St Helena Records 1757-1759

Introduction: This is the thirty fifth volume in the series of St Helena Records, which summarises the proceedings of official meetings held by the island’s Governor and Council, during which matters of government, defence, supplies, justice and discipline were discussed and recorded.

Source: Images of the original records can be viewed on the British Library’s website: https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP1364-1-1-39.

Referencing Text Locations: A dual numbering system has been adopted, combining the British Library film number with the manuscript’s original page number. These are presented in the format: British Library Film No. / Document Page No.

Text Inaccuracy: This transcription was produced by AI from handwritten document images held on the British Library's website, at about thirty pages per hour. Given the limitations described below, the text should be regarded as unreliable and used only as a search-and-find shortcut: once a relevant section has been located, it must always be checked against the source image via the hyperlinked Film Numbers listed in the main transcription table below.

Three specific problems affected the work. First, AI tends to prioritise meaning and readability at the expense of fidelity to the original, with a strong disposition to normalise spellings, expand abbreviations, and adjust grammar. It is particularly weak with unfamiliar surnames, and scrawled signatures often resist accurate transcription entirely. Transcriptions by eye of documents spanning four centuries have also shown that a single surname could be written in a wide variety of ways: the Crowie family name appears under six different spellings, and the Isaacs family name under sixteen. Searches for surnames are therefore hindered both by genuine variations in the originals and by mistranscriptions introduced by AI, and for this reason are best run phonetically. Second, the AI struggled with the late secretary hand, the script commonly used from the sixteenth to the eighteenth centuries, in which the letter S appears in a form closely resembling a trailing L. Third, occasional passages in these volumes are written in a hand so obscure or poorly formed as to be difficult to read even by eye, sometimes compounded by heavy ink bleed-through from the reverse side or by the loss of sections of pages.

To mitigate these difficulties, a strict protocol was applied to each image, requiring the AI to rely solely on clearly visible ink strokes and to flag any uncertain reading, thereby reducing the risk of inferred or invented text. Two conventions are used. [...] marks text that could not be read with confidence; this may represent a single unreadable word, a full sentence, or occasionally an entire paragraph. Square brackets around letters or words indicate a conjectural reading supplied by the transcriber: brackets around a whole word, for example [Bazett], mean the entire word was unclear and a probable reading has been supplied, while brackets around individual letters within an otherwise readable word, for example B[a]z[e]tt, mean only those specific letters were unclear in the source and the unbracketed letters were legibly present.

Pagination: The pages are unnumbered. Therefore, for reference purposes, the first page of the records on Film No. 7 is designated as page 1 (location 7/1), with numbering continuing sequentially through the end of the volume.

Dates: The Council's first meeting took place on 1 November 1757, with the final meeting occurring on 30 April 1759. All sessions were convened during Captain Charles Hutchinson's administration (1747-1764).

AI Generated Summary

Introduction

This account consolidates a continuous run of council consultations and quarterly accounts kept at St Helena between 12 October 1757 and 30 April 1759, together with the great inventories, pay lists and store accounts rendered across that span. The island was throughout a possession of the English East India Company, governed from the castle at James Town by a small council under Governor Charles Hutchinson, with Lieutenant Governor John Adamson and Lieutenant John Clark constantly beside him. The material is administrative rather than reflective: it records the weekly meetings of the council, the arrival and departure of shipping, the punishment of offenders and, above all, the minutely itemised accounts of the Company’s stores, livestock and cash. Read together, these papers show in fine detail how a remote Atlantic garrison was fed, defended, paid and disciplined across eighteen months that fell in the middle years of the Seven Years’ War. [Film No. 7–443]

The record must be read for what it is. It is the official voice of the Company’s servants, drawn up by the men whose conduct it also describes, and it presents the island’s government as orderly, frugal and just. Dissent, hardship and the condition of the slaves appear only obliquely, through a fine, a ration or a note of a body found dead, and most starkly where the deaths of slaves are entered plainly among the losses of livestock in the same monthly ledger. The clerks recorded what the Company needed to know for its accounts, and the historian must weigh that purpose against the silences it leaves. Throughout, the evidence of the file has been set beside the wider history of the Company and its trade, so that a single invoice or muster roll can be read as part of a larger system reaching from Madras to London. [Film No. 7–443]

Governance and Administration

The council met almost weekly at the castle throughout the period, most often on a Monday, and its composition held remarkably steady. Governor Hutchinson presided, with Adamson and Clark in attendance, and each meeting opened by reading, approving and signing the previous consultation, a ritual of confirmation that gave the record its unbroken chain from one sitting to the next. On 7 November 1757 the council heard an application from the planter Samuel Knipe to hire waste land and ordered it viewed, a routine matter of the kind that filled much of its business, and the same pattern of registration, petition and order recurs through every quarter to the meeting of 30 April 1759. [Film No. 7, 408]

The establishment was small enough that a single absence mattered and was noted. On 21 November 1757 Adamson was absent through sickness and the consultation was signed by Hutchinson and Clark alone; on 12 December 1757 it was Clark who was absent; and Adamson was again absent sick on 21 August 1758, each time reducing the governing body to two men, a fragility inherent in staffing a distant island with a bare establishment. The same economy runs through the pay lists, where one man served several offices at once: Matthew Bazett held the factorship together with the post of assistant storekeeper and an overseer’s place, Richard Beale was paid at once as judge advocate, schoolmaster and clerk, and John Clark sat on the council, commanded the first company and disbursed the whole establishment’s pay as paymaster. [Film No. 10, 19, 232, 33, 371]

Administration turned on paper and its careful copying, and the rhythm of the island’s government was tied to the sailing of ships. On 14 November 1757 the accountant Matthew Purling reported the Company’s general books balanced to 11 October, and by 3 January 1757/8 he reported them copied and ready to transmit to the Court of Directors by the first opportunity, the same order to copy and ship the books home recurring through November and December 1758. Only a departing vessel could carry the accounts to London, and the monthly returns, inventories and accounts were compiled and shipped so that the Directors could scrutinise how their remote island was governed and their money spent. [Film No. 10, 28, 315, 325]

The council governed the island’s economy by public notice as well as private order, and its advertisements served as census and rent assessment combined. On 5 December 1757 it required every inhabitant to send in by 2 January 1757/8 a signed account of the cattle he intended to slaughter, with returns of sheep and horses; on 6 September 1758 it required every inhabitant to render by 30 September an account of his family, land and cattle and to attend to pay the rents due; and on 11 December 1758 it ordered a sworn return of cattle intended for slaughter in 1759 and a further notice keeping cattle from the Longwood to protect its timber. These returns gave the government its knowledge of the population, its title to the revenue and its means of planning the island’s food supply a year in advance. [Film No. 18, 238, 325]

London governed the island closely, and the council was careful to obey the Court of Directors to the letter and to protect itself against the Company’s other settlements. On 19 July 1758 it set down in writing, at the directors’ express direction, the matters that had passed before the Marlborough on the west coast, and on the same day it replied with evident care to Fort Marlborough over treasure taken aboard the Falmouth, insisting that it accounted only to the Court of Directors and had drawn nothing improperly from the Egmont. This guarded tone reveals the sensitivity of moving bullion between stations, a remote factory protecting itself by appealing over a rival’s head to the ultimate authority at home. Sailing orders could come from the directors’ Secret Committee, the inner body handling confidential and wartime business, as when the Earl of Holderness was directed on 26 March 1759 to press on to Fort Marlborough since the season for unloading at the Cape was past. [Film No. 163, 166, 403]

Military Affairs and Defence

The garrison was organised into four parallel infantry companies of identical establishment and a distinct artillery company, as the quarterly pay lists set out man by man from that of 30 January 1757/8 onward. Each company descended from two lieutenants and an adjutant through three serjeants, three corporals and two drummers to a long roll of private sentinels, every rank paid at a rate matched exactly across the companies, so that rank rather than company determined every wage and the garrison could be quartered and rotated by company. The artillery under master gunner Thomas Hall kept its own descending hierarchy of gunners’ mates, quarter gunners and matrosses, the last being the junior artillerymen who assisted in loading and moving the guns, paid above the corresponding ranks of the line for the trained work of serving the great guns on which the defence of the anchorage chiefly rested. [Film No. 32, 41, 360, 369]

The length of the sentinel rolls is itself the significant fact. Page after page carried private soldiers at a flat quarterly rate, £3 16s 0½d in the reckoning to 11 January 1758/9, drawn from England, Scotland, Ireland and the continent, with names such as Herrenberg, Emerling and Alizaard among the English and shared surnames like the two Allis men and the two Cobbs pointing to a small and interrelated pool of recruits. That the Company kept so large a standing force on so small an island, out of all proportion to its tiny civilian population, marks the cost it bore to hold an anchorage whose whole value lay in its position on the homeward route from the East. The whole quarterly payroll ran to great sums, £2,560 6s 3½d for the quarter to 11 October 1758 and £2,542 14s 11½d for that to 11 January 1758/9, charged entire to John Clark as paymaster. [Film No. 203, 361, 271, 371]

Recruitment was carried on locally by bounty, and its rising cost points to a tightening supply of men. On 12 December 1757 James Lee enlisted for five years at £10 bounty; on 16 January 1757/8 William Beale, a native of the island, enlisted on the same term at £5 and John Vaughan, also island-born, had enlisted on 31 October 1757 at £2; while by late 1758 the standard bounty had settled near ten shillings, Isaac Buck enlisting on 4 January 1758/9 at ten shillings against the five paid to George Bazett a month earlier. The enlistment of island-born men and the varying sums show the Company drawing on the local population to fill a garrison that drafts from England did not complete, offering a larger inducement as the pool of available men tightened. [Film No. 19, 43, 323, 330]

The rolls tracked the constant wastage of a remote and unhealthy station to the exact day of each man’s service. Men were entered partway through a quarter, transferred between the companies and the artillery, discharged or dead, their pay settled precisely to the day and the transfer balanced on both sides so that no man was paid twice. Robert Brown was paid a week at corporal’s rate and the rest as a sentinel; Thomas Bompson of the artillery was discharged after a day or two and paid a single shilling; William Perry and Joseph Stuart were transferred from the artillery on 23 April 1758; and William Rickman moved from the fourth company to the artillery. Deaths thinned every company, William Niblet’s pay cut short at 21 December 1757 matching the soldier found dead near the Sugar Loaf, and Isaac Frisch’s ending when he was drummed out of his company to the beat of drums. [Film No. 34, 216, 204, 367, 39]

A large draft of fresh men reinforced the garrison in mid-1758. The paymaster’s account of 11 July 1758 records £20 paid to the surgeon Thomas Cairns for taking care of eighty soldiers who came in the Prince Henry, probably sick after the long passage out, and on 7 August 1758 the council ordered 120 blankets and other apparel issued to clothe the new recruits, who arrived unprovided and drew their necessaries from the warehouse. The training of these raw men consumed a great outlay of powder, over 370 pounds spent exercising the recruits in the month to 11 October 1758, far exceeding the ordinary practice of the batteries, and on 11 September 1758 the council enlarged the artillery to forty-four matrosses, economising even here by clothing thirteen of the new men in little-worn coats and breeches from old stock at 30s the set. [Film No. 217, 226, 256, 239]

The gunners’ stores accounts record the daily working of the garrison’s guns and distinguish its purposes with care, for much of the powder went on courtesy, signalling and drill rather than any engagement. In the month to 11 November 1757 powder celebrated His Majesty’s birthday, answered an alarm on the 14th and returned an arriving ship’s salute; the busy road of June and July 1758 saw ship after ship of the homeward fleet answered gun for gun, the Triton, Onslow, Sandwich, Warwick, Elizabeth and Falmouth among them, with a thirteen-gun salute for the arrival of the Colchester man of war on 14 June 1758 and a full twenty-one guns for the King’s accession on 22 June 1758. Powder also blew limestone, greased gun carriages and fired funeral volleys, and stale priming charges were carried forward from Prosperous Bay and elsewhere, the master gunner insisting every pound be traced to a named use however delayed. [Film No. 12, 171]

The island’s defence rested on a scheme of mobility rather than fixed strength alone, the force too few to hold every landing. The artillery accounts through 1758 and early 1759 record the exercising of several flying parties, the east, west, south and cart detachments drilled at moving and firing field guns quickly to meet a threat at any point on the coast, the powder spent freely on practice against the day it might be needed in earnest. The island was ringed with small manned batteries at every place a boat might land, and the fortifications accounts record the constant upkeep of the defences at Rupert’s, Munden’s Point, Prosperous Bay, Lemon Valley, Sandy Bay, Ladder Hill, Sugar Loaf and the Main Fort, timber and thatch drawn from store to re-roof guard rooms and canvas and cordage to make their flags. A new magazine was built at Rupert’s in early 1759, its door cases cut from imported deal, part of a sustained and heavy programme of building that fitted the wider war. [Film No. 234, 355, 357, 433]

The enemy the defences were built against duly appeared in March 1759. On 5 March 1758/9 a double alarm was raised when three ships stood off the windward side until noon, and they appeared again the next day before standing away to leeward; on 16 March 1759 Hutchinson put to the council his conclusion that the three ships seen off the island for ten days were enemy vessels, reading their hours and stations as reconnaissance of the returning Indiamen rather than an approach to attack the island itself. Judging the danger to lie offshore in the incoming trade, he proposed arming the longboats and manning a few galleys to meet the enemy and warn Company ships off before they sailed into reach, and Captain Poole offered his men and his command of the longboat, a considered shift of the object of defence from repelling assault to protecting the trade the island existed to serve. [Film No. 390, 396]

That plan took shape in April 1759 as the fullest expression of the island’s wartime purpose. The council fitted out the Swift longboat under Richard Bready and on 9 April 1759 gave him written orders to cruise twenty-five leagues to windward, keeping in the island’s latitude and a good lookout, ranging under easy sail by day and lying by at night so as to miss no ship, to identify strange sail from a distance without being seen and to close with friendly vessels to warn them. He was charged above all with carrying the Company’s letters to its incoming commanders and destroying them rather than let them fall into enemy hands, and a certificate under the Company’s seal described the Swift as a vessel of about twelve tons mounting guns and four swivel guns and asked any nation at peace with Britain to relieve her in distress against three identical receipts. The scheme worked by a relay of sealed correspondence passed from ship to ship, each commander enclosing the warning in a fresh cover and handing it on, making the returning commander a partner in judging the safety of his own approach. The concern was well founded, French privateers then cruising to intercept the homeward fleet laden with the season’s tea and treasure, as three Indiamen had beaten off two French privateers off the Cape two years earlier. [Film No. 410, 411, 412, 413]

The War and the Royal Navy

The Seven Years’ War pressed on the island most visibly through the Royal Navy, whose ships now called alongside the Company’s own and whose convoys governed the rhythm of the homeward trade. On 16 July 1758 eleven Company ships departed under the escort of His Majesty’s ship Colchester under Captain Lucius O’Brien, among them the Royal Duke, Carnarvon, Sandwich, Falmouth, Marlborough and Elizabeth, the whole fleet having waited at the island until it could sail as one under naval protection through waters made dangerous by French cruisers. A convoy moved at the pace of its most needful ship, and on 20 July 1758 Captain John Venner of the Egmont wrote to explain that he could not be ready in time, every ship’s boats queuing for fresh water at the crane, a captain protecting himself against the charge of delaying the fleet by putting the watering bottleneck on record. [Film No. 162, 167]

The island’s cash chest and its herds served the Navy as they served the Company’s own traffic. On 11 July 1758 the council advanced money to Captain O’Brien and to James Harding Powell of the Colchester, taking bills drawn on the commissioners of the sick and hurt seamen and on the commissioners for victualling the navy, and in the month to 11 August 1758 twenty wethers and a quantity of poultry were issued to the Colchester from the island’s own stock. The settlement also acted as gaoler for the Crown’s forces on the sea road: on 21 August 1758 John Blanchard, a deserter from Colonel Aldercron’s regiment then serving in India, was confined at the request of Captain Hunt to be sent prisoner to England, the Company holding him at a subsistence to be repaid by the regiment’s agent. [Film No. 221, 233, 232]

The reach of the Company’s own discipline caught absconders from its distant stations in the same way. On 5 July 1758 the council detained Thomas Thomson, a deserter from the Company’s Artillery Company at Bombay who had got aboard the Falmouth at Batavia, and held him to serve out the three months remaining of his contracted time, valuing the man’s labour over retribution. The island thus acted throughout as a checkpoint where caught deserters, whether from the King’s regiments or the Company’s own service, were put back to work or held for passage home, the sea road that carried the trade also carrying the men who sought to quit it. [Film No. 159]

Settlement, Land and Agriculture

Pressure on the island’s grazing land produced the most substantial single piece of business in the early record. The planters had met at Rosetta on 24 October 1757 to consider the numbers of sheep and horses kept on the island and the Company’s waste, and appointed a committee of seven, including Francis Wrangham senior, Richard Beale senior and Matthew Purling, whose articles of 10 December 1757 proposed to cap and regulate the keeping of stock. Only one sheep was to be kept for every three acres held, a limit reckoned to reduce the flock by about 400, and those who held no land were to keep none, closing off a practice by which landless inhabitants ran stock under a landholder’s brand and tying grazing rights firmly to the possession of land. [Film No. 19, 20]

Horses were treated on the same principle of acreage, an inhabitant of ten to seventy acres keeping one saddle horse, one of up to 140 acres two, and one above that three and no more, a scale reckoned to reduce the return by about twenty-two horses, with no horse to graze the Company’s waste since horses ate the herbage needed by the black cattle. The articles also rested and rotated the common pasture, closing four principal grounds, Man and Horse and Manatee Bay, the Horse Pasture from the Old Hill to Southens Water and the Woody Ridge from Prosperous Bay Water to Stone Top Valley, to cattle from 1 January each year until the council gave public notice to reopen them. The council perused the regulations and by 16 January 1757/8 agreed and ordered them published, so that a scheme originating with the planters took effect as the island’s law. [Film No. 20, 21, 31]

The record itself invites a sceptical reading of the committee’s motives. In tying horse-keeping to acreage rather than to household need, the articles rewarded larger proprietors with the right to more horses, though a horse was valued chiefly for crossing the hilly ground, a need no greater for the wealthy than for the small landholder, so that the property-based scale suggests the articles were framed as much to protect the standing of large proprietors as to solve the stated problem of overgrazing. The committee was, after all, drawn from the substantial planters whose interests it served. [Film No. 20]

The obligations of tenure were enforced within weeks. On 9 January 1757/8 the council found from the returns that John Alexander, holding 140 acres, and James Greentree, holding 103 acres, had returned no cattle for slaughter, and sent for both; Greentree admitted selling off his young cattle to pay his rent and discharge his debts, and Alexander said he had lately bought land and had no money for cattle, both hoping to supply their proportion another year. Their answers reveal the pressure smaller or indebted landholders faced in meeting their obligations in cash and in kind at once, sometimes forced to choose between them. The forward count of the island’s meat supply was gathered the same way: on 15 January 1758/9 the sworn returns showed 376 head held for slaughter in the coming year, allowing the council to regulate killing so the breeding stock was not run down. [Film No. 28, 332]

Land on the island was held wholly of the Company on lease and passed among the settlers by sale, agreement and inheritance, every transfer brought to the council for consent and record, and leases were often measured not in years alone but by the survival of named lives. A stream of registrations ran through 1758, several concerning the scattered holdings of Charles Steuard, formerly of the island, whose leases Richard Bagley and others came in turn to secure; on 30 October 1758 Francis Wrangham senior assigned 20½ acres in the south division, lately bought of Francis Mowat, to his son William; and on 2 April 1759 Richard Bagley renewed a twenty-one year term by inserting two sons of Orlando Bagley senior in place of the lives of John Nichols and Martin Marford, lately dead. The council’s power to allow or refuse the insertion of fresh lives gave it standing control over who held ground and on what terms. [Film No. 242, 257, 408]

Waste ground was taken into private hands piece by piece at a modest rent, the council reserving to itself a wide power over how it was parcelled and priced. On 25 September 1758 Matthew Bewling petitioned for a small barren parcel wanted chiefly for fencing, granted on 16 October 1758 on a twenty-one year lease at 7s the acre, with smaller parcels let to Sarah Isaac and Benjamin Mason at 5s the acre; on 6 November 1758 William Moore was leased about two and a half acres at Sandy Bay called Salt Spring Gut on terms left entirely to the council; and on 27 November 1758 Sarah Frenge grounded her petition for adjoining waste on the low cost of enclosure and her neighbours’ assent, anticipating the council’s concern that a new enclosure might encroach on others. The year’s landholding was gathered into the rent roll brought in on 11 October 1758, coming to £560 17s 5d, charged under separate heads for ground rent and for the trees standing on each holding, the taxing of timber apart marking the value the Company set on wood where it was scarce. [Film No. 246, 253, 316, 322, 251]

The rent roll lays bare the settled core of the free population and the toll mortality took upon it. A handful of surnames recur, the several Alexanders, Bagleys, Bazetts, Dovetons, Dasfountains, Greentrees, Harpers and Wranghams among whom the greater part of the land was held, a body of related families whose name passed among branches and generations. Set against this concentration is the frequency of holdings charged to orphans, the lands of the children of Bazett, Brownham, Dasfountain, Harper, Pledger, Seale and others, so many farms held for fatherless heirs that the orphan’s estate was a common feature of the island’s landholding. [Film No. 251, 252]

The Company ran its own working farm alongside the settlers’ holdings, cultivated toward self-sufficiency in the fresh produce that could not be shipped. The plantation accounts through the period record the upkeep of the plantation house, its gates and stables, the thatching of the barn, the repair of carts and the working of the garden and nursery, with presses in the Longwood probably for pressing fruit or extracting oil, an espalier of trained fruit trees kept painted, and a garden establishment fitted with a cistern and brass cock perhaps for raising and acclimatising useful species. The named buildings, the dairy room with its milk pans and the slaves’ house at Longwood, set out the layout and mixed husbandry of a working agricultural estate carried on by the Company’s slaves housed on the spot, its overseers and labourers working the land under the same administration that governed the settlement. [Film No. 196, 353, 432]

Supply and Provisioning

The Company’s plantation ran a substantial stock of animals whose monthly increase, killing, death, sale and theft were counted head by head as a running audit of the island’s food supply. The account for the month to 11 November 1757 recorded over 300 head of neat cattle, more than 700 sheep and above 300 goats, with hogs, poultry, horses and asses, the counts carried forward each month with the opening and closing balances reconciled through categories for increase, killed, died, stolen and sold. The distinctions of age and sex were carried through every class because breeding stock had to be told apart from animals destined for slaughter, and the young stock rose sharply through the breeding months, thirty-two calves and ninety-eight lambs born in the month to 11 September 1758 and forty-four lambs in that to 11 April 1758/9. [Film No. 11, 243, 417]

The herds existed above all to victual the passing ships, and the Company managed them with an eye to what could be replaced. The heaviest draw fell in the sailing season, beef issued to seven departing ships at 560 pounds each in the month to 11 July 1758 as the whole homeward fleet was victualled, and the great issues to the Colchester and the homeward Indiamen falling on the sheep and poultry rather than the cattle, only a few heifers and steers killed for the table while scores of sheep and birds went to the ships. The cattle, slowest to breed and hardest to replace, were spared and the demand met from the smaller stock that could be bred up again, and fresh beef was drawn from them only occasionally, as the 560 pounds sent to the Earl of Holderness in the month to 11 April 1758/9 or the beef sent to the Latham early in 1759. [Film No. 170, 233, 417, 386]

Provisioning relied heavily on purchase from ships’ commanders lying in the road, the garrison drawing from passing vessels the preserved provisions a small island could not itself produce in quantity. On 28 November 1757 the council bought rice from Captain Francis Fowler at 15s the hundredweight and on 3 December 1757 old cordage from him at 16s, careful to note the price others had paid; on 5 July 1758 it bought six casks of pork and four of beef from Captain Robert Burdett for £77 2s 0d, the largest single disbursement outside the payroll; on 21 August 1758 salt beef, rice and paddy from the commanders of the Prince Edward, Lord Anson and York, the grain still reckoned in Indian candy and faraselli though paid in sterling; and through the quarter to 11 October 1758 further beef, rice and paddy from Captains Wilson, Sowerby and Chick. Fresh vegetables and fruit were bought too, potatoes and lemons for the Company’s table, the lemons valued against the scurvy that afflicted men on the long passages. [Film No. 14, 160, 226, 273, 219]

Incoming cargoes were gauged and checked line by line against the ship’s invoice, the island’s chief protection against paying for goods it never received. When the Walpole landed Colombo arrack in November 1757 the storekeeper found it short by 28½ gallons against the gauge; the invoices of the eastern ships carried the usual deductions for leakage, dust and tare, allowances built into the price for loss expected at sea; and when stores came ashore from the Earl of Holderness in April 1759 each cask of wine and beer was measured against its nominal capacity and its shortfall recorded as ullage, some hogsheads of beer as much as nine gallons short, with notes of glass broken on opening and soap short bought. The storekeeper’s annual reckoning of wastage for the year to 11 October 1758 wrote off £34 3s 7d against profit and loss, arrack heading the losses to leakage, £17 in salt the largest single item as the hygroscopic commodity drew damp in the sea air, and a measure of pease recorded plainly as eaten by rats. [Film No. 10, 409, 317]

Trade and Shipping

Shipping set the tempo of the island’s life, and the consultations read in part as a register of arrivals and departures. The Walpole dominates the earliest months, arriving from Madras on 11 November 1757, saluted by the fort and mustered by Lieutenant Clark on 3 December 1757 to enquire after deserters, of whom he found none; her muster roll lists her commander Francis Fowler, his mates, surgeon, tradesmen and seamen with a long train of passengers’ servants bearing names from many nations. The sailing season of 1758 brought fleets crowding the road, the Falmouth from Bencoolen on 5 July, the Lord Anson, Prince Edward and York together on 31 July with cargoes invoiced in Surat rupees, and the reckoning of 11 August 1758 gathering the closing accounts of more than a dozen vessels; and in the quieter season the Latham arrived from Bombay on 27 January 1758/9, every such call bringing news, mail and trade goods and carrying the accounts home. [Film No. 9, 157, 237, 335]

The musters reveal the divided manning of the Company’s ships. Beside the European crews served bodies of Indian seamen under a serang, the head of the lascars whom the Company shipped in large numbers, the single-name entries on the Prince Edward’s roll, men set down as Brandy, White and Sunday, being the working names given them aboard, a plain mark of the divide between the European and Indian portions of one company. The passenger lists carried a strong military presence, officers and their servants moving between England and the eastern service, and among those aboard the Princess Augusta in May 1758 was a small party of Jewish travellers, one a surgeon serving the others. The arrival of a ship prompted a search of her people for deserters, as when Clark went aboard the Latham on 5 February 1759 and set out her full muster from commander and mates to the mass of common sailors, several named slaves entered beneath the free travellers as the property of their owners. [Film No. 228, 131, 380]

The island supplied departing ships from its own stores and plantation, closing the cycle of arrival, supply and leave-taking that a single visiting ship set in motion. Before the Walpole sailed for England on 7 December 1757 the stores sold her cordage, pitch, twine, oil and paint for her repair, flour, salt and pease to feed her company, and the plantation furnished 560 pounds of beef, the fort returning her salute with nine rounds from the 4-pounders on her departure. The island’s function as a resupply depot extended to the ships’ own defence, the council agreeing on 5 July 1758 to supply Captains Braddon, Bonham and McCloud with gunpowder, cartridge paper, sheepskins for budge barrels and axletrees for nine-pounders, St Helena serving as a checkpoint where armed merchantmen restocked what the passage had consumed. [Film No. 23, 159]

Supply from the Indian Presidencies

The island ordered its supplies from the Company’s Indian settlements by careful letter, spreading its orders deliberately across the whole network to hedge against the failure of any one. On 19 July 1758 the council wrote to all three presidencies in a single dispatch carried by the Egmont, specifying to George Pigot at Fort St George seventy-five pieces of long cloth by exact grade and price from twelve pagodas a piece down to three, and writing also to Richard Bourchier at Bombay and to the President at Fort William in Bengal for long cloth, wax candles and further supplies. On 26 March 1759 it wrote again, naming the specific cotton textiles it wanted from each, long cloth graded in pagodas from Madras, 150 pieces of salempore from Bombay and 100 of devauton from Bengal, with the balance to be taken in rice and paddy. That the island depended wholly on these eastern settlements for the cloth that clothed its garrison and slaves, and reached to Bengal for grain it could not grow, shows a remote station provisioning itself through the Company’s Indian network. [Film No. 164, 165, 404]

The dependence ran through the whole chain of settlements acting in concert, one presidency forwarding a want it could not meet to another that could. The letter to Fort St George on 19 July 1758 recorded that Madras could not supply arrack and had written on the island’s behalf to Bombay, the preferred Batavia arrack being procurable only from the Dutch settlement in Java, and on the same day the council ordered 150 hundredweight of sugar from Fort Marlborough at Bencoolen. A specie-poor island discharged its debts in kind, offering to pay part of the Madras reckoning not in coin but in arrack, rice and paddy at a fixed eight per cent, turning imported provisions into a medium of payment between settlements. The presidencies also drew munitions from one another as need allowed: on 26 March 1759 the council sent Fort Marlborough ten barrels of gunpowder, as many as it could spare from what London had consigned, and asked 150 hundredweight of sugar in return. [Film No. 164, 166, 406]

The Store and its Graded Prices

The Company store was the island’s only shop, and its sales were graded by the standing of the buyer, using its monopoly to draw revenue from the wider population while supplying its own people near cost. Goods went to the Company’s servants at ten per cent above cost, to the planters at twenty-five per cent, and a further class at forty per cent, a deliberate scale recorded through every quarterly collection from that of January 1757/8 to that of April 1759. The servants’ class alone ran past £1,100 in the quarter to 11 July 1758, and the whole quarter’s sales came near a thousand pounds in that to 11 April 1759, the fixed ten per cent margin acting as a concealed form of remuneration for the island’s employees, supplying them far below what the free settlers were charged for the same goods. [Film No. 46, 176, 419]

The steepest rate fell on the goods of display and on the transient shipping that had least alternative to the store. In the collection for the quarter to 11 July 1758 fine scarlet broadcloth and dress footwear were weighted heavily into the forty per cent sales while the plain provisions the garrison needed were kept at the lowest rate, taxing vanity and rank hardest; and in the quarter to 11 January 1758/9 the forty per cent markup fell on the flour, salt meat, salt and canvas a passing East Indiaman needed to revictual, the transient trade paying far more than the settled community for want of any choice but the one supply point in the South Atlantic. [Film No. 185, 344]

The bulk of what the store sold was shaped by the garrison’s hard use and by whatever a ship happened to carry. The servants’ collection for the quarter to 11 July 1758 carried 276 pairs of ordinary men’s shoes, hundreds of pairs of thread stockings and more than 500 soldiers’ shirts, dwarfing every finer line, against just one Testament and two primers, and a single line of 127 shoe brushes standing out sharply as a job lot landed in bulk and cleared through the store. The stock ran from ironmongery, cloth and shoes to tea in three grades, singlo, congou and bohea from China, sugar and candy, and even books, so that the storekeeper’s ledgers record in passing almost the whole material life of the settlement, down to its window panes and cooking pots. [Film No. 181, 178, 421]

Beside the goods it sold, the store issued materials free for the Company’s own works, booked against the specific use they served, and it adapted dear imports resourcefully. The general charges for the quarter to 11 July 1758 recorded timber, oil and cord consumed on the crane, the hospital, the stores and the buildings at Longwood, and blue smalt, a costly ground-glass pigment, issued not as paint but for whitening linen, with umbrellas made up for the Castle from coarse Osnabrigs sailcloth. Eighteen pairs of buckles were sent to England for a pattern so that fresh supplies could be ordered to match, a remote station shipping physical samples home rather than risk a written order being misread across half the world. Damaged stores were cleared honestly by public auction, the spoiled goods of 21 December 1758, bunting, blocks, camlet, a hat and worn stockings, raising only £4 7s 7d across eighteen lots, the exercise serving less to raise money than to close the goods off the books under public bidding that left no room for suspicion of favour. [Film No. 189, 192, 190, 328]

The Warehouse and the Island as a Depot

The great inventory taken on 11 October 1758 sets out the whole of the Company’s stores and reveals the true scale of the island as a mid-ocean depot. The European goods alone came to £7,579 13s 9d, and with the India goods added the total reached £8,830 18s 2½d, a reserve stocked far beyond the needs of the small garrison, holding uniform cloth, tools, building materials, fishing gear, naval stores and provisions in bulk so that both the settlement and the East Indiamen calling on the homeward passage could be supplied from a single store. Nearly nineteen hundred pairs of ordinary men’s shoes worth over £200 were held, enough to shoe the whole labouring and slave population and resupply passing ships, and brass sea scales and standard weights were kept for the checking of coin and bullion as ships passed. A very large stock of building timber stood in store, over two thousand five hundred single and double deals with elm boards, wainscot, Riga pieces and laths, and the single largest value was £792 in flour, the great buffer against the uncertain timing of the supply ships on an island that grew no grain. [Film No. 312, 310, 303]

The inventory shows the anchorage functioning as a repair station on the long route home, the one secure call in the South Atlantic. Among the stores of 11 October 1758 were spare masts, a large mast of seventy-four feet and a topmast of sixty-three feet, kept against the day a Company ship sprang or lost a spar in the roadstead, with pitch, tar, turpentine, rosin, train oil and spare oars in bulk beside them so that a damaged East Indiaman could be re-rigged, re-caulked and re-oared on the spot rather than limp on or turn back. Ground tackle and rigging stores served the exposed anchorage directly, spare anchors kept ready, one lying on the Mount rocks where it could be run out to secure a ship, and cat blocks, snatch blocks and dead eyes held as spares, down to the small sand running-glasses used aboard ship to time the heaving of the log. The connection to the anchored ships rested entirely on the island’s own small craft, themselves a constant charge for pitch, tar, elm boards, cordage and oars, since no ship could lie alongside in the open road. [Film No. 308, 301, 356]

Economy, Finance, Currencies and Accounting

The Company’s cash was counted and examined at the castle each month, and its composition reveals the island’s place on a world trade route, for no mint existed and every piece arrived in the pockets of passing ships. The count to 11 November 1757 held over £2,650 not in sterling but in Venetian gold, Madras pagodas, Spanish dollars, Indian rupees and Spanish American double and half rials, valued at fixed rates; the reckoning of 11 July 1758 held near ten thousand pounds in the same spread of Indian gold pagodas, Venetian sequins, Spanish silver dollars and rials, rupees and French pieces; and the balance of 11 January 1758/9 held gold of £2,590 and silver over £1,900 in the same coinages. The treasury reckoned its cash in six or seven currencies at once, converting all to a single sterling account while holding each as whatever metal it came, the chest gathering the coin of Europe, the Cape and the Indies into one. Small change was equally makeshift, 58,460 Dutch half pence held in the warehouse inventory of 11 October 1758, foreign copper pressed into service where sterling was scarce and hoarded. [Film No. 15, 222, 389, 302]

Alongside the coin the Company issued its own paper, a local currency that let transactions proceed without depleting the specie, but the experiment failed. The cash count of 11 November 1757 recorded cash notes at fixed values of 40, 20, 5 and 2 shillings and 6 pence amounting to over £539, but by the count to 11 December 1757 these were marked as of no use, and the figure recurs thereafter as dead stock, £539 15s 0d carried at face month after month, worn or unspendable paper the treasury could not return to any issuing authority. The quarterly balance of 11 October 1758 entered a far larger £5,391 in such notes, sharply reduced to £539 the following month more probably by a reclassification in the books than any recovery, since the whole sum could not have been made good in cash within a single month, and probably the authority to condemn such notes lay with the Court in London rather than the island. [Film No. 15, 27, 315, 323]

The island was drawn into the Company’s wider system of credit through bills of exchange, the ordinary means of moving money to England without shipping coin. On 28 November 1757 Thomas Hall paid £40 into the cash and received bills drawn on the Court of Directors payable thirty days after sight; through 5 and 10 July 1758 a long run of officers and passengers banked cash and drew bills, Captain James Dale banking £1,500 in a single sitting, Charles Steward £750 and Lieutenant Governor Adamson himself two hundred pounds; on 21 March 1759 Hutchinson paid in £304 and Adamson £54 1s 0d; and on 16 April 1759 Ambrose Cook a hundred pounds, each taking bills on the directors payable at thirty days’ sight. The device could discharge a debt owed in England directly, as when Captain Archibald Grant paid in £620 on 17 April 1758 and took bills payable to John Calcraft in London, or close a loop in a single step, as when Captain Burdett banked back the £77 2s 0d just paid him for provisions on 5 July 1758. A set of bills was a group of identical copies sent home by different ships so that the loss of one vessel would not sink the remittance, a device suited to a route where ships were lost to storm and enemy alike. [Film No. 14, 158, 403, 91, 160]

The exchange served above all to wind up the affairs of men who died on the sea road or in the East, St Helena the natural place to settle such estates. On 18 August 1758 the proceeds of Captain Steuard’s estate and the effects of a second mate of the Royal Duke who had died were paid into the cash and remitted home to their heirs, and the estate of Samuel Falconer, deceased, was drawn on for months, £29 received on his account in the quarter to 11 January 1758, £39 15s 10d on 6 February 1758 and a further sum through John Leech in November 1758, the paymaster tracking obligations against a dead man’s name until fully discharged. The whole apparatus of accounts was cast in the double-entry form by which the Company held its officers to account, the paymaster John Clark drawing £2,841 4s 10d for the quarter to 11 July 1758 and answering for every shilling, the payroll of £2,475 0s 7d the largest charge, the receipt matching the disbursements exactly and the errors excepted clause and his signature completing his discharge. [Film No. 231, 62, 216]

Revenue came from several small streams beyond the great trade in Company goods. The cash account for the quarter to 11 January 1758 recorded fines received of Edward Bagley, licences for ten public houses at £15, provisions sold from the plantation and stores worth over £1,000, the licensing of public houses a modest form of local taxation set beside the far larger sums earned from trade. The treasury’s wealth was thus in the main a static hoard rather than a working fund, the cash account struck on 11 March 1758/9 finding its balance of over five thousand pounds carried forward almost unchanged, the month’s only fresh receipt a fine of five shillings from James Corbett, the settlement’s money turning over only through the occasional fine, licence or provision sale. [Film No. 62, 407]

Judiciary, Inheritance and Property

The council was the island’s court as well as its government, dispensing justice by summary procedure at the same meetings that settled its accounts, offenders brought before it, evidence heard and sentence passed and recorded in the same consultation. On 19 December 1757 William Cocksey, Robert Evans and William Boddington, confined since 31 October, offered bail and the council accepted Henry Bazett as surety, a rare glimpse of the ordinary process of confinement and release. The council’s reach extended even to events aboard visiting ships, as in April 1758 when it examined at length Thomas Levinz’s complaint that he had been beaten by an officer of the Prince Henry, called the second mate Papworth, several crew, the patron of the long boat and an army lieutenant, and concluded that Levinz, drunk and insolent and having threatened to blow out Papworth’s brains, had deserved the correction given him. Some matters were reserved to London, as when William Cooksey’s discharge was refused on 24 April 1758 until the directors were heard, because he and Evans had earlier defrauded the Company of flour. [Film No. 22, 89, 91]

The proving of wills and granting of administrations was a regular part of the council’s work, the isolation of the settlement obliging it to concentrate the probate functions that at home belonged to the church courts. On 24 April 1758 the will of Mary Swaite, widow, made in August 1757, was proved, dividing her estate between two distinct sets of three children and exposing an uncertainty in the island’s law of property, since leasehold land had not at first been understood as personal estate when John Swaite made his will but had since been settled and fixed as such by the Company itself. Soldiers’ wills open a window on the garrison: on 24 July 1758 the will of Matthew Burgan, who signed only with a mark, left his whole estate to two comrades and a single pound to those who dug his grave, and on 8 January 1758/9 that of George Snyder, a matross who died on 4 January, left all he had to his fellow matross Peter Mitchell, the closest ties of men without kin near them being the comrades who served beside them. The council took care to fix the bounds of even a small estate beyond dispute, requiring Burgan’s heirs to acknowledge in a separate signed instrument that they claimed only what he held on the island after payment of one pound seven shillings. [Film No. 83, 173, 330]

The council also exercised the guardianship jurisdiction that at home belonged to the courts, protecting the interests of minors who had lost their fathers. On 13 November 1758 Thomas Harper junior was permitted to choose his own guardians, three friends he named, and on 27 November 1758 John Clark was admitted guardian to Isaac Doveton after all the executors of his late father’s will had themselves died. The winding-up of a dead soldier’s estate could grow tangled, as in April 1759 when Gabriel Isaacs and Sergeant Thomas Leech petitioned in right of their wives for a share of John Simpson’s estate, the claim tracing through Elizabeth, a twice-married woman whose children by different husbands complicated the descent, the petition coming through the wives because under the law of the day a husband controlled his wife’s share. On 23 April 1759 the money was paid to the several claimants once each branch’s entitlement was settled, the guardian Joseph Duforsontain having earlier sold the minor’s goods and paid the proceeds into the treasury so that a documented public deposit put the money beyond private loss or dispute. [Film No. 318, 322, 415]

The registration of land transfers and other instruments kept a central record of every interest in the island’s limited ground, and the council secured every title against later dispute. On 13 November 1758 William Wrangham had a bill of sale and an assignment of a lease from his sister registered, and on 11 December 1758 Mary Burnham had a bill of sale for land bought by her late husband entered on the books, the insistence on formal registration ensuring that ownership and tenancy could always be traced through the council’s records. Travellers passing through could have deeds and marriage articles recorded, as Henry Bazett secured his title on 31 July 1758 and Captain Edward Wittmore had marriage articles entered on 18 August 1758, the settlement offering a fixed point of record to a population whose papers might otherwise be lost on the long voyages between England and the East. [Film No. 319, 325, 225]

One case tested whether an officer could waive discipline at his own discretion and exposed the weakness of the chain of command. In March 1759 Hutchinson held that Lieutenant Price had been guilty of a great neglect in failing to confine and report the soldier Thomas Dunn, who had grossly insulted him on the main guard, and the examination laid bare how Dunn had used a grant of leave to drift between the punch houses, defied his sergeant and lieutenant to their faces and been shielded from report by Adamson, who had confined and then released him and advised Price to overlook the abuse because Dunn was useful in survey work. A soldier who could curse an officer on parade and still avoid the dungeon, playing one level of authority against another, struck at the whole footing of order, and on 12 March 1759 the Governor ruled the neglect proven and directed that Price be reprimanded rather than fined or removed, the milder penalty marking the lapse without punishing one man for a decision his superior had shared, the settlement preferring to recover Dunn’s labour on his begging pardon and making up the forty-eight hours he owed. [Film No. 392, 395]

The council acted throughout as a court of equity for the island’s small society, looking behind the letter of an instrument to its justice. In February 1759 William Sealy brought before it a dispute over the care of his aged mother-in-law, the widow Susannah Pledger, alleging that Sergeant William Langhorne had drawn up an agreement greatly to her wrong; ordered on 12 February 1759 to produce it, Langhorne’s document proved to give him command of her whole plantation and its slaves for her life in return for lodging, board and a small annuity, on the pretext of keeping a school in her house. The widow declared she had authorised only the use of a single room and had been made to sign something far wider without its being read to her, and the witnesses confirmed it was not read aloud in their presence, so that the council concluded he had procured her mark to an agreement she did not understand and formally set it aside. The failure of that oral safeguard, the reading aloud on which a partly literate society relied, showed the council obliged to look to the true understanding of the parties rather than the signed instrument alone. [Film No. 381, 382, 383]

Crime and Punishment

Punishment fell with markedly different weight according to the standing of the offender, and the contrast is sharpest in the record’s treatment of theft. On 7 November 1757 Simon and Harry, two slaves of Francis Wrangham senior, were proved to have stolen a sheep; Simon, a notorious thief who had come before the council several times, was ordered three hundred lashes given at three separate times, a hundred at each, and to be branded, while Harry, a small boy, was ordered only twelve lashes, the spreading of the sentence plainly meant to let so severe a punishment be carried out without killing the man. Free offenders, by contrast, were dealt with by fine: on 3 January 1757/8 Edward Bagley was fined £5 for buying a cat from a slave against orders, and on 11 March 1758 Mary Seale was fined £5 for buying a ring from a black she had heard was free but who was not, the rule against purchasing from slaves enforced regardless of good faith. The gulf between a £5 fine for a free person and three hundred lashes and a brand for a slave lays bare a system of justice calibrated to the status of the accused. [Film No. 8, 15, 75]

Assault came before the council as a civil matter settled by fine, the penalty running to the Company’s cash as a breach of order rather than to the injured man. On 10 April 1758 James Sheridan, the Company’s late gardener, was fined 20s for beating John Legg in a very gross manner, and on 12 March 1759 the soldier George Hill complained that William Moore had cut him with a knife during a drunken Sunday quarrel while Moore’s wife stood by urging him on, the fine of twenty shillings falling not on the man who drew the knife but on Mary Moore for inciting the attack, her goading judged the graver cause that turned a scuffle into an attempt on Hill’s life. A private quarrel over shipboard hospitality reached the council as a question of debt and bond, when on 20 March 1759 Captain Andrew Armstrong asked that his dealing with Captain John Frost, steward of the Latham, over the keeping of a separate table be entered in the record, the bargain coloured by the fact that Armstrong’s wife had once been married to Frost, the council’s role here being to register rather than to judge. [Film No. 80, 391, 400]

The record’s fullest single criminal episode is the examination into the theft of the Company’s pigs, opened before the Governor on 6 September 1758 when a slave boy named Cesar, belonging to the settler William Paddom, came to complain of his master’s treatment and set out that Paddom and a slave woman called Nanny had stolen two marked pigs, boiled and roasted at the house while the wife was away. The council sat as a court and tested each account against the others, the overseer confirming two marked pigs stolen at Sandy Bay and a soldier named Ratcliff the boy’s account of the salt meat, the matter breaking when the boy proved his master had lodged at John Bagley’s and caught Paddom in his evasion. The judgement fell with savage inequality: on 18 September 1758 the accusing boy was spared and his master forbidden to punish him, yet Nanny was whipped with a hundred lashes as accessory and for her lies, while Paddom, who had ordered the theft, went unpunished and was merely given leave to sell his land and quit the island, the Company rewarding the informer whose testimony served its interest over the master whose theft had injured it. [Film No. 239, 241]

Slavery and Coerced Labour

The slaves appear throughout the record, but always at its margins, counted as a charge or named only when they offended, sickened or died, their upkeep met wholly from the Company’s stores and reckoned as a distinct head of institutional spending. The account headed Blacks for 12 October 1757 to 11 January 1758 set down beef, pork, rice, sugar and tea totalling nearly £70, kept quite distinct from the garrison’s accounts; the same account for the quarter to 11 July 1758 ran past two hundred pounds against twenty-seven for the Company table, dominated by more than seventy-seven hundredweight of rice; and that for the quarter to 11 October 1758 closed at £141 1s 3d. The Company clothed its slaves as cheaply and uniformly as it clothed its seamen, issuing over a hundred men’s jackets and breeches, more than two hundred shirts and 110 Monmouth caps, the round woollen caps of ship’s crew, together with the coarsest long cloth and kersey, the gulf between these plain stuffs and the broadcloth sold to the free marking the distance between the two populations. [Film No. 57, 194, 293]

Fishing tackle was issued to the slaves so that they might feed themselves in part from the sea, hooks and lines in various sizes appearing among the store issues of 12 October 1757 to 11 January 1758 and again in the accounts of early 1759, a rare glimpse of how they actually fed themselves beyond issued provisions. The named buildings mark both the labour drawn from them and their close confinement, the black house in the Great Wood fitted with stock locks and the black hospital supplied with its own tools, the Company keeping the slaves in some measure of health as valuable property. The plantation regime mixed routine brutality with a calculated seasonal indulgence: at Christmas 1757 a cow and nine goats were killed for the slaves, and at Christmas 1758, as a fixed annual custom, a cow and twelve goats were killed and twenty-two gallons of arrack issued to them, the one occasion in the year when the slaves received beef and a measure of spirit, granted only so far as the management of a labouring people required. [Film No. 57, 333]

The Company kept its Malay slaves as a distinct group with their own ration, layering the slave population by origin in the very bookkeeping. The account headed Mallay, small against the main Blacks account, issued beef, candy, arrack, rice, tea and soap to the Malays separately through the quarters of 1758 and into 1759, a reminder that the slavery of St Helena drew on the whole span of the Company’s trading world from Africa to the East Indies rather than any single source. One figure of coerced status recurs in a way that marks him out: the paymaster maintained a man named Niquedah Pockollem, probably an Indian, at the Company’s charge for thirteen weeks with the hire of a team, and on 21 August 1758 the council released him from confinement the moment no ships lay in the road, his confinement tied directly to the presence of shipping and freed as soon as the risk of escape passed. [Film No. 195, 219, 232]

The most brutal mark of the record is its counting of slave deaths among the losses of livestock, entered in the same returns that tallied dead lambs and stolen pigs. The return for 12 February to 11 March 1758 noted that a woman slave named Sue had died, that to 11 April 1758 recorded Agnes and Sam Gardner, the stock account to 11 August 1758 entered a slave boy named Stephen Pudding among the month’s losses of animals, and the return to 11 November 1758 the death of a slave named Mingo, one man named plainly and set beside the dead sheep and pigs. The same ledgers recorded births in the same terms: the plantation stock return for 12 June to 11 July 1758 entered the birth of a slave girl named Agness among the livestock, and the returns of early 1759 the birth of a slave boy named Will, a human being’s birth set down as the growth of a herd, the coldest expression of the Company’s view of its slaves as stock. [Film No. 73, 233, 170, 386]

The regime’s response to flight was savage and calculated, the number of lashes spread across separate sittings where the full count at once would have killed the victim. On 29 January 1759 the runaway Landey, a slave of Thomas Cotgrove who had absconded for seven months, was sentenced to a thousand lashes in five floggings of two hundred each and then branded on the cheek, stress laid on his having been regularly fed and having no cause to desert; on 12 March 1759 a slave named Tom of Francis Frampton senior was sentenced to six hundred lashes in three sittings of two hundred so that he would survive to be branded; and on about 3 July 1758 Simon, absconded for weeks, was sentenced to three hundred lashes in three beatings of a hundred. Lesser offences drew lesser floggings graded to the breach, Neptune a hundred lashes on 13 March 1758/9 for stealing a soldier’s blanket and Gordon fifty for striking a white man, and three slave girls a dozen or a dozen and a half each on 17 April 1758 for stealing figs, the youngest spared the greater number by reason of her infancy. [Film No. 378, 395, 156, 418, 82]

The apparatus of control bound the whole free population and reached across the Indian Ocean for its labour. On 3 January 1757/8 Hearty, a black man of the Walpole, was ordered a hundred lashes for attempting to carry off the slave woman Bridget in a clandestine manner, and on 29 January 1759 the free settler Thomas Swindale was ordered whipped for harbouring runaway slaves, every household made a place of danger rather than refuge by penalties that enlisted the whole community in the system’s enforcement. The forced workforce was drawn from Madagascar through the network linking Bombay, Fort St George and the island, the council’s letters of 26 March 1759 recording that of twenty-one Madagascar slaves shipped from Bombay seventeen had arrived and four had died on the passage, the dead entered plainly as a shortfall against the number dispatched, the people transported treated as consignments to be tallied like any other cargo. Flight was frequent enough to be a routine charge, the paymaster’s ledger for the quarter to 11 April 1758 recording 7s 6d paid for taking up two runaway slaves, and a maroon guard was maintained against escape, provisioned from the same store as the batteries. [Film No. 26, 378, 404, 105, 198]

Coerced labour on the island was not confined to the slaves, for the garrison’s soldiers were worked as a general labour force over and above their military duties, turning the idle hours of the garrison into the labour that raised its buildings. The paymaster’s accounts to 11 January 1757/8 record soldiers paid by the day for building a stable, repairing a bridge, making roads, mowing hay and getting stone for new barracks; that to 11 April 1758 for 197 days at the new barracks and the forts and 499 days mowing and mending pasture walls; and the accounts of 1758 and early 1759 for more than 2,700 days’ work in a single quarter, chiefly at the New Barracks with further parcels at the fortifications and the plantation. Arrack was issued throughout as a recognised reward for heavy work, given to the gunners, sawyers, waymakers, working hands and slaves for hauling timber, to the men who got the goods ashore from the fleet and worked in the stores, to those who cleaned Sandy Bay Path and worked at Rupert’s and the lime kiln, and as drams handed to the soldiers when they mustered, the same spirit the store sold to the inhabitants drawn out to stretch the island’s scarce coin. [Film No. 45, 103, 375]

Social Order, Religion and Education

The island governed its parish affairs on the English model beneath the Company’s authority, its officers chosen annually by those attending rather than appointed. On 13 March 1758 the council ordered the inhabitants to meet in vestry, and on 20 March 1758 the planters met at the chapel and elected churchwardens and overseers divided among the east, west and south divisions and charged with surveying the sheep and the Company’s waste, the same annual choice made on 16 April 1759 when the council issued warrants to confirm the chosen men, the geographical division reflecting the difficulty of inspecting scattered flocks across a mountainous island from a single office. The salary lists name the men who held the island’s civil and religious offices, William Lee serving as chaplain at £25 with diet money and Richard Beale drawing pay as judge advocate, schoolmaster and clerk together, religion, law and education resting on a handful of salaried servants. [Film No. 75, 78, 414]

Settled domestic life was taking root within the remote garrison, visible in the small purchases of its families and the material fabric of its worship and schooling. The collectors’ accounts record primers, horn books and testaments sold from the store, the horn book a leaf of printed matter mounted on a board behind a sheet of transparent horn by which children first learned their letters and catechism, sold alongside the tools and provisions of the settlement. Religion held a modest place in the island’s material fabric, its church maintained like any other Company building, cordage used to thatch its roof and entered without ceremony among the practical charges of running the place. Private property required protection even in so small a community, the wide sale of chest, cupboard, stock and door locks showing the men buying the means to secure their goods, a quiet reminder that the settled life of the garrison carried the ordinary frictions of any community. [Film No. 340, 350, 339]

The standard of living was steeply graded, and the accounts record the difference without comment, most plainly at the Company’s table. Its consumption was itemised monthly, over £27 in the month to 11 December 1757 and over £36 in that to 11 August 1758, listing port, Lisbon, mountain and Madeira wine and eastern arrack with fresh beef, mutton, veal, poultry and butter, provisioned far above the plain rice and salt ration of the garrison and slaves, the table’s meat following the state of the stock and leaning on mutton when lambing filled out the flocks. Madeira in particular travelled well and improved on a long voyage, the staple wine of the eastern trade, and the senior mess drew its luxuries from arriving ships when its own stores ran short, buying firkin butter, double Gloucester and a firm cheese called chabree, raisins and currants from Captain Venner on 17 July 1758. Umbrellas of English canvas, sick quarters rented ashore for soldiers, and a gentleman’s provision of Madeira and candy all marked the comfort of the few against the plain lot of the many. [Film No. 25, 235, 163]

Death ran steadily through the free population and the garrison alike, and the consultations and pay lists mark it plainly. Three wives of settlers died within weeks in the middle of 1758, Margaret the wife of Francis Wrangham on 6 October, Elizabeth the wife of John Leech on 20 September and Sarah the wife of John Shortley, herself a slave, on 31 August; the sexton’s account records five graves dug for five dead soldiers between December 1757 and April 1758 and six more for necessary soldiers in the quarter to 11 January 1758/9, the hospital overflowing into two houses hired from William Moore to lodge the sick. The garrison paid full military honours even to its common dead and to visiting officers who died in the road, powder fired over the graves of Roger Newinson and Thomas Taylor, of the matross George Snyder in January 1758/9, and of Thomas Page, second mate of the Latham, the same ceremonial powder spent on the island’s own dead marking the fellowship between the settlement and the shipping it served. [Film No. 219, 373, 387]

Personalities

The government of the island rested throughout on the same small and steady circle, Governor Hutchinson presiding at every consultation with Adamson and Clark constant beside him, and around them the storekeeper James Powell, the master gunner Thomas Hall and the accountant recurring through the accounts they drew up and signed. Powell emerges as the careful officer whose line-by-line checking of every invoice protected the island’s books, refusing on 4 May 1758 to take spoiled scarlet cloth onto the account at all, and Hall kept the powder returns with the same insistence, chasing stale charges of priming powder months old back to a named use. The doubling of civil and military office ran through the whole circle, John Clark serving at once as councillor, first lieutenant and paymaster, a body of servants too few to keep the roles apart, and the perquisites of office are recorded plainly, the residences of the councillors Adamson and Clark kept up at Company charge among the practical charges of the settlement. [Film No. 121, 371, 348]

The movement of officers between the island and the wider Indian service shows the garrison as a station on a larger stage from which men sought advancement in the East. On 17 July 1758 Lieutenant George Hay sought leave to resign and proceed to India as a volunteer, and John Sealy, Owen Griffiths and Joseph Renton petitioned likewise, so many islanders seeking not to go home but to move on to the Company’s better-paying Indian stations that the settlement served as a point of redirection. Hay resigned on 30 July 1758 and took passage on the Egmont, his vacancy filled from within by the promotion of Serjeant John Howard to second lieutenant on 21 August 1758, the ordinary means by which a remote garrison kept its commissioned posts filled, and the change traced through the pay list in the broken wages of Hay stopped at the day he resigned and Howard begun at the day he took the office. [Film No. 158, 232]

Others emerge at moments of tension, transition or misfortune. Thomas Levinz, the Company’s carpenter, appears both as victim and author of his own troubles in the affair aboard the Prince Henry in April 1758, drunk and insolent yet drawing his ordinary salary in the same quarter; William Richards, the soldier who drew the forts and a scheme for taking the island, is the most troubling figure, his interrogation on about 2 June 1758 preserved in full because the council could not at once tell draughtsmanship from espionage; and the settler William Paddom threads through the record in his troubles and dealings alike, caught in the theft of the pigs and given leave to quit the island in September 1758 yet taking on other lease land from William Moore on 9 October 1758 and charged for it in the rent roll. Richard Bready stands out in the final months, entrusted alone with the Swift longboat and a wide discretion on which the safety of much of the season’s trade was made to rest, and among the common soldiers the matross George Snyder leaves the fullest trace, a man who could not write and owned no more than his clothing, followed through his death on 4 January 1758/9, his will proved four days later leaving all to his comrade Peter Mitchell, and the volley fired over his grave, the bond between two matrosses standing where family could not reach across the world. [Film No. 89, 134, 250, 410, 330]

The women of the settlement carried on business and holdings beyond a husband’s life, and the same interwoven families held posts across the Company’s service and the free community together. Mary Dowton, whose husband’s estate had been administered late in 1758, appears in the paymaster’s account supplying matrosses and carts to repair houses in the Longwood, sustaining part of his trade; and the pay lists show Bazett as a sergeant, factor and overseer at once, Frost as a sergeant and elsewhere clerk and instrument cleaner, and Wrangham among the sentinels and elsewhere storekeeper, the enlisted soldiers, salaried craftsmen and landholding planters drawn from the same limited pool of names that made up the whole free population. The free black woman James Miville, ordered off the island on 16 April 1759 as a notorious thief at £5 for her passage, marks the other edge of that society, expulsion the means of dealing with a free person the authorities could neither bond nor tolerate. [Film No. 377, 362, 414]

Conclusion

Taken together, the papers of October 1757 to April 1759 show St Helena as a small, tightly run supply station whose whole purpose was to keep the Company’s ships watered, victualled and safe on the long road between England and the East. Every part of the record bends toward that end: the farm bred to victual the East Indiamen and the fleets that crowded the road in the sailing season, the store graded to pay servants cheaply and press the free settlers, the great warehouse stocked far beyond the garrison to supply and repair the passing ships, the treasury run on the foreign coin of a whole trading world and its own failed paper, and the council governing, judging and accounting all at once through a chain of weekly minutes that answered ultimately to London. The Seven Years’ War gives the whole its edge of anxiety, in the salutes to men of war, the convoys gathered under a Crown escort, the drafts of soldiers and deserters confined, the drilling of the flying parties, the affair of Richards’s plans and, at the last, the arming of a twelve-ton longboat to picket the sea to windward and warn the homeward Indiamen off an enemy squadron, tying this remote rock firmly to events far beyond it. [Film No. 7–443]

The account is detailed and, on its own terms, scrupulous, yet it is the record of the governors and not the governed, and its silences are as telling as its figures. The slaves who did the estate’s work, fed on rice and salt meat, flogged in their hundreds of lashes and housed under lock in the Great Wood, the Malays and the man Niquedah Pockollem held apart at the Company’s charge, the Madagascar people tallied as cargo with the dead entered as a shortfall, the soldiers worn steadily by death, discharge and desertion, and the settlers who farmed the leases all pass through the record as names, rations, broken wages and sentences rather than as people, most starkly where a slave’s birth or death is set down among the calves and lambs. Read critically and against wider knowledge of the Company, the war and the Atlantic and Indian Ocean trades, the papers remain a remarkably full and unbroken window on how one mid-ocean colony was made to work across eighteen months of a wartime year, in small things, at a rock in the middle of the ocean, provided their partial and interested character is never forgotten. [Film No. 7–443]

Film No

Page No.

OCR Transcription

Modern Interpretation and analysis

1

EAP 1364 St Helena

Document Name and Date
St. Helena Records 1757-1759

Photographer
Peter

Date photographed
4 Jan 2022

Additional comments

2

Book cover

3

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7

1

7th. November

Island St. Helena

At a Consultation held on Monday the 7th. Day of November

1757. at the Castle.

Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr. Governor

John Adamson Lieutenant Governor

Lieutenant John Clark of Council.

The last Consultation was read, approved and Signed, dated

the 31st. October 1757.

Samuel Knipe Planter applied to

us to hire a parcell of the Honorable Companys waste Land,

which we ordered to be viewed.

The Storekeeper this Day brought in his

Account of Waste upon Store Goods, which was examined,

and he declaring that it was just and true, we ordered it to be

Entred, which is as followeth vizt.

Profit & Loss Dr. £43 7s 9d for loss by Leakage, Wastage

Short Weight and Measure, by Drawing by the Gallon &ca. and by

Weighing by the Pound &ca. in the Year ending 11th. October 1757 viz.

5 Neatkins

10d

13 Quarter pt. Casks & Saucers Broke

3s 0½d

2 Sqrs. Glass 8 by 10

1s 1d

51 lb Nails

18s ½d

4:1:10 Sugar

2 qrs. 6 gd.

£5 1s 3d

3:1: Candy

£6 1s 4d

20:2:6 Rice

£5 13s ½d

0. 2: 7 Paddy

2s 6d

0. 0. 6 Salt Leather

6d

0. 0. 9 Pump Leather

12s 6½d

Carr'd over

£19 0s 5d

On Monday 7 November 1757 the council of St Helena met at the castle, with Governor Charles Hutchinson presiding alongside Lieutenant Governor John Adamson and Lieutenant John Clark of the council. The previous consultation, dated 31 October 1757, was read, approved and signed.

Samuel Knipe, a planter, applied to hire a parcel of the Honourable Company's waste land, and the council ordered it to be viewed.

The storekeeper brought in his account of waste upon store goods that day. The council examined the account and, on the storekeeper declaring it just and true, ordered it entered as follows.

Profit and loss showed a deficit of £43 17s 9d for losses by leakage, wastage, short weight and measure, by drawing off by the gallon and by weighing by the pound, in the year ending 11 October 1757, itemised thus:

5 firkins, £0 0s 10d

13 quarter firkins of cups and saucers broken, £0 3s 0½d

2 fifths of glass 8 by 10, £0 1s 1d

51 pounds of nails, £0 0s 18½d

4 firkins 10 pounds of sugar, £5 1s 3d

3 firkins 1 pound of candy, £6 1s 4d

20 pounds 2 ounces 6 drams of rice, £5 13s 0½d

0 pounds 2 ounces 7 drams of paddy, £0 2s 6d

6 pounds of sole leather, £0 6s 0d

9 pounds of pump leather, £12 6½d

Carried over, £19 0s 5d

Interpretations

The account recorded losses charged against the storekeeper for the year, covering both ordinary wastage in liquid and dry goods, such as sugar, rice and candy lost through leakage and inaccurate measure, and breakage of fragile store items such as crockery and window glass. Sole leather and pump leather were stocks used for repairing shoes and footwear for garrison or Company personnel, their loss being reckoned by weight rather than by the pair or item, which points to leather being held and issued as raw material rather than as finished footwear. Paddy, meaning unhusked rice, appearing as a separate entry from milled rice indicated that the storekeeper held both forms as distinct commodities, reflecting different stages of processing and different rates of loss expected in each.

8

2

7th. November

Bro't over

£19 0s 5d

2 qr. 0 gd.

1: 1: 4½ Soap

£4 10s 2d

0. 2: 27 Whiting

2s 9½d

6 pt. Venetian Red

1s 2½d

0. Brimstone

2½d

3 lb Yellow Ocher

8½d

4 lb Blue Smalts

5s 5d

0. 03 Dutch Blue

1s 6d

0. 2 0. Gum: Indico

6s 2½d

2 Oz. Sal Armoniac

0. ½d

0. Starch

0. 1d

0. 23. Iron

8s 11½d

13 Gallo Arrack

£1 17s 6d

8 Bushels Salt

£1 3s 2d

59 lb Rosin

6s 0d

85 lb Candles, most of them received this Year

being bake'd in very bad Condition

£8 12s 11d

0. Shot Cask

2d

9 lb Shot

1s 8½d

2: 1: 14. ¼ Cordage

£3 12s 3d

0. 27 Whited Lead

£1 9s 2½d

0. 3 Stone Colour

14s 2½d

0. 1 lb Sky Blue

7s 6d

6 lb Olive Colour

10s 6d

0. Mahogany Colour

4s 6d

St. Helena

11th. October 1757

£13 17s 9d

Errors Excepted

Signed

Powell

It having been proved by several Witnesses

that Simon, and Harry, belonging to Mr. Francis Wrangham

Senior, have Stolen a Sheep from Mr. Clark, and several other

things from different People, We ordered Simon, who is a

Notorious

Brought over, £19 0s 5d

1 pound 4 ounces 8 drams of soap, £4 10s 2d

1 pound 27 pounds of whiting, £0 2s 9½d

6 pounds of Venetian red, £0 1s 2½d

1 pound of brimstone, £0 0s 2½d

3 pounds of yellow ochre, £0 0s 8½d

4 pounds of blue smalts, £0 5s 5d

9 ounces 3 drams of Prussian blue, £0 1s 6d

1 pound 20 drams of gum tragacanth, £0 6s 2¼d

2 ounces of sal ammoniac, £0 0s ¾d

1 pound of starch, £0 0s 4d

1 hundredweight 23 pounds of iron, £0 8s 11½d

13 gallons of arrack, £1 17s 6d

8 bushels of salt, £1 3s 2d

59 pounds of rosin, £0 6s 0d

85 pounds of candles, most of them received this year and being baked and in very bad condition, £8 12s 11d

14 pounds of shot cord, £0 0s 2d

9 pounds of shot, £0 1s 8½d

2 hundredweight 1 quarter 14 pounds of cordage, £3 12s 3d

2 pounds 27 pounds of white lead, £1 9s 4½d

1 hundredweight 3 pounds of stone colour, £0 14s 2½d

4 pounds of sky blue, £0 7s 6d

6 pounds of olive colour, £0 10s 6d

2 pounds of mahogany colour, £0 4s 6d

St Helena, 11 October 1757

£43 17s 9d

Errors excepted, signed J Powell.

Several witnesses had proved that Simon and Harry, belonging to Mr Francis Wrangham senior, had stolen a sheep from Mr Clark and several other things from different people. The council ordered Simon, who was a notorious [...]

9

3

14th. November

Notorious Thief, having been several times before us on that

Account, to be whipped, and to receive three hundred Lashes at

three different times, One hundred at each, and to be Branded,

And as Harry is a small Boy, we Ordered him to receive only

Twelve.

Chas. Hutchinson

John Adamson

John Clark.

At a Consultation held on Monday the 14th. Day of November

1757 at the Castle.

Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr. Governor

John Adamson Lieutenant Governor

Lieutenant John Clark of Council.

The last Consultation was read, approved, and Signed Dated

the 7th. November 1757.

Friday 11th. Arrived the Honorable Companys Ship Walpole from Madras, &

brought us the following Supply viz.

Invoice pr Ship Walpole

Columbo Arrack 4 leag. 1 Candy 630 D. 8 pa. of Pagodas

. . 210

Rice 37 Bags Nt. Wt. 80 md at pa. of 243 Vd. 6 pa. Wt. pr.

38 27

Charges Merchandize

Weighing Cooly on 12 Candy Rice at 20 Cash pr Candy 3

Gunny Bags 74 at 5 Pagodas pr. cs.

3. 25.16

1 lb.

1. . .

Tin Plates & Nails

. . 3. 60

Boat & Cooly 7 Boats 8. 20 pr Boat

1. 21. 60

£ 6 22.56

Pagodas 255 13.56

Errors Excepted

(Signed)

Robert Orme Accomptt.

Simon, a notorious thief who had appeared before the council several times before on that account, was ordered to be whipped and to receive three hundred lashes at three different times, one hundred at each, and to be branded. As Harry was a small boy, the council ordered him to receive only twelve lashes.

Charles Hutchinson John Adamson John Clark

On Monday 14 November 1757 the council met at the castle, with Governor Charles Hutchinson presiding alongside Lieutenant Governor John Adamson and Lieutenant John Clark of the council. The previous consultation, dated 7 November 1757, was read, approved and signed.

On Friday 11 November the Honourable Company's ship Walpole arrived from Madras and brought the following supply.

Invoice of ship Walpole:

Columbo arrack, 4 leaguers 1 hogshead 6 tierces 30 gallons, deducted for 3 per cent leakage and 8 per cent dust, 210 pagodas

Rice, 37 bags weighing 214 candy 3 pounds, deducted for tare of 6¼ per cent, 38 pagodas 27 fanams

Charges merchandise

Weighing coolie hire on 2 candy rice at 20 cash per candy, 3 days, [...]

Gunny bags 4 at 5 pagodas per 100, 3 pagodas 25 fanams 16 cash

Toll, 1 fanam

Tin plates and nails, 3 pagodas 60 cash

Boat and coolie hire, 4 pagodas 21 cash 60 cash

6 pagodas 22 fanams 56 cash

Total, 255 pagodas 13 fanams 56 cash.

Errors excepted, signed Robert Orme, accountant.

Interpretations

Punishment by lashing across multiple sessions, rather than in a single infliction, allowed the total sentence to be carried out without the risk of the punishment itself proving fatal, a distinction the council plainly weighed when reducing Harry's sentence on account of his age. Pagodas, fanams and cash formed the coin of account used at Madras, with the ship's cargo priced and its charges reckoned throughout in that currency rather than in sterling, reflecting the invoice's origin at an East India Company presidency rather than at St Helena itself. The deduction for leakage and dust on the arrack and for tare on the rice reflected an allowance built into the price for loss expected between loading and delivery, a standard commercial practice in the carriage of bulk liquid and dry goods by sea.

10

4

  1. November
  2. Mrs. Purling the Accompt. reports
  3. that the Honorable Companys general Books of Accounts
  4. are balanced to the 11th. of October last, which we ordered to be
  5. Copied as soon as possible.
  6. Chas. Hutchinson
  7. John Adamson
  8. John Clark.
  9. At a Consultation held on Monday the 21st. day of November
  10. 1757 at the Castle
  11. Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr. Governor
  12. Lieutenant John Clark of Council.
  13. The last Consultation was read, approved, and Signed
  14. Dated the 14th. November 1757.
  15. The Storekeeper brought in the following Acct.
  16. of Stores short received from Ship Walpole vizt.
  17. Account of Stores short received pr. Ship Walpole vizt.
  18. 1. 1. 16 Rice short Weight
  19. 1 Leaguer Arrack short delivered.

Cask, Gage Galln., Wants to fill Gallons

1: 140, 8¾

1: 450, 5¾

1: 140, 11½

1 Cask: 29, 2½

459

28½

Received 430½ Gallons

Signed Jno. Powell

The Plantation, Gunners, and Stewards

Accounts for the Month ending the 11th. Instant, were this Day

brought in, which were examined, and approved, and are as

follow vizt.

Account

Margin Notes:

John Adamson Lieut. Governor absent being sick.

Mr Purling, the accountant, reported that the Honourable Company's general books of accounts were balanced to 11 October last, and the council ordered them copied as soon as possible.

Charles Hutchinson John Adamson John Clark

On Monday 21 November 1757 the council met at the castle, with Governor Charles Hutchinson presiding alongside Lieutenant John Clark of the council, Lieutenant Governor John Adamson being absent through sickness. The previous consultation, dated 14 November 1757, was read, approved and signed.

The storekeeper brought in the following account of stores short received from the ship Walpole.

Account of stores short received from ship Walpole:

1 pound 16 pounds of rice short weight

1 leaguer of arrack short delivered

1 leaguer gauged at 140 gallons, wanting to fill, 8¾ gallons

1 leaguer, 150 gallons, wanting to fill, 5¾ gallons

1 leaguer, 140 gallons, wanting to fill, 11½ gallons

1 cask, 29 gallons, wanting to fill, 2½ gallons

459 gallons gauged

28½ gallons short

Received, 430½ gallons

St Helena, 21 November 1757, signed J Powell.

The plantation, gunners' and stewards' accounts for the month ending the 11th instant were brought in that day, examined and approved, and were as follows.

11

5

Account of the Honorable Companys Stock of neat Cattle &ca from the 12th. October to the 11th. November 1757 vizt.

Bulls, Cows, Calves, Yearlings, Heifers, Steers, Oxen, Total, Ewes, Wethers, Lambs, Rams, Total, Ewes, Wethers, Kidds, Rams, Total, Sows, Shoats, Pigs, Boars, Total, Fowls, Ducks, Turkeys, Geese, Horses, Mares, Total, He Asses, She Asses, Total

Remaining 12th.: Bulls 3, Cows 92, Calves 71, Yearlings 47, Heifers 33, Steers 45, Oxen 20, Total 311, Ewes 367, Wethers 185, Lambs 214, Rams 4, Total 770, Ewes 190, Wethers 40, Kidds 83, Rams 6, Total 319, Sows 5, Shoats 2, Pigs 20, Boars 1, Total 28, Fowls 172, Ducks 38, Turkeys 18, Geese 26, Horses 6, Mares 8, Total 14, He Asses 3, She Asses 3, Total 6

Encreased: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 8, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Oxen 0, Total 8, Ewes 0, Wethers 0, Lambs 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Ewes 0, Wethers 0, Kidds 4, Rams 0, Total 4, Sows 0, Shoats 0, Pigs 5, Boars 0, Total 5, Fowls 35, Ducks 10, Turkeys 15, Geese 6, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0, He Asses 0, She Asses 0, Total 0

Total: Bulls 3, Cows 92, Calves 79, Yearlings 47, Heifers 33, Steers 45, Oxen 20, Total 319, Ewes 367, Wethers 185, Lambs 214, Rams 4, Total 770, Ewes 190, Wethers 40, Kidds 87, Rams 6, Total 323, Sows 5, Shoats 2, Pigs 25, Boars 1, Total 33, Fowls 207, Ducks 48, Turkeys 33, Geese 32, Horses 6, Mares 8, Total 14, He Asses 3, She Asses 3, Total 6

Killed: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 1, Yearlings 0, Heifers 1, Steers 0, Oxen 0, Total 2, Ewes 8, Wethers 6, Lambs 2, Rams 0, Total 16, Ewes 7, Wethers 3, Kidds 2, Rams 0, Total 12, Sows 1, Shoats 0, Pigs 0, Boars 0, Total 1, Fowls 20, Ducks 2, Turkeys 1, Geese 1, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0, He Asses 0, She Asses 0, Total 0

Died: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 0, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Oxen 0, Total 0, Ewes 5, Wethers 0, Lambs 2, Rams 0, Total 7, Ewes 0, Wethers 0, Kidds 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Sows 0, Shoats 0, Pigs 3, Boars 0, Total 3, Fowls 0, Ducks 0, Turkeys 1, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0, He Asses 0, She Asses 0, Total 0

Sold: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 0, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Oxen 0, Total 0, Ewes 0, Wethers 0, Lambs 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Ewes 0, Wethers 0, Kidds 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Sows 0, Shoats 0, Pigs 0, Boars 0, Total 0, Fowls 0, Ducks 0, Turkeys 0, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0, He Asses 0, She Asses 0, Total 0

Remaining 11th.: Bulls 3, Cows 92, Calves 78, Yearlings 47, Heifers 32, Steers 45, Oxen 20, Total 317, Ewes 354, Wethers 179, Lambs 210, Rams 4, Total 748, Ewes 183, Wethers 37, Kidds 85, Rams 6, Total 311, Sows 4, Shoats 2, Pigs 22, Boars 1, Total 29, Fowls 187, Ducks 46, Turkeys 31, Geese 31, Horses 6, Mares 8, Total 14, He Asses 3, She Asses 3, Total 6

4 Sheep sold to the Market

1 Do. Sold to ye Hospital

4 Goats to ye Sick Slaves

1 - Do. Sold to the Hospital

3 - Do. Sold to Matth. Bazett.

1 - Do. sold to Mr. Adamson

1 Calf sold to the Market

1 Heifer for the Table

Yam expended for the Slaves - 25.940

Profits Do. for Stock - - - 8.820

34.760

Margin Notes:

Farmers

Account of the Honourable Company's stock of neat cattle, etc, from 12 October to 11 November 1757:

Remaining, 12th: 3 bulls, 92 cows, 71 calves, 47 younglings, 33 heifers, 45 steers, 20 oxen, 311 total neat cattle, 367 ewes, 185 wethers, 214 lambs, 4 rams, 770 total sheep, 190 ewes, 40 wethers, 83 kids, 6 rams, 319 total goats, 5 sows, 2 barrows, 20 pigs, 1 boar, 28 total hogs, 172 fowls, 38 ducks, 18 turkeys, 26 geese, 6 horses, 8 mares, 14 total horses, 3 he asses, 3 she asses, 6 total asses

Increased: 0 bulls, 0 cows, 8 calves, 0 younglings, 0 heifers, 0 steers, 0 oxen, 8 total neat cattle, 0 ewes, 0 wethers, 0 lambs, 0 rams, 0 total sheep, 0 ewes, 0 wethers, 4 kids, 0 rams, 4 total goats, 0 sows, 0 barrows, 5 pigs, 0 boar, 5 total hogs, 35 fowls, 10 ducks, 15 turkeys, 6 geese, 0 horses, 0 mares, 0 total horses, 0 he asses, 0 she asses, 0 total asses

Total: 3 bulls, 92 cows, 79 calves, 47 younglings, 33 heifers, 45 steers, 20 oxen, 319 total neat cattle, 367 ewes, 185 wethers, 214 lambs, 4 rams, 770 total sheep, 190 ewes, 40 wethers, 87 kids, 6 rams, 323 total goats, 5 sows, 2 barrows, 25 pigs, 1 boar, 33 total hogs, 207 fowls, 48 ducks, 33 turkeys, 32 geese, 6 horses, 8 mares, 14 total horses, 3 he asses, 3 she asses, 6 total asses

Killed: 0 bulls, 0 cows, 1 calf, 0 younglings, 1 heifer, 0 steers, 0 oxen, 2 total neat cattle, 8 ewes, 6 wethers, 2 lambs, 0 rams, 16 total sheep, 7 ewes, 3 wethers, 2 kids, 0 rams, 12 total goats, 1 sow, 0 barrows, 0 pigs, 0 boar, 1 total hogs, 20 fowls, 2 ducks, 1 turkey, 1 goose, 0 horses, 0 mares, 0 total horses, 0 he asses, 0 she asses, 0 total asses

Died: 0 bulls, 0 cows, 0 calves, 0 younglings, 0 heifers, 0 steers, 0 oxen, 0 total neat cattle, 5 ewes, 0 wethers, 2 lambs, 0 rams, 7 total sheep, 0 ewes, 0 wethers, 0 kids, 0 rams, 0 total goats, 0 sows, 0 barrows, 3 pigs, 0 boar, 3 total hogs, 0 fowls, 0 ducks, 1 turkey, 0 geese, 0 horses, 0 mares, 0 total horses, 0 he asses, 0 she asses, 0 total asses

Sold: 0 bulls, 0 cows, 0 calves, 0 younglings, 0 heifers, 0 steers, 0 oxen, 0 total neat cattle, 0 ewes, 0 wethers, 0 lambs, 0 rams, 0 total sheep, 0 ewes, 0 wethers, 0 kids, 0 rams, 0 total goats, 0 sows, 0 barrows, 0 pigs, 0 boar, 0 total hogs, 0 fowls, 0 ducks, 0 turkeys, 0 geese, 0 horses, 0 mares, 0 total horses, 0 he asses, 0 she asses, 0 total asses

Remaining, 11th: 3 bulls, 92 cows, 78 calves, 47 younglings, 32 heifers, 45 steers, 20 oxen, 317 total neat cattle, 354 ewes, 179 wethers, 210 lambs, 4 rams, 748 total sheep, 183 ewes, 37 wethers, 85 kids, 6 rams, 311 total goats, 4 sows, 2 barrows, 22 pigs, 1 boar, 29 total hogs, 187 fowls, 46 ducks, 31 turkeys, 31 geese, 6 horses, 8 mares, 14 total horses, 3 he asses, 3 she asses, 6 total asses

4 sheep sold to the market

1 goat sold to the hospital

4 goats to the sick slaves

1 pig sold to the hospital

3 pigs sold to Matthew Bazett

1 pig sold to Mr Adamson

1 calf sold to the market

1 heifer for the table

Yam expended for the slaves, 25,940

Profits due for stock, 8,820

34,760

Interpretations

The yam figures recorded in the final tally represented rations issued from the plantation store to feed the enslaved population, set against a further sum reckoned as profit due for stock, indicating that the plantation accounts tracked provisioning for slaves as a distinct cost separate from the value gained through livestock increase and sale. The distribution of animals sold or given away, spanning the public hospital, the sick slaves and named individuals such as Matthew Bazett and Mr Adamson, showed the Company's livestock serving simultaneously as a source of revenue, a supply of medical provision and a resource distributed to particular officials, rather than being reserved solely for the garrison's general subsistence.

12

6

21st. November

Gunners Stores expended from the 12th. of October to

11th. November 1757 vizt.

Guns fired, 4 pd., 3 pd., 2 pd., 1 pd., Powder expended

Powder fired with small Arms at Exercise: Guns fired 0, 4 pd. 0, 3 pd. 0, 2 pd. 0, 1 pd. 0, Powder expended 293.8

Do. Exercising the East Flying Party: Guns fired 0, 4 pd. 0, 3 pd. 0, 2 pd. 0, 1 pd. 0, Powder expended 5

Do Do the West Do: Guns fired 0, 4 pd. 0, 3 pd. 0, 2 pd. 0, 1 pd. 0, Powder expended 4.12

Do. for Signals to the long Boats: Guns fired 0, 4 pd. 0, 3 pd. 0, 2 pd. 0, 1 pd. 0, Powder expended 0.8

1757 Novr. 10th Fired to Celebrate his Majestys Birth Day: Guns fired 21, 4 pd. 2, 3 pd. 1, 2 pd. 15, 1 pd. 3, Powder expended 22

Powder for Priming: Guns fired 0, 4 pd. 0, 3 pd. 0, 2 pd. 0, 1 pd. 0, Powder expended 3.8

fired with Small Arms for Do.: Guns fired 0, 4 pd. 0, 3 pd. 0, 2 pd. 0, 1 pd. 0, Powder expended 19.4

4th. An Alarm: Guns fired 6, 4 pd. 2, 3 pd. 2, 2 pd. 0, 1 pd. 2, Powder expended 12

Arrived the Walpole, returned the Salute: Guns fired 9, 4 pd. 0, 3 pd. 0, 2 pd. 9, 1 pd. 0, Powder expended 9

Powder for Priming: Guns fired 0, 4 pd. 0, 3 pd. 0, 2 pd. 0, 1 pd. 0, Powder expended 1.8

Powder for Do. at Prosperous Bay pr. the 11th. May: Guns fired 0, 4 pd. 0, 3 pd. 0, 2 pd. 0, 1 pd. 0, Powder expended 3

Do. for Signals: Guns fired 0, 4 pd. 0, 3 pd. 0, 2 pd. 0, 1 pd. 0, Powder expended 0.8

Do. Sold: Guns fired 0, 4 pd. 0, 3 pd. 0, 2 pd. 0, 1 pd. 0, Powder expended 28.8

Do. for Shooting Goats on Mundens Point Hill: Guns fired 0, 4 pd. 0, 3 pd. 0, 2 pd. 0, 1 pd. 0, Powder expended 1

Total: Guns fired 36, 4 pd. 1, 3 pd. 3, 2 pd. 24, 1 pd. 5, Powder expended 409

Lead Aprons were cut and Unserviceable at Prosperous Bay

2

Lead Shot for Shooting Goats on Mundens Point Hill

19

Tallow for use of the Boats

4

Do. for use of the Carts

7

Do. Sold to the Governor

2.8

Do. Sold to the Lieut. Governor

4

Paper Sold to Do.

1.2

(Signed)

Thos. Hall

Sundrys expended at the Honorable Companys Table in ye

Month ending the 11th. Instant vizt.

41 Bottles Port Wine

£2 16s 1¾d

24 Lisbon

£1 12s 10½d

11 Madeira

£1 7s 1¾d

68 Arrack

£2 5s 4d

44 Beer

9s 2d

276 Flour

2s 3d

Carried over £

£10 10s 11d

Powder fired with small arms at exercise, 29 pounds 3.8 ounces of composition powder

Ditto expended exercising the east flying party, 0 pounds 5 ounces

Ditto expended exercising the west ditto, 0 pounds 4.12 ounces

10 November 1757: ditto for signals to the long boats, 0 pounds 8 ounces

Fired to celebrate His Majesty's birthday, 21 rounds from 4-pounders, 2 rounds from 3-pounders, 1 round from 2-pounders, 15 rounds from 1-pounders, 3 pounds 22 ounces of composition powder

Powder for priming, 0 pounds 3.8 ounces

Fired with small arms for ditto, 0 pounds 19.4 ounces

14th: an alarm, 6 rounds from 4-pounders, 2 rounds from 3-pounders, 2 rounds from 2-pounders, [...] rounds from 1-pounders, 12 pounds 0 ounces

The Walpole arrived, and the fort returned her salute, firing 9 rounds from 4-pounders, 9 rounds from 2-pounders and none from the 3-pounders or 1-pounders, at a cost of 9 pounds of composition powder.

Powder for priming, 0 pounds 1.8 ounces

Powder for ditto at Prosperous Bay for the 11th of May, 0 pounds 3 ounces

Ditto for signals, 0 pounds 8 ounces

Ditto sold, 28 pounds 8 ounces

Ditto for shooting goats on Mundens Point Hill, 0 pounds 1 ounce

Total, 36 rounds from 4-pounders, [...] rounds from 3-pounders, 24 rounds from 2-pounders, 5 rounds from 1-pounders, 109 pounds 0 ounces

Lead aprons worn out and unserviceable at Prosperous Bay, 2 pounds Lead shot for shooting goats on Mundens Point Hill, 19 pounds Tallow for use of the boats, 4 pounds Ditto for use of the carts, 7 pounds Ditto sold to the Governor, 2 pounds 9 ounces Ditto sold to the Lieutenant Governor, 4 pounds Paper sold to ditto, 1 pound 2 ounces

Errors excepted, signed Thomas Hall.

Sundries expended at the Honourable Company's table in the month ending the 11th instant:

41 bottles of port wine, £2 16s 1¾d

2 dozen bottles of Lisbon wine, £1 12s 10½d

11 bottles of Madeira, £1 7s 1¾d

68 bottles of arrack, £2 5s 4d

44 bottles of beer, £0 9s 2d

276 pounds of flour, £2 0s 3d

Carried over, £10 10s 11d

Interpretations

The gunners' account distinguished expenditure of powder for practical defence, such as the alarm and the salute exchanged with the arriving Walpole, from powder used in ceremonial observance of His Majesty's birthday, reflecting the garrison's dual role as both a working fortification and a station bound by court custom. The pounder figures recorded the calibre of the guns discharged on each occasion, with heavier 4-pounders and lighter 1-pounders drawn on in different combinations depending on whether the firing marked a salute, an alarm or routine practice.

13

7

1757.

Brought over £

£10 10s 11d

350 lb Beef

£4 7s 6d

266 lb Mutton

£5 11s 1¾d

2 Lambs

£1 0s 0d

1 Hidd

5s 0d

28 lb Goat

9s 4d

20 Fowls

£1 10s 0d

2 Ducks

3s 0d

1 Goose

5s 0d

1 Turkey

5s 0d

46 lb Fresh Butter

£2 6s 6d

3 pieces Salt Pork

6s 0d

98 lb Candy

£1 12s 8d

£28 12s ¾d

Having sent for Paul Herritage the

Honorable Companys Armorer, who was before us sometime

Ago, and reprimanded for Misbehaviour, and he appearing

to us that time to be regardless of continuing in the Companys

Service here, and telling us that he intended to leave the Island

by the first opportunity, and finding him to be also a very

Worthless Fellow, We this Day dismissed him from their

Honors Service, and told him to prepare to leave the Island, &

take his passage on the Ship Walpole now lying in the Road,

bound for England.

Chas. Hutchinson

John Clark.

1757.

Brought over £

£10 10s 11d

350 lb Beef

£4 7s 6d

266 lb Mutton

£5 11s 1¾d

2 Lambs

£1 0s 0d

1 Hidd

5s 0d

28 lb Goat

9s 4d

20 Fowls

£1 10s 0d

2 Ducks

3s 0d

1 Goose

5s 0d

1 Turkey

5s 0d

46 lb Fresh Butter

£2 6s 6d

3 pieces Salt Pork

6s 0d

98 lb Candy

£1 12s 8d

£28 12s ¾d

Having sent for Paul Herritage the

Honorable Companys Armorer, who was before us sometime

Ago, and reprimanded for Misbehaviour, and he appearing

to us that time to be regardless of continuing in the Companys

Service here, and telling us that he intended to leave the Island

by the first opportunity, and finding him to be also a very

Worthless Fellow, We this Day dismissed him from their

Honors Service, and told him to prepare to leave the Island, &

take his passage on the Ship Walpole now lying in the Road,

bound for England.

Chas. Hutchinson

John Clark.

14

8

28th. November

At a Consultation held on Monday the 28th. day of November

1757 at the Castle

Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr. Governor

John Adamson Lieutenant Governor

Lieutenant John Clark of Council

The last Consultation was read, approved, and Signed, Dated

the 21st. November 1757.

Mr. Thomas Hall applyed to us

to pay Forty Pounds into the Honorable Companys Cash,

which Sum we have received, and have given him Bills of

Exchange drawn on the Honorable the Court of Directors

payable to himself or Order Thirty Days after Sight Dated

this Day.

Bought of Captain Francis

Fowler 15: 0: 23 of Rice at 10s. pr. hundred Weight

for the use of the Honorable Company.

Counted and examined the Honorable

Companys Cash for the Month ending the 11th. Instant

which is as followeth vizt.

On Monday 28 November 1757 the council met at the castle, with Governor Charles Hutchinson presiding alongside Lieutenant Governor John Adamson and Lieutenant John Clark of the council. The previous consultation, dated 21 November 1757, was read, approved and signed.

Mr Thomas Hall applied to pay £40 into the Honourable Company's cash. The council received the sum and gave him bills of exchange drawn on the Honourable Court of Directors, payable to himself or order thirty days after sight, dated that day.

The council bought of Captain Francis Fowler 15 hundredweight 0 quarters 23 pounds of rice at £0 15s 0d per hundredweight for the use of the Honourable Company.

The council counted and examined the Honourable Company's cash for the month ending the 11th instant, which was as follows.

15

9

Cash Dr. Per Contra Cr.

1757

Octr. 12th To Balance remaining

£2650 2s 0d

31st To Fines Received of John Legg and

John Langbridge as pr Consultation of that Day

£2 0s 0d

£2652 2s 0d

1757

Novr. 11th By Balance remaining in the following Species vizt.

290 Venetians at 10s.

£145 0s 0d

850 Pagodas at 8s.

£340

Gold Amounting to

£485

3084 Dollars at 5s.

£771 0s 0d

5400 Rupees at 2s 3d

£607 10s 0d

1303 Double Rials at 1s 3d

£81 8s 9d

10476 half Rials at 3¾d

£163 13s 9d

441 French Pieces at 1s 2d

£3 13s 6d

Odd Money

£1 0s 0d

Silver Amounting to

£1627 7s 0d

146 Cash Notes at 40s.

£292 0s 0d

162 Do. at 20s.

£162 0s 0d

263 Do. at 5s.

£65 15s 0d

160 Do. at 2s 6d.

£15 0s 0d

Cash Notes amounting to

£539 15s 0d

£2652 2s 0d

Chas. Hutchinson

John Adamson

John Clark.

Cash, debtor:

12 October 1757, to balance remaining, £2,650 2s 0d

31 October, to fines received of John Legg and John Langbridge as per consultation of that day, £2 0s 0d

£2,652 2s 0d

Per contra, creditor:

11 November 1757, by balance remaining in the following species:

290 Venetians at 10s, £145 0s 0d

850 pagodas at 8s, £340 0s 0d

Gold amounting to £485 0s 0d

3,084 dollars at 5s, £771 0s 0d

5,400 rupees at 2s 3d, £607 10s 0d

1,303 double rials at 1s 3d, £81 8s 9d

10,476 half rials at 3¾d, £163 13s 9d

441 French pieces at 2d, £3 13s 6d

Odd money, £0 1s 0d

Silver amounting to £1,627 7s 0d

146 cash notes at 40s, £292 0s 0d

162 ditto at 20s, £162 0s 0d

263 ditto at 5s, £65 15s 0d

160 ditto at 2s 6d, £15 0s 0d

Cash notes amounting to £539 15s 0d

£2,652 2s 0d

Charles Hutchinson John Adamson John Clark

Interpretations

The Company's cash was held in a mixture of gold, silver and paper credit rather than sterling coin itself, drawing on Venetian gold pieces, Madras pagodas, Spanish dollars, Indian rupees and Spanish American rials and half rials, reflecting St Helena's position on the trade route between Europe, the Cape and the East Indies, where ships' companies carried whatever specie was current at their last port of call. The cash notes recorded at fixed values of 40, 20, 5 and 2s 6d functioned as a local paper currency issued by the Company itself, allowing transactions on the island to proceed without depleting the actual coin held in the treasury.

16

10

3d. December

At a Consultation held on Saturday the 3. day of December

1757 at the Castle.

Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr. Governor

John Adamson Lieutenant Governor

Lieutenant John Clark of Council.

The last Consultation was read, approved, and Signed

Dated 28th. November 1757.

Bought for the use of the Honorable

Companys Table two and an half pounds of Spice, for

which we paid One Pounds ten Shillings

Being much in want of Junk, We

therefore bought 40 cwt. qr. lb for the use of the Honorable Company

for which we paid Sixteen Shillings pr. Hundred weight,

which, tho' dear, is the same price that was paid for some by

one of the Commanders of your own Ships to Captr. Fowler.

Lieutenant John Clark Reports that

he has been on Board the Ship Walpole to Muster her Company,

and enquire for Deserters, but found none, her Muster Roll

is as followeth vizt.

Master

On Saturday 3 December 1757 the council met at the castle, with Governor Charles Hutchinson presiding alongside Lieutenant Governor John Adamson and Lieutenant John Clark of the council. The previous consultation, dated 28 November 1757, was read, approved and signed.

The council bought two and a half pounds of spice for the use of the Honourable Company's table, for which it paid £1 10s 0d.

Being much in want of junk, the council bought 40 hundredweight [...] for the use of the Honourable Company, for which it paid £0 16s 0d per hundredweight, the same price paid by one of the Company's own ship commanders to Captain Fowler.

Lieutenant John Clark reported that he had been aboard the ship Walpole to muster her company and enquire after deserters, but found none. Her muster roll was as follows.

17

11

1757.

Muster Roll of Ship Walpole

Francs. Fowler Commandr.

Thomas Moore 1st. Mate

John Haskins 2d. Do.

Willm. Ligres 3d. Do.

David Saunders 4th. Do.

Josh. Barclay 5th. Do.

John White Surgeon

Isaac Stoff Goodsales Purser

Hugh Kirk Boatsw.

Thomas Williams Carp.

Patrick McMullen Gunnr.

Sam. Battin Midshipman

Iott Bosansworth Do.

Thos. Johnson Do.

Augustine Styles Do.

Robert Reed Quarter Mastr.

Robert Edwards Do.

George Coleman Do.

Mark Hide Do.

John Smudry Cawther

Charles Bone James

Anthy. Cabiness Sailmakr.

Alexr. Black Ships Steward

Philosph. White Boatsw. Mate

Sam. Webb Corpl. 2d. Mate

Josh. Laughton Do. 3d.

Thos. Leech Cawth. Do.

Willm. Dickson Gunr. Do.

John Hill Capt. Stew.

James Ashton Do. Cook

Bryant Hallon Taylor

John Ridman Ships Cook

Henry Flayer Butcher

John Crowther Cawtherer

William Linton Cooper

Paul Herritage Armorer

William Wilson Seaman

William Brown Do.

Robert Strong Do.

Sam. Bodman Do.

William Rouse Do.

David Phillipps Do.

George Woody Do.

William Lowry Do.

John Hodge Do.

John Scott Do.

Edward Halliday Do.

James Smith Do.

Thomas Dann Do.

James Harris Do.

Willm. Galpin Do.

Willm. Moffatt Do.

George Hopewood Do.

Walter Barrett Do.

Edward Main Do.

Thomas Burrowes Do.

Tobias Hardcastle Do.

John Sutten Do.

Stephen Edwards Do.

John DeWhit Do.

James John Do.

Peter Baker Do.

Joseph Icers Do.

Thomas Taylor Do.

John Strong Do.

Daniel Clark Do.

John Webb Do.

Charles Waring Do.

George Williams Do.

John Gelichesres Do.

James Clair Do.

John Lewis Do.

George Goodbear Seaman

Wm. Kent Capt. Serv.

Water Rice Barge Do.

Ino. Candrine 1. Mate Do.

Ino. Cawley 2. Do.

Ino. Sergeant Boatsn. Do.

Ino. Williams Carp. Do.

Rich. Craver Gunr. Do.

Seth Lighthouse Serg. Do.

Golamny Strang

Meguz Tindall

Thos. Dwer Livera

John Babista Do.

Antho. Gurvalem Do.

Nicho. Sagreens Do.

Josh. Hearty Do.

Andrew Bass Do.

Bdcut Do.

Delas Do.

Shroley Do.

Rommet Do.

Dolel Do.

Ingersmant Do.

Manuela Do.

Arvaso Do.

Arish Do.

Sir Dawn Do.

Anningar Do.

Thos. Francissa Do.

Passengers

Josh. Westcott

Leonard Dallison

John Munro

James Harvey

John Easey Servant

Chas. Hutchinson

John Adamson

John Clark.

Muster roll of ship Walpole:

1: Francis Fowler, commander

2: Thomas Moore, first mate

3: John Haskins, second mate

4: William Cypres, third mate

5: David Saunders, fourth mate

6: Joseph Barclay, fifth mate

7: John Whick, surgeon

8: Isaac Shoff, gods sales purser

9: Hugh Kirk, boatswain

10: Thomas Williams, carpenter

11: Patrick McMullen, gunner

12: Samuel Bettin, midshipman

13: Scott Bosanworth, midshipman

14: Thomas Johnson, midshipman

15: Augustine Styles, midshipman

16: Robert Read, quartermaster

17: Robert Edwards, quartermaster

18: George Coleman, quartermaster

19: Mark Hide, quartermaster

20: John Sundry, caulker

21: Charles Bone, sailmaker

22: Anthony Cabiness, sailmaker

23: Alexander Black, ship's steward

24: Philip White, boatswain's mate

25: Samuel Webb, carpenter's second mate

26: Joseph Laughton, carpenter's third mate

27: Thomas Leech, caulker's mate

28: William Dickson, gunner's mate

29: John Hill, cook's mate

30: James Ashton, cook

31: Bryant Hallon, tailor

32: John Ridmore, ship's cook

33: Henry Hayer, butcher

34: John Crowther, poulterer

35: William Linton, cooper

36: Paul Heritage, armourer

William Wilson, seaman

William Brown, seaman

Robert Strong, seaman

Samuel Redman, seaman

William Rouse, seaman

David Phillips, seaman

George Moody, seaman

William Lowry, seaman

John Hodge, seaman

John Scott, seaman

Edward Halliday, seaman

James Smith, seaman

Thomas Dane, seaman

James Harris, seaman

William Galpin, seaman

William Moffatt, seaman

George Hopwood, seaman

Walter Barrett, seaman

Edward Main, seaman

Thomas Burrows, seaman

Tobias Hardcastle, seaman

John Sutton, seaman

Stephen Edwards, seaman

John Dewhick, seaman

James John, seaman

Peter Baker, seaman

Joseph Ivers, seaman

Thomas Taylor, seaman

John Strong, seaman

Daniel Clark, seaman

John Webb, seaman

Charles Waring, seaman

George Williams, seaman

John Gilchrist, seaman

James Clair, seaman

John Lewis, seaman

George Goodbear, seaman

Henry Kent, captain's servant

Walter Truebridge, captain's servant

James Considine, first mate's servant

James Cowley, second mate's servant

James Sergeant, boatswain's servant

James Williams, carpenter's servant

Richard Graver, gunner's servant

Seth Lighthouse, surgeon's servant

Solomon Strong, passenger's servant

Miguel Tindall, passenger's servant

Thomas Dover, passenger's servant

John Baptista, passenger's servant

Antonio Gursalem, passenger's servant

Nicholas Sagreons, passenger's servant

Joseph Hearty, passenger's servant

Andrew Bass, passenger's servant

Baduh, passenger's servant

Delare, passenger's servant

Shroley, passenger's servant

Rommet, passenger's servant

Dolad, passenger's servant

Ingersmant, passenger's servant

Manuela, passenger's servant

Arvaso, passenger's servant

Arish, passenger's servant

Six Dawn, passenger's servant

Ammicar, passenger's servant

Thomas Francesco, passenger's servant

Passengers

Josiah Westcott

Leonard Dallison

John Munro

James Harvey

John Easey, servant

Charles Hutchinson John Adamson John Clark

18

12

5th. December

At a Consultation held on Monday the 5th. day of December

1757 at the Castle.

Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr. Governor

John Adamson Lieutenant Governor

Lieutenant John Clark of Council.

The last Consultation was read, approved, and Signed, Dated

the 3d. December 1757.

Ordered the following Advertisement to

be published vizt.

Island St. Helena

This is to give notice to all Persons upon the

said Island that they are hereby required to send into the

Secretarys Office on or before Monday the 2d. day of January

1758 an exact signed Account of the Number of Cattle each of

them have for Slaughter the ensuing Year, and also of their

several and respective Stocks of Sheep, and how many of

those they intend for Sale.

All Persons upon the said Island are hereby

also required to send into the said Office on or before the time

aforesaid a just return of their Horses &ca. distinguishing them

according to their several denominations as usual.

Chas. Hutchinson

John Adamson

John Clark.

On Monday 5 December 1757 the council met at the castle, with Governor Charles Hutchinson presiding alongside Lieutenant Governor John Adamson and Lieutenant John Clark of the council. The previous consultation, dated 3 December 1757, was read, approved and signed.

The council ordered the following advertisement to be published.

Island St Helena

The notice required all persons upon the island to send into the secretary's office, on or before Monday 2 January 1758, a signed account of the exact number of cattle each of them intended to slaughter the following year, together with their several stocks of sheep and how many of those they intended for sale.

The notice further required all persons upon the island to send into the same office, by the same date, a true return of their horses, distinguishing them according to their several denominations as usual.

Charles Hutchinson John Adamson John Clark

19

13

12th. December.

At a Consultation held on Monday the 12th. day of December 1757

at the Castle

Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr. Governor.

John Adamson Lieutenant Governor.

The last Consultation was read, approved and Signed, Dated the 5th.

December 1757.

Wednesday the 7th. Sailed the Honorable Companys Ship Walpole for England.

Enlisted James Lee as a Soldier for five Years,

at ten Pounds Bounty Money, and had the Articles of War read to

him by the Adjutant.

The Gentlemen Planters that met in Vestry on the 24th.

October to take under their Consideration the many Inconveniences

which attend there being so many Sheep, and Horses, kept upon this

Island, and upon the Honorable Companys waste Land, Having

appointed and impowered Messrs. Francis Wrangham Senr., Richard

Beale Senr., Richard Bagley, Matthew Furling, John Doxfountain,

John Dowton, and William Young, to inspect into the same, Those

Gentlemen this Day delivered to us in Council, the following Representation

vizt.

Island St. Helena

We whose Names are hereunder written being

appointed by the Inhabitants of the said Island, at a Meeting in Vestry

the 24th. of October last (pursuant to an Order from the Governor and

Council) to consider, regulate, and put upon a better Footing, the keeping,

and grazing Sheep, and Horses, upon the said Island, Have, according to

such appointment, this Day met, and duly Weighed, and considered the

same in all its Circumstances, are unanimously of opinion, and declare

and agree to the following Articles, which we hope will be for the future

advantage of the Island in general, vizt.

First. That all Persons whatsoever who possess Lands Freehold, or

Leasehold, shall be allowed to keep only one Sheep, and no more, for every

three Acres of Land they shall from time to time possess, whether kept

on their own Land, or on the Honorable Companys Waste, which will

reduce the quantity given in at the present return, about four Hundred.

That no Person or Persons whatsoever, who do not possess

Lands in the said Island, shall be allowed to keep any Sheep, either in their

own Mark, or by the Sanction of any other Person who hath a right to

keep

Margin Notes:

Lieutenant John Clark of Council being lame

thats 3475

On Monday 12 December 1757 the council met at the castle, with Governor Charles Hutchinson presiding alongside Lieutenant Governor John Adamson, Lieutenant John Clark of the council being absent. The previous consultation, dated 5 December 1757, was read, approved and signed.

On Wednesday 7 December the Honourable Company's ship Walpole sailed for England.

James Lee enlisted as a soldier for five years at £10 bounty money, and the adjutant read him the Articles of War.

The gentlemen planters who had met at Rosetta on 24 October to consider the many inconveniences arising from the numbers of sheep and horses kept upon the island and upon the Honourable Company's waste land, having appointed and empowered Francis Wrangham senior, Richard Beale senior, Richard Bagley, Matthew Purling, John Dovefountain, John Dowton and William Young to inspect into the same, those gentlemen that day delivered to the council the following representation.

Island St Helena

Those whose names were written below, being appointed by the inhabitants of the island at a meeting at Rosetta on 24 October last, pursuant to an order from the Governor and council, to consider, regulate and put upon a better footing the keeping and grazing of sheep and horses upon the island, had according to that appointment that day met, duly weighed and considered the circumstances, and were unanimously of the opinion that they declared and agreed to the following articles, which they hoped would be for the future advantage of the island in general.

First: all persons whatsoever who possessed lands stocked or leaseholds should be allowed to keep only one sheep for every three acres of land they should from time to time possess, whether kept on their own land or on the Honourable Company's waste, which would reduce the quantity given in at the present return by about 400.

Second: no person or persons whatsoever, who did not possess lands in the island, should be allowed to keep any sheep, either in their own mark or by the sanction of any other person who had a right to keep [...]

Interpretations

The planters' committee proposal to cap sheep numbers at one per three acres represented a form of self-regulation by the landholding population, submitted to the council for approval rather than imposed by government order, showing that control over grazing pressure on the island was negotiated between the Company's administration and the planter class rather than dictated from above. The distinction drawn between those who held land, whether by title or lease, and those who held none, with the latter barred from keeping sheep altogether regardless of whose mark they used, closed off a practice by which landless inhabitants had evidently been running stock under the cover of a landholder's brand, and marked an attempt to tie grazing rights firmly to land tenure.

20

14

12th. December

keep Sheep, and all those who do not possess Lands as aforesaid,

are to be respectively allowed Six Months from the date hereof, to kill,

or dispose of the same, And if any such Person or Persons shall in

that time fail to kill, or dispose of such Sheep, That then the same to

be Sold, and the Produce thereof distributed towards the relief of

the Poor of the Parish.

3. That all Persons whatsoever who do possess Lands in the

said Island, and have at present more Stock than they are respectively

permitted to keep, by this Regulation, shall be allowed Twelve Months

from the date hereof, to kill or dispose of such Overplus Stock.

4th. That two Persons in each Division be chosen by the Inhabitants

in Vestry assembled, once in the Year, to inspect into the number of

Sheep each Person keeps, to see that they do not exceed the Number

by this Regulation respectively allowed them. And all such Sheep

as shall be found upon such Inspection to be overplus, to be Sold

at the Market within a Month after a Report shall be made

thereof to the Governor and Council, And the Produce of such shall

be given to the Owner or Owners.

And whereas Horses are of infinite Service, & contribute

much to the Ease, and health, of the Inhabitants in this Hilly Place,

as well as for the Conveniences of the Gentlemen that call here in

the Shipping, In Consideration whereof, We are of opinion,

That any Person Inhabiting in the said Island, and possessing

Ten Acres of Land, or upwards, to Seventy Acres, shall be permitted

to keep one Saddle Horse, or Mare. And that every Inhabitant

possessing Seventy Acres of Land, or upwards, to one Hundred

and Forty Acres, shall be permitted to keep two Saddle Horses, or

Mares. And that every Inhabitant possessing One hundred & Forty

Acres of Land, or above, shall be permitted to keep three Saddle

Horses, or Mares, and no more, let them possess ever so large a

quantity of Land, (which will reduce the Number given in at the

present Return, about twenty two Horses) And that no Horses, or

Mares be permitted, at any Season of the Year, under any Pretence

whatsoever, to graze on the Honorable Companys waste Land,

as they eat up & destroy the Herbage from the black Cattle.

6th. That every Person herein concerned, be allowed

Twelve Months from the date hereof, to reduce the Number

of his Horses or Mares, according to what is allotted him

by this Regulation.

7th.

Sheep. Those who possessed no land as before described were to be allowed six months from that date to kill or dispose of any they held, and if any such person failed to kill or dispose of such sheep within that time, the sheep were to be sold and the proceeds distributed towards the relief of the poor of the parish.

Third: all persons who possessed land in the island and currently held more stock than they were permitted to keep by this regulation were to be allowed twelve months from that date to kill or dispose of the surplus.

Fourth: two persons in each division were to be chosen by the inhabitants assembled in vestry, once a year, to inspect the number of sheep each person kept, to ensure that none exceeded the number allowed by this regulation. Any sheep found upon such inspection to be surplus were to be sold at the market within a month of a report being made to the Governor and council, and the proceeds were to be given to the owner or owners.

Whereas horses were of great service and contributed much to the ease and health of the inhabitants in that hilly place, as well as to the convenience of gentlemen arriving with the shipping, the council resolved that any person inhabiting the island and possessing ten acres of land or upwards, up to seventy acres, should be permitted to keep one saddle horse or mare. Every inhabitant possessing seventy acres of land or upwards, up to 140 acres, should be permitted to keep two saddle horses or mares, and every inhabitant possessing 140 acres or above should be permitted to keep three saddle horses or mares and no more, however large a quantity of land they possessed, which would reduce the number given in at the present return by about twenty-two horses. No horses or mares were to be permitted at any season of the year, under any pretence whatsoever, to graze on the Honourable Company's waste land, as they ate up and destroyed the herbage there from the black cattle.

Sixth: every person affected by this regulation was to be allowed twelve months from that date to reduce the number of his horses or mares according to what was allotted him by this regulation.

Interpretations

The provision for reducing sheep and horse numbers over a grace period of six or twelve months, rather than requiring immediate compliance, showed the council balancing the aim of reducing pressure on grazing land against the practical hardship of forcing owners to dispose of animals at short notice. The exclusion of horses from the Company's waste land, justified explicitly by the damage they did to pasture needed by black cattle, revealed a hierarchy of priority among the island's livestock, with cattle grazing on Company land protected over the private convenience of horse owners.

Speculations

The regulation's choice to base horse-keeping entitlement on acreage held, rather than on a flat allowance per household or per adult male, rewarded larger landholders with the right to keep more horses even though horses were valued chiefly for ease of transport across the island's hilly terrain, a need not obviously greater for the wealthy than for smaller landholders; the committee's decision to tie the privilege to property size, when a needs-based allocation was equally available to them, suggests the article was framed as much to protect the existing standing of larger proprietors as to solve the stated problem of overgrazing.

21

15

1757.

7th. That every Person failing, at the Expiration of the said

Twelve Months, to comply with this Regulation, in respect to Horses

shall be subject to such Penalty as the Governor and Council

shall think proper.

8th. That for the benefit of the Inhabitants of the said Island

in general, We are of Opinion, and do hereby unanimously Consent

and agree, That no Person or Persons Do from this time presume

on any Account whatsoever, to turn out, or Graze any manner of

Cattle in or upon the Places called the Man & Horse and Manatee

Bay, The Horse Pasture, from the said Hill to Southims Water,

and the Woody Ridge, that is from Prosperous Bay Water to Stony

Valley, after the first day of January in every Year until public

Notice shall be given for so doing, by the Governor and Council, as they

are the four principal Places for the Inhabitants to turn out, & graze

Cattle upon in proper Seasons. And that two Persons be Yearly appointed

by the Inhabitants in Vestry assembled, to inspect into these places, and

make a Report thereof to the Governor and Council, when they apprehend

it a proper time to turn out, & graze Cattle upon the same, And all &

every Person or Persons, inhabiting the said Island, that shall not

strictly comply therewith, shall be liable to such Penalty as the

Governor and Council shall think fit. To whose better Judgment we

beg leave to refer & Submit the foregoing Dated at St. Helena

10th. December 1757

Francs. Wrangham

Rich. Beale.

Rich. Bagley

Mr. Furling

John Dosfountain

John Dovton

Wm. Young

Agreed to peruse, and take the above Representation

into Consideration.

Chas. Hutchinson

John Clark.

Seventh: every person failing, at the expiration of the said twelve months, to comply with this regulation in respect of horses was to be subject to such penalty as the Governor and council thought proper.

Eighth: for the benefit of the inhabitants of the island in general, the committee unanimously agreed that no person or persons should from that time presume, on any account whatsoever, to turn out or graze any manner of cattle upon the places called Man and Horse and Manatee Bay, the Horse Pasture from the Old Hill to Southens Water, and the Woody Ridge from Prosperous Bay Water to Stone Top Valley, after the first day of January in every year, until public notice was given for doing so by the Governor and council, since these were the four principal places for the inhabitants to turn out and graze cattle in proper seasons. Two persons were to be appointed yearly by the inhabitants in vestry assembled to inspect into those places and make a report to the Governor and council when they thought it a proper time to turn out and graze cattle upon them, and every person inhabiting the island who did not strictly comply with this was to be liable to such penalty as the Governor and council thought fit. To whose better judgement the committee begged leave to refer and submit the foregoing, dated at St Helena, 10 December 1757.

Francis Wrangham Richard Beale Richard Bagley Matthew Purling John Dovefountain John Dovecton William Young

The council agreed to peruse and take the above representation into consideration.

Charles Hutchinson John Clark

Interpretations

The naming of four specific grazing grounds, closed to cattle from January until the council authorised their reopening, showed the committee treating pasture as a resource to be rested and rotated rather than grazed continuously, with the closure timed to the start of the year suggesting a concern to protect new growth during a particular season. The requirement that inspectors report to the Governor and council before grazing could resume, rather than leaving the decision to the inhabitants themselves, kept ultimate control of the common pasture in the hands of the island's government even though the scheme itself originated from the planters.

22

16

19th. December

At a Consultation held on Monday the 19th. Day of December

1757. at the Castle

Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr. Governor

John Adamson Lieutenant Governor

Lieutenant John Clark of Council.

The last Consultation was read, approved, and Signed, Dated

the 12th. December 1757.

William Cocksey, Robert Evans, and

William Boddington, who were confined sometime ago, at the

Consultation of the 31st. of October, this Day offered Bail for

their Appearance, and having procured Mr. Henry Bazett to

be bound for them, we accordingly accepted of him.

The Plantation, Gunners, and Stewards

Accounts for the Month ending the 11th. Instant, were this Day

brought in, which were examined and approved, & are

as follow. Vizt.

Account

On Monday 19 December 1757 the council met at the castle, with Governor Charles Hutchinson presiding alongside Lieutenant Governor John Adamson and Lieutenant John Clark of the council. The previous consultation, dated 12 December 1757, was read, approved and signed.

William Cocksey, Robert Evans and William Boddington, who had been confined some time before as per the consultation of 31 October, that day offered bail for their appearance. Having procured Mr Henry Bazett to be bound for them, the council accordingly accepted him.

The plantation, gunners' and stewards' accounts for the month ending the 11th instant were brought in that day, examined and approved, and were as follows.

23

17

Account of the Honorable Companys Stock of Neat Cattle &ca from the 12th. of November to the 11th. of December 1757 vizt.

Bulls, Cows, Calves, Yearlings, Heifers, Steers, Oxen, Total, Ewes, Wethers, Lambs, Rams, Total, Ewes, Wethers, Kidds, Rams, Total, Sows, Shoats, Pigs, Boars, Total, Fowls, Ducks, Turkeys, Geese, Horses, Mares, Total, He Asses, She Asses, Total

Remaining 12th.: Bulls 3, Cows 92, Calves 78, Yearlings 47, Heifers 32, Steers 45, Oxen 20, Total 317, Ewes 354, Wethers 179, Lambs 210, Rams 4, Total 747, Ewes 183, Wethers 37, Kidds 85, Rams 6, Total 311, Sows 4, Shoats 2, Pigs 22, Boars 1, Total 29, Fowls 187, Ducks 46, Turkeys 31, Geese 31, Horses 6, Mares 8, Total 14, He Asses 3, She Asses 3, Total 6

Encreased: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 7, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Oxen 0, Total 7, Ewes 0, Wethers 0, Lambs 9, Rams 0, Total 9, Ewes 0, Wethers 0, Kidds 24, Rams 0, Total 24, Sows 0, Shoats 0, Pigs 0, Boars 0, Total 0, Fowls 16, Ducks 2, Turkeys 0, Geese 6, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0, He Asses 0, She Asses 0, Total 0

Total: Bulls 3, Cows 92, Calves 85, Yearlings 47, Heifers 32, Steers 45, Oxen 20, Total 324, Ewes 354, Wethers 179, Lambs 219, Rams 4, Total 756, Ewes 183, Wethers 37, Kidds 109, Rams 6, Total 335, Sows 4, Shoats 2, Pigs 22, Boars 1, Total 29, Fowls 203, Ducks 48, Turkeys 31, Geese 37, Horses 6, Mares 8, Total 14, He Asses 3, She Asses 3, Total 6

Killed: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 0, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 2, Oxen 0, Total 2, Ewes 9, Wethers 7, Lambs 2, Rams 0, Total 18, Ewes 6, Wethers 0, Kidds 0, Rams 0, Total 6, Sows 0, Shoats 0, Pigs 0, Boars 0, Total 0, Fowls 14, Ducks 6, Turkeys 3, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0, He Asses 0, She Asses 0, Total 0

Died: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 0, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Oxen 0, Total 0, Ewes 2, Wethers 1, Lambs 2, Rams 0, Total 5, Ewes 0, Wethers 0, Kidds 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Sows 0, Shoats 0, Pigs 2, Boars 0, Total 2, Fowls 0, Ducks 0, Turkeys 1, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0, He Asses 0, She Asses 0, Total 0

Sold: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 0, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Oxen 0, Total 0, Ewes 0, Wethers 0, Lambs 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Ewes 4, Wethers 0, Kidds 0, Rams 0, Total 4, Sows 0, Shoats 0, Pigs 0, Boars 0, Total 0, Fowls 0, Ducks 0, Turkeys 0, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0, He Asses 0, She Asses 0, Total 0

Remaining 11th.: Bulls 3, Cows 92, Calves 85, Yearlings 47, Heifers 32, Steers 43, Oxen 20, Total 322, Ewes 343, Wethers 171, Lambs 215, Rams 4, Total 733, Ewes 173, Wethers 37, Kidds 109, Rams 6, Total 325, Sows 4, Shoats 2, Pigs 20, Boars 1, Total 27, Fowls 189, Ducks 42, Turkeys 27, Geese 37, Horses 6, Mares 8, Total 14, He Asses 3, She Asses 3, Total 6

Beef to the Ship Walpole 560.

6 Sheep to the Market.

1 Do. to the Hospital.

2 Goats to the Hospital.

1 Do. Sold to Mr. Adamson

1 Do. Sold to Mr. Bazett.

4 Do. to the sick Slaves.

Good Yam to the Slaves &ca. 24,665

Refuse Do. for Stock 4,675

29,340

Margin Notes:

Farmers

Account of the Honourable Company's stock of neat cattle, etc, from 12 November to 11 December 1757:

Remaining, 12th: 3 bulls, 92 cows, 78 calves, 47 younglings, 32 heifers, 45 steers, 20 oxen, 317 total neat cattle, 354 ewes, 179 wethers, 210 lambs, 4 rams, 747 total sheep, 183 ewes, 37 wethers, 85 kids, 6 rams, 311 total goats, 4 sows, 2 barrows, 22 pigs, 1 boar, 29 total hogs, 187 fowls, 46 ducks, 31 turkeys, 31 geese, 6 horses, 8 mares, 14 total horses, 3 he asses, 3 she asses, 6 total asses

Increased: 0 bulls, 0 cows, 7 calves, 0 younglings, 0 heifers, 0 steers, 0 oxen, 7 total neat cattle, 0 ewes, 0 wethers, 9 lambs, 0 rams, 9 total sheep, 0 ewes, 0 wethers, 24 kids, 0 rams, 24 total goats, 0 sows, 0 barrows, 0 pigs, 0 boar, 0 total hogs, 16 fowls, 2 ducks, 0 turkeys, 6 geese, 0 horses, 0 mares, 0 total horses, 0 he asses, 0 she asses, 0 total asses

Total: 3 bulls, 92 cows, 85 calves, 47 younglings, 32 heifers, 45 steers, 20 oxen, 324 total neat cattle, 354 ewes, 179 wethers, 219 lambs, 4 rams, 756 total sheep, 183 ewes, 37 wethers, 109 kids, 6 rams, 335 total goats, 4 sows, 2 barrows, 22 pigs, 1 boar, 29 total hogs, 203 fowls, 48 ducks, 31 turkeys, 37 geese, 6 horses, 8 mares, 14 total horses, 3 he asses, 3 she asses, 6 total asses

Killed: 0 bulls, 0 cows, 0 calves, 0 younglings, 0 heifers, 2 steers, 0 oxen, 2 total neat cattle, 9 ewes, 7 wethers, 2 lambs, 0 rams, 18 total sheep, 6 ewes, 0 wethers, 0 kids, 0 rams, 6 total goats, 0 sows, 0 barrows, 0 pigs, 0 boar, 0 total hogs, 14 fowls, 6 ducks, 3 turkeys, 0 geese, 0 horses, 0 mares, 0 total horses, 0 he asses, 0 she asses, 0 total asses

Died: 0 bulls, 0 cows, 0 calves, 0 younglings, 0 heifers, 0 steers, 0 oxen, 0 total neat cattle, 2 ewes, 1 wether, 2 lambs, 0 rams, 5 total sheep, 0 ewes, 0 wethers, 0 kids, 0 rams, 0 total goats, 0 sows, 0 barrows, 2 pigs, 0 boar, 2 total hogs, 0 fowls, 0 ducks, 1 turkey, 0 geese, 0 horses, 0 mares, 0 total horses, 0 he asses, 0 she asses, 0 total asses

Sold: 0 bulls, 0 cows, 0 calves, 0 younglings, 0 heifers, 0 steers, 0 oxen, 0 total neat cattle, 0 ewes, 0 wethers, 0 lambs, 0 rams, 0 total sheep, 4 ewes, 0 wethers, 4 kids, 0 rams, 4 total goats, 0 sows, 0 barrows, 0 pigs, 0 boar, 0 total hogs, 0 fowls, 0 ducks, 0 turkeys, 0 geese, 0 horses, 0 mares, 0 total horses, 0 he asses, 0 she asses, 0 total asses

Remaining, 11th: 3 bulls, 92 cows, 85 calves, 47 younglings, 32 heifers, 43 steers, 20 oxen, 322 total neat cattle, 343 ewes, 171 wethers, 215 lambs, 4 rams, 733 total sheep, 173 ewes, 37 wethers, 109 kids, 6 rams, 325 total goats, 4 sows, 2 barrows, 20 pigs, 1 boar, 27 total hogs, 189 fowls, 42 ducks, 27 turkeys, 37 geese, 6 horses, 8 mares, 14 total horses, 3 he asses, 3 she asses, 6 total asses

560 pounds of beef to the ship Walpole 6 sheep to the market 1 sheep to the hospital 2 goats to the hospital 1 goat sold to Mr Adamson 1 goat sold to Mr Bazett 4 goats to the sick slaves

Good yam to the slaves, etc, 24,665

Refuse ditto for stock, 4,675

29,340

Interpretations

The provisioning of beef to the departing ship Walpole showed the plantation's livestock serving the island's shipping trade directly, supplying fresh meat for a vessel about to undertake a long voyage rather than being reserved solely for consumption on the island itself. The division of yam between good yam issued to the slaves and refuse yam kept for stock indicated a grading of the crop by quality, with the better portion directed to human provision and the poorer portion, unfit or inferior, fed to the animals instead.

24

18

19th. December

Gunners Stores expended from the

12th. of November to the 11th. of December

both days included vizt.

Guns fired, 4 pd., 2 pd., Powder expended

Novr. 22 Fired at Ruperts for Practice & for Priming: Guns fired 8, 4 pd. 8, 2 pd. 0, Powder expended 17.8

Do. For the Funeral of Roger Newinson: Guns fired 0, 4 pd. 0, 2 pd. 0, Powder expended 2.4

24 Fired at Ruperts for Practice & for Priming: Guns fired 8, 4 pd. 8, 2 pd. 0, Powder expended 17.8

29th Fired at Do. for Do.: Guns fired 8, 4 pd. 8, 2 pd. 0, Powder expended 17.8

Dec. 1 Fired at Do. for Do.: Guns fired 8, 4 pd. 8, 2 pd. 0, Powder expended 17.8

5 Fired at Do. for Do.: Guns fired 8, 4 pd. 8, 2 pd. 0, Powder expended 17.8

7 Departed the Walpole returned the Salute: Guns fired 9, 4 pd. 0, 2 pd. 9, Powder expended 9

Do. Powder for Priming: Guns fired 0, 4 pd. 0, 2 pd. 0, Powder expended 1.8

9 Fired at Ruperts for Practice & for Priming: Guns fired 8, 4 pd. 8, 2 pd. 0, Powder expended 17.8

Do. Powder for Shooting Goats on Mundens Point Hill: Guns fired 0, 4 pd. 0, 2 pd. 0, Powder expended 1.8

Do. for replenishing the Cartridges at ye main Guard: Guns fired 0, 4 pd. 0, 2 pd. 0, Powder expended 3.12

Do. for exercising the East Flying Party: Guns fired 0, 4 pd. 0, 2 pd. 0, Powder expended 5

Do. for exercising the West Flying Party: Guns fired 0, 4 pd. 0, 2 pd. 0, Powder expended 4.12

Total: Guns fired 57, 4 pd. 48, 2 pd. 9, Powder expended 124.12

Match sent to the Walpole

2

Lead Shot for Shooting Goats on Mundens point hill

1

Tallow for the use of the Long Boats

2

Do. for the use of the Carts

4

Paper for the use of the Castle

1

Do. for the use of the Accomptants Office

1

(Signed)

Thos. Hall

Gunners' stores expended from 12 November to 11 December, both days included:

22 November: fired at Ruperts for practice and priming, 8 rounds from 4-pounders, 8 rounds from 2-pounders, 17 pounds 8 ounces of composition powder

Ditto for the funeral of Roger Newinson, 2 pounds 4 ounces

24th: fired at Ruperts for practice and priming, 8 rounds from 4-pounders, 8 rounds from 2-pounders, 17 pounds 8 ounces

29th: fired at ditto for ditto, 8 rounds from 4-pounders, 8 rounds from 2-pounders, 17 pounds 8 ounces

1 December: fired at ditto for ditto, 8 rounds from 4-pounders, 8 rounds from 2-pounders, 17 pounds 8 ounces

5th: fired at ditto for ditto, 8 rounds from 4-pounders, 8 rounds from 2-pounders, 17 pounds 8 ounces

7th: departed the *Walpole*, returned the salute, 9 rounds from 4-pounders, 0 rounds from 2-pounders, 9 pounds 0 ounces

Powder for priming, 0 pounds 1.8 ounces

8th: fired at Ruperts for practice and priming, 8 rounds from 4-pounders, 8 rounds from 2-pounders, 17 pounds 8 ounces

Powder for shooting goats on Mundens Point Hill, 0 pounds 1.8 ounces

Ditto for replenishing the cartridges at the main guard, 0 pounds 3.12 ounces

Ditto for exercising the east flying party, 0 pounds 5 ounces

Ditto for exercising the west flying party, 0 pounds 4.12 ounces

Total, 57 rounds from 4-pounders, 48 rounds from 2-pounders, 9 rounds from [...], 121 pounds 12 ounces of composition powder

Match cord to the Walpole, 2 pounds 0 ounces Lead shot for shooting goats on Mundens Point Hill, 1 pound 4 ounces Tallow for the use of the long boats, 2 pounds 0 ounces Ditto for the use of the carts, 4 pounds 0 ounces Paper for the use of the castle, 1 pound 27 ounces Ditto for the use of the accountant's office, 1 pound 0 ounces

Signed Thomas Hall.

Interpretations

The regular firing at Ruperts for practice and priming, repeated at intervals of roughly a week throughout the period, showed the garrison maintaining a routine of gunnery drill independent of any particular event, distinct from the powder expended on the single occasions of a funeral, a departing ship's salute or the shooting of goats. The issue of match cord specifically to the departing Walpole indicated that outgoing vessels were supplied with materials needed to fire their own guns at sea, a provision made from the island's gunners' stores rather than carried by the ship's own resources alone.

25

19

1757

Sundrys expended at the Honorable Companys Table

in the Month ending December 11th. 1757 vizt.

24 Bottles Port

£1 12s 10½d

18 Do. Lisbon

£1 4s 7¾d

16 Do. Madeira

£1 19s 6d

67 Do. Arrack

£2 4s 8d

42 Do. Beer

8s 9d

279 lb Flour

£2 8s ¼d

274 lb Fresh Beef

£3 8s 6d

284 lb Mutton

£5 18s 4d

2 Lambs

£1 0s 0d

31 lb Goat

10s 4d

14 Fowls

£1 1s 0d

6 Ducks

9s 0d

3 Turkeys

13s 0d

45 lb fresh Butter

£2 5s 0d

8 pieces Salt Pork

16s 0d

97 lb Candy

£1 12s 4d

£27 13s 11½d

Chas. Hutchinson

John Adamson

John Clark.

Sundries expended at the Honourable Company's table in the month ending 11 December 1757:

24 bottles of port, £1 12s 10½d

18 bottles of Lisbon wine, £1 4s 7¾d

16 bottles of Madeira, £1 19s 0d

67 bottles of arrack, £2 4s 8d

42 bottles of beer, £0 8s 9d

279 pounds of flour, £2 8s 1¼d

274 pounds of fresh beef, £3 8s 6d

284 pounds of mutton, £5 18s 4d

2 lambs, £1 0s 0d

31 pounds of goat, £0 10s 4d

14 fowls, £1 1s 0d

6 ducks, £0 9s 0d

3 turkeys, £0 13s 0d

45 pounds of fresh butter, £2 5s 0d

8 pieces of salt pork, £0 16s 0d

97 pounds of candy, £1 12s 4d

£27 13s 11½d

Charles Hutchinson John Adamson John Clark

26

20

3d. January

At a Consultation held on Tuesday the 3. day of January

1758 at the Castle

Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr. Governor.

John Adamson Lieutenant Governor.

Lieutenant John Clark of Council.

The last Consultation was read, approved, and Signed, Dated

the 19th. of December 1757.

William Niblet Soldier having been

missing ever since Thursday the 22 of last Month, and

altho some People have been sent in search of him, he

could not be found until Yesterday, when his Body was

discovered in a hole near that part of the Island called

the Sugar Loaf, but quit Dead, and by the Colour of him, he

is supposed to have poisoned himself.

Hearty a Black Man belonging to the

Ship Walpole, being detected in attempting to carry Michella a

Slave Wench belonging to Mr. Margaret Alcock off the Island, in a

clandestine manner, We therefore Ordered the said Hearty to be

whipped, and to receive one hundred Lashes.

Edward Bagley being found guilty by

his own Confession of buying a Cat from a Black Man, the property

of Joseph Chamberlain Soldier, against repeated Orders, We therefore

Fined the said Edward Bagley in the Sum of five pounds to the

Honorable Companys Cash, and Ordered him to make the said

Chamberlain proper Satisfaction.

Counted and Examined the Honorable Companys

Cash for the Month ending the 11th. December, which is as follows vizt.

Cash

On Tuesday 3 January 1758 the council met at the castle, with Governor Charles Hutchinson presiding alongside Lieutenant Governor John Adamson and Lieutenant John Clark of the council. The previous consultation, dated 19 December 1757, was read, approved and signed.

William Niblet, a soldier, had been missing since Thursday 22 of the previous month, and though people had been sent in search of him he could not be found until the previous day, when his body was discovered in a hole near the part of the island called the Sugar Loaf, quite dead. By the colour of him, he was supposed to have poisoned himself.

Hearty, a black man belonging to the ship Walpole, was detected attempting to carry off the island, in a clandestine manner, Bridget, a slave woman belonging to Mrs Margaret Alcock. The council ordered Hearty to be whipped and to receive 100 lashes.

Edward Bagley, being found guilty by his own confession of buying a cat from a black man, the property of Joseph Chamberlain, a soldier, against repeated orders, was fined by the council in the sum of £5 to the Honourable Company's cash, and was ordered to make Chamberlain proper satisfaction.

The council counted and examined the Honourable Company's cash for the month ending 11 December, which was as follows.

27

21

Cash Dr. Per Contra Cr.

1757

Novr. 12 To Balance remaining

£2652 2s 0d

30 To Exchange for a Sett of Bills drawn upon

the Honorable the Court of Directors payable to

Thomas Hall or Order Thirty days sight

Dated this Day

£40 0s 0d

Decr. 3 To Ship Walpole, the ballance of her Acct.

£14 1s 8d

£2706 3s 8d

1757

Decr. 11 By Balance remaining in the following Species vizt.

290 Venetians at 10s.

£145 0s 0d

850 Pagodas at 8s.

£340 0s 0d

Gold amounting to

£485 0s 0d

3300 Dollars at 5s.

£825 0s 0d

5400 Rupees at 2s 3d

£607 10s 0d

1304 Double Rials at 1s 3d

£81 10s 0d

10476 half Rials at 3¾d

£163 13s 9d

441 French Pieces at 2s.

£3 13s 6d

Odd Money

£1 5s 0d

Silver Amounting to

£1681 8s 8d

146 Cash Notes at 40s.

£292 0s 0d

162 Do. at 20s.

£162 0s 0d

263 Do. at 5s.

£65 15s 0d

160 Do. at 2s 6d.

£15 0s 0d

Cash Notes of no use amounting to

£539 15s 0d

£2706 3s 8d

Cash, debtor:

12 November 1757, to balance remaining, £2,652 2s 0d

30th, to exchange for a set of bills drawn upon the Honourable the Court of Directors, payable to Thomas Hall or order thirty days after sight, dated that day, £40 0s 0d

3 December, to ship Walpole, the balance of her account, £14 1s 8d

£2,706 3s 8d

Per contra, creditor:

11 December 1757, by balance remaining in the following species:

290 Venetians at 10s, £145 0s 0d

850 pagodas at 8s, £340 0s 0d

Gold amounting to £485 0s 0d

3,300 dollars at 5s, £825 0s 0d

5,400 rupees at 2s 3d, £607 10s 0d

1,304 double rials at 1s 3d, £81 10s 0d

10,476 half rials at 3¾d, £163 13s 9d

441 French pieces at 2d, £3 13s 6d

Odd money, £1 5s 0d

Silver amounting to £1,681 8s 8d

146 cash notes at 40s, £292 0s 0d

162 ditto at 20s, £162 0s 0d

263 ditto at 5s, £65 15s 0d

160 ditto at 2s 6d, £15 0s 0d

Cash notes of no use amounting to £539 15s 0d

£2,706 3s 8d

28

22

9th. January

Mr. Matthew Purling the Accomptant

Reports that the Honorable Companys general Books of Accompts

are Copyed, which we ordered to be examined, and got ready to

be transmitted to their Honors by the first opportunity.

Chas. Hutchinson

John Adamson

John Clark.

At a Consultation held on Monday the 9th. day of

January 1758 at the Castle

Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr. Governor

John Adamson Lieutenant Governor

Lieutenant John Clark of Council.

The last Consultation was read, approved, and Signed

Dated the 3. January 1758.

Upon looking over the List of Books, &

finding that Mr. John Alexander, who possesses One hundred &

Forty Acres of Land, and Mr. James Greentree who possesses

One hundred & three Acres, had returned no Cattle for Slaughter

for the Service of the present Year, we therefore sent for them,

and asked those Gentlemen how it happened that they had no

Cattle for Sale, who respectively Declared as followeth vizt. James Greentree said

that he was under a necessity of Disposing of his young Cattle to pay his Rents to

the Honorable Company and to discharge some Debts that he had contracted, John

Alexander said that he had lately purchased a quantity of Land, and had not

Money to buy Cattle, and therefore was obliged to keep his Young ones, Yet

both said they hoped, and did not doubt but that they should be able to supply

their Proportions, according to the quantity of Land they possess, in another

Years time.

Mr Matthew Purling, the accountant, reported that the Honourable Company's general books of accounts were copied, and the council ordered them examined and got ready to be transmitted to their Honours by the first opportunity.

Charles Hutchinson John Adamson John Clark

On Monday 9 January 1758 the council met at the castle, with Governor Charles Hutchinson presiding alongside Lieutenant Governor John Adamson and Lieutenant John Clark of the council. The previous consultation, dated 3 January 1758, was read, approved and signed.

Upon looking over the list of returns, the council found that Mr John Alexander, who possessed 140 acres of land, and Mr James Greentree, who possessed 103 acres, had returned no cattle for slaughter for the service of the current year. The council therefore sent for those gentlemen and asked them how it happened that they had no cattle for sale. James Greentree declared that he was under a necessity of disposing of his young cattle to pay his rents to the Honourable Company and to discharge some debts he had contracted. John Alexander said that he had lately purchased a quantity of land and had no money to buy cattle, and was therefore obliged to keep his young ones. Both said they hoped and did not doubt that they would be able to supply their proportions according to the quantity of land they possessed, in another year's time.

Interpretations

The requirement that landholders return an annual quota of cattle for slaughter, tied to the acreage they possessed under the regulation agreed the previous month, showed the council treating livestock production as an obligation of tenure rather than a matter left entirely to the owner's discretion, with a shortfall serious enough to require the defaulters to explain themselves in person. Greentree's admission that he had sold off young stock to pay rent and discharge debts revealed the pressure smaller or indebted landholders faced in meeting both their financial obligations to the Company and their obligations in kind, sometimes forcing a choice between the two.

29

23

16th. January

At a Consultation held on Monday the 16th. day of January 1758

at the Castle.

Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr. Governor

John Adamson Lieutenant Governor

Lieutenant John Clark of Council

The last Consultation was read, approved, and Signed, Dated

the 9th. January 1758.

Enlisted William Beale a Native to serve the

Honorable Company as a Soldier for five Years at five pounds

Bounty Money, and had the Articles of War read to him by the Adjutant.

John Langbridge Soldier having served his

Contracted time, and being unfit for further Services, we therefore

discharged him this Day, and directed him to be Subsisted while

an Opportunity offered for sending him off the Island, as we

look upon him to be a Person injurious to the Garrison, being a

kind of Usurer, as appears pr Consultation of the 31st. October 1757.

Chas. Hutchinson

John Adamson

John Clark.

At a Consultation held on Monday the 23. day of January

1758 at the Castle

Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr. Governor

John Adamson Lieutenant Governor

Lieutenant John Clark of Council.

The last Consultation was read, approved, and Signed, Dated

the 16th. January 1758.

Saturday the 21st. Died Sarah Leech Single Woman.

The Plantation, Gunners, and Stewards

Accounts for the Month ending the 11th. Instant, were this Day

brought in, which were examined, and approved, and are as

follow. Vizt.

Acct.

On Monday 16 January 1758 the council met at the castle, with Governor Charles Hutchinson presiding alongside Lieutenant Governor John Adamson and Lieutenant John Clark of the council. The previous consultation, dated 9 January 1758, was read, approved and signed.

William Beale, a native, enlisted to serve the Honourable Company as a soldier for five years at £5 bounty money, and the adjutant read him the Articles of War.

John Langbridge, a soldier, having served his contracted time and being unfit for further service, was discharged that day. The council directed him to be subsisted until an opportunity offered for sending him off the island, since they looked upon him to be a person injurious to the garrison, being a kind of usurer, as appeared from the consultation of 31 October 1757.

Charles Hutchinson John Adamson John Clark

On Monday 23 January 1758 the council met at the castle, with Governor Charles Hutchinson presiding alongside Lieutenant Governor John Adamson and Lieutenant John Clark of the council. The previous consultation, dated 16 January 1758, was read, approved and signed.

Saturday 21st, Sarah Leech, single woman, died.

The plantation, gunners' and stewards' accounts for the month ending the 11th instant were brought in that day, examined and approved, and were as follows.

30

24

Account of the Honorable Companys Stock of Neat Cattle &ca from 12th. December 1757 to 11th. January 1758 vizt.

Bulls, Cows, Calves, Yearlings, Heifers, Steers, Oxen, Total, Ewes, Wethers, Lambs, Rams, Total, Ewes, Wethers, Kidds, Rams, Total, Sows, Shoats, Pigs, Boars, Total, Fowls, Ducks, Turkeys, Geese, Horses, Mares, Total, He Asses, She Asses, Total

Remaining 11th.: Bulls 3, Cows 92, Calves 85, Yearlings 47, Heifers 32, Steers 43, Oxen 20, Total 322, Ewes 343, Wethers 171, Lambs 215, Rams 4, Total 733, Ewes 173, Wethers 37, Kidds 109, Rams 6, Total 325, Sows 4, Shoats 2, Pigs 20, Boars 1, Total 27, Fowls 189, Ducks 42, Turkeys 27, Geese 37, Horses 6, Mares 8, Total 14, He Asses 3, She Asses 3, Total 6

Encreased: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 8, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Oxen 0, Total 8, Ewes 0, Wethers 0, Lambs 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Ewes 0, Wethers 0, Kidds 4, Rams 0, Total 4, Sows 0, Shoats 0, Pigs 6, Boars 0, Total 6, Fowls 28, Ducks 32, Turkeys 5, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0, He Asses 0, She Asses 0, Total 0

Total: Bulls 3, Cows 92, Calves 93, Yearlings 47, Heifers 32, Steers 43, Oxen 20, Total 330, Ewes 343, Wethers 171, Lambs 215, Rams 4, Total 733, Ewes 173, Wethers 37, Kidds 113, Rams 6, Total 329, Sows 4, Shoats 2, Pigs 26, Boars 1, Total 33, Fowls 217, Ducks 74, Turkeys 32, Geese 37, Horses 6, Mares 8, Total 14, He Asses 3, She Asses 3, Total 6

Killed: Bulls 0, Cows 1, Calves 0, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 1, Oxen 0, Total 2, Ewes 8, Wethers 9, Lambs 0, Rams 0, Total 17, Ewes 11, Wethers 7, Kidds 2, Rams 0, Total 20, Sows 0, Shoats 1, Pigs 0, Boars 0, Total 1, Fowls 16, Ducks 7, Turkeys 1, Geese 2, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0, He Asses 0, She Asses 0, Total 0

Died: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 0, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 1, Oxen 1, Total 1, Ewes 1, Wethers 0, Lambs 5, Rams 0, Total 6, Ewes 0, Wethers 0, Kidds 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Sows 0, Shoats 0, Pigs 7, Boars 0, Total 7, Fowls 1, Ducks 0, Turkeys 0, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0, He Asses 0, She Asses 0, Total 0

Remaining 11th.: Bulls 3, Cows 91, Calves 93, Yearlings 47, Heifers 32, Steers 42, Oxen 19, Total 327, Ewes 334, Wethers 162, Lambs 210, Rams 4, Total 710, Ewes 162, Wethers 30, Kidds 111, Rams 6, Total 309, Sows 4, Shoats 1, Pigs 19, Boars 1, Total 25, Fowls 200, Ducks 67, Turkeys 31, Geese 35, Horses 6, Mares 8, Total 14, He Asses 3, She Asses 3, Total 6

1 Steer killed for the Table.

1 Cow for the Slaves at Christmas.

9 Goats for Do. at Do.

2 Do. for the Sick Slaves.

5 Do. for the Hospital.

2 Kidds & 2 Goats for the Table.

9 Sheep for the Table.

5 Do. for the Market.

3 Do. for the Hospital.

1 Shoat for the Table.

Good Yam for the Slaves &ca. 37,550

Refuse Do. for Stock 250

37,800

Margin Notes:

Farmers

23 January

Account of the Honourable Company's stock of neat cattle, etc, from 12 December 1757 to 11 January 1758:

Remaining, 11th: 3 bulls, 92 cows, 85 calves, 47 younglings, 32 heifers, 43 steers, 20 oxen, 322 total neat cattle, 343 ewes, 171 wethers, 215 lambs, 4 rams, 733 total sheep, 173 ewes, 37 wethers, 109 kids, 6 rams, 325 total goats, 4 sows, 2 barrows, 20 pigs, 1 boar, 27 total hogs, 189 fowls, 42 ducks, 27 turkeys, 37 geese, 6 horses, 8 mares, 14 total horses, 3 he asses, 3 she asses, 6 total asses

Increased: 0 bulls, 0 cows, 8 calves, 0 younglings, 0 heifers, 0 steers, 0 oxen, 8 total neat cattle, 0 ewes, 0 wethers, 0 lambs, 0 rams, 0 total sheep, 0 ewes, 0 wethers, 4 kids, 0 rams, 4 total goats, 0 sows, 0 barrows, 6 pigs, 0 boar, 6 total hogs, 28 fowls, 32 ducks, 5 turkeys, 0 geese, 0 horses, 0 mares, 0 total horses, 0 he asses, 0 she asses, 0 total asses

Total: 3 bulls, 92 cows, 93 calves, 47 younglings, 32 heifers, 43 steers, 20 oxen, 330 total neat cattle, 343 ewes, 171 wethers, 215 lambs, 4 rams, 733 total sheep, 173 ewes, 37 wethers, 113 kids, 6 rams, 329 total goats, 4 sows, 2 barrows, 26 pigs, 1 boar, 33 total hogs, 217 fowls, 74 ducks, 32 turkeys, 37 geese, 6 horses, 8 mares, 14 total horses, 3 he asses, 3 she asses, 6 total asses

Killed: 0 bulls, 0 cows, 1 calf, 0 younglings, 0 heifers, 1 steer, 0 oxen, 2 total neat cattle, 8 ewes, 9 wethers, 0 lambs, 0 rams, 17 total sheep, 11 ewes, 7 wethers, 2 kids, 0 rams, 20 total goats, 0 sows, 1 barrow, 0 pigs, 0 boar, 1 total hogs, 16 fowls, 7 ducks, 1 turkey, 2 geese, 0 horses, 0 mares, 0 total horses, 0 he asses, 0 she asses, 0 total asses

Died: 0 bulls, 1 cow, 0 calves, 0 younglings, 0 heifers, 1 steer, 1 ox, 1 total neat cattle, 1 ewe, 1 wether, 1 lamb, 0 rams, 5 total sheep, 0 ewes, 0 wethers, 0 kids, 0 rams, 0 total goats, 0 sows, 0 barrows, 0 pigs, 0 boar, 7 total hogs, 0 fowls, 0 ducks, 0 turkeys, 0 geese, 0 horses, 0 mares, 0 total horses, 0 he asses, 0 she asses, 0 total asses

Remaining, 11th: 3 bulls, 91 cows, 93 calves, 47 younglings, 32 heifers, 42 steers, 19 oxen, 327 total neat cattle, 334 ewes, 162 wethers, 210 lambs, 4 rams, 710 total sheep, 162 ewes, 30 wethers, 111 kids, 6 rams, 309 total goats, 4 sows, 1 barrow, 19 pigs, 1 boar, 25 total hogs, 200 fowls, 67 ducks, 31 turkeys, 35 geese, 6 horses, 8 mares, 14 total horses, 3 he asses, 3 she asses, 6 total asses

1 steer killed for the table 1 cow for the slaves at Christmas 9 goats for ditto at ditto 2 goats for the sick slaves 5 goats for the hospital 2 kids and 2 goats for the table 9 sheep for the table 5 ditto for the market 3 ditto for the hospital 1 sheep for the table

Good yam for the slaves, etc, 37,550

Refuse ditto for stock, 250

37,800

31

25

1758

Gunners Stores expended from the 12th. Decr.

1757 to the 11th. Jany. 1758 Inclusive. vizt.

Guns fired, 6 pd., 4 pd., 2 pd., 1 pd., Powder expended

Decr. 12 Powder for blowing Limestone: Guns fired 0, 6 pd. 0, 4 pd. 0, 2 pd. 0, 1 pd. 0, Powder expended 28.28

15 Powder for Do.: Guns fired 0, 6 pd. 0, 4 pd. 0, 2 pd. 0, 1 pd. 0, Powder expended 16

Jany. 3 Fired at Ruports for Practice & for priming: Guns fired 8, 6 pd. 8, 4 pd. 0, 2 pd. 0, 1 pd. 0, Powder expended 17.8

4th Fired for Sealing of Guns in Sandy Bay & for priming: Guns fired 19, 6 pd. 4, 4 pd. 2, 2 pd. 2, 1 pd. 0, Powder expended 41

5 Fired at Ruports for Practice & for priming: Guns fired 8, 6 pd. 8, 4 pd. 0, 2 pd. 0, 1 pd. 0, Powder expended 17.8

7th Powder for Shooting for the Table: Guns fired 0, 6 pd. 0, 4 pd. 0, 2 pd. 0, 1 pd. 0, Powder expended 1

10 Fired at Ruports for Practice & for priming: Guns fired 8, 6 pd. 8, 4 pd. 0, 2 pd. 0, 1 pd. 0, Powder expended 17.8

Powder for exercising the East Flying Party: Guns fired 0, 6 pd. 0, 4 pd. 0, 2 pd. 0, 1 pd. 0, Powder expended 15

Do. for exercising the West Flying Party: Guns fired 0, 6 pd. 0, 4 pd. 0, 2 pd. 0, 1 pd. 0, Powder expended 18.4

Do. for exercising the Sandy Bay Party: Guns fired 0, 6 pd. 0, 4 pd. 0, 2 pd. 0, 1 pd. 0, Powder expended 12.4

Total: Guns fired 41, 6 pd. 9, 4 pd. 28, 2 pd. 2, 1 pd. 2, Powder expended 166

Tallow for the use of the Carts in the wood

4

Do. for the use of the Carts at the Plantation House

1

Do. for greasing the Gun Carriages in Sandy Bay

6

Match for the use of the Limestone blowers

5

Paper for making small Cartridges

(Signed) Thos. Hall

Sundrys expended at the Honorable Companys Table in the Month

Ending January 11th. 1758.

32 Bottles Port

£2 3s 6d

26 Lisbon

£1 12s 10d

9 Madeira

£1 2s 2½d

68 Arrack

£2 5s 4d

40 Beer

8s 4d

292 Flour

£2 2s 7d

371 Fresh Beef

£4 12s 9d

224 Mutton

£5 1s 8d

2 Kidds

10s 0d

38 lb Goat

12s 8d

16 Fowls

£1 4s 0d

7 Ducks

10s 6d

2 Geese

10s 0d

1 Turkey

5s 0d

46 lb Butter

£2 6s 6d

3 pieces Salt Pork

18s 0d

6 lb Fresh Pork

£1 12s 0d

98 lb Candy

£1 12s 8d

£29 10s 6½d

Having perused, and Considered the Regulations

made by the Planters, as pr Consultation of the 12th. of December last, We agreed to the

same, and Ordered them to be published.

Gunners' stores expended from 12 December 1757 to 11 January 1758 inclusive:

12 December: powder for blowing limestone, 28 pounds

13th: powder for ditto, 16 pounds

3 January: fired at Ruperts for practice and priming, 8 rounds from 6-pounders, 8 rounds from 4-pounders, 0 rounds from 2-pounders, 17 pounds 8 ounces

7th: powder for scaling guns in Sandy Bay for priming, 17 rounds from 6-pounders, 9 rounds from 4-pounders, 4 rounds from 2-pounders, 2 rounds from 1-pounders, 41 pounds 0 ounces

9th: fired at Ruperts for practice and priming, 8 rounds from 6-pounders, 8 rounds from 4-pounders, 0 rounds from 2-pounders, 17 pounds 8 ounces

7th: powder for shooting for the table, 0 pounds 1 ounce

16th: fired at Ruperts for practice and priming, 8 rounds from 6-pounders, 8 rounds from 4-pounders, 0 rounds from 2-pounders, 17 pounds 8 ounces

Powder for exercising the east flying party, 0 pounds 15 ounces

Ditto for exercising the west flying party, 0 pounds 18.4 ounces

Ditto for exercising the Sandy Bay party, 0 pounds 12.4 ounces

Total, 41 rounds from 6-pounders, 9 rounds from 4-pounders, 28 rounds from 2-pounders, 2 rounds from 1-pounders, 166 pounds 0 ounces of composition powder

Tallow for the use of the carts in the wood, 4 pounds 20 ounces Ditto for the use of the carts at the plantation house, 1 pound 0 ounces Ditto for greasing the gun carriages in Sandy Bay, 6 pounds 0 ounces Match for the use of the limestone blowers, 6 pounds 0 ounces Paper for making small cartridges, 3 pounds 0 ounces

Signed Thomas Hall.

Sundries expended at the Honourable Company's table in the month ending 11 January 1758:

32 bottles of port, £2 3s 6d

26 bottles of Lisbon wine, £1 12s 10d

9 bottles of Madeira, £1 2s 2¾d

68 bottles of arrack, £2 5s 4d

40 bottles of beer, £0 8s 4d

292 pounds of flour, £2 2s 7d

371 pounds of fresh beef, £4 12s 9d

224 pounds of mutton, £5 1s 8d

2 kids, £0 10s 0d

38 pounds of goat, £0 12s 8d

16 fowls, £1 4s 0d

7 ducks, £0 10s 6d

2 geese, £0 10s 0d

1 turkey, £0 5s 0d

46 pounds of butter, £2 6s 6d

3 pieces of salt pork, £0 18s 0d

6 pieces of fresh pork, £1 12s 0d

98 pounds of candy, £1 12s 8d

£29 10s 6½d

Having perused and considered the regulations made by the planters as per consultation of 12 December last, the council agreed to the same and ordered them to be published.

32

26

30th. January

At a Consultation held on Monday the 30th. day of January

1758 at the Castle.

Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr. Governor.

John Adamson Lieutenant Governor.

Lieutenant John Clark of Council.

The last Consultation was read, approved, and Signed, Dated

the 23. January 1758.

The Paymastr. brought in his Accounts,

and the Storekeeper his Collections, for the Quarter ending

the 11th. Instant, which were examined, and approved, and

are as follows vizt.

List of the Honorable Companys Officers and Servants

upon the Island St. Helena, with their several Salarys, Diet

Money &ca. for the Quarter commencing October 12th. 1757, and

ending January 11th. 1758. vizt.

Charles Hutchinson Esqr. Governor Salary

£125 0s 0d

Do. Allowance for Servants as usual

£31 14s 9d

£156 14s 9d

John Adamson Lieutenant Govr. Salary

£62 10s 0d

Do. Diet Money

£25 0s 0d

£87 10s 0d

John Clark of Council

£15 0s 0d

William Lee Chaplain Salary

£25 0s 0d

Do. Diet Money

£15 0s 0d

£40 0s 0d

Matthew Purling Accomptant Salary

£17 10s 0d

Do. Diet Money

£15 0s 0d

Do. House Rent

£2 10s 0d

£35 0s 0d

Francis Wrangham Secry. Salary

£17 10s 0d

Do. Diet Money

£15 0s 0d

Do. House Rent

£2 10s 0d

£35 0s 0d

James Powell Storekeeper Salary

£17 10s 0d

Do. Diet Money

£15 0s 0d

Do. House Rent

£2 10s 0d

£35 0s 0d

Matthew Bazett Factor Salary

£7 10s 0d

Do. Diet Money

£10 0s 0d

Do. Assistant Storekeeper

£5 0s 0d

Do. House Rent

£2 10s 0d

£25 0s 0d

William Wrangham Writer Salary

£5 0s 0d

Do. Diet Money

£10 0s 0d

Do. House Rent

£2 10s 0d

£17 10s 0d

Carr'd over

£446 14s 9d

On Monday 30 January 1758 the council met at the castle, with Governor Charles Hutchinson presiding alongside Lieutenant Governor John Adamson and Lieutenant John Clark of the council. The previous consultation, dated 23 January 1758, was read, approved and signed.

The paymaster brought in his accounts, and the storekeeper his collections, for the quarter ending the 11th instant, which were examined, approved and were as follows.

List of the Honourable Company's officers and servants upon the island of St Helena, with their several salaries and diet money, etc, for the quarter commencing 12 October 1757 and ending 11 January 1758:

Governor Charles Hutchinson's salary, £125 0s 0d

Ditto allowance for servants as usual, £31 14s 9d

£156 14s 9d

Lieutenant Governor John Adamson's salary, £62 10s 0d

Ditto diet money, £25 0s 0d

£87 10s 0d

John Clark of council, £15 0s 0d

William Lee, chaplain's salary, £25 0s 0d

Ditto diet money, £15 0s 0d

£40 0s 0d

Matthew Purling, accountant's salary, £17 10s 0d

Ditto diet money, £15 0s 0d

Ditto house rent, £2 10s 0d

£35 0s 0d

Francis Wrangham, secretary's salary, £17 10s 0d

Ditto diet money, £15 0s 0d

Ditto house rent, £2 10s 0d

£35 0s 0d

James Powell, storekeeper's salary, £17 10s 0d

Ditto diet money, £15 0s 0d

Ditto house rent, £2 10s 0d

£35 0s 0d

Matthew Bazett, factor's salary, £7 10s 0d

Ditto diet money, £10 0s 0d

Ditto assistant storekeeper, £5 0s 0d

Ditto house rent, £2 10s 0d

£25 0s 0d

William Wrangham, writer's salary, £5 0s 0d

Ditto diet money, £10 0s 0d

Ditto house rent, £2 10s 0d

£17 10s 0d

Carried over, £464 14s 9d

Interpretations

The practice of paying officers a base salary alongside separate diet money and house rent allowances, rather than a single consolidated wage, reflected the Company's method of provisioning its servants on the island, where food and lodging could not simply be bought on an open market as in England and had to be accounted for as distinct entitlements. Matthew Bazett's holding of the office of factor together with that of assistant storekeeper, each carrying its own separate payment, showed the Company combining two functions in one person rather than employing a full complement of officers, a economy of establishment consistent with the small scale of the island's administration.

33

27

1758

Bro't. over

£446 14s 9d

Charles Steward Writer Salary

£5 0s 0d

Do. Diet Money

£10 0s 0d

Do. House Rent

£2 10s 0d

£17 10s 0d

Robert Barclay Surgn.

£9 15s 0d

Do. Diet Money

£10 0s 0d

Do. House Rent

£2 10s 0d

£22 5s 0d

John Pritchard Surgn. Mate Salary

£6 5s 0d

Do. Diet Money

£10 0s 0d

£16 5s 0d

Rich. Beale Judge Advocate Salary

£10 0s 0d

Do. Schoolmaster

£3 8s 3d

Do. as Clerk

£5 0s 0d

£18 8s 3d

Samuel Alexander

£7 10s 0d

Matthew Bazett Junr. Overseers

£7 10s 0d

£15 0s 0d

John Bland Master Mason Salary

£17 10s 0d

Do. Diet Money

£10 0s 0d

Do. House Rent

£1 10s 0d

£29 0s 0d

Thomas Swinz Carpenter Salary

£12 10s 0d

Do. House Rent

15s 0d

£13 5s 0d

Thomas Kirsh Irish Master of Arms

£6 5s 0d

Edmund Smith Gardener

£10 0s 0d

Paul Herritage Armorer pr. 12th. Octr. to 3d. Decr.

Incl. Dismissed

£6 1s 5½d

John Hughes Armorers Mate

£9 0s 0d

James Isbett Cooper

£8 15s 0d

William Moore Steward

£6 0s 0d

Michael Frost Clock Instrument Cleaner

£1 5s 0d

Nicholas Scrafton Patron of the Long Boat

£7 10s 0d

John Strange Groom

£2 0s 0d

Thomas Harper Marshal

£5 6s 5½d

£62 2s 11d

First Company

John Clark first Lieut. Salary

£22 16s 3d

Do. Diet Money

£6 16s 10½d

Do. on Acct. of Instructing the Gunners

£7 10s 0d

£37 3s 1½d

Henry Bazett Second Lieut. Salary

£18 5s 0d

Do. Diet Money

£6 16s 10½d

£25 1s 10½d

Solomon Jacob Adjutant Salary

£22 16s 3d

Do. Diet Money

£6 16s 10½d

£29 13s 1½d

Sergeants

John Howard

£7 12s 1d

Joseph Kenlon

£7 12s 1d

Edward Robinson

£7 12s 1d

£22 16s 3d

Corporals

Humphry Pugh

£5 6s 5½d

Thomas Ferris

£5 6s 5½d

John Burke

£5 6s 5½d

£15 19s 4½d

Bro't. over £

£711 4s 8d

Brought over, £464 14s 9d

Charles Steward, writer's salary, £5 0s 0d

Ditto diet money, £10 0s 0d

Ditto house rent, £2 10s 0d

£17 10s 0d

Robert Barclay, surgeon's salary, £9 15s 0d

Ditto diet money, £10 0s 0d

Ditto house rent, £2 10s 0d

£22 5s 0d

John Pritchard, surgeon's mate's salary, £6 5s 0d

Ditto diet money, £10 0s 0d

£16 5s 0d

Richard Beale, judge advocate's salary, £10 0s 0d

Ditto schoolmaster, £3 8s 3d

Ditto as clerk, £5 0s 0d

£18 8s 3d

Samuel Alexander, overseer, £7 10s 0d

Matthew Bazett junior, overseer, £7 10s 0d

£15 0s 0d

John Bland, master mason's salary, £17 10s 0d

Ditto diet money, £10 0s 0d

Ditto house rent, £1 10s 0d

£29 0s 0d

Thomas Ewins, carpenter's salary, £12 10s 0d

Ditto house rent, £0 15s 0d

£13 5s 0d

Thomas Kidsplish, brick maker of arms, £6 5s 0d

Edmund Smith, gardener, £10 0s 0d

Paul Heritage, armourer from 12 October to 3 December, deducted, £6 1s 5¼d

John Hughes, armourer's mate, £9 0s 0d

James Jarbett, cooper, £8 15s 0d

William Moore, steward, £6 0s 0d

Michael Frost, clock and instrument cleaner, £1 5s 0d

Nicholas Scrafton, patron of the long boat, £7 10s 0d

John Strange, groom, £2 0s 0d

Thomas Harper, marshal, £5 6s 5¼d

£62 2s 11d

First Company

John Clark, first lieutenant's salary, £22 16s 3d

Ditto diet money, £6 16s 10½d

Ditto on account of instructing the gunners, £7 10s 0d

£37 3s 1½d

Henry Bazett, second lieutenant's salary, £18 5s 0d

Ditto diet money, £6 16s 10½d

£25 1s 10½d

Solomon Jacob, adjutant's salary, £22 16s 3d

Ditto diet money, £6 16s 10½d

£29 13s 1½d

Sergeants

John Howard, £7 12s 1d

Joseph Kenton, £7 12s 1d

Edward Robinson, £7 12s 1d

£22 16s 3d

Corporals

Humphrey Pugh, £5 6s 5½d

Thomas Ferris, £5 6s 5½d

John Burke, £5 6s 5½d

£15 19s 4½d

Brought over, £711 4s 8d

Interpretations

The distinction drawn between officers paid a straightforward salary and tradesmen such as the mason, carpenter and cooper, whose pay was likewise recorded alongside house rent or diet allowances, showed the Company extending the same system of supplementary provisioning down through its skilled labourers rather than confining it to senior civil officers alone. John Clark's additional payment for instructing the gunners, over and above his salary as first lieutenant, indicated that specialist military training was treated as a distinct duty warranting separate remuneration rather than being assumed as part of an officer's ordinary command.

34

28

30th. January

Bro't. over£

£771 4s 8d

Drummers.

John Vaughan

£5 6s 5½d

John Belter

£5 6s 5½d

£10 12s 11d

Centinels

Samuel Austin pr. 20th. Octr. Incl. transferred

from the third Company

£3 9s 4½d

Philip Andrews

£3 16s ½d

George Bennett

£3 16s ½d

John Bagley

£3 16s ½d

Peter Bolling

£3 16s ½d

John Blackwell

£3 16s ½d

Gabriel Bawy

£3 16s ½d

John Bufsell

£3 16s ½d

William Boddington

£3 16s ½d

John Bazett pr. 12th. to 19th. Octr. Inclusive

transferred to 3d. Company

6s 8d

George Estering

£3 16s ½d

William Cocksey

£3 16s ½d

Duncan Cameron

£3 16s ½d

James Collett

£3 16s ½d

James Cartwright

£3 16s ½d

William Clensby

£3 16s ½d

Edward Durrant

£3 16s ½d

Thomas Dunn

£3 16s ½d

James Eastope

£3 16s ½d

Robert Evans

£3 16s ½d

James Edwards

£3 16s ½d

John Flemming

£3 16s ½d

Richard Goulding

£3 16s ½d

John Grainger

£3 16s ½d

George Green

£3 16s ½d

Thomas Hules

£3 16s ½d

Jonathan Hitchins

£3 16s ½d

Thomas Halliwell

£3 16s ½d

Daniel Hall

£3 16s ½d

Henry Harrenburg

£3 16s ½d

Henry Harper

£3 16s ½d

George Howard

£3 16s ½d

George Ice

£3 16s ½d

William Jarvis

£3 16s ½d

Stephen John

£3 16s ½d

Edward Kirk

£3 16s ½d

William Lambourn

£3 16s ½d

Thomas Litchfield

£3 16s ½d

John Marsh

£3 16s ½d

William Montgomery

£3 16s ½d

Edward Miles

£3 16s ½d

Centinels Carr'd over£

£152 1s 8d

Carried over £

£781 17s 9d

Brought over, £771 4s 8d

Drummers

John Vaughan, £5 6s 5½d

John Butler, £5 6s 5½d

£10 12s 11d

Centinels

Samuel Austin, from 20 October, having transferred from the third company, £3 9s 4½d

Philip Andrews, £3 16s 0½d

George Bennett, £3 16s 0½d

John Bagley, £3 16s 0½d

Peter Bolling, £3 16s 0½d

John Blackwell, £3 16s 0½d

Gabriel Bavey, £3 16s 0½d

John Bufsell, £3 16s 0½d

William Boddington, £3 16s 0½d

John Bazett, from 12 to 19 October inclusive, transferred to the third company, £0 6s 8d

George Etpeling, £3 16s 0½d

William Cocksey, £3 16s 0½d

Duncan Cameron, £3 16s 0½d

James Collett, £3 16s 0½d

James Cartwright, £3 16s 0½d

William Clousby, £3 16s 0½d

Edward Durrant, £3 16s 0½d

Thomas Dunn, £3 16s 0½d

James Eastlopes, £3 16s 0½d

Robert Evans, £3 16s 0½d

James Edwards, £3 16s 0½d

John Flemming, £3 16s 0½d

Richard Goulding, £3 16s 0½d

John Grainger, £3 16s 0½d

George Green, £3 16s 0½d

Thomas Miles, £3 16s 0½d

Jonathan Hitchins, £3 16s 0½d

Thomas Halliwell, £3 16s 0½d

Daniel Shell, £3 16s 0½d

Henry Harrenbury, £3 16s 0½d

Henry Harper, £3 16s 0½d

George Howard, £3 16s 0½d

George Ivo, £3 16s 0½d

William Jarvis, £3 16s 0½d

Stephen John, £3 16s 0½d

Edward Kirk, £3 16s 0½d

William Lambourn, £3 16s 0½d

Thomas Litchfield, £3 16s 0½d

John Marsh, £3 16s 0½d

William Montgomery, £3 16s 0½d

Edward Miles, £3 16s 0½d

Centinels carried over, £152 1s 8d

Carried over, £781 17s 9d

Interpretations

The interruption in Samuel Austin's pay, and John Bazett's brief eight-day entry followed by transfer to another company, showed men being moved between companies within the same accounting quarter rather than serving a fixed term in one unit, with the garrison payroll adjusted precisely to the days each man actually served in a given company.

35

29

1758.

Bro't. over£

£781 17s 9d

Centinels Bro't. over£

£152 1s 8d

Richard Marston

£3 16s ½d

Simon Mason

£3 16s ½d

Murdock McCleod

£3 16s ½d

Thomas Pilkington

£3 16s ½d

John Pugh

£3 16s ½d

Alexr. Butler

£3 16s ½d

James Richardson

£3 16s ½d

Abraham Ratcliff

£3 16s ½d

John Scotcher

£3 16s ½d

John Shaw

£3 16s ½d

William Scotman

£3 16s ½d

Samuel Springall

£3 16s ½d

James Truelove

£3 16s ½d

Edward Webber

£3 16s ½d

Thomas Williams

£3 16s ½d

Jeremiah Wherritt

£3 16s ½d

John Webley

£3 16s ½d

£216 14s 4½d

Second Company

Thomas Kirkpatrick first Lieut. Salary

£22 16s 3d

Do. Diet Money

£6 16s 10½d

Do. House Rent

£2 10s 0d

£32 3s 1½d

Richard Beale 2. Lieutenant Salary

£18 5s 0d

Do. Diet Money

£6 16s 10½d

£25 1s 10½d

Sergeants

John Walker

£7 12s 1d

William Bunten

£7 12s 1d

Thomas Bazett

£7 12s 1d

£22 16s 3d

Corporals

Samuel Doxfountain

£5 6s 5½d

William Lindsey

£5 6s 5½d

William Cannam

£5 6s 5½d

£15 19s 4½d

Drummers

John Gould

£5 6s 5½d

George Brown

£5 6s 5½d

£10 12s 11d

Centinels

John Attis

£3 16s ½d

Edward Attis

£3 16s ½d

John Ashinstall

£3 16s ½d

Saml. Anderson

£3 16s ½d

John Allison

£3 16s ½d

Centinels Carr'd over£

£19 0s 2½d

Carried over£

£1105 5s 6d

Brought over, £781 17s 9d

Centinels brought over, £152 1s 8d

Richard Marston, £3 16s 0½d

Simon Mason, £3 16s 0½d

Murdock McLeod, £3 16s 0½d

Thomas Pilkington, £3 16s 0½d

John Pugh, £3 16s 0½d

Alexander Butler, £3 16s 0½d

James Richardson, £3 16s 0½d

Abraham Ratcliff, £3 16s 0½d

John Scotcher, £3 16s 0½d

John Shaw, £3 16s 0½d

William Scotman, £3 16s 0½d

Samuel Springall, £3 16s 0½d

James Tuelove, £3 16s 0½d

Edward Webber, £3 16s 0½d

Thomas Williams, £3 16s 0½d

Jeremiah Whorrill, £3 16s 0½d

John Webley, £3 16s 0½d

£216 14s 4½d

Second Company

Thomas Kirkpatrick, first lieutenant's salary, £22 16s 3d

Ditto diet money, £6 16s 10½d

Ditto house rent, £2 10s 0d

£32 3s 1½d

Richard Beale, second lieutenant's salary, £18 5s 0d

Ditto diet money, £6 16s 10½d

£25 1s 10½d

Sergeants

John Walker, £7 12s 1d

William Bunten, £7 12s 1d

Thomas Bazett, £7 12s 1d

£22 16s 3d

Corporals

Samuel Dovefountain, £5 6s 5½d

William Lindsey, £5 6s 5½d

William Cannam, £5 6s 5½d

£15 19s 4½d

Drummers

John Gould, £5 6s 5½d

George Brown, £5 6s 5½d

£10 12s 11d

Centinels

John Allis, £3 16s 0½d

Edward Allis, £3 16s 0½d

John Ashinstall, £3 16s 0½d

Samuel Anderson, £3 16s 0½d

John Allison, £3 16s 0½d

Centinels carried over, £19 0s 2½d

Carried over, £1,105 5s 6d

36

30

30th. January

Bro't. over£

£1105 5s 6d

Centinels Bro't. over£

£19 0s 2½d

Edward Aveling

£3 16s ½d

Thomas Beddow

£3 16s ½d

Thomas Bearer

£3 16s ½d

Isaac Buck

£3 16s ½d

John Barrett

£3 16s ½d

Edward Broome

£3 16s ½d

Edward Cocker

£3 16s ½d

Thomas Cobb

£3 16s ½d

William Coll

£3 16s ½d

Isaac Day

£3 16s ½d

William Dyson

£3 16s ½d

Henry Dudley

£3 16s ½d

John Davis

£3 16s ½d

Hopkin Davis

£3 16s ½d

Samuel Eales

£3 16s ½d

Jonathan Godby

£3 16s ½d

Thomas Godden

£3 16s ½d

John Graenaff

£3 16s ½d

William Godwing

£3 16s ½d

Richard Griffith

£3 16s ½d

William Gaby

£3 16s ½d

James Hall

£3 16s ½d

John Warley

£3 16s ½d

William Hayes

£3 16s ½d

Philip Hickman

£3 16s ½d

William Hausman

£3 16s ½d

James Hordway

£3 16s ½d

George Hill

£3 16s ½d

George Kibbith

£3 16s ½d

Richard Knight

£3 16s ½d

William Kellenge

£3 16s ½d

Peter Lindsey

£3 16s ½d

John Langridge

£3 16s ½d

William Luke

£3 16s ½d

Duncan McClavin

£3 16s ½d

William Niblett pr. 12th. Octr. to 2d. Decr. Incl. Died

£3 9s 2d

John Price

£3 16s ½d

Edward Preston

£3 16s ½d

Charles Purcey

£3 16s ½d

Edward Richards

£3 16s ½d

Thomas Loane

£3 16s ½d

Arnold Safiony

£3 16s ½d

Centinels Carr'd over£

£182 3s 1½d

Carried over£

£1105 5s 6d

Brought over, £1,105 5s 6d

Centinels brought over, £19 0s 2½d

Edward Apeling, £3 16s 0½d

Thomas Beddow, £3 16s 0½d

Thomas Boarer, £3 16s 0½d

Isaac Buck, £3 16s 0½d

John Barrett, £3 16s 0½d

Edward Broome, £3 16s 0½d

Edward Cocker, £3 16s 0½d

Thomas Cobb, £3 16s 0½d

William Cole, £3 16s 0½d

David Day, £3 16s 0½d

William Dyson, £3 16s 0½d

Henry Dudley, £3 16s 0½d

John Davis, £3 16s 0½d

Hopkin Davis, £3 16s 0½d

Samuel Eales, £3 16s 0½d

Jonathan Gadby, £3 16s 0½d

Thomas Godden, £3 16s 0½d

John Greensall, £3 16s 0½d

William Goading, £3 16s 0½d

Richard Griffith, £3 16s 0½d

William Gadby, £3 16s 0½d

James Hall, £3 16s 0½d

John Warley, £3 16s 0½d

William Hayes, £3 16s 0½d

Philip Hickman, £3 16s 0½d

William Houseman, £3 16s 0½d

James Hensley, £3 16s 0½d

George Hall, £3 16s 0½d

George Kibbeth, £3 16s 0½d

Richard Knight, £3 16s 0½d

William Kellinge, £3 16s 0½d

Peter Lindsey, £3 16s 0½d

John Langridge, £3 16s 0½d

William Luke, £3 16s 0½d

Duncan McClavin, £3 16s 0½d

William Niblet, from 12 October to 21 December, having since died, £3 9s 2d

John Price, £3 16s 0½d

Edward Preston, £3 16s 0½d

Charles Purfey, £3 16s 0½d

Edward Richards, £3 16s 0½d

Jonathan Richards, £3 16s 0½d

Leonard Rome, £3 16s 0½d

Amiel Safiony, £3 16s 0½d

Centinels carried over, £182 3s 1¼d

Carried over, £1,105 5s 6d

Interpretations

William Niblet's pay entry, cut short at 21 December and marked as having since died, corresponded to the soldier whose body was discovered near the Sugar Loaf and who was supposed to have poisoned himself, recorded in the consultation of 3 January 1758, showing the payroll adjusted precisely to the date of a soldier's death rather than continuing his pay to the end of the quarter.

37

31

1758.

Bro't. over£

£1105 5s 6d

Centinels Bro't. over£

£182 3s 1½d

Timothy Sullivan

£3 16s ½d

William Smith

£3 16s ½d

Henry Simmonds

£3 16s ½d

John Steward

£3 16s ½d

William Smith

£3 16s ½d

Thomas Taylor

£3 16s ½d

Edward Terry

£3 16s ½d

Benjn. Williams

£3 16s ½d

Edward Williams

£3 16s ½d

£216 7s 6d

Third Company

Onesiphorus Beale 1. Lieutenant Salary

£22 16s 3d

Do. Diet Money

£6 16s 10½d

Do. House Rent

£2 10s 0d

£32 3s 1½d

George Hay 2. Lieutenant Salary

£18 5s 0d

Do. Diet Money

£6 16s 10½d

£25 1s 10½d

Sergeants

Robert Mason

£7 12s 1d

Michael Frost

£7 12s 1d

Thomas Leech

£7 12s 1d

£22 16s 3d

Corporals

Charles Gifsing

£5 6s 5½d

Robert Brown pr. th. 12th. to 19th. Octr. incl. as Centl.

9s 4d

Do. from 20th. Octr. incl. as Corporal

£3 10s 0d

Jeremiah Uyrile

£5 6s 5½d

John Bazett pr. 20th. Octr. incl. transferd. fr. 1st. Comp.

£4 17s 4½d

£19 9s 4½d

Drummers

John Coffin

£5 6s 5½d

John Goulds

£5 6s 5½d

£10 12s 11d

Centinels

Matthew Allis

£3 16s ½d

Saml. Alcher

£3 16s ½d

Saml. Austin pr. 12th. to 19th. Octr. incl. transferd. to 1st. Comp.

6s 1½d

William Beckett

£3 16s ½d

William Birch

£3 16s ½d

John Burke

£3 16s ½d

John Brewer

£3 16s ½d

William Brooks

£3 16s ½d

John Brown

£3 16s ½d

Centinels Carr'd over£

£30 14s 4½d

Carried over£

£1431 16s 6½d

Brought over, £1,105 5s 6d

Centinels brought over, £182 3s 1¼d

Timothy Sullivan, £3 16s 0½d

William Smith, £3 16s 0½d

Henry Simmonds, £3 16s 0½d

John Steward, £3 16s 0½d

William Smith, £3 16s 0½d

Thomas Taylor, £3 16s 0½d

Edward Terry, £3 16s 0½d

Benjamin Williams, £3 16s 0½d

Edward Williams, £3 16s 0½d

£216 7s 6d

Third Company

Onesiphorus Beale, first lieutenant's salary, £22 16s 3d

Ditto diet money, £6 16s 10½d

Ditto house rent, £2 10s 0d

£32 3s 1½d

George Hay, second lieutenant's salary, £18 5s 0d

Ditto diet money, £6 16s 10½d

£25 1s 10½d

Sergeants

Robert Mason, £7 12s 1d

Michael Frost, £7 12s 1d

Thomas Leech, £7 12s 1d

£22 16s 3d

Corporals

Charles Gifsing, £5 6s 5½d

Robert Brown, from the 12th to the 19th of October, paid as corporal, £0 9s 4d

Ditto from the 20th of October, paid as centinel, £3 10s 0d

Jeremiah Uyrile, £5 6s 5½d

John Bazett, from the 20th of October, having transferred from the third company, £4 17s 1½d

£19 9s 4½d

Drummers

John Coffin, £5 6s 5½d

John Goulds, £5 6s 5½d

£10 12s 11d

Centinels

Matthew Allis, £3 16s 0½d

Samuel Alsher, £3 16s 0½d

Samuel Austin, from the 12th to the 19th of October, having since transferred to the third company, £0 6s 8d

William Beckett, £3 16s 0½d

William Birch, £3 16s 0½d

John Burke, £3 16s 0½d

John Brewer, £3 16s 0½d

William Brooks, £3 16s 0½d

John Brown, £3 16s 0½d

Centinels carried over, £30 14s 4½d

Carried over, £1,431 16s 6½d

Interpretations

Robert Brown's entry, split between a week paid at corporal's rate and the remainder of the quarter paid as a centinel, together with John Bazett's transfer into the third company from the 20th of October, showed the payroll tracking not only movement between companies but also changes in rank within a single quarter, with pay adjusted to the exact rate and role held on each day rather than settled at a single figure for the whole period.

38

32

30th. January

Bro't. over£

£1431 16s 6½d

Centinels Bro't. over£

£30 14s 4½d

Benjamin Burlon

£3 16s ½d

William Campble

£3 16s ½d

Daniel Carne

£3 16s ½d

Stephen Cheveley

£3 16s ½d

John Cofolee

£3 16s ½d

John Deer

£3 16s ½d

Jacob DuVall

£3 16s ½d

Peter Egleland

£3 16s ½d

William Elwood

£3 16s ½d

Thomas Stewart

£3 16s ½d

Peter Sincall

£3 16s ½d

Henry Fullbright

£3 16s ½d

Thomas Green

£3 16s ½d

William Harris

£3 16s ½d

William Harrison

£3 16s ½d

John Hayes

£3 16s ½d

Philip Hedgard

£3 16s ½d

James Hindes

£3 16s ½d

William Holbrook

£3 16s ½d

John Holloway

£3 16s ½d

John Hudson

£3 16s ½d

James Hudson

£3 16s ½d

Thomas Harding

£3 16s ½d

Saml. Ireland

£3 16s ½d

Richard Innes

£3 16s ½d

Saml. Kikson

£3 16s ½d

Evan Knowles

£3 16s ½d

John Lloyd

£3 16s ½d

William Lyon

£3 16s ½d

Richard McNally

£3 16s ½d

William Martin

£3 16s ½d

Stephen Ore

£3 16s ½d

William Denny

£3 16s ½d

Roger Phillips

£3 16s ½d

Archibald Dowes

£3 16s ½d

Thomas Richerford

£3 16s ½d

Henry Schavenhurst

£3 16s ½d

Joseph Smith

£3 16s ½d

John Simmons

£3 16s ½d

William Smith

£3 16s ½d

Thomas Stowers

£3 16s ½d

John Strange

£3 16s ½d

Centinels Carr'd over£

£190 8s 1½d

Carried over£

£1431 16s 6½d

Brought over, £1,431 16s 6½d

Centinels brought over, £30 14s 4½d

Benjamin Burton, £3 16s 0½d

William Campbell, £3 16s 0½d

Daniel Carne, £3 16s 0½d

Stephen Chowley, £3 16s 0½d

John Cofolee, £3 16s 0½d

John Door, £3 16s 0½d

Jacob Duvall, £3 16s 0½d

Peter Eglestone, £3 16s 0½d

William Elwood, £3 16s 0½d

Thomas Stewart, £3 16s 0½d

Peter Simcott, £3 16s 0½d

Henry Fulbright, £3 16s 0½d

Thomas Green, £3 16s 0½d

William Harris, £3 16s 0½d

William Harrison, £3 16s 0½d

John Hayes, £3 16s 0½d

Philip Hidyard, £3 16s 0½d

James Hindes, £3 16s 0½d

William Holbrook, £3 16s 0½d

John Holloway, £3 16s 0½d

John Hudson, £3 16s 0½d

James Hudson, £3 16s 0½d

Thomas Harding, £3 16s 0½d

Samuel Firelane, £3 16s 0½d

Richard Innes, £3 16s 0½d

Samuel Kitson, £3 16s 0½d

Evan Knowles, £3 16s 0½d

John Lloyd, £3 16s 0½d

William Lyon, £3 16s 0½d

Richard McNally, £3 16s 0½d

William Martin, £3 16s 0½d

Stephen Ore, £3 16s 0½d

William Denny, £3 16s 0½d

Roger Phillips, £3 16s 0½d

Archibald Douglas, £3 16s 0½d

Thomas Richardson, £3 16s 0½d

Henry Schoonhurst, £3 16s 0½d

Joseph Smith, £3 16s 0½d

John Simmons, £3 16s 0½d

William Smith, £3 16s 0½d

Thomas Stowers, £3 16s 0½d

John Strange, £3 16s 0½d

Centinels carried over, £190 8s 1½d

Carried over, £1,431 16s 6½d

39

33

1758.

Brought over£

£1431 16s 6½d

Centinels Bro't. over£

£190 8s 1½d

William Taylor

£3 16s ½d

Richard Iwaits

£3 16s ½d

Thomas Wansell

£3 16s ½d

William Ward

£3 16s ½d

John Williams

£3 16s ½d

Stephen Willoughby

£3 16s ½d

Gustavus Wreden

£3 16s ½d

Thomas Woffington

£3 16s ½d

£220 16s 5½d

Fourth Company

William Kennedy first Lieutenant Salary

£22 16s 3d

Do. Diet Money

£6 16s 10½d

Do. House Rent

£2 10s 0d

£32 3s 1½d

Samuel Price 2. Lieutenant Salary

£18 5s 0d

Do. Diet Money

£6 16s 10½d

Do. House Rent

£2 10s 0d

£27 11s 10½d

Sergeants

William Langhorne

£7 12s 1d

Richard Vaughan

£7 12s 1d

John Bridgwaters

£7 12s 1d

£22 16s 3d

Corporals

Gilbert Waugh

£5 6s 5½d

Thomas Pearce

£5 6s 5½d

Thomas Morris

£5 6s 5½d

£15 19s 4½d

Drummers

Edward Thomas

£5 6s 5½d

John Buckham

£5 6s 5½d

£10 12s 11d

Centinels

William Anderson

£3 16s ½d

William Brown

£3 16s ½d

Robert Ballard

£3 16s ½d

Christian Brincks

£3 16s ½d

Onesr. Bagley

£3 16s ½d

John Brie

£3 16s ½d

Robert Blis

£3 16s ½d

Jacob Brill

£3 16s ½d

William Blackman

£3 16s ½d

Henry Brower

£2 1s 2d

Jaque Brich pr. 12th. Octr. to 3d. Decr. Incl. Drumd out

£3 16s ½d

James Carmichael

£3 16s ½d

John Cherralt

£3 16s 8d

Cent. & Cor. Carr'd over£

£47 16s 8d

Carried over£

£1761 16s 6½d

Brought over, £1,431 16s 6½d

Centinels brought over, £190 8s 1½d

William Taylor, £3 16s 0½d

Richard Twaits, £3 16s 0½d

Thomas Wansell, £3 16s 0½d

William Ward, £3 16s 0½d

John Williams, £3 16s 0½d

Stephen Willoughby, £3 16s 0½d

Gustavus Wreden, £3 16s 0½d

Thomas Woffington, £3 16s 0½d

£220 16s 5½d

Fourth Company

William Kennedy, first lieutenant's salary, £22 16s 3d

Ditto diet money, £6 16s 10½d

Ditto house rent, £2 10s 0d

£32 3s 1½d

Samuel Price, second lieutenant's salary, £18 5s 0d

Ditto diet money, £6 16s 10½d

Ditto house rent, £2 10s 0d

£27 11s 10½d

Sergeants

William Langhorne, £7 12s 1d

Richard Vaughan, £7 12s 1d

John Bridgwater, £7 12s 1d

£22 16s 3d

Corporals

Gilbert Waugh, £5 6s 5½d

Thomas Pearce, £5 6s 5½d

Thomas Morris, £5 6s 5½d

£15 19s 4½d

Drummers

Edward Thomas, £5 6s 5½d

John Buckham, £5 6s 5½d

£10 12s 11d

Centinels

William Anderson, £3 16s 0½d

William Brown, £3 16s 0½d

Robert Ballard, £3 16s 0½d

Christian Brincks, £3 16s 0½d

Owen Bagley, £3 16s 0½d

John Bree, £3 16s 0½d

Robert Blis, £3 16s 0½d

Jacob Brill, £3 16s 0½d

William Blackman, £3 16s 0½d

Henry Brewer, £3 16s 0½d

Isaac Frisch, from 12 October to 3 December, having since drummed out, £2 1s 2d

James Carmichael, £3 16s 0½d

John Chevall, £3 16s 0½d

Centinels carried over, £47 16s 8d

Carried over, £1,761 16s 6½d

Interpretations

Isaac Frisch's pay entry, cut short by his being drummed out of the company, recorded a formal ceremony of expulsion from military service carried out to the beat of drums as a mark of public disgrace, distinguishing his departure from the ordinary discharge or death recorded for other soldiers in the same list.

40

34

30th. January

Bro't. over£

£1761 16s 6½d

Centinels Bro't. over£

£47 16s 8d

John Cripps

£3 16s ½d

John Clough

£3 16s ½d

Job Chamberlain

£3 16s ½d

John Cork

£3 16s ½d

Joseph Chamberlain

£3 16s ½d

Baron Delofse

£3 16s ½d

James Dry

£3 16s ½d

Thomas Fuller

£3 16s ½d

Peter Fleetwood

£3 16s ½d

Edward Grant

£3 16s ½d

John Hyde

£3 16s ½d

William Hayes

£3 16s ½d

William Hill

£3 16s ½d

Robert Iuchurst

£3 16s ½d

Thomas Kendrick

£3 16s ½d

John Kempe

£3 16s ½d

John Langbridge

£3 16s ½d

Thomas Lindsey

£3 16s ½d

Joseph Long

£3 16s ½d

John Lennon

£3 16s ½d

James Loof pr. 13th. Decr. Inclusive transferd.

for the Artillery Company

£1 5s 0d

Abraham Major

£3 16s ½d

Charles Broderyan

£3 16s ½d

Richard Mayer

£3 16s ½d

Edward Manwell

£3 16s ½d

William Mear

£3 16s ½d

William McCleod

£3 16s ½d

Thomas Ninble

£3 16s ½d

Thomas Payne

£3 16s ½d

John Dafewater

£3 16s ½d

William Robinson

£3 16s ½d

John Robinson

£3 16s ½d

William Rippon

£3 16s ½d

Robert Stack

£3 16s ½d

David Scott

£3 16s ½d

Adam Scott

£3 16s ½d

Nicholas Scraffon

£3 16s ½d

Thomas Stimmard

£3 16s ½d

Richard Spencer

£3 16s ½d

George Simms

£3 16s ½d

James Shelboard

£3 16s ½d

Christian Spen

£3 16s ½d

Joseph Griffin

£3 16s ½d

Roger Watson

£3 16s ½d

John Wybrd

£3 16s ½d

£216 7s 6d

Carried over£

£1978 4s ½d

Brought over, £1,761 16s 6½d

Centinels brought over, £47 16s 8d

John Cripps, £3 16s 0½d

John Clough, £3 16s 0½d

Job Chamberlain, £3 16s 0½d

John Cork, £3 16s 0½d

Joseph Chamberlain, £3 16s 0½d

Baron Delooze, £3 16s 0½d

James Dry, £3 16s 0½d

Thomas Fuller, £3 16s 0½d

Peter Fleetwood, £3 16s 0½d

Edward Grant, £3 16s 0½d

John Hyde, £3 16s 0½d

William Hayes, £3 16s 0½d

William Hill, £3 16s 0½d

Robert Inhurst, £3 16s 0½d

Thomas Kendrick, £3 16s 0½d

John Kempe, £3 16s 0½d

John Langridge, £3 16s 0½d

Thomas Lindsey, £3 16s 0½d

Joseph Long, £3 16s 0½d

John Lennon, £3 16s 0½d

James Lee, from 13 December inclusive, transferred for the artillery company, £1 5s 0d

Abraham Major, £3 16s 0½d

Charles Bradgear, £3 16s 0½d

Richard Mayo, £3 16s 0½d

Edward Maxwell, £3 16s 0½d

William Mee, £3 16s 0½d

William Mecleod, £3 16s 0½d

Thomas Nimble, £3 16s 0½d

Thomas Payne, £3 16s 0½d

John Dafowater, £3 16s 0½d

William Robinson, £3 16s 0½d

John Robinson, £3 16s 0½d

William Kippen, £3 16s 0½d

Robert Stack, £3 16s 0½d

David Scott, £3 16s 0½d

Adam Scott, £3 16s 0½d

Nicholas Scrafton, £3 16s 0½d

Thomas Sherwood, £3 16s 0½d

Richard Spencer, £3 16s 0½d

George Simms, £3 16s 0½d

James Shellbard, £3 16s 0½d

Christian Fyzer, £3 16s 0½d

Joseph Coffin, £3 16s 0½d

Roger Watson, £3 16s 0½d

John Wisbeck, £3 16s 0½d

£216 7s 6d

Carried over, £1,978 4s 0½d

41

35

1758.

Brought over£

£1978 4s ½d

Artillery Company

Thomas Hall Master Gunner Salary

£22 16s 3d

Do. Diet Money

£6 16s 10½d

£29 13s 1½d

Gunners Mates

Nathan Sample Chief Mate

£11 8s 1½d

John Whitchurch

£9 2s 6d

Henry Carter

£9 2s 6d

Chas. McNaily

£9 2s 6d

Rowland Davis

£9 2s 6d

John Hettings

£9 2s 6d

Adam Wilson

£9 2s 6d

Thomas Williams

£9 2s 6d

£75 5s 7½d

Quarter Gunners

James Loof from 12th. Octr. to 12th. Decr. Inclusive

Transferred to the 4th. Compy.

£1 13s 0d

James Long

£6 16s 10½d

Thomas Brown

£6 16s 10½d

Andrew Baxton

£6 16s 10½d

John Jacks

£6 16s 10½d

John Clivey

£6 16s 10½d

Thomas Taylor

£6 16s 10½d

John Woods

£6 16s 10½d

£52 11s 1½d

Matrosses

Richard Billington

£4 11s 3d

William Bevan

£4 11s 3d

Matthew Brichland

£4 11s 3d

James Cooper

£4 11s 3d

Derby Eagles

£4 11s 3d

Robert Cunningham

£4 11s 3d

Thomas Davis

£4 11s 3d

Anthony Day

£4 11s 3d

William Fletcher

£4 11s 3d

Andrew Gorden

£4 11s 3d

James Garnett

£4 11s 3d

Matrosses Carr'd over£

£30 3s 9d

Carried over£

£2135 13s 11d

Brought over, £1,978 4s 0½d

Artillery Company

Thomas Hall, master gunner's salary, £22 16s 3d

Ditto diet money, £6 16s 10½d

£29 13s 1½d

Gunners' Mates

Nathan Semple, chief mate, £11 8s 1½d

John Whitchurch, £9 2s 6d

Henry Carter, £9 2s 6d

Charles McNally, £9 2s 6d

Rowland Davis, £9 2s 6d

John Hettings, £9 2s 6d

Adam Watson, £9 2s 6d

Thomas Williams, £9 2s 6d

£75 5s 7½d

Quarter Gunners

James Lee, from 12 October to 12 December inclusive, transferred to the fourth company, £1 13s 0d

James Long, £6 16s 10½d

Thomas Brown, £6 16s 10½d

Andrew Barton, £6 16s 10½d

John Jacks, £6 16s 10½d

John Clivey, £6 16s 10½d

Thomas Taylor, £6 16s 10½d

John Woods, £6 16s 10½d

£52 11s 1½d

Matrosses

Richard Billington, £4 11s 3d

William Benson, £4 11s 3d

Matthew Brickland, £4 11s 3d

James Cooper, £4 11s 3d

Derby Eyles, £4 11s 3d

Robert Cunningham, £4 11s 3d

Thomas Davis, £4 11s 3d

Anthony Day, £4 11s 3d

William Fletcher, £4 11s 3d

Andrew Gordon, £4 11s 3d

James Garnett, £4 11s 3d

Matrosses carried over, £30 3s 9d

Carried over, £2,135 13s 11d

Interpretations

The rank of matrosses, paid at a lower rate than gunners' mates or quarter gunners, denoted the junior soldiers of an artillery company who assisted the gunners in loading, aiming and moving the guns without yet holding the specialist skill of a trained gunner, a rank structure distinct from the infantry companies of centinels, corporals and sergeants recorded earlier in the list. James Lee's transfer from the fourth company into the quarter gunners of the artillery, recorded here at a fraction of the full rate for the two months he had already served elsewhere, showed movement between the infantry and the specialist artillery establishment being tracked with the same precision as transfers between the infantry companies themselves.

42

36

30th. January

Bro't. over£

£2135 13s 11d

Matrosses Bro't. over£

£50 3s 9d

Thomas Mudge

£4 11s 3d

William Mavon

£4 11s 3d

Roger Newinson pr. 12th. October to 21. Novr.

Inclusive died.

£2 1s 0d

George Nelson

£4 11s 3d

William Perrey

£4 11s 3d

Thomas Drakeholt

£4 11s 3d

James Pierey

£4 11s 3d

John Robinson

£4 11s 3d

James Robinson

£4 11s 3d

John Shirtley

£4 11s 3d

John Slater

£4 11s 3d

John Christian Skife

£4 11s 3d

John Turner

£4 11s 3d

William Thompson

£4 11s 3d

John Thomavan pr. 12th. Octr. to 12th. Decr.

incl. as Matrosse

£3 2s 0d

Do. from 18th. Decr. incl. as Qr. Gunner

£9 3s 10½d

Joseph Turner

£4 11s 3d

Thomas Walts

£4 11s 3d

Richard Waterhouse

£4 11s 3d

Benjamin Willson

£4 11s 3d

James York

£4 11s 3d

£139 13s 1½d

£2275 7s ¾d

Brought over, £2,135 13s 11d

Matrosses brought over, £30 3s 9d

Thomas Mudge, £4 11s 3d

William Mason, £4 11s 3d

Roger Newinson, from 12 October to 21 November inclusive, having since died, £2 1s 0d

George Nelson, £4 11s 3d

William Porrey, £4 11s 3d

Thomas Prescott, £4 11s 3d

James Pierey, £4 11s 3d

John Robinson, £4 11s 3d

James Robinson, £4 11s 3d

John Shirtley, £4 11s 3d

John Slater, £4 11s 3d

John Christian Skife, £4 11s 3d

John Turner, £4 11s 3d

William Thompson, £4 11s 3d

John Thomavan, from 12 October to 12 December, paid as matross, £3 2s 0d

Ditto from 18 December, paid as second gunner, £9 3s 4½d

Joseph Turner, £4 11s 3d

Thomas Walter, £4 11s 3d

Richard Waterhouse, £4 11s 3d

Benjamin Willson, £4 11s 3d

James York, £4 11s 3d

£139 13s 1½d

£2,275 7s 0½d

Interpretations

Roger Newinson's pay, cut short at 21 November with a note of his death, corresponded to the funeral for which powder had been expended by the gunners on 22 or 24 November recorded in the earlier gunners' stores account, tying the two separate ledgers to the same event. John Thomavan's promotion from matross to second gunner midway through the quarter, marked by a sharp rise in his rate of pay from 18 December, illustrated the route by which a junior artilleryman advanced within the company's ranks, distinct from the lateral transfers between infantry companies recorded elsewhere in the list.

43

37

John Clark Paymaster Dr. Per Contra Cr.

1758

Jany. 11 To Cash received from the Honorable

Companys Cash Chest

£2490 0s 6½d

£2490 0s 6½d

1757

Octr. 31 By Cash pd. John Vaughan Native for relisting

to serve the Honorable Company as a Soldier for

five Years to commence from this Day

£2 0s 0d

Novr. 30 By Cash pd. John Hill for 2 lb. of Spice for

the use of the Honorable Companys Table

£1 10s 0d

Decr. 3 By Cash pd. Capt. Fowler for 1535 Rice at 10s.

pr. C. for the use of the Honorable Company.

£7 12s 4d

12 By Cash pd. Jas. Lee for relisting to serve the

Honorable Companys as a Soldier for five

Years to commence from this Day.

£10 0s 0d

1758

Jany. 11th By Cash paid Noqueda Paccolem the Mallay

Prisoner for 13 Weeks Subsist. at 2s 6d. pr. Week

£1 12s 6d

By Cash paid Thomas Dunn for assisting

in the Secretarys Office this Quarter

£5 0s 0d

By Cash paid Joseph Chamberlain for

Carpenters Work done for the Honorable

Company this Quarter.

£5 0s 0d

By Cash pd. Wm. Elward & John Deer for 137

Days Work at 1s. pr. Day in assisting the

Carpenter this Quarter.

£6 17s 0d

By Cash paid William Rippon for taking

care of the Honorable Compy. Stock in Long Wood.

£2 10s 0d

Carr'd over£

£42 1s 10d

John Clark, paymaster, debtor:

11 January 1758, to cash received from the Honourable Company's cash chest, £2,490 0s 6½d

£2,490 0s 6½d

Per contra, creditor:

31 October 1757, by cash paid John Vaughan, native, for enlisting to serve the Honourable Company as a soldier for five years to commence from that day, £2 0s 0d

30 November, by cash paid John Hill for 2 pounds of spice for the use of the Honourable Company's table, £1 10s 0d

3 December, by cash paid Captain Fowler for 1,535 pounds of rice at £0 10s 0d per hundredweight for the use of the Honourable Company, £7 12s 4d

12th, by cash paid James Lee for enlisting to serve the Honourable Company as a soldier for five years to commence from that day, £10 0s 0d

1758

11 January, by cash paid Noguedo Paccolem, the Malay prisoner, for 13 weeks' subsistence at 2s 6d per week, £1 12s 6d

By cash paid Thomas Dunn for assisting in the secretary's office this quarter, £5 0s 0d

By cash paid Joseph Chamberlain for carpenter's work done for the Honourable Company this quarter, £5 0s 0d

By cash paid William Elwood and John Deer for 137 days' work at £0 1s 0d per day in assisting the carpenter this quarter, £6 17s 0d

By cash paid William Kippen for taking care of the Honourable Company's stock in Long Wood, £2 10s 0d

Carried over, £42 1s 10d

Interpretations

The bounty payments made to John Vaughan and James Lee on enlisting, distinct from their ordinary soldier's pay recorded in the muster accounts, showed the Company offering a one-time cash inducement to secure recruits locally rather than relying solely on drafts sent from England. The subsistence paid to Noguedo Paccolem, described as the Malay prisoner, at a fixed weekly rate over thirteen weeks indicated that even a person held in custody was maintained at the Company's expense, reflecting a duty of upkeep that extended to prisoners as well as to servants and soldiers.

44

38

30th. January

John Clark Paymaster Dr.

1758

Jany. 11th. To Cash

Bro't. over£

£2490 0s 6½d

£2490 0s 6½d

Island St.

John Clark, paymaster, debtor:

11 January 1758, to cash, brought over, £2,490 0s 6½d

£2,490 0s 6½d

45

39

1758.

1758

Jany. 11th By Cash

Bro't. over£

£42 1s 10d

By Cash pr. Wm. Moore for the Rent of two Houses for

the use of the Sick Soldiers

£4 0s 0d

By Cash pr. Richd. Bagley for 2275 Lemons and 2½

Bushells Potatoes for use of ye Honble. Compy. Table this Qr.

£2 18s 0d

By Cash pr. Steph. Willoughby & Tho. Green for baking 49

Batches of Bread for the use of the Garrison this Quarter.

£4 1s 8d

By Cash pr. Thomas Mason for work done for ye Honorable

Company, in draining the Crane, the Lookers on the Line, three

Centry Boxes, & sevl. Gun Carriages this Quarter

£1 1s 0d

By Cash pr. Chas. Gifsing for the Rent of a Room for the Military

Prisoners

£1 0s 0d

By Cash pr. a Soldier for coming express of a Ship to

Windward this Quarter

5s 0d

By Cash pr. Sundry Soldiers for working in the Honble. Compy.

Long Boat in going to fetch Lime, & rowing in their Prisons Boat

£6 19s 0d

By Cash pr. Do. Do. for 256 Days Work in building a

Stable at the Plantation House for the Honorable Company

£12 16s 0d

By Cash pr. Do. Do. for 200 Days work in repairing

the Bridge on the Barrows Hill, Making the Road by the Foghees

Repairing the Walks in the Garden, & the Fences this Quarter

£10 0s 0d

By Cash pr. Do. Do. for 131½ Days Work done in the

Honorable Companys Garden at the Plantation House

£6 11s 9d

By Cash pr. Do. Do. for 44½ Days Work done in the

Honorable Companys Garden at the Fort

£2 4s 9d

By Cash pr. Do. Do. for 68 Days Work in getting Stones

for the new Barracks

£3 8s 0d

By Cash pr. Do. Do. for 135 Days work in mowing

and making of Hay for the Honorable Company

£6 15s 6d

By Cash pr. Do. Do. for 379½ Days work at sevl. Offices

Honorable Companys Fortifications this Quarter

£18 19s 9d

By Cash pr. the Soldiers for Clothes short delivered them,

there not being a sufficient quantity sent over, to compleat the

Garrison.

£91 15s 3d

By Cash pr. the Honorable Companys Officers & Servants

their several Salarys, Diet Money &ca. for the Qr. commencing

Octr. 12th. 1757 & ending Jany. 11th. 1758.

£2275 7s ¾d

£2490 0s 6½d

Helena January 11th. 1758

Errs. Excep. pr.

(Signed) John Clark Paymaster

Collection

Per contra, creditor:

11 January 1758, by cash, brought over, £42 1s 10d

By cash paid William Moore for the rent of two houses for the use of the sick soldiers, £4 0s 0d

By cash paid Richard Bagley for 2,275 lemons and 24 bushels of potatoes for use of the Honourable Company's table this quarter, £2 18s 0d

By cash paid Stephen Willoughby and Thomas Green for baking 49 batches of bread for the use of the garrison this quarter, £4 1s 8d

By cash paid Thomas Mason for work done for the Honourable Company in draining the crane, the sockets on the lines, three sentry boxes and several gun carriages this quarter, £1 1s 0d

By cash paid Charles Gifsing for the rent of a room for the military stores, £1 0s 0d

By cash paid a soldier for coming express of a ship to windward this quarter, £0 5s 0d

By cash paid sundry soldiers for working in the Honourable Company's long boat in going to fetch lime and rowing in their pinnace boat, £6 19s 0d

By cash paid ditto for 256 days' work in building a stable at the plantation house for the Honourable Company, £12 16s 0d

By cash paid ditto for 200 days' work in repairing the bridge on the Barrows Hill, making the road by the Fig Trees, repairing the walls in the garden and the fences this quarter, £10 0s 0d

By cash paid ditto for 134¾ days' work done in the Honourable Company's garden at the plantation house, £6 11s 9d

By cash paid ditto for 44¾ days' work done in the Honourable Company's garden at the fort, £2 4s 9d

By cash paid ditto for 68 days' work in getting stone for the new barracks, £3 8s 0d

By cash paid ditto for 135 days' work in mowing and making of hay for the Honourable Company, £6 13s 6d

By cash paid ditto for 379¾ days' work at several offices, Honourable Company's fortifications this quarter, £18 19s 9d

By cash paid the soldiers for clothes shared delivered them, there not being a sufficient quantity sent over to complete the garrison, £91 13s 3d

By cash paid the Honourable Company's officers and servants their several salaries and diet money, etc, for the quarter commencing 12 October 1757 and ending 11 January 1758, £2,275 7s 0½d

£2,490 0s 6½d

St Helena, 11 January 1758

Errors excepted, signed John Clark, paymaster.

Interpretations

The payments recorded for repairing the bridge, making the road, mowing hay and building a stable show soldiers of the garrison being employed as a general labour force for the Company's public works and plantation, paid by the day at a fixed rate over and above their ordinary military duties, rather than the Company relying on hired civilian labour for such tasks. The single large payment for clothes shared out among the soldiers, explained as necessary because an insufficient quantity had been sent from England to complete the garrison, revealed a shortfall in the regular supply chain from the Company's home administration that had to be made good locally at extra cost.

46

40

30th. January

Collection of Goods Sold and Delivered out of the

Honorable Companys Stores from the 12th. October 1757 to

the 11th. January 1758 vizt.

Sold to the Companys Servants at 10 pr. Cent vizt.

Ironmongers Ware vizt.

1 Spade

3s 5d

1 Bricklayers Trowell

1s 4d

2 Plaisterers Do.

1s 8½d

9 pr. Sheep Sheers

12s 0d

1 Joiners Hatchet

2s 2½d

2 Ironrimd Locks C.

15s 10d

1 Do. B

6s 1d

9 pr. Side Hinges

11s 3d

2 Claw Hammers

2s 10d

4 Dz. Wood Screws

1s 6d

4 Chest Locks

15s 4d

1 Garden Rake

2s 9½d

5 Stock Locks

12s 8½d

1 large Frying Pan

3s 5d

1 Garden Hoe

1s 8d

1 pr. Bellows

3s 11½d

1 Chafing Dish

6s 6½d

1 Grubbing Hoe

3s 2½d

4 Scyth Stones

0s 5d

3 Ironrimd Locks with brass knobs

18s 3d

1 Hand Spit

2s 9d

3 Pickaxes

11s 0d

3 Hoes

2s 0d

1 Suffing Axe

3s 2d

4 Gimblets

0s 11d

1 pr. He Hinges

4s 5d

10 Small Frying Pans

18s 9d

2 Shod Shovels

3s 6d

4 Ditching Do.

19s 10d

£9 12s 9½d

Beef & Pork vizt.

745 lb. Beef at 2s.

£74 10s 0d

22 lb. Do. at 3½d

£4 2s 6d

2100 lb. Pork at 2s.

£210 0s 0d

73 lb. Do. at 2s 7d

£9 8s 7d

£298 1s 1d

Carr'd over£

£307 13s 10½d

Collection of goods sold and delivered out of the Honourable Company's stores from 12 October 1757 to 11 January 1758:

Sold to the Company's servants at 10 per cent, ironmongers' ware:

1 spade, £0 3s 5d

1 bricklayer's trowel, £0 1s 4d

2 plasterers' ditto, £0 1s 8½d

9 pairs of sheep shears, £0 12s 0d

1 joiner's hatchet, £0 2s 2½d

2 iron rim locks C, £0 15s 10d

1 ditto B, £0 6s 1d

9 pairs of side hinges, £0 11s 3d

2 claw hammers, £0 2s 10d

4 dozen wood screws, £0 1s 6d

4 chest locks, £0 15s 4d

1 garden rake, £0 2s 9½d

5 stock locks, £0 12s 8½d

1 large frying pan, £0 3s 5d

1 garden hoe, £0 1s 8d

1 pair of bellows, £0 3s 11½d

1 chafing dish, £0 6s 6½d

1 grubbing hoe, £0 3s 2½d

4 scythe stones, £0 0s 5d

3 iron rim locks with brass knobs, £0 18s 3d

1 hand spit, £0 2s 9d

3 pickaxes, £0 11s 0d

3 hoes, £0 2s 0d

1 sapling axe, £0 3s 2d

4 gimlets, £0 0s 11d

1 pair of he hinges, £0 4s 5d

10 small frying pans, £0 18s 9d

2 shod shovels, £0 3s 6d

4 ditching ditto, £0 19s 10d

£9 12s 9½d

Beef and pork:

745 pounds of beef at 2s, £74 10s 0d

22 pounds ditto at 3¾d, £4 2s 6d

2,100 pounds of pork at 2s, £210 0s 0d

73 pounds ditto at 2s 7d, £9 8s 7d

£298 1s 1d

Carried over, £307 13s 10½d

Interpretations

The collection recorded goods sold from the Company's stores to its own servants at a fixed markup of 10 per cent, distinguishing this internal retail trade from the goods issued or given away without charge that appeared in earlier accounts, showing the storekeeper's stock functioning as a small shop for tools and provisions available to those in Company employ rather than as a resource distributed solely at the Company's own expense. The pricing of beef and pork at differing rates within the same commodity, some portions charged at a markedly lower rate than others, suggests that the cheaper lots represented meat of inferior quality or cut sold off at a reduced price rather than a change in the general market rate within the same quarter.

47

41

1758.

Bro't. over£

£307 13s 10½d

Nails vizt.

8 lb. 20d

2s 8d

19 lb. 3d

10s 3½d

4 lb. 2d

2s 7d

33 lb. 4d

14s 3½d

2 lb. 20d

0s 9d

94½ lb. 6d

1s 9½d

46½ lb. 10d

1s 9½d

8½ lb. Glazing Brads

17s 5d

2½ lb. Tacks

3s 2d

14 lb. Flooring Brads

3s 3d

£5 4s 5½d

Books vizt.

8 Common Prayer Books

£1 0s 0d

2 Horn Books

0s 4d

10 Spelling Books

12s 6d

1 Primer

0s 3½d

1 Testament

1s 10d

£1 14s 11½d

Salt 12 Bushels

£1 18s 6d

Deals vizt.

150 Single Deals

£16 17s 6d

8 Double Do.

£1 11s 4d

2 Baths

15s 6d

1 Coffin

4s 2½d

1 Bundle Laths

1s 3d

£19 9s 9½d

Hooks & Lines vizt.

6 Dozen Lines No. 2

£1 1s 1½d

9 Do. 6 Do. 3

£2 1s 2d

2 Do. 1 Do. 4

10s 5d

7 Humbro Lines

10s 9½d

30 Hooks No. 1

2s 7d

50 Do. 2

1s 8d

375 Do. 3

7s 6d

125 Do. 4

1s 8d

100 Do. 5

9s 4d

500 Do. of Grantham

5s 7½d

£5 11s 7d

Cordage 235 lb.

£3 18s 7d

Oil vizt.

17½ Gallns. Linseed

£3 5s 3½d

8½ Do. Train

£1 7s 10d

11 Bottles Florence

£1 8s 10½d

£6 2s 0d

Carr'd over£

£351 6s 9d

Nails, etc:

8 pounds 20 penny, £0 2s 8d

19 pounds 3 penny, £0 10s 3¾d

4 pounds 2 penny, £0 2s 7d

33 pounds 4 penny, £0 14s 3½d

2 pounds 20 penny, £0 0s 9d

94½ pounds 6 penny, £1 19s 4½d

46½ pounds 10 penny, £8 7s 5d

8½ pounds glazing brads, £0 8s 6d

2½ pounds tacks, £0 3s 2d

14 pounds flooring brads, £0 5s 3d

£5 4s 5½d

Books, etc:

8 common prayer books, £1 0s 0d

2 horn books, £0 0s 1d

10 spelling books, £0 12s 6d

1 primer, £0 0s 3½d

1 testament, £0 1s 10d

£1 14s 4½d

Salt, 12 bushels, £1 18s 6d

Deals, etc:

150 single deals, £16 17s 6d

8 double ditto, £1 11s 4d

2 baths, £0 15s 6d

1 coffer, £0 4s 2½d

1 bundle of laths, £0 1s 3d

£19 9s 9½d

Hooks and lines, etc:

6 dozen number 2 lines, £1 1s 1½d

9 ditto number 3 ditto, £2 1s 2d

2 ditto number 4 ditto, £0 10s 6d

7 Humber lines, £0 10s 9½d

30 hooks number 1, £0 2s 7d

50 ditto number 2, £0 1s 8d

375 ditto number 3, £0 7s 6d

125 ditto number 4, £0 1s 8d

100 ditto number 5, £0 9s 4½d

500 ditto of Grantham, £0 5s 7½d

£5 4s 7d

Cordage, 235 pounds, £3 18s 7d

Oil, etc:

17½ gallons of linseed, £3 5s 3½d

8½ ditto of train, £1 7s 10d

11 bottles of Florence oil, £1 8s 10½d

£6 2s 0d

Carried over, £351 6s 9d

Interpretations

The graduated penny weights recorded against the nails, running from 2 penny to 20 penny, referred not to their price but to their length and weight, a traditional English classification of nail sizes carried over unchanged to St Helena's stores. The inclusion of common prayer books, horn books, spelling books, a primer and a testament among goods sold to the Company's servants indicates that basic religious and elementary education materials were supplied through the same store as tools and provisions, reflecting the limited institutional channels available on a small island for obtaining such items.

48

42

30th. January

Bro't. over£

£351 6s 9d

Tinware vizt.

2 Watering Potts

11s 5d

4 Dripping Pans

£1 0s 8d

5 Sifting Do.

7s 11d

1 Quart Funnell

0s 8d

1 Quart Saucepan

0s 9d

£2 1s 5d

Long Cloth 3 pd. Wt. 8

£5 6s 6d

Glassware vizt.

14 Sqr. Glass 8 by 10

£4 11s 3d

114 Do. Do. 6 by 8

£1 15s 7½d

12 Do. Do. 10½ by 11¾

0s 11s 0d

13 Do. Do. 11 by 14½

0s 18s 5d

5 Beer Glasses

7s 11d

1 Pint Decanter

3s 2d

1 Sqr. Glass 10 by 12

1s 8½d

£8 9s 1d

Paint vizt.

4 lb. 3: 9 Whiting

11s 3d

21 lb. Whitelead

8s 6d

3 blue Smalts

7s 6d

3: 8 Stone Colour

£2 9s 10d

2 Umber

0s 9d

11 lb. Venetian Red

2s 5d

2 Ounces White Coperas

0s 2d

9 Barrells Blacking

5s 1½d

£4 5s 5½d

Arrack 245 pd. Galln.

£61 6s 3d

March 36 lb. lb.

13s 3½d

Turners Ware vizt.

3 Paint Brushes

1s 12½d

3 Scrubbing Do.

6s 10½d

2 Cloth Do.

4s 10d

1 Skinning Dish

0s 4½d

2 Labourers Baskets

1s 10d

1 Hair Broom

2s 4½d

1 Wood Bowl

1s 1½d

£0 19s 3½d

Pitch & Tar vizt.

24 Rosin

3s 0d

35 Pitch

4s 10d

1¼ Galln. Tar

1s 2d

£0 9s 0d

Carr'd over£

£434 17s ½d

Tinware, etc:

2 watering pots, £0 11s 5d

4 dripping pans, £1 0s 8d

5 frying ditto, £0 7s 11d

1 quart funnel, £0 0s 8d

1 quart saucepan, £0 0s 9d

£2 1s 5d

Long cloth, 3 pieces 40 yards 8 inches, £5 6s 6d

Glassware, etc:

14 squares of glass, 8 by 10, £4 11s 3d

11½ ditto ditto, 6 by 8, £1 15s 7½d

12 ditto ditto, 10½ by 11¾, £0 11s 0d

13 ditto ditto, 11 by 14½, £0 18s 5d

5 beer glasses, £0 7s 11d

1 pint decanter, £0 3s 2d

1 square of glass, 10 by 12, £1 8s 8½d

£8 9s 1d

Paint, etc:

5 pounds 9 ounces of whiting, £0 11s 3d

21 pounds of white lead, £0 8s 6d

5 pounds of blue smalts, £0 7s 6d

3 pounds 8 ounces of stone colour, £2 9s 10d

2 pounds of umber, £0 0s 9d

11 pounds of Venetian red, £0 2s 5d

2 ounces of white copperas, £0 0s 2d

9 barrels of blacking, £0 5s 4½d

£4 5s 5½d

Arrack, 24⅓ gallons, £6 1s 3d

March beer, 36 gallons, £1 3s 3½d

Turners' ware, etc:

3 paint brushes, £1 12s 4½d

3 scrubbing ditto, £0 6s 4½d

2 cloth ditto, £0 4s 10d

1 shaving dish, £0 0s 4½d

2 labourers' baskets, £0 1s 10d

1 hair broom, £0 2s 4½d

1 wood bowl, £0 1s 1½d

£0 19s 3½d

Pitch and tar, etc:

2½ pounds of rosin, £0 3s 0d

35 pounds of pitch, £0 4s 10d

1¾ gallons of tar, £0 1s 2d

£0 9s 0½d

Carried over, £434 17s 0½d

Interpretations

The glass squares recorded in matching pairs of dimensions, such as 8 by 10 or 11 by 14½, corresponded to standard window pane sizes rather than arbitrary cuts, indicating that the storekeeper held glass in stock ready fitted to the common window frames used in the island's buildings. The range of pigments and driers listed under paint, including white lead, Venetian red, umber and stone colour, together with white copperas used to fix or dry the paint, showed the store supplying the full range of materials needed for house painting and maintenance rather than a single ready-mixed product.

49

43

1758.

Bro't. over£

£434 17s ½d

Bunting 1 yard Red

0s 10d

Desokes 3 pieces

£1 5s 6d

Sailors Cloaths 1 pr. Mens Honey Comb Breeches

5s 10½d

Braziers Ware vizt.

8 Sea Kettles

£4 13s 4d

2 pr. Candlesticks

14s 11d

2 Skillets

4s 6d

£5 17s 9d

Kersey 36 lb. Yards

£4 4s 4½d

Shalloon 37 lb. Yds. Blue

£3 17s 7½d

Chelloes 16 pd.

9s 0d

Soap 185 lb.

£6 7s 6d

Canvas vizt.

32 Yards Osenbrigs

£1 1s 4d

1 Do. Eng. Canvas

1s 1d

£1 2s 5d

Cutlery Ware vizt.

5 Ivory Combs

3s 2½d

12 Horn Do.

2s 0d

1 Shoe Knife

0s 4½d

4 Butchers Do.

1s 2d

6 Staghorn Knives & Forks

9s 1d

6 Ivory Do. & Do.

13s 1½d

32 pr. Shoe Buckles

14s 8d

2 Gross Horn Moulds

0s 10d

£2 8s 5½d

Haberdashery Ware vizt.

34 Skeins of Silk

13s 7d

23 Do. Mohair

8s 7½d

15 Doz. Mohair Coat Buttons

10s 0d

10 Do. Do. breast Do.

3s 4d

2 pr. Carnation Tape

1s 6d

£1 19s 0½d

Earthenware 13 Inch Basins

9s 6d

Cars 3

12s 9d

Cartwheels 1 Wheelbarrow

15s 10½d

Broad Cloth 2¾ Yds. Green

£1 17s 0d

Long Ells 18 Yards

£1 11s 6d

Camblet vizt.

8⅞ Do. Brown

£3 19s 11d

7 Do. Blue

£3 6s 9½d

£7 6s 8½d

Corks ¼ ¾ Sheet

5s 10d

Carr'd over£

£484 5s 7d

Bunting, 1 yard red, £0 0s 10d

Diaper, 3 pieces, £1 5s 6d

Sailors' clothes, 1 pair men's honeycomb breeches, £0 5s 10½d

Braziers' ware, etc:

8 tea kettles, £4 13s 4d

2 pairs of candlesticks, £0 14s 11d

2 skillets, £0 4s 6d

£5 17s 9d

Kersey, 36¼ yards, £4 4s 4½d

Shalloon, 37¾ yards, blue, £3 17s 7½d

Chelloes, 16 pieces, £0 9s 0d

Soap, 185 pounds, £6 7s 6d

Canvas, etc:

32 yards of osnaburg, £1 1s 4d

1 ditto English canvas, £0 1s 1d

£1 2s 5d

Cutlery ware, etc:

5 ivory combs, £0 3s 2½d

12 horn ditto, £0 2s 0d

1 shoe knife, £0 0s 4½d

4 butchers' ditto, £0 1s 2d

6 staghorn knives and forks, £0 9s 1d

6 ivory ditto, 6 ditto, £0 15s 1½d

32 pairs of shoe buckles, £0 14s 8d

2 gross of horn moulds, £0 1s 0d

£2 8s 5½d

Haberdashery ware, etc:

34 skeins of silk, £0 18s 7d

23 ditto mohair, £0 8s 7½d

15 dozen mohair coat buttons, £0 10s 0d

10 ditto breast ditto, £0 3s 4d

2 pieces of carnation tape, £0 1s 6d

£1 19s 0½d

Earthenware, 13 inch bowls, £0 9s 6d

Cars, 3, £0 12s 9d

Cart wheels, 1 wheelbarrow, £0 15s 10½d

Broad cloth, 2⅞ yards, green, £1 17s 0d

Long ells, 18¼ yards, £1 11s 6d

Camblet, etc:

8⅞ yards brown, £3 19s 11d

7 ditto blue, £3 6s 9½d

£7 6s 8½d

Corks, ¾ sheet, £0 5s 10d

Carried over, £484 6s 7d

Interpretations

The listing of kersey, shalloon and chelloes alongside broad cloth and camblet reflected the range of cloths of differing weight and quality kept in store, from coarser woollens suited to working clothes to finer materials for better garments, supplying the varied needs of soldiers, servants and officials on the island. The category of haberdashery ware, covering silk and mohair thread, coat and breast buttons and tape, together with the cutlery entries for ivory and horn combs and knives, showed the store stocking the small fittings needed to make and repair clothing and personal items locally rather than relying on finished goods sent ready-made from England.

50

44

30th. January

Bro't. over£

£484 5s 7d

Pease ½ Bushel

6s 5½d

Leather vizt.

3 Calfskins

£1 1s 1½d

17½ Sole

0s 19s 7½d

£2 0s 9d

Pepper 1 lb.

0s 6½d

Pewter vizt.

2 Quart Funnells

4s 11d

2 Dishes

14s 4d

1 Gallon Pott

9s 11d

£1 9s 2d

Twine vizt.

8 Skains Twine

5s 0d

Do. Marline

0s 6½d

0s 5s 6½d

Hatts 2 Mens fine

£1 18s 6d

Chinaware vizt.

1 Sallad Dish

10s 0d

2 Bowls

3s 4d

9 Pt. Cups & Saucers

3s 0d

0s 7s 2d

Candles 216

£24 15s 0d

Thread 17 lb.

£3 2s 4d

Tea vizt.

149 Congo

£7 9s 0d

244 Single

£13 4s 4d

188 Bohea

£7 1s 0d

£27 14s 4d

Buchram 20 Yards

0s 18s 4d

Fustian ⅜ piece

£1 10s 1½d

Sugar & Candy vizt.

5573 Sugar

£69 13s 3d

1373 Candy

£25 14s 10½d

£95 8s 1½d

Flour vizt.

3882 Flour

£28 6s 1½d

220: 2: 21 Do. baked

£208 15s 0d

£237 1s 1½d

Rice 8: 2: 26

£2 14s 7½d

Iron Potts 1 of 6 Gallons

0s 7s 8½d

Hosiersware vizt.

19 pair Thread Stockings

£2 14s 7½d

2 pair Knit Do.

6s 7d

2 pair Wove Do.

8s 6d

£3 9s 8½d

Carr'd over£

£887 15s 1½d

Pease, 7⅞ bushels, £6 5s 4½d

Leather, etc:

3 calf skins, £1 1s 1½d

17½ soles, £0 19s 7½d

£2 0s 9d

Pepper, 1 pound, £0 0s 6½d

Pewter, etc:

2 quart funnels, £0 4s 11d

2 dishes, £0 14s 4d

1 gallon pot, £0 9s 11d

£1 9s 2d

Twine, etc:

8 skeins of twine, £0 5s 0d

9 ditto marline, £0 0s 6½d

£0 5s 6½d

Hats, 2 men's fine, £1 18s 6d

Chinaware, etc:

1 salad dish, £0 10s 0d

2 bowls, £0 3s 4d

9 dozen pint cups and saucers, £0 3s 0d

£0 7s 2d

Candles, 216, £2 4s 15s 0d

Thread, 17 pounds, £3 2s 4d

Tea, etc:

14 pounds 9 ounces of congou, £7 9s 0d

24½ pounds of singlo, £13 4s 4d

188 ounces of bohea, £7 1s 0d

£27 14s 4d

Buckram, 20 yards, £0 18s 4d

Fustian, ⅞ piece, £1 10s 1½d

Sugar and candy, etc:

5,573 pounds of sugar, £69 13s 3d

1,373 pounds of candy, £25 14s 10½d

£95 8s 1½d

Flour, etc:

3,882 pounds of flour, £28 6s 1½d

2,204 pounds 2 ounces 6 drams of baked ditto, £208 15s 0d

£237 1s 1½d

Rice, 8 hundredweight 2 quarters 26 pounds, £2 14s 7½d

Iron pots, 1 of 6 gallons, £0 7s 8½d

Hosiers' ware, etc:

19 pairs of thread stockings, £2 14s 7½d

2 pairs knit ditto, £0 6s 7d

2 pairs worsted ditto, £0 8s 6d

£3 9s 8½d

Carried over, £887 15s 1½d

Interpretations

The three grades of tea, congou, singlo and bohea, each priced separately and increasing in value from bohea through singlo to congou, reflected the range of quality available in the China tea trade, with congou being the finer black tea and bohea the coarser and cheaper variety, all held in the same store to suit different purses among the Company's servants. The much greater cost recorded for baked flour compared with plain flour, at a rate several times higher per pound, indicated that the baked product carried the added value of labour and fuel expended in turning raw flour into bread, distinguishing a manufactured foodstuff from its raw ingredient within the same account.

51

45

1758.

Bro't. over£

£887 15s 1½d

Shoes vizt.

2 pr. Mens Pumps

13s 4d

1 pr. Channels Do.

7s 8½d

3 pr. Boys Shoes

11s 4½d

1 pr. Girls Do.

2s ½d

3 pr. Mens fine Shoes

18s 3d

2 pr. Womens Calf Do.

5s 6d

2 pr. Chimanco Do.

10s 4d

2 pr. Spanish Do.

9s 7d

97 pr. Mens Ordinary

£20 16s 3½d

£24 14s 5d

Cotton 7 lb.

0s 6s 5d

£912 15s 11½d

Sold to the Planters at 25 pr. Cent vizt.

Chelloes 2 pieces

£1 6s 0d

Hatts 2 Mens fine

£2 3s 9d

Buchram 24 Yards

0s 9s 1d

Shoes vizt.

2 pr. Womens Calf

0s 7s 0d

3 pr. Channels Pumps

£1 6s 4½d

1 pr. Mens fine Shoes

0s 7s 0d

1 pr. Do. Pumps

0s 7s 8d

£2 8s ½d

Shalloon 8 Yards Blue

0s 18s 8d

Camblet 7½ Yards

£3 18s 10d

Haberdashery Ware vizt.

6 Skains Mohair

0s 3s 0d

5 Do. Silk

0s 2s 11d

0s 5s 11d

Canvas 1¾ Yds. Osenbrigs

0s 10½d

Long Cloth 1 pd. No. 8

£2 1s 0d

Sold at 40 pr. Cent vizt.

Sugar & Candy vizt.

184 Sugar

£34 10s 9d

765 Candy

£19 2s 6d

£53 13s 3d

Tea vizt.

63 Congo

£3 18s 9d

138 Single

£15 18s 6d

100½ Bohea

£5 0s 6d

£19 17s 9d

Carr'd over£

£86 16s 2d

Shoes, etc:

2 pairs of men's pumps, £0 13s 4d

1 pair of channelled ditto, £0 7s 8½d

3 pairs of boys' shoes, £0 11s 4½d

1 pair of girls' ditto, £0 2s 1½d

3 pairs of men's fine shoes, £0 18s 3d

2 pairs of women's calf ditto, £0 5s 6d

2 pairs of chimanco ditto, £0 10s 4d

2 pairs of Spanish ditto, £0 9s 7d

97 pairs of men's ordinary, £20 16s 8½d

£24 14s 5d

Cotton, 7 pounds, £0 6s 5d

£912 15s 11½d

Sold to the planters at 25 per cent:

Chelloes, 2 pieces, £1 6s 0d

Hats, 2 men's fine, £2 3s 9d

Buckram, 2½ yards, £0 9s 1d

Shoes, etc:

2 pairs of women's calf, £0 7s 0d

3 pairs of channelled pumps, £1 6s 4½d

1 pair of men's fine shoes, £0 7s 0d

1 pair of ditto pumps, £0 7s 8d

£2 8s 0½d

Shalloon, 8¾ yards, blue, £0 18s 8d

Camblet, 7½ yards, £3 18s 10d

Haberdashery ware, etc:

6 skeins of mohair, £0 3s 0d

5 ditto silk, £0 2s 11d

£0 5s 11d

Canvas, 1¾ yards of osnaburg, £0 0s 10½d

Long cloth, 1 piece number 8, £2 1s 0d

Sold at 40 per cent:

Sugar and candy, etc:

1,842 pounds of sugar, £34 10s 9d

765 pounds of candy, £19 2s 6d

£53 13s 3d

Tea, etc:

65 pounds of congou, £3 18s 9d

138 pounds of singlo, £10 18s 6d

100½ pounds of bohea, £5 0s 6d

£19 17s 9d

Carried over, £86 16s 2d

Interpretations

The marked increase in markup from 10 per cent for the Company's own servants, through 25 per cent for the planters, to 40 per cent on sugar, candy and tea, revealed a deliberate scale of pricing based on the buyer's standing, with goods sold cheapest to those in the Company's direct employ and progressively dearer to the wider planting population, a policy that used the store's monopoly position to generate revenue from the island's inhabitants beyond mere cost recovery.

52

46

30th. January

Bro't. over£

£86 16s 2d

Flour 150 lb.

£17 5s 4d

Hooks & Lines vizt.

200 Hooks No. 3

5s 0d

25 Do. 4

0s 5d

150 Do. 2

6s 6d

100 pr. Grantham

1s 5d

48 Lines No. 2

18s 8d

90 Do. 3

£2 1s 3d

6 Do. 4

0s 3s 3½d

£5 16s 6½d

Salt ⅜ Bushels

1s 6½d

Oil vizt.

½ Linseed

1s 2d

¾ Galln. Train

2s 2d

1 Bottle Florence

3s 4½d

£6 8s ½d

Deals vizt.

4 Single Deals

11s 6d

1 Bath

9s 10½d

£1 1s 4½d

Earthen Ware 1 Milk Pan

0s 11d

Candles 3 lb.

8s 10½d

Arrack 10 Galln.

£3 0s 0d

Ironmongers Ware vizt.

1 Cupboard Lock

5s 3d

1 Small Frying Pan

2s 6d

1 Scythe Stone

0s 1½d

1 Spade

4s 4½d

1 Ditching Shovel

6s 1d

0s 18s 7d

Leather 2½ pr. Sole

0s 3s 6½d

Paint vizt.

25 lb. Whiting

1s ½d

¾ lb. Blue Smalts

1s 0d

0s 2s ½d

Rice 1: 1: 7.

0s 10s 3d

Beef & Pork vizt.

1 pd. Beef

4s 10½d

6 pd. Pork

£1 0s 0d

£1 2s 10½d

Nails vizt.

2½ lb. 6d

13s 0d

16 lb. 10d

7s 4d

8 lb. 4d

4s 8d

3 lb. 2d

2s 6d

£1 7s 6d

Carr'd over£

£117 4s 3d

Flour, 150 pounds, £1 7s 5d

Hooks and lines, etc:

200 hooks number 3, £0 5s 0d

25 ditto number 4, £0 0s 5d

150 ditto number 2, £0 6s 6d

100 of Grantham, £0 1s 5d

48 lines number 2, £0 18s 8d

90 ditto number 3, £2 1s 3d

6 ditto number 4, £0 3s 3½d

£3 16s 6½d

Salt, ⅞ bushel, £0 1s 6½d

Oil, etc:

½ pint linseed, £0 1s 2d

½ pint train, £0 2s 2d

1 bottle Florence, £0 3s 4½d

£0 6s 8½d

Deals, etc:

4 single deals, £0 11s 6d

1 bath, £0 9s 10½d

£1 1s 4½d

Earthenware, 1 milk pan, £0 0s 11d

Candles, 3 pounds, £0 8s 10½d

Arrack, 10 gallons, £3 0s 0d

Ironmongers' ware, etc:

1 cupboard lock, £0 5s 3d

1 small frying pan, £0 2s 6d

1 scythe stone, £0 0s 1½d

1 spade, £0 4s 4½d

1 ditching shovel, £0 6s 1d

£0 18s 7d

Leather, 2½ soles, £0 3s 6½d

Paint, etc:

25 pounds of whiting, £0 1s 4d

4 pounds of blue smalts, £0 1s 0d

£0 2s 4d

Rice, 1 hundredweight 1 quarter 7 pounds, £0 10s 3d

Beef and pork, etc:

1 pound of beef, £0 4s 10½d

6 pounds of pork, £1 0s 0d

£1 4s 10½d

Nails, etc:

2½ pounds 6 penny, £0 13s 0d

16 pounds 10 penny, £0 7s 4d

8 pounds 4 penny, £0 4s 8d

3 pounds 2 penny, £0 2s 6d

£1 7s 6d

Carried over, £117 4s 3d

Interpretations

The purchase of ironmongers' ware, leather and paint by the planters in small quantities, such as a single spade, a scythe stone or a few pounds of pigment, contrasted with the far larger volumes recorded earlier as sold to the Company's own servants, showing that goods reached the planting population in retail portions suited to individual household need rather than in the bulk quantities issued for institutional use.

53

47

1757.

Bro't. over£

£117 4s 3d

Twine 2 Skains

0s 1s 8d

Cordage 12 lb.

0s 1s 8d

Starch 3 lb.

0s 2s 15s 3d

Sead 31 lb. Sheet

0s 9s 8½d

Pitch & Tar vizt.

1 lb. Pitch

0s 2s ½d

14 lb. Rosin

0s 3s 6½d

36 Galln. Tar

£2 2s 0d

£2 5s 9d

Iron Potts 1 of 6 Gallons

0s 9s 10d

Soap 12.

0s 10s 6d

Chinaware 8 Sallad Dishes

0s 9s 4d

Turners Ware Paint Brush

0s 0s 10d

Books vizt.

3 Bibles

0s 14s 0d

5 Spelling Books

0s 8s 1½d

2 Common Prayer Do.

0s 6s 6d

1 Testament

0s 2s 4d

£1 10s 11½d

£125 19s 7d

Sold to the Honorable Companys Ship Walpole vizt.

Deals 1 piece Elm Plank

0s 17s 6d

Cordage 4: 3: 26

£12 15s 9d

Twine 26

£1 13s 4d

Pitch 2 Barrels

£4 4s 4d

Oil vizt.

15 Galln. Linseed

£3 10s 8d

2 Bottles Florence

0s 6s 9d

£3 17s 5d

Paint vizt.

8 lb. White Lead

0s 4s 6d

12 Barrels Blacking

0s 9s 0d

0s 13s 6d

Hooks & Lines vizt.

100 Hooks No. 4

0s 1s 8d

24 Lines No. 2

0s 0s 4d

0s 1s 11s 2d

Salt 1 Bushel

0s 4s 2d

Pease 1 Bushel

0s 9s 6d

Flour 677 lb.

£7 15s 2d

£33 1s 8d

Charges

Twine, 2 skeins, £0 1s 8d

Cordage, 12 pounds, £0 15s 3d

Starch, 3 pounds, £0 1s 6d

Lead, 31 sheet, £0 9s 8½d

Pitch and tar, etc:

1 firkin pitch, £0 2s 4½d

17 pounds of rosin, £0 3s 6½d

36 gallons of tar, £2 2s 0d

£2 5s 9d

Iron pots, 1 of 6 gallons, £0 9s 10d

Soap, 17 pounds, £0 10s 6d

Chinaware, 8 salad dishes, £0 9s 4d

Turners' ware, 1 paint brush, £0 0s 10d

Books, etc:

3 Bibles, £0 14s 0d

5 spelling books, £0 8s 1½d

2 common prayer books, £0 6s 6d

1 testament, £0 2s 4d

£1 10s 11½d

£125 19s 7d

Sold to the Honourable Company's ship Walpole:

Deals, 4 pieces of elm plank, £0 17s 6d

Cordage, 4 hundredweight 3 quarters 26 pounds, £12 15s 9d

Twine, 26 pounds, £1 13s 4d

Pitch, 2 barrels, £4 4s 4d

Oil, etc:

15 gallons of linseed, £3 10s 8d

2 bottles of Florence oil, £0 6s 9d

£3 17s 5d

Paint, etc:

8 pounds of white lead, £0 4s 6d

12 barrels of blacking, £0 9s 0d

£0 13s 6d

Hooks and lines, etc:

100 hooks number 4, £0 1s 8d

24 lines number 2, £0 0s 4d

£0 11s 0d

Salt, 1 bushel, £0 4s 2d

Pease, 1 bushel, £0 9s 6d

Flour, 677 pounds, £7 15s 2d

£33 1s 8d

Charges

Interpretations

The sale of cordage, pitch, twine, oil and paint to the ship Walpole recorded here reflected supplies furnished for the vessel's own maintenance and repair before her departure, distinct from the provisions such as flour, salt and pease also charged to her account for feeding her company on the voyage to England. The presence of Bibles, prayer books and a testament among goods sold locally, alongside spelling books, indicates the store served as a source of both religious and elementary instructional material for the island's inhabitants, there being no other retailer of such items available.

54

48

30th. January

Charges General Dr. for the following Stores, issued

from 12th. October 1757 to 11th. January 1758 vizt.

Pitch & Tar vizt.

4 lb. Pitch

0s 0s 6d

½ Galln. Tar for repairs in the Castle &ca.

0s 5d

0s 0s 11d

Ironmongers Ware vizt.

19 Files

9s 11d

5 Do. hafts

for the Armourers

2s 1½d

7 Ounces binding Wire use.

1s 0½d

1 Smiths Bellows

3s 0½d

1 Cupboard Lock

3s 9d

2 Padlocks for the Castle.

4s 7d

1 Small Frying Pan

1s 8½d

2 Stock Locks for the Bakehouse, and

Socket on the Line

4s 7d

1 Claw Hammer for the Gunners use

1s 3d

5 Dozen Wood Screws for putting Hinges

on a Table

1s 0d

1 Cleaver for the Hospital

3s 10d

1 Joiners Rubstone for the Carpenters

2s 1½d

2 Hoes

1s 2½d

1 Packing Needle for sewing Stableat Catts.

0s 1¾d

£1 18s 4½d

Twine 4 Skains for Store use, Marker,

Castle, and Dunnels for Officer

0s 2s 3d

Canvas vizt.

11½ Yds. English for Umbrellas in the

Castle, Lieut. Govrs. House, & Hospital 2 Bunches

14s 2½d

27 Yards Osenbrigs for Hospitals & Marker

and Tent, a Bag for the Flag, Doctors Shop,

Packet, & Dunnels for Officer

16s 4d

£1 10s 6½d

Nails vizt.

2½ lb. 8d

for a Cupboard in the Castle

1s 2½d

½ lb. 8d

Umbrellas, Drumbridge, making

0s 3½d

5 lb. 6d

a Raft, one of the Barracks

1s 9½d

1 lb. 4d

repairs to the Stone Cart, Coop.

0s 4½d

7 lb. 10d

Trough for the Bakers, and

2s 4d

6 lb. 20d

making the Packett.

1s 10½d

2 lb. 40d

0s 7d

1 Socket

1s 3d

¼ Glazing Brads

0s 2½d

0s 9s 11d

Carr'd over£

£4 2s 0d

Charges general debtor for the following stores issued from 12 October 1757 to 11 January 1758:

Pitch and tar, etc:

4 pounds of pitch, £0 0s 6d

½ gallon of tar, for repairs in the castle, etc, £0 0s 5d

£0 0s 11d

Ironmongers' ware, etc:

19 files, £0 9s 11d

5 ditto shafts, for the armourer's use, £0 2s 7½d

7 ounces of binding wire, ditto, £0 1s 0½d

1 smith's bellows, £0 3s 0½d

1 cupboard lock, £0 3s 9d

2 padlocks, for the castle, £0 4s 7d

1 small frying pan, £0 1s 8½d

2 stock locks for the bakehouse, and socket on the line, £0 4s 7d

1 claw hammer for the gunners' use, £0 1s 3d

5 dozen wood screws for putting hinges on a table, £0 1s 0d

1 cleaver for the hospital, £0 3s 10d

1 joiner's rubstone for the carpenter's, £0 2s 1½d

2 hoes, £0 1s 2½d

1 packing needle for sewing soldiers' clothes, £0 1s 3½d

£1 18s 4½d

Twine, 4 skeins for store use, marker and castle, and dimity for officers, £0 2s 3d

Canvas, etc:

11½ yards of English for umbrellas in the castle, Lieutenant Governor's house and hospital for two doctors, £14 2s 7½d

27 yards of osnaburg, for hospital and Marches and tent, a bag for the Long Wood doctor's shop, packet and dimity for officers, £16 4s 0d

£1 10s 6½d

Nails, etc:

2½ pounds 8 penny, £0 1s 2½d

½ pound 8 penny, £0 3s 1½d

5 pounds 6 penny, for a cupboard in the castle, umbrellas, drawbridge, making a raft to one of the barracks, £0 9s 4½d

1 pound 4 penny, £0 4s 1½d

7 pounds 10 penny, repairs to the store cart, forge, £2 4s 0d

6 pounds 20 penny, trough for the bakers, and, £1 10s 1½d

2 pounds 40 penny, making the packet, £0 7s 0d

1 pound tacks, £0 1s 3d

½ pound glazing brads, £0 2s 1½d

£0 9s 11d

Carried over, £4 4s 0d

Interpretations

The category of charges general recorded goods issued from the Company's own stores for its own institutional needs, such as repairs to the castle, drawbridge and barracks, or supplies for the hospital and its doctors, distinct from the sales made either to servants at a markup or to planters and the ship, showing a separate accounting head for consumption that generated no revenue to the Company. The provision of umbrellas made up from English canvas for the castle, the Lieutenant Governor's house and the hospital's two doctors indicated a concern for shielding senior officials and medical staff from the sun during outdoor movement between buildings, a small but telling accommodation to the island's climate.

55

49

1758.

Bro't. over£

£4 2s 0d

Oil vizt.

23 pd. Galln. Train for the kitchen, Bakehouse,

and Armourers use

£3 11s 6d

2 pd. Galln. Linseed for painting the Crane

Lockers on the Line, Windows in the Castle

Lieut. Govrs. House, & Centry Boxes

0s 8s 3½d

1 Bottle Florence for the Armourers use

0s 2s 1½d

£4 2s 4d

Lines 1½ lb. for mending the Targett

0s 4½d

Cutlery Ware vizt.

1 Bataloon Knife

0s 3s 0d

12 Ivory handle knives & Forks for the Castle

£1 7s 6d

£1 7s 9d

Deals vizt.

39 Single Deals for repairs to the Drawbridge, and Sockets

on the Line, & sighs by Sam. on Roof for

£3 19s 7½d

9 Double Do. the Barracks, Trough for the Bakehouse

Ripd. &ca. in the Castle

£1 11s 6d

14 pd. Deal Plank for the Pump

0s 12s 6d

2 pd. Ridge Timber for a Candle for the long Boat,

Do. for the Mill, Lieut. Govrs. House

£4 15s 10d

2 Baths for repairs in the Stores, and Roof for

the Barracks

0s 14s 1d

£11 13s 6½d

Candles vizt.

80 for the Castle

£8 6s 8d

135 for the Council

£14 1s 3d

£22 7s 11d

Earthen Ware 1 Milk pan for the Castle

0s 8d

Paint vizt.

11 lb. Whiting

For painting the Crane, Lockers

0s 2s ½d

18 White Lead

on the Line, the Windows in

0s 6s 4½d

9 Barr. Blacking

the Castle, & the Lieut. Govrs. House

0s 1s 0d

7 lb. Coperas

0s 0s 6d

2¼ lb. blue Smalts for Linnen for the Castle

£1 12s 6d

£2 2s 7d

Cordage 169 lb. for a Crane Rope & Gunrs. use

£2 9s 3½d

Arrack 27½ Gallons, given to the Sewer for

Smoothing, Hauling up, and bringing on the

Long brake, and to the Gunners Men, Haymakers,

Working Hands & Blacks.

£3 7s 10d

Turners Ware 1 Wood Bowl for the Castle

0s 1s 4d

Leather 1½ lb. Pump Leather for the Pump

0s 1s 9d

Pewter vizt.

12 Candle Moulds for the Castle

0s 19s 5d

2 Quart Funnels for Castle & Store use

0s 4s 3½d

£1 3s 10½d

Carr'd over£

£52 18s 11½d

Oil, etc:

23½ gallons of train for the kitchen, bakehouse and armourer's use, £3 11s 6d

2¾ gallons of linseed for painting the crane, sockets on the line, windows in the castle, Lieutenant Governor's house and Corkey Boxes, £0 8s 3½d

1 bottle of Florence oil for the armourer's use, £0 2s 4½d

£4 2s 4½d

Lines, 19¼ pounds for mending the target, £4 2s 4½d

Cutlery ware, etc:

1 batelans knife, £0 0s 3d

12 ivory handle knives and forks for the castle, £1 7s 6d

£1 7s 9d

Deals, etc:

39 single deals, for repairing the drawbridge and sluice on the line, a stable for the Lieutenant Governor, the barracks and forge for the bakehouse, £3 19s 7½d

9 double ditto, ditto for the castle, £1 13s 6d

14 pieces of standard for the pump, £0 12s 6d

2 pieces of ring timber for a cradle for the long boat's use, for the stable at the Lieutenant Governor's house, £4 15s 10d

2 baths for repairs in the stores, and roof for the barracks, £0 14s 1d

£11 13s 6½d

Candles, etc:

80 for the castle, £8 6s 8d

135 for the council, £14 1s 3d

£22 7s 11d

Earthenware, 1 milk pan for the castle, £0 0s 8d

Paint, etc:

11 pounds of whiting, for painting the crane, sockets on the line, the windows in the castle and the Lieutenant Governor's house, £0 2s 4d

18 pounds of white lead, £0 6s 4½d

9 barrels of blacking, £0 1s 0d

7 pounds of copperas, £0 0s 6d

2¼ pounds of blue smalts for linen for the castle, £1 12s 6d

£2 0s 7d

Cordage, 169 pounds for a crane rope and gun use, £2 9s 3½d

Arrack, 27⅓ gallons, given to the sawyers for smoothing, hauling up and bringing in the long timber, and to the gunners, sawyers, waymakers, working hands and blacks, £3 7s 10d

Turners' ware, 1 wood bowl for the castle, £0 1s 9d

Leather, ¾ pound of pump leather for the pump, £0 0s [...]

Pewter, etc:

12 candle moulds for the castle, £0 19s 5d

2 quart funnels for castle and store use, £0 4s 3½d

£1 3s 10½d

Carried over, £52 18s 11½d

Interpretations

The issue of arrack to sawyers, gunners, waymakers and working hands specifically for hauling timber and other heavy labour showed the drink being used as a customary allowance for exertion rather than an ordinary provision, a practice distinguishing physically demanding tasks from routine duties in how the workforce was compensated in kind. The distribution of candles between the castle and the council in markedly different quantities, at 80 against 135, indicated that the council's business consumed considerably more lighting than the general upkeep of the castle itself, consistent with evening sessions of business requiring sustained illumination.

56

50

30th. January

Bro't. over£

£52 18s 11½d

Buckram 1 Yard for Dunnels for Officer

0s 0s 10d

Soap 130 for Linnen

£4 1s 3d

Braziers Ware 2 Flat Candlesticks

0s 4s 0d

Tinware vizt.

6 Sizes for Tinning

0s 7½d

1 Pint Saucepan

0s 6d

1 Quart Do. for the Hospital

0s 8d

2 Lamps for the Castle

0s 3s 2d

0s 4s 11½d

Glassware vizt.

6 Sqr. Glass 11 by 19 for Lieut. Govrs. House

0s 8s 10½d

1 Do. Do. 8 by 10 for the Castle

0s 6½d

8 Do. Do. 6 by 8

0s 2s 0d

0s 11s 5d

Thread 3 lb. Coloured for repairing Marker

and for the Castle

0s 10s 0d

Starch 2½ lb. for Linnen

0s 12s 2d

Chinaware vizt.

2 Bowls

0s 3s 0d

17 Snitchers for ye Castle & Hospital

0s 2s 10d

4 Sauce Boats

0s 1s 4d

0s 7s 2d

£59 10s 9d

Diet Expences Dr. for the following

Stores issued fr. 12th. Octr. 1757 to 11th. Jry. 1758 vizt.

Beef & Pork vizt.

2 pd. Beef

0s 6s 9d

23 pd. Pork

£2 13s 8d

£3 0s 5d

Tea vizt.

1 lb. Single

0s 11s 0d

8 lb. Congo

0s 6s 8d

0s 7s 7d

Flour 878 lb.

0s 6s 8½d

Candy 272 lb.

0s 4s 10s 8d

Arrack 51 Galln.

0s 6s 7s 6d

Salt 3 pd. Bushels

0s 10s 1½d

Rice 123.

0s 6s 10½d

Oil 15 Bottles Florence

£1 15s 7½d

Pease 2 Bushels

0s 13s 4½d

£24 0s 2½d

Mallay

Buckram, 1 yard for dimity for officers, £0 0s 10d

Soap, 130 pounds for linen, £4 1s 3d

Braziers' ware, 2 flat candlesticks, £0 4s 0d

Tinware, etc:

6 pounds of solder for tinning, £0 1s 7½d

1 pint saucepan, £0 0s 6d

1 quart ditto, for the hospital, £0 0s 8d

2 lamps for the castle, £0 3s 2d

£0 4s 11½d

Glassware, etc:

6 squares of glass, 11 by 19, for the Lieutenant Governor's house, £0 8s 10½d

1 ditto ditto, 8 by 10, for the castle, £0 0s 6½d

8 ditto ditto, 6 by 8, £0 2s 0d

£0 11s 5d

Thread, 3 pounds coloured for repairing markers, and, for the castle, £0 10s 0d

Starch, 21½ pounds for linen, £0 12s 2d

Chinaware, etc:

2 bowls, £0 3s 0d

17 snuffers, for the castle and hospital, £0 2s 10d

4 sauce boats, £0 1s 4d

£0 7s 2d

£59 10s 9d

Diet expenses debtor for the following stores issued from 12 October 1757 to 11 January 1758:

Beef and pork, etc:

2 pounds of beef, £0 6s 9d

23 pounds of pork, £2 13s 8d

£3 0s 5d

Tea, etc:

1 pound of singlo, £0 0s 11d

8 pounds of congou, £6 8s 0d

£6 8s 11d

Flour, 878 pounds, £7 7s 7d

Candy, 27½ pounds, £6 8s 0d

Arrack, 51 gallons, £4 10s 8d

Salt, 3½ bushels, £6 7s 6d

Rice, 123 pounds, £0 10s 1½d

Oil, 15 bottles of Florence, £1 15s 7½d

Pease, 2 bushels, £0 13s 4½d

£24 0s 2½d

Mallory

Interpretations

The separate diet expenses account, distinct from the charges general account for institutional repairs, recorded provisions such as beef, pork, tea, flour and arrack issued specifically for feeding a body of people rather than for maintaining buildings, suggesting the Company kept its ledgers divided according to the purpose the goods served, whether consumption or upkeep, even where both accounts drew on the same store of goods. Congou and singlo named two distinct grades of black and green tea imported from China, congou being a stronger black tea and singlo a green tea, both issued here for hospital or table use rather than for general sale. Candy referred to refined sugar crystallised into hard lumps, a more expensive and purer product than the raw sugar recorded elsewhere in these accounts, while Florence oil was a fine olive oil imported from Florence, valued for cooking, salad dressing and lamps alike. Snuffers were small hand tools, usually of metal or china, used to trim the burnt wick of a candle to keep it burning cleanly, an item as necessary to a household as the candles they served, while starch and soap issued for linen point to the laundering of table and bed linen as a recurring institutional expense distinct from clothing.

57

51

1758.

Mallay Dr. for the following Stores issued from

12th. Octr. 1757 to 11th. Jany. 1758. vizt.

Rice 192

0s 10s 7½d

Beef 8 Pieces

£1 7s 0d

Arrack 4 Galln.

0s 10s 0d

Oil 1 Galln. Train

0s 3s 1½d

Candy 11 lb.

0s 5s 4d

Soap 4 lb.

0s 2s 6d

Tea 4 lb. Bohea

0s 2s 4d

Ironware 1 hand Hatchet

0s 1s 4d

£3 1s 7d

Blacks Dr. for the following Stores issued from

12th. Octr. 1757 to 11th. Jany. 1758 vizt.

Beef & Pork vizt.

133 pd. Beef

£22 8s 10½d

252 pd. Pork

£27 1s 4d

£49 10s 2½d

Oil 2¾ Galln. Train

0s 7s 2½d

Sugar 111

£1 13s 1½d

Tea 42 Bohea

£1 6s 6d

Ironware 2 hand Hatchets

Rice 33: 3: 17

£9 2s 6d

Nails vizt.

1 lb. 6d

0s 0s 4½d

1 lb. 4d

0s 0s 5d

0s 0s 9½d

Shoes 14 pr. Ordinary

£2 14s 6½d

Arrack 17 lb. Galln.

£3 3s 1½d

Iron Potts 2 of 6 Gallons

0s 14s 0d

Flour 10

0s 1s 5½d

Cutlery Ware 2 Butchers Knives

0s 3s 10½d

Desokes ½ piece

0s 6s 4½d

Twine 1 Skain

Hooks & Lines vizt.

25 Hooks No. 1

0s 1s 2½d

25 Do. 2

0s 0s 9d

120 Do. 3

0s 1s 9d

25 Do. 4

0s 0s 3½d

6 Lines No. 4

£2 2s 5½d

42 Do. 2

0s 11s 8d

0s 17s 10½d

£69 16s 10½d

Garrison

Mallory debtor for the following stores issued from 12 October 1757 to 11 January 1758:

Rice, 192 pounds, £0 10s 7½d

Beef, 8 pieces, £1 7s 0d

Arrack, 4 gallons, £0 10s 0d

Oil, 1 gallon train, £0 3s 1½d

Candy, 11 pounds, £0 5s 4d

Soap, 4 pounds, £0 2s 6d

Tea, 4 pounds bohea, £0 2s 1d

Ironware, 1 hand hatchet, £0 1s 4d

£3 1s 7d

Blacks debtor for the following stores issued from 12 October 1757 to 11 January 1758:

Beef and pork, etc:

133 pounds of beef, £22 8s 10½d

232 pounds of pork, £27 1s 4d

£49 10s 2½d

Oil, 2½ gallons train, £0 7s 2½d

Sugar, 111 pounds, £1 13s 1½d

Tea, 42 pounds bohea, £1 4s 6d

Ironware, 2 hand hatchets, £0 2s 8d

Rice, 33 hundredweight 3 quarters 17 pounds, £9 2s 6d

Nails, etc:

1 pound 6 penny, £0 0s 4½d

1 pound 4 penny, £0 0s 5d

£0 0s 9½d

Shoes, 44 pairs of ordinary, £2 15s 6½d

Arrack, 17¾ gallons, £3 3s 1½d

Iron pots, 2 of 6 gallons, £0 14s 0d

Flour, 10 pounds, £0 1s 5½d

Cutlery ware, 2 butchers' knives, £0 3s 10½d

Diaper, ¾ piece, £0 6s 7½d

Twine, 1 skein, £0 0s [...]

Hooks and lines, etc:

25 hooks number 1, £0 1s 2½d

25 ditto number 2, £0 0s 9d

120 ditto number 3, £0 1s 9d

25 ditto number 4, £0 0s 3½d

6 lines number 4, £0 2s 3½d

42 ditto number 2, £0 11s 8d

£0 17s 10½d

£69 16s 10½d

Garrison

Interpretations

The account headed Blacks recorded provisions such as beef, pork, rice, sugar and tea issued for the maintenance of the enslaved population, distinct from the accounts for the garrison's officers, soldiers and named individuals recorded elsewhere, showing the Company's ledgers tracking the cost of provisioning slaves as a distinct category of institutional expenditure in its own right. The issue of fishing hooks and lines to the same account, in varying sizes suited to different catches, indicated that fishing formed a recognised supplement to the rations otherwise provided to the enslaved population, with the Company supplying the tackle needed for it.

58

52

30th. January

Garrison Dr. for the following Stores issued

from 12th. October 1757 to 11th. Jany. 1758 vizt.

Tea 87 Bohea

£9 10s 9d

Oil vizt.

76½ Galln. Train for the several Guards

£11 11s 11d

¾ Galln. Linseed for Painting Centry Boxes

0s 2s 6d

£11 14s 5d

Sugar & Candy vizt.

12 lb. Sugar

0s 2s 6d

6 lb. Candy

0s 2s 0d

0s 4s 6d

Deals vizt.

18 Single Deals for Cotts, Coffins, Shutters

£1 16s 9d

2 Double Do. for the Guns Barracks

and Centry Boxes

0s 7s 0d

£2 3s 9d

Nails vizt.

11 lb. 6d

0s 3s 10½d

5 lb. 4d

for Cotts, Coffins, Shutters

0s 2s 0d

10 lb. 3d

for Guns Barracks, and

0s 4s 9½d

1 lb. 10d

Centry Boxes

0s 0s 4d

0s 11s 0d

Lines 6 lb. 2 for Whips

0s 1s 8d

Canvas vizt.

43 Yards English for Cotts

£2 2s 1½d

20 Do. Osenbrigs for Cotts

0s 12s 1d

£2 14s 2½d

Paint vizt.

16 lb. White Lead for painting Centry Boxes

0s 3s 6½d

9 lb. Yellow Ocher for clean Accoutrements

0s 1s 8½d

18 lb. Whiting

0s 0s 4d

0s 5s 7½d

Twine 1 Skain for mending Cotts

0s 0s 6½d

Arrack ½ Galln. for the Doctors Shop

0s 1s 3d

£20 7s 8½d

Plantation Dr. for the following Stores

issued fr. 12th. October 1757 to 11th. Jany. 1758 vizt.

Nails vizt.

23 lb. 10d

for the Stable at Plantation house

0s 7s 8d

17 lb. 20d

Gates, Hogstyes, Carts, Fowl

0s 5s 4d

35 lb. 6d

Houses, Gardener, & Plantation

0s 12s 4½d

25 lb. 40d

house, and Long Wood

0s 7s 3½d

3 lb. 20d

0s 1s 2½d

½ lb. 8d

0s 0s 3½d

£1 14s 2d

Cutlery Ware 3 Butchers Knives for the Gardener

0s 1s 6d

Carr'd over£

£1 16s 0d

Garrison debtor for the following stores issued from 12 October 1757 to 11 January 1758:

Tea, 87 pounds bohea, £9 10s 9d

Oil, etc:

7¾ gallons train, for the sentry guards, £11 11s 11d

¾ gallon linseed for painting centry boxes, £0 2s 6d

£11 14s 5d

Sugar and candy, etc:

12 pounds of sugar, £0 2s 6d

6 pounds of candy, £0 2s 0d

£0 4s 6d

Deals, etc:

18 single deals, for cots, coffins, shutters, for the gunners' barracks and centry boxes, £1 16s 9d

2 double ditto, ditto, £0 7s 0d

£2 3s 9d

Nails, etc:

11 pounds 6 penny, £0 3s 10½d

5 pounds 4 penny, for cots, coffins, shutters of gunners' barracks, and centry boxes, £0 2s 0d

10 pounds 3 penny, £0 4s 9½d

1 pound 10 penny, £0 0s 4d

£0 11s 0d

Lines, 6 number 2, for whips, £0 1s 8d

Canvas, etc:

43 yards of English, for cots, £2 2s 1½d

20 ditto osnaburg, £0 12s 1d

£2 14s 2½d

Paint, etc:

16 pounds of white lead for painting centry boxes, £0 3s 6½d

9 pounds of yellow ochre, to clean accoutrements, £0 1s 8½d

18 pounds of whiting, £0 0s 4d

£0 5s 7½d

Twine, 1 skein for mending cots, £0 0s 6½d

Arrack, ½ gallon for the doctor's shop, £0 1s 3d

£20 7s 8½d

Plantation debtor for the following stores issued from 12 October 1757 to 11 January 1758:

Nails, etc:

23 pounds 10 penny, for the stable at plantation house, £0 7s 8d

17 pounds 20 penny, gates, hogsties, forks, for the towers, gardeners and plantation, £0 5s 4d

35 pounds 6 penny, £0 12s 4½d

25 pounds 40 penny, house and Long Wood, £0 7s 3½d

3 pounds 20 penny, £0 1s 2½d

½ pound 9 penny, £0 0s 3½d

£1 14s 2d

Cutlery ware, 8 butchers' knives for the gardener, £0 11s 6d

Carried over, £1 16s 0d

Interpretations

The issue of yellow ochre specifically to clean accoutrements distinguished it from the whiting and white lead used for painting the centry boxes, showing the pigment serving a practical maintenance purpose in polishing soldiers' equipment rather than a purely decorative one. The garrison's account for deals, canvas and nails devoted to cots, coffins and shutters together in a single set of entries reflected how the same basic materials and joinery skills served both the living arrangements and the burial needs of the soldiers stationed on the island, with no separate trade or supply available for either purpose.

59

53

1758

Bro't. over£

£1 16s 0d

Iron Ware vizt.

1 pair Clipping Sheers

0s 2s 9d

1 pair Garden Do.

0s 3s 10d

2 Bill Hooks

0s 4s 11d

1 Pickaxe

0s 3s 4d

1 Hoe

for the Gardeners use

0s 1s 7½d

4 Spades

0s 12s 5d

1 Bricklayers Trowell

0s 1s 2½d

1 Rubstone

0s 2s 1½d

2 Stock Locks for the Dairy Room at

the Plantation House, & one of the Beloved House

0s 4s 7d

26 Scyth Stones for the Gardener & Mowers

0s 2s 2d

4 pr. Sheep Sheers for Sheering Sheep

0s 4s 10d

1 Scyth for Mowing

0s 5s 3d

1 Claw Hammer for repairing Gates in the

Pastures &ca.

0s 1s 3d

£2 9s 3½d

Rice & Paddy vizt.

8 lb. Rice

0s 4s 1½d

4428 Paddy for Poultry and Horses

£8 14s 5½d

£8 18s 7d

Tar 6¾ Gallons for Carts

0s 5s 7½d

Deals vizt.

48 Single Deals for a Stable, Hogstyes, Fowlhouses

£4 18s 0d

3 Double Do. Carts, Dam at Plantation House

0s 10s 6d

2 Coffins Gates in the Pastures, repairs to

0s 7s 7d

1 Oak Plank a black house, & Gardeners use

£1 5s 0d

4 Baths

£1 8s 2d

£8 9s 3d

Oil vizt.

¾ Galln. Train for Thatching

0s 2s 3½d

2 Do. Linseed for Painting a Door & Carts

0s 6s 8½d

0s 9s 0d

Cordage 148 lb. for Thatching Scaffolding

Yoaking Oxen, & Gardeners use

£2 2s 3½d

Turners Ware vizt.

2 pair Yokes for Oxen

£3 11s 2d

1 Wood Bowl for the long Wood

0s 1s 4d

1 Platter

0s 1s 0d

7 Paint Brushes for Painting

0s 3s 11d

£3 17s 5½d

Lines 8 lb. 4 for the Mowers & Gardener

0s 2s 11½d

Twine 1 Skain

for the Gardener

0s 6½d

Tinware 1 Watering Pott

0s 5s 2d

Cartwheels vizt.

7 lb. 16s. 2½d

2 pr. Cart Wheels

17s 5½d

2 Axletrees

£8 13s 8d

Carr'd over£

£37 9s 6d

Ironware, etc:

1 pair of clipping shears, £0 2s 9d

1 pair of garden ditto, £0 3s 10d

2 bill hooks, £0 4s 11d

1 dickan, £0 3s 4d

1 hoe, for the gardener's use, £0 1s 4½d

4 spades, £0 12s 5d

1 bricklayer's trowel, £0 1s 2½d

1 rubstone, £0 2s 1½d

2 stock locks for the dairy room at plantation house, and one of the Cherokee house, £1 4s 7d

26 scythe stones for the gardeners and mowers, £0 2s 2d

4 pairs of sheep shears for shearing sheep, £0 4s 10d

1 scythe for mowing, £0 5s 3d

1 claw hammer for repairing gates in the pastures, etc, £0 1s 3d

£2 9s 3½d

Rice and paddy, etc:

8 pounds of rice, £0 4s 1½d

4,428 pounds of paddy, for poultry and horses, £8 14s 5½d

£8 18s 7d

Tar, 6¾ gallons for carts, £0 5s 7½d

Deals, etc:

48 single deals, for a stable, hogsties, smoke house, carts, dam at plantation house, gates in the pastures, repairs to a black house and gardener's use, £4 18s 0d

3 double ditto, £0 10s 6d

2 coffers, £0 7s 7d

1 oak plank, £0 5s 0d

4 baths, £1 8s 2d

£8 9s 3d

Oil, etc:

¾ gallon train for thatching, £0 2s 3½d

2 ditto linseed for painting a door and carts, £0 6s 8½d

£0 9s 0d

Cordage, 148 pounds for thatching, scaffolding, tobacco, oxen and gardener's use, £2 2s 3½d

Turners' ware, etc:

2 pairs of yokes for oxen, £3 11s 2d

1 wood bowl, for the Long Wood, £0 1s 4d

1 platter, £0 1s 0d

7 paint brushes for painting, £0 3s 11d

£3 17s 1½d

Lines, 8 number 4, for the mowers and gardener, £0 2s 11½d

Twine, 1 skein, £0 0s 6½d

Tinware, 1 watering pot, for the gardener, £0 5s 2d

Cart wheels, etc:

7 pounds 16 ounces 2 drams, £7 16s 2½d

2 pairs of cart wheels, £17 5s 3½d

2 axletrees, £8 13s 8d

Carried over, £37 9s 6d

Interpretations

The stock locks issued for the dairy room at the plantation house and for one of the Cherokee house recorded a named building on the island whose function is not further explained in this passage, and the detail sits in the fallback reference. The paddy issued in bulk for poultry and horses, distinct from the rice recorded in a small quantity, showed the unhusked grain serving as animal feed on the plantation rather than as human provision, a use consistent with paddy being the coarser and cheaper form of the crop.

60

54

30th. January

Bro't. over£

£37 9s 6d

Paint vizt.

30 lb. Whiting

0s 0s 9d

3 Barrs. Blacking

0s 1s 6d

1 lb. Venetian Red

0s 0s 2½d

18. White Lead

0s 6s 4½d

0s 8s 10d

£37 18s 4d

Fortification Dr. for the following Stores

issued from 12th. Octr. 1757 to 11th. Jany. 1758 vizt.

Canvas 5 Yds. English to cover a Powdr. Chest

0s 4s 11d

Paint vizt.

3 lb. White Lead

0s 12s 7d

7 lb. Coperas

0s 6s 0d

4 Barrels Blacking

for painting the Powdr. Chests and

0s 2s 0d

4 lb. Umber

Gun Carriages

0s 1s 0d

0s 14s 7½d

Oil ¾ Galln. Linseed

0s 10s 6d

Turners Ware 2 Paint Brushes

0s 1s 1½d

Tar 3 Gallons for the draw Bridge

0s 2s 6d

Twine 6 Skains for Sewing Cartridges

0s 3s 4½d

Thread 3 lb. Coloured for Do.

0s 16s 8d

Deals vizt.

30 Single Deals for Powdr. Chests &

£3 1s 3d

13 Double Do. Lockers on the Line

£2 5s 6d

14 pd. Riga Timber

£1 3s 11½d

£6 10s 8½d

Ironware vizt.

2 Splinter Locks for Powdr. Chests

0s 1s 2d

2 Padlocks

0s 4s 7d

0s 5s 9d

£9 10s 2d

Boats

Paint, etc:

3 pounds of whiting, £0 0s 9d

3 barrels of blacking, £0 1s 6d

1 pound of Venetian red, £0 0s 2½d

18 pounds of white lead, £0 6s 4½d

£0 8s 10d

£37 18s 4d

Fortification debtor for the following stores issued from 12 October 1757 to 11 January 1758:

Canvas, 5 yards English to cover a powder chest, £0 4s 11d

Paint, etc:

3 pounds of white lead, £0 12s 4½d

7 pounds of copperas, £0 0s 6d

4 barrels of blacking, £0 2s 0d

4 pounds of umber, £0 0s 1d

for drumming powder chests and gun carriages

£0 14s 7½d

Oil, 3¾ gallons linseed, £0 10s 6d

Turners' ware, 2 paint brushes, £0 1s 4½d

Tar, 3 gallons for the drawbridge, £0 2s 6d

Twine, 6 skeins for sewing cartridges, £0 3s 4½d

Thread, 3 pounds coloured for ditto, £0 16s 8d

Deals, etc:

30 single deals, for powder chests and sockets on the line, £3 1s 3d

15 double ditto, £2 5s 6d

14 pieces of ring timber, £1 3s 11½d

£6 10s 8½d

Ironware, etc:

2 splinter locks, for powder chests, £0 1s 2d

2 padlocks, £0 4s 7d

£0 5s 9d

£9 10s 2d

Book

Interpretations

The paint, blacking and umber issued for drumming powder chests and gun carriages referred to a process of finishing wooden surfaces with a hard protective coat, distinct from the ordinary house painting recorded elsewhere in the accounts, reflecting the particular need to weatherproof and protect equipment used to store and move gunpowder. The separate account for fortification, distinct from the garrison and plantation accounts, showed the Company tracking expenditure on the island's defensive works, such as powder chests, gun carriages and the drawbridge, as a distinct category of institutional cost from either barrack maintenance or agricultural upkeep.

61

55

1758.

Boats Dr. for the following Stores issued

from 12th. October 1757 to 11th. Jany. 1758 vizt.

Nails vizt.

½ lb. 6d

0s 0s 2d

½ lb. 10d

0s 0s 2d

½ lb. 20d

0s 0s 7½d

0s 0s 11½d

Cordage 290 lb.

£4 4s 7d

Blocks 2 Double Top

0s 10s 0d

Oil vizt.

½ Linseed

0s 0s 10d

½ Train

0s 0s 4½d

0s 1s 2½d

Paint vizt.

4 lb. Whiting

0s 0s 1d

14 lb. Venetian Red

0s 2s 7½d

0s 2s 8½d

Twine 1 Skain

0s 0s 6½d

Pitch & Tar vizt.

120 lb. Pitch

0s 15s 0d

12 Galln. Tar

0s 10s 0d

£1 5s 0d

Deals 1 Elm Board

0s 3s 10d

Oars 2

0s 7s 8d

£6 16s 6d

Hospital Dr. for the following Stores

issued fr. 12th. October 1757 to 11th. Jany. 1758 vizt.

Sugar 370

£3 17s 1d

Flour 368

£2 13s 8d

Rice 500

£1 7s 6d

Oil 11½ Galln. Train

£1 15s 4d

Salt 2 Bushels

0s 5s 9½d

Tea 8 lb. Bohea

0s 4s 8d

£10 4s ½d

Counted and examined the Honorable Companys Cash

for the Month ending the 11th. Instant, which is as follows vizt.

Cash

Boats debtor for the following stores issued from 12 October 1757 to 11 January 1758:

Nails, etc:

½ pound 6 penny, £0 0s 2d

½ pound 10 penny, £0 0s 2d

½ pound 20 penny, £0 0s 7½d

£0 0s 11½d

Cordage, 290 pounds, £4 4s 7d

Blocks, 8 double top, £0 10s 0d

Oil, etc:

½ pint linseed, £0 0s 10d

½ pint train, £0 0s 4½d

£1 2s 7½d

Paint, etc:

4 pounds of whiting, £0 0s 1d

14 pounds of Venetian red, £0 2s 7½d

£2 8s 7½d

Twine, 1 skein, £0 0s 6½d

Pitch and tar, etc:

120 pounds of pitch, £0 15s 0d

12 gallons of tar, £0 10s 0d

£1 5s 0d

Deals, 1 elm board, £0 3s 10d

Oars, 2, £0 7s 8d

£6 16s 6d

Hospital debtor for the following stores issued from 12 October 1757 to 11 January 1758:

Sugar, 370 pounds, £3 17s 1d

Flour, 368 pounds, £2 13s 8d

Rice, 500 pounds, £1 7s 6d

Oil, 11¾ gallons train, £1 15s 4d

Salt, 2 bushels, £0 5s 9½d

Tea, 8 pounds bohea, £0 4s 8d

£10 4s ½d

The council counted and examined the Honourable Company's cash for the month ending the 11th instant, which was as follows.

Interpretations

The separate account for boats, recording cordage, blocks, pitch, tar and oars, tracked expenditure on maintaining the Company's small craft as a distinct category from the fortification or plantation accounts, reflecting the boats' importance for communication with shipping in the road and for the island's fishing and transport needs. The hospital's account, confined to sugar, flour, rice, oil, salt and tea, showed a plain diet of basic foodstuffs provided for the sick, without the wine, meat or luxury items recorded in the Company's own table accounts, consistent with a simpler regimen thought suitable for patients.

62

56

Cash Dr. Per Contra Cr.

1757

Decr. 12th To Balance remaining

£2706 3s 8d

1758

Jany. 3. To Fines received of Edward Bagley as pr

Consultation of this Day

£5 0s 0d

11th To James Powell received of him for Stores

Sold in the Quarter ending this Day

£1038 15s 6½d

To Licences for 10 public Houses

£15 0s 0d

To Plantation for Provisions Sold

£23 12s 2d

To Sam. Falconer deceased. Recd. on his Acct.

£29 0s 0d

£3817 11s 4½d

£3817 11s 4½d

1758

Jany. 11th By Sundry Accounts Advanced the Paymaster

to pay Salarys &ca. for the Quarter ending this Day

£2490 0s 6½d

By Ballce. remaining in the following Species vizt.

200 Venetians at 10s.

£100 0s 0d

360 Pagodas at 8s.

£144 0s 0d

Gold amounting to

£244 0s 0d

830 Dollars at 5s.

£207 10s 0d

1501 Rupees at 2s 3d

£168 17s 3d

10476 half Rials at 3¾d

£163 13s 9d

441 French Pieces at 2s.

£3 13s 6d

Small Money

£1 4s 0d

Silver amounting to

£543 15s 10d

Cash Notes of no use amounting to

£539 15s 0d

£3817 11s 4½d

Chas. Hutchinson

John Adamson

John Clark.

Cash, debtor:

12 December 1757, to balance remaining, £2,706 3s 8d

3 January 1758, to fines received of Edward Bagley as per consultation of that day, £5 0s 0d

11th, to James Powell, received of him for stores sold in the quarter ending that day, £1,038 15s 6½d

To licences for 10 public houses, £15 0s 0d

To plantation for provisions sold, £23 12s 2d

To Samuel Falconer deceased, received on his account, £29 0s 0d

£3,817 11s 4½d

Per contra, creditor:

11 January 1758, by sundry accounts advanced the paymaster to pay salaries, etc, for the quarter ending that day, £2,490 0s 6½d

By balance remaining in the following species:

200 Venetians at 10s, £100 0s 0d

360 pagodas at 8s, £144 0s 0d

Gold amounting to £244 0s 0d

830 dollars at 5s, £207 10s 0d

1,501 rupees at 2s 3d, £168 17s 3d

1,047 half rials at 3¾d, £163 13s 9d

441 French pieces at 2d, £3 13s 6d

Small money, £0 1s 4d

Silver amounting to £543 15s 10d

Cash notes of no use amounting to £539 15s 0d

£3,817 11s 4½d

Charles Hutchinson John Adamson John Clark

Interpretations

The sum received on account of Samuel Falconer, described as deceased, showed the council settling a debt or balance owed by a person after their death, with the money paid into the Company's cash rather than to any surviving heir recorded here, suggesting the debt was owed to the Company itself rather than the reverse. The licences charged for ten public houses recorded revenue drawn from regulating premises where drink was sold on the island, distinguishing income from a form of local taxation from the far larger sums drawn from the storekeeper's trade in Company goods.

63

57

6th. February

At a Consultation held on Monday the 6th. day of February

1758 at the Castle.

Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr. Governor

John Adamson Lieutenant Governor

Lieutenant John Clark of Council.

The last Consultation was read, approved, and Signed, Dated

the 30th. January 1758.

Monday the 30th. January Died William Elward Soldier.

Mr. Benjamin Mason presented the

following Petition vizt.

Island St. Helena 6th. February 1758

To the Worshipful Charles Hutchinson Esquire

Governor &ca. Council.

The humble Petition of Benjamin Mason Planter.

Sheweth

That your Petitioner is desirous to have a Lease for about

five or Six Acres of the Honorable Companys waste Land in Sane

Valley in the said Island, uninclosed, (adjoining to your Petitioners

own Land there) and which is of small Value.

Your Petitioner therefore humbly prays

that your Worship and Council will please to grant

your Petitioner a Lease of the same, But as it is very

Rocky, and chiefly Barren, and not likely to be of

much Service for some Years, and will cost much Labour

before the same can be brought to bear; your Petitr.

humbly hopes you will please to mitigate the Rent

of it, and that he may have the same for less than five

Shillings pr. Acre as usually paid.

And your Petitr. shall ever pray &ca.

(Signed) Benjn. Mason

Agreed to view the said Land.

Chas. Hutchinson

John Clark.

On Monday 6 February 1758 the council met at the castle, with Governor Charles Hutchinson presiding alongside Lieutenant Governor John Adamson and Lieutenant John Clark of the council. The previous consultation, dated 30 January 1758, was read, approved and signed.

Monday 30 January, William Elward, a soldier, died.

Mr Benjamin Mason presented the following petition.

Island St Helena, 6 February 1758

To the worshipful Charles Hutchinson, esquire, Governor, and council

The humble petition of Benjamin Mason, planter, showed that he was desirous to have a lease of about five or six acres of the Honourable Company's waste land in Swains Valley in the island, uncultivated and adjoining his own land there, and which was of small value.

He therefore prayed that the council would grant him a lease of the same. Since it was very rocky and chiefly barren, and not likely to be of much service for some years, and would cost much labour before it could be brought to bear, he hoped the council would mitigate the rent of it and allow him the same for less than the five shillings per acre usually paid.

Signed Benjamin Mason.

The council agreed to view the land.

Charles Hutchinson John Clark

Interpretations

Mason's request to pay a reduced rent, rather than the standard five shillings per acre, on the ground that the land was rocky and would need considerable labour before yielding any return, showed a planter negotiating the terms of a lease directly with the council rather than accepting the fixed rate applied elsewhere, with the council's agreement to view the land first indicating that such requests were assessed individually rather than granted or refused on the petition's word alone.

64

58

13th. February

At a Consultation held on Monday the 13. day of February

1758 at the Castle.

Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr. Governor

John Adamson Lieutenant Governor

Lieutenant John Clark of Council.

The last Consultation was read, approved, and Signed, Dated

the 6th. February 1758.

Yesterday the 12th. was Drowned by accident Timothy Sullivan Soldier.

Chas. Hutchinson

John Adamson

John Clark.

At a Consultation held on Monday the 20th. Day of February

1758 at the Castle.

Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr. Governor

John Adamson Lieutenant Governor

Lieutenant John Clark of Council.

The last Consultation was read, approved, and Signed, dated

the 13th. February 1758.

Wednesday the 15th. Arrived the Honorable Companys Ship the Prince

Henry Packet from Madras.

Mr. Matthew Purling applyed to us to

pay forty Nine Pounds into the Honorable Companys Cash,

which Sum we have Received, and have given him Bills of

Exchange drawn on the Honorable the Court of Directors,

payable to himself or Order, Ninety Days after Sight, Dated

this Day.

The Plantation, Gunners, and Stewards

Accounts for the Month ending the 11th. Instant, were this

Day brought in, which were examined, and approved, and are

as follow vizt.

On Monday 13 February 1758 the council met at the castle, with Governor Charles Hutchinson presiding alongside Lieutenant Governor John Adamson and Lieutenant John Clark of the council. The previous consultation, dated 6 February 1758, was read, approved and signed.

Yesterday, the 12th, Timothy Sullivan, a soldier, was drowned by accident.

Charles Hutchinson John Adamson John Clark

On Monday 20 February 1758 the council met at the castle, with Governor Charles Hutchinson presiding alongside Lieutenant Governor John Adamson and Lieutenant John Clark of the council. The previous consultation, dated 13 February 1758, was read, approved and signed.

Wednesday 15th, the Honourable Company's ship Prince Henry, a packet, arrived from Madras.

Mr Matthew Purling applied to pay £49 into the Honourable Company's cash. The council received the sum and gave him bills of exchange drawn on the Honourable Court of Directors, payable to himself or order ninety days after sight, dated that day.

The plantation, gunners' and stewards' accounts for the month ending the 11th instant were brought in that day, examined and approved, and were as follows.

65

59

Account of the Honorable Companys Stock of Neat Cattle &ca from 12th. January to 11th. February 1758 vizt.

Bulls, Cows, Calves, Yearlings, Heifers, Steers, Oxen, Total, Ewes, Wethers, Lambs, Rams, Total, Ewes, Wethers, Kidds, Rams, Total, Sows, Shoats, Pigs, Boars, Total, Fowls, Ducks, Turkeys, Geese, Horses, Mares, Total, He Asses, She Asses, Total

Remaining 12th.: Bulls 3, Cows 91, Calves 93, Yearlings 47, Heifers 32, Steers 42, Oxen 19, Total 327, Ewes 334, Wethers 162, Lambs 210, Rams 4, Total 710, Ewes 162, Wethers 30, Kidds 111, Rams 6, Total 309, Sows 4, Shoats 1, Pigs 19, Boars 1, Total 25, Fowls 200, Ducks 67, Turkeys 31, Geese 35, Horses 6, Mares 8, Total 14, He Asses 3, She Asses 3, Total 6

Encreased: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 5, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Oxen 0, Total 5, Ewes 0, Wethers 0, Lambs 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Ewes 0, Wethers 0, Kidds 8, Rams 0, Total 8, Sows 0, Shoats 0, Pigs 0, Boars 0, Total 0, Fowls 23, Ducks 16, Turkeys 26, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0, He Asses 0, She Asses 0, Total 0

Total: Bulls 3, Cows 91, Calves 98, Yearlings 47, Heifers 32, Steers 42, Oxen 19, Total 332, Ewes 334, Wethers 162, Lambs 210, Rams 4, Total 710, Ewes 162, Wethers 30, Kidds 119, Rams 6, Total 317, Sows 4, Shoats 1, Pigs 19, Boars 1, Total 25, Fowls 223, Ducks 83, Turkeys 57, Geese 35, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0, He Asses 3, She Asses 3, Total 6

Killed: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 0, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Oxen 0, Total 0, Ewes 5, Wethers 8, Lambs 0, Rams 0, Total 13, Ewes 1, Wethers 5, Kidds 1, Rams 0, Total 7, Sows 0, Shoats 0, Pigs 0, Boars 0, Total 0, Fowls 14, Ducks 6, Turkeys 2, Geese 2, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0, He Asses 0, She Asses 0, Total 0

Died: Bulls 0, Cows 1, Calves 0, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Oxen 0, Total 1, Ewes 2, Wethers 0, Lambs 10, Rams 0, Total 12, Ewes 0, Wethers 0, Kidds 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Sows 0, Shoats 0, Pigs 0, Boars 0, Total 0, Fowls 1, Ducks 0, Turkeys 1, Geese 4, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0, He Asses 1, She Asses 1, Total 0

Stole: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 0, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Oxen 0, Total 0, Ewes 0, Wethers 0, Lambs 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Ewes 0, Wethers 0, Kidds 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Sows 0, Shoats 0, Pigs 1, Boars 0, Total 1, Fowls 0, Ducks 0, Turkeys 1, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0, He Asses 0, She Asses 0, Total 0

Remaining 11th.: Bulls 3, Cows 91, Calves 97, Yearlings 47, Heifers 32, Steers 42, Oxen 19, Total 331, Ewes 327, Wethers 154, Lambs 200, Rams 4, Total 685, Ewes 161, Wethers 25, Kidds 118, Rams 6, Total 310, Sows 4, Shoats 1, Pigs 18, Boars 1, Total 24, Fowls 208, Ducks 77, Turkeys 54, Geese 28, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0, He Asses 3, She Asses 2, Total 5

5 Sheep to the Market

1 Goat to the Hospital

2 Do. for the Sick Slaves

Yam expended for the Slaves 6125

Yam expended for Stock 7220

13,345

Margin Notes:

Farmers

Account of the Honourable Company's stock of neat cattle, etc, from 12 January to 11 February 1758:

Remaining, 12th: 3 bulls, 91 cows, 93 calves, 47 younglings, 32 heifers, 42 steers, 19 oxen, 327 total neat cattle, 334 ewes, 162 wethers, 210 lambs, 4 rams, 710 total sheep, 162 ewes, 30 wethers, 111 kids, 6 rams, 309 total goats, 4 sows, 1 barrow, 19 pigs, 1 boar, 25 total hogs, 200 fowls, 67 ducks, 31 turkeys, 35 geese, 6 horses, 8 mares, 14 total horses, 3 he asses, 3 she asses, 6 total asses

Increased: 0 bulls, 0 cows, 5 calves, 0 younglings, 0 heifers, 0 steers, 0 oxen, 5 total neat cattle, 0 ewes, 0 wethers, 0 lambs, 0 rams, 0 total sheep, 0 ewes, 0 wethers, 8 kids, 0 rams, 8 total goats, 0 sows, 0 barrows, 0 pigs, 0 boar, 0 total hogs, 0 fowls, 23 ducks, 16 turkeys, 26 geese, 0 horses, 0 mares, 0 total horses, 0 he asses, 0 she asses, 0 total asses

Total: 3 bulls, 91 cows, 98 calves, 47 younglings, 32 heifers, 42 steers, 19 oxen, 332 total neat cattle, 334 ewes, 162 wethers, 210 lambs, 4 rams, 710 total sheep, 162 ewes, 30 wethers, 119 kids, 6 rams, 317 total goats, 4 sows, 1 barrow, 19 pigs, 1 boar, 25 total hogs, 225 fowls, 83 ducks, 57 turkeys, 35 geese, 0 horses, 0 mares, 0 total horses, 3 he asses, 3 she asses, 6 total asses

Killed: 0 bulls, 0 cows, 0 calves, 0 younglings, 0 heifers, 0 steers, 0 oxen, 0 total neat cattle, 5 ewes, 8 wethers, 0 lambs, 0 rams, 13 total sheep, 1 ewe, 5 wethers, 1 kid, 0 rams, 7 total goats, 0 sows, 0 barrows, 0 pigs, 0 boar, 0 total hogs, 14 fowls, 6 ducks, 2 turkeys, 2 geese, 0 horses, 0 mares, 0 total horses, 0 he asses, 0 she asses, 0 total asses

Died: 0 bulls, 1 cow, 0 calves, 0 younglings, 0 heifers, 0 steers, 0 oxen, 1 total neat cattle, 2 ewes, 0 wethers, 10 lambs, 0 rams, 12 total sheep, 0 ewes, 0 wethers, 0 kids, 0 rams, 0 total goats, 0 sows, 0 barrows, 0 pigs, 0 boar, 0 total hogs, 1 fowl, 0 ducks, 1 turkey, 4 geese, 0 horses, 0 mares, 0 total horses, 1 he ass, 1 she ass, 0 total asses

Stole: 0 bulls, 0 cows, 0 calves, 0 younglings, 0 heifers, 0 steers, 0 oxen, 0 total neat cattle, 0 ewes, 0 wethers, 0 lambs, 0 rams, 0 total sheep, 0 ewes, 0 wethers, 0 kids, 0 rams, 0 total goats, 0 sows, 0 barrows, 1 pig, 0 boar, 1 total hogs, 0 fowls, 0 ducks, 1 turkey, 0 geese, 0 horses, 0 mares, 0 total horses, 0 he asses, 0 she asses, 0 total asses

Remaining, 11th: 3 bulