisher Peter Amskirk The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson, John Adamson and John Clark. At a consultation held at the Castle on 7 January 1754, Governor Charles Hutchinson sat with Lieutenant John Adamson, Lieutenant Governor, and Lieutenant John Clark of the Council. The Council read the earlier consultation of 31 December 1753, then approved and signed it. Sergeant Samuel Talbot petitioned for his discharge from the garrison, having served the Company his contracted time, which was granted. James Burges, soldier, presented a petition to the Council. Burges set out that having served the Company two years and seven months, he was now lame of his left arm, which rendered him incapable of his duty and had done so for a long time. The island's doctors told him they could do nothing for him, and he had applied to several ships' doctors, who told him the same. He humbly hoped the Governor would take his distress into consideration, being incapable of his duty and of no manner of service
348	342	to grant me my discharge that I may return to my Native Country to seek some remedy that I may gain the use of my Arm once more And your Honor Petitioner as in Duty Bound shall ever pray - (Signed) James Burges. Ordered the Surgeon and his Mate to Examine his Arm, and to report to us in writing whether they think the use of it can be recovered or he be able to do the Honorable Company any more service as a Soldier, they accordingly delivered us the following Certificate - St Helena 7th January 1754 We do hereby Certify that all probable means have been used at different times for the Recovery of James Burges’s Arm but without Effect and pursuant to an Order of the Governor and Council have this Day further examined him and do think him Incapable of serving the Honorable Company in the Capacity of a Soldier his Arm thro’ a continued Illness being almost wasted. (Signed) Ian. Falconer John Inglis We therefore agreed to grant the said Burges’s Petition and have discharged him Accordingly Enlisted Christian Brinch to serve the Honourable company as a soldier for five years at five Pounds Bounty Money The Storekeeper brought in the following Account of Goods short received from the following Ship Vizt	here, and prayed to be granted his discharge that he might return to his native country to seek some remedy to regain the use of his arm. The petition was signed by James Burges. The Council ordered the surgeon and his mate to examine his arm and report in writing whether they believed its use could be recovered, or whether he could do the Company any further service as a soldier. They delivered the following certificate. The certificate stated that all probable means had been used at different times for the recovery of James Burges's arm without effect, and that pursuant to the order of the Governor and Council, the surgeon and his mate had this day further examined him and thought him incapable of serving the Company as a soldier, his arm through continued illness being almost wasted. It was signed, at St Helena, 7 January 1754, by Samuel Falconer and John Inglis. The Council accordingly agreed to grant Burges's petition and discharged him. Christian Brinch was enlisted to serve the Company as a soldier for five years at £5 bounty money. The storekeeper brought in an account of goods short received from the following ships. Interpretations The medical certificate, obtained only after both the island's surgeons and several ships' doctors had already told Burges privately that nothing could be done, shows the Council required its own formal examination and written report before granting a disability discharge, rather than accepting the soldier's own account of his condition however consistent the outside opinions. The certificate's careful wording, that Burges could not serve as a soldier rather than that he was wholly incapacitated, kept the finding narrowly to the question the Council had asked.
349	343	Account of Goods short recd from the following Ships Vizt Ship Hector 10 Bags Rice short delivered Ship Godolphin 1: 17 (candy) short Weight 2: 3: 19 Sugar 1: 18 Candles damaged by Rats No 1 Leaguer Arrack (gage) 166 gall wants to fill 12 3/4 2 Do 155 Do 8 3/4 315 21 1/2 Recd 293 1/2 gallons 7th January 1754 Matthew Parting Cha: Hutchinson John Adamson John Clark	The account of goods short received from the following ships was entered. Ship Hector 10 bags of rice, short delivered Ship Godolphin 1 17 candy, short weight 2 3 19 sugar, short weight 1 18 candles, damaged by rats Leaguer of arrack number 1, gauge 166 gallons, wants to fill 12¾ gallons Leaguer of arrack number 2, gauge 155, wants to fill 8¾ gallons Total gauge 315, wants 21½, received 293½ gallons The account was signed by Matthew Purling, dated 7 January 1754. The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson, John Adamson and John Clark. Interpretations The candles damaged by rats aboard the Godolphin is the only instance in these batches of vermin, rather than breakage, leakage or wet packing, named as the cause of a shortfall, a reminder that a long China or India voyage exposed stores to more hazards than the weather and rough handling usually blamed elsewhere in these shortage accounts.
350	344	At a consultation held on Monday the 14th of January 1754 at the the Castle Present Charles Hutchinson Esq Governour Lieutenant John Adamson Lieutenant Governour Lieutenant John Clark of Council The last consultation was read approved and signed dated the 7th Janry 1754 There remaining only eight Casks of salt Provisions in the Honorable Company's store and Captain Hutchinson having some Pork to dispose of we bought four Puncheons of him for the Garrison, for which we paid him forty Pounds The present Long Boat having been frequently used and greatly hurt in the service of the Ships, and likewise much damaged in transporting the Old Cannon on board the Walpole we found ourselves under a necessity to purchase another and Captain Hutchinson being willing to spare his, we thought proper to buy it for which we gave him eighteen Pounds Having lately Inlisted two Men and may likely get some more to serve the Honorable Company as soldiers before we receive any new cloathing, and the Garrison being very lately clothed, we thought proper to purchase the Coats Hats and Breeches of the 5 Men lately discharged as it will be a saving to the Honorable Company for which we paid them 15s for each Suit John Beale presented the following petition Vizt.	At a consultation held at the Castle on 14 January 1754, Governor Charles Hutchinson sat with Lieutenant John Adamson, Lieutenant Governor, and Lieutenant John Clark of the Council. The Council read the earlier consultation of 7 January 1754, then approved and signed it. Only eight casks of salt provisions remaining in the Company's store, and Captain Hutchinson having some pork to dispose of, the Council bought four puncheons from him for the garrison, paying him £40. The present longboat having been frequently used and greatly damaged in the ships' service, and further hurt in transporting the old cannon aboard the Walpole, the Council found itself obliged to buy another. Captain Hutchinson being willing to spare his, the Council bought it from him for £18. Having lately enlisted two men and likely to enlist more as soldiers before receiving any new clothing, and the garrison having very lately been clothed, the Council thought proper to buy the coats, hats and breeches of the five men lately discharged, judging it a saving to the Company, and paid them 15 shillings for each suit. John Beale presented a petition to the Council. Interpretations Buying back the discharged men's uniforms at 15 shillings a suit, rather than issuing new clothing to the next recruits, shows the Council treating army clothing as reusable Company property rather than a soldier's own to keep on discharge, a saving justified by the coincidence of several discharges falling just before fresh enlistments needed clothing.
351	345	To the Worshipful Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governor &ca Council The humble Petition of John Beale Sheweth That your Petitioner having an offer made him by Mr William Wogan Gentleman to be his Servant and other prospects to your Petitioners advantage, your Petitioner therefore humbly requests he may have leave to depart this Island in the Good Ship Godolphin (Captain Hutchinson Commander) and as in Duty Bound shall ever pray (signed) John Beale January 17th 1754 Granted. Captain William Hutchinson having applyed to us for liberty to pay one hundred and Sixty Pounds into the Honorable Companys Cash which sum we have received and given him Bills of Exchange drawn on The Honorable the Court of Directors payable to himself or Order ninety Days after sight dated this Day Chas Hutchinson John Adamson John Clark	Beale set out that he had received an offer from William Wogan, gentleman, to become his servant, along with other prospects to his advantage, and humbly requested leave to depart the island in the ship Godolphin, Captain Hutchinson commander. The petition was signed by John Beale, 17 January 1754. It was granted. Captain William Hutchinson applied to pay £160 into the Company's cash, which the Council received, giving him bills of exchange drawn on the Court of Directors, payable to himself or order, ninety days after sight, dated this day. The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson, John Adamson and John Clark. Interpretations John Beale's departure, granted within days of his having been engaged only weeks before to assist in the armourer's shop, left that post short-handed again almost as soon as the Council had arranged to fill it, a reminder of how easily the island's small skilled establishment could be disrupted by a single man taking a better offer elsewhere.
352	346	January At a Consultation held on Monday the 21st Day of January 1754 at the Castle Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governor Lieutenant John Adamson Lieut Governor Lieutenant John Clark of Council The last Consultation was read approved and Signed dated the 14th Day of January 1754 Tuesday the 15th sailed the Honble Companys Ships Hector & Godolphin for England The Plantation Gunners and Stewards Accts from the 12th December to the 11th January were this Day brought in which were examined and approved and are as follow Vizt Sundries expended at the Honble Companys General Table from 12th Decr to the 11th Jany 1754 Vizt 13 Bottles Port Wine s: 19, d: 6 42 Do Lisbon £: 3, s: 3 24 Do Madeira £: 2, s: 15 62 Do Beer s: 15, d: 6 58 Do Arrack £: 1, s: 19, d: 3 1/4 323 Flour £: 2, s: 3, d: 8 3/4 254 1/4 Beef £: 3, s: 3, d: 6 3/4 166 1/2 Mutton £: 3, s: 6, d: 10 62 Goat £: 1, s: 8 14 Fowls £: 1, s: 1 3 Ducks s: 4, d: 6 1 Goose s: 5 2 Turkeys s: 10 6 Ps Salt Pork s: 12 120 Candy s: 2 59 3/4 Butter £: 2, s: 19, d: 9 £: 26, s: 19, d: 3 3/4	At a consultation held on Monday 21 January 1754 at the castle. Present Charles Hutchinson Esquire Governor, Lieutenant John Adamson Deputy Governor and Lieutenant John Clark of the council. The previous consultation, dated 14 January 1754, was read, approved and signed. On Tuesday 15 January the Honourable Company's ships Hector and Godolphin sailed for England. The plantation, gunners and stewards accounts, running from 12 December to 11 January, were brought in on this day. The council examined and approved them, and they ran as set out below. Sundries spent at the Honourable Company's general table from 12 December to 11 January 1754. 13 bottles of port wine, £0 19s 6d 42 bottles of Lisbon wine, £3 3s 0d 24 bottles of Madeira, £2 15s 0d 62 bottles of beer, £0 15s 6d 58 bottles of arrack, £1 19s 3¼d 323 pounds of flour, £2 3s 8¾d 254½ pounds of beef, £3 3s 6¾d 166½ pounds of mutton, £3 6s 10d 6 pounds of goat, £0 1s 8d 14 fowls, £1 1s 0d 3 ducks, £0 4s 6d 1 goose, £0 5s 0d 2 turkeys, £0 10s 0d 6 pounds of salt pork, £0 12s 0d 120 pounds of candy, £2 0s 0d 59¼ pounds of butter, £2 19s 9d Total, £26 19s 3¾d Interpretations This consultation opens the new year with the customary business of examining and approving the plantation, gunners and stewards accounts for the month, the running record of the island's provisioning brought before the council. The sailing of the Hector and Godolphin for England records two East Indiamen departing homeward from the island, the ships noted in the minute as they left, marking the traffic of the fleet that the settlement existed to serve. The general table account repeats the settled provisioning of the officers' mess through the month, the imported wine and arrack set beside the island's own beef, mutton and poultry. The beef this month rose to the largest meat item, over two hundred and fifty pounds, a shift from the mutton that had led the previous tables, which perhaps reflects the killing of cattle for the season or the state of the flocks as the southern summer advanced. The small quantity of goat entered on the table, only six pounds, marks the rare appearance of goat meat in the officers' provision, the goats kept chiefly for the sick slaves and for breeding rather than for the mess. Its occasional entry among the beef and mutton shows the table drawing now and then on the goat herd when other meat ran short or a beast was killed, the whole range of the island's stock available to the officers' provision as need arose. The imported wine and arrack held steady with the earlier months, the port, Lisbon and Madeira of the Atlantic trade and the arrack of the East carried on the Company's ships, and the candy again drawn in quantity as the sweetener of the table. This constancy month after month marks the reliable supply of the officers' mess from the two great channels of the Company's commerce, the drink and sugar of distant trades flowing without interruption to the island's table.
353	347	Account of the Honorable Companies Stock of Neat Cattle &ca from the 12th Decr to the 11th January 1754 Neat Cattle, Sheep, Goats, Hogs, Poultry, Horses, Asses Bulls, Cows, Calves, Yearlings, Heifer, Steers, Bullocks, Oxen, Total, Ewes, Wethers, Lambs, Rams, Total, Ewes, Wethers, Kids, Rams, Total, Sows, Shoats, Piggs, Boars, Total, Turkeys, Fowls, Ducks, Geese, Horses, Mares, Total, Asses, Total Remaining the 12th: Bulls: 3, Cows: 73, Calves: 49, Yearlings: 31, Heifer: 13, Steers: 16, Bullocks: 15, Oxen: 12, Total: 212, Ewes: 154, Wethers: 46, Lambs: 81, Rams: 6, Total: 287, Ewes: 87, Wethers: 10, Kids: 45, Rams: 4, Total: 146, Sows: 5, Shoats: 6, Piggs: 19, Boars: 1, Total: 31, Turkeys: 47, Fowls: 283, Ducks: 50, Geese: 15, Horses: 6, Mares: 6, Total: 12, Asses: 3, Total: 3 Encreased: Calves: 9, Total: 9, Lambs: 6, Total: 6, Kids: 25, Total: 25, Piggs: 11, Boars: 11 Total: Bulls: 3, Cows: 73, Calves: 58, Yearlings: 31, Heifer: 13, Steers: 16, Bullocks: 15, Oxen: 12, Total: 221, Ewes: 154, Wethers: 46, Lambs: 87, Rams: 6, Total: 293, Ewes: 87, Wethers: 10, Kids: 70, Rams: 4, Total: 171, Sows: 5, Shoats: 6, Piggs: 30, Boars: 1, Total: 42, Turkeys: 47, Fowls: 283, Ducks: 50, Geese: 15, Horses: 6, Mares: 6, Total: 12, Asses: 3, Total: 3 Killed: Steers: 1, Bullocks: 4, Total: 5, Ewes: 4, Wethers: 1, Total: 5, Ewes: 1, Wethers: 2, Total: 3, Fowls: 2, Ducks: 14, Geese: 3, Horses: 1 Died: Wethers: 4, Lambs: 1, Rams: 1, Total: 2, Fowls: 1 Remaining ye 11th: Bulls: 3, Cows: 73, Calves: 58, Yearlings: 31, Heifer: 13, Steers: 15, Bullocks: 11, Oxen: 12, Total: 216, Ewes: 150, Wethers: 44, Lambs: 86, Rams: 6, Total: 286, Ewes: 86, Wethers: 8, Kids: 70, Rams: 4, Total: 168, Sows: 5, Shoats: 6, Piggs: 30, Boars: 1, Total: 42, Turkeys: 45, Fowls: 268, Ducks: 47, Geese: 14, Horses: 6, Mares: 6, Total: 12, Asses: 3, Total: 3 Beef to the Hector 560 lb Do to the Godolphin 560 Do to the Slaves 260 1380 1 Goat to the Slaves Yams expended 5817 lb Errors Excepted Signed John Adamson	Account of the Honourable Company's stock of neat cattle and other livestock from 12 December to 11 January 1754. The column headings ran across neat cattle, sheep, goats, hogs, poultry, horses and asses, each divided into its several kinds with a total struck for each class. Neat cattle Remaining 12 December: bulls 3, cows 73, calves 49, yearlings 31, heifers 13, steers 16, bullocks 15, oxen 12, total 212 Increased: bulls 0, cows 0, calves 9, yearlings 0, heifers 0, steers 0, bullocks 0, oxen 0, total 9 Total: bulls 3, cows 73, calves 58, yearlings 31, heifers 13, steers 16, bullocks 15, oxen 12, total 221 Killed: bulls 0, cows 0, calves 0, yearlings 0, heifers 1, steers 4, bullocks 0, oxen 0, total 5 Died: 0 Remaining 11 January: bulls 3, cows 73, calves 58, yearlings 31, heifers 13, steers 15, bullocks 11, oxen 12, total 216 Sheep Remaining 12 December: ewes 154, wethers 46, lambs 81, rams 6, total 287 Increased: ewes 0, wethers 0, lambs 6, rams 0, total 6 Total: ewes 154, wethers 46, lambs 87, rams 6, total 293 Killed: ewes 4, wethers 1, lambs 0, rams 0, total 5 Died: ewes 0, wethers 1, lambs 1, rams 0, total 2 Remaining 11 January: ewes 150, wethers 44, lambs 86, rams 6, total 286 Goats Remaining 12 December: does 87, wethers 10, kids 45, rams 4, total 146 Increased: does 0, wethers 0, kids 25, rams 0, total 25 Total: does 87, wethers 10, kids 70, rams 4, total 171 Killed: does 1, wethers 2, kids 0, rams 0, total 3 Died: 0 Remaining 11 January: does 86, wethers 8, kids 70, rams 4, total 168 Hogs Remaining 12 December: sows 5, shoats 6, pigs 19, boars 1, total 31 Increased: sows 0, shoats 0, pigs 11, boars 0, total 11 Total: sows 5, shoats 6, pigs 30, boars 1, total 42 Killed: 0 Died: 0 Remaining 11 January: sows 5, shoats 6, pigs 30, boars 1, total 42 Poultry Remaining 12 December: turkeys 47, fowls 283, ducks 50, geese 15 Increased: turkeys 0, fowls 0, ducks 0, geese 0 Total: turkeys 47, fowls 283, ducks 50, geese 15 Killed: turkeys 2, fowls 14, ducks 3, geese 1 Died: turkeys 0, fowls 1, ducks 0, geese 0 Remaining 11 January: turkeys 45, fowls 268, ducks 47, geese 14 Horses and asses Remaining 12 December: horses 6, mares 6, total 12, asses 3, total 3 Remaining 11 January: horses 6, mares 6, total 12, asses 3, total 3 Beef issued to the Hector came to 560 pounds, to the Godolphin 560 pounds and to the slaves 260 pounds, making 1,380 pounds in all. One goat was issued to the slaves. Yams spent came to 5,817. The account was signed by John Adamson. Interpretations This account carries the Company's livestock forward from 12 December to 11 January, under the same fixed headings, and its opening figures match the closing figures of the previous month, the reckonings kept as a continuous running audit through the turn of the year. The heavy issue of beef this month, over thirteen hundred pounds in all, marks a busy season of victualling as ships prepared to sail. The beef issued to the Hector and the Godolphin, five hundred and sixty pounds to each, records the Company provisioning the two East Indiamen that sailed for England on 15 January, the ships supplied with fresh meat from the island's herds for the long homeward passage. This great draw on the cattle to feed the departing fleet marks the settlement's chief purpose in practice, the plantation's beasts killed to victual the ships that the whole establishment existed to serve. The goats bred up strongly this month, gaining twenty-five kids, the largest increase the herd had shown, while the cattle added nine calves. This surge in the young of both herds marks the height of the southern summer breeding season, the stock multiplying fastest in the warm months of December and January when feed was plentiful and conditions best favoured the raising of the newborn. The separate issue of two hundred and sixty pounds of beef to the slaves, entered alongside the far larger quantities victualling the ships, records the Company feeding the enslaved people it held from the same plantation stock. This provision of fresh meat to the slaves, set on the same account as the ships' victualling, marks the Company reckoning the upkeep of its enslaved workforce as a measurable draw on its herds, the slaves fed from the island's cattle as the garrison and the fleet were fed.
354	348	January Gunners Stores expended from the 12th December 1753 to the 11th January 1754 both Days Included Vizt Guns fired, Not fired, 6d, 4d, 3d, 2d, 1d, Powder expended Decr 22 A Double Allarm at Mundens Point for two Ships that went by Guns fired: 3, Not fired: 3, 6d: 3, Powder expended: 6, oz: 7 Powder expended: 13, oz: 8 Do Powder for priming in order to return the Salute of the two Ships that went by Powder expended: 3 23 A Double Allarm Guns fired: 9, 3d: 3, 2d: 3, Powder expended: 3, oz: 18 Do Arrived the Hector returned the Salute Guns fired: 9, 2d: 9, Powder expended: 9 Do Powder for Priming Powder expended: 1, oz: 8 Do Arrived the Godolphin returned the Salute Guns fired: 9, 2d: 9, Powder expended: 9 Do Powder for Priming Powder expended: 1, oz: 8 Powder for Signals Powder expended: 2, oz: 8 Powder for blowing Lime Stone Powder expended: 15 Total Guns fired: 30, 6d: 3, 4d: 3, 3d: 3, 2d: 18, 1d: 3, Powder expended: 71 Paper for the use of the Castle 1 Quere Tallow for greasing the Carts 6 lb Sompions lost at Mundens Point 1 Spunge Staves for the Hay Rakes 2 Signed Thomas Hall Gunner Enlisted John Robinson to serve the Honorable Company as a Soldier for five Years at £2.10 Bounty Money Chas Hutchinson John Adamson John Clark	Gunners stores spent from 12 December 1753 to 11 January 1754, both days included. The columns recorded the number of guns fired, the several sizes of shot and the powder spent in pounds. 22 December, a double alarm at Munden's Point for two ships that went by, 3 guns, 13 pounds 8 ounces 22 December, powder for priming in order to return the salute of the two ships that went by, 3 pounds 23 December, a double alarm, 9 guns, 18 pounds Arrived the Hector, returned the salute, 9 guns, 9 pounds Powder for priming, 1 pound 8 ounces Arrived the Godolphin, returned the salute, 9 guns, 9 pounds Powder for priming, 1 pound 8 ounces Powder for signals, 2 pounds 8 ounces Powder for blasting limestone, 15 pounds Total, 30 guns, 71 pounds Paper for the use of the castle, 1 quire Tallow for greasing the carts, 6 pounds Sponges lost at Munden's Point, 1 Sponge staves for the hay rakes, 2 The account was signed by Thomas Hall, gunner. John Robinson enlisted to serve the Honourable Company as a soldier for five years at £2 10s bounty money. The consultation was signed by Charles Hutchinson, John Adamson and John Clark. Interpretations This gunner's account records a busy month of alarms and salutes as ships passed and called at the island, the powder tallied to the dates of firing. The double alarms raised at Munden's Point and at the fort mark warnings given as vessels approached, the guns fired to call the garrison to its posts before an unknown ship was recognised, the caution of an isolated outpost that could not know friend from enemy at a distance. The salutes exchanged with the Hector and the Godolphin as they arrived record the two East Indiamen that would sail for England in January calling at the island on their way, each greeted and answered with nine guns. The double firing of a salute was the customary courtesy between an arriving ship and the fort, the guns marking the traffic of the fleet that the settlement served, the same two ships whose departure and victualling appear in the accounts of the following month. The single sponge lost at Munden's Point records a small mishap at that battery, a gun's sponge dropped or carried away in the working of the piece during the alarm, the loss duly entered on the account. This careful noting of even a single lost tool marks the exactness of the Company's stores accounting, no item too small to be reckoned in the running charge against the magazine. The enlistment of John Robinson for five years at a bounty of £2 10s records the Company recruiting a soldier to its garrison, the bounty the sum paid to a man on taking service. This entry marks the ordinary business of keeping the island's small military establishment up to strength, the garrison replenished man by man as deaths and departures thinned its ranks, the bounty the inducement that drew a recruit to the Company's distant service.
355	349	January At a Consultation held on Monday the 28th Day of January 1754 at the Castle Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governour Lieut John Adamson Lieutenant Governor Lieutenant John Clark of Council The last Consultation was read approved and Signed dated the 21st January 1754 Wednesday the 23 passed by a Ship under a Dutch Colours The Storekeeper brought in his Collections and ye Paymaster his Accounts for the Quarter ending the 11th Instant which were examined and approved and are as follows Vizt Collection of Goods sold and delivered out of the Honorable Companys Stores from the 12 October to the 11th January 1754 Vizt Sold to ye Honorable Companys Servants at 10 P Cent Arrack 334 1/4 Gallons £: 63, s: 11, d: 3 Brandy 202 1/4 Gallons £: 50, s: 11, d: 3 Sugar and Candy vizt 5162 Sugar £: 86, s: 8 2632 Candy £: 54, s: 16, d: 8 £: 140, s: 17, d: 4 Flour vizt 980 Flour £: 7, s: 2, d: 11 150 15 Do Baked £: 137, s: 3, d: 1 1/2 £: 144, s: 6, d: 1/2 £: 41, s: 9 Soap 322 Tea vizt 124 Single £: 7, s: 15 43 Bohea £: 1, s: 15, d: 10 23 Congo £: 1, s: 1, d: 8 £: 11, s: 1, d: 6 Carried over£: 424, s: 9, d: 1/2	At a consultation held on Monday 28 January 1754 at the castle. Present Charles Hutchinson Esquire Governor, Lieutenant John Adamson Deputy Governor and Lieutenant John Clark of the council. The previous consultation, dated 21 January 1754, was read, approved and signed. On Wednesday 23 January a ship passed by under Dutch colours. The storekeeper brought in his account of goods and the paymaster his accounts for the quarter ending on the 11th, which the council examined and approved, and they ran as set out below. An account of goods sold and delivered out of the Honourable Company's stores from 12 October to 11 January 1754. Goods sold to the Honourable Company's servants at 10 per cent. Arrack, 254¼ gallons, £63 11s 3d Brandy, 202¼ gallons, £50 11s 3d Sugar and candy 5,162 pounds of sugar, £86 0s 8d 2,632 pounds of candy, £54 16s 8d Sugar and candy total, £140 17s 4d Flour 980 pounds of flour, £7 2s 11d 150 pounds 3 ounces of baked flour, £137 3s 1½d Flour total, £144 6s 0½d Soap, 322 pounds, £14 1s 9d Tea 124 pounds of Singlo, £7 15s 0d 43 pounds of Bohea, £1 15s 10d 23 pounds of Congo, £1 1s 8d Tea total, £11 1s 6d Carried over, £424 9s 1½d Interpretations This consultation opens the quarterly reckoning of the store's sales, the storekeeper and paymaster bringing in their accounts for the three months ending on 11 January. The account records the store operating as the island's supply shop, selling drink, provisions and goods to the Company's servants at the fixed mark-up of ten per cent above cost, the closed economy through which the garrison and officers were supplied. The passing of a ship under Dutch colours records a foreign vessel sighted off the island, noted in the minute as it went by. The Dutch were the Company's great rivals in the Eastern trade, their ships bound to and from their own settlements at the Cape and in the Indies passing the island on the same ocean road, and the careful noting of the vessel's nation marks the watchfulness of an outpost set on a route travelled by rival powers. The drink and grocery sold repeat the imported staples of the Eastern and Atlantic trades, the arrack and the sugar and candy of Asia, the brandy of the Cape and the three teas of China, all carried on the Company's ships and passed through the store. The great quantities sold over the quarter, thousands of pounds of sugar and hundreds of gallons of spirit, mark the scale of the island's consumption and the reach of the Company's commerce into the daily supply of the settlement. The flour account again distinguished raw flour from flour already baked into bread, the baked entry carrying a far higher charge for the same weight because it covered the baker's labour and the fuel of the oven. This standing distinction across the accounts marks the value added by the baking, the bread dearer than the grain by the cost of the work and firing that turned one into the other.
356	350	January Brought over£: 424, s: 9, d: 1/2 Candles 507 £: 40, s: 13, d: 3 1/2 Rice 32 £: 10, s: 13, d: 4 Beef and Pork vizt 16 Ps double Beef 2/- £: 1, s: 12 420 Ps Single Do £: 42 19 Ps Do 3/-1/2 £: 2, s: 2, d: 7 44 Ps double Pork 2/- s: 4, d: 8 330 Ps Single Do 2/- £: 33 112 Do Do Do 2/2 £: 12, s: 2, d: 8 £: 95, s: 5, d: 3 Hooks and Lines vizt 4125 Hooks No 2 £: 2, s: 15 2325 Do 8 £: 1, s: 18, d: 9 775 Do 10 £: 1, s: 9, d: 8 1/2 800 Blue s: 2, d: 5 3 1/4 Doz Lines No 2 s: 12, d: 10 12 1/2 Doz Do 3 £: 2, s: 13, d: 1 1/2 12 Doz 7 Do 4 £: 3, s: 3, d: 11 1/2 2 Hambro s: 3 £: 12, s: 19, d: 1/2 Shalloos 12 Ps £: 5, s: 17 Shalloon 38 yds £: 6, s: 10 Buckram 17 yd yds s: 16, d: 3 Haberdashery Ware vizt 12 Doz Wt Waistcoat Buttons s: 3, d: 1/2 12 Doz Mohair Coat Do s: 8 12 1/2 Doz Mohair Breast Do s: 4, d: 2 24 Sk Mohair s: 9 42 Sk Silk s: 19, d: 3 1 Ps Holland Tape s: 11 18 Doz Shirt Buttons s: 3, d: 7 1/2 £: 2, s: 8 Carried over£: 599, s: 2, d: 1 1/2	Brought over, £424 9s 1½d Candles, 507 pounds, £40 13s 3½d Rice, 32 pounds, £10 13s 4d Beef and pork 16 pounds of double beef at 2s per pound, £1 12s 0d 420 pounds of single beef at 2s per pound, £42 0s 0d 19 pounds of beef at 3s per pound, £2 2s 7d 44 pounds of double pork at 2s per pound, £4 8s 0d 330 pounds of single pork at 2s per pound, £33 0s 0d 112 pounds of pork at 2s 2d per pound, £12 2s 8d Beef and pork total, £95 5s 3d Hooks and lines 4,125 hooks number 2, £2 15s 0d 2,325 hooks number 8, £1 18s 9d 775 hooks number 10, £1 9s 8½d 800 blue hooks, £0 2s 5d 3½ dozen lines number 2, £0 12s 10d 12½ dozen lines number 3, £2 13s 1½d 12 dozen lines number 4, £3 3s 11½d 2 Hamburg lines, £0 0s 3d Hooks and lines total, £12 19s 9½d Cullenders, 12 pairs, £0 5s 17d Shalloon, 38 yards, £6 0s 10d Buckram, 17 yards, £0 16s 3d Haberdashery 12 dozen waistcoat buttons, £0 0s 3½d 12 dozen mohair coat buttons, £0 8s 0d 12½ dozen mohair breast buttons, £0 4s 2d 24 skeins of mohair, £0 0s 9d 42 pounds of silk, £0 19s 3d 1 pair of Holland tape, £0 0s 11d 18 dozen shirt buttons, £0 3s 7½d Haberdashery total, £2 8s 0d Carried over, £599 2s 1½d Interpretations This part of the quarterly store account continues the sales to the Company's servants, running to candles, salt provisions, fishing tackle and cloth. The candles sold in bulk, over five hundred pounds in the quarter, mark the steady consumption of light in the island's households, the imported candle drawn on constantly through the long hours of work and watch by artificial light. The salt beef and pork were sold by the pound at set rates, most at two shillings with a little dearer meat at three, and the account distinguished double from single provision. The double beef and pork were the choicer or better-cured pieces, the single the ordinary sort, the two graded and priced apart so the buyer might take the quality he would pay for, the store pricing its preserved meat by a fixed tariff rather than by haggling. The fishing tackle sold in the quarter repeats the great quantities of the earlier accounts, thousands of hooks graded by size and many dozen lines, the store supplying the settlers with the means to draw food from the rich island waters. The blue and Hamburg hooks and lines named by their finish and origin mark the store distinguishing its tackle by quality even in a common sale, the buyer offered the sort that best suited his fishing. The haberdashery ran to the findings of the tailor's and seamstress's trade, the silk and mohair thread and the buttons by the dozen for coats, waistcoats and shirts. Mohair here was the worsted yarn and braid used in sewing and trimming, and its supply beside the silk and the tapes marks the store furnishing the small materials that kept the island's clothing in repair, the settlers mending and making their garments from the store's stock.
357	351	1754 Brought over£: 599, s: 2, d: 1 1/2 Desootees vizt 2 Ps double s: 2, d: 4 29 Ps Single £: 14, s: 7, d: 7 £: 16, s: 11, d: 7 Shirts vizt 46 Soldiers £: 10, s: 10, d: 10 1 1/4 Ps Linnen £: 1, s: 17, d: 7 £: 12, s: 8, d: 5 Paint vizt 19 Indico £: 1, s: 14, d: 10 56 Whiting s: 1, d: 3 6 B Blacking s: 3, d: 4 1/2 6 1/2 Vent Red s: 1, d: 4 1/2 White Copperas s: 8 3/4 Yellow Oaker s: 10 87 1/2 White Lead £: 1, s: 12, d: 10 2 Blue Smalts s: 3, d: 8 1 Oz Prus Blue s: 2, d: 2 1/2 £: 4, s: 1 Lead vizt 49 Shot s: 10, d: 2 1/2 25 Pig Lead s: 4, d: 8 30 Sheet Lead s: 3, d: 7 1/2 £: 1, s: 6 £: 1, s: 9, d: 4 Twine 44 Skanes Canvas vizt 2 Ps 12 Yards English £: 5, s: 2, d: 10 147 Yards Oznbrigs £: 5, s: 1, d: 1 £: 10, s: 3, d: 11 Starch vizt 22 Poland s: 15, d: 1 1/2 10 Common s: 4, d: 7 £: 19, d: 8 1/2 £: 6, s: 12 Broad Cloth 8 Yards Carried over£: 652, s: 8, d: 7	Brought over, £599 2s 1½d Dysartes 2 pairs double, £0 2s 4d 29 pairs single, £14 7s 7d Dysartes total, £16 11s 7d Shirts 46 soldiers' shirts, £10 10s 10d 1¼ pieces of linen, £1 17s 7d Shirts total, £12 8s 5d Paint 19 pounds of indigo, £1 14s 10d 56 pounds of whiting, £0 1s 3d 6 barrels of blacking, £0 3s 4½d 6¾ pounds of Venice red, £0 1s 4d ½ pound of white copperas, £0 0s 8d ¾ pound of yellow ochre, £0 0s 10d 87½ pounds of white lead, £1 12s 10d 2 pounds of blue smalt, £0 3s 8d 1 ounce of Prussian blue, £0 2s 2½d Paint total, £4 1s 0d Lead 40 pounds of shot, £0 10s 2½d 25 pounds of pig lead, £0 4s 8d 30 pounds of sheet lead, £0 5s 7½d Lead total, £1 0s 6d Twine, 44 skeins, £1 9s 4d Canvas 2 pieces 12 yards of English canvas, £5 2s 10d 147 yards of Coventry canvas, £5 1s 1d Canvas total, £10 3s 11d Starch 22 pounds of Poland starch, £0 15s 1½d 10 pounds of common starch, £0 4s 7d Starch total, £0 19s 8½d Broadcloth, 8 yards, £6 12s 0d Carried over, £652 8s 7d Interpretations This part of the quarterly store account continues the sales to the servants, running to footwear, shirts, the ingredients of paint, lead, cloth and starch. The paint account repeats the raw pigments and driers of the earlier reckonings, indigo and blue smalt for blue, white lead and whiting for white, and the earth colours, all bought raw to be ground and mixed on the island as the work required. The single ounce of Prussian blue sold here, priced high for so small a weight, marks the presence of that costly new synthetic pigment even in the ordinary run of the store's sales. Prussian blue was a deep and intense blue then relatively recently manufactured and dear, sold by the ounce where the common colours were sold by the pound, its appearance marking the reach of European chemical manufacture into the island's small stock of paint. The lead sold in three forms, shot, pig and sheet, served the garrison and the builder together, the shot for the muskets, the pig for melting and working and the sheet for flashing and lining. Their sale in a single account marks the one metal answering the island's several needs, the same lead furnishing ammunition, plumbing and weatherproofing as the buyer required. The broadcloth sold by the yard was the dense dressed woollen of good coats, dearer than the working stuffs of shalloon and buckram sold alongside it, and its presence marks the store supplying the finer as well as the coarser cloth of the island's dress. The Poland starch, the fine blue-tinted sort, sold beside the common starch marks again the demand for properly dressed linen in the settlement, the better starch drawn on for the whitening and stiffening of good linen.
358	352	January Brought over£: 652, s: 8, d: 7 Flannul 16 1/2 Yards £: 1, s: 10, d: 11 Salt 24 1/2 Bushels £: 4, s: 1, d: 8 Pepper 18 lb s: 10, d: 1 1/2 Deals vizt 66 Single £: 7, s: 5, d: 9 3 Double s: 10, d: 3 2 1/2 Ps Riga Timber £: 4, s: 14, d: 6 10 Ruffes £: 1, s: 7, d: 1 £: 14, s: 7, d: 7 Shoes vizt 70 Pr Mens Ordinary £: 15, s: 3, d: 4 1 Pr Mens fine s: 6, d: 3 1 Do Stretchers s: 2, d: 10 3 Pr Channeled Pumps £: 1, s: 3, d: 9 2 Pr Mens Pumps £: 1, s: 3, d: 8 2 Pr Boys s: 6, d: 8 £: 17, s: 16, d: 6 Nails vizt 3 2 s: 1, d: 11 19 3 s: 10, d: 3 1/2 98 4 £: 2, s: 2, d: 10 1/2 58 6 £: 1, s: 4, d: 2 51 10 s: 19, d: 1 1/2 27 20 s: 10, d: 1 1/2 3 Glazing Brad s: 3, d: 4 1/2 £: 5, s: 11, d: 10 1/2 Cutlery Ware vizt 4 Horn Combs s: 10 4 Gross 7 Doz Horn Moulds s: 5, d: 7 1/2 2 Butchers Knives s: 7 1/2 4 Shoe Knives £: 1, s: 10 1 Cleaver s: 9, d: 1 s: 18 Carried over£: 707, s: 5, d: 3	The nails were listed by hundredweight, quarters and pounds together with the size of nail each row counted. The nail columns ran to hundredweight, quarters, pounds and the size in the fourth place. Brought over, £652 8s 7d Flannel, 16½ yards, £1 10s 11d Salt, 24½ bushels, £4 1s 8d Pepper, 18 pounds, £0 10s 1½d Deals 66 single deals, £7 3s 9d 3 double deals, £0 10s 3d 2⅔ pieces of Riga timber, £4 14s 6d 10 laths, £1 7s 1d Deals total, £14 7s 7d Shoes 70 pairs of men's ordinary shoes, £15 3s 4d 1 pair of men's fine shoes, £0 6s 3d 1 pair of stretchers, £0 2s 10d 3 pairs of channelled pumps, £1 3s 9d 2 pairs of men's pumps, £1 3s 8d 2 pairs of boys' shoes, £0 6s 8d Shoes total, £17 16s 6d Nails 3 hundredweight, size 2, £1 11s 0d 19 hundredweight, size 3, £0 10s 3¾d 98 hundredweight, size 4, £2 2s 10¼d 58 hundredweight, size 6, £1 4s 2d 51 hundredweight, size 10, £0 19s 1¼d 27 hundredweight, size 20, £0 10s 1¼d 3 hundredweight, glazing brads, £0 3s 4¾d Nails total, £5 11s 10¾d Cutlery 4 horn combs, £0 1s 0d 4 gross 7 dozen horn moulds, £0 3s 7½d 2 butchers' knives, £0 0s 7½d 4 shoe knives, £0 1s 10d 1 cleaver, £0 9s 1d Cutlery total, £0 18s 0d Carried over, £707 5s 3d Interpretations This part of the quarterly store account continues the sales to the servants, running to cloth, timber, footwear, nails and cutlery. The deals and Riga timber sold repeat the reliance on imported building wood that runs through these accounts, the choice Baltic timber and the sawn deals furnishing the island's construction, its own scant timber unequal to the work. The footwear was graded and priced by kind and wearer, from the common men's ordinary shoes sold by the seventy pairs down to the finer sorts and the boys' shoes, with a pair of stretchers among them. The stretchers were the wooden lasts or trees on which a shoe was shaped and kept, tools of the trade rather than footwear, their sale marking the store supplying the means to make and keep shoes alongside the shoes themselves. The nails sold in bulk were graded by size, from small to great, and included the glazing brads that fixed glass in its frame. Their sale by the hundredweight marks the constant demand of the island's building and repair, the fastenings drawn on steadily for the raising and mending of the settlement's structures, the store holding and selling the whole range of sizes each kind of work required. The horn moulds sold by the gross were button moulds of pressed horn, the blanks over which cloth or thread buttons were worked, and their sale beside the horn combs and the knives marks the store supplying the maker's materials as well as the finished small wares. This recurring stock of the workman's stuff across the accounts shows the island making and mending much of its own small goods from the store's supply of the raw materials.
359	353	1754 Brought over£: 707, s: 5, d: 3 Pitch vizt 9 1/2 Gallons Tar s: 7, d: 1 1/2 3 Rozin s: 7 1/2 133 Turpentine £: 1, s: 7, d: 8 1/2 £: 1, s: 15, d: 5 1/2 Ironmongers Ware vizt 2 Chaffing Dishes s: 11, d: 7 11 Chest Locks £: 1, s: 18, d: 6 3 Cupboard Locks s: 14, d: 1 1 Pr Steelyards s: 7, d: 11 1 Ditching Shovel s: 4, d: 11 1/2 1 Padlock s: 2, d: 6 2 Frying Pans s: 5, d: 3 5 Helves s: 3, d: 4 6 Gimblets s: 1 2 Files s: 1, d: 6 2 Stock Locks s: 4, d: 5 1 Chisel s: 6 1/2 1 Pr Rope Room s: 1, d: 3 2 Spades s: 6, d: 10 6 Packing Needles s: 1 2 Hand Hatchets s: 3 1 Tenon Saw s: 7, d: 10 1 Garden Hoe and Helve s: 1, d: 8 1/2 2 Prs H Hinges s: 4, d: 4 2 Iron Rimmed Locks s: 8, d: 10 £: 6, s: 8, d: 11 1/2 Ticking 1 Ps £: 1, s: 10, d: 10 Cordage 387 lb £: 5, s: 12, d: 10 1/2 Turners Ware vizt 6 Shoe Brushes s: 3, d: 10 1/2 17 Labourers Baskets s: 10, d: 7 1/2 3 Hair Brooms s: 6, d: 1 1/2 Turners ware carried over£: 1, s: 1, d: 7 1/2 Carried over£: 712, s: 13, d: 4 1/2	Brought over, £707 5s 3d Pitch 9½ gallons of tar, £0 7s 1½d 3 pounds of rosin, £0 0s 7½d 133 pounds of turpentine, £1 7s 8½d Pitch total, £1 15s 5½d Ironmongery 2 chafing dishes, £0 1s 7d 11 chest locks, £1 18s 6d 3 cupboard locks, £0 4s 1d 1 pair of steelyards, £0 7s 11d 1 ditching shovel, £0 4s 11½d 1 padlock, £0 2s 6d 2 frying pans, £0 3s 8d 5 helves, £0 3s 4d 6 gimlets, £0 1s 0d 2 files, £0 1s 6d 2 stock locks, £0 4s 5d 1 chisel, £0 0s 6½d 1 pair of brass rowes, £0 1s 5d 2 spades, £0 6s 10d 6 packing needles, £0 1s 0d 2 hand hatchets, £0 3s 0d 1 tenant saw, £0 7s 10d 1 garden hoe and helve, £0 1s 8½d 1 garden hoe and helve, £0 4s 4d 2 pairs of H hinges, £0 8s 10d 2 iron-rimmed locks, £0 6s 11½d Ironmongery total, £6 8s 11½d Ticking, 1 pair, £1 10s 10d Cordage, 387 pounds, £5 12s 10½d Turnersware 6 shoe brushes, £0 3s 10½d 17 labourers' baskets, £0 10s 7½d 3 hair brooms, £0 6s 1½d Turnersware carried over, £1 0s 7½d Carried over, £712 13s 4½d Interpretations This part of the quarterly store account continues the sales to the servants, running to the pitch and turpentine of caulking, the household and workshop hardware, and cordage. The pitch, tar, rosin and turpentine were the materials of preserving and sealing wood against the wet, drawn on for the island's boats and buildings, the constant business of keeping timber and craft watertight in a damp and salt climate. The ironmongery ran to the fittings and tools of household and workshop together, the locks for doors, chests and cupboards, the frying pans and chafing dishes of the kitchen, and the spades, chisels and saws of building and repair. This wide range in a single account marks the store supplying the whole apparatus of the settled house and the working trade, the settlers drawing the metal goods none could make on the island from the one imported stock. The brass rowes sold among the ironware were probably a fitting or roller of the harness or door gear, the term marking a particular small brass part of the workshop or stable. The tenant saw, a saw for cutting the tenons of joints, and the chisels and gimlets mark the tools of the joiner drawn from the store, the settlers equipped for the finer woodwork of building as well as the rough labour of digging and hauling. The great weight of cordage sold, near four hundred pounds in the quarter, marks the constant demand for rope on the island, drawn for the rigging of boats, the hauling of loads and the endless small bindings of a working settlement. The rope, like the canvas and the iron, came wholly by sea and passed through the store, the island's every want of cordage met from the imported reserve.
360	354	January Brought over£: 712, s: 13, d: 4 1/2 Turners ware Brought over£: 1, s: 1, d: 1 1/2 5 Paint Brushes s: 2, d: 7 6 Punch Ladles s: 3, d: 9 3 Moss s: 4, d: 1 1/2 3 Scrubbling Brushes s: 5, d: 6 £: 1, s: 17, d: 1 Iron 197 lb £: 1, s: 13, d: 9 Fustian 1 3/4 Pieces £: 4, s: 10 Leather vizt 7 1/2 Leather s: 3, d: 3 3 Calf Skins £: 1, s: 13, d: 4 1/2 £: 5, s: 16, d: 7 1/2 Oyl vizt 17 Bottles Florence £: 2, s: 4, d: 7 1/2 7 1/4 Gallons Linseed £: 1, s: 6, d: 7 7 Gallons Train £: 1, s: 1 £: 4, s: 12, d: 2 1/2 China Ware vizt 3 Chamber Pots s: 4, d: 6 3 Guglets and Basons s: 12, d: 6 37 Meat Dishes 198 Do Plates £: 6, s: 10, d: 8 6 Soup Plates s: 2, d: 9 2 Sallad Dishes s: 1, d: 8 1 Jug and Bason s: 3, d: 11 1 Pot Mugs s: 1, d: 6 4 Half Pint Cups s: 1, d: 2 1 Snucker s: 3 2 Sauce Boats s: 11 £: 8, s: 1, d: 10 Thread vizt 4 Wt Brown £: 1, s: 7 4 Coloured s: 14, d: 8 £: 2, s: 1, d: 8 Carried over£: 741, s: 8, d: 6 1/2	Brought over, £712 13s 4½d Turnersware brought over, £1 0s 7½d 5 paint brushes, £0 2s 7d 6 punch ladles, £0 3s 9d 3 mops, £0 4s 1½d 2 scrubbing brushes, £0 5s 6d Turnersware total, £1 17s 1d Iron, 197 pounds, £1 15s 9d Fustian, 1¾ pieces, £4 10s 0d Leather 7½ pounds of leather, £0 4s 3d 3 calfskins, £1 13s 4½d Leather total, £5 16s 7½d Oil 17 bottles of Florence oil, £2 4s 7½d 7¼ gallons of linseed oil, £1 6s 7d 7 gallons of train oil, £1 1s 0d Oil total, £4 12s 2½d Chinaware 3 chamber pots, £0 4s 6d 3 cruets and basins, £0 12s 6d 37 meat dishes, £0 0s 0d 198 plates, £6 10s 8d 6 soup plates, £0 2s 9d 2 salad dishes, £0 1s 8d 1 jug and basin, £0 5s 11d 1 pot mug, £0 1s 6d 4 half-pint cups, £0 1s 2d 1 sneaker, £0 0s 3d 2 sauce boats, £0 0s 11d Chinaware total, £8 1s 10d Thread 4 pounds brown, £1 7s 0d 4 pounds coloured, £0 14s 8d Thread total, £2 1s 8d Carried over, £741 8s 6½d Interpretations This part of the quarterly store account continues the sales to the servants, running to the small wooden wares, iron, cloth, oil and china. The oils sold repeat the three kinds of the earlier accounts, train oil for lamps and leather, linseed for paint and Florence for the table, the single heading covering lighting, manufacture and diet as each buyer required. The chinaware sold in quantity was the porcelain of the China trade, from chamber pots and cruets to plates, dishes and sauce boats, carried home on the East Indiamen and sold on through the store. The sale of near two hundred plates in a single account marks the reach of the Company's Canton commerce into the ordinary furnishing of the island, the fine imported crockery setting the settlers' tables in a remote Atlantic garrison. The Florence oil sold by the bottle was the fine olive oil of Tuscany, dearer than the train and linseed oils sold alongside it and drawn for the table rather than for lamps or manufacture. Its steady appearance across these accounts marks the presence of the good imported oil on the island's better tables, the cooking and dressing oil of the Mediterranean carried on the Company's ships to the settlement. The thread sold in brown and coloured sorts marks the constant demand for sewing materials, drawn by the settlers for the making and mending of their clothing. This recurring small trade in thread, buttons and cloth across every quarter's account shows how the island clothed and repaired itself from the store's stock, the settlers supplied with the findings of the needle as with the larger stuffs of dress.
361	355	1754 Brought over£: 741, s: 8, d: 6 1/2 Palampores 1 s: 13, d: 4 Saddles 1 £: 2, s: 12, d: 6 Pewter vizt 4 Basons s: 19 1 Half Gallon Pot s: 5, d: 8 1 Gallon Pot s: 10, d: 11 1 Quart Funnel s: 2, d: 6 £: 1, s: 18, d: 1 Earthen Ware 1 Milk Pan s: 9 Glass Ware vizt 25 Squares Glass 8 by 10 s: 15, d: 7 1/2 20 Do 8 s: 8, d: 4 4 Do 10 20 s: 3, d: 8 2 Do 18 11 s: 3, d: 4 1/2 12 Wine Glasses s: 5, d: 9 1 Wine and Water Glass s: 10 £: 1, s: 7, d: 3 Bunting 1 Yard Red s: 10 Hosiers Ware vizt 3 Pr Thread Stockings s: 8, d: 6 2 Pr Boys Do s: 5, d: 2 s: 13, d: 8 Braziers Ware vizt 1 Copper Sauce Pan s: 11 1 Warming Pan s: 12, d: 4 1/2 1 Bread Grater s: 3, d: 5 1/2 £: 1, s: 8, d: 10 Iron Pots 2 1 Gallon s: 4, d: 4 Pease 1/4 Bushel s: 1, d: 9 Corks 2 Gross s: 5, d: 1 Tin Ware vizt 2 Muscovy Lights s: 15, d: 2 1/2 1 Water Pot s: 5, d: 8 1/2 Tin Ware carried over£: 1, s: 0, d: 11 Carried over£: 751, s: 4, d: 11 1/2	Brought over, £741 8s 6½d Palempores, 1, £0 13s 4d Saddles, 1, £2 12s 6d Pewter 4 basins, £0 19s 0d 1 half-gallon pot, £0 5s 8d 1 gallon pot, £0 10s 4d 1 quart funnel, £0 2s 6d Pewter total, £1 18s 1d Earthenware, 1 milk pan, £0 0s 9d Glassware 25 squares of glass, 8 by 10, £0 15s 7½d 20 squares of glass, 8 by 8, £0 8s 4d 4 squares of glass, 10 by 20, £0 3s 8d 2 squares of glass, 18 by 11, £0 3s 4½d 12 wine glasses, £0 5s 0d 1 wine and water glass, £0 0s 10d Glassware total, £1 17s 3d Bunting, 1 yard red, £0 0s 10d Hosiery 3 pairs of thread stockings, £0 8s 6d 2 pairs of boys' stockings, £0 5s 2d Hosiery total, £0 13s 8d Braziersware 1 copper saucepan, £0 0s 11d 1 warming pan, £0 12s 4½d 1 bread grater, £0 3s 5½d Braziersware total, £0 18s 10d Iron pots, 2, 1 gallon, £0 4s 4d Peas, ¼ bushel, £0 1s 9d Corks, 2 gross, £0 5s 1d Tinware 2 Muscovy lights, £0 5s 8½d 1 water pot, £0 0s 0d Tinware carried over, £1 0s 0½d Carried over, £751 4s 11½d Interpretations This part of the quarterly store account continues the sales to the servants, running to the household vessels of pewter, glass, brass and tin, together with a palempore, a saddle and small wares. The glassware sold ran to window panes in several set sizes and the vessels of the table, the wine glasses and the wine and water glass, the store furnishing both the glazing of the island's windows and the setting of its tables. The palempore sold here was a large painted or printed cotton bed-cover or hanging of the Indian trade, worked in colours by the Indian craftsman and prized as a costly furnishing. Its single sale marks the reach of the Company's Indian textile trade into the island's supply, the decorated cotton bought by a settler who would pay for such Eastern luxury to furnish a bed or wall. The braziersware sold ran to the copper and brass vessels of the kitchen, the saucepan, warming pan and bread grater, worked by the brazier's craft in the yellow and red metals. The warming pan, the covered brass pan filled with coals and passed between the sheets to warm a bed, marks the ordinary comforts of the island's better households, the settlers drawing the finished metalware of the home from the store's supply. The Muscovy lights sold among the tinware were sheets of mica, the transparent mineral splitting into thin plates, used in place of glass in lanterns and gun-ports where ordinary glass would shatter. Their sale beside the window glass marks the two materials serving different needs, the brittle glass for the fixed window and the tougher mica for the lantern and the exposed port, the store supplying both as the buyer's purpose required.
362	356	January Brought over£: 751, s: 4, d: 11 1/2 Tinware brought over£: 1, s: 11 1 Sal Armoniac s: 4 1 Lanthorn Leaf s: 2 1/2 2 Tin Sauce Pans £: 1, s: 3 1/2 £: 1, s: 2, d: 9 Long Cloth vizt 1 Piece No 1 £: 2, s: 17, d: 9 1 Do 3 £: 4, s: 9 2 Do 5 £: 5, s: 13, d: 6 1 Do 7 £: 1, s: 15, d: 9 £: 14, s: 16 Hats vizt 2 Mens £: 1, s: 16, d: 1 1 Boys s: 6, d: 1 1/2 £: 2, s: 2, d: 4 1/2 Vinegar 1/4 Gallon s: 17 1/2 £: 769, s: 7, d: 8 1/2 Sold to the Planters at 25 P Cent Shalloon 31 1/2 Yards £: 3, s: 13, d: 6 Desootees 16 Pr Single £: 9, s: 1, d: 4 Shoes vizt 1 Pr Mens Ordinary s: 4, d: 11 7 Pr Womens Calf £: 1, s: 6, d: 3 1 Pr Do Spanish s: 5, d: 10 3 Pr Girls s: 7, d: 6 1 Pr Shoes fine s: 7, d: 1 £: 2, s: 17, d: 7 Buckram 2 1/2 Yd s: 2, d: 7 Flannel 14 yards £: 1, s: 9, d: 9 Shalloos 2 Ps £: 1, s: 2, d: 6 Broad Cloth 3 1/4 yards £: 3, s: 11 Carried over£: 21, s: 2, d: 2	Brought over, £751 4s 11½d Tinware brought over, £1 0s 0½d 1 sal ammoniac, £0 0s 4d 1 lantern leaf, £0 0s 2½d 2 tin saucepans, £0 1s 3½d Tinware total, £1 2s 9d Long cloth 3 pieces number 1, £2 17s 0d 1 piece number 3, £4 9s 0d 2 pieces number 5, £5 13s 6d 1 piece number 7, £1 15s 9d Long cloth total, £14 16s 0d Hats 2 men's hats, £1 16s 4d 1 boys' hat, £0 6s 2d Hats total, £2 2s 4½d Vinegar, ¾ gallon, £0 1s 7½d Total, £769 7s 8½d Goods sold to the planters at 25 per cent. Shalloon, 31½ yards, £3 13s 6d Dysartes, 16 pairs single, £9 1s 4d Shoes 1 pair of men's ordinary shoes, £0 4s 11d 7 pairs of women's calf shoes, £1 6s 3d 1 pair of women's Spanish shoes, £0 5s 10d 3 pairs of girls' shoes, £0 7s 6d 1 pair of men's fine shoes, £0 7s 1d Shoes total, £2 11s 7d Buckram, 2½ yards, £0 2s 7d Flannel, 1½ yards, £1 9s 9d Shalloon, 2 pieces, £1 2s 6d Broadcloth, 3¼ yards, £3 0s 11d Carried over, £21 2s 2d Interpretations This part of the account closes the sales to the servants and opens a second series made to the planters, struck at a mark-up of twenty-five per cent against the ten per cent charged the servants. The difference set the free settlers apart from the Company's own people, so that a planter buying the same cloth or shoes paid a quarter above cost where a servant paid a tenth, the Company reserving its cheaper store price as a benefit of its service. The long cloth that closes the servants' account was the plain white cotton of the Indian trade sold by numbered piece, the numbers marking the fineness of the weave. The sale of several pieces of differing numbers marks the store carrying the Indian calico in graded qualities, the buyer choosing the fineness he would pay for, the cotton of the East supplied through the store alongside the woollens of home. The footwear sold to the planters was graded and named by kind and wearer, from the common men's ordinary shoes to the finer calf, Spanish and fine sorts and the children's shoes. The women's calf shoes sold in number mark the demand for the better grades of footwear among the settlers' households, the planters paying the higher store price for shoes of dressed calf leather where the plain working shoe would have served. The cloths sold to the planters repeat the working stuffs of the servants' account, shalloon for lining, buckram for stiffening, flannel for warmth and broadcloth for good coats. The narrow range of the same few named cloths across both classes of sale shows how limited the island's textile supply was, the whole settlement clothing itself from the same short list of imported stuffs passed out through the single store at the two different rates.
363	357	1754 Brought over£: 21, s: 2, d: 2 Hosiers Ware vizt 4 Pr Womens Stockings s: 16, d: 4 1 Pr Boys s: 2, d: 11 2 Pr Girls s: 5, d: 10 £: 1, s: 5, d: 1 Fustian 1/4 Piece s: 15 Camblet 4 3/4 yards Blue s: 14, d: 8 Sold at 40 P Cent Arrack 81 1/2 Gallons £: 24, s: 6 Brandy 401 Gallons £: 120, s: 6 Sugar and Candy vizt 1271 Sugar £: 26, s: 9, d: 7 820 Candy £: 22, s: 4, d: 2 £: 48, s: 13, d: 9 Flour 454 £: 4, s: 4, d: 7 Tea vizt 8 Single s: 12 1 Bohea s: 1, d: 2 s: 13, d: 2 Soap 66 £: 3, s: 17, d: 7 1/2 Candles 32 £: 2, s: 10 Rice 4 £: 1, s: 13, d: 4 Oyl vizt 7 Gallons Linseed £: 1, s: 12, d: 8 1 Gallon Train s: 3, d: 10 4 Bottles Florence s: 7, d: 2 £: 2, s: 3, d: 8 s: 2, d: 4 Starch 4 Nails vizt 4 2 s: 3, d: 4 2 2 s: 2, d: 8 4 3 s: 14, d: 10 34 4 £: 1, s: 5, d: 10 Nails carried over£: 1, s: 5, d: 10 Carried over£: 232, s: 8, d: 2 1/2	The nails were listed by hundredweight, quarters and pounds together with the size of nail each row counted. The nail columns ran to hundredweight, quarters, pounds and the size in the fourth place. Brought over, £21 2s 2d Hosiery 4 pairs of women's stockings, £0 16s 4d 1 pair of boys' stockings, £0 2s 11d 2 pairs of girls' stockings, £0 5s 10d Hosiery total, £1 5s 1d Fustian, ¼ piece, £0 1s 5d Camblet, 4¾ yards blue, £0 14s 8d Goods sold at 40 per cent. Arrack, 8½ gallons, £2 4s 6d Brandy, 401 gallons, £120 6s 0d Sugar and candy 1,271 pounds of sugar, £26 9s 7d 820 pounds of candy, £22 4s 2d Sugar and candy total, £48 13s 9d Flour, 454 pounds, £4 4s 7d Tea 8 pounds of Singlo, £0 12s 0d 1 pound of Bohea, £0 1s 2d Tea total, £0 13s 2d Soap, 68 pounds, £3 17s 7½d Candles, 30 pounds, £2 0s 10d Rice, 4 pounds, £1 13s 4d Oil 7 gallons of linseed oil, £1 12s 8d 1 gallon of train oil, £0 3s 10d 2 bottles of Florence oil, £0 7s 2d Oil total, £2 3s 8d Starch, 4 pounds, £0 2s 4d Nails 3 hundredweight, size 2, £0 3s 4d 2 hundredweight, size 2, £0 2s 8d 4 hundredweight, size 3, £0 14s 10d 34 hundredweight, size 4, £1 5s 10d Nails carried over, £1 5s 10d Carried over, £232 8s 2¼d Interpretations This part of the account closes the sales to the planters and opens a third scale of store sales, struck at a mark-up of forty per cent, higher again than the ten and twenty-five per cent of the earlier classes. The three graduated rates set out a deliberate order of price on the island, the Company's own people supplied cheapest, the resident planters dearer and this third class of buyer dearest of all, the store used as an instrument of policy. The single largest item is the brandy, four hundred gallons sold at this top rate, a quantity far beyond ordinary table use and marking a bulk sale of spirit. Set beside the sugar, candy and other groceries that follow, the account reads as a wholesale supply of the staple imported provisions at the Company's fullest margin, drawing on the reach of the Eastern and Atlantic trades that brought spirit and sugar to the island for resale. The sugar and candy sold in bulk at this rate, over two thousand pounds together, mark the heavy demand for the sweeteners of the Eastern trade even at the store's dearest price. The candy, the hard refined sugar, sold in near the quantity of the raw sugar, its steady bulk sale across every class of the accounts confirming how far the Company's Asian commerce reached into the ordinary supply of the island, the refined sugar of the East a staple of the settlement's trade. The nails sold at this rate were graded by size as in the servants' account, the same range of fastenings supplied to this class of buyer at the higher price. The recurrence of the same goods across all three scales of sale, the drink, sugar, oil and iron sold alike to servant, planter and this third buyer at their several rates, marks the single store answering the whole island's wants through one stock priced by the standing of the purchaser.
364	358	January Brought over£: 232, s: 8, d: 2 1/2 Nails brought over£: 1, s: 5, d: 10 22 6 s: 11, d: 11 11 10 s: 5, d: 1/2 15 20 s: 6, d: 10 1/2 £: 2, s: 9, d: 8 Twine 4 Skanes s: 2 Canvas vizt 63 yards Oznbrigs £: 2, s: 15, d: 1 1/2 4 yards English Canvas s: 6, d: 4 £: 3, s: 1, d: 5 1/2 Thread 5 Coloured £: 1, s: 3, d: 4 Cordage 111 lb £: 2, s: 1, d: 7 1/2 Salt 4 1/2 Bushels s: 18, d: 5 Hooks and Lines vizt 750 Hooks No 7 s: 15 1000 Do 1 £: 1, s: 6, d: 8 75 Do 10 s: 3, d: 7 300 Blue s: 2, d: 1 1 1/2 Doz Lines No 3 s: 8, d: 3 7 Doz Do 4 £: 2, s: 6, d: 1 £: 5, s: 1, d: 8 Paint vizt 9 Indico £: 1, s: 1 86 White Lead s: 2, d: 3 1/2 Oz Prus Blue s: 1, d: 5 5 Venitian Red s: 1, d: 5 2 Barrels Blaching s: 1, d: 5 9 Yellow Oaker s: 2, d: 7 1/2 1 Wt Copperas s: 1, d: 6 1/4 Umber s: 1 1/2 £: 3, s: 12, d: 6 Carried over£: 251, s: 6, d: 1/2	The nails were listed by hundredweight, quarters and pounds together with the size of nail each row counted. The nail columns ran to hundredweight, quarters, pounds and the size in the fourth place. Brought over, £232 8s 2¼d Nails brought over, £1 5s 10d 22 hundredweight, size 6, £0 11s 11d 11 hundredweight, size 10, £0 5s 0½d 15 hundredweight, size 20, £0 6s 10½d Nails total, £2 9s 8d Canvas 63 yards of Coventry canvas, £2 15s 1½d 4 yards of English canvas, £0 6s 4d Canvas total, £3 1s 5½d Thread, 5 pounds coloured, £1 3s 4d Cordage, 111 pounds, £2 17s 2½d Salt, 4½ bushels, £0 18s 5d Hooks and lines 750 hooks number 7, £0 15s 0d 1,000 hooks number 1, £1 6s 8d 75 hooks number 10, £0 3s 7d 300 blue hooks, £0 2s 1d 1½ dozen lines number 3, £0 8s 3d 7 dozen lines number 4, £2 6s 1d Hooks and lines total, £5 1s 8d Paint 9 pounds of indigo, £1 1s 0d 86 pounds of white lead, £2 3s 0d ½ ounce of Prussian blue, £0 1s 5d 5 pounds of Venice red, £0 1s 5d 2 barrels of blacking, £0 1s 5d 9 pounds of yellow ochre, £0 2s 7½d 9 pounds of copperas, £0 1s 6d ¼ pound of umber, £0 0s 1½d Paint total, £3 12s 6d Carried over, £251 6s 0½d Interpretations This part of the account continues the sale at the highest rate, running to nails, canvas, cordage, fishing tackle and the ingredients of paint. The nails and cordage sold repeat the building and rigging materials of the earlier accounts, supplied to this class of buyer at the top price, the fastenings and rope drawn for the constant work of construction and haulage on the island. The fishing tackle sold at this rate repeats the great quantities of hooks and lines that run through every class of the accounts, thousands of hooks graded by size and several dozen lines. This constant heavy trade in tackle across all three scales of sale confirms how central fishing was to the island's supply of food, every class of buyer drawing on the rich waters, the store holding and selling tackle by the thousand to servant, planter and this third buyer alike. The paint materials repeat the raw pigments and driers of the earlier accounts, indigo and Prussian blue for blue, white lead for white, and the earth colours, sold to this class of buyer to compound as their own work required. The half-ounce of Prussian blue again marks the presence of the costly new synthetic pigment even in this sale, sold by the ounce where the common colours went by the pound, the reach of European chemical manufacture into the island's small stock of paint. The copperas sold among the paints was a metallic sulphate, probably the green iron sort used in dyeing and ink or the white zinc sort used as a drier, its presence marking the range of chemical materials the store held for the painter and the household. The recurrence of the same short list of pigments and driers across every class of the accounts shows how the island painted and preserved its buildings and gear from a narrow and fixed stock of imported colour, ground and mixed on the spot as each job demanded.
365	359	1754 Brought over£: 251, s: 6, d: 1/2 Ironmongers Ware vizt 2 Pr Sheep Shears s: 3, d: 8 2 Gimblets s: 4 1/2 3 Chest Locks s: 13, d: 6 1 Stock Lock s: 2, d: 10 1/2 2 Rasp Stones s: 6 2 Shod Shovels s: 4, d: 7 1 Padlock s: 3, d: 2 £: 1, s: 8, d: 8 Cutlery Ware vizt 7 Shoe Knives s: 4, d: 1 3 Horn Combs s: 10 s: 4, d: 11 Pepper 6 lb s: 4, d: 3 Haberdashery Ware vizt 4 1/2 Doz Mohair Coat Buttons s: 3, d: 9 4 Doz Mohair Breast Do s: 1, d: 8 5 Sk Silk s: 2, d: 11 6 Sk Mohair s: 3 12 Doz Wt Wt Buttons s: 3, d: 9 1/2 6 Ps Holland Tape s: 7 £: 1, s: 2, d: 1 1/2 Pork 4 Pieces s: 11 Turners Ware vizt 1 Pr Brush s: 8 2 Shoe Brushes s: 1, d: 8 1 Scrubbing Brush s: 2, d: 4 s: 4, d: 8 Lead vizt 10 Sheet Lead s: 2, d: 3 1/2 3 Shot s: 8 s: 2, d: 11 1/2 Carried over£: 255, s: 4, d: 7 1/2	Brought over, £251 6s 0½d Ironmongery 2 pairs of sheep shears, £0 3s 8d 2 gimlets, £0 0s 4½d 3 chest locks, £0 13s 6d 1 stock lock, £0 2s 10½d 2 rasps, £0 0s 6d 2 shod shovels, £0 4s 7d 1 padlock, £0 3s 2d Ironmongery total, £1 8s 8d Cutlery 7 shoe knives, £0 4s 1d 3 horn combs, £0 0s 10d Cutlery total, £0 4s 11d Pepper, 6 pounds, £0 4s 3d Haberdashery 4½ dozen mohair coat buttons, £0 3s 9d 4 dozen mohair breast buttons, £0 1s 8d 5 skeins of silk, £0 2s 11d 6 pounds of mohair, £0 3s 0d 12 dozen waistcoat buttons, £0 3s 9½d 6 pairs of Holland tape, £0 0s 7d Haberdashery total, £1 2s 1½d Pork, 4 pieces, £0 0s 11d Turnersware 1 paint brush, £0 0s 8d 2 shoe brushes, £0 1s 8d 1 scrubbing brush, £0 2s 4d Turnersware total, £0 4s 8d Lead 10 pounds of sheet lead, £0 2s 3½d 3 pounds of shot, £0 0s 8d Lead total, £0 2s 11½d Carried over, £255 4s 7½d Interpretations This part of the account continues the sale at the highest rate, running to the small hardware, cutlery, sewing goods and lead supplied to this class of buyer. The ironmongery ran to the locks, shovels, rasps and shears of household and workshop, the same range of metal goods sold to the servants and planters but at the top price, the fastenings and tools drawn for the ordinary business of the settled house and the working ground. The sheep shears sold here were the spring shears used to clip the fleece from the plantation's sheep or a settler's own, the tool of the shearing that these accounts show among the seasonal work of the island. Their sale marks the working of the island's own wool, the settlers clipping their sheep and drawing the shears from the store, a small trace of the domestic husbandry that supplemented the imported supply. The haberdashery ran again to the mohair and silk thread and the buttons and tapes of the tailor's trade, the findings by which the island's clothing was made and mended. The mohair sold by the pound and the dozen was the worsted yarn and braid used in sewing and trimming, its steady sale across every class of the accounts marking the constant small trade in the materials of dress, the settlers repairing and making their garments from the store's supply. The lead sold in sheet and shot served the builder and the garrison, the sheet for flashing and lining and the shot for the muskets, the single metal answering the two needs as in the earlier accounts. The recurrence of the same small goods across all three scales of sale, the locks, tools, thread and lead sold alike to every class at their several rates, marks the single store meeting the whole island's ordinary wants through one stock priced by the standing of the buyer.
366	360	January Brought over£: 255, s: 4, d: 7 1/2 Pitch vizt 9 1/2 Pitch £: 1, s: 1, d: 1 2 1/4 Gallons Tar s: 2, d: 3 18 Turpentine s: 4, d: 6 £: 1, s: 7, d: 10 China Ware vizt 6 Half Pint Cups s: 2, d: 3 1 Chamber Pot s: 2 5 Silk Mugs s: 10 4 Sauce Boats s: 2, d: 2 s: 16, d: 5 Glass Ware vizt 70 Squares Glass 6 by 8 £: 1, s: 17, d: 11 8 Sqr Do 8 by 10 s: 6, d: 4 £: 2, s: 4, d: 3 Pewter vizt 1 Stew Pan s: 6, d: 9 1 Bason s: 6 s: 12, d: 9 Tinware 1 Muscovy Light s: 9, d: 9 £: 260, s: 15, d: 7 1/2 Sold to the Ship Oxford vizt Hooks and Lines vizt 500 Hooks s: 2, d: 7 48 Lines £: 1, s: 6, d: 4 £: 1, s: 15, d: 8 Oyl 18 Gallons Linseed £: 4, s: 4 Paint vizt 36 Wt Lead s: 15 20 Red Do s: 6, d: 8 £: 1, s: 1, d: 8 Carried over£: 7, s: 1, d: 4	Brought over, £255 4s 7½d Pitch 9½ pounds of pitch, £1 1s 1d 2½ gallons of tar, £0 2s 3d 18 pounds of turpentine, £0 4s 6d Pitch total, £1 7s 10d Chinaware 6 half-pint cups, £0 2s 3d 1 chamber pot, £0 2s 0d 5 pot mugs, £0 0s 10d 4 sauce boats, £0 2s 2d Chinaware total, £0 16s 5d Glassware 70 squares of glass, 6 by 8, £1 17s 11d 8 squares of glass, 8 by 10, £0 6s 4d Glassware total, £2 4s 3d Pewter 1 hash pan, £0 6s 9d 1 basin, £0 6s 0d Pewter total, £0 12s 9d Tinware, 1 Muscovy light, £0 9s 9d Total, £260 15s 7½d Goods sold to the ship Oxford. Hooks and lines 500 hooks, £0 3s 7d 48 lines, £1 6s 4d Hooks and lines total, £1 15s 8d Oil, 18 gallons of linseed oil, £4 4s 0d Paint 38 pounds of white lead, £0 15s 0d 20 pounds of red lead, £0 6s 8d Paint total, £1 1s 8d Carried over, £7 1s 4d Interpretations This part of the account closes the sale at the highest rate and opens a further class, goods sold to the ship Oxford as she lay at the island. The Oxford was the East Indiaman whose arrival and salute appear in the gunner's account of the previous month, and this heading records the store supplying her with tackle, oil and paint for her own use, the island serving the passing ship as a victualling and refitting station. The fishing tackle sold to the Oxford, five hundred hooks and forty-eight lines, was supplied for the ship's own use on her voyage, the crew fishing from the vessel to supplement their salt provision at sea. This sale of tackle to a ship as well as to the island's people marks how universal the fishing was, the hooks and lines drawn on by the fleet as by the settlement, the store holding tackle for both. The linseed oil and white and red lead sold to the ship were the materials of a vessel's painting, the oil the vehicle in which the lead was ground to make a durable paint for hull and fittings. Their sale to the Oxford marks the ship taking on the stuff to refresh her paintwork before facing the open ocean again, the island supplying the materials for the work as it supplied the canvas and cordage for her rigging. The glassware, china and pewter that close the highest-rate sale repeat the household vessels of the earlier accounts, the window panes, cups and pans supplied to this class of buyer. The single Muscovy light sold among them, the sheet of mica used in place of glass, marks again the two materials serving different needs, the store supplying both the brittle glass and the tougher mica as the buyer's purpose required.
367	361	1754 Brought over£: 7, s: 1, d: 4 Pitch vizt 3 Barrels Pitch £: 4, s: 16 2 Do Tar £: 3 2 Rozin s: 7 £: 7, s: 16, d: 7 Cordage 5 2 4 £: 11, s: 12, d: 6 Ironware 2 Rat Traps s: 15, d: 6 Turners Ware 10 Paint Brushes s: 6, d: 8 Flour 71 £: 7, s: 8, d: 1/2 £: 35, s: 8, d: 1/2 Charges General Dr for the following Stores Issued from the 12th October to the 11th January 1754 vizt Leather 3 1/2 for the Pump s: 3, d: 6 Iron and Steel vizt 98 Iron for a Trewet for the Castle and s: 16, d: 2 22 Steel Hammers for the Stonelayers s: 12, d: 1 1/2 £: 1, s: 8, d: 3 1/2 Candles vizt 140 for the Castle £: 10, s: 4, d: 2 100 for the Council £: 7, s: 13, d: 1 1/2 £: 17, s: 17, d: 3 1/2 Cordage 159 for tying the Arbour in the Fort Garden 18 for a Cague Ropes £: 1, s: 11, d: 6 1/2 Nails vizt 12 8 s: 4, d: 3 2 2 for repairs to the Steel yard s: 1, d: 2 2 20 House the Chaplains Horse s: 7 1/2 the 3 3 s: 3, d: 4 10 10 Crane and Draw Bridge s: 1, d: 11 1/2 5 4 s: 3, d: 4 1/2 9 40 1 Glazing Brad s: 1, d: 2 8 Coopers Rivets for the Cofars use s: 4, d: 1 1/2 £: 1, s: 1, d: 4 Carried over£: 22, s: 1, d: 11 1/2	The nails were listed by hundredweight, quarters and pounds together with the size of nail each row counted. The nail columns ran to hundredweight, quarters, pounds and the size in the fourth place. Brought over, £7 1s 4d Pitch 3 barrels of pitch, £4 16s 0d 2 barrels of tar, £3 0s 0d 2 rosin, £0 0s 7d Pitch total, £7 16s 7d Cordage, 5 hundredweight 2 quarters 4 pounds, £11 12s 6d Ironware, 2 rat traps, £0 15s 6d Turnersware, 10 paint brushes, £0 6s 8d Flour, 7 pounds, £7 8s 1½d Total, £35 0s 8½d An account of general charges, being stores issued from 12 October to 11 January 1754. Leather, 3½ pounds for the pump, £0 3s 6d Iron and steel 98 pounds of iron for a trowel for the castle, £0 16s 2d 22 pounds of steel for hammers for the stonelayers, £0 12s 1½d Iron and steel total, £1 8s 3½d Candles 140 pounds for the castle, £10 4s 2d 100 pounds for the council, £7 13s 1½d Candles total, £17 17s 3½d Cordage, 159 pounds for tying the arbour in the fort garden and for a rope door, £1 11s 6½d Nails 12 dozen at 6 for repairs to the street door, and for the chaplain's house, and for the crane and drawbridge, £0 4s 3d 2 at 2 for repairs to the street door, £0 1s 2d 2 at 20 for the chaplain's house, £0 0s 7½d 3 at 3, £0 1s 5d 10 at 10 for the crane and drawbridge, £0 3s 4d 5 at 4, £0 1s 1½d 9 at 40, £0 3s 4½d 1 glazing brad, £0 1s 2d Nails carried over, £1 1s 4d Carried over, £22 1s 11½d Interpretations This part of the account closes the sale to the Oxford and opens a further reckoning of general charges, the stores issued from the Company's stock to its own establishments and works over the quarter. The general charges heading gathered the leather, iron, candles and materials drawn without payment to keep the castle, council and works running, the account recording the Company consuming its own imported store in the ordinary business of governing the settlement. The candles issued in bulk to the castle and the council, near two hundred and fifty pounds in the quarter, measured the cost of light in the island's public buildings, the long hours of work by artificial light drawing steadily on the imported store. The iron drawn to make a trowel for the castle and the steel for the stonelayers' hammers mark the constant building in stone that these accounts record, the raw metal worked into the tools of the mason. The cordage drawn to tie the arbour in the fort garden and to make a rope door records small pieces of work about the Company's grounds and buildings, the arbour a shaded frame in the garden and the rope door perhaps a hung barrier of corded rope. Their appearance in the account shows even such minor upkeep of the island's amenities charged against the general store, the Company reckoning the cost of its garden and its lesser fittings as carefully as its greater works. The nails drawn for the street door, the chaplain's house, the crane and the drawbridge record the ordinary repairs of the settlement's structures, the fastenings issued for the mending of doors and the working parts of the fort. The crane and drawbridge mark the mechanical fittings of the landing and the gate, the crane for hoisting goods and the drawbridge for the fort's entrance, their upkeep a recurring charge on the store as the constant use and weather wore them.
368	362	January Brought over£: 22, s: 1, d: 11 1/2 Brandy 1 1/2 Gallons given Soldiers that assisted in bringing up and weighing the Stores received from the Ships Hector and Godolphin s: 7, d: 6 Lead 1/2 Sheet for Tinning s: 8 Twine 3 lb for the Gunners use and for the Castle £: 1, s: 8, d: 1/2 Tinware 1 Water Pot for the Garden s: 5, d: 2 China Ware vizt 6 Bowls s: 5, d: 6 2 Sets Dishes and Plates £: 1, s: 12 6 Sallad Dishes for the Castle s: 4, d: 6 12 Snuckers s: 2, d: 3 £: 2, s: 4, d: 3 Oyl vizt 21 Gallons Linseed, 16 Gallons for Painting the Lieut Governors House, the remaind for Painting the Chaplains House, Rammer for the Bamboo Arbour & Spunge Staves £: 3, s: 10 5 3/4 Gallons Train, for the Kitchen and Bake House s: 13, d: 8 £: 4, s: 5, d: 8 Paint vizt 18 Wt Lead 162 for Painting the Lieut Governors House 14 for the Chaplains House 8 12 for the Bamboo Arbour and Spunge Staves £: 3, s: 4, d: 4 53 Whiting for Do and Putty for Windows in the Castle Barracks Guard Room and Church s: 1, d: 1 1/2 3 Barrels Blaching for the Lieut Governors House and Spunge Staves s: 1, d: 7 1/2 4 Yellow Oaker for the 1/2 Umber Lieut Govrs s: 9 1 Oz Saccarum Saturni House s: 2 Paint carried over£: 3, s: 9 Carried over£: 29, s: 6, d: 11	Brought over, £22 1s 11½d Brandy, 4½ gallons given to the soldiers who assisted in bringing up and weighing the stores received from the ships Hector and Godolphin, £0 7s 6d Lead, ½ sheet for tinning, £0 0s 8d Twine, 3 pounds for the gunner's use and for the castle, £0 1s 8½d Tinware, 1 water pot for the garden, £0 5s 2d Chinaware 6 bowls, £0 5s 6d 2 soup dishes and plates for the castle, £1 12s 0d 6 salad dishes for the castle, £0 4s 6d 12 sneakers, £0 2s 3d Chinaware total, £2 4s 3d Oil 21 gallons of linseed oil, 16 gallons for painting the Deputy Governor's house and the remainder for painting the chaplain's house, and rammers for the bamboo arbour and sponge staves, £3 10s 0d 5¾ gallons of train oil for the kitchen and bakehouse, £0 13s 8d Oil total, £4 5s 8d Paint 18 pounds of white lead, 16 pounds for painting the Deputy Governor's house, and 1 pound for the chaplain's house, and 1 pound for the bamboo arbour and sponge staves, £3 4s 4d 53 pounds of whiting for the same, and putty for windows in the castle, barracks, guardroom and church, £0 1s 1½d 3 barrels of blacking for the Deputy Governor's house and sponge staves, £0 1s 7½d 4 pounds of yellow ochre for the Deputy Governor's house, £0 0s 9d ½ pound of umber for the same, £0 0s 1d 1 ounce of saccharum saturni for the same, £0 0s 2d Paint carried over, £3 9s 0d Carried over, £29 6s 11d Interpretations This part of the general charges continues the stores drawn for the Company's works and offices, and several entries name the particular building or use to which each was put. The paint and oil drawn to paint the Deputy Governor's house, the chaplain's house and the bamboo arbour mark a season of maintenance and decoration about the settlement, the imported materials turned to the upkeep of the officers' quarters and the amenities of the grounds. The brandy given to the soldiers who brought up and weighed the stores from the Hector and Godolphin records a customary allowance of drink as the reward for heavy labour, the men refreshed from the Company's cellar for the work of landing and weighing the cargo. The two ships named were the East Indiamen that had sailed for England in January, and this entry marks the unloading of the goods they brought before their departure, the stores hauled up from the landing and weighed into the warehouse. The putty drawn with the whiting for the windows of the castle, barracks, guardroom and church records the glazing and reglazing of the settlement's public buildings, the putty the compound of whiting and oil that bedded and sealed the glass in its frame. The naming of the several buildings marks the extent of the island's glazed structures, the church among them, the constant breaking and mending of windows a recurring charge on the store. The saccharum saturni drawn again for the painting was sugar of lead, the sweet-tasting lead acetate used as a drier in paint, its Latin name marking it a preparation of the apothecary as well as the painter. Its small use in the painting of the Deputy Governor's house marks the care taken with the finish of the principal officers' quarters, the drier added to speed and harden the coat, the better work of the settlement done with the proper materials.
369	363	1754 Brought over£: 29, s: 6, d: 11 Paint brought over 54 Stone Colour 48 for the Lieutenant Governors House £: 3 and 6 for the Chaplains £: 1, s: 5, d: 10 1/2 14 Venitian Red 12 for the Lieutenant Governrs House and 2 for the Chaplains s: 2, d: 7 1/2 2 1/2 White Copperas 2 Lieutenant Govrs House and 1/2 for the Chaplains s: 2, d: 9 1/2 46 Rys Blue 39 for the Lieutenant Govrs House and 7 for the Chaplains £: 3, s: 16, d: 8 4 1/2 Mahogeny for the Chaplains House s: 10, d: 2 1/2 7 Olive s: 12, d: 3 6 Indico s: 10 6 Blue Smalts for Linnen s: 10 £: 10, s: 19, d: 4 Corks 6 Gross for Bottling Beer s: 13, d: 9 Starch 2 1/2 Common for Linnen s: 10 Iron Ware vizt 1 Helve s: 7 1/2 24 Files for the Armourers use s: 16, d: 6 6 File Hafts s: 2 1/2 2 Augers s: 11 4 Compasses for the Carpenters use s: 1, d: 4 1 Cupboard Lock for the Castle s: 1, d: 9 1 Padlock for Do s: 2, d: 3 3 Stock Locks s: 6, d: 1 1/2 1 Iron Rimmed Lock, for one of the Comps Houses s: 4 4 Walling Hammers s: 6 2 Bricklayers Trowels for the Masons s: 2, d: 10 £: 2, s: 2, d: 6 1/2 Deals vizt 38 Single for Repairs to the Lieut Govrs House, the Chaplains House, the Spout at the Guard, one makeing a Screen, and for Rockets £: 3, s: 15, d: 2 1/2 1 Double Deale for the Lieut Govrs House s: 3, d: 1 £: 3, s: 18, d: 3 1/2 Carried over£: 47, s: 10, d: 10	Brought over, £29 6s 11d Paint brought over, £3 9s 0d 54 pounds of stone colour, 48 for the Deputy Governor's house and 6 for the chaplain's, £1 5s 10½d 14 pounds of Venice red, 12 for the Deputy Governor's house and 2 for the chaplain's, £0 2s 7½d 2½ pounds of white copperas, 2 for the Deputy Governor's house and ½ for the chaplain's, £0 2s 8¼d 46 pounds of Thye blue, 39 for the Deputy Governor's house and 7 for the chaplain's, £3 16s 8d 4½ pounds of mahogany for the chaplain's house, £0 10s 2½d 7 pounds of blue for the chaplain's house, £0 12s 3d 6 pounds of indigo, £0 10s 0d 6 pounds of blue smalt for linen, £0 10s 0d Paint total, £10 19s 4½d Corks, 6 gross for bottling beer, £0 13s 9d Starch, 2 pounds common for linen, £0 1s 0d Ironware 1 helve, £0 0s 7½d 24 files for the armourer's use, £0 16s 6d 6 file hafts for the armourer's use, £0 0s 2½d 2 augers for the carpenter's use, £0 0s 11d 4 compasses for the carpenter's use, £0 1s 4d 1 cupboard lock for the castle, £0 1s 9d 1 padlock for the castle, £0 2s 3d 3 stock locks, £0 6s 1½d 1 iron-rimmed lock for one of the Company's houses, £0 4s 0d 4 walling hammers for the masons, £0 6s 0d 2 bricklayers' trowels for the masons, £0 2s 10d Ironware total, £2 2s 6½d Deals 38 single deals for repairs to the Deputy Governor's house, the chaplain's house, the spout at the crane, for making a screen, and for rockets, £3 15s 2½d 1 double deal for the Deputy Governor's house, £0 3s 1d Deals total, £3 18s 3½d Carried over, £47 10s 10d Interpretations This part of the general charges continues the stores drawn for the Company's works, chiefly the paint, ironware and timber for the maintenance of the officers' quarters and the fort. The paint drawn to finish the Deputy Governor's and chaplain's houses ran to a range of coloured pigments, the stone colour, Venice red, blue and mahogany giving the several tints of a decorated interior, the two principal houses of the settlement painted and refreshed at the Company's charge. The blue smalt drawn apart for the linen marks a use of the pigment beyond painting, the powdered blue glass added to the wash or starch to counter the yellowing of white linen and give it a clean bright cast. This laundry use of the paint pigment, entered among the painting materials yet drawn for the linen, shows the same imported colour serving both the painter and the washer, the store's stock turned to whatever work required it. The files and hafts drawn for the armourer record the upkeep of the garrison's small arms, the armourer the tradesman who kept and mended the firelocks and edged weapons, his files the tools of his bench. The augers and compasses drawn for the carpenter mark the woodworking of the settlement, the augers for boring and the compasses for scribing and measuring, the store furnishing the tools of the several trades that maintained the island's fabric. The deals drawn for the Deputy Governor's and chaplain's houses, the spout at the crane, a screen and rockets record the varied small works of the quarter, the single stock of timber cut to many uses. The spout at the crane was the chute or trough by which goods or water were guided at the landing, and the rockets mark the making of signal rockets from the deal, the wood worked into the frames and sticks of the fireworks by which the island signalled to ships and shore.
370	364	January Brought over£: 47, s: 10, d: 10 Lines vizt 2 Hambro for the Castle s: 2, d: 6 1/2 1 No 2 s: 3 1/2 3 4 s: 1, d: 2 s: 4 Soap 66 £: 2, s: 6, d: 3 Pitch vizt 3 Gallons Tar for the Draw Bridge s: 2 6 Rozin for Tinning s: 1 s: 3 Braziers Ware vizt 2 Copper Pudding Pans for the Castle £: 1, s: 1, d: 6 1/2 Brass, for Soddering for ye Armrs use £: 1, s: 1/2 £: 1, s: 2, d: 6 1/2 Turners Ware vizt 3 Flashets s: 8, d: 9 2 Shoe Brushes for the Castle s: 1, d: 2 10 Ps Brushes for Painting s: 4, d: 7 s: 14, d: 6 Glass Ware vizt 24 Squares Glass 8 by 10 for repairing the s: 13, d: 6 1 Do 10 by 12 Castle Windows the s: 10 12 Do 6 by 8 Chaplains House s: 4, d: 6 Barracks Guard Room and Church s: 18, d: 10 Sugar 25 to mix with Lime for Repairs to the Castle s: 6 Canvas 8 yards Oznbrigs for covering the Packet & for ye Dairy s: 5 £: 53, s: 10, d: 11 1/2	Brought over, £47 10s 10d Lines 2 Hamburg for the castle, £0 2s 6½d 1 number 2, £0 0s 3½d 3 number 4, £0 1s 2d Lines total, £0 4s 0d Soap, 66 pounds, £2 6s 3d Pitch 3 gallons of tar for the drawbridge, £0 2s 0d 6 pounds of rosin for tinning, £0 1s 0d Pitch total, £0 3s 0d Braziersware 2 copper pudding pans for the castle, £1 1s 6d ½ pound of brass for soldering for the armourer's use, £0 1s 0½d Braziersware total, £1 2s 6½d Turnersware 3 flaskets, £0 8s 9d 2 shoe brushes for the castle, £0 1s 2d 10 paint brushes for painting, £0 4s 7d Turnersware total, £0 14s 6d Glassware 24 squares of glass, 8 by 10, for repairing the castle windows, £0 13s 6d 1 square of glass, 10 by 12, for the castle windows, £0 0s 10d 12 squares of glass, 6 by 8, for the chaplain's house, barracks, guardroom and church, £0 4s 6d Glassware total, £0 18s 10d Sugar, 2 pounds to mix with lime for repairs to the castle, £0 0s 6d Canvas, 8 yards of Coventry canvas for covering the packet and for the dairy, £0 0s 5d Total, £53 10s 11½d Interpretations This part of the general charges continues the stores drawn for the Company's works, running to the small lines, soap, metalware, glass and materials of the quarter's maintenance. The glass drawn to repair the windows of the castle, the chaplain's house, the barracks, the guardroom and the church records the constant reglazing of the settlement's public buildings, the several sizes of pane cut to fit the different windows of the fort and its dependencies. The two pounds of sugar drawn to mix with lime for the castle repairs record again the builder's use of the table commodity, sugar added to a lime mortar or wash to slow its setting and harden the finish. This recurring entry across the accounts marks a settled practice on the island, the store's sugar turned to the mending of walls as well as the sweetening of the table, the same material serving the mason and the cook. The brass drawn for soldering for the armourer records the raw metal from which he mended and joined the brass fittings of the garrison's arms and equipment, the solder the means of the repair. Its issue alongside the copper pudding pans for the castle marks the brazier's and armourer's work about the settlement, the yellow and red metals worked and mended from the store's stock as the fittings of kitchen and armoury wore or broke. The canvas drawn to cover the packet and for the dairy records two small uses of the coarse cloth, the packet the parcel of letters and dispatches sent by ship, wrapped in canvas against the sea, and the dairy the farm building where the milk was set and worked. This turning of the one cloth to the wrapping of the mail and the covering of the dairy marks the constant small demand for canvas about the settlement, the coarse stuff drawn for every rough covering the island's business required.
371	365	1754 Diet Expences Dr for the following Stores Issued from 12 October to ye 11th January 1754 vizt Candy 348 £: 5, s: 13, d: 4 Salt 2 1/4 Bushels s: 6, d: 9 Arrack 50 Gallons £: 6, s: 15, d: 5 Pepper 1 s: 6 Beef and Pork vizt 6 Ps Beef s: 8, d: 3 30 Ps Pork £: 3 £: 3, s: 8, d: 3 Tea 8 Single s: 8 Flour 975 £: 6, s: 4, d: 8 Oyl 4 Bottles Florence s: 4, d: 3 £: 23, s: 11, d: 2 Blacks Dr for the following Stores Issued from the 12 October to the 11th January 1754 vizt Brandy 70 1/4 Gallons for Drams when at hard Labour killing Wild Cats and their Customary Allowance at Christmas £: 5, s: 17, d: 11 Hooks and Lines vizt 100 Hooks No 9 s: 3, d: 6 50 Do 6 s: 8 1/2 50 Do 3 For Fishing s: 7 6 Lines No 4 £: 2, s: 3 1/2 12 Do 2 s: 3, d: 4 s: 10, d: 5 Shoes 18 Pr Mens Ordinary for the Handicraffs Men £: 3, s: 10, d: 6 Lead 12 Steel for Rakers s: 2 Thread 4 Coloured for mending their Cloaths s: 6, d: 8 Carried over£: 10, s: 7, d: 6	An account of diet expenses, being stores issued from 12 October to 11 January 1754. Candy, 348 pounds, £5 13s 4d Salt, 2¼ bushels, £0 6s 9d Arrack, 50 gallons, £6 15s 5d Pepper, 7 pounds, £0 0s 6d Beef and pork 6 pounds of beef, £0 8s 3d 30 pounds of pork, £3 0s 0d Beef and pork total, £3 8s 3d Tea, 8 pounds of Singlo, £0 0s 8d Flour, 975 pounds, £6 4s 8d Oil, 4 bottles of Florence oil, £0 14s 3d Total, £23 11s 2d An account charged to the blacks, being stores issued from 12 October to 11 January 1754. Brandy, 70¾ gallons for drams when at hard labour killing wild cats and their customary allowance at Christmas, £5 17s 11d Hooks and lines 100 hooks number 9, £0 3s 6d 50 hooks number 6, £0 0s 8½d 50 hooks number 3, £0 0s 7d 6 lines number 4, £0 2s 3½d 12 lines number 2, £0 3s 4d Hooks and lines total, £0 10s 5d Shoes, 18 pairs of men's ordinary shoes for the handicraft men, £3 10s 6d Lead, 12 pounds of pig lead for sinkers, £0 2s 0d Thread, 4 pounds coloured for mending their clothes, £0 6s 8d Carried over, £10 7s 6d Interpretations This part of the account gathers the diet expenses of the establishment and opens a separate reckoning of stores issued to the slaves the Company held on the island. The diet account records the drink, sugar and provisions consumed by the household, the candy and flour as staples set beside the arrack, meat and Florence oil, the imported and the local supply drawn together to feed the Company's people. The brandy issued to the slaves records two distinct occasions of allowance, a dram given when they were at the hard labour of killing the wild cats that preyed on the island's stock and a customary allowance at Christmas. The feral cats were a real and recurring drain on the poultry and young livestock, and the setting of the slaves to destroy them, rewarded with a tot of spirit, marks the island's effort to check the predators that these livestock accounts record thinning the flocks. The fishing tackle drawn for the slaves marks how they were set to catch their own food from the sea, the hooks and lines and the pig lead cast into sinkers issued together for fishing. This provisioning of the slaves in part by equipping them to fish, rather than by ration alone, turned their own labour to their keep, the Company meeting the cost of their subsistence at the least expense by drawing on the rich island waters. The shoes issued to the handicraft men and the thread to mend the slaves' clothes record the minimum the Company spent to keep its enslaved workforce shod and clothed for work. The handicraft men were the skilled slaves, the carpenters, masons and other tradesmen among them, and the eighteen pairs of ordinary shoes drawn for them mark the Company clothing the workers on whose labour so much of the island's building and maintenance depended, the plainest grade of footwear supplied at its own charge.
372	366	January Brought over£: 10, s: 7, d: 6 Tea 19 Bohea for the Sick s: 11, d: 1 Sugar and Candy vizt and given to 7 Sugar them at s: 16, d: 9 2 Candy Christmas s: 8 s: 17, d: 5 Rice 143 7 £: 47, s: 13, d: 9 Beef and Pork vizt 4 Ps Beef s: 11 3 Do Pork s: 6 s: 17 Long Cloth 1/4 Ps No 7 for lying in Women £: 2, s: 7 1/2 £: 62, s: 7, d: 4 1/2 Garrison Do for the following Stores Issued from the 12 October to the 11th January Nails vizt 10 2 for Cots s: 3, d: 6 1/2 24 3 for Cots s: 11, d: 6 1 4 s: 4 1/2 1 10 for repairs to the Barracks s: 4 s: 15, d: 9 Canvas 93 Yards English for Cots £: 5, d: 9 Tea 9 Bohea £: 2, s: 8, d: 9 Oyl 10 3 Gall Train £: 13, s: 16, d: 9 1/2 Brandy 17 Gallons for Drams on Mustering and for the Doctors Shop £: 1, s: 8, d: 4 Candy 12 for the Doctors Shop s: 4 Soap 20 for the Doctors Shop s: 1, d: 6 1/2 Iron Ware 1 Stock Lock for a Barrack Door s: 2, d: 2 Twine 1 Skain for Cots s: 6 1/2 Carried over£: 23, s: 18, d: 2	Brought over, £10 7s 6d Tea, 19 pounds of Bohea for the sick, £0 11s 1d Sugar and candy 7 pounds of sugar for the sick and given to them at Christmas, £0 16s 9d 2 pounds of candy for the sick and given to them at Christmas, £0 0s 8d Sugar and candy total, £0 17s 5d Rice, 1 hundredweight 3 quarters 7 pounds, £47 13s 9d Beef and pork 4 pounds of beef, £0 11s 0d 3 pounds of pork, £0 6s 0d Beef and pork total, £0 17s 0d Long cloth, 1½ pieces number 7 for lying-in women, £2 7s 6d Total, £62 7s 4½d An account charged to the garrison, being stores issued from 12 October to 11 January. Nails 10 dozen at 2 for coffins, £0 3s 6½d 24 at 3 for coffins, £0 11s 6d 1 at 4 for repairs to the barracks, £0 0s 4½d 1 at 10 for repairs to the barracks, £0 0s 4d Nails total, £0 15s 9d Canvas, 93 yards of English canvas for coffins, £5 2s 0d Tea, 9 pounds of Bohea, £2 8s 0d Oil, 103 gallons of train oil, £13 16s 9½d Brandy, 17 gallons for drams on mustering and for the doctor's shop, £1 8s 4d Candy, 12 pounds for the doctor's shop, £0 4s 0d Soap, 12 pounds for the doctor's shop, £0 1s 6½d Ironware, 1 stock lock for a barrack door, £0 2s 3d Twine, 1 hank for coffins, £0 0s 6½d Carried over, £23 18s 2d Interpretations This part of the account closes the stores issued to the slaves and opens a further reckoning charged to the garrison. The provisions drawn for the slaves included tea and sugar given to the sick and a Christmas allowance, and a piece of Indian long cloth for the lying-in women, which marks the Company meeting the particular needs of its enslaved people in sickness and childbirth, the cloth supplied for the women brought to bed of children. The long cloth drawn for the lying-in women records the Company providing for the childbirth of the enslaved women it held, the plain Indian cotton cut for the bedding or clothing of the women in their confinement. This provision, entered among the stores for the slaves, marks the Company reckoning even the births among its enslaved workforce as a charge to be met, the cloth supplied for the women as the shoes and thread were supplied for the men. A striking share of the garrison's account was again drawn for coffins, with nails, canvas and twine issued together for that purpose, marking the continued mortality among the soldiers. The near hundred yards of canvas and the coffin nails drawn in the quarter point to a steady death rate in the garrison, the soldiers coffined at the Company's charge, the burial materials a recurring and silent measure of the sickness that pressed on the island's troops. The train oil issued in bulk to the garrison, over a hundred gallons in the quarter, was the rendered oil burned in the lamps and lanterns of the guardhouses and posts, its great draw marking the cost of keeping the watch lit through the hours of darkness. The brandy drawn for drams on mustering records the customary tot served to the men when they paraded, the fixed allowance of spirit the Company met from its store as part of the ordinary usage of the garrison.
373	367	1754 Brought over£: 23, s: 18, d: 2 Deals vizt 8 Double for Cots £: 1, s: 4, d: 8 3 Single for a Coffin s: 5, d: 11 1/2 £: 1, s: 10, d: 7 1/2 Paint vizt 9 Yellow Oaker s: 1, d: 8 1/2 18 Whiting for cleaning their Accoutrements s: 4 1/2 s: 2, d: 1 Iron Pots 1 Wt 74 for the Barracks s: 12, d: 6 Lines 6 No 4 for Whips s: 2, d: 3 1/2 £: 26, s: 5, d: 8 Plantation Dr for the following Stores Issued from the 12th October to the 11th January vizt Rice and Paddy vizt 2 11 Rice s: 14 47 6 Paddy for Poultry and Horses £: 10, s: 9, d: 9 £: 11, s: 3, d: 9 Ironmongers Ware vizt 18 Helves s: 10, d: 10 1/2 1 Garden Rake s: 2, d: 4 1 Ditching Shovel for the several Plantations s: 4, d: 6 2 Pickaxes and s: 4, d: 4 1/2 2 Garden Hoes Gardens s: 3 2 Shod Shovels s: 3, d: 3 2 Mauls s: 7, d: 5 1 Hand Hatchet s: 1, d: 4 1 Pr Steelyards s: 7, d: 2 5 Sythes £: 1, s: 7, d: 6 13 Ragestones for Mowing s: 2, d: 1 1/2 1 Scythe Pier s: 5, d: 1 4 Pr Sheep Shears s: 3 1/2 2 Packing Needles s: 2 1 Stock Lock £: 4, s: 1, d: 5 1/2 Carried over£: 15, s: 5, d: 2 1/2	Brought over, £23 18s 2d Deals 8 double for coffins, £1 4s 8d 3 single for a coffin, £0 5s 11½d Deals total, £1 10s 7½d Paint 9 pounds of yellow ochre for cleaning their accoutrements, £0 1s 8½d 18 pounds of whiting for cleaning their accoutrements, £0 0s 4½d Paint total, £0 2s 1d Iron pots, 1, weight 74 pounds, for the barracks, £0 12s 6d Lines, 6 number 4 for ships, £0 2s 3½d Total, £26 5s 8d An account charged to the plantation, being stores issued from 12 October to 11 January. Rice and paddy 2 hundredweight 11 pounds of rice for poultry and horses, £0 14s 0d 47 hundredweight 6 pounds of paddy for poultry and horses, £10 9s 9d Rice and paddy total, £11 3s 9d Ironmongery 18 helves, £0 10s 10½d 1 garden rake for the several plantations and gardens, £0 2s 4d 1 ditching shovel for the several plantations and gardens, £0 4s 6d 2 pickaxes for the several plantations and gardens, £0 4s 4½d 2 garden hoes for the several plantations and gardens, £0 3s 0d 2 shod shovels for the several plantations and gardens, £0 3s 3d 2 mauls, £0 7s 5d 1 hand hatchet, £0 1s 4d 1 pair of steelyards, £0 7s 2d 5 scythes for mowing, £0 17s 6d 13 hay rakes for mowing, £0 2s 2d 1 scythe stone for mowing, £0 2s 1½d 4 pairs of sheep shears, £0 3s 1½d 2 packing needles, £0 2s 0d 1 stock lock, £0 4s 1½d Ironmongery carried over, £4 1s 5½d Carried over, £15 5s 9½d Interpretations This part of the account closes the garrison's stores and opens a further reckoning charged to the plantation, the Company's farming establishment. The garrison's account ends with more deals for coffins and paint for cleaning the soldiers' accoutrements, the yellow ochre and whiting drawn to polish and whiten the leather and metal of their equipment, the ordinary upkeep of the garrison's dress and gear. The paddy issued in bulk to feed the poultry and horses was rice still in the husk, the unhulled grain cheaper than milled rice and fed whole to the stock, and its great draw of near forty-seven hundredweight marks the scale of the plantation's animals. The birds and horses tallied in the livestock accounts were sustained in part on this imported grain, the stock fed from shipped store where the island's own produce fell short. The ironware drawn for the plantation ran to the tools of mowing and haymaking, the scythes, hay rakes and scythe stones for cutting and gathering the island's grass, together with the shovels, hoes and rakes of tillage. This seasonal equipment marks the labour of the hayfield and the garden through the quarter, the store furnishing the whole apparatus of the plantation's husbandry, the beasts fed and the ground worked from the imported supply. The sheep shears drawn for the plantation were the spring shears used to clip the fleece from the Company's sheep, the tool of the shearing that these accounts show among the seasonal work of the island. Their issue marks the working of the plantation's own wool, the flock clipped and the fleece taken, a small trace of the domestic production that the great flocks of the livestock accounts made possible on the island.
374	368	January Brought over£: 15, s: 5, d: 2 1/2 Nails vizt 5 40 s: 1, d: 5 1/2 11 10 for Repairs to the s: 3, d: 8 11 20 Carts and Gates s: 3, d: 5 1/2 12 6 s: 2, d: 3 s: 10, d: 10 Pitch vizt 23 Gallons Tar for Carts s: 15, d: 4 7 Rozin for the Gardeners use s: 2 s: 15, d: 6 Earthen Ware 1 Milk Pan for the Dairy s: 8 Iron 17 1/2 for repairing Carts makeing Pickaxes Hatchets Hooks and Hinges for Gates £: 1, s: 8, d: 4 Cordage 65 for the Lime Kiln for Oxen and Cow Ropes and Scaffolding s: 15, d: 7 Deals vizt 1 Single Deal for repairing the Door at weeding Garden s: 1, d: 11 1/2 1 Ruffer for Carts s: 3, d: 4 1/2 s: 5, d: 4 Oyl 1/2 Gallon Train s: 1, d: 4 £: 19, s: 2, d: 9 1/2 The following Stores delivered for the Plantation House vizt Nails vizt 52 40 s: 15, d: 2 81 4 £: 1, s: 12, d: 1 £: 2, s: 7, d: 3 Deals 3 1/2 Pieces Riga Timber £: 9, s: 16, d: 5 Iron 12 1/2 s: 2, d: 2 Pitch 1/4 s: 2, d: 4 Carried over£: 12, s: 8, d: 2	The nails were listed by hundredweight, quarters and pounds together with the size of nail each row counted. The nail columns ran to hundredweight, quarters, pounds and the size in the fourth place. Brought over, £15 5s 9½d Nails 5 hundredweight, size 40, for repairs to the carts and gates, £0 1s 5½d 11 hundredweight, size 10, for repairs to the carts and gates, £0 3s 8d 11 hundredweight, size 20, for repairs to the carts and gates, £0 3s 5½d 12 hundredweight, size 6, for repairs to the carts and gates, £0 2s 3d Nails total, £0 10s 10d Pitch 23 gallons of tar for carts, £0 15s 4d 7 pounds of rosin for the gardener's use, £0 0s 2d Pitch total, £0 15s 6d Earthenware, 1 milk pan for the dairy, £0 0s 8d Iron, 17½ pounds for repairing carts, making pickaxes, hatchets, hoes and hinges for gates, £0 1s 8d Cordage, 65 pounds for the limekiln for oxen and horses and for scaffolding, £0 15s 7d Deals 1 single deal for repairing the door at the walling garden, £0 1s 11½d 1 rafter for carts, £0 3s 4½d Deals total, £0 5s 4d Oil, ½ gallon of train oil, £0 1s 4d Total, £19 2s 9½d The following stores were delivered for the plantation house. Nails 52 hundredweight, size 40, £0 15s 2d 81 hundredweight, size 4, £1 12s 1d Nails total, £2 7s 3d Deals, 3½ pieces of Riga timber, £9 16s 5d Iron, 1½ pounds, £0 2s 2d Pitch, ¼ barrel, £0 2s 4d Carried over, £12 8s 2d Interpretations This part of the account closes the plantation's stores and opens a delivery of building materials for the plantation house. The plantation's account ran to the nails, tar, iron and cordage of the farm's upkeep, the materials drawn for repairing the carts and gates, working the tools of tillage and rigging the scaffolding, the whole apparatus of the plantation's building and haulage maintained from the store. The iron drawn to repair the carts and make pickaxes, hatchets, hoes and hinges records the raw metal worked by the smith into the tools and fittings of the plantation, a single small weight of iron cut to many uses. This turning of the imported metal into the several implements of the farm marks the island's reliance on shipped iron for its every tool, the smith forging from the store's stock what the plantation's work required. The cordage drawn for the limekiln, for the oxen and horses and for the scaffolding records the varied uses of rope about the plantation, the limekiln the furnace in which limestone was burned to make the lime for building and the mortar. The rope served to work the kiln, to harness the draught animals and to lash the scaffolds of the building work, the constant demand for cordage about the farm met from the imported reserve. The Riga timber delivered again for the plantation house repeats the reliance on Baltic wood that runs through these accounts, the choice building timber shipped from the north and drawn for the fabric of the farm's principal dwelling. The single garden's walled door and the carts repaired with the deal and iron mark the ordinary maintenance of the plantation's structures, the store furnishing the materials to keep its buildings and gear in order against the constant wear of use and weather.
375	369	1754 Brought over£: 12, s: 8, d: 2 Lead vizt 16 Water Pipes s: 7, d: 6 4 Heads for Do £: 3, s: 2, d: 2 £: 10, s: 2, d: 8 £: 22, s: 10, d: 10 Fortification Dr for the following Stores Issued from the 12th October to the 11th January 1754 vizt Lines 1 Hambro for the Flag Staff at Ruperts £: 1, s: 3 1/2 Cordage 16 lb for the Port Cullis s: 3, d: 11 Canvas 6 yds Oznbrigs for the Gunners use s: 7 1/2 Twine 1 Skain for the Gunners use s: 6 1/2 Thread 7 Coloured for making Cartridges s: 3, d: 4 Deals vizt 8 Single Deals s: 15, d: 10 1 Baulk for Lemon Valley Guard s: 6, d: 1/2 1 Ruffer House s: 3, d: 4 1/2 1 Double Deal s: 3, d: 1 £: 1, s: 7, d: 4 £: 1, s: 17, d: 1/2 Boats Dr for the following Stores Issued for Repairs &ca from 12th October to the 11th January 1754 vizt Nails vizt 7 10 s: 2, d: 4 3 20 s: 10 1/2 s: 3, d: 2 1/2 Pitch vizt 25 Pitch s: 9, d: 2 5 Gall Tar s: 3, d: 4 s: 12, d: 6 Carried over£: 15, s: 8, d: 1/2	The nails were listed by hundredweight, quarters and pounds together with the size of nail each row counted. The nail columns ran to hundredweight, quarters, pounds and the size in the fourth place. Brought over, £12 8s 2d Lead 16 water pipes, £7 0s 6d 4 heads for the same, £3 2s 2d Lead total, £10 2s 8d Total, £22 10s 10d An account charged to the fortification, being stores issued from 12 October to 11 January 1754. Lines, 1 Hamburg for the flagstaff at Rupert's, £0 1s 3½d Cordage, 16 pounds for the port tackle, £0 3s 11d Canvas, 1 yard of Coventry canvas for the gunner's use, £0 0s 7½d Twine, 1 hank for the gunner's use, £0 0s 6½d Thread, 7 pounds coloured for making cartridges, £0 3s 4d Deals 8 single deals for Lemon Valley guardhouse, £0 15s 10d 1 baulk for Lemon Valley guardhouse, £0 5s 0½d 1 rafter for Lemon Valley guardhouse, £0 3s 4½d 1 double deal for Lemon Valley guardhouse, £0 3s 1d Deals total, £1 7s 4d Total, £1 17s 0½d An account charged to the boats, being stores issued for repairs from 12 October to 11 January 1754. Nails 7 hundredweight, size 10, £0 2s 4d 3 hundredweight, size 20, £0 0s 10½d Nails total, £0 3s 2½d Pitch 25 pounds of pitch, £0 9s 2d 5 gallons of tar, £0 3s 4d Pitch carried over, £0 12s 6d Carried over, £0 15s 8½d Interpretations This part of the account closes the plantation's stores and opens further reckonings charged to the fortification and the boats. The lead drawn for water pipes and their heads marks the plumbing and water supply of the settlement, the pipes carrying water and the heads the fittings that joined or capped them, the metal drawn from the store for the constant maintenance of the island's waterworks. The materials drawn for the fortification record the upkeep of the island's defences, the deals and timber issued to build or repair the guardhouse at Lemon Valley, the very post whose washing away by storm was recorded in the accounts of the previous October. The rebuilding of the guardhouse now, with deals, a baulk, a rafter and a double deal, marks the completion of the repair the council had ordered the soldiers to undertake, the storm-damaged works restored from the store's timber. The thread drawn for making cartridges records a use of the sewing material beyond clothing, the coloured thread stitching the paper or cloth cases that held the powder charges for the guns. The cordage for the port tackle marks the ropes by which a gun-port's lid was raised and lowered, the whole gathering the small materials of keeping the batteries served and fit to fire, the fortification supplied from the same store as the household and the farm. The stores drawn for the boats record the constant repair of the island's small craft, the nails, pitch and tar issued to mend and caulk the boats that worked the landing places and carried between ship and shore. The pitch and tar were the materials of sealing the hulls against the sea, and their draw marks the endless business of keeping the boats watertight, the craft maintained from the store as a distinct charge on the Company.
376	370	January Brought over£: 15, s: 8, d: 1/2 Twine 1 Shaine s: 6 1/2 Cordage 173 £: 2, s: 1, d: 4 Oars 3 22 feet s: 17 Leather 5 1/4 s: 5, d: 3 Iron 9 1/2 s: 1, d: 7 £: 4, s: 1, d: 5 Hospital Dr for the following Stores Issued for the use of the Sick in the Infirmary from the 12th October to the 11th January vizt Sugar and Candy vizt 97 Sugar £: 1, s: 7 1 Candy s: 4 £: 1, s: 11 Flour 68 s: 8, d: 8 Oyl 6 1/2 Gallons Train s: 17, d: 7 1/2 Salt 2 Bushels s: 6 Rice 3 Hundred Wt £: 1 Nails 1 4 s: 4 1/2 £: 3, s: 13, d: 7 January 11th 1754 Errors Excepted Signed Matthew Purling Storekeeper	Brought over, £0 15s 8½d Twine, 1 hank, £0 0s 6½d Cordage, 17 pounds, £2 1s 4d Oars, 3, 22 feet, £0 17s 0d Leather, 5¼ pounds, £0 5s 3d Iron, 9½ pounds, £0 1s 7d Total, £4 1s 5d An account charged to the hospital, being stores issued for the use of the sick in the infirmary from 12 October to 11 January. Sugar and candy 97 pounds of sugar, £1 7s 0d 1 pound of candy, £0 0s 4d Sugar and candy total, £1 7s 4d Flour, 6 pounds, £0 8s 8d Oil, 6½ gallons of train oil, £0 17s 7½d Salt, 2 bushels, £0 6s 0d Rice, 3 hundredweight, £1 0s 0d Nails, 7 hundredweight, size 4, £0 0s 4½d Total, £3 13s 7d The accounts were closed on 11 January 1754, errors excepted, by Matthew Purling, storekeeper. Interpretations These two short accounts close the quarter's series of stores issued, charging the boats and the hospital each under its own heading before the storekeeper signed off the whole. The boats' account records the cordage, oars, leather and iron drawn to keep the island's small craft in repair, the boats that worked the landing places and carried between ship and shore, maintained from the store as a distinct charge on the Company. The hospital's account gathered the sugar, flour, oil, salt and rice drawn to feed and treat the sick of the infirmary, the provisions of a place of care kept at the Company's charge. The sugar issued in quantity served both to nourish the patients and to make medicines palatable, sugar a common vehicle in the dispensing of the period's remedies, so the draw marks the infirmary provisioned for the diet and the physic of its inmates together. The train oil drawn for the hospital marks the lighting of the infirmary through the hours of darkness, the rendered oil burned in its lamps to tend the sick by night. Its issue alongside the rice, flour and sugar shows the infirmary supplied for both the care and the comfort of its patients, the store meeting the wants of the sick as it met those of the garrison and the household. The whole quarter's series of issued stores was signed off by Matthew Purling as storekeeper, the officer charged with the custody and accounting of the Company's goods on the island. The formula of errors excepted reserved the right to correct any mistake later found in the reckoning, a customary saving clause of mercantile accounting that acknowledged the account as the storekeeper's best cast rather than a final and unalterable statement.
377	371	List of the Honorable Company’s Officers and Servants upon the Island St Helena, with their several Salarys, Diet Money, &ca for the Quarter commencing October the 12th 1753 and ending January the 11th 1754, Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governor Salary L 125 Do allowance for Servants as usual 31 14 9 156 14 9 John Adamson Esqr Lieutenant Governor Salary 62 10 Do Diet Money 25 John Clark of Council 87 10 John Goodwin Accountant Salary 17 10 Do Diet Money 1 5 Do House Rent 2 10 Matthias Purling Storekeeper Salary 17 10 35 Do Diet Money 15 32 10 Francis Wrangham Secretary Salary 17 10 Do Diet Money 15 32 10 William Lee Chaplain Salary 25 Do Diet Money 15 40 James Powell Factor Salary 7 10 Do Diet Money 10 Do Assistant Storekeeper 5 Do House Rent 2 10 25 Thomas French Factor Salary 7 10 Do Diet Money 10 Do House Rent 2 10 20 Carried over 414 4 9	A list of the Company's officers and servants on the island, with their several salaries, diet money and the like, for the quarter commencing 12 October 1753 and ending 11 January 1754, opened with the senior establishment. Charles Hutchinson, Governor, salary £125; allowance for servants as usual, £31 14s 9d; total £156 14s 9d John Adamson, Lieutenant Governor, salary £62 10s; diet money £25 John Clark of Council, subtotal with the above, £87 10s John Goodwin, accountant, salary £17 10s; diet money £1 5s; house rent £2 10s Matthias Purling, storekeeper, salary £17 10s; diet money £15; total £32 10s; subtotal £35 Francis Wrangham, secretary, salary £17 10s; diet money £15; total £32 10s William Lee, chaplain, salary £25; diet money £15; total £40 James Powell, factor, salary £7 10s; diet money £10; assistant storekeeper allowance £5; house rent £2 10s; total £25 Thomas French, factor, salary £7 10s; diet money £10; house rent £2 10s; total £20 Carried over, £414 4s 9d
378	372	Richard Beale Schoolmaster Salary Do Diet Money Do as Clerk 3 8 3 5 John Bland Master Mason Salary Do Diet Money Do House Rent 17 10 10 1 10 8 8 3 Mark Hawkins Mason Salary Do Diet Money Do House Rent 12 10 6 16 10 1/2 1 29 Joseph Kendal Master of Arms James Sheridan Gardener Henry Brunson Armourer from Octr 12th to Novr 12th incld the Day he was discharged 6 5 10 3 13 1/4 William Oakman Carpenter 12 10 William Moor Steward 5 37 8 1 Carried over L 635 8 2 1/2	The list of officers and servants continued. Richard Beale, schoolmaster, salary and diet money; as clerk £3 8s 3d; total £5 John Bland, master mason, salary £17 10s; diet money £10; house rent £1 10s; subtotal £8 8s 3d Mark Hawkins, mason, salary £12 10s; diet money £6 16s 10½d; total £29 Joseph Kendal, master of arms James Sheridan, gardener Henry Brunson, armourer, from 12 October to 12 November inclusive, the day he was discharged, £6 5s; subtotal £3 13¼d William Oakman, carpenter, £12 10s William Moor, steward Subtotal, £37 8s 1d Carried over, £635 8s 2½d
379	373	James Tobit Cooper Michael Last Clerk and Instrument Cleaner William Davis Patron of the Long Boat Thomas Beaver Horse keeper Thomas Harper Marshal 8 15 1 5 7 10 2 5 6 5 1/2 24 10 5 1/2 First Company John Clark 1st Lieutt Salary L 22 16 3 Do Diet Money 6 16 10 1/2 Do on Acct of Instructing the Gunners 7 10 37 3 1/2 Stephen Herbert Second Lieutenant Salary 18 5 Do Diet Money 6 16 10 1/2 Do House Rent 2 10 27 11 1/2 Francis Mouatt Adjutant Salary 22 16 3 Do Diet Money 6 16 10 1/2 29 13 1/2 94 8 1/2 Sergeants Henry Beale 7 12 1 Solomon Jacobs 7 12 1 Thomas Browne 7 12 1 22 16 3 Corporals William Davis 5 6 5 1/2 John Swift 5 6 5 1/2 Humphrey Pugh 5 6 5 1/2 John Vaughn Drummer 5 6 5 1/2 15 19 1/2 5 6 5 1/2 Centinels Andrew Armstrong 3 16 1/2 George Bennet 3 16 1/2 Centinels carried over 7 12 1 Carried over L 798 4 10 1/2	The list of officers and servants continued with the garrison's first company. James Tobit, cooper Michael Last, clerk and instrument cleaner William Davis, patron of the longboat Thomas Beaver, horsekeeper Thomas Harper, marshal, £8 15s 1s; subtotal £7 10s; total £25 6s 5½d, further £24 10s 5½d First company John Clark, first lieutenant, salary £22 16s 3d; diet money £6 16s 10½d; for instructing the gunners £7 10s; total £37 3s ½d Stephen Herbert, second lieutenant, salary £18 5s; diet money £6 16s 10½d; house rent £2 10s; total £27 11s ½d Francis Mouatt, adjutant, salary £22 16s 3d; diet money £6 16s 10½d; total £29 13s ½d First company officers subtotal, £94 8s ½d Sergeants Henry Beale, £7 12s 1d Solomon Jacobs, £7 12s 1d Thomas Browne, £7 12s 1d Sergeants subtotal, £22 16s 3d Corporals William Davis, £5 6s 5½d John Swift, £5 6s 5½d Humphrey Pugh, £5 6s 5½d John Vaughn, drummer, £5 6s 5½d Corporals subtotal, £15 19s ½d Sentinels Andrew Armstrong, £3 16s ½d George Bennet, £3 16s ½d Sentinels carried over, £7 12s 1d Carried over, £798 4s 10½d
380	374	Centinels bought over L 7 12 1 Augustine Balls 3 16 1/2 Thomas Brown 3 16 1/2 James Bamford 3 16 1/2 Matthew Gambles 3 16 1/2 James Cartwright 3 16 1/2 Philip Cole 3 16 1/2 George Capelin 3 16 1/2 William Cochey 3 16 1/2 William Tinor C 3 16 1/2 James Eastope 3 16 1/2 James Fuzz 3 16 1/2 Thomas Farris 3 16 1/2 George Green 3 16 1/2 John Grainger 3 16 1/2 John Groves 3 16 1/2 Richard Goulden 3 16 1/2 Richard Gordon 3 16 1/2 John Fowler 3 16 1/2 Thomas Hayes 3 16 1/2 Humphrey Harrison 3 16 1/2 James Hendery 3 16 1/2 William Hutchinson 3 16 1/2 John Howard 3 16 1/2 William Lamborn 3 16 1/2 Thomas Arden from October the 12th to Dec 14th the Day he was discharged 2 5 John Legg 3 16 1/2 Joseph Lowe 3 16 1/2 John Muriel 3 16 1/2 James Mills 3 16 1/2 John Marsh 3 16 1/2 Bartholomew Molloy 3 16 1/2 Centinels carried over L 123 18 1 Carried over L 798 14 10 1/2	The garrison list of the first company's sentinels continued. Sentinels brought over, £7 12s 1d Augustine Balls, £3 16s ½d Thomas Brown, £3 16s ½d James Bamford, £3 16s ½d Matthew Gambles, £3 16s ½d James Cartwright, £3 16s ½d Philip Cole, £3 16s ½d George Capelin, £3 16s ½d William Cochey, £3 16s ½d William Tinor, £3 16s ½d James Eastope, £3 16s ½d James Fuzz, £3 16s ½d Thomas Farris, £3 16s ½d George Green, £3 16s ½d John Grainger, £3 16s ½d John Groves, £3 16s ½d Richard Goulden, £3 16s ½d Richard Gordon, £3 16s ½d John Fowler, £3 16s ½d Thomas Hayes, £3 16s ½d Humphrey Harrison, £3 16s ½d James Hendery, £3 16s ½d William Hutchinson, £3 16s ½d John Howard, £3 16s ½d William Lamborn, £3 16s ½d Thomas Arden, from 12 October to 14 December, the day he was discharged, £2 5s John Legg, £3 16s ½d Joseph Lowe, £3 16s ½d John Muriel, £3 16s ½d James Mills, £3 16s ½d John Marsh, £3 16s ½d Bartholomew Molloy, £3 16s ½d Sentinels carried over, £123 18s 1d Carried over, £798 14s 10½d
381	375	Centinels Brought over L 123 18 1/2 798 14 10 1/2 John Oharad 3 16 1/2 James Richardson 3 16 1/2 Edward Robinson 3 16 1/2 Joseph Renkin 3 16 1/2 John Scotcher 3 16 1/2 John Shaw 3 16 1/2 George Smith 3 16 1/2 Charles Smith 3 16 1/2 Thomas Tuffnel 3 16 1/2 John Turner 3 16 1/2 Thomas Williams 3 16 1/2 John Williams 3 16 1/2 Edward Webber 3 16 1/2 John Walker 3 16 1/2 Matthias Griming 3 16 1/2 Second Company 180 18 11/2 Joseph Kendall 2d Lieut Salary 22 16 3 Dr Diet Money 6 16 10 1/2 Dr House Rent 2 10 - 32 3 1/2 George Hay 2d Lieut Salary 18 5 - Dr Diet Money 6 16 10 1/2 25 1 10 1/2 Sergeants Robert Mason 7 12 1 Michael Cross 7 12 1 Samuel Talbot 7 12 1 27 5 - Corporals Edward Walker 5 6 5 1/2 Erasmus Purling 5 6 5 1/2 William Watkins 5 6 5 1/2 15 19 1 1/2 John Caffyn Drummer 5 6 5 1/2 Carried over L 1081 1 11	The garrison list of the first company's sentinels concluded, and the second company followed. Brought over, £798 14s 10½d Sentinels brought over, £123 18s ½d John Oharad, £3 16s ½d James Richardson, £3 16s ½d Edward Robinson, £3 16s ½d Joseph Renkin, £3 16s ½d John Scotcher, £3 16s ½d John Shaw, £3 16s ½d George Smith, £3 16s ½d Charles Smith, £3 16s ½d Thomas Tuffnel, £3 16s ½d John Turner, £3 16s ½d Thomas Williams, £3 16s ½d John Williams, £3 16s ½d Edward Webber, £3 16s ½d John Walker, £3 16s ½d Matthias Griming, £3 16s ½d Sentinels subtotal, £180 18s 1½d Second company Joseph Kendall, second lieutenant, salary £22 16s 3d; diet money £6 16s 10½d; house rent £2 10s; total £32 3s ½d George Hay, second lieutenant, salary £18 5s; diet money £6 16s 10½d; total £25 1s 10½d Sergeants Robert Mason, £7 12s 1d Michael Cross, £7 12s 1d Samuel Talbot, £7 12s 1d Sergeants subtotal, £27 5s Corporals Edward Walker, £5 6s 5½d Erasmus Purling, £5 6s 5½d William Watkins, £5 6s 5½d Corporals subtotal, £15 19s 1½d John Caffyn, drummer, £5 6s 5½d Carried over, £1,081 1s 11d Interpretations Augustine Balls appears here again as a serving sentinel, drawing the ordinary rate two full quarters after the theft-related fine recorded against him earlier, confirming his continued place in the garrison despite that conviction was not a temporary arrangement but a settled fact of his continuing service.
382	376	Matthew Allis from October the 12th to Nov the 17th Inst the Day he was Discharged 1 9 2 Peter Barker 3 16 1/2 John Bowker 3 16 1/2 William Brooks 3 16 1/2 John Browne 3 16 1/2 James Burgo’s 3 16 1/2 George Bryan 3 16 1/2 William Berkel 3 16 1/2 Robert Berry 3 16 1/2 George Blake 3 16 1/2 Robert Brown 3 16 1/2 John Bradley from Nov the 26th Inst the Day he was Entertained 1 9 2 Daniel Cann 3 16 1/2 John Clee 3 16 1/2 Thomas Claw 3 16 1/2 William Dufton 3 16 1/2 John Dove 3 16 1/2 Peter Egleton 3 16 1/2 Peter Fénal 3 16 1/2 John Fletcher 3 16 1/2 Voder Goden 3 16 1/2 John Hayes 3 16 1/2 James Hinds 3 16 1/2 John Holloway 3 16 1/2 William Harris 3 16 1/2 John Hudson 3 16 1/2 Thomas Jackson 3 16 1/2 Samuel Kitson 3 16 1/2 Thomas Leech 3 16 1/2 Joseph Hayes 3 16 1/2 Centinels carry’d Over 109 17 6 Carried over 1081 11	The garrison list of the second company's sentinels continued. Matthew Allis, from 12 October to 17 November, the day he was discharged, £1 9s 2d Peter Barker, £3 16s ½d John Bowker, £3 16s ½d William Brooks, £3 16s ½d John Browne, £3 16s ½d James Burgos, £3 16s ½d George Bryan, £3 16s ½d William Berkel, £3 16s ½d Robert Berry, £3 16s ½d George Blake, £3 16s ½d Robert Brown, £3 16s ½d John Bradley, from 26 November, the day he was engaged, £1 9s 2d Daniel Cann, £3 16s ½d John Clee, £3 16s ½d Thomas Claw, £3 16s ½d William Dufton, £3 16s ½d John Dove, £3 16s ½d Peter Egleton, £3 16s ½d Peter Fenal, £3 16s ½d John Fletcher, £3 16s ½d Voder Goden, £3 16s ½d John Hayes, £3 16s ½d James Hinds, £3 16s ½d John Holloway, £3 16s ½d William Harris, £3 16s ½d John Hudson, £3 16s ½d Thomas Jackson, £3 16s ½d Samuel Kitson, £3 16s ½d Thomas Leech, £3 16s ½d Joseph Hayes, £3 16s ½d Sentinels carried over, £109 17s 6d Carried over, £1,081 1s Interpretations John Bradley's entry here, paid from 26 November, the day he was engaged, confirms his re-enlistment recorded in the previous batch, showing the two records again describing the same event from the narrative and the payroll sides.
383	377	Centinels Brought over Christian Mouse William Mudge Archibald Fonge John Simmons Thomas Streeton Joseph Smith John Strange Thomas Taylor James Kirton Richard Swaits William Swaits William Thompson William Taylor Stephen Willoughby Jeremiah Wriell Thomas Wansell John Williams John Wasley from Octobr 12th to Novr 26th the Day he Died 175 16 1/2 Third Company Thomas Eastthorp 1st Lieut Salary 22 16 3 Dr Diet Money 6 16 10 1/2 Dr House Rent 2 10 32 3 1/2 Onesiphorus Beale 2d Lieut Salary 18 5 Dr Diet Money 6 16 10 1/2 Dr House Rent 2 10 27 11 10 1/2 Sergeants John Leech 7 12 1 William Pendry 7 12 1 Charles Styles 7 12 1 22 16 3 Carried over 1339 8 2 1/2	The garrison list of the second company's sentinels concluded, and the third company followed. Sentinels brought over Christian Mouse, £3 16s ½d William Mudge, £3 16s ½d Archibald Fonge, £3 16s ½d John Simmons, £3 16s ½d Thomas Streeton, £3 16s ½d Joseph Smith, £3 16s ½d John Strange, £3 16s ½d Thomas Taylor, £3 16s ½d James Kirton, £3 16s ½d Richard Swaits, £3 16s ½d William Swaits, £3 16s ½d William Thompson, £3 16s ½d William Taylor, £3 16s ½d Stephen Willoughby, £3 16s ½d Jeremiah Wriell, £3 16s ½d Thomas Wansell, £3 16s ½d John Williams, £3 16s ½d John Wasley, from 12 October to 26 November, the day he died, £3 16s ½d Sentinels subtotal, £175 16s ½d Third company Thomas Easthorp, first lieutenant, salary £22 16s 3d; diet money £6 16s 10½d; house rent £2 10s; total £32 3s ½d Onesiphorus Beale, second lieutenant, salary £18 5s; diet money £6 16s 10½d; house rent £2 10s; total £27 11s 10½d Sergeants John Leech, £7 12s 1d William Pendry, £7 12s 1d Charles Styles, £7 12s 1d Sergeants subtotal, £22 16s 3d Carried over, £1,339 8s 2½d Interpretations John Wasley, paid to 26 November, the day he died, is recorded plainly among the routine roster entries with no further comment, the same unadorned treatment given to the several deaths and discharges scattered through this payroll, the pay record itself serving as the only notice of a soldier's death.
384	378	Brought over L 1339 8 2 1/2 Corporals Edward Grant 5 6 5 1/2 William Shelton 5 6 5 1/2 William Langhorn 5 6 5 1/2 15 10 4 1/2 John Clough Drummer 5 6 5 1/2 Centinels William Adams 3 16 1/2 Joseph Bastick 3 16 1/2 William Bonfield 3 16 1/2 William Brown 3 16 1/2 Robert Ballard 3 16 1/2 John Bridgewater 3 16 1/2 John Barker 3 16 1/2 Dixon Capps 3 16 1/2 James Carmichael 3 16 1/2 John Carrol 3 16 1/2 Baron Feloapts 3 16 1/2 John Earle 3 16 1/2 Thomas Fuller 3 16 1/2 John Grin 3 16 1/2 John Goults 3 16 1/2 Jonas Hitchins 3 16 1/2 William Hurlock 3 16 1/2 Thomas Hyde 3 16 1/2 William Hayes 3 16 1/2 Thomas Hendrick 3 16 1/2 Richard Knight 3 16 1/2 John Heney 3 16 1/2 John Langbridge 3 16 1/2 Thomas Lawrent 3 16 1/2 Thomas Linsay 3 16 1/2 Centinels carried over L 95 1 1/2 Carried over L 1360 1/4	The garrison list of the third company continued with its corporals and sentinels. Brought over, £1,339 8s 2½d Corporals Edward Grant, £5 6s 5½d William Shelton, £5 6s 5½d William Langhorn, £5 6s 5½d Corporals subtotal, £15 10s 4½d John Clough, drummer, £5 6s 5½d Sentinels William Adams, £3 16s ½d Joseph Bastick, £3 16s ½d William Bonfield, £3 16s ½d William Brown, £3 16s ½d Robert Ballard, £3 16s ½d John Bridgewater, £3 16s ½d John Barker, £3 16s ½d Dixon Capps, £3 16s ½d James Carmichael, £3 16s ½d John Carrol, £3 16s ½d Baron Feloapts, £3 16s ½d John Earle, £3 16s ½d Thomas Fuller, £3 16s ½d John Grin, £3 16s ½d John Goults, £3 16s ½d Jonas Hitchins, £3 16s ½d William Hurlock, £3 16s ½d Thomas Hyde, £3 16s ½d William Hayes, £3 16s ½d Thomas Hendrick, £3 16s ½d Richard Knight, £3 16s ½d John Heney, £3 16s ½d John Langbridge, £3 16s ½d Thomas Lawrent, £3 16s ½d Thomas Linsay, £3 16s ½d Sentinels carried over, £95 1s ½d Carried over, £1,360 ¼d
385	379	Brought over L 1360 14 1/2 Centinels brought Over L 90 1 Thomas Loveland 3 16 1/2 John McCoy 3 16 1/2 Abraham Major 3 16 1/2 Charles Montague 3 16 1/2 Thomas Morris 3 16 1/2 Anthony Morshen 3 16 1/2 Richard McNolly 3 16 1/2 Thomas Oliver 3 16 1/2 Thomas Paine 3 16 1/2 John Powater 3 16 1/2 John Parker 3 16 1/2 William Robinson 3 16 1/2 David Scott 3 16 1/2 Robert Stack 3 16 1/2 Christian Igoes 3 16 1/2 Joseph Thompson 3 16 1/2 William Thompson 3 16 1/2 Benjamin Swales 3 16 1/2 Richard Vaughn 3 16 1/2 Benjamin Williams 3 16 1/2 Roger Wetman 3 16 1/2 Adam Scott 3 16 1/2 Fourth Company Thomas Kirkpatrick 1st Lieut Salary 22 16 3 Dr Diet Money 6 16 10 1/2 Dr House Rent 2 10 32 3 1/2 William Kennedy 2d Lieut Salary 18 5 Dr Diet Money 6 16 10 1/2 Dr House Rent 2 10 27 11 10 1/2 59 15 Carried over L 1599 3	The garrison list of the third company's sentinels concluded, and the fourth company followed. Brought over, £1,360 14s ½d Sentinels brought over, £90 1s Thomas Loveland, £3 16s ½d John McCoy, £3 16s ½d Abraham Major, £3 16s ½d Charles Montague, £3 16s ½d Thomas Morris, £3 16s ½d Anthony Morshen, £3 16s ½d Richard McNolly, £3 16s ½d Thomas Oliver, £3 16s ½d Thomas Paine, £3 16s ½d John Powater, £3 16s ½d John Parker, £3 16s ½d William Robinson, £3 16s ½d David Scott, £3 16s ½d Robert Stack, £3 16s ½d Christian Igoes, £3 16s ½d Joseph Thompson, £3 16s ½d William Thompson, £3 16s ½d Benjamin Swales, £3 16s ½d Richard Vaughn, £3 16s ½d Benjamin Williams, £3 16s ½d Roger Wetman, £3 16s ½d Adam Scott, £3 16s ½d Fourth company Thomas Kirkpatrick, first lieutenant, salary £22 16s 3d; diet money £6 16s 10½d; house rent £2 10s; total £32 3s ½d William Kennedy, second lieutenant, salary £18 5s; diet money £6 16s 10½d; house rent £2 10s; total £27 11s 10½d Fourth company officers subtotal, £59 15s Carried over, £1,599 3s
386	380	Brought Over L 1599 3 Sergeants William Oakman 7 12 1 John Walker 7 12 1 William Pasbam 7 12 1 22 16 3 Corporals William Bentin 5 6 5 1/2 Alexander Hambleton 5 6 5 1/2 Thomas Bazett from Octobr 12th to Decr 3d inst as sentinel L 2 4 1/2 Do from 4th Decr to 5th inst as corporal 2 5 6 4 9 6 1/2 15 2 5 1/2 Gilbert Clough Drummer 5 6 5 1/2 Centinels John Allis 3 16 1/2 Edward Allis 3 16 1/2 Thomas Beaver 3 16 1/2 John Bardin 3 16 1/2 Matthew Bazette 3 16 1/2 Thomas Biddow 3 16 1/2 Isaac Buck 3 16 1/2 Edward Cockon 3 16 1/2 William Cane 3 16 1/2 William Cannam 3 16 1/2 Isaac Day 3 16 1/2 Samuel Depountain 3 16 1/2 Samuel Eales 3 16 1/2 Andrew Frazier 3 16 1/2 Daniel Fowkes 3 16 1/2 Jona Godby 3 16 1/2 James Green 3 16 1/2 Centinels carried Over L 106 9 2 Carried Over L 1642 8 2	The garrison list of the fourth company continued with its sergeants, corporals and sentinels. Brought over, £1,599 3s Sergeants William Oakman, £7 12s 1d John Walker, £7 12s 1d William Pasbam, £7 12s 1d Sergeants subtotal, £22 16s 3d Corporals William Bentin, £5 6s 5½d Alexander Hambleton, £5 6s 5½d Thomas Bazett, from 12 October to 3 December as sentinel, £2 4s ½d; from 4 December to 5 January as corporal, £2 5s 6d; total £4 9s 6½d Corporals subtotal, £15 2s 5½d Gilbert Clough, drummer, £5 6s 5½d Sentinels John Allis, £3 16s ½d Edward Allis, £3 16s ½d Thomas Beaver, £3 16s ½d John Bardin, £3 16s ½d Matthew Bazette, £3 16s ½d Thomas Biddow, £3 16s ½d Isaac Buck, £3 16s ½d Edward Cockon, £3 16s ½d William Cane, £3 16s ½d William Cannam, £3 16s ½d Isaac Day, £3 16s ½d Samuel Depountain, £3 16s ½d Samuel Eales, £3 16s ½d Andrew Frazier, £3 16s ½d Daniel Fowkes, £3 16s ½d Jonathan Godby, £3 16s ½d James Green, £3 16s ½d Sentinels carried over, £106 9s 2d Carried over, £1,642 8s 2d
387	381	Brought over L 106 9 2 1642 8 2 Sentinels Brought over L Thomas Gauden 3 6 1/2 James Halle 3 6 1/2 John Hailey 3 6 1/2 Philip Hickman 3 6 1/2 Robt Hannum from Octo 12th to Decr 3d Inc as Corporal L 3 11 1/2 Dr from the 4th Decr pr as Sentinel 1 12 1/2 William Hayes 3 6 1/2 Thomas Hudson 3 6 1/2 William Hinds 3 6 1/2 George Kibbet 3 6 1/2 Peter Lindsey 3 6 1/2 William Lindsey 3 6 1/2 John Langridge 3 6 1/2 Moses Menanteau 3 6 1/2 Dunca McClarron 3 6 1/2 Thomas Pinkerton 3 6 1/2 Edward Richard 3 6 1/2 Lewis Rowe 3 6 1/2 Arnold Safony 3 6 1/2 Daniel Sargeant 3 6 1/2 Charles Stokes 3 6 1/2 Timothy Sullivan 3 6 1/2 David Severy 3 6 1/2 Edward Sevy 3 6 1/2 John Thornton 3 6 1/2 John Sill 3 6 1/2 Thomas Taylor 3 6 1/2 Joseph Upton 3 6 1/2 Benjamin Williams 3 6 1/2 William Willinghand 3 6 1/2 175 14 10 Carried Over 181 8 3	The garrison list of the fourth company's sentinels concluded. Brought over, £1,642 8s 2d Sentinels brought over Thomas Gauden, £3 16s ½d James Halle, £3 16s ½d John Hailey, £3 16s ½d Philip Hickman, £3 16s ½d Robert Hannum, from 12 October to 3 December inclusive as corporal, £3 11s ½d; from 4 December as sentinel, £1 12s ½d William Hayes, £3 16s ½d Thomas Hudson, £3 16s ½d William Hinds, £3 16s ½d George Kibbet, £3 16s ½d Peter Lindsey, £3 16s ½d William Lindsey, £3 16s ½d John Langridge, £3 16s ½d Moses Menanteau, £3 16s ½d Duncan McClarron, £3 16s ½d Thomas Pinkerton, £3 16s ½d Edward Richard, £3 16s ½d Lewis Rowe, £3 16s ½d Arnold Safony, £3 16s ½d Daniel Sargeant, £3 16s ½d Charles Stokes, £3 16s ½d Timothy Sullivan, £3 16s ½d David Severy, £3 16s ½d Edward Sevy, £3 16s ½d John Thornton, £3 16s ½d John Sill, £3 16s ½d Thomas Taylor, £3 16s ½d Joseph Upton, £3 16s ½d Benjamin Williams, £3 16s ½d William Willinghand, £3 16s ½d Sentinels subtotal, £175 14s 10d Carried over, £1,818 3s
388	382	Brought over L 1818 3 Artillery Company Thomas Hall Master Gunner Salary 22 16 3 Dr Diet Money 6 6 10 1/2 Dr House Rent 2 10 32 3 1/2 Gunners Mates Nathan Sample Chief Mate 11 8 1/2 Isaac Leech 9 2 6 William Tunner 9 2 6 John Whitchurch 9 2 6 Henry Carter 9 2 6 John Artonstall 9 2 6 Rowland Davis from Octo 12th to Decr 17th Inc as Gunr 1 19 4 1/2 Dr from 18th Decr pr as Gunr Mate 2 9 6 Charles McNeiley 9 2 6 73 12 Quarter Gunners John Watkinson from Octo 12th to Janry 4th Inc the Day he was Discharged 6 6 6 Edward Gellimore from Octo 12th to Nov 15th Inc the Day he was discharged 2 11 6 Robert Vickers from October 12 to Novr 15th Inc the Day he was discharged 2 11 6 Adam Watterson 6 16 10 1/2 John Spencer 6 16 10 1/2 Thomas Wellingham 6 16 10 1/2 Richard Billington 6 16 10 1/2 John Sacks from Octo 12 to Novr 15th Inc as Matross L 1 15 - Dr from 16 Novr Inc as 2d Gunr 4 5 5 1/2 6 1/2 Quarter Gunrs Carried over L 44 17 4 1/2 Carried over L 1923 18 1/2	The artillery company's establishment followed. Brought over, £1,818 3s Artillery company Thomas Hall, master gunner, salary £22 16s 3d; diet money £6 16s 10½d; house rent £2 10s; total £32 3s ½d Gunners' mates Nathan Sample, chief mate, £11 8s ½d Isaac Leech, £9 2s 6d William Tunner, £9 2s 6d John Whitchurch, £9 2s 6d Henry Carter, £9 2s 6d John Artonstall, £9 2s 6d Rowland Davis, from 12 October to 17 December inclusive as gunner, £1 19s 4½d; from 18 December as gunner's mate, £2 9s 6d Charles McNeiley, £9 2s 6d Gunners' mates subtotal, £73 12s Quarter gunners John Watkinson, from 12 October to 4 January inclusive, the day he was discharged, £6 6s 6d Edward Cullimore, from 12 October to 15 November inclusive, the day he was discharged, £2 11s 6d Robert Vickers, from 12 October to 15 November inclusive, the day he was discharged, £2 11s 6d Adam Watterson, £6 16s 10½d John Spencer, £6 16s 10½d Thomas Wellingham, £6 16s 10½d Richard Billington, £6 16s 10½d John Sacks, from 12 October to 15 November as matross, £1 15s; from 16 November as second gunner, £4 5s 5½d Quarter gunners carried over, £44 17s 4½d Carried over, £1,923 18s ½d
389	383	Brought over L 1923 18 1/2 Quarter Gunners brought over L 14 17 4 1/2 Peter Marshall from Octo 12th Inc to Novr 15th Matts 1 15 - Dr from 16th Nov as Quarter Gunner 4 5 4 1/2 6 - 4 1/2 James Lee from Octo 12 to Decr 17th Incl as Matross 3 7 - Dr from 18th Decr pr as 2d Gunner 1 7 6 5 4 6 James Long from Oct 12th Inc to Janry 4th Incld as Matts 4 5 - Dr from Janry 5th Incl as Quarter Gunner - 10 4 1/2 4 15 4 1/2 60 17 1/2 Mattrosses Abraham Aryie 4 11 3 Joseph Boswell 4 11 3 Andrew Barton 4 11 3 John Cawdrey 4 11 3 Derby Coyle 4 11 3 William Campble 4 11 3 Anthony Cay 4 11 3 Philip Hillard 4 11 3 William Hayes 4 11 3 Richard Moyes 4 11 3 Adam Milbourn 4 11 3 Thomas Mason 4 11 3 Roger Newsome from Octo 12 to Decr 12th when Dr from 18th Decr Inclusive as Mattross 1 - 5 John Peters 4 11 3 William Perry 4 11 3 Abram Ratliff 4 11 3 Thomas Watts 4 11 3 Thomas Mudge from 1st Novr Incl the Day he was Entertained 2 17 - Christian Bronek from January 7th Incl the Day he was Entertained - 5 - Superannuated William Bruckham Sergeant 8 4 - 38 3 L 2072 4	The artillery company's establishment continued with its quarter gunners and matrosses, and closed the quarter's payroll. Brought over, £1,923 18s ½d Quarter gunners brought over, £14 17s 4½d Peter Marshall, from 12 October to 15 November as matross, £1 15s; from 16 November as quarter gunner, £4 5s 4½d; total £6 4½d James Lee, from 12 October to 17 December inclusive as matross, £3 7s; from 18 December as second gunner, £1 7s 6d; total £5 4s 6d James Long, from 12 October to 4 January inclusive as matross, £4 5s; from 5 January as quarter gunner, £10 4½d; total £4 15s 4½d Subtotal, £60 17s ½d Matrosses Abraham Aryie, £4 11s 3d Joseph Boswell, £4 11s 3d Andrew Barton, £4 11s 3d John Cawdrey, £4 11s 3d Derby Coyle, £4 11s 3d William Campble, £4 11s 3d Anthony Cay, £4 11s 3d Philip Hillard, £4 11s 3d William Hayes, £4 11s 3d Richard Moyes, £4 11s 3d Adam Milbourn, £4 11s 3d Thomas Mason, £4 11s 3d Roger Newsome, from 12 October to 12 December, when discharged; from 18 December inclusive re-entered as matross, £1 5s John Peters, £4 11s 3d William Perry, £4 11s 3d Abram Ratliff, £4 11s 3d Thomas Watts, £4 11s 3d Thomas Mudge, from 1 November inclusive, the day he was engaged, £2 17s Christian Bronek, from 7 January inclusive, the day he was engaged, £5s Superannuated William Bruckham, sergeant, £8 4s Subtotal, £38 3s Total, £2,072 4s Interpretations This total for the quarter running 12 October 1753 to 11 January 1754 closes the payroll, and Thomas Mudge and Christian Bronek's entries confirm the enlistments recorded elsewhere in this batch, the native recruit drawing a proportionally larger sum for his two months served than Bronek's few days at the very close of the quarter.
390	384	John Clark Paymaster Dr 1754 Janry 11th To Cash recd from the Honorables Company’s Cash Chest L 2169 9 4	The paymaster's account for the quarter opened on 11 January 1754. John Clark, paymaster, was debited with cash received from the Company's cash chest. To cash received from the Company's cash chest, £2,169 9s 4d
391	385	Contra Cr 1753 Novr 4th By Cash pr Dunca McClarin for Sundays take from him, by one of the Companys Naux Named Henry Benmner 1 8 26th By Dpr for John Bradley for Inlisting to serve the Honorable Company as a Soldier for 5 Years to commence from this Day 10 - Decr 1 By Dpr for Henry Brunson for 6 Days Work done for the Honble Company after he was dismissed from their Service 13 9 1754 Janry 7th By Dpr for Robert Vickers Edward Cullimore and John Watkins for their Regimental Cloaths for the use of the Company 2 5 - By Dpr for Christian Brinek for Inlisting to serve the Honble Company as a Soldier; to commence from this Day 5 - 11 By Dpr Daniel Euxkes his Quarter Salary for attending in the Long Room 2 2 - By Dpr for Jonar Hitchins for Carpenters Work done for the Honorable Company this Quarter 5 - By Dpr Edward Terry and George Bales for Work done in the Smiths Shop for the Honorable Company in this Quarter 6 7 By Dpr Sundays Persons for Rowing in the Yawl and going in the Long Boat to Sandy Bay, to fetch Lime for the Honorable Company in this Quarter 3 1 - By Dpr James Carmichael and Thomas Oliver for Baking 87 Batches of Bread at 1/8 pr Batch for the use of the Garrison in this Quarter 4 6 8 By Dpr Thomas Mason for painting the Chaplains House 1 19 6 By Dpr Samuel Eales for Glazing Work done for the Honorable Company 3 - By Cash pr Thomas Browne for 12 of Shallots for the use of the Honorable Companys Table in this Quarter - 3 - By Dpr Matthew Bayett for 38 Rafters for the new Guard House at Lemon Valley 1 18 - Carried over L 41 5 6	The account continued on its creditor side, recording cash paid out by the paymaster. 4 November, paid Duncan McLarin for sundries taken from him by one of the Company's [...], named Henry Benmner, £1 8s 26th, paid John Bradley for enlisting to serve the Company as a soldier for five years, to commence from this day, £10 1 December, paid Henry Brunson for six days' work done for the Company after his dismissal from its service, 13s 9d 1754, 7 January, paid Robert Vickers, Edward Cullimore and John Watkins for their regimental clothes for the use of the Company, £2 5s Paid Christian Brinek for enlisting to serve the Company as a soldier, to commence from this day, £5 11th, paid Daniel Fowkes his quarter's salary for attending in the long room, £2 2s Paid Jonathan Hitchins for carpenter's work done for the Company this quarter, £5 Paid Edward Terry and George Beale for work done in the smith's shop for the Company this quarter, £6 7s Paid sundry persons for rowing in the yawl and going in the longboat to Sandy Bay to fetch lime for the Company this quarter, £3 1s Paid James Carmichael and Thomas Oliver for baking 87 batches of bread at 1s 8d per batch for the garrison this quarter, £4 6s 8d Paid Thomas Mason for painting the chaplain's house, £1 19s 6d Paid Samuel Eales for glazier's work done for the Company, £3 Paid Thomas Browne for 12 dozen shallots for the Company's table this quarter, 3s Paid Matthew Bazett for 38 rafters for the new guard house at Lemon Valley, £1 18s Carried over, £41 5s 6d Interpretations The 38 rafters bought for the new guard house at Lemon Valley confirm the rebuilding ordered after the earlier flood damage there was by this quarter under way, the paymaster's account recording the materials purchase that followed the Council's decision to repair and secure the position for the future.
392	386	John Clark Paymaster Dr 1754 January 11th To Cash brought over 2169 9 4	The paymaster's account continued. 11 January 1754, to cash brought over, £2,169 9s 4d
393	387	Contra Cr brought over 41 5 6 1754 January 11 By Cash By Cash pr three discharged soldiers subsisted at 6d pr Day by Order of Council Vizt John Watkin 7 Days - 3 6 James Bourgos 3 Do - 1 6 Sam Talbott 4 Do - 2 - 9 - By Dpr for Sundry Persons for Working at Lemon Valley Breakneck Valley and other Places for the Honble Company in this Quarter 29 12 - By Dpr pr Wm Thompson for shewing the Honble Compy Hows in this Quarter 1 9 - By Dpr pr John Black for Clasp Tiles the Armourer had for the use of the Honble Compy 1 18 - By Dpr pr Henry Brinson for Smith Tools which he wanted for the use of the Honble Company 12 8 By Dpr pr Sundry persons for coming a precy with a New Ship in Winding and hauling in this Quarter 1 15 - By Dpr pr Andrew Pitman for 36 Shallots for Planting 12 - By Dpr pr Richard Bradley for 1200 Lemons 3 1/2 Bushels Potatoes and 50 Oranges for the use of the Honorable Companys Table 2 3 3 By Dpr pr William Moore for 22 Chickens for the use of Do 1 2 - By Dpr pr Andrew Morken for 8 Days Work done for the Honble Company 1 8 - By Dpr pr for Fish for the Honble Companys Blacks there not being Provision sufficient in their Honours Stores to serve any to their Slaves as usual 4 6 11 By Dpr pr Sundry Persons for mowing and making Hay for the use of the Honble Company 8 9 - By Dpr pr Charles Stokes for 5 1/2 Days Work at 2/ pr Day for the Honble Company in Painting the Lieutenant Governors House 5 3 - By Dpr pr the Honble Companys Officers and Servants their several Salarys Dut Money pr W for the Quarter commencing Octo 12th 1753 and ending Janry 11th 1754 2072 4 - L 2169 9 4 pr John Clark master Counted and examined the Honorable Companys Cash from the 12th Decr to the 11th January which is as follows Vizt	The account continued on its creditor side. Brought over, £41 5s 6d 11 January, paid three discharged soldiers subsisted at 6d per day by order of Council John Watkin, 7 days, 3s 6d James Bourgos, 3 days, 1s 6d Sam Talbott, 4 days, 2s Subsistence subtotal, 9s Paid sundry persons for working at Lemon Valley, Break Neck Valley and other places for the Company this quarter, £29 12s Paid William Thompson for shoeing the Company's horses this quarter, £1 9s Paid John Black for clasp tiles the armourer wanted for the Company's use, £1 18s Paid Henry Brinson for smith's tools he wanted for the Company's use, 12s 8d Paid sundry persons for coming express with news of a ship in the offing and hauling her in this quarter, £1 15s Paid Andrew Pitman for 36 shallot plants, 12s Paid Richard Bradley for 1,200 lemons, 3½ bushels of potatoes and 50 oranges for the Company's table, £2 3s 3d Paid William Moore for 22 chickens for the same, £1 2s Paid Andrew Morken for 8 days' work done for the Company, £1 8s Paid for fish for the Company's slaves, there not being sufficient provision in the store to serve any to them as usual, £4 6s 11d Paid sundry persons for mowing and making hay for the Company's use, £8 9s Paid Charles Stokes for 5½ days' work at 2s per day painting the Lieutenant Governor's house, £5 3s Paid the Company's officers and servants their several salaries and diet money for the quarter commencing 12 October 1753 and ending 11 January 1754, £2,072 4s Total, £2,169 9s 4d The account was signed by John Clark, paymaster. The Council counted and examined the Company's cash from 12 December to 11 January, entered as follows. Interpretations The payment for fish to feed the Company's slaves, made only because the store had run short of the provisions ordinarily served to them, is the sole instance in these batches where a shortfall in slave provisioning is recorded explicitly, and shows the Company bought in a substitute food at the paymaster's expense rather than simply letting the slaves go without.
394	388	Cash Dr 1753 Decr the 12 To Balance remaining L 4551 7 1/2 1754 January 11 To Matthew Purling for Store Goods Sold in the Quarter ending this Day 1030 3 4 To Licence recd for Publick Houses 12 10	The cash account of the Company was cast for the period from 12 December to 11 January 1754. 12 December, to balance remaining, £4,551 7½d 11 January, to Matthew Purling for store goods sold in the quarter ending this day, £1,030 3s 4d To licences received for public houses, £12 10s
395	389	Contra Cr 1754 Janry 11th By Sundry Accounts advanced the Paymaster in the Quarter ending this Day L 2169 9 4 By Balances remaining in the following Species Vizt 200 Ventians at 10/ L 100 - 3600 Pagodas 8/ 1440 L 1540 - Gold Amounting to 1025 15 - 4103 Dollars 25d 1025 15 - 1000 Rupees 2/3 112 10 - 12948 half Rials 1 1/3d 202 6 3 441 French pieces 1/2 3 13 6 Odd Money 4 10 7 1/2 L 1349 7 1/2 Silver Amounting to 146 Cash Notes at 10/ L 292 - 162 Do 20/ 162 - 263 Do 5/ 65 15 - 160 Do 2/6 20 - Cash Notes Amounting to L 530 15 - L 3424 7 7 3/4 5593 13 11 3/4 Joseph Hayes Soldier petitioned for his Discharge from the Garrison having served the Honorable Company his Contracted Time Granted. Cha Hutchinson John Robinson John Clark	The account continued on its creditor side. 11 January, by sundry accounts advanced the paymaster in the quarter ending this day, £2,169 9s 4d By balance remaining in the following species 200 Venetian pieces, at 10s, £100 3,600 pagodas, at 8s, £1,440 Gold amounting to £1,540 4,103 dollars, at 5s, £1,025 15s 1,000 rupees, at 2s 3d, £112 10s 12,948 half rials, at 1⅓d, £202 6s 441 French pieces, at 1s 2d, £3 13s 6d Odd money, £4 10s 7½d Silver amounting to £1,349 7½d 146 cash notes, at 10s, £292 162 cash notes, at 20s, £162 263 cash notes, at 5s, £65 15s 160 cash notes, at 2s 6d, £20 Cash notes amounting to £530 15s Subtotal, £3,424 7s 7¾d Total, £5,593 13s 11¾d Joseph Hayes, soldier, petitioned for his discharge from the garrison, having served the Company his contracted time, which was granted. The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson, John Adamson and John Clark. Interpretations The internal figures of this account do not fully reconcile to the totals stated, and are carried here as written.
396	390	At a Consultation held on Monday the 4th Day of February 1754 at the Castle Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governor Lieutenant John Adamson Lieutenant Govr Lieutenant John Clark of Council The last Consultation was read approved and Signed the 28th Janry 1754. The Governor reports, that he was lately informed, that Benjn Mason one of the Executors of Gabriel Harper decd had publickly said in the Honble Companys Store house before many Planters and others, that the Orphans of the said Harper, had to their great disadvantage been obliged to kill ten Cattle more in the last year, than the Executors given for Slaughter - This sd Mason was therefore Ordered to attend the Council the Day, who appear accordingly and being asked if he had expressed himself in that Manner, he acknowledges that he had, Mr James Powell, the Store keeper’s Assistant, declares, that to the best of his own remembrance, he heard Mason speak the before mentioned Words In order to prove what Mason reported to be entirely Groundless, the Return of Cattle for Harpers Orphan, was produced in which there were as as set down for Slaughter, and this very Return was signed by him. And as the Orphans have hitherto killed only five of their Cattle, it is evident, they are so far from having been compelled to exceed their Number, that on the contrary they have one yet remaining for Slaughter to Compleat it. After it was thus clearly Demonstrated to Mason that his Aspersion was an arrant Falsity, he owned he had been much in the Wrong, and that he was sorry for what he had said, and asked pardon for it. As Mason was one of the remonstrating Planters, and seems, as may be concluded by this his late, Step to be of a factious disposition and ready to revive a Spirit of Discontent and murmuring among them again. He was severely reprimanded for it, and told he should be fined, (as he has deserved to be,) if he was ever found to be guilty of the like Crime hereafter. Cha Hutchinson John Adamson John Clark	At a consultation held at the Castle on 4 February 1754, Governor Charles Hutchinson sat with Lieutenant John Adamson, Lieutenant Governor, and Lieutenant John Clark of the Council. The Council read the earlier consultation of 28 January 1754, then approved and signed it. The Governor reported that he had lately been informed that Benjamin Mason, one of the executors of Gabriel Harper, deceased, had publicly said in the Company's storehouse, before many planters and others, that Harper's orphans had, to their great disadvantage, been obliged to kill ten more cattle in the past year than the executors had returned for slaughter. Mason was ordered to attend the Council that day, and appearing accordingly, was asked whether he had spoken in that manner. He acknowledged that he had. James Powell, the storekeeper's assistant, declared that to the best of his memory he had heard Mason speak the words described. To prove Mason's report entirely groundless, the return of cattle for Harper's orphans was produced, showing the number set down for slaughter, and this same return was signed by Mason himself. As the orphans had hitherto killed only five of their cattle, it was evident they were so far from having been compelled to exceed their number that, on the contrary, they had one still remaining for slaughter to complete it. Once it was thus clearly demonstrated to Mason that his aspersion was an outright falsehood, he owned he had been much in the wrong, was sorry for what he had said, and asked pardon for it. As Mason had been one of the remonstrating planters and seemed, by this late step, to be of a factious disposition, ready to revive a spirit of discontent and murmuring among them again, he was severely reprimanded and told he would be fined, as he deserved, should he be found guilty of the like offence hereafter. The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson, John Adamson and John Clark. Interpretations The case turns entirely on documentary proof: the signed return of cattle Mason himself had submitted directly contradicted the claim he had made in public, leaving him no ground to stand on once it was produced. Describing him as one of the remonstrating planters, evidently already known to the Council for prior complaint or agitation, shows the reprimand was aimed as much at discouraging a repeat troublemaker as at correcting this particular falsehood, the threatened fine reserved for any future offence rather than imposed on this one.
397	391	At a Consultation held on Monday the 11th Day of February 1754 at the Castle Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governor Lieutenant John Adamson Lieutt Governor Lieutenant John Clark of Council The last Consultation was read approved and Signed dated the 7th Day Febry 1754 Tuesday the 5th Died Richard Son of Owen Johnson and Mary Beale. The Honorable Company’s Fortifications Rupert’s and Banks’s having received some more Damage by the torrents of Water, occasioned by the Heavy Rains that have fallen lately, we therefore shall be obliged to hire several Men to assist in Reparing them as soon as the Weather will permit us to set about it Cha Hutchinson John Adamson John Clark	At a consultation held at the Castle on 11 February 1754, Governor Charles Hutchinson sat with Lieutenant John Adamson, Lieutenant Governor, and Lieutenant John Clark of the Council. The Council read the earlier consultation of 4 February 1754, then approved and signed it. Richard, son of Owen Johnson and Mary Beale, died on Tuesday 5 February. The Company's fortifications at Rupert's and Banks's had received further damage from torrents of water caused by the heavy rains lately fallen, and the Council would be obliged to hire several men to help repair them as soon as the weather permitted the work to begin. The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson, John Adamson and John Clark. Interpretations The further damage at Rupert's and Banks's, both positions already flood-damaged and repaired earlier in these records, shows the same vulnerable batteries suffering fresh harm from another season of heavy rain, and the Council's decision to wait for suitable weather before beginning repairs, rather than sending men out at once, marks a more measured response than the urgent immediate action ordered for earlier storm damage in this record set.
398	392	At a Consultation held on Monday the 18th Day of February 1754 at the Castle Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governor Lieutenant John Adamson Lieutt Governor Lieutenant John Clark of Council. The last Consultation was read approved and signed dated this 11th Day of February 1754. Tuesday the 14th Arrived the Honorable Company’s Ship the Delaware and brought us the following Supply Vizt Invoice of Ship Delaware Rice Bag 14 1/2 pr 290 1/2 on Co 8 Cwt Powder 61 26 26. Factors Provisions Sugar (barcators pr nett 20 : 3 : 29 pr ) 14 : 13 : 23 @ 15 pr Hhd Clancey 71 22 8 Arrack 1/2 Leagues 9 70 Gallons 30 “ “ 101 22 8 Charges Merchandize Gunny Bags 94 pr Pago 3 : 18 : 9 3 10 35 Guinneys for Packing Sugar 18 pr Pago pr - pr - 29 56 Twine 12 “ “ 7 “ “ 18 60 Boat and Cooley hire 3 Boats @ 6 : 20 pr boat 1 29 71 Pagodas 168 6 25. Errors Excepted W Henry Powney Accomptant The Store keeper brought in the following Acct of Goods short received from the Ship Delaware Vizt	At a consultation held at the Castle on 18 February 1754, Governor Charles Hutchinson sat with Lieutenant John Adamson, Lieutenant Governor, and Lieutenant John Clark of the Council. The Council read the earlier consultation of 11 February 1754, then approved and signed it. The Company's ship Delaware arrived on Tuesday 14 February and brought the supply set out in the invoice that follows. Invoice of ship Delaware Rice, bag 14½, at 290½, on account 8 hundredweight of powder, 61 26 26 Factor's provisions Sugar, in barcators, net 20 3 29, at 14 13 23, 15 per hogshead, Clancey, 71 22 8 Arrack, half leaguers, 9, 70 gallons, 30, total 101 22 8 Charges of merchandise Gunny bags, 94, at pagodas 3 18 9, 3 10 35 Gunnies for packing sugar, 18 pagodas, 29 56 Twine, 12, 18 60 Boat and coolie hire, 3 boats at 6, 20 per boat, 1 29 71 Pagodas, 168 6 25 The invoice was marked errors excepted, and signed by W. Henry Powney, accountant. The storekeeper brought in an account of goods short received from the Delaware.
399	393	Account of Goods Short received from Ship Delaware Vizt P 2 2 to 10 : 2 : 6 Rice Short Weight 1 : 3 : 6 Sugar " 1 half Leaguer Arrack Gage 6 1/2 to fill 3 1/2 Recd 64 Gallons Febry 18. 1754 (Signed) M. Purling Storekeeper Lieutenant John Clark Reports that he has been on Board the Ship Delaware to Muster her Company and enquire for Deserters but found none, her Muster Roll is as follows Vizt Muster Roll of Ship Delawar Thomas Winter Commander Cannan Underwood 1st Mate Thomas Atkins 2 Do Patrick Henedy 3 Do Robt Jenkins Dominicus 4 Do Abraham Dickor 5 Do Stephen Scearse Surgeon William Smith Purser Samuel Gregory Carpenter Thos Penner Boatswain Edward Guy Gunner John Dover Ships Steward Thomas Clapham Capt 2 Do George Benn Caulker Stephen Stronger Cooper James Glafes Capt Cook William Kingston Ship Do John Wainwright Midshipmn William Grant Midshipman William Wright Do James Stewart Quarter Master Arnold Woodstock Do Alexr Kitchen Do John Barnes Do William Hannipin Sailmaker James Wyeamo Capt 2 Mate Hendrick Kibler Armourer George Clack Surgeons Mate James Faulkner Caulker Do Francisco Antonio Boatsn John Clark Cooper Do John Mead Gunr 2 Do William Nunan Cook’s Mate Henry Cass Seaman Stephen Bayer Butcher George Thompson Seaman John Pasture Seaman John Dixon Do John Fitzgerald Do John Matthews Do John Antonio Do Rich Bell Do Solomon Johnson Do Thomas Hunter Do John Liveright Do John Sadler Do William Allen Do Rick Osman Do Thomas Cowell Do William Hart Do James Iskelson Do Richard Brooks Do James Morris Do Adam Call Do	The account of goods short received from the ship Delaware was entered. 10 2 6 rice, short weight 1 3 6 sugar, short weight Half leaguer of arrack, gauge 6½, wants to fill 3½ Received 64 gallons The account was signed by Matthew Purling, storekeeper, dated 18 February 1754. Lieutenant John Clark reported that he had gone aboard the Delaware to muster her company and search for deserters, but found none. The muster roll follows. Muster roll of the ship Delaware Thomas Winter, commander Cannan Underwood, first mate Thomas Atkins, second mate Patrick Henedy, third mate Robert Jenkins Dominicus, fourth mate Abraham Dickor, fifth mate Stephen Scearse, surgeon William Smith, purser Samuel Gregory, carpenter Thomas Penner, boatswain Edward Guy, gunner John Dover, ship's steward Thomas Clapham, captain's second steward George Benn, caulker Stephen Stronger, cooper James Glafes, captain's cook William Kingston, ship's cook John Wainwright, midshipman William Grant, midshipman William Wright, midshipman James Stewart, quartermaster Arnold Woodstock, quartermaster Alexander Kitchen, quartermaster John Barnes, quartermaster William Hannipin, sailmaker James Wyeamo, captain's second mate Hendrick Kibler, armourer George Clack, surgeon's mate James Faulkner, caulker's mate Francisco Antonio, boatswain's mate John Clark, cooper's mate John Mead, second gunner's mate William Nunan, cook's mate Henry Cass, seaman Stephen Bayer, butcher George Thompson, seaman John Pasture, seaman John Dixon, seaman John Fitzgerald, seaman John Matthews, seaman John Antonio, seaman Richard Bell, seaman Solomon Johnson, seaman Thomas Hunter, seaman John Liveright, seaman John Sadler, seaman William Allen, seaman Rick Osman, seaman Thomas Cowell, seaman William Hart, seaman James Iskelson, seaman Richard Brooks, seaman James Morris, seaman Adam Call, seaman Interpretations The Delaware's invoice records powder alongside her ordinary provisions, an unusual entry for a supply cargo elsewhere in these batches dominated by rice, sugar and arrack, and suggests this delivery carried military stores for the garrison's own magazine as well as the factor's provisions for the island's table.
400	394	Robert Forrest Seaman William Goddard Do John Young Do Nathan Saunders Carpenter Richard Brooks Seaman John Boa Do William Robinson Do James Stone Do John Bekar Do Nicholas Miller Do William Otowit Do John Dove Do Robert Reynolds Do Alexander Soy Do Andrew Mint Seaman James Dolpht Do Cha Peter Saulnier Do Henry Brittle Do Ben Smith Surgeons Servant James Butler Boatsn Do Baymond Lane Gunr Do Jn Charlton Capt’s Do William Dayson Do Ths Poikler Do Thomas Marjors Do Mode Morah Do Passengers (capt) Radafsf Grugge Captain John Clark Mr Rebecca Capt major Miss Hiley Monroe Mr George Witswart Junr William James Capt major junr Sign Don Pedro Mr Augustus Morgan John Holston Tom Slave to Capt George Capt a Do to Mr Witswart Isabel De Monte Julia Perard Susanna Slave to Miss Monroe Harriott Do to Mr Capmajor Mr Richard Mason presented the following Petition Vizt. To the Worshipful Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governor &c Council of St Helena Sheweth The humble Petition of Richd Mason That your Petitioner being much afflicted with a disorder that has been a long Time upon him, and having often apply’d to the Surgeons here without having any Relief from their prescriptions, Your petitioner therefore humbly prays that he may have liberty to leave the Island and proceed for England in hopes of being cured there and Return again by the next Store Ship And your Petitioner as in Duty Bound shall ever pray &c (Signed) Richard Mason St Helena 18th February 1754	The muster roll of the Delaware continued from the previous record. Robert Forrest, seaman William Goddard, seaman John Young, seaman Nathan Saunders, carpenter Richard Brooks, seaman John Boa, seaman William Robinson, seaman James Stone, seaman John Bekar, seaman Nicholas Miller, seaman William Otowit, seaman John Dove, seaman Robert Reynolds, seaman Alexander Soy, seaman Andrew Mint, seaman James Dolpht, seaman Cha Peter Saulnier, seaman Henry Brittle, seaman Ben Smith, surgeon's servant James Butler, boatswain's servant Raymond Lane, gunner's servant John Charlton, captain's servant William Dayson, servant Thomas Poikler, servant Thomas Marjors, servant Mode Morah, servant Passengers Captain Radafsf Grugge Captain John Clark Mr Rebecca, captain major Miss Hiley Monroe George Witswart junior William James, captain major junior Signor Don Pedro Augustus Morgan John Holston Tom, slave to Captain George [...], slave to Witswart Isabel De Monte Julia Perard Susanna, slave to Miss Monroe Harriott, slave to Capmajor Richard Mason presented a petition to the Council. Mason set out that being much afflicted with a disorder of long standing, and having often applied to the surgeons here without relief from their prescriptions, he humbly prayed leave to leave the island and proceed to England, hoping to be cured there and to return by the next store ship. The petition was signed by Richard Mason, St Helena, 18 February 1754.
401	395	1754 The Plantation Gunners and Stewards Accounts from the 12th January to the 11th February were this Day brought in which were Examined and approved and are as follow Vizt Gunners Stores expended from the 12th Jan to the 11th Feby 1754 both Days Included Vizt Guns fired, 4d, 3d, 2d, 1d, Powder Expended January 15 Departed the Hector Capt Herwan Returned the Salute Guns fired: 9, 2d: 9, Powder Expended: 9, oz: 8 Do Powder for Priming Powder Expended: 1, oz: 8 Do Departed the Godolphin Capt Hutchinson Returned ye Salute Guns fired: 9, 2d: 9, Powder Expended: 9, oz: 0 Do Powder for Priming Powder Expended: 1, oz: 8 16 Powder for Scaling the Guns at Sandy Bay Powder Expended: 27 Do Powder for Priming Powder Expended: 1, oz: 8 19 Powder for Scaling the Guns at Turks Cap Powder Expended: 10 Do Powder for Priming Powder Expended: 1 23 An Allarm for a Ship that went by Guns fired: 6, 4d: 2, 3d: 2, 1d: 2, Powder Expended: 12 Do Returned the Salute of the said Ship Guns fired: 9, 2d: 9, Powder Expended: 9 Do Powder for Priming Powder Expended: 1, oz: 8 Feb 6 Powder for Blowing off Rock at the Crane Powder Expended: 1, oz: 4 Do Powder for Signals Powder Expended: 8 Total Guns fired: 33, 4d: 2, 3d: 2, 2d: 27, 1d: 2, Powder Expended: 84, oz: 12 Paper for the use of the Castle 1 Quire Do for making small Cartridges 1 Do Tallow for greasing the Gun Carriages at the main and out Forts 25 lb Do for the use of the Long Boats 6 Do for the use of the Yawl 2 Do for the use of the Pump 3 Handspikes broke at the main Fort 2 Do Do at Bankes 2 Do Do at Sandy Bay 1 Do Do at Turks Cap 2 Wooden Truck Do at Do 12 Cartridge Needles broke with making Bags for Grape Shot 1 Sompions lost at Mundens Point	The plantation, gunners and stewards accounts, running from 12 January to 11 February, were brought in on this day. The council examined and approved them, and they ran as set out below. Gunners stores spent from 12 January to 11 February 1754, both days included. The columns recorded the number of guns fired, the several sizes of shot and the powder spent in pounds. 15 January, departed the Hector, Captain Herwan, returned the salute, 9 guns, 9 pounds 8 ounces 15 January, powder for priming, 1 pound 8 ounces Departed the Godolphin, Captain Hutchinson, returned the salute, 9 guns, 9 pounds Powder for priming, 1 pound 8 ounces 16 January, powder for scaling the guns at Sandy Bay, 27 pounds Powder for priming, 1 pound 8 ounces 19 January, powder for scaling the guns at Turk's Cap, 10 pounds Powder for priming, 1 pound 23 January, an alarm for a ship that went by, 6 guns, 12 pounds Returned the salute of the ship, 9 guns, 9 pounds Powder for priming, 1 pound 8 ounces 6 February, powder for blasting a rock at the crane, 1 pound 4 ounces Powder for signals, 8 ounces Total, 33 guns, 84 pounds 12 ounces Paper for the use of the castle, 1 quire Paper for making small cartridges, 1 quire Tallow for greasing the gun carriages at the main and outer forts, 25 pounds Tallow for the use of the longboat, 6 pounds Tallow for the use of the yawl, 2 pounds Tallow for the use of the pump, 3 pounds Handspikes broke at the main fort, 2 Handspikes broke at Banks's, 2 Handspikes broke at Sandy Bay, 1 Handspikes broke at Turk's Cap, 2 Wooden truck broke at Turk's Cap, 12 Cartridge needles broke with making bags for grapeshot, 1 Sponges lost at Munden's Point, 1 Interpretations This gunner's account records the powder spent over the month on salutes, scaling and signalling, the several uses tallied to the dates of firing. The scaling of the guns at Sandy Bay and Turk's Cap, drawing the largest quantities of powder, was the firing of a small charge to clear and clean the bore of a cannon, the scaling burning out the rust and fouling that gathered in a gun left standing, the batteries scoured and made fit for service. The salutes exchanged with the Hector and the Godolphin as they departed record the two East Indiamen sailing for England on 15 January, each answered with nine guns, the same honours paid at their leaving as at their arrival. The naming of their captains, Herwan of the Hector and Hutchinson of the Godolphin, marks the record of the fleet's officers as the ships came and went, the traffic of the Indiamen that the settlement served set down in the gunner's account. The handspikes broken at the several batteries, the main fort, Banks's, Sandy Bay and Turk's Cap, record the heavy wear of working the great guns, the handspike the stout wooden lever by which a cannon was heaved round and its carriage shifted. Their breaking at every post in the month, together with the wooden truck, one of the small solid wheels of a gun carriage, marks the constant labour of laying and training the ordnance, the tools of the work worn out and renewed from the store. The cartridge needle broken in making bags for grapeshot records the preparation of the guns' ammunition, the grapeshot a cluster of small iron balls bound in a bag to scatter on firing, and the needle the tool that stitched the bag. The tallow drawn to grease the gun carriages at the forts and the boats and pump marks the wider use of the fat about the settlement, the same store serving to ease the working of the guns, the craft and the water pump alike.
402	396	Account of the Honorable Companys Stock of Neat Cattle &ca from the 12th January to the 11th February 1754 Vizt Neat Cattle, Sheep, Goats, Hogs, Poultry, Horses, Asses Bulls, Cows, Calves, Yearlings, Heifer, Steers, Bullocks, Oxen, Total, Ewes, Wethers, Lambs, Rams, Total, Ewes, Wethers, Kids, Rams, Total, Sows, Shoats, Piggs, Boars, Total, Turkeys, Fowls, Ducks, Geese, Horses, Mares, Total, Asses, Total Remaining 12th: Bulls: 3, Cows: 73, Calves: 58, Yearlings: 31, Heifer: 13, Steers: 15, Bullocks: 11, Oxen: 12, Total: 216, Ewes: 150, Wethers: 44, Lambs: 86, Rams: 6, Total: 286, Ewes: 86, Wethers: 8, Kids: 70, Rams: 4, Total: 168, Sows: 5, Shoats: 6, Piggs: 30, Boars: 1, Total: 42, Turkeys: 45, Fowls: 268, Ducks: 47, Geese: 14, Horses: 6, Mares: 6, Total: 12, Asses: 3, Total: 3 Encreased: Calves: 8, Oxen: 8, Lambs: 6, Total: 6, Kids: 9, Total: 9, Turkeys: 14, Fowls: 119, Ducks: 21, Geese: 9 Bulls: 3, Cows: 73, Calves: 66, Yearlings: 31, Heifer: 13, Steers: 15, Bullocks: 11, Oxen: 12, Total: 224, Ewes: 150, Wethers: 44, Lambs: 92, Rams: 6, Total: 292, Ewes: 86, Wethers: 8, Kids: 79, Rams: 4, Total: 177, Sows: 5, Shoats: 6, Piggs: 30, Boars: 1, Total: 42, Turkeys: 59, Fowls: 387, Ducks: 68, Geese: 23, Horses: 6, Mares: 6, Total: 12, Asses: 3, Total: 3 Killed: Oxen: 1, Total: 1, Lambs: 1, Rams: 5, Total: 4, Total: 9, Turkeys: 1, Fowls: 18, Ducks: 4, Geese: 1 Died: Lambs: 1, Total: 1, Ewes: 1, Total: 1, Total: 2, Fowls: 1, Geese: 1 Killed by Cats: Fowls: 1 Remaining 11th: Bulls: 3, Cows: 73, Calves: 66, Yearlings: 31, Heifer: 13, Steers: 14, Bullocks: 11, Oxen: 12, Total: 223, Ewes: 149, Wethers: 43, Lambs: 92, Rams: 6, Total: 290, Ewes: 80, Wethers: 3, Kids: 79, Rams: 4, Total: 166, Sows: 5, Shoats: 6, Piggs: 30, Boars: 1, Total: 42, Turkeys: 58, Fowls: 367, Ducks: 64, Geese: 21, Horses: 6, Mares: 6, Total: 12, Asses: 3, Total: 3 Yams Expended 5100 Errors Excepted Signed John Adamson	Account of the Honourable Company's stock of neat cattle and other livestock from 12 January to 11 February 1754. The column headings ran across neat cattle, sheep, goats, hogs, poultry, horses and asses, each divided into its several kinds with a total struck for each class. Neat cattle Remaining 12 January: bulls 3, cows 73, calves 58, yearlings 31, heifers 13, steers 15, bullocks 11, oxen 12, total 216 Increased: bulls 0, cows 0, calves 8, yearlings 0, heifers 0, steers 0, bullocks 0, oxen 0, total 8 Total: bulls 3, cows 73, calves 66, yearlings 31, heifers 13, steers 15, bullocks 11, oxen 12, total 224 Killed: bulls 0, cows 0, calves 0, yearlings 0, heifers 0, steers 1, bullocks 0, oxen 0, total 1 Died: 0 Remaining 11 February: bulls 3, cows 73, calves 66, yearlings 31, heifers 13, steers 14, bullocks 11, oxen 12, total 223 Sheep Remaining 12 January: ewes 150, wethers 44, lambs 86, rams 6, total 286 Increased: ewes 0, wethers 0, lambs 6, rams 0, total 6 Total: ewes 150, wethers 44, lambs 92, rams 6, total 292 Killed: ewes 0, wethers 1, lambs 0, rams 0, total 1 Died: ewes 1, wethers 0, lambs 0, rams 0, total 1 Remaining 11 February: ewes 149, wethers 43, lambs 92, rams 6, total 290 Goats Remaining 12 January: does 86, wethers 8, kids 70, rams 4, total 168 Increased: does 0, wethers 0, kids 9, rams 0, total 9 Total: does 86, wethers 8, kids 79, rams 4, total 177 Killed: does 1, wethers 0, kids 5, rams 0, total 4 Died: does 1, wethers 1, kids 0, rams 0, total 2 Remaining 11 February: does 80, wethers 3, kids 79, rams 4, total 166 Hogs Remaining 12 January: sows 5, shoats 6, pigs 30, boars 1, total 42 Increased: 0 Total: sows 5, shoats 6, pigs 30, boars 1, total 42 Killed: 0 Died: 0 Remaining 11 February: sows 5, shoats 6, pigs 30, boars 1, total 42 Poultry Remaining 12 January: turkeys 45, fowls 268, ducks 47, geese 14 Increased: turkeys 14, fowls 119, ducks 21, geese 9 Total: turkeys 59, fowls 387, ducks 68, geese 23 Killed: turkeys 1, fowls 18, ducks 4, geese 1 Died: turkeys 0, fowls 1, ducks 0, geese 1 Killed by cats: fowls 1 Remaining 11 February: turkeys 58, fowls 367, ducks 64, geese 21 Horses and asses Remaining 12 January: horses 6, mares 6, total 12, asses 3, total 3 Remaining 11 February: horses 6, mares 6, total 12, asses 3, total 3 Yams spent came to 5,100. The account was signed by John Adamson. Interpretations This account carries the Company's livestock forward from 12 January to 11 February, under the same fixed headings, and its opening figures match the closing figures of the previous month, the reckonings kept as a continuous running audit through the season. The poultry showed a great increase this month, near a hundred and twenty fowls and many turkeys, ducks and geese added, the largest single gain in any class through these accounts. The surge in the poultry, with the fowls alone rising by more than a hundred and the ducks and geese breeding up strongly, marks the height of the southern summer at its most favourable for the yard. The birds multiplied fastest in the warm and plentiful months of January and February, the plantation's poultry rising to near five hundred fowls at its peak, the season's increase far outrunning the steady draw of the table. The neat cattle again stood almost still, gaining eight calves and losing a single steer to slaughter, which marks the settled husbandry of the herd. The steady holding of the cattle against the constant breeding of the poultry shows the different value the Company set on its stock, the slow-breeding cattle kept as a standing capital while the quick-breeding birds were raised and eaten in rapid cycle, the herd and the yard managed to their different natures. The return of the killed-by-cats line, with a fowl lost to the predators in the month, records the continued drain of the feral cats on the poultry, the very pest the slaves had been set to destroy in the previous quarter. The single loss here, small against the great increase, marks the cats held in check but not cleared, the island's effort against them recorded month by month in the livestock accounts as a standing charge on the stock.
403	397	Sundries Expended at the Honorable Companys General Table in the Month ending the 11th February 1754 Vizt 27 Bottles Port Wine £: 2, d: 6 29 Do Lisbon £: 2, s: 3, d: 6 10 Do Madira £: 1, s: 2, d: 11 56 Do Beer s: 14 326 Flour £: 2, s: 4, d: 1 1/2 32 Mutton s: 13, d: 4 230 Beef £: 2, s: 17, d: 6 212 Goat £: 3, s: 10, d: 8 18 Fowls £: 1, s: 7 4 Ducks s: 6 1 Goose s: 5 1 Turkey s: 5 5 Ps Salt Pork s: 10 100 Candy £: 1, s: 13, d: 4 55 Butter £: 2, s: 15 56 Bottles Arrack £: 1, s: 17, d: 11 £: 24, s: 5, d: 9 3/4 Enlisted Stephen Orr to serve the Honorable Company as a Soldier Bought of Captain Thomas Winter 23:1 Rice at 8 P Hundred Weight on Account of the Honorable Company Mr Canham Underwood Chief Mate of the Ship Delaware having acquainted the Governor that Adam Hall one of the Seamen had on board of the Said Ship Seizd him by the Collar of his Coat and twist, and Struck him on the Face; the Governor recommended it to Mr Underwood to acquaint the Captain with it, who replyd that he had but not being willing the Man should be Punished he desired that he might be only Reprimanded by the Governor for it, as beleiving that it would have a good effect	Sundries spent at the Honourable Company's general table in the month ending 11 February 1754. 27 bottles of port wine, £2 0s 6d 29 bottles of Lisbon wine, £2 3s 6d 10 bottles of Madeira, £1 2s 11d 56 bottles of beer, £0 14s 0d 326 pounds of flour, £2 4s 1½d 39 pounds of mutton, £0 13s 4d 230 pounds of beef, £2 17s 6d 212 pounds of goat, £3 10s 8d 18 fowls, £1 7s 0d 4 ducks, £0 6s 0d 1 goose, £0 5s 0d 1 turkey, £0 5s 0d 5 pounds of salt pork, £0 10s 0d 100 pounds of candy, £1 13s 4d 55 pounds of butter, £2 15s 0d 56 bottles of arrack, £1 17s 11d Total, £24 5s 9¾d Stephen Orr enlisted to serve the Honourable Company as a soldier. Bought of Captain Thomas Winter 23 hundredweight 1 quarter of rice at 8s per hundredweight on account of the Honourable Company. Cantham Underwood, chief mate of the ship Delaware, informed the Governor that Adam Hall, one of the seamen aboard the ship, had seized him by the collar of his coat and waistcoat and struck him on the face. The Governor recommended the matter to Underwood, who acquainted the captain with it, and the captain replied that he would punish the man. Not being willing that the man should be punished, Underwood desired that he might only be reprimanded by the Governor, believing that this would have a good effect. Interpretations This account records a month's provisioning of the general table, the drink, meat and staples consumed by the Governor, council and officers between the dates. The goat this month rose to a large item, over two hundred pounds, an unusual quantity of goat meat on the officers' table, which perhaps reflects the killing of goats from the herd or the state of the other stock, the goats generally kept for the sick slaves and for breeding rather than for the mess. The purchase of rice from Captain Thomas Winter records the Company buying provision from a private ship's master calling at the island, the rice bought at eight shillings the hundredweight on the Company's account. This buying-in of grain from a passing captain marks a means by which the island supplemented its stores, the Company purchasing from the ships that called what its own supply and the East Indiamen did not furnish, the rice added to the reserve against the constant want of grain. The complaint of Cantham Underwood against the seaman Adam Hall records a case of assault brought before the Governor, the mate struck and seized by one of his own ship's crew. The referring of the matter first to the captain and then Underwood's own plea that the man be only reprimanded rather than punished marks the ordinary handling of shipboard discord at the island, the Governor's authority sought to compose a quarrel that the ship's own discipline might have met, the mate preferring a mild rebuke to a formal punishment. The enlistment of Stephen Orr records the Company again recruiting a soldier to its garrison, the ordinary business of keeping the island's small military establishment up to strength. This steady enlisting of men, one and two at a time across the accounts, marks the constant replenishing of the garrison against the deaths and departures that thinned its ranks, the island's defence maintained man by man from the recruits the Company's service drew. Speculations The mate Underwood chose to press for a mere reprimand of the seaman who had assaulted him rather than let the captain punish the man as the captain was willing to do, and the record shows why he passed over the harder course. Underwood believed a reprimand from the Governor would have a better effect than a punishment, and his plea to soften the penalty against his own assailant marks a judgement that the man was worth keeping and correcting rather than breaking, the mate weighing the discipline of the ship and the temper of the crew above his own injury and choosing the milder path he thought would answer better.
404	398	Effect upon him, Captain Winter having been informed of this application of his Officer Ordered the said Hall to be brought before us, who acknowledged that he had Seized Mr Underwood and told him that he wod not strike him nor neither wod he be beat by him, but Denyd that he struck him, tho he had first been struck by Mr Underwood, Edward Guy Gunner of the said Ship says that he took off the said Hall from Mr Underwood but says it was so Dark that he did not perceive any Blows to pass, Adam Hall was therefore severely Reprimanded accordingly to the Officers Desire and dismissed Cha Hutchinson John Adamson John Clark At a Consultation held on Monday the 25th Day of February 1754 at the Castle Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governor Lieutt John Adamson Lieutenant Governor Lieutt John Clark of Council. The last Consultation was read approved and signed dated the 18th Febry 1754, Friday 22d Sailed the Honorable Company’s Ship Delaware for England Counted and Examined the Honorable Company’s Cash for the Month ending the 11th Instant which is as follows Vizt	effect on him. Captain Winter, having been told of his officer's request, ordered Hall brought before the Council. Hall acknowledged he had seized Underwood and told him he would not strike him nor be beaten by him, but denied striking him, though he had first been struck by Underwood. Edward Guy, gunner of the ship, said he had pulled Hall off Underwood, but that it had been so dark he had not seen any blows pass. Hall was therefore severely reprimanded as the officer had asked, and dismissed. The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson, John Adamson and John Clark. At a consultation held at the Castle on 25 February 1754, Governor Charles Hutchinson sat with Lieutenant John Adamson, Lieutenant Governor, and Lieutenant John Clark of the Council. The Council read the earlier consultation of 18 February 1754, then approved and signed it. The Company's ship Delaware had sailed for England on Friday 22 February. The Council counted and examined the Company's cash for the month ending the eleventh of the month, entered as follows. Interpretations The Hall case shows a ship's captain deliberately steering a disciplinary matter away from his own authority and toward the Governor's reprimand, judging that a formal rebuke from the island's civil head would carry more corrective weight with the seaman than punishment aboard ship. The conflicting accounts, Hall admitting he seized Underwood but denying he struck him, against the gunner's admission he saw no blows in the dark, left the Council unable to establish exactly what had happened, and the reprimand delivered was for the admitted seizing rather than any blow that could not be proven.
405	399	Cash Dr 1754 Janry 12 To Balance remaining L 3424 1 7 3/4 To Ship Hector the Balance of her Acct 37 18 1 14 To Exchange for a Set of Bills drawn on the Honorable Court of Directors payable to Captain William Hutchinson or Order ninety Days after sight dated this Day 160 - L 3622 2 8 3/4 Contra Cr 1754 Janry 14 By Ship Goodolphon the Balance of her Account L 47 18 6 By Balances remaining in the following species Vizt 200 Ventians at 10/ 100 - 3600 Pagodas @ 8/ 1440 L 1540 - Gold Amounting to 1708 Dollars @ 5/ 1175 15 - 1000 Rupees @ 2/3 112 10 - 12948 half Rials 3 3/4 202 6 3 441 French pieces 2/ 3 13 6 Odd Money 4 5 3/4 L 1491 9 2 3/4 Silver Amounting to 146 Cash Notes at 10/ 292 - 162 Do 20/ 162 - 263 Do 5/ 65 15 - 160 Do 2/6 20 - Cash Notes Amounting to L 539 15 - L 3574 1 2 3/4 L 3622 2 8 3/4	The cash account of the Company was cast for the month ending 11 February 1754. 12 January, to balance remaining, £3,424 1s 7¾d To the ship Hector, the balance of her account, £37 18s 1d 14th, to exchange for a set of bills drawn on the Court of Directors, payable to Captain William Hutchinson or order, ninety days after sight, dated this day, £160 Total, £3,622 2s 8¾d The creditor side, cast 14 January 1754, recorded the balance of the ship Godolphin's account and the species remaining. By the ship Godolphin, the balance of her account, £47 18s 6d By balance remaining in the following species 200 Venetian pieces, at 10s, £100 3,600 pagodas, at 8s, £1,440 Gold amounting to £1,540 1,708 dollars, at 5s, £1,175 15s 1,000 rupees, at 2s 3d, £112 10s 12,948 half rials, at 3¾d, £202 6s 441 French pieces, at 2s, £3 13s 6d Odd money, £4 5s 3¾d Silver amounting to £1,491 9s 2¾d 146 cash notes, at 40s, £292 162 cash notes, at 20s, £162 263 cash notes, at 5s, £65 15s 160 cash notes, at 2s 6d, £20 Cash notes amounting to £539 15s Subtotal, £3,574 1s 2¾d Total, £3,622 2s 8¾d
406	400	Mr Matthew Purling having complained of John Seale for beating a Man Slave of his named Caesar, in a very barbarous manner, We ordered the said Seale to attend the Council, who, this Day appearing and the said Caesar being asked what he had to say against him Declares That on Sunday last between the Hours of five and six in the Afternoon, as he was returning home from Mr William Seales he stopt at a Hut of Jno Wm Seales to see a Man Slave of hers that lived there, that the said John Seale was at that Time about two hundred Yards distant from the Hut and came into it soon after, and without speaking began to beat him, first with a Rattan and then with the Helve of a Hatchet, that by one of these Blows he was much cut on the Head, and Knocked down; and as he was rising the said Seale knocked him down a second Time; That he got up and run as well as he could from Seale who pursued him and threw stones at him, one of which hit him upon the Shoulder and another upon the back of his Neck, and that Seale likewise set a Dog upon him which he escaped from. That Seale then went back to the Hut as he the said Caesar did for his Hat and Cane; and asking Seale what he beat him for, he replies if I had a Gun I would Shoot you that he (Caesar) thereupon told him he would acquaint his Master with it and Seale said he might if he pleased. Mr Matthew Bagzette declares that about 6 O’Clock on Sunday Evening the 17th Instant he met Mr John Seale and seeing Mr Purlings Slave Caesar very Bloody a little way behind him, he asked the Fellow what was the matter with him who replied Mr Seale has beat me, Seale then Acknowledges he had beat him, with a Rattan from the Point quite over the Knob, which Mr Bagzett says is in distance about thirty yards, but he observing to Seale that he could not have broke a Mans Head with a small Rattan only Seale then owned that he did beat him with a Stick likewise Mr Henry Bagzett declares to the same Effect that Mr Matthew Bagzett doth. Mr Seale being asked what he had to say allodges in his defence, that he the said Caesar was very impertinent to him	Matthew Purling having complained of John Seale for beating a man, his slave named Caesar, in a very barbarous manner, the Council ordered Seale to attend. He appeared this day, and Caesar, being asked what he had against him, declared as follows. On the Sunday before, between five and six in the afternoon, as he was returning home from William Seale's, he had stopped at a hut belonging to John and William Seale to see a slave of theirs who lived there. John Seale had at that time been about two hundred yards off, and came into the hut soon after, and without speaking began to beat him, first with a rattan and then with the helve of a hatchet. By one of these blows he was badly cut on the head and knocked down, and as he rose Seale knocked him down a second time. He rose and ran from Seale as best he could, who pursued him and threw stones, one striking his shoulder and another the back of his neck, and Seale also set a dog on him, which he escaped. Seale then went back to the hut, as Caesar did for his hat and cane, and on being asked why he had beaten him, Seale replied that if he had a gun he would shoot him. Caesar told him he would tell his master, and Seale said he might if he pleased. Matthew Bazett declared that about six o'clock on the Sunday evening he met John Seale, and seeing Purling's slave Caesar bloody a little way behind him, asked what was the matter, to which Caesar replied that Seale had beaten him. Seale then acknowledged he had beaten him with a rattan from one point to another, a distance Bazett judged to be about thirty yards, but on Bazett observing that a small rattan could not have broken a man's head, Seale then owned he had also beaten him with a stick. Henry Bazett declared to the same effect as Matthew Bazett. John Seale, asked what he had to say in his defence, alleged that Caesar had been very impertinent to him
407	401	Mr Matthew Purling having complained of John Seale for beating a Man Slave of his named Caesar, in a very barbarous manner, and says he thinks that was reason sufficient for his beating him but denies that he struck him with any thing but a Rattan or that he set his Dog at him It appearing to us by the Marks upon Caesars Body and the Testimony of the foreging Evidences that Mr Seale did beat him in a very cruel manner against antient custom and by Laws among the Inhabitants of this Island forbidding any Person to Strike the Slave of another but to complain to his Master we therefore fined the said Seale in the sum of twenty five Shillings twenty of which to the Honorable Company Cash and five to the Secretary for Taking and Entrering the Examination. William Moor Steward having desired leave to quit the Honorable Companys Service we granted his request, and appointed James Yates to succeed him in that Office. Cha.s Hutchinson John Adamson John Clark	and thought that reason enough to beat him, but denied striking him with anything but a rattan or setting his dog on him. It appearing to the Council, from the marks on Caesar's body and the testimony of the witnesses, that Seale had beaten him in a very cruel manner, against the ancient custom and by-laws of the island's inhabitants, which forbade any person to strike another's slave and required instead a complaint to the master, the Council fined Seale 25 shillings, twenty to the Company's cash and five to the secretary for taking and entering the examination. William Moor, steward, having desired leave to quit the Company's service, the Council granted his request and appointed James Yates to succeed him in that office. The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson, John Adamson and John Clark. Interpretations The case turns on an island by-law that reserved the right to punish a slave to the slave's own master, forbidding any other free person from striking another's slave regardless of provocation, a rule that protected a master's property and authority over his own slave rather than the slave's person as such. Seale's shifting admissions, first denying any weapon but a rattan, then owning to a stick once the distance and severity of the injury made the rattan account implausible, show the Council pressing the evidence until the physical proof overcame his account, rather than accepting his first denial.
408	402	At a consultation held on Monday the 4th Day of March 1754 at the Castle Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governor Lieutenant John Adamson Lieut Governor Lieutenant John Clark of Council The last Consultation was read approved and signed dated the 25th Febry 1754 William Doveton who lately married the Orphan Naomi Bradley applies to us for the Money lodged in the Honorable Companys Cash belonging to him in Right of his Wife which we accordingly paid him, and directed the Accountant to write it off the Books of Accounts amounting to the Sum of 14 : 19 : 8 Cha s Hutchinson John Adamson John Clark	At a consultation held at the Castle on 4 March 1754, Governor Charles Hutchinson sat with Lieutenant John Adamson, Lieutenant Governor, and Lieutenant John Clark of the Council. The Council read the earlier consultation of 25 February 1754, then approved and signed it. William Doveton, who had lately married the orphan Naomi Bradley, applied for the money lodged in the Company's cash belonging to him in right of his wife, which the Council paid him accordingly, directing the accountant to write it off the books, amounting to £14 19s 8d. The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson, John Adamson and John Clark.
409	403	At a consultation held on Monday the 11th Day of March 1754 at the Castle Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governor Lieutenant John Adamson Lieutenant Governor Lieutenant John Clark of Council The last Consultation was read approved and signed dated the 4th of March 1754 Thursday 7th passed by a Ship at a great distance Saturday 9th Arrived the Honorable Company Ship Clinton from China Sunday 10th Arrived the Honorable Company Ship Walpole from Benoolen Invoice of Ship Clinton SC No 1210 Sugar Candy to 3182 Grofs 251 Tare 251 2931 Neat is P C T 21: 98: 26: 1 £ pC 1340 7 8 S No 1225 Sugar 6928 Grofs 574 Tare 574 6354 Neat is P C T 47: 65: 3 £ pC 238 2 5 0 Chests 95 at 2: 5: 0 8 7 5 0 Sales 381 0 7 8 Errors Excepted (signed) Edward Phipps Henry Revele Joseph Harrington John Hull Thomas Smith	At a consultation held at the Castle on 11 March 1754, Governor Charles Hutchinson sat with Lieutenant John Adamson, Lieutenant Governor, and Lieutenant John Clark of the Council. The Council read the earlier consultation of 4 March 1754, then approved and signed it. A ship passed at a great distance on Thursday 7 March. The Company's ship Clinton arrived from China on Saturday 9 March, and the Walpole from Bencoolen on Sunday 10 March. Invoice of ship Clinton Sugar candy, number 1210, gross 3182, tare 251, net 2931, at per pecul, taels 21 98 26 1, per pecul, taels 1,340 7s 8d Sugar, number 1225, gross 6928, tare 574, net 6354, at per pecul, taels 47 65 3, taels 238 2s 5d 95 chests, at taels 2 5, taels 8 7s 5d Sale total, taels 381 0s 7d 8 The invoice was marked errors excepted, and signed by Edward Phipps, Henry Revele, Joseph Harrington, John Hull and Thomas Smith.
410	404	Invoice of Ship Walpole Sugar 12 Baskets of 298: 18: 2 at 4: 2 per 15 P Cent L 126 2 15 Charges Merchandise For Shipping the above 6 L 132 2 15 Errors Excepted (signed) John Gunn Accomptant. Cha: Hutchinson John Adamson John Clark	The invoice of the ship Walpole recorded the goods landed. Sugar, 12 baskets of 298 lb 18 2, at 4 2 per 15 per cent, taels 126 2s 15d Charges of merchandise Shipping the above, taels 6 Total, taels 132 2s 15d The invoice was marked errors excepted, and signed by John Gunn, accountant. The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson, John Adamson and John Clark.
411	405	At a Consultation held on Monday the 18th Day of March 1754 at the Castle Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governor Lieutenant John Adamson Lieutenant Governor Lieutenant John Clark of Council The last Consultation was read approved and signed dated the 11th March 1754 Tuesday 12th Arrived the Honorable Company Ship Marlbro' from China Wednesday 13th Arrived the Honorable Company Ship Suffolk from China Friday 15th Arrived the Honorable Company Ship Griffin from China Saturday 16th Arrived a Swedish Ship from China called Hope Sunday 17th Arrived the Honorable Company Ship Dodington from Mocha 20th passed by a Ship Invoice of Ship Suffolk S No 22 China Ware 2 Chests Vizt 10 Setts of Dishes and plates 5: 20: 0 1800 pr Cent 18000 50 Half Pint cups and saucers 45 pr Cent 2250 50 J Pint Do 4 200 12 Basons and Cuglets 4 4800 12 Chamber Potts 2 2400 50 Small Bowls 100 5000 100 Pint Basons 23 2300 36750 1725 36 0 15 B No 22 Sea Bohea 2 Chests 2: 3: 7 Neat 318: 2: 6 at 15 pr Cent 100 19 4 No 23 Sea Congo 3 Do 9: 7 Neat 296: 1: 17 at 26 pr Cent 160 2 0 No 24 Sea Singlo 4 Tubs 9: 23 Neat 288: 2: 12 at 28 pr Cent 50 4 5 6 Sales 472 6 5 Errors Excepted (signed) Edward Phipps Henry Revel	At a consultation held at the Castle on 18 March 1754, Governor Charles Hutchinson sat with Lieutenant John Adamson, Lieutenant Governor, and Lieutenant John Clark of the Council. The Council read the earlier consultation of 11 March 1754, then approved and signed it. The Company's ship Marlborough arrived from China on Tuesday 12 March, the Suffolk from China on Wednesday 13 March, the Griffin from China on Friday 15 March, a Swedish ship from China called the Hope on Saturday 16 March, and the Company's ship Dodington from Mocha on Sunday 17 March. A ship passed by on the 20th. Invoice of ship Suffolk Chinaware, number 22, 2 chests 10 sets of dishes and plates, 5 20 0, at 1,800 per cent, taels 180 50 half-pint cups and saucers, at 45 per cent, taels 22 50 50 quarter-pint cups, taels 4 20 12 basins and cruets, taels 48 12 chamber pots, taels 24 50 small bowls, taels 50 100 pint basins, taels 23 Subtotal, taels 367 50, further 15 Number 22, sea bohea tea, 2 chests, net 318 2 6, at 15 per cent, taels 100 19s 4d Number 23, sea congo tea, 3 chests, net 296 1 17, at 26 per cent, taels 160 2s Number 24, sea singlo tea, 4 tubs, net 288 2 12, at 28 per cent, taels 50 4s 5d 6 Sale total, taels 472 6s 5d The invoice was marked errors excepted, and signed by Edward Phipps and Henry Revel.
412	406	Invoice of Ship Griffin China Ware Two Chests Vizt N o 1 50 Half Pint Cups and Saucers Blue & White @ J m 0.050 Salesmen 2 500 10 Setts of Octagon Dishes & Plates S. 20 D' @ 2.500 25 000 12 Cugletts and Basons Blue & Gold @ 0.500 6 000 33 500 2 ½ Pint Basons…… Blue & White…… 0.025 2 425 12 Chamber Potts…… Gold & Colours…… 0.240 2 880 50 Quarter Pint Cups and Saucers Gold & Enamelled 0.070 3 500 17 Setts Bowls Three in a Sett Blue and White 0.300 5 100 13 905 47 405 Two Chests for China ware 920 48 325 B N o 1 36 Cannisters of two Cattees each Cattees 72 2 36 D o D o 72 3 80 D o D o 80 4 80 D o D o 80 232 364 at 16 Jms. 48 640 Cannisters 16 080 64 720 S Tea Single in Cannisters two Chests Vizt N o 1 100 Cannisters of 1 Cattee each…… Cattee 100 2 48 D o of 2 D o 96 148 196 at 24 Jms. 47 040 C Tea Congou in Cannisters 2 Chests Vizt N o 1 50 Cannisters of 2 Cattees each…… Cattee 100 2 100 D o of 1 Cattee…… 100 150 200 at 25 Jms. C… 50 000 Cannisters 10 500 60 500 Tales 230 905 Errors Excepted (signed) Tho: Lisle Rich d Wood Stephen Downie Mann Horner Rob t John Harrison	The invoice of the ship Griffin recorded the chinaware landed. Chinaware, 2 chests 50 half-pint cups and saucers, blue and white, taels 2,500 10 sets of octagon dishes and plates, taels 25,000 12 goblets and basins, blue and gold, taels 6,000 Subtotal, taels 33,500 2 half-pint basins, blue and white, taels 2,425 12 chamber pots, gold and colours, taels 2,880 50 quarter-pint cups and saucers, gold and enamelled, taels 3,500 17 sets of bowls, three in a set, blue and white, taels 5,100 Two chests for chinaware, taels 92,048 325 Tea, in canisters 36 canisters of two catties each, and further parcels, at 16 taels, taels 48,640 Canisters, taels 16,080; total 64,720 Singlo tea in canisters, 2 chests: 100 canisters of one catty each, and 48 of two catties, at 24 taels, taels 47,040 Congo tea in canisters, 2 chests: 50 canisters of two catties each, and 100 of one catty, at 25 taels, taels 50,000 Canisters, taels 10,500; total 60,500 Grand total, taels 230,905 The invoice was marked errors excepted, and signed by Thomas Lisle, Richard Wood, Stephen Downie, Mann Horner and Robert John Harrison. Interpretations Five Company ships and one Swedish vessel arrived from China within nine days of one another, a concentration of the homeward China fleet not otherwise seen so tightly clustered in these batches, and the run of invoices that follows shows the ordinary cargo of sugar, tea and porcelain repeated across nearly every ship, each valued in its own account according to the same Canton conventions of catty, pecul and tael.
413	407	Lieutenant John Clark Reports that he has been on Board the Ships Clinton, Walpole, Marlboro, Suffolk and Dodington to Muster their Companys and enquired for Deserters but found none, their Muster Rolls are as follows. Vizt. Muster Roll of Ship Clinton John Norfan Commander John William 1st Mate Matthews Lilly 2d Do Andrew Quick 3d Do John Horn 4th Do Thomas Hall foremast 5th Do John Willmot 6th Do Edward Back 7th Do David Kelty Purser John Curtis Gunner John Williams carpenter John Hodges Boatswain William Winslow Caulker Henry Croucher sailmaker Thomas Carr Cooper Jonathan Benton capt steward Robert Stone Do Cook Richd Topping capt steward William Comt 2d Do John Miling Culkersman Lawrence Gunn Cooper Gio Straughan Gunner Gabr Heath Boatswain Do William Witteon Midshipman Richd Parker Do James Tuck Do Robert Gardener Do Roger Linskey Do Peter Forbes Midshipman John Cosier Do Edward Watterson surg mate Stephen Saunders Poulterer Robert Davis Taylor Samuel Clark Barber Sam Linton boats mate Robt Chappell 2d master John Pemberton Do Thomas Warwick Do George Harper Do David Griff Do Edwd Fitzgerald seaman Herbert Lincoln Do Robert Yellowby Do James Walton Do Samuel Puddicombe Do John Shear Do Charls Jones Do William Davis Do John Beat Do Geo Hunn Do Richd Lowndown Do John Hickman Do John Mackay Do Moses Agnew Do Andrews Angolian Do Thomas Alyars Do Thomas Flood Do Edw J Murry Do James Baker Do James Stewart Do Thomas Blaneard Do Thomas Welnable Do William Williams Do Paul McDavid Do Robert Gibson Do George Knight Do Robert Dobson Do Peter Robson Do John Simpson Do John Green Do John Moshan Do George Hallt Do Thomas Brellin Do John Morgan Do George Holson Do James Mober Do Jeremiah Ghrlesty Do William Cock Do William Nightingale Do Thomas Partridge Do Thomas Moody Do Thomas Thompson Do John Norton Do Thomas Carter Do	Lieutenant John Clark reported that he had gone aboard the ships Clinton, Walpole, Marlborough, Suffolk and Dodington to muster their companies and search for deserters, but found none. Their muster rolls follow. Muster roll of the ship Clinton John Norfan, commander John William, first mate Matthews Lilly, second mate Andrew Quick, third mate John Horn, fourth mate Thomas Hall, foremast fifth mate John Willmot, sixth mate Edward Back, seventh mate David Kelty, purser John Curtis, gunner John Williams, carpenter John Hodges, boatswain William Winslow, caulker Henry Croucher, sailmaker Thomas Carr, cooper Jonathan Benton, captain's steward Robert Stone, captain's cook Richard Topping, captain's steward William Comt, second steward John Miling, caulker's man Lawrence Gunn, cooper George Straughan, gunner Gabriel Heath, boatswain's servant William Witteon, midshipman Richard Parker, midshipman James Tuck, midshipman Robert Gardener, midshipman Roger Linskey, midshipman Peter Forbes, midshipman John Cosier, midshipman Edward Watterson, surgeon's mate Stephen Saunders, poulterer Robert Davis, tailor Samuel Clark, barber Sam Linton, boatswain's mate Robert Chappell, second master John Pemberton, second master Thomas Warwick, second master George Harper, second master David Griff, second master Edward Fitzgerald, seaman Herbert Lincoln, seaman Robert Yellowby, seaman James Walton, seaman Samuel Puddicombe, seaman John Shear, seaman Charles Jones, seaman William Davis, seaman John Beat, seaman George Hunn, seaman Richard Lowndown, seaman John Hickman, seaman John Mackay, seaman Moses Agnew, seaman Andrews Angolian, seaman Thomas Alyars, seaman Thomas Flood, seaman Edward J. Murry, seaman James Baker, seaman James Stewart, seaman Thomas Blaneard, seaman Thomas Welnable, seaman William Williams, seaman Paul McDavid, seaman Robert Gibson, seaman George Knight, seaman Robert Dobson, seaman Peter Robson, seaman John Simpson, seaman John Green, seaman John Moshan, seaman George Hallt, seaman Thomas Brellin, seaman John Morgan, seaman George Holson, seaman James Mober, seaman Jeremiah Ghrlesty, seaman William Cock, seaman William Nightingale, seaman Thomas Partridge, seaman Thomas Moody, seaman Thomas Thompson, seaman John Norton, seaman Thomas Carter, seaman
414	408	Geo. Hilliard Seaman James Hagues Capt. Servant John Hanks D William Dent Chief Mate D John Gambles 2d Mate D Benj. Swinton Surgeon D Thomas Noble Gunner D David Jones Carpenter D Joseph Waller Boats Servant Anthony West Seaman Thomas Coll D Ambrois Jean D Jean Scher D Muster Roll of Ship Walpole Francis Fowler Commander Philip Offlee 1st Mate Charles Haggis 2d Do John Cormer 3d Do Benjamin Hester 4th Do John Pickering 5th Do John Hamilton C G John White Surgeon Isaac Shaf Goodall Purser Richard Winnington Boats William Lenton Gunner Thomas William Carpenter Thomas Cornish Midshipman Hugh Plumkett D Anthony Beale D Rickr Smith D William Wisneck 1st m Geo. Wylson Capt. Steward Thomas Lehey Cooper John Ellis Capt. Mate John Stevenson Gunner John Bourbon Boatswain Sam. Eckston Ships Cook John Nightingale Gt. Cook John Newman Caulker John Stephens Caulker Mate Thomas Nickels Armourer James Wright Sailmaker John Manley Butcher John Barker Boats: Mate James Paxton Seaman William Snell D John Randall D Thomas Dungeon D Edw? Weeks D Edward Phillips D William Green D John Collins D John Clifton D Thomas Batts D John Boyd D George Drummond D Agnes [unclear] D John Davis D John Stepson D Charles Freeman D Anthony Hitch D Thomas Roylston D James Shepherd D Edward Sprent D Joseph Richardson D Thomas Wazington? D Christian Coggins Thomas Bruton D William Allanson D Thomas Goodilow D James Brown Seaman Henry Gains D William Taylor D German Lane D Cornelius Palmer D Richard Sherridan D James Patch D Thomas Battie D Edward Benson D Michael Harris D Joseph Haverin D Thomas Gibs D Thomas Bennet D John Graves D John Due?ly D Christopher Hohms D Robt. Carpenter Capt. Servant Thomas Johnston D John Bettaman? Master Richd. Bushell 2d Mate D James Rilkin Surgeon’s D Daniel Connelly Boats D Robt. Eyles Carpenter D Jerias Lincoln Gunner’s D Daniel Richmond Seaman Toby Hardswell D John Redcot D John Fletcher D	The muster roll of the Clinton concluded, and the roll of the Walpole followed. George Hilliard, seaman James Hagues, captain's servant John Hanks, servant William Dent, chief mate's servant John Gambles, second mate's servant Benjamin Swinton, surgeon's servant Thomas Noble, gunner's servant David Jones, carpenter's servant Joseph Waller, boatswain's servant Anthony West, seaman Thomas Coll, seaman Ambrois Jean, seaman Jean Scher, seaman Muster roll of the ship Walpole Francis Fowler, commander Philip Offlee, first mate Charles Haggis, second mate John Cormer, third mate Benjamin Hester, fourth mate John Pickering, fifth mate John Hamilton, gunner John White, surgeon Isaac Shaf Goodall, purser Richard Winnington, boatswain William Lenton, gunner Thomas William, carpenter Thomas Cornish, midshipman Hugh Plumkett, midshipman Anthony Beale, midshipman Richard Smith, midshipman William Wisneck, first mate George Wylson, captain's steward Thomas Lehey, cooper John Ellis, captain's mate John Stevenson, gunner John Bourbon, boatswain Samuel Eckston, ship's cook John Nightingale, captain's cook John Newman, caulker John Stephens, caulker's mate Thomas Nickels, armourer James Wright, sailmaker John Manley, butcher John Barker, boatswain's mate James Paxton, seaman William Snell, seaman John Randall, seaman Thomas Dungeon, seaman Edward Weeks, seaman Edward Phillips, seaman William Green, seaman John Collins, seaman John Clifton, seaman Thomas Batts, seaman John Boyd, seaman George Drummond, seaman Agnes [...], seaman John Davis, seaman John Stepson, seaman Charles Freeman, seaman Anthony Hitch, seaman Thomas Roylston, seaman James Shepherd, seaman Edward Sprent, seaman Joseph Richardson, seaman Thomas Wazington, seaman Christian Coggins, seaman Thomas Bruton, seaman William Allanson, seaman Thomas Goodilow, seaman James Brown, seaman Henry Gains, seaman William Taylor, seaman German Lane, seaman Cornelius Palmer, seaman Richard Sherridan, seaman James Patch, seaman Thomas Battie, seaman Edward Benson, seaman Michael Harris, seaman Joseph Haverin, seaman Thomas Gibs, seaman Thomas Bennet, seaman John Graves, seaman John Dueely, seaman Christopher Hohms, seaman Robert Carpenter, captain's servant Thomas Johnston, servant John Bettaman, second master Richard Bushell, second mate's servant James Rilkin, surgeon's servant Daniel Connelly, boatswain's servant Robert Eyles, carpenter's servant Jerias Lincoln, gunner's servant Daniel Richmond, seaman Toby Hardswell, seaman John Redcot, seaman John Fletcher, seaman
415	409	Lawrence Vanderput seaman John Declined D’o John Lysimant D’o Andrew Newchurch D’o William Buck D’o Jos’h Ampreston D’o Gasper Gaskoy D’o James Hayes D’o John Landrope seaman William Frazier D’o Mr Elizabeth Edwards Mr Edwards’s Servant A little Child Muster Roll of Ship Marlborough William Parks command’r Patrick Cantlie 1st Mate Lazarus Fitch 2d D’o John Halton 3d D’o Jonathan Court 4th D’o James Warden 5th D’o Geo. Crause Surgeon Richard Harrison Purser James Gardner Gunner John Hawkins Boatswain Christopher Alexander Carp’r William Tank Midshipman Samuel Parker D’o Alexander Gordon D’o James Leitch D’o Caldwell Craigg D’o George Mildrum D’o Robert Leat D’o Thomas Foster Q’r Master Robert Muney D’o James Fyfe D’o John Summers Caulker Robt Batchelor Cooper Robt Nixon Armourer James Ratliff (as’t Stew.) Walter Simpson Ship’s D’o John Corson Sailmaker Robt Hendon Surgeon’s Mate John Gillon Gunner’s Mate William Skeldon Joyner Walter Wells Boatsw. Mate William Nicholls D’o 2 William West Cooper D’o John Pynn Caulker D’o Nicholas Smith (as’t Cook Alexander Allen Ship’s John Robt Tayler Edw’d Barnet Barber Edward Edwards Seaman Edw’d Holliday D’o Andrew McGalan D’o James Current D’o Samuel Walton D’o Thomas Easton D’o Robert Thornton D’o David Bush D’o William Loveridge D’o Rich’d Ader D’o James Charles D’o Joseph Perraday D’o Thomas Dow D’o David Stevenson D’o William Wilson D’o John Monkster D’o John Winter D’o Thomas Mercier D’o Robt Brown Seaman Robt Burt D’o Harry Gunthall D’o William Browning D’o Edw’d McGie D’o Alexander Gillon D’o William Bean D’o John Coy D’o William Kindness D’o Tho’s Fanni D’o Sam Hill D’o Archibald Penston D’o Thomas Walker D’o Robert Calder D’o John Welch D’o Timothy Roberts D’o Geo. Jarvis D’o Henry Rollin D’o Rich’d Finch D’o James Fay D’o John Farington D’o William Jamieson D’o Robt Langley D’o William Lackette D’o Geo. Kinaird (as’t Seaman) John Anthony D’o John Affleck 1st Mates Servt John Simms 2 Mates D’o	The muster roll of the Walpole concluded, and the roll of the Marlborough followed. Lawrence Vanderput, seaman John Declined, seaman John Lysimant, seaman Andrew Newchurch, seaman William Buck, seaman Joseph Ampreston, seaman Gasper Gaskoy, seaman James Hayes, seaman John Landrope, seaman William Frazier, seaman Passengers: Elizabeth Edwards Edwards's servant A young child Muster roll of the ship Marlborough William Parks, commander Patrick Cantlie, first mate Lazarus Fitch, second mate John Halton, third mate Jonathan Court, fourth mate James Warden, fifth mate George Crause, surgeon Richard Harrison, purser James Gardner, gunner John Hawkins, boatswain Christopher Alexander, carpenter William Tank, midshipman Samuel Parker, midshipman Alexander Gordon, midshipman James Leitch, midshipman Caldwell Craigg, midshipman George Mildrum, midshipman Robert Leat, midshipman Thomas Foster, quartermaster Robert Muney, quartermaster James Fyfe, quartermaster John Summers, caulker Robert Batchelor, cooper Robert Nixon, armourer James Ratliff, assistant steward Walter Simpson, ship's steward John Corson, sailmaker Robert Hendon, surgeon's mate John Gillon, gunner's mate William Skeldon, joiner Walter Wells, boatswain's mate William Nicholls, second boatswain's mate William West, cooper's mate John Pynn, caulker's mate Nicholas Smith, assistant cook Alexander Allen, ship's cook John Robt Tayler, seaman Edward Barnet, barber Edward Edwards, seaman Edward Holliday, seaman Andrew McGalan, seaman James Current, seaman Samuel Walton, seaman Thomas Easton, seaman Robert Thornton, seaman David Bush, seaman William Loveridge, seaman Richard Ader, seaman James Charles, seaman Joseph Perraday, seaman Thomas Dow, seaman David Stevenson, seaman William Wilson, seaman John Monkster, seaman John Winter, seaman Thomas Mercier, seaman Robert Brown, seaman Robert Burt, seaman Harry Gunthall, seaman William Browning, seaman Edward McGie, seaman Alexander Gillon, seaman William Bean, seaman John Coy, seaman William Kindness, seaman Thomas Fanni, seaman Sam Hill, seaman Archibald Penston, seaman Thomas Walker, seaman Robert Calder, seaman John Welch, seaman Timothy Roberts, seaman George Jarvis, seaman Henry Rollin, seaman Richard Finch, seaman James Fay, seaman John Farington, seaman William Jamieson, seaman Robert Langley, seaman William Lackette, seaman George Kinaird, assistant seaman John Anthony, seaman John Affleck, first mate's servant John Simms, second mate's servant Interpretations The passengers on the Marlborough, a single woman travelling with her own servant and a young child, contrast with the larger family and merchant parties recorded on other homeward ships in this batch, a reminder that passenger numbers and composition varied considerably from voyage to voyage.
416	410	Richard Chase Surg Mate Wm Murehead Gunner Do Henry Coate Boatswain’s M William Cambridge Capt Do John Wiseman Anthony Meng John Hasley Muster Roll of Ship Suffolk William Wilson Commander Richd Lewin 1st Mate Robert Barnes 2 Do John Grainger 3 Do Edward Heple 4 Do John Ovelt 5 Do Gabl Aspinough 6 Do James Helle 6th Do Samuel Fallot Surgeon Josiah Bullock Purser John Mitchell Gunner Robert Truelock Carpenter Thomas Co Caulker Argent Cox Capt Steward James Reynolds Ships Steward Richard Mann Sailmaker Henry Constantine Cooper Thomas Canadine Capt Cook Robert Williamson Ships St Joshua Clark 2nd Mate Cutbert Richardson Surg Do Samuel Foster Boats Do George Green Gunner Do Thomas Higgins Pouldrer John Smith Coopers Do Joshua Hufman Capt Cook Do Robert Hearman Armourer Amb Leeney Bon Deen James Thomas Taylor Edward Holloway Barber William Hall 2nd Master Lazarus Peperil Do Thomas Jonson Do Michael Salton Do John Evans Do George Perkins Do George Cox Do Thomas Manning Do Edward Wilson Do John Gill Do William Coward Do John Andrews Capt Servant John Biddlecomb Do Sam Barret 1st Mates Do John Evans 2nd Mates Do Wm Stephens Surgeons Do John Cox Boatswain Do Joshua Pitman Capt Do John Bizain Gunner Do Thomas Lewis Seaman John Pindar Do John Grace Do Samuel Hart Do John Erickson Do Peter Bays Do William Hutton Do David Fairborn Do James Chamber Do Andrew Vandells Do Thomas Tuesday Do Benjamin Dove Seaman Bartholomew Ubbet Do Thomas Moris Do Thomas Watts Do William Hepbourn Do Peter Wilson Do Thomas Smith Do William Manlove Do Edward Jones Do Silvester Gunner Do Peter Rose Do Robert Barker Do William Allen Do George Edwards Do John Ramey Do Davis Morley Do Henry Vaineland Do Thomas Ives Do Alexander White Do John Hutchenson Do William Thorny Do Thomas Harrington Do David William Do George Kaple Do Jamie M Leis Do Jacob Johnson Do John Coyet Do Benjamin Coe Do George Dunkin Do Coulls Young Husband Do	The muster roll of the Marlborough concluded. Richard Chase, surgeon's mate William Murehead, gunner's servant Henry Coate, boatswain's mate William Cambridge, captain's servant John Wiseman, seaman Anthony Meng, seaman John Hasley, seaman Muster roll of the ship Suffolk William Wilson, commander Richard Lewin, first mate Robert Barnes, second mate John Grainger, third mate Edward Heple, fourth mate John Ovelt, fifth mate Gabriel Aspinough, sixth mate James Helle, sixth mate, second of the name Samuel Fallot, surgeon Josiah Bullock, purser John Mitchell, gunner Robert Truelock, carpenter Thomas Co, caulker Argent Cox, captain's steward James Reynolds, ship's steward Richard Mann, sailmaker Henry Constantine, cooper Thomas Canadine, captain's cook Robert Williamson, ship's steward Joshua Clark, second mate Cutbert Richardson, surgeon's servant Samuel Foster, boatswain's servant George Green, gunner's servant Thomas Higgins, poulterer John Smith, cooper's servant Joshua Hufman, captain's cook's servant Robert Hearman, armourer Amb Leeney, seaman James Thomas, tailor Edward Holloway, barber William Hall, second master Lazarus Peperil, second master Thomas Jonson, second master Michael Salton, second master John Evans, second master George Perkins, second master George Cox, second master Thomas Manning, second master Edward Wilson, second master John Gill, second master William Coward, second master John Andrews, captain's servant John Biddlecomb, captain's servant Sam Barret, first mate's servant John Evans, second mate's servant William Stephens, surgeon's servant John Cox, boatswain's servant Joshua Pitman, captain's servant John Bizain, gunner's servant Thomas Lewis, seaman John Pindar, seaman John Grace, seaman Samuel Hart, seaman John Erickson, seaman Peter Bays, seaman William Hutton, seaman David Fairborn, seaman James Chamber, seaman Andrew Vandells, seaman Thomas Tuesday, seaman Benjamin Dove, seaman Bartholomew Ubbet, seaman Thomas Moris, seaman Thomas Watts, seaman William Hepbourn, seaman Peter Wilson, seaman Thomas Smith, seaman William Manlove, seaman Edward Jones, seaman Silvester Gunner, seaman Peter Rose, seaman Robert Barker, seaman William Allen, seaman George Edwards, seaman John Ramey, seaman Davis Morley, seaman Henry Vaineland, seaman Thomas Ives, seaman Alexander White, seaman John Hutchenson, seaman William Thorny, seaman Thomas Harrington, seaman David William, seaman George Kaple, seaman Jamie McLeis, seaman Jacob Johnson, seaman John Coyet, seaman Benjamin Coe, seaman George Dunkin, seaman Coulls Young Husband, seaman
417	411	Lascars Afchan Afchan Mohundey Hyhaly Johndey Cafanjes Honoulah Muster Roll of Ship Doddington Norton Hutchinson Comandr William Henrald 1st Mate Rich Hall 2 Do Thomas Telles 3 Do William Gordon 4 Do John Brazier 5 Do Robt Hepbourne Gunner Wm M Adams Surgeon John Wells Midshipman Gynard Bathman Do John Meresquith Do James Murat Do Edward Sone Do Alexander Burnett Boatsw Joseph Carl Gunner Thomas Howells Carpenter William Harris D Master John Dubbin Do James Smith Do John Coffey Do John Sawyer Caulkers Dimock Morris Ship stew David Matthews Cooper Thomas Baker Armourer Robert Grandy Sailmaker Thomas Jones Ships Cook William Irwin Capt Steward Joseph Warren Boats Man Joseph Martin Do Mr Morey Capt Do Thomas Bully Capt 2nd Mate James Hughs (authors) Do Robt Langland Surgeon Do Thomas Brown (cooper) Do Charles Anderson Poulteer James Wren Barber John King Cook Mate William Bayetto Capt Servant James Martin Do John Savoy Chief Mates Do David James 2nd Mates Do James Wells Surgeons Do Robert Oliver Boats Do Benjamin Hicker Gunner Do John Elton Capt Do William Lawson seaman Adam Meek Do James Cunnigham Do Roger Tickles Do James Brinkley Do William Miller Do Thomas Allen Do Abraham Senior Do Thomas Birmet Do William Grew Do John Linley Do John Posfit Do Richd Jones Do Matthew Rivers Do John Harvey Do James Mills Seaman Thomas Flancock Do John Keiths Do Ginger Merril Do Tim Jones Do William Grimer Do Francis South Do Owen Thomas Do John Goddin Do Francis Bosworth Curpr Do Timothy Holmes Do James Barkley Do Christian Thompson Do John Cook Do Michael Dash Do Sam Lock Do William Sambler Do John Smith Do Adam Brown Do Henry Comton Do Peter Fenigson Do David Ross Do John Israel Do William Hale Do Joseph Solis Do Richard Philip Do John Long Do James Weir Do Daniel Jackson Do Edward Toukitt Do	The muster roll of the Suffolk concluded, and the roll of the Dodington followed. Lascars Afchan, lascar Afchan, second of the name, lascar Mohundey, lascar Hyhaly, lascar Johndey, lascar Cafanjes, lascar Honoulah, lascar Muster roll of the ship Dodington Norton Hutchinson, commander William Henrald, first mate Richard Hall, second mate Thomas Telles, third mate William Gordon, fourth mate John Brazier, fifth mate Robert Hepbourne, gunner William M. Adams, surgeon John Wells, midshipman Gynard Bathman, midshipman John Meresquith, midshipman James Murat, midshipman Edward Sone, midshipman Alexander Burnett, boatswain Joseph Carl, gunner Thomas Howells, carpenter William Harris, second master John Dubbin, second master James Smith, second master John Coffey, second master John Sawyer, caulker Dimock Morris, ship's steward David Matthews, cooper Thomas Baker, armourer Robert Grandy, sailmaker Thomas Jones, ship's cook William Irwin, captain's steward Joseph Warren, boatswain's man Joseph Martin, boatswain's man Morey, captain's servant Thomas Bully, captain's second mate James Hughs, seaman Robert Langland, surgeon's servant Thomas Brown, cooper's servant Charles Anderson, poulterer James Wren, barber John King, cook's mate William Bayetto, captain's servant James Martin, servant John Savoy, chief mate's servant David James, second mate's servant James Wells, surgeon's servant Robert Oliver, boatswain's servant Benjamin Hicker, gunner's servant John Elton, captain's servant William Lawson, seaman Adam Meek, seaman James Cunnigham, seaman Roger Tickles, seaman James Brinkley, seaman William Miller, seaman Thomas Allen, seaman Abraham Senior, seaman Thomas Birmet, seaman William Grew, seaman John Linley, seaman John Posfit, seaman Richard Jones, seaman Matthew Rivers, seaman John Harvey, seaman James Mills, seaman Thomas Flancock, seaman John Keiths, seaman Ginger Merril, seaman Tim Jones, seaman William Grimer, seaman Francis South, seaman Owen Thomas, seaman John Goddin, seaman Francis Bosworth, cooper's servant Timothy Holmes, seaman James Barkley, seaman Christian Thompson, seaman John Cook, seaman Michael Dash, seaman Sam Lock, seaman William Sambler, seaman John Smith, seaman Adam Brown, seaman Henry Comton, seaman Peter Fenigson, seaman David Ross, seaman John Israel, seaman William Hale, seaman Joseph Solis, seaman Richard Philip, seaman John Long, seaman James Weir, seaman Daniel Jackson, seaman Edward Toukitt, seaman Interpretations The seven lascars named at the head of the Dodington's entry, several sharing the same name Afchan, again show a Company ship's Indian crew mustered as a distinct group, consistent with the pattern already seen in the Oxford's and Chesterfield's rolls in earlier batches.
418	412	Matthew Matthews Seaman James Patterson Do Richard Stringwell Do Joseph Carter Do Charles Steward Do Daniel Bailey Do Thomas Buck Do Robert Robertson Seaman Moses David Do Anthony Bomboo Do Archibald McDowell Do Samuel Williams Do Jonathan Parker Do Thomas Wilson Do Passengers William Mackenzie Esqr William Bradshaw Esqr Capt Francis Cheynes Sig Goit Sig Magil Mr Abraham Elias The Storekeeper brought in the following Account of Goods Short Received from the Ships Clinton Suffolk and Griffun Account of Goods Short Received from the following Ships Vizt From Ship Clinton 1 – 12 Candy Short Weight – – 11 Sugar From Ship Suffolk 8 Quarter Pint Cups 1 Meat Plate 6 Pint Basons 6 Bowls Brooke From Ship Griffun 3 Half Pint Cups 1 Meat Dish 3 Do Plates 3 Bowls 1 Pint Bason Brooke March 18th 1754 (Signed) Matthew Parling Storekeeper	The muster roll of the Dodington concluded. Matthew Matthews, seaman James Patterson, seaman Richard Stringwell, seaman Joseph Carter, seaman Charles Steward, seaman Daniel Bailey, seaman Thomas Buck, seaman Robert Robertson, seaman Moses David, seaman Anthony Bomboo, seaman Archibald McDowell, seaman Samuel Williams, seaman Jonathan Parker, seaman Thomas Wilson, seaman Passengers William Mackenzie, Esquire William Bradshaw, Esquire Captain Francis Cheynes Signor Goit Signor Magil Abraham Elias The storekeeper brought in an account of goods short received from the ships Clinton, Suffolk and Griffin. From the ship Clinton 1 12 candy, short weight 11 sugar, short weight From the ship Suffolk 8 quarter-pint cups 1 meat plate 6 pint basins 6 bowls, broken From the ship Griffin 3 half-pint cups 1 meat dish 3 plates 3 bowls 1 pint basin, broken The account was signed by Matthew Purling, storekeeper, dated 18 March 1754.
419	413	1754 The Plantation Gunners and Stewards Accounts from the 12th of February to the 11th March were this Day brought in which were examined and approved and are as follows Vizt Gunners Stores expended from the 12th Feby to the 11th March 1754 both Days Included Vizt Guns Fired, 4d, 3d, 2d, 1d, Powder Expended Feby 14th An Alarm Guns Fired: 6, 4d: 2, 3d: 2, 1d: 2, Powder Expended: 12, oz: 12 15 Arrived the Delawar Captain Winter returnd ye Salute Guns Fired: 9, 2d: 9, Powder Expended: 9 Do Powder for Priming Powder Expended: 1, oz: 8 22 Departed the Delawar returned the Salute Guns Fired: 9, 2d: 9, Powder Expended: 9 Do Powder for Priming Powder Expended: 1, oz: 8 Mar 7th An Alarm for a Ship that went by Guns Fired: 6, 4d: 2, 3d: 2, 1d: 2, Powder Expended: 12 9 An Alarm Guns Fired: 6, 4d: 2, 3d: 2, 1d: 2, Powder Expended: 12 Do Arrived the Clinton Captain Nayfan returnd the Salute Guns Fired: 9, 2d: 9, Powder Expended: 9 Do Powder for Priming Powder Expended: 1, oz: 8 Do Guns Fired: 6, 4d: 2, 3d: 2, 1d: 2, Powder Expended: 12 10 An Alarm Do Arrived the Walpole Captain Sowler returnd ye Salute Guns Fired: 9, 2d: 9, Powder Expended: 9 Do Powder for Priming Powder Expended: 1, oz: 8 Do Guns Fired: 6, 4d: 2, 3d: 2, 1d: 2, Powder Expended: 12 11 An Alarm Powder for Blowing the Rocks on the Fort Hill Powder Expended: 3 Powder for Signals Powder Expended: 1 Total Guns Fired: 66, 4d: 10, 3d: 10, 2d: 36, 1d: 10, Powder Expended: 140, oz: 0 Paper for the use of the Castle 1 Quire Tallow for Greasing the Carts 4 lb Match burnt at Bankes from March 1753 6 lb Do Burnt at the Main Fort from July 1753 2 Bitts broke at the Main Fort 10 Sheep Skins for Repairing the Spunges at Ruperts 2 Spunge Staves for Do 2 Spunge Heads for Do 2 Rammer Heads for Do 415 Trunk Nails for Do Signed Thomas Hall Gunner	The plantation, gunners and stewards accounts, running from 12 February to 11 March, were brought in on this day. The council examined and approved them, and they ran as set out below. Gunners stores spent from 12 February to 11 March 1754, both days included. The columns recorded the number of guns fired, the several sizes of shot and the powder spent in pounds. 14 February, an alarm, 6 guns, 12 pounds 15 February, arrived the Delaware, Captain Winter, returned the salute, 9 guns, 9 pounds 15 February, powder for priming, 1 pound 8 ounces 22 February, departed the Delaware, returned the salute, 9 guns, 9 pounds 22 February, powder for priming, 1 pound 8 ounces 7 March, an alarm for a ship that went by, 6 guns, 12 pounds 9 March, an alarm, 6 guns, 12 pounds 9 March, arrived the Clinton, Captain Vaughan, returned the salute, 9 guns, 9 pounds 9 March, powder for priming, 1 pound 8 ounces 10 March, an alarm, 6 guns, 12 pounds 10 March, arrived the Walpole, Captain Fowler, returned the salute, 9 guns, 9 pounds 10 March, powder for priming, 1 pound 8 ounces 11 March, an alarm, 6 guns, 12 pounds 11 March, powder for blasting the rocks on the fort hill, 3 pounds Powder for signals, 1 pound Total, 66 guns, 140 pounds Paper for the use of the castle, 1 quire Tallow for greasing the carts, 4 pounds Match burnt at Banks's from March 1753, 6 pounds Match burnt at the main fort from July 1753, 2 pounds Bits broke at the main fort, 10 Sheepskins for repairing the sponges at Rupert's, 2 Sponge staves for the same, 2 Sponge heads for the same, 2 Rammer heads for the same, 415 Trunk nails for the same, [...] The account was signed by Thomas Hall, gunner. Interpretations This gunner's account records a busy month of alarms and salutes as ships called and passed, the powder tallied to the dates of firing. The frequent alarms, six in the month, mark warnings raised as vessels approached the island, the guns fired to call the garrison to its posts before an unknown ship was recognised, the constant vigilance of an outpost that could not know friend from enemy at a distance. The salutes exchanged with the Delaware, the Clinton and the Walpole record three East Indiamen calling at the island within the month, each greeted and answered with nine guns and their captains named in the account. The Delaware was the ship whose mate had brought the complaint of assault recorded in the previous month's consultation, and the arrival and departure of these vessels marks the steady traffic of the fleet that the settlement served, the ships received and sped with the customary honours. The match burnt at Banks's and the main fort, reckoned from as far back as the previous March and July, records the slow-burning cord kept lit or ready at the batteries to fire the guns, the match the length of treated cord that carried a smouldering fire to the touch-hole. Its charging only now for many months past marks the gathering up of a standing expense into the account, the gunner clearing the long consumption of match that had served the guns through the year. The bits broken at the main fort and the sponge and rammer materials drawn for the battery at Rupert's record the constant wear of working and maintaining the ordnance, the bits the boring tools and the sponge and rammer heads the parts that swabbed and loaded the guns. Their steady breaking and renewal across the batteries marks the routine labour of keeping the island's cannon served and fit to fire, the tools of the work worn out and replaced from the store month after month.
420	414	Account of the Honorable Companys Stock of Neat Cattle &ca from the 12th February to the 11th March 1754 Neat Cattle, Sheep, Goats, Hogs, Poultry, Horses, Asses Bulls, Cows, Calves, Yearlings, Heifer, Steers, Bullocks, Oxen, Total, Ewes, Wethers, Lambs, Rams, Total, Ewes, Wethers, Kids, Rams, Total, Sows, Shoats, Piggs, Boars, Total, Turkeys, Fowls, Ducks, Geese, Horses, Mares, Total, Asses, Total Remaining ye 12th: Bulls: 3, Cows: 73, Calves: 66, Yearlings: 31, Heifer: 13, Steers: 14, Bullocks: 11, Oxen: 12, Total: 223, Ewes: 149, Wethers: 43, Lambs: 92, Rams: 6, Total: 290, Ewes: 80, Wethers: 3, Kids: 79, Rams: 4, Total: 166, Sows: 5, Shoats: 6, Piggs: 30, Boars: 1, Total: 42, Turkeys: 58, Fowls: 367, Ducks: 64, Geese: 21, Horses: 6, Mares: 6, Total: 12, Asses: 3, Total: 3 Increased: Calves: 3, Bullocks: 3, Lambs: 29, Total: 29, Kids: 4, Total: 4, Fowls: 13 Total: Bulls: 3, Cows: 73, Calves: 69, Yearlings: 31, Heifer: 13, Steers: 14, Bullocks: 11, Oxen: 12, Total: 226, Ewes: 149, Wethers: 43, Lambs: 121, Rams: 6, Total: 319, Ewes: 80, Wethers: 3, Kids: 83, Rams: 4, Total: 170, Sows: 5, Shoats: 6, Piggs: 30, Boars: 1, Total: 42, Turkeys: 58, Fowls: 380, Ducks: 64, Geese: 21, Horses: 6, Mares: 6, Total: 12, Asses: 3, Total: 3 Killed: Steers: 2, Bullocks: 3, Total: 5, Ewes: 4, Total: 4, Sows: 1, Total: 1, Turkeys: 1, Fowls: 18, Ducks: 6, Geese: 1 Died: Piggs: 3, Total: 3, Fowls: 2 Remaining ye 11th: Bulls: 3, Cows: 73, Calves: 69, Yearlings: 31, Heifer: 13, Steers: 12, Bullocks: 8, Oxen: 12, Total: 221, Ewes: 149, Wethers: 43, Lambs: 121, Rams: 6, Total: 319, Ewes: 76, Wethers: 3, Kids: 83, Rams: 4, Total: 166, Sows: 5, Shoats: 5, Piggs: 27, Boars: 1, Total: 38, Turkeys: 57, Fowls: 360, Ducks: 58, Geese: 20, Horses: 6, Mares: 6, Total: 12, Asses: 3, Total: 3 Beef to the Delawar 560 lb Beef to the Clinton 560 Yams Expended 4500 Errors Excepted Signed John Adamson	Account of the Honourable Company's stock of neat cattle and other livestock from 12 February to 11 March 1754. The column headings ran across neat cattle, sheep, goats, hogs, poultry, horses and asses, each divided into its several kinds with a total struck for each class. Neat cattle Remaining 12 February: bulls 3, cows 73, calves 66, yearlings 31, heifers 13, steers 14, bullocks 11, oxen 12, total 223 Increased: bulls 0, cows 0, calves 3, yearlings 0, heifers 0, steers 0, bullocks 0, oxen 0, total 3 Total: bulls 3, cows 73, calves 69, yearlings 31, heifers 13, steers 14, bullocks 11, oxen 12, total 226 Killed: bulls 0, cows 0, calves 0, yearlings 2, heifers 3, steers 0, bullocks 0, oxen 0, total 5 Died: 0 Remaining 11 March: bulls 3, cows 73, calves 69, yearlings 31, heifers 13, steers 12, bullocks 8, oxen 12, total 221 Sheep Remaining 12 February: ewes 149, wethers 43, lambs 92, rams 6, total 290 Increased: ewes 0, wethers 0, lambs 29, rams 0, total 29 Total: ewes 149, wethers 43, lambs 121, rams 6, total 319 Killed: ewes 0, wethers 5, lambs 0, rams 0, total 5 Died: 0 Remaining 11 March: ewes 149, wethers 43, lambs 121, rams 6, total 319 Goats Remaining 12 February: does 80, wethers 3, kids 79, rams 4, total 166 Increased: does 0, wethers 0, kids 4, rams 0, total 4 Total: does 80, wethers 3, kids 83, rams 4, total 170 Killed: does 4, wethers 0, kids 0, rams 0, total 4 Died: 0 Remaining 11 March: does 76, wethers 3, kids 83, rams 4, total 166 Hogs Remaining 12 February: sows 5, shoats 6, pigs 30, boars 1, total 42 Increased: 0 Total: sows 5, shoats 6, pigs 30, boars 1, total 42 Killed: sows 0, shoats 1, pigs 0, boars 0, total 1 Died: sows 0, shoats 0, pigs 3, boars 0, total 3 Remaining 11 March: sows 5, shoats 5, pigs 27, boars 1, total 38 Poultry Remaining 12 February: turkeys 58, fowls 367, ducks 64, geese 21 Increased: turkeys 0, fowls 13, ducks 0, geese 0 Total: turkeys 58, fowls 380, ducks 64, geese 21 Killed: turkeys 1, fowls 18, ducks 6, geese 1 Died: turkeys 0, fowls 3, ducks 2, geese 0 Remaining 11 March: turkeys 57, fowls 360, ducks 58, geese 20 Horses and asses Remaining 12 February: horses 6, mares 6, total 12, asses 3, total 3 Remaining 11 March: horses 6, mares 6, total 12, asses 3, total 3 Beef issued to the Delaware came to 560 pounds and to the Clinton 560 pounds. Yams spent came to 4,500. The account was signed by John Adamson. Interpretations This account carries the Company's livestock forward from 12 February to 11 March, under the same fixed headings, and its opening figures match the closing figures of the previous month, the reckonings kept as a continuous running audit through the season. The issue of beef to the Delaware and the Clinton records the Company victualling two of the East Indiamen named in the gunner's account, the ships supplied with fresh meat from the island's herds for their voyages. The sheep showed a strong increase this month, near thirty lambs added, the lambing of the flock as the southern summer turned toward autumn. This surge in the lambs, set against a light loss to slaughter and none to death, marks a favourable season for the flock, the ewes bringing forth in number and the young thriving, the sheep building up their stock after the heavier losses of the earlier months. The beef issued to the two Indiamen, five hundred and sixty pounds to each, records the settlement's chief purpose in practice, the plantation's cattle killed to victual the ships that called on their long ocean passages. This steady draw on the herds to feed the fleet, ship after ship through the season, marks the island as a victualling station above all, its stock raised and slaughtered to provision the vessels that the whole establishment existed to serve. The neat cattle held near steady, gaining three calves and losing five of the older beasts to slaughter, chiefly for the ships' provision. The killing of the yearlings and heifers rather than the breeding cows marks the careful husbandry of the herd, the younger and the surplus stock drawn on for meat while the cows were kept to breed, the Company managing its cattle to maintain the herd's increase against the constant demand of the table and the fleet.
421	415	1754 Sundries expended at the Honorable Companys General Table in the Months ending the 11th March 1754 Vizt 15 Bottles Port Wine £: 1, s: 2, d: 6 30 Do Lisbon £: 2, s: 5 17 Do Madira £: 1, s: 18, d: 11 1/2 54 Do Beer s: 13, d: 6 50 Do Arrack £: 1, s: 13, d: 10 1/2 258 Flour £: 1, s: 14, d: 11 1/2 186 Beef £: 2, s: 6, d: 6 171 Goat £: 1, s: 5, d: 8 33 Pork s: 16, d: 6 18 Fowls £: 1, s: 7 6 Ducks s: 9 1 Geese s: 5, d: 9 1 Turkey s: 5 5 Ps Salt Pork s: 10 100 Candy £: 1, s: 13, d: 4 41 1/4 Butter £: 2, s: 1, d: 3 £: 20, s: 8 John Peters Soldier petitioned for his Discharge from the Garrison having served his Contracted Time Granted Being in want of some Salt Provisions for the Garrison we bought of Captain John Nanfan 10 Casks of Beef containing 813 Pieces on Account of the Honorable Company for which we paid him 2 P Piece Amounting to £81.6 Chas Hutchinson John Adamson John Clark	Sundries spent at the Honourable Company's general table in the month ending 11 March 1754. 15 bottles of port wine, £1 2s 6d 30 bottles of Lisbon wine, £2 5s 0d 17 bottles of Madeira, £1 18s 11½d 54 bottles of beer, £0 13s 6d 50 bottles of arrack, £1 13s 10½d 258 pounds of flour, £1 14s 11½d 186 pounds of beef, £2 6s 6d 17 pounds of goat, £1 5s 8d 33 pounds of pork, £0 16s 6d 18 fowls, £1 7s 0d 6 ducks, £0 9s 0d 1 goose, £0 5s 9d 1 turkey, £0 5s 0d 5 pounds of salt pork, £0 10s 0d 100 pounds of candy, £2 1s 3d 41¼ pounds of butter, £2 1s 3d Total, £20 8s 0d John Peters, soldier, petitioned for his discharge from the garrison, having served his contracted time. Granted. Being in want of some salt provisions for the garrison, the council bought of Captain John Nanfan 10 casks of beef, containing 813 pieces, on account of the Honourable Company, for which the council paid him 2s per piece, amounting to £81 6s. The consultation was signed by Charles Hutchinson, John Adamson and John Clark. Interpretations This account records a month's provisioning of the general table, the drink, meat and staples consumed by the Governor, council and officers between the dates. The provisioning holds steady with the earlier months, the imported wine and arrack set beside the island's own beef, goat and poultry, the officers' mess supplied month after month from the two great channels of the Company's commerce and the produce of the plantation. The purchase of ten casks of beef from Captain John Nanfan records the Company buying salt provision from a private ship's master calling at the island, the beef bought by the piece at two shillings and containing over eight hundred pieces. This buying-in of preserved meat marks a means by which the island built up its stores, the Company purchasing from a passing captain the salt beef its own herds and the East Indiamen did not furnish, the reserve of provision strengthened against the constant demand of the garrison and the fleet. The discharge of John Peters on the completion of his contracted time records the ordinary term of a soldier's service at the island, the man freed from the garrison on serving out the years of his enlistment. This entry, set against the frequent enlistments of the earlier accounts, marks the turning-over of the garrison's ranks, the men taken on for a fixed term and released at its end, the island's defence maintained by a constant coming and going of soldiers on their several contracts. The goat again appears on the table, though in far smaller quantity than the previous month's great draw, the seventeen pounds a modest return to the occasional appearance of goat meat among the beef and pork. The goats kept chiefly for the sick slaves and for breeding were drawn on for the officers' table only now and then, the small quantity here marking the ordinary place of goat in the mess against the unusual bulk of the month before.
422	416	At a Consultation held on Friday the 22nd March 1754 at the Castle Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governor Lieutenant John Adamson Lieutenant Govr Lieutenant John Clark of Council The last Consultation was read approved and signed dated the 18th March 1754 Passed by a Ship at a great distance Sailed the Honorable Companys Ship the Doddington for England Arrived the Honorable Companys Ships the Harcourt and Edgebarston from Princes Tuesday the 19th yesterday Do John Fletcher and William Roper Soldiers petitioned for their discharges from the Garrison having served the Honorable Company their contracted Times Granted The Storekeeper brought in the following Acct of Sugar Short received from the Ship Walpole Vizt Received Short in Weight from Ship Walpole Vizt £ s d 1 1 7 Sugar March 22nd 1754 (signed) Matthew Parling Storekpr Bought of Captain Francis Fowler 114: 2: 21 Rice on Account of the Honorable @ 16s Hundred Weight and likewise some Spice for the use of the Honorable Companys stores for which we paid him one Pound ten Shillings	At a consultation held at the Castle on 22 March 1754, Governor Charles Hutchinson sat with Lieutenant John Adamson, Lieutenant Governor, and Lieutenant John Clark of the Council. The Council read the earlier consultation of 18 March 1754, then approved and signed it. A ship passed at a great distance. The Company's ship Dodington sailed for England. The Company's ships Harcourt and Edgebarston arrived from Princes, one the day before and one on Tuesday 19 March. John Fletcher and William Roper, soldiers, petitioned for their discharges from the garrison, having served the Company their contracted times, which was granted. The storekeeper brought in an account of sugar short received from the ship Walpole: 1 1 7 sugar, short in weight. The account was signed by Matthew Purling, storekeeper, dated 22 March 1754. The Council bought from Captain Francis Fowler 114 2 21 rice, at 16 shillings per hundredweight, on the Company's account, and likewise some spice for the Company's stores, paying him £1 10s.
423	417	Being in want of proper Leather for the Pumps and Captain Nanfan having some to spare we bought of him as much as cost £2 2s 9d Thomas Sneeton Soldier petitioned for his Discharge from the Garrison having served the Honorable Company his Contracted Time. Granted. Cha Hutchinson Wm Robinson John Clark At a Consultation held on Monday the 25th Day of March 1754 at the Castle Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governor Lieutenant John Adamson Lieutenant Governor Lieutenant John Clark of Council The last Consultation was read approved and signed dated the 22nd March 1754 Friday 22 Passed by the Swedish Ship the Hope Saturday 23 Arrived the Honorable Companys Ship Royal Duke from China Do Passed by a Ship at a great distance Yesterday Sailed the Honorable Companys Ships the Clinton and Suffolk for England Counted and Examined the Honorable Companys Cash for the Month ending the 11th instant which is as follows Vizt	Being in want of proper leather for the pumps, and Captain Nanfan having some to spare, the Council bought as much as cost £2 2s 9d. Thomas Sneeton, soldier, petitioned for his discharge from the garrison, having served the Company his contracted time, which was granted. The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson, John Adamson and John Clark. At a consultation held at the Castle on 25 March 1754, Governor Charles Hutchinson sat with Lieutenant John Adamson, Lieutenant Governor, and Lieutenant John Clark of the Council. The Council read the earlier consultation of 22 March 1754, then approved and signed it. A Swedish ship, the Hope, passed by on Friday 22 March. The Company's ship Royal Duke arrived from China on Saturday 23 March, and a ship passed at a great distance the same day. The Company's ships Clinton and Suffolk sailed for England the day before. The Council counted and examined the Company's cash for the month ending the eleventh of the month, entered as follows.
424	418	Cash 1754 February 12 To Balance remaining £3574 1s 2¾d 21 To Ship Delawar the Balance of her Account 7 9s 4½d 25 To Fines received of John Seal as pr Consultation of this Day 1 £3582 13s 7¼d	The cash account of the Company was cast for the month ending 11 March 1754. 12 February, to balance remaining, £3,574 1s 2¾d 21st, to the ship Delaware, the balance of her account, £7 9s 4½d 25th, to fines received of John Seal, as per the consultation of this day, £1 Total, £3,582 13s 7¼d
425	419	Contra 1754 March 4 By John Bradleys Orphans so much £74 19s 8d pr to William Tuffons Consultation of this Day 11 By Balance remaining in the following Species Vizt 200 Coshans @ 10/ £100 3600 Pagodas 8/ 1440 Gold Amounting to £1520 443½ Dollars @ 5/ £1109 5s 1000 Rupees @ 2/3 112 10s 1291½ half Rials @ 3¾ 202 6s 9d 441 French Pieces £3/3½ 3 13s 6d Silver Amounting to 1427 8s 11½d 146 Cash Notes at 40/ £292 162 Do 20/ 162 263 Do 5/ 65 15s 160 Do 2/6 20 Cash Notes Amounting to 539 15s 3507 13s 11¼d £3582 13s 7¼d Henry Carter and William Campbell complaining that John Peters a discharged Soldier had stolen some things from each of them we Ordered the said Peters to be brought before us, who Denyed the Charge, but a Coat and Shirt being produced by William Burnham and John Green which they declared they bought of the said John Peters, which he could not Deny, and it being proved that the Coat and Shirt belonged to the said Carter and Campbell we therefore Ordered the said Peters to be Whiped	The creditor side, cast 11 March 1754, recorded a payment on behalf of John Bradley's orphans and the balance remaining in species. 4 March, by John Bradley's orphans, so much, £74 19s 8d, per to William Tuffons, consultation of this day 11th, by balance remaining in the following species 200 Venetian pieces, at 10s, £100 3,600 pagodas, at 8s, £1,440 Gold amounting to £1,520 443½ dollars, at 5s, £1,109 5s 1,000 rupees, at 2s 3d, £112 10s 1,291½ half rials, at 3¾d, £202 6s 9d 441 French pieces, at 3s 3½d, £3 13s 6d Silver amounting to £1,427 8s 11½d 146 cash notes, at 40s, £292 162 cash notes, at 20s, £162 263 cash notes, at 5s, £65 15s 160 cash notes, at 2s 6d, £20 Cash notes amounting to £539 15s Subtotal, £3,507 13s 11¼d Total, £3,582 13s 7¼d Henry Carter and William Campbell complained that John Peters, a discharged soldier, had stolen things from each of them. Peters was ordered brought before the Council and denied the charge, but a coat and shirt, produced by William Burnham and John Green, who declared they had bought them from Peters, could not be denied by him. It being proved the coat and shirt belonged to Carter and Campbell, the Council ordered Peters to be whipped. Interpretations John Peters had been discharged from the garrison only in the consultation two records before this one, and within days of receiving his discharge stood accused of theft from two fellow soldiers, showing how quickly a man's standing could turn from an honourably completed term of service to a whipping offence.
426	420	Captain Francis Fowler having applyed to us to pay three hundred and fifty two Pounds into the Honorable Companys Cash, on Account of Captain Norton Hutchinson we have received it and given him Bills of Exchange drawn on the Honorable the Court of Directors for that Sum payable to himself (or Order) ninety Days after sight dated this Day. Captain Francis Fowler likewise applyed to us to pay eight hundred and seventy five Pounds into the Honorable Companys Cash, which we have received and given him Bills of Exchange drawn on the Honorable the Court of Directors for that Sum payable to himself (or Order) ninety Days after sight Dated this Day. Frederick Pigou Esqr applyed to us to pay into the Honorable companys Cash here, fifty five and an half Dollars making thirteen Pounds seventeen Shillings and six pence, being Money remaining in his Hands, belonging to their Honors which we have received Cha Hutchinson John Adamson John Clark	Captain Francis Fowler applied to pay £352 into the Company's cash, on account of Captain Norton Hutchinson, which the Council received, giving him bills of exchange drawn on the Court of Directors for that sum, payable to himself or order, ninety days after sight, dated this day. Captain Francis Fowler likewise applied to pay £875 into the Company's cash, which the Council received, giving him bills of exchange on the same terms. Frederick Pigou applied to pay into the Company's cash 55½ dollars, making £13 17s 6d, being money remaining in his hands belonging to the Company, which the Council received. The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson, John Adamson and John Clark.
427	421	At a Consultation held on Wednesday 27th March 1754 at the Castle Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governor Lieutenant John Adamson Lieut Governor Lieutenant John Clark of Council The last Consultation was read approved and signed dated the 25th March 1754 Sailed the Honorable Companys Ships the Walpole and Marlbro for Engl day Lieutenant John Clark reports that he has been on Board the Ships Royal Duke, Harcourt and Edgebarston to Muster their Companys and enquire for Deserters but found none, their muster Rolls are as follows Vizt Muster Roll of Ship Royal Duke George fleming Commander Alexander Maclean 1st Mate Cowell Freeman 2 Do Alexander Hume 3 Do Abraham Deans 4 Do James Boddie 5 Do Ninian Spaldin?? Surgeon John Rollinson 2nd Mate Robt Campbell Boatswan David Cleghorn Do John Horan Gunner David Mitchell Midshipman George Boswell Do James Hawker Do James Johnson Do Isaac Lavell Do Peter Wokes Midshipman Robt Goodchild Do Robt Allen Do George Bell Do Malcolm Ramsay Samuel Blackwell Gilbt Bannaman James Mainab D master Robt Anderson Do John Cuming John Campbelle caulker Peter Simpson cooper Edward Fox Sailmaker John Hill Armourer John Sibbel jun Boats Jn Hancock Boats Do Peter Capsel Capt 1st Mate Henry Cog 2 Do John Griffith cooper Do Richard Simms caulker 2 Do Wm Walsh Ships steward James Dowd Capt 2 Do Wm Brain Barber James Culbert Taylor April Winter Capt Steward Samuel Cliffe 2n Cook Cesar Fenwick Do Mate Manuel Deurver Ship Cook Adam Wog Sawyer Joseph Lowe Seaman John Collins Do John Yates Do	At a consultation held at the Castle on 27 March 1754, Governor Charles Hutchinson sat with Lieutenant John Adamson, Lieutenant Governor, and Lieutenant John Clark of the Council. The Council read the earlier consultation of 25 March 1754, then approved and signed it. The Company's ships Walpole and Marlborough sailed for England the day before. Lieutenant John Clark reported that he had gone aboard the ships Royal Duke, Harcourt and Edgebarston to muster their companies and search for deserters, but found none. Their muster rolls follow. Muster roll of the ship Royal Duke George Fleming, commander Alexander Maclean, first mate Cowell Freeman, second mate Alexander Hume, third mate Abraham Deans, fourth mate James Boddie, fifth mate Ninian Spalding, surgeon John Rollinson, second mate Robert Campbell, boatswain David Cleghorn, boatswain John Horan, gunner David Mitchell, midshipman George Boswell, midshipman James Hawker, midshipman James Johnson, midshipman Isaac Lavell, midshipman Peter Wokes, midshipman Robert Goodchild, midshipman Robert Allen, midshipman George Bell, midshipman Malcolm Ramsay, second master Samuel Blackwell, second master Gilbert Bannaman, second master James Mainab, second master Robert Anderson, second master John Cuming, second master John Campbelle, caulker Peter Simpson, cooper Edward Fox, sailmaker John Hill, armourer John Sibbel junior, boatswain's servant John Hancock, boatswain's servant Peter Capsel, captain's first mate's servant Henry Cog, second mate's servant John Griffith, cooper's servant Richard Simms, second caulker's servant William Walsh, ship's steward James Dowd, captain's second steward William Brain, barber James Culbert, tailor April Winter, captain's steward Samuel Cliffe, second cook Cesar Fenwick, cook's mate Manuel Deurver, ship's cook Adam Wog, sawyer Joseph Lowe, seaman John Collins, seaman John Yates, seaman
428	422	Thomas Bull Seaman William Watty Do Thomas Lodgewood Do Thomas Geary Do Colin Morris Do John Smith Do Robert Andrew Do Joseph Blandy Do John Bridges Do William Cock Do John Sullivan Do James Wilson Do Joseph Annibal Do Tom More Do John Chilton Do Francis Stanton 1st Mates Do Saml Lay 2d Do Peter Barbiers Surgeon’s Do Joseph Cunningham Boats Do George Steward Seaman John Pinkerman Do Peter Martin Do Alexander Macdonald Do James Johnston Do Robert Brown Do John Best Do William Hodges Do William Horton Do William Horton Do John Norton Do John Hammond Do William Cox Do Joseph Reed Do Edward Denham Do Robert Fotheringham Gun Do Thomas Montgomery Capt Do William Wilkinson Do Mark Taylor Seaman John Cakle Butcher Do William Phillips Seaman Do Burk Full Do John Henrish Do Jurgen Hanson Do Anthony Rogan Do John Cooper Do Christian Meyer Do Charles Peterson Do Gardon Devor Do Jonathon Linley Do George Gregory Do Clerk Henrick Do Joseph Eney Do Frederick Pigou Esqr Hilary Tomanna Esqr Charles Miller Jeremiah Henderson Muster Roll of Ship Harcourt William Webber Commander Samuel Gambriel 1st Mate William Webber junr 2nd Do John Clements 3rd Do John Tisdale 4th Do Edward Alexander 5th Do John Love 6th Do John Prince 7th Do Edward Holder Surgeon Robert Brooks Purser George Gurley Gunner Richard Parolty coop Do Henabs Reed Boatswine George Maxfield Midshipman Patk McLoyott Do Robert Hooper Do John Maas Do Barnaby Bartlett Do John Dovie Do Stephen Blackman Do Nathaniel Little Do Edward Duffield Do Joseph Freeby Do Robert Tisby Do Johnson Taylor Do Thomas Woolaston D Master John Brent D Master James Lumsdale Do Barry Jacqunich Do John Bradley Capt Steward Norris Loughname Ship Do William Hork Capt Cook Richard Garble Ship Do Jeffrey Stone Caulker Benjamin Cole Cooper William Cranney Ship Mate William Gregg Armourer William Stolte Sawyer William Hawkins Butcher	The muster roll of the Royal Duke concluded, and the roll of the Harcourt followed. Thomas Bull, seaman William Watty, seaman Thomas Lodgewood, seaman Thomas Geary, seaman Colin Morris, seaman John Smith, seaman Robert Andrew, seaman Joseph Blandy, seaman John Bridges, seaman William Cock, seaman John Sullivan, seaman James Wilson, seaman Joseph Annibal, seaman Tom More, seaman John Chilton, seaman Francis Stanton, first mate's servant Samuel Lay, second mate's servant Peter Barbiers, surgeon's servant Joseph Cunningham, boatswain's servant George Steward, seaman John Pinkerman, seaman Peter Martin, seaman Alexander Macdonald, seaman James Johnston, seaman Robert Brown, seaman John Best, seaman William Hodges, seaman William Horton, seaman William Horton, second of the name, seaman John Norton, seaman John Hammond, seaman William Cox, seaman Joseph Reed, seaman Edward Denham, seaman Robert Fotheringham, gunner's servant Thomas Montgomery, captain's servant William Wilkinson, seaman Mark Taylor, seaman John Cakle, butcher's servant William Phillips, seaman Burk Full, seaman John Henrish, seaman Jurgen Hanson, seaman Anthony Rogan, seaman John Cooper, seaman Christian Meyer, seaman Charles Peterson, seaman Gardon Devor, seaman Jonathon Linley, seaman George Gregory, seaman Clerk Henrick, seaman Joseph Eney, seaman Frederick Pigou, Esquire Hilary Tomanna, Esquire Charles Miller Jeremiah Henderson Muster roll of the ship Harcourt William Webber, commander Samuel Gambriel, first mate William Webber junior, second mate John Clements, third mate John Tisdale, fourth mate Edward Alexander, fifth mate John Love, sixth mate John Prince, seventh mate Edward Holder, surgeon Robert Brooks, purser George Gurley, gunner Richard Parolty, cooper's servant Henabs Reed, boatswain George Maxfield, midshipman Patrick McLoyott, midshipman Robert Hooper, midshipman John Maas, midshipman Barnaby Bartlett, midshipman John Dovie, midshipman Stephen Blackman, midshipman Nathaniel Little, midshipman Edward Duffield, midshipman Joseph Freeby, midshipman Robert Tisby, midshipman Johnson Taylor, midshipman Thomas Woolaston, second master John Brent, second master James Lumsdale, second master Barry Jacqunich, second master John Bradley, captain's steward Norris Loughname, ship's steward William Hork, captain's cook Richard Garble, ship's cook Jeffrey Stone, caulker Benjamin Cole, cooper William Cranney, ship's mate William Gregg, armourer William Stolte, sawyer William Hawkins, butcher
429	423	John Glover Poulteer Thomas Davis Taylor Alexander Mathers Surgeon’s Mate John Hilliard Gunr 2 Do Robert Martin Boats 3 Do Thomas Cook Capt 2 Do Edward Bright Capt 3 Do Edward Finery (authors) 2 Do Peter Gullaghe Seaman John Lewis Do Joseph Bulb Do Robt Gibbs Do William Daniel Do Peter Erasmus Do Joseph Pevis Do James Manylaw Do William Moore Do William Bourne Do Richard Tyrrell Do Isaac Garnatt Do Stephen Luce Do Robert Brigg Seaman Robert Alexander Do Samuel McBane Do John Johnson Do John White Do John Brown Do Richard Morgan Do Edward Nixon Do Richard Lawler Do Francis Maply Do Henry Thompson Do Henry Mackouell Do James Oram Do Adam Lotham Do Francis Carpenter Do Robert King Do John Banner Do George Hawkes Do John Preston Do John Bruce Do William Ironman Do John Harper Seaman Daniel Kempf Do John Wayte Do Peter Clawson Do William Palmer Do Charles Wills Do William Chapman Do John Goore Do Henry Collinson Do Nicholas Giles Do Edward Stephenson Do Domingo Matteo Do Robt Morgan Do Peter Beverly Capt Stewards William Hall Master 2nd Do James Oxley 2nd Do William Van Goer Do Richard Wyatt Boats Do Edward Minnett jun Do Robt Madder Serj Ship’s company William Hatley 2nd Do Muster Roll of Ship Edgebarston Edward Sledderman Commander Robert Williams 1st Mate James Hodges 2nd Do John Hayes 3rd Do William Wansley 4th Do Geo Eng Bailey 5th Do Thomas Blair Surgeon Moses Hodges Purser John Stanley Gunner Samuel Hatton Boatswan William Berry Carpenter Robert Wells Cockswain John Meek Midshipman Charles Holdford Do Jona Wilson Do Andrew Dunn D Master Samuel Loring Do Peter Wood Do Norman Dewar Do James Broad Boatswain Do Patrick Mman Gunr Mate John Eve Caulker William Nash Caulkers Mate Samuel Thompson Capt 2nd Mate John Biggins 2nd Do James Gray Armourer William Morton D Mate John Norman Capt 2nd Benj Buxton Sailmaker Francis Knight Ships Steward Gregory Mason 2nd Do Bryan O’Bryan 2nd Cook John Dashwood Ship’s Do	The muster roll of the Harcourt concluded, and the roll of the Edgebarston followed. John Glover, poulterer Thomas Davis, tailor Alexander Mathers, surgeon's mate John Hilliard, second gunner's servant Robert Martin, third boatswain's servant Thomas Cook, second captain's servant Edward Bright, third captain's servant Edward Finery, second seaman's servant Peter Gullaghe, seaman John Lewis, seaman Joseph Bulb, seaman Robert Gibbs, seaman William Daniel, seaman Peter Erasmus, seaman Joseph Pevis, seaman James Manylaw, seaman William Moore, seaman William Bourne, seaman Richard Tyrrell, seaman Isaac Garnatt, seaman Stephen Luce, seaman Robert Brigg, seaman Robert Alexander, seaman Samuel McBane, seaman John Johnson, seaman John White, seaman John Brown, seaman Richard Morgan, seaman Edward Nixon, seaman Richard Lawler, seaman Francis Maply, seaman Henry Thompson, seaman Henry Mackouell, seaman James Oram, seaman Adam Lotham, seaman Francis Carpenter, seaman Robert King, seaman John Banner, seaman George Hawkes, seaman John Preston, seaman John Bruce, seaman William Ironman, seaman John Harper, seaman Daniel Kempf, seaman John Wayte, seaman Peter Clawson, seaman William Palmer, seaman Charles Wills, seaman William Chapman, seaman John Goore, seaman Henry Collinson, seaman Nicholas Giles, seaman Edward Stephenson, seaman Domingo Matteo, seaman Robert Morgan, seaman Peter Beverly, captain's steward William Hall, second master's servant James Oxley, second master's servant William Van Goer, second master's servant Richard Wyatt, boatswain's servant Edward Minnett junior, servant Robert Madder, sergeant of the ship's company William Hatley, second of the ship's company Muster roll of the ship Edgebarston Edward Sledderman, commander Robert Williams, first mate James Hodges, second mate John Hayes, third mate William Wansley, fourth mate George Eng Bailey, fifth mate Thomas Blair, surgeon Moses Hodges, purser John Stanley, gunner Samuel Hatton, boatswain William Berry, carpenter Robert Wells, coxswain John Meek, midshipman Charles Holdford, midshipman Jonathan Wilson, midshipman Andrew Dunn, second master Samuel Loring, second master Peter Wood, second master Norman Dewar, second master James Broad, boatswain's servant Patrick Mman, gunner's mate John Eve, caulker William Nash, caulker's mate Samuel Thompson, second captain's mate John Biggins, second mate James Gray, armourer William Morton, second master's mate John Norman, second captain's servant Benjamin Buxton, sailmaker Francis Knight, ship's steward Gregory Mason, second steward Bryan O'Bryan, second cook John Dashwood, ship's cook
430	424	Robert Wilson Butcher William Cockney Poulteer Anthony Mills Seaman John Brams Do William Crawford Do James Robinson Do William Barnes Do John Cristy Do William Simpson Do Douglas McArty Do Edward Lockley Do Robert Penig Do John Pettit Do John Allen Do Henry Harvey Do Thomas Joseph Do Robert Marcus Do Thomas Taylor Do Robert Munroe Do Thomas Smith Do Bam Monroe Do James Watts Do Edward Davis Do Timothy Jennet Do Matthew Dixon Do John Rogers Do John Wells Do Philip Pelos Do Walter Fenton Do William Hovey Do William Salmond Do Tim Swenson Do William Anderson Do Broder McGoe Do James Dunn Do Richard Gay Do William Jervis Do Richard Brawler Do William Lowery Do Isaac Cooker Do Sam Straighten Do Dan Ross Do John Watherston Do Robert Park Do Francis Morit Do John Stowley Do William Cross Do Thomas Jones Do James Ashworth Do William Dannis Do William Balcove Do Francis Sledderman Do Geo Lawson Do William Wecks Do William Hand Do Affred Masters Servant Ab.. Baker 2nd Mate Do William Patson 2nd Do C. Holmes Boats Do Tho Saunders Gunr 2nd Do Barth Holbrock Capt 2nd Do Enlisted Godfrey Ambrister and Thomas Wiffington to serve the Honorable Company as Soldiers for five Years at five Pounds Bounty Money each Having discovered that John Frazier and Thomas Fletcher who were left behind by the Ships Walpole were Absconding from the Honorable Companys settlement of Madrass we therefore detained them to serve their contracted Times here and Shall write to the President and Council of that place to know the precise Time of their desertion from thence.	The muster roll of the Edgebarston concluded. Robert Wilson, butcher William Cockney, poulterer Anthony Mills, seaman John Brams, seaman William Crawford, seaman James Robinson, seaman William Barnes, seaman John Cristy, seaman William Simpson, seaman Douglas McArty, seaman Edward Lockley, seaman Robert Penig, seaman John Pettit, seaman John Allen, seaman Henry Harvey, seaman Thomas Joseph, seaman Robert Marcus, seaman Thomas Taylor, seaman Robert Munroe, seaman Thomas Smith, seaman Bam Monroe, seaman James Watts, seaman Edward Davis, seaman Timothy Jennet, seaman Matthew Dixon, seaman John Rogers, seaman John Wells, seaman Philip Pelos, seaman Walter Fenton, seaman William Hovey, seaman William Salmond, seaman Tim Swenson, seaman William Anderson, seaman Broder McGoe, seaman James Dunn, seaman Richard Gay, seaman William Jervis, seaman Richard Brawler, seaman William Lowery, seaman Isaac Cooker, seaman Sam Straighten, seaman Dan Ross, seaman John Watherston, seaman Robert Park, seaman Francis Morit, seaman John Stowley, seaman William Cross, seaman Thomas Jones, seaman James Ashworth, seaman William Dannis, seaman William Balcove, seaman Francis Sledderman, seaman George Lawson, seaman William Wecks, seaman William Hand, seaman Affred Masters, servant Ab. Baker, second mate's servant William Patson, second servant C. Holmes, boatswain's servant Thomas Saunders, second gunner's servant Barth Holbrock, second captain's servant Godfrey Ambrister and Thomas Wiffington were enlisted to serve the Company as soldiers for five years, at £5 bounty money each. Having discovered that John Frazier and Thomas Fletcher, left behind by the ship Walpole, were absconding from the Company's settlement at Madras, the Council detained them to serve their contracted times here, and would write to the President and Council there to learn the precise time of their desertion. Interpretations The detention of Frazier and Fletcher, identified as deserters from Madras rather than men simply left behind by the Walpole, shows the Council treating St Helena as a place where a Company settlement's runaway soldiers might be caught and compelled to complete their service, writing to Madras only to establish how much of their original term remained owing.
431	425	Being much in want of a good Taylor here and Captain Sledderman being willing to allow his to stay, we permitted him to stay upon the Island. Cha Hutchinson John Adamson John Clark At a Consultation held on Saturday the 30th March 1754 at the Castle Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governor John Adamson Lieutenant Governor Lieutent John Clark of Council The last consultation was read approved and signed dated the 27th March 1754 This Day between five and six O’Clock in the Afternoon arrived the Honorable Company’s Ship the Grantham Capt John Oliver from England by whom we received a packet from their Honors and read their Orders to us. Cha Hutchinson John Adamson John Clark	Being much in want of a good tailor, and Captain Sledderman being willing to let his stay, the Council permitted him to remain on the island. The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson, John Adamson and John Clark. At a consultation held at the Castle on 30 March 1754, Governor Charles Hutchinson sat with John Adamson, Lieutenant Governor, and Lieutenant John Clark of the Council. The Council read the earlier consultation of 27 March 1754, then approved and signed it. This day, between five and six in the afternoon, the Company's ship Grantham, Captain John Oliver, arrived from England, by whom the Council received a packet from the directors and read their orders. The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson, John Adamson and John Clark.
432	426	At a Consultation held on Monday the 1st Day of April 1754 at the Castle Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governor John Adamson Lieutenant Governor Lieut J. John Clark of Council The last Consultation was read approved and signed dated the 30th March 1754 day Sailed the Honorable Companys Ships the Harcourt, Griffen and Edgbaston for England. We This Day sent for Mestrs Handall Saltoner, Ingles and Greentree and acquainted them with the Honorable Companys Orders relating to each of them Cha Hutchinson John Adamson John Clark	At a consultation held at the Castle on 1 April 1754, Governor Charles Hutchinson sat with John Adamson, Lieutenant Governor, and Lieutenant John Clark of the Council. The Council read the earlier consultation of 30 March 1754, then approved and signed it. The Company's ships Harcourt, Griffin and Edgebarston sailed for England this day. The Council sent for Handall, Saltoner, Ingles and Greentree and acquainted them with the Company's orders relating to each of them. The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson, John Adamson and John Clark.
433	427	At a consultation held on Monday the 8th Day of April 1754 at the Castle Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governor John Adamson Lieut Governor Lieut John Clark of Council The last Consultation was read approved and signed dated the 1st of April 1754 Tuesday 2 Sailed the Honorable Company’s Ship Royal Duke for England Ordered the following Advertisement to be published Whereas an Advertisement was published on the 28th Day of last Month, requiring the Planters to send in a return of their Sheep fit for Slaughter within four Days from the Date thereof, And whereas many have neglected to give in any such return; This is therefore to give notice to all Persons that they are hereby Ordered to deliver into the Secretary’s Office, on or before Monday next a signed Account of their Stock of Sheep, and the Number each of them have that are fit for sale as they will Answer the Contrary at their peril. This is further to give Notice to all the Claimants upon the Estate of the late Governor Goodwin Deceased that they are hereby required to attend the Governor and Council on Monday next at the Hour of ten in the forenoon and bring with them a particular Account of their several Demands and Vouchers for them Notice is likewise hereby given that the Planters are required to meet in Vestry at the Chappel in the Valley on Monday morning next to choose Parish Officers for the Ensuing year.	At a consultation held at the Castle on 8 April 1754, Governor Charles Hutchinson sat with John Adamson, Lieutenant Governor, and Lieutenant John Clark of the Council. The Council read the earlier consultation of 1 April 1754, then approved and signed it. The Company's ship Royal Duke sailed for England on Tuesday 2 April. The Council ordered an advertisement to be published. An advertisement published on 28 February, requiring the planters to return an account of their sheep fit for slaughter within four days, had been neglected by many. The notice therefore ordered all persons to deliver into the secretary's office, on or before the following Monday, a signed account of their stock of sheep and the number fit for sale, on pain of answering the contrary at their peril. The notice further gave notice to all claimants on the estate of the late Governor Goodwin, deceased, that they were required to attend the Governor and Council the following Monday at ten in the forenoon, and bring a particular account of their demands and vouchers for them. Notice was likewise given that the planters were required to meet in vestry at the chapel in the valley the following Monday morning to choose parish officers for the ensuing year.
434	428	Having carefully perused the Honorable Mr Yorks Opinion, transmitted to us by the Honorable Court of Directors and finding by it that Leasehold Lands, as we once before believed, were by the Law of England Deemed Personal Estate; we therefore sent for Mr Richard Goodwin, and the Executors of the late Gabriel Harper, who this Day appearing, we acquainted the former that he in right of his Wife, had a just demand for one third part of the said Gabriel Harpers Leasehold Land, and directed to pay it to him accordingly. The Lieutenant Governor reports he was informed that Joseph Long had bought two Souls of one of the Honorable Compy’s Men Slave, named Mingo; they were therefore Ordered to attend the Council who this Day appearing Long owned the Fact, and that he gave the said Slave Mingo a Silk Handkerchey and a Dutch Shilling for them. As the Buying any thing from Blacks, without a permission in writing from their Owners, to dispose of what they offer to Sale, is against an Order published the 9th April 1753, on the penalty of paying five Pounds we therefore Fined the said Long in the above Sum and Ordered the said Mingo to be Whiped. The said Long was likewise accused of striking Nami the Wife of William Jepson, which being proved by the Oath of the said Woman and the Attestation of a Slave, as well as the Prisoners own confession we for this Offence fined him in the sum of five Shillings. Jack a man Slave to the Orphans of Gabriel Harper and Jack another man Slave of Lidia Harper a Widow having been tried and convicted of Assaulting and Robing a Seaman belonging to the Ship Clinton of two Dollars and a Horn Snuff Box, we Sentenced them to be Whiped three different Times, and to be Burnt on the Cheek.	Having carefully studied the Honourable Mr York's opinion, transmitted by the Court of Directors, and finding it confirmed, as the Council had once before believed, that leasehold lands were by the law of England deemed personal estate, the Council sent for Richard Goodwin and the executors of the late Gabriel Harper. They appeared this day, and the Council told Goodwin that he had, in right of his wife, a just demand for one third part of Harper's leasehold land, and directed it be paid to him accordingly. The Lieutenant Governor reported he had been informed that Joseph Long had bought two souls from one of the Company's male slaves, named Mingo. Both were ordered to attend the Council, and Long, appearing this day, owned the fact, and that he had given Mingo a silk handkerchief and a Dutch shilling for them. As buying anything from slaves without written permission from their owners was against an order published on 9 April 1753, on penalty of £5, the Council fined Long that sum and ordered Mingo whipped. Long was likewise accused of striking Nami, wife of William Jepson, which being proved by the woman's oath and the attestation of a slave, as well as the prisoner's own confession, the Council fined him for this offence 5 shillings. Jack, a male slave of Gabriel Harper's orphans, and Jack, another male slave of Lidia Harper, widow, having been tried and convicted of assaulting and robbing a seaman belonging to the ship Clinton of two dollars and a horn snuff box, were sentenced to be whipped three separate times and burnt on the cheek. Interpretations The ruling on Goodwin's claim resolves, at last, the question of leasehold land as personal estate that had run through several disputes recorded earlier in these batches, an authoritative legal opinion from London settling in Goodwin's favour a question the Council had once found no local custom to support. The Long case shows the same trading prohibition already seen punishing a free settler for buying stolen goods from a slave applied again, with the added charge of striking another man's wife treated as a wholly separate offence carrying its own, much smaller, fine, suggesting the theft-related offence was regarded as considerably graver than the assault. The sentence of branding alongside repeated whipping for the two men named Jack is the harshest corporal punishment recorded in these batches, marking robbery of a stranger, a ship's seaman with no standing complaint against the island, as an offence the Council punished with particular severity.
435	429	1754 To the Worshipful Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governor &ca Council of St Helena Sirs Having on my Passage to this Island met with the Misfortune of losing my Yard over Board, & not having any thing on Board fitting for the purpose; hope you'l be so good as to Spare me one Piece of Timber for that use, as likewise some Medicines being in great want thereof I am Sirs 8th April 1754 Ship Grantham St Helena Your most Obedient humble Servant Signed John Oliver Agreed to spare Captain Oliver a Piece of the Riga Timber, and as many of the Medicines he requires as we conveniently coud Bought of Captain John Oliver the following Articles for the use of the Honorable Companys Table 1754 April 6 2 Hogsheads Beer £: 7 8 2 half Firkins Butter £: 4 2 1/2 Currank at 4/ £: 1, s: 5 12 Pair Raisins at 1/6 s: 18 16 Anchovies at 3/4 £: 1, s: 13, d: 4 3 Quarts Capers at 4/ s: 12 6 Bottles Mustard at 2/4 s: 16 2 Bushels Split Peas at 3/6 s: 11 9 2 Bushels Split Peas 35 at 4/ P lb £: 1, s: 15 23 3 Glosr Cheeses 21 at 4/ P lb £: 1, s: 1 1 Cheshire Do £: 19, s: 11, d: 4	John Oliver, master of the ship Grantham, petitioned the Governor and council, setting out that on his passage to the island he had lost his davit overboard and had nothing aboard fitting for the purpose. He asked that the council spare him a piece of timber for the davit and also some medicines, being in great want of them. The petition was dated 8 April 1754. The council agreed to spare Captain Oliver a piece of the Riga timber and as many of the medicines he required as could conveniently be spared. Bought of Captain John Oliver the following articles for the use of the Honourable Company's table. 6 April, 2 hogsheads of beer, £7 0s 0d 8 April, 2 half firkins of butter, £4 0s 0d 2½ hundredweight of currants at 4s per pound, £1 5s 0d 12 jars of raisins at 1s 6d, £0 18s 0d 16 pounds of anchovies at 3s 9d, £1 13s 4d 3 quarts of capers at 4s, £0 12s 0d 6 bottles of mustard at 2s 3d, £0 11s 0d 9 April, 2 bushels of split peas, £0 15s 0d 23 April, 3 Gloucester cheeses, 35 pounds at 1s per pound, £1 15s 0d 1 Cheshire cheese, 21 pounds at 1s per pound, £1 1s 0d Total, £19 11s 4d Interpretations This consultation records a petition from Captain John Oliver of the Grantham for materials to repair his ship and for medicines, followed by the Company's purchase of provisions from the same captain for its table. The davit lost overboard was one of the projecting spars or cranes at a ship's side by which a boat or an anchor was hoisted and lowered, and its loss left the vessel unable to work her boats until it was replaced. The council's grant of a piece of the Riga timber and of medicines to the distressed captain marks the island serving the passing fleet in its needs as well as taking provision from it. The Riga timber, the choice Baltic building wood held in the store, was spared to make the new davit, and the medicines drawn from the island's supply to answer the ship's want, the settlement's role as a refitting and relieving station shown in the aid given to a vessel arriving in distress. The provisions bought of Captain Oliver ran to the finer groceries of the table, the currants, raisins, anchovies, capers and mustard that seasoned and enriched the officers' diet beyond the plain staples of meat and bread. These delicacies, bought from a ship's private stores, mark a means by which the island's table was supplied with the small luxuries the store's ordinary stock did not furnish, the Company purchasing from a calling captain what its own supply and the East Indiamen did not bring. The Gloucester and Cheshire cheeses bought by the pound were the firm English cheeses of the west-country dairies, prized and kept for their long keeping and shipped as a private venture by the captain. Their purchase for the Company's table marks the reach of English farm produce into the island's provision, the cheeses of home carried out on the ships and bought in to vary the officers' fare, the salt provision and the delicacy of the mother country alike drawn from the vessels that called. Speculations The council chose to spare the distressed Captain Oliver both the scarce Riga timber and a portion of the island's medicines rather than hold its limited stores against its own future need. The Riga timber was the choicest building wood on the island, shipped from the Baltic and held in careful reserve, and the medicines were a supply that a remote settlement could not easily replace, yet the council weighed the duty of relieving a ship in distress above the keeping of its stock and gave from both, the aid to the fleet the settlement served counting for more than the sparing of its own reserve.
436	430	Having found that three 9 one to and two three Pounders Cannon to be very much honey Combed, and other Defects, which render them unserviceable, we asked Capt. Oliver if he would take them on Board of his Ship and carry them to England Freight Free which he readily consented to. As Mr. Oliver the Doctor Complaints Surgeon here, we believe has died with many People, and their Honours having ordered that he should be sent to England, after allowing him a convenient Time after the arrival of the Grantham, we therefore this Day sent for him, and recommended to him to be as expeditious as he could in settling his Affair with every Body upon the Island that he might be ready to take his Passage on one of the Ships of this season, who assured us that he would lose no Time in Adjusting of them. Cha.s Hutchinson Jno Adamson John Clark. At a Consultation held on Friday the 12.th April 1754 at the Castle Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr. Governor John Adamson Lieut. Governor Lieutenant John Clark of Council The last Consultation was read approved and signed dated the 8.th April 1754 The ten working Days allowed by Charterparty for unlading the Grantham being expired, we gave Captain Oliver Sailing Orders in Writing to make the best of his way to Fort Marlbro on the West Coast of the Island of Sumatra, according to the Directions he received from the Honorable the Court of Directors, to whom we likewise gave the following Letters to the several Settlements in India, inclosed in our Packet to Benoolen.	Having found three nine, one two and three pounder cannon much honeycombed, and otherwise defective, rendering them unserviceable, the Council asked Captain Oliver whether he would take them aboard his ship and carry them to England freight free, which he readily agreed to. As Oliver, the island's surgeon, was believed to have caused many deaths, and the directors having ordered him sent to England after allowing a reasonable time following the Grantham's arrival, the Council this day sent for him and recommended he be as expeditious as possible in settling his affairs with everyone on the island, so that he might be ready to take passage on one of the season's ships. He assured the Council he would lose no time in settling them. The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson, John Adamson and John Clark. At a consultation held at the Castle on 12 April 1754, Governor Charles Hutchinson sat with John Adamson, Lieutenant Governor, and Lieutenant John Clark of the Council. The Council read the earlier consultation of 8 April 1754, then approved and signed it. The ten working days allowed by charter party for unlading the Grantham being expired, the Council gave Captain Oliver written sailing orders to make his way to Fort Marlborough on the west coast of Sumatra, according to the directions he had from the Court of Directors, to whom the Council also gave the following letters to the several settlements in India, enclosed in the packet to Bencoolen. Interpretations The two matters concerning Oliver in this record, first the ship's captain of the same surname offering to carry home three defective cannon, then the island's own surgeon Oliver being sent home for having caused many deaths, are almost certainly unconnected men who happen to share a name, and the record's plain, unremarked treatment of both in sequence shows the Council recording each on its own administrative merits rather than any confusion between them.
437	431	To the Honorable Thomas Saunders Esq.r President and Governor &c.a Council of Fort St George. Honble. Sir & Sirs. Since we wrote our last Letter to you which went by the Worshipful yours of the 19.th April and 25.th October 1753 came safe to Hand We have received your supply of last year as likewise two Leagers Arrack from Fort Marlbro, but do not know the exact cost of the Candles, and Sugar taken out of the Colchester, and Chepestfiats and put on Board the Godolphin, as the Gentlemen of Bengal have omitted to send us an Invoice of them. We desire you will send us for the use of this Island 10 Ps Long Cloth at 12 Pagodas P piece 10 Pieces at 10 Pagodas P piece 10 at 8 Pagod.s P P. 50 P.s at 7 Pagodas P P. 30 P.s at 9 Pagodas Pd. 10 at 8 Pagodas P P. 50 Pr. Cotton Stockings at 6 P.r P.r the rest of the one P Cent in Arrack or Rice, no Sugar nor Candles we having Indents for a sufficient quantity of these Commoditys for the supply of this place from Bengallee and Bencoolen. Having discovered that William Fletcher and John Sawyer who were left by the Ship Walpole, were Soldiers in your Garrison, we have detained them at this place and desire to know when they left your Settlement that we may oblige them to serve the remainder of their Contracts Times here, they say they were forced away by some Men of a Dutch Vessell that carryed them to Batavia where they got on Board the Walpole. Enclosed herewith we send you the Annual List of Ships arrival and departure to and from this place. We are Honble. Sirs Your most humble Servants (Signed) Charles Hutchinson John Adamson John Clark. St Helena 12.th April 1754	The Council wrote to Thomas Saunders, President and Governor, and the Council of Fort St George. Since the last letter, dated 19 April and 25 October 1753, it had received the previous year's supply, as well as two leaguers of arrack from Fort Marlborough, but did not know the exact cost of the candles and sugar taken out of the Colchester and Chepestfiats and put aboard the Godolphin, the gentlemen of Bengal having omitted to send an invoice of them. The Council desired Fort St George send, for the island's use, 10 pieces of long cloth at 12 pagodas per piece, 10 pieces at 10 pagodas, 10 at 8 pagodas, 50 pieces at 7 pagodas, 30 pieces at 9 pagodas, 10 at 8 pagodas, 50 pairs of cotton stockings at 6 per pair, and the rest of the investment in arrack or rice, no sugar or candles being needed, the island having sufficient orders in for those commodities from Bengal and Bencoolen. Having discovered that William Fletcher and John Sawyer, left by the ship Walpole, were soldiers of the Fort St George garrison, the Council had detained them and desired to know when they had left that settlement, so that they might be obliged to serve the remainder of their contracted time here. They claimed to have been forced away by men of a Dutch vessel that carried them to Batavia, where they got aboard the Walpole. The letter enclosed the annual list of ships' arrivals and departures, and was signed by Charles Hutchinson, John Adamson and John Clark, St Helena, 12 April 1754.
438	432	To the Honble. Richard Bourchier Esq.r President and Governor &c.a Council of Bombay. Honble. Sir and Sirs We wrote to you last under Date of the 23.d April 1753 by the Honorable Companys Ship the Walpole and have since rec.d your Lriss of the 5.th March and 1.st April 1753. We desire you will send us for the use of this Island one hundred Pieces of good Surat Chelloes and the rest of the one P.r in Rice and Paddy. The Annual List of Ships arrival and departure to and from this Place you herewith inclose to you We are Honble Sir and Sirs Your most humble Servants (Signed) Charles Hutchinson John Adamson John Clark. To the Honorable Roger Drake Esq.r President and Governor &c.a Council of Bengalle Honorable Sir and Sirs Our last Advices to you were Dated the 3.d April 1753, we have since rec.d your several Letters of the 15.th and 29.th Janry and the 1.st March 1753 by the Honorable Companys Ships the Admiral Vernon, Stornoway Castle and Oxford which likewise brought in your Supplys. We desire you will send us for the further use of this Island, 20 P.s Cloth for Candle Wicks 80 P.s Docootee & Leager	The Council wrote to Richard Bourchier, President and Governor, and the Council of Bombay. Since the last letter, dated 23 April 1753, by the ship Walpole, it had received Bombay's letters of 5 March and 1 April 1753. It desired Bombay send, for the island's use, 100 pieces of good Surat chelloes, and the rest of the investment in rice and paddy. The annual list of ships' arrivals and departures was enclosed, and the letter signed by Charles Hutchinson, John Adamson and John Clark. The Council wrote to Roger Drake, President and Governor, and the Council of Bengal. Its last advices, dated 3 April 1753, were followed by Bengal's several letters of 15 and 29 January and 1 March 1753, brought by the ships Admiral Vernon, Stornoway Castle and Oxford, which had also brought the supplies. The Council desired that Bengal send, for the island's further use, 20 pieces of cloth for candle wicks, 80 pieces of docootee and leaguer
439	433	Arrack 50 hundred Paddy........................4 Maunds Wax Candles and not to exceed that quantity by each Ship, more being too much for our Consumption, the rest of the one P Cent in Rice As we can be supplyed with good Sugar from Fort Marlbro and at a Cheaper rate than from your Coast we desire that you will not send us any herewith you enclosed to you the arrivals and departures from of Ships to and this place in the year past. We are Honorable Sirs & Sirs St. Helena 18.th April 1754 Your most humble Servants (Signed) Charles Hutchinson John Adamson John Clark. To the Worshipful the Supervisors or in case none should be present, To the Worshipful the Deputy Governor and Council for all the Affairs of the English Nation at Fort Marlborough on the West Coast of Sumatra. Worshipful Sirs. Your Letters by the Godolphin and Walpole date the 16.th June and 26.th December last came safe to hand. We received your several consignments by the two beforementioned Ships, and are glad to find your sugar is so good, and as our argument are that you can supply us with a large Quantity of it annually, we desire you will send 5 hundred weight of it by the Ship in Account of the Honorable Company and as our Consumption here amounts to about double that Quantity we shall for the future desire you to furnish us with it provided it is of equally goodness and does not exceed the price of What you sent us this year for a sample. The	arrack, 50 hundredweight of paddy, and 4 maunds of wax candles, not to exceed that quantity by each ship, more being too much for the island's consumption, the rest of the one per cent in rice. As the island could be supplied with good sugar from Fort Marlborough at a cheaper rate than from Bengal, the Council desired none be sent from there. The annual list of arrivals and departures was enclosed. The letter was signed by Charles Hutchinson, John Adamson and John Clark, St Helena, 18 April 1754. The Council wrote to the Supervisors, or in their absence to the Deputy Governor and Council, for the affairs of the English nation at Fort Marlborough on the west coast of Sumatra. Their letters by the Godolphin and Walpole, dated 16 June and 26 December last, had come safe to hand. The Council had received the several consignments by those ships, and was glad to find the sugar so good. As Fort Marlborough could supply a large quantity of it annually, the Council desired 500 weight be sent by the next ship on the Company's account, and since the island's consumption was about double that quantity, it would in future ask for it to be furnished at that rate, provided it remained of equal quality and did not exceed the price of the sample sent this year.
440	434	The Honorable Court of Directors have been pleased to Order Lieutenant Joseph Standall for your Settlement, who accordingly takes his Passage on this Ship. We have not taken any of the Honorable Companys Treasure nor detained any of the Recruit consigned to you by the Grantham. The two Mallay Men you transported here by the Godolphin and Walpole, who you have Inscribed to be Slaves during life shall be duly carryd to Account of the Honorable Company We transmit to you by this occasion the List of the arrival and departure of Ships to and from this place in the Year past, together with the Ship Granthams Charterparty, Outwairing Bill and manifest of Goods. We desire you will forward the inclosed Letters as Directed and are Worshipful Sirs Your most humble servants (Signed) Charles Hutchinson John Adamson John Clark. St. Helena the 12.th April 1754 Cha.s Hutchinson John Adamson John Clark.	The Court of Directors had been pleased to order Lieutenant Joseph Standall for Fort Marlborough's settlement, who accordingly took passage on this ship. The Council had not taken any of the Company's treasure, nor detained any of the recruits consigned by the Grantham. The two Malay men transported by the Godolphin and Walpole, inscribed as slaves for life, would be duly carried to the Company's account. The Council transmitted the list of ships' arrivals and departures for the year past, together with the Grantham's charter party, outward bill and manifest of goods, and desired the enclosed letters be forwarded as directed. The letter was signed by Charles Hutchinson, John Adamson and John Clark, St Helena, 12 April 1754. Interpretations The two Malay men transported to Fort Marlborough and there inscribed as slaves for life show the Company's slave trade extending beyond the African and Madagascan sources more commonly referenced in these records, drawing slaves from South East Asia into the same system of lifetime bondage and formal Company accounting applied to slaves acquired elsewhere.
441	435	At a Consultation held on Monday the 15.th Day of April 1754 at the Castle Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr. Governor John Adamson Lieutenant Governor Lieut. John Clark of Council. The last Consultation was read approved and signed dated the 12 th April 1754. Friday 12. Arrived a Dane Ship from China called the Queen Juliana Maria Captain Henrick Fester Burthen 700. carying 26 Guns and 140 Men Loaden with Tea, China Ware, Sugar and Silks, bound to Copenhagen. Saturday 13. Arrived a Swedesh Ship from China called the Gustaff Frederick (Captain) John Fundasten Burthen 300 Tuns, carry 28 Guns and 130 Men Loaden with Tea, China Ware, Sugar and Silks bound to Gothenbourg. Arrived another Sweedish Ship from China called the Gotthe Lyon (Captain) Charles Chapman Burthen 600 Tuns carrys 110 Men and twenty six Guns Loaden also with Tea China ware Sugar and Silks bound likewise to Gothenbourg. This Day Arrived another Dane Ship from China called the Queen Sophia Magdalena (Captain Hand Christian Steele) Burthen about 1000 Tuns carrys 24 guns and 150 Men Loaden with Tea & China Ware bound to Copenhagen. According to the Advertisement published last Monday the Planters this Day Assembled in Vestry to choose Parish Officers for the ensueing Year, and returned the following Persons Viz.t Church Wardens Mr. John Goodwin Mr. Martin Harper Mr. John Cook Mr. Richard Begley East Division Mr. William Burnham Mr. Thomas Fitzpatrick West Division John Alexander James Greentree South Division Orlando Bagley Francis Moratte	At a consultation held at the Castle on 15 April 1754, Governor Charles Hutchinson sat with John Adamson, Lieutenant Governor, and Lieutenant John Clark of the Council. The Council read the earlier consultation of 12 April 1754, then approved and signed it. A Danish ship from China, the Queen Juliana Maria, Captain Henrick Fester, of about 700 tons, carrying 26 guns and 140 men, laden with tea, chinaware, sugar and silks, bound for Copenhagen, arrived on Friday 12 April. A Swedish ship from China, the Gustaff Frederick, Captain John Fundasten, of 300 tons, carrying 28 guns and 130 men, similarly laden, bound for Gothenburg, arrived on Saturday 13 April. Another Swedish ship from China, the Gotthe Lyon, Captain Charles Chapman, of 600 tons, carrying 110 men and 26 guns, also laden with tea, chinaware, sugar and silks, likewise bound for Gothenburg, arrived the same day. A further Danish ship from China, the Queen Sophia Magdalena, Captain Hans Christian Steele, of about 1,000 tons, carrying 24 guns and 150 men, laden with tea and chinaware, bound for Copenhagen, arrived this day. According to the advertisement published the previous Monday, the planters assembled this day in vestry to choose parish officers for the ensuing year, and returned the following persons. Churchwardens: John Goodwin, Martin Harper, John Cook and Richard Bagley East division: William Burnham and Thomas Fitzpatrick West division: John Alexander and James Greentree South division: Orlando Bagley and Francis Moratte Interpretations Four Danish and Swedish China ships called within four days of one another, all bound for Copenhagen or Gothenburg and laden with the same combination of tea, chinaware, sugar and silks, showing St Helena's road served the northern European China trade as a common calling point in the same homebound season that brought the English Company's own fleet through the island.
442	436	Whereupon we Orded Warrants to be made out for Mes.rs John Goodwin and Martin Harper Church Wardens and Mes.rs William Burnham John Alexander and Orlando Bagley Overseers The Planters likewise attended this Day according to their Order of last Monday with an Account of their Sheep, their returns are as follow Viz.t List of Sheep taken the 15.th April 1754 Viz.t Thomas Cotgrave – 25 Stock, 7 Return for Slaughter John Leech – 9 Stock Lydia Harper – 9 Stock Richard Harper – 3 Stock Isaac Simpe – 7 Stock George Alexander – 7 Stock Orlando Bagley Senior – 15 Stock, 2 Return for Slaughter Richard Beale – 18 Stock John Bagley – 18 Stock James Greentree – 29 Stock Richard Goodwin – 19 Stock Richard Mason – 20 Stock Benjamin Mason – 27 Stock George Young – 17 Stock, 2 Return for Slaughter William Young – 30 Stock, 4 Return for Slaughter John Dwelton – 51 Stock, 6 Return for Slaughter Isaac Dwelton – 10 Stock, 2 Return for Slaughter Francis Howatte – 10 Stock Matthew Bagley – 9 Stock John Baglyett Orphans – 5 Stock James Powell – 16 Stock Carried forward – 379 Stock, 23 Return for Slaughter Martin Harper – 22 Stock Mary Seale – 31 Stock, 5 Return for Slaughter Joseph Desfountain Captain – 20 Stock, 6 Return for Slaughter Samuel Simpe – 25 Stock, 5 Return for Slaughter Richard Gurling – 18 Stock, 5 Return for Slaughter Francis Waugham Junior – 27 Stock John Desfountain – 30 Stock Stephen Young – 11 Stock Samuel Dowlow Captain – 61 Stock, 13 Return for Slaughter Thomas Greentree – 56 Stock Helena Ryder – 12 Stock Samuel Alexander – 10 Stock Francis Waugham Senior – 36 Stock Charles Rewards Captain – 61 Stock James Cotgrave – 20 Stock John Worrall – 14 Stock, 2 Return for Slaughter John Swaits – 26 Stock Richard Bagley – 30 Stock Gabriel Harper’s Captain – 37 Stock John Goodwin – 69 Stock Carried forward – 995 Stock, 54 Return for Slaughter	The Council ordered warrants made out for John Goodwin and Martin Harper as churchwardens, and for William Burnham, John Alexander and Orlando Bagley as overseers. The planters likewise attended this day, according to their order of the previous Monday, with an account of their sheep, entered as follows. List of sheep taken 15 April 1754. Thomas Cotgrave, 25 stock, 7 for slaughter John Leech, 9 stock Lydia Harper, 9 stock Richard Harper, 3 stock Isaac Simpe, 7 stock George Alexander, 7 stock Orlando Bagley senior, 15 stock, 2 for slaughter Richard Beale, 18 stock John Bagley, 18 stock James Greentree, 29 stock Richard Goodwin, 19 stock Richard Mason, 20 stock Benjamin Mason, 27 stock George Young, 17 stock, 2 for slaughter William Young, 30 stock, 4 for slaughter John Dwelton, 51 stock, 6 for slaughter Isaac Dwelton, 10 stock, 2 for slaughter Francis Howatte, 10 stock Matthew Bagley, 9 stock John Bagley's orphans, 5 stock James Powell, 16 stock Carried forward, 379 stock, 23 for slaughter Martin Harper, 22 stock Mary Seale, 31 stock, 5 for slaughter Joseph Desfountain, 20 stock, 6 for slaughter Samuel Simpe, 25 stock, 5 for slaughter Richard Gurling, 18 stock, 5 for slaughter Francis Wrangham junior, 27 stock John Desfountain, 30 stock Stephen Young, 11 stock Samuel Dowlow, 61 stock, 13 for slaughter Thomas Greentree, 56 stock Helena Ryder, 12 stock Samuel Alexander, 10 stock Francis Wrangham senior, 36 stock Charles Rewards, 61 stock James Cotgrave, 20 stock John Worrall, 14 stock, 2 for slaughter John Swaits, 26 stock Richard Bagley, 30 stock Gabriel Harper's estate, 37 stock John Goodwin, 69 stock Carried forward, 995 stock, 54 for slaughter
443	437	Brought forward – 995 Stock, 54 Return for Slaughter John Alexander – 46 Stock John Clark – 63 Stock Thomas Fitzpatrick – 24 Stock Carried forward – 1128 Stock, 54 Return for Slaughter Brought forward – 1128 Stock, 54 Return for Slaughter Joseph Whaley’s Orphans – 10 Stock, 1 Return for Slaughter Matthew Purling – 62 Stock, 5 Return for Slaughter William Seale – 7 Stock, 1 Return for Slaughter Orlando Bagley – 10 Stock Total – 1217 Stock, 61 Return for Slaughter At a Consultation held on Monday the 22.th Day of April 1754 at the Castle Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr. Governor John Adamson Lieutenant Governor Lieutenant John Clark of Council. The last Consultation was read approved and signed dated the 15 th Day of April 1754. Tuesday 16.th Died Thomas Glover Soldier Thursday 18.th Sailed the Swedish Ships the Adolph Frederick and the Gothie Lyon Yesterday 21.st Sailed the two Danish Ships the Queen Juliana Maria and the Queen Sophia Magdalena The Plantation Gunners and Stewards Acct.s for the Month ending the 11.th Instant were this Day brought in which were examined and approved and are as follows Viz.t	The sheep census continued. Brought forward, 995 stock, 54 for slaughter John Alexander, 46 stock John Clark, 63 stock Thomas Fitzpatrick, 24 stock Carried forward, 1,128 stock, 54 for slaughter Brought forward, 1,128 stock, 54 for slaughter Joseph Whaley's orphans, 10 stock, 1 for slaughter Matthew Purling, 62 stock, 5 for slaughter William Seale, 7 stock, 1 for slaughter Orlando Bagley, 10 stock Total, 1,217 stock, 61 for slaughter At a consultation held at the Castle on 22 April 1754, Governor Charles Hutchinson sat with John Adamson, Lieutenant Governor, and Lieutenant John Clark of the Council. The Council read the earlier consultation of 15 April 1754, then approved and signed it. Thomas Glover, soldier, died on Tuesday 16 April. The Swedish ships Adolph Frederick and Gothie Lyon sailed on Thursday 18 April, and the Danish ships Queen Juliana Maria and Queen Sophia Magdalena sailed the day before. The plantation gunner's and steward's accounts for the month ending the eleventh of the month were brought in this day, examined, approved and entered as follows.
444	438	Account of the Honorable Companys Stock of Neat Cattle &ca from the 12th of March to the 11th April 1754 Vizt Neat Cattle, Sheep, Goats, Hogs, Poultry, Horses, Asses Bulls, Cows, Calves, Yearlings, Heifer, Steers, Bullocks, Oxen, Total, Ewes, Wethers, Lambs, Rams, Total, Ewes, Wethers, Kids, Rams, Total, Sows, Shoats, Piggs, Boars, Total, Turkeys, Fowls, Ducks, Geese, Horses, Mares, Total, Asses, Total Remaining the 12th: Bulls: 3, Cows: 73, Calves: 69, Yearlings: 31, Heifer: 13, Steers: 12, Bullocks: 8, Oxen: 12, Total: 221, Ewes: 149, Wethers: 43, Lambs: 121, Rams: 6, Total: 319, Ewes: 76, Wethers: 3, Kids: 83, Rams: 4, Total: 166, Sows: 5, Shoats: 5, Piggs: 27, Boars: 1, Total: 38, Turkeys: 57, Fowls: 360, Ducks: 58, Geese: 20, Horses: 6, Mares: 6, Total: 12, Asses: 3, Total: 3 Encreased: Calves: 1, Oxen: 1, Lambs: 33, Total: 33, Kids: 19, Total: 19, Fowls: 3, Ducks: 66 Bulls: 3, Cows: 73, Calves: 70, Yearlings: 31, Heifer: 13, Steers: 12, Bullocks: 8, Oxen: 12, Total: 222, Ewes: 149, Wethers: 43, Lambs: 154, Rams: 6, Total: 352, Ewes: 76, Wethers: 3, Kids: 102, Rams: 4, Total: 185, Sows: 5, Shoats: 5, Piggs: 27, Boars: 1, Total: 38, Turkeys: 60, Fowls: 426, Ducks: 58, Geese: 20, Horses: 6, Mares: 6, Total: 12, Asses: 3, Total: 3 Killed: Calves: 1, Steers: 3, Bullocks: 8, Total: 15, Ewes: 2, Lambs: 4, Rams: 2, Total: 8, Piggs: 2, Total: 2, Turkeys: 6, Fowls: 37, Ducks: 8, Geese: 1 Died: Fowls: 3, Ducks: 1, Geese: 1 Remaining 11th: Bulls: 3, Cows: 73, Calves: 69, Yearlings: 31, Heifer: 10, Steers: 9, Oxen: 12, Total: 207, Ewes: 147, Wethers: 39, Lambs: 152, Rams: 6, Total: 344, Ewes: 76, Wethers: 3, Kids: 102, Rams: 4, Total: 185, Sows: 5, Shoats: 3, Piggs: 27, Boars: 1, Total: 36, Turkeys: 54, Fowls: 386, Ducks: 49, Geese: 18, Horses: 6, Mares: 6, Total: 12, Asses: 3, Total: 3 The Names of ye Species changed: Bulls: 4, Cows: 77, Calves: 53, Yearlings: 23, Heifer: 20, Steers: 9, Bullocks: 9, Oxen: 12, Total: 207, Ewes: 188, Wethers: 58, Lambs: 92, Rams: 6, Total: 344, Ewes: 95, Wethers: 30, Kids: 53, Rams: 7, Total: 185, Sows: 8, Shoats: 17, Piggs: 9, Boars: 2, Total: 36, Turkeys: 54, Fowls: 386, Ducks: 49, Geese: 18, Horses: 6, Mares: 6, Total: 12, Asses: 3, Total: 3 one Hog to the Slaves Ships Walpole 560 Marlboro 560 Suffolk 560 Griffin 560 Dodington 560 Harcourt 560 Edgbaston 560 Royal Duke 560 Grantham 560 Yams expended 6610 Errors Excepted Signed John Adamson	Account of the Honourable Company's stock of neat cattle and other livestock from 12 March to 11 April 1754. The column headings ran across neat cattle, sheep, goats, hogs, poultry, horses and asses, each divided into its several kinds with a total struck for each class. Neat cattle Remaining 12 March: bulls 3, cows 73, calves 69, yearlings 31, heifers 13, steers 12, bullocks 8, oxen 12, total 221 Increased: bulls 0, cows 0, calves 1, yearlings 0, heifers 0, steers 0, bullocks 0, oxen 0, total 1 Total: bulls 3, cows 73, calves 70, yearlings 31, heifers 13, steers 12, bullocks 8, oxen 12, total 222 Killed: bulls 0, cows 0, calves 1, yearlings 0, heifers 3, steers 8, bullocks 0, oxen 0, total 15 Died: 0 Remaining 11 April: bulls 3, cows 73, calves 69, yearlings 31, heifers 10, steers 9, bullocks 0, oxen 12, total 207 Names of the species changed: bulls 4, cows 77, calves 53, yearlings 23, heifers 20, steers 9, bullocks 9, oxen 12, total 207 Sheep Remaining 12 March: ewes 149, wethers 43, lambs 121, rams 6, total 319 Increased: ewes 0, wethers 0, lambs 33, rams 0, total 33 Total: ewes 149, wethers 43, lambs 154, rams 6, total 352 Killed: ewes 0, wethers 15, lambs 2, rams 0, total 8 Died: 0 Remaining 11 April: ewes 149, wethers 39, lambs 152, rams 6, total 344 Names of the species changed: ewes 188, wethers 58, lambs 92, rams 6, total 344 Goats Remaining 12 March: does 76, wethers 3, kids 83, rams 4, total 166 Increased: does 0, wethers 0, kids 19, rams 0, total 19 Total: does 76, wethers 3, kids 102, rams 4, total 185 Killed: 0 Died: 0 Remaining 11 April: does 76, wethers 3, kids 102, rams 4, total 185 Names of the species changed: does 95, wethers 30, kids 53, rams 7, total 185 Hogs Remaining 12 March: sows 5, shoats 5, pigs 27, boars 1, total 38 Increased: 0 Total: sows 5, shoats 5, pigs 27, boars 1, total 38 Killed: sows 0, shoats 0, pigs 2, boars 0, total 2 Died: 0 Remaining 11 April: sows 5, shoats 3, pigs 27, boars 1, total 27 Names of the species changed: sows 8, shoats 17, pigs 9, boars 2, total 27 Poultry Remaining 12 March: turkeys 57, fowls 360, ducks 58, geese 20 Increased: turkeys 0, fowls 3, ducks 66, geese 0 Total: turkeys 57, fowls 363, ducks 66, geese 20 Killed: turkeys 6, fowls 37, ducks 8, geese 1 Died: turkeys 0, fowls 3, ducks 1, geese 1 Remaining 11 April: turkeys 54, fowls 386, ducks 49, geese 18 Names of the species changed: turkeys 54, fowls 386, ducks 49, geese 18 Horses and asses Remaining 12 March: horses 6, mares 6, total 12, asses 3, total 3 Remaining 11 April: horses 6, mares 6, total 12, asses 3, total 3 Names of the species changed: horses 6, mares 6, total 12, asses 3, total 3 One hog was issued to the slaves. Beef was issued to the ships as follows: to the Walpole 560 pounds, the Marlborough 560 pounds, the Suffolk 560 pounds, the Griffin 560 pounds, the Dodington 560 pounds, the Harcourt 560 pounds, the Edgbaston 560 pounds, the Royal Duke 560 pounds and the Grantham 560 pounds. Yams spent came to 6,610. The account was signed by John Adamson. Interpretations This account carries the Company's livestock forward from 12 March to 11 April, under the same fixed headings, and its opening figures match the closing figures of the previous month, the reckonings kept as a continuous running audit through the season. The great feature of this month is the victualling of nine East Indiamen at once, each supplied with five hundred and sixty pounds of beef, marking the arrival of a whole fleet at the island together. The provisioning of nine ships in a single month, over five thousand pounds of beef issued to the fleet, marks the height of the sailing season when the homeward East Indiamen gathered at the island in company. The ships named, the Walpole, Marlborough, Suffolk, Griffin, Dodington, Harcourt, Edgbaston, Royal Duke and Grantham, were the great vessels of the Company's Eastern trade calling together to victual and refresh before the last stage of their voyage home, the island's herds drawn on heavily to feed them all. The neat cattle fell more sharply this month than in any before, fifteen head killed chiefly to victual the gathered fleet, the bullocks entirely consumed and the steers and heifers drawn down. This heavy slaughter, set against the light increase of a single calf, marks the pressure the arriving ships put on the herd, the cattle killed in number to meet the sudden great demand, the plantation's stock the reserve on which the whole fleet drew for its fresh provision. The rows headed as the names of the species changed record the reclassification of the animals from one category to another as they aged, the calves passing to yearlings and the lambs to wethers or ewes, the totals held constant while the internal columns shifted. This device, run this month across every class of stock, let the account age the herds and flocks through their kinds without disturbing the running total, the keepers reconciling the changing composition of the stock against the fixed headcount at the quarter's turn.
445	439	1754 Gunners Stores expended from the 12th of March to the 11th of April 1754 both Days Included Guns fired, 4d, 3d, 2d, 1d, Powder Expended March 12th Arrived the Marlboro Captain Parks returned ye Salute Guns fired: 9, 2d: 9, Powder Expended: 9, oz: 8 Powder for Priming Powder Expended: 1, oz: 8 An Alarm Guns fired: 6, 4d: 2, 3d: 2, 1d: 2, Powder Expended: 12, oz: 0 Arrived the Suffolk returned the Salute Guns fired: 9, 2d: 9, Powder Expended: 9 Powder for Priming Powder Expended: 1, oz: 8 13th An Alarm Guns fired: 6, 4d: 2, 3d: 2, 1d: 2, Powder Expended: 12 Arrived the Griffin returned the Salute Guns fired: 9, 2d: 9, Powder Expended: 9 Powder for Priming Powder Expended: 1, oz: 8 16th An Alarm Guns fired: 6, 4d: 2, 3d: 2, 1d: 2, Powder Expended: 12 Arrived a Swede Ship returned the Salute Guns fired: 8, 2d: 8, Powder Expended: 8 Powder for Priming Powder Expended: 1, oz: 8 An Alarm for a Ship that went by Guns fired: 6, 4d: 2, 3d: 2, 1d: 2, Powder Expended: 12 17th An Alarm Guns fired: 6, 4d: 2, 3d: 2, 1d: 2, Powder Expended: 12 Arrived the Dodington returned the Salute Guns fired: 9, 2d: 9, Powder Expended: 9 Powder for Priming Powder Expended: 1, oz: 8 18th An Alarm for a Ship that went by Guns fired: 6, 4d: 2, 3d: 2, 1d: 2, Powder Expended: 12 20th An Alarm Guns fired: 6, 4d: 2, 3d: 2, 1d: 2, Powder Expended: 12 21 Arrived the Edgbaston returned the Salute Guns fired: 9, 2d: 9, Powder Expended: 9 Powder for Priming Powder Expended: 1, oz: 8 An Alarm Guns fired: 6, 4d: 2, 3d: 2, 1d: 2, Powder Expended: 12 Arrived the Harcourt returned the Salute Guns fired: 9, 2d: 9, Powder Expended: 9 Powder for Priming Powder Expended: 1, oz: 8 Departed the Dodington returned the Salute Guns fired: 9, 2d: 9, Powder Expended: 9 Powder for Priming Powder Expended: 1, oz: 8 Departed the Swede Ship returned ye Salute Guns fired: 8, 2d: 8, Powder Expended: 8 22 Powder for Priming Powder Expended: 1, oz: 8 Double Alarm Guns fired: 9, 3d: 3, 1d: 3, Powder Expended: 18 23 Arrived the Royal Duke returned ye Salute Guns fired: 9, 2d: 9, Powder Expended: 9 Powder for Priming Powder Expended: 1, oz: 8 Powder for Priming at the Alarm House Powder Expended: 3, oz: 0 Gunners Stores carried over Guns fired: 143, 4d: 19, 3d: 19, 2d: 88, 1d: 19, Powder Expended: 220, oz: 8	Gunners stores spent from 12 March to 11 April 1754, both days included. The columns recorded the number of guns fired, the several sizes of shot and the powder spent in pounds. 12 March, arrived the Marlborough, Captain Parks, returned the salute, 9 guns, 9 pounds 8 ounces 12 March, powder for priming, 1 pound 8 ounces An alarm, 6 guns, 12 pounds Arrived the Suffolk, returned the salute, 9 guns, 9 pounds Powder for priming, 1 pound 8 ounces 13 March, an alarm, 6 guns, 12 pounds Arrived the Griffin, returned the salute, 9 guns, 9 pounds Powder for priming, 1 pound 8 ounces 16 March, an alarm, 6 guns, 12 pounds Arrived a Swedish ship, returned the salute, 8 guns, 8 pounds Powder for priming, 1 pound 8 ounces An alarm for a ship that went by, 6 guns, 12 pounds 17 March, an alarm, 6 guns, 12 pounds Arrived the Dodington, returned the salute, 9 guns, 9 pounds Powder for priming, 1 pound 8 ounces 18 March, an alarm for a ship that went by, 6 guns, 12 pounds 20 March, an alarm, 6 guns, 12 pounds 21 March, arrived the Edgbaston, returned the salute, 9 guns, 9 pounds Powder for priming, 1 pound 8 ounces An alarm, 6 guns, 12 pounds Arrived the Harcourt, returned the salute, 9 guns, 9 pounds Powder for priming, 1 pound 8 ounces Departed the Dodington, returned the salute, 9 guns, 9 pounds Powder for priming, 1 pound 8 ounces Departed the Swedish ship, returned the salute, 8 guns, 8 pounds 22 March, powder for priming, 1 pound 8 ounces Powder for priming, 9 guns, 18 pounds 23 March, a double alarm, 9 guns, 9 pounds Arrived the Royal Duke, returned the salute, 1 pound 8 ounces Powder for priming, 3 pounds Powder for priming at the alarm house Gunners stores carried over, 143 guns, 220 pounds 8 ounces Interpretations This gunner's account records an exceptionally busy month of arrivals, departures and alarms as a whole fleet of East Indiamen gathered at the island, the powder tallied to the dates of firing. The near-daily salutes and alarms through the middle of March mark the homeward fleet coming in company, ship after ship greeted and answered with nine guns, the batteries kept in constant employment saluting the vessels that these livestock accounts show victualled together. The ships named, the Marlborough, Suffolk, Griffin, Dodington, Edgbaston, Harcourt and Royal Duke, were the great East Indiamen calling in company to refresh and victual before the last stage of their homeward voyage, and the account records each with its captain and its exchange of salutes. The arrival of a Swedish ship among them, saluted with eight guns, marks a foreign vessel of a rival East India company also touching at the island, the settlement serving as a common calling-place on the ocean road for the traders of several nations. The constant alarms fired through the month, often preceding a ship's arrival, mark the watchfulness of the island as vessel after vessel appeared off the coast, the guns raised to call the garrison to its posts before each ship was known. In a season when the fleet came in daily, the alarms and salutes together kept the batteries in near-continuous action, the powder spent on ceremony and warning running to a great quantity as the traffic of the road reached its height. The powder drawn for priming at the alarm house records the maintenance of a signal post from which warnings were fired, the alarm house the station whose guns raised the alarm at a ship's approach. Its charging marks the working of the island's system of signals and warnings, the alarm house and the batteries together forming the apparatus by which the settlement watched the sea and answered the ships that crowded its road in the sailing season.
446	440	April Guns fired, 4d, 3d, 2d, 1d, Powder Expended Gunners Stores brought over Guns fired: 145, 4d: 19, 3d: 19, 2d: 88, 1d: 19, Powder Expended: 220 March 24th Powder for Priming at Prosperous Bay Powder Expended: 3 Departed the Clinton returned the Salute Guns fired: 9, 2d: 9, Powder Expended: 9 Powder for Priming Powder Expended: 1, oz: 8 Departed the Suffolk returned the Salute Guns fired: 9, 2d: 9, Powder Expended: 9 Powder for Priming Powder Expended: 1, oz: 8 27th Departed the Marlborough returned ye Salute Guns fired: 9, 2d: 9, Powder Expended: 9 Powder for Priming Powder Expended: 1, oz: 8 Departed the Walpole returned the Salute Guns fired: 9, 2d: 9, Powder Expended: 9 Powder for Priming Powder Expended: 1, oz: 8 30th An Alarm Guns fired: 6, 4d: 2, 3d: 2, 1d: 2, Powder Expended: 12, oz: 0 Arrived the Grantham returned the Salute Guns fired: 9, 3d: 9, Powder Expended: 9 Powder for Priming Powder Expended: 1, oz: 8 31 Departed the Edgbaston returned the Salute Guns fired: 9, 3d: 9, Powder Expended: 9 Powder for Priming Powder Expended: 1, oz: 8 Departed the Harcourt returned ye Salute Guns fired: 9, 3d: 9, Powder Expended: 9 Powder for Priming Powder Expended: 1, oz: 8 Departed the Griffin returned the Salute Guns fired: 9, 3d: 9, Powder Expended: 9 Powder for Priming Powder Expended: 1, oz: 8 April 2 Departed the Royal Duke returnd ye Salute Guns fired: 9, 2d: 9, Powder Expended: 9 Powder for Priming Powder Expended: 1, oz: 8 11th An Alarm Guns fired: 6, 4d: 2, 3d: 2, 1d: 2, Powder Expended: 12 Powder for Signals Powder Expended: 3, oz: 12 Total Guns fired: 238, 4d: 23, 3d: 23, 2d: 160, 1d: 23, Powder Expended: 347, oz: 4 Paper for the use of the Castle 1 Quire Do for making Great Gun Carriages 4 Quire Match burnt at the Main Fort 6 lb Tallow delivered to Captain Sowler 20 lb Do for greasing the Carts 6 lb Do for the Pump 1 lb Wooden Trucks broke at the Main Fort 1 Handspikes broke at Do 7 Bitts broke at Do 3	Gunners stores brought over, 145 guns, 220 pounds 8 ounces 24 March, powder for priming at Prosperous Bay, 3 pounds Departed the Clinton, returned the salute, 9 guns, 9 pounds Powder for priming, 1 pound 8 ounces Departed the Suffolk, returned the salute, 9 guns, 9 pounds Powder for priming, 1 pound 8 ounces 27 March, departed the Marlborough, returned the salute, 9 guns, 9 pounds Powder for priming, 1 pound 8 ounces Departed the Walpole, returned the salute, 9 guns, 9 pounds Powder for priming, 1 pound 8 ounces 30 March, an alarm, 6 guns, 12 pounds Arrived the Grantham, returned the salute, 9 guns, 9 pounds Powder for priming, 1 pound 8 ounces 31 March, departed the Edgbaston, returned the salute, 9 guns, 9 pounds Powder for priming, 1 pound 8 ounces Departed the Harcourt, returned the salute, 9 guns, 9 pounds Powder for priming, 1 pound 8 ounces Departed the Griffin, returned the salute, 9 guns, 9 pounds Powder for priming, 1 pound 8 ounces 2 April, departed the Royal Duke, returned the salute, 9 guns, 9 pounds Powder for priming, 1 pound 8 ounces 11 April, an alarm, 6 guns, 12 pounds Powder for signals, 3 pounds 12 ounces Total, 238 guns, 333 pounds 4 ounces Paper for the use of the castle, 1 quire Paper for making great gun carriages, 4 quires Match burnt at the main fort, 6 pounds Tallow delivered to Captain Fowler, 20 pounds Tallow for greasing the carts, 6 pounds Tallow for the pump, 1 pound Wooden trucks broke at the main fort, 1 Handspikes broke at the main fort, 7 Bits broke at the main fort, 3 Interpretations This part of the gunner's account continues the exceptionally busy season, recording the departure of the gathered fleet as the East Indiamen sailed on the last stage of their homeward voyage. The near-daily salutes through late March and early April mark the ships leaving in company as they had arrived, each sped with nine guns, the batteries kept in constant employment saluting the vessels away as they had saluted them in. The departures of the Clinton, Suffolk, Marlborough, Walpole, Edgbaston, Harcourt, Griffin and Royal Duke record the homeward fleet putting to sea together after its refreshment at the island, each ship answered with the customary nine guns as it weighed. The whole cycle of the season is caught in these two accounts, the fleet arriving through the middle of March, victualled from the island's herds, and departing through the end of the month, the great traffic of the Company's Eastern trade passing through its Atlantic station. The powder for priming at Prosperous Bay, entered again this month, records the maintenance of the guns at that outpost on the island's coast, the small charge of priming powder used to keep the piece ready. Its recurrence across the accounts marks the several batteries scattered round the island, each kept supplied and served, the whole coast watched and armed against the ships that might come with hostile intent as well as friendly. The tallow delivered to Captain Fowler records the island supplying a departing ship's master with stores for his voyage, the fat used aboard for greasing gear and dressing leather. The paper drawn for making great gun carriages and the handspikes and trucks broken at the main fort mark the constant work of building and maintaining the ordnance and its mountings, the heavy labour of the guns wearing out the tools and the timber, renewed from the store as the batteries were kept fit for their service.
447	441	1754 Old Cannon delivered on board the Grantham to be carryd for England being unserviceable Two nine Pounders one of them two large Holes in the Charging Cylinder Honey Combed, and part of the Muzzle Blown off The other, six holes in the Charging Cylinder, four betwixt that and the Trunnions and seven from thence to the Muzzle One six Pounder Brass and Iron Honey Combed and not properly Sortified Two three Pounders very much Honey Combed one of the Muzzles Blown and not properly Sortified Signed Thomas Hall Gunner Sundries expended at the Honorable Companys Table in the Month ending the 11th April 1754 Vizt 24 Bottles Port Wine £: 1, s: 16 61 Do Lisbon £: 4, s: 11, d: 6 26 Do Madira £: 2, s: 19, d: 7 50 Do Arrack £: 1, s: 13, d: 10 1/4 63 Do Beer s: 15, d: 9 299 Flour £: 2, s: 5, d: 3 3/4 342 Beef £: 4, s: 5, d: 6 203 Mutton £: 4, s: 4, d: 7 43 1/2 Veal £: 1, s: 1, d: 9 2 Lambs £: 1 29 1/2 Pork s: 14, d: 9 37 Fowles £: 2, s: 15, d: 6 8 Ducks s: 12 1 Goose s: 5 6 Turkeys £: 1, s: 10 4 Ps Salt Pork s: 8 100 Candy £: 1, s: 13, d: 4 61 1/4 Butter £: 3, s: 1, d: 9 £: 35, s: 9, d: 4	Old cannon delivered aboard the Grantham to be carried for England, being unserviceable. Two nine-pounders, one of them with two large holes in the charging cylinder, honeycombed, and part of the muzzle blown off. The other with six holes in the charging cylinder, four between that and the trunnions and seven from there to the muzzle. One six-pounder of brass and iron, honeycombed and not properly fortified. Two three-pounders very much honeycombed, one of the muzzles blown and not properly fortified. The account was signed by Thomas Hall, gunner. Sundries spent at the Honourable Company's table in the month ending 11 April 1754. 24 bottles of port wine, £1 16s 0d 61 bottles of Lisbon wine, £4 11s 6d 26 bottles of Madeira, £2 19s 7d 50 bottles of arrack, £1 13s 10¼d 63 bottles of beer, £0 15s 9d 209 pounds of flour, £2 0s 5¾d 342 pounds of beef, £4 5s 6d 203 pounds of mutton, £4 4s 7d 43½ pounds of veal, £1 1s 9d 2 lambs, £1 0s 0d 29¾ pounds of pork, £0 14s 9d 37 fowls, £2 15s 6d 8 ducks, £0 12s 0d 1 goose, £0 5s 0d 6 turkeys, £1 10s 0d 4 pounds of salt pork, £0 8s 0d 100 pounds of candy, £1 13s 4d 61¾ pounds of butter, £3 1s 9d Total, £35 9s 4d Interpretations This consultation records the shipping home of the island's worn-out cannon aboard the Grantham and a month's provisioning of the general table. The old guns sent to England were condemned as unserviceable, their several defects set down in detail, the pieces returned to the Company rather than scrapped on the island, which marks the value of the metal and the Company's practice of recovering its worn ordnance for recasting at home. The defects listed in the condemned guns were the flaws that made a cannon dangerous to fire. Honeycombing was the pitting and cavitation of the bore and metal from casting faults and corrosion, weakening the gun and threatening to burst it, and a piece not properly fortified was one whose metal was too thin at the breech to bear the charge safely. The holes in the charging cylinders and the blown muzzles marked guns that had failed or were near failing, condemned before they killed their own crews. The provisioning of the table this month rose above the usual, with beef and mutton both in quantity and the unusual appearance of veal, the meat of a young calf. The veal marks the killing of one of the calves the livestock accounts show born in number through the season, a tender meat rarely entered on the table, its appearance here perhaps reflecting the plenty of the herd at the height of the breeding season. The imported wine ran higher this month than most, over sixty bottles of Lisbon beside the port, Madeira and arrack, the drink of the Atlantic and Eastern trades supplied in quantity to the officers' mess. This steady and sometimes heavy provisioning of the table with imported drink marks the settled comfort of the Company's officers on the island, the wine and spirit of distant trades carried on the ships and drawn freely for the mess.
448	442	Erasmus Purling presented the following Petition Viz.t To the Worshipful Charles Hutchinson Esqr. Governor &c.a Council of St. Helena, The humble Petition of Erasmus Purling Sheweth That your Petitioner is desirous to dispose of his Right in a lease for six Acres of Land, humbly prays that your Worship &c.a will permit him so to do, and admit of Captain John Clark Tenant for the same. And your petitioner shall ever pray (Signed) Erasmus Purling 22.d April 1754 Granted The Storekeeper brought in the following Acco.t of Goods Short rec.d from Ship Grantham viz.t Account of Stores Short rec.d from Ship Grantham viz.t 20 1½ Inch Deals for the Cold Hole 6 Cuffers 9 1¼ Inch Deals 2 2½ Inch Deals 1 Cask W Lead No 32 5 Wheel Barrows 1 Stone Jar with Fish short from Invoice 2161 Tiles 10 S. Glass 19. 11 found broke upon 2 Wine Glasses opening the Package Broke 1 Axletree	Erasmus Purling presented a petition to the Council. Purling set out that he was desirous of disposing of his right in a lease for six acres of land, and humbly prayed the Council would permit him to do so, and admit Captain John Clark as tenant for the same. The petition was signed by Erasmus Purling, 22 April 1754. It was granted. The storekeeper brought in an account of goods short received from the ship Grantham. 20 1½-inch deals for the cold hole 6 coffers 9 1¼-inch deals 2 2½-inch deals 1 cask of white lead, number 3 25 wheelbarrows 1 stone jar of fish, short from the invoice, number 2161 Tiles 10 squares of glass, 19 by 11, found broken on opening the package 2 wine glasses, broken 1 axletree
449	443	4 Pr. Womens Callimanco Shoes found short upon opening Box of Shoes & Pr. 29 the Box has no appearance of its being open’d or any taken 1 - 2 Soap Short Weight 3 - Leather No. 10 1 Chest Lisbon Wine Marked HM contain 2 Doz. Bot. 1 Doz. 5 Down 7.8 Broke 3 Bottles No. 11 Do. Do. 11.3.2 5.8 3 22.10 7.4 3 1 Bottle Port Wine Broke 1 Do. Madera 1 Cask Vinegar Guage 30 Gallons wants to fill 2 Gallons Rec.d 28 Gallons 22 April 1754 (Signed) M Purling Storekeeper Upon Examining the Chest of Crown Glass received from Ship Grantham, found 10 Sq.rs Glass 19 by 11 Broke in the Package mentioned upon the Back of the Bill of Lading and upon moving the said Chest after it was examined, the Black man who assists in the Stores stumbled with it and by that accident let it fall and broke twenty five squares more 22 April 1754 (Signed) M Purling Storekeeper Cha.s Hutchinson John Adamson John Clark	The account of goods short received from the Grantham continued. 4 pairs of women's calimanco shoes, found short on opening a box of shoes, pair 29, the box showing no sign of having been opened or anything taken 1 2 soap, short weight 3 leather, short weight Number 10, 1 chest of Lisbon wine marked HM, containing 2 dozen bottles, 1 dozen 5 down, 7 of 8 broken, 3 bottles Number 11, the same, containing 11 3 2, 5 8, 3, 22 10, 7 4, 3, further 1 bottle of port wine, broken 1 bottle of Madeira 1 cask of vinegar, gauge 30 gallons, wants to fill 2 gallons, received 28 gallons The account was signed by Matthew Purling, storekeeper, 22 April 1754. On examining the chest of crown glass received from the Grantham, ten squares of glass, 19 by 11, were found broken in the package, as noted on the back of the bill of lading. On moving the chest after this examination, the Black man who assisted in the stores stumbled with it, and by that accident let it fall, breaking twenty-five squares more. The account was signed by Matthew Purling, storekeeper, 22 April 1754. The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson, John Adamson and John Clark. Interpretations The two breakage entries for the same chest of crown glass, ten squares recorded broken in transit and a further twenty-five broken by accident during the storekeeper's own examination, were kept as two distinct causes in the account rather than combined into a single loss, showing the storekeeper's records distinguished carefully between damage the ship was answerable for and damage that occurred after the goods had already passed into the Company's own hands.
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453	447	EAP 1364 St Helena Document Name and Date St Helena Records 1753-1754 Dimensions (height x width x depth) (cm) 47cm x 33cm x 6cm No. written pages: 445 No. blank pages: 1 Spine and cover Good Condition Inside pages Good Condition Additional comments Time taken to photograph (hours) 4 hours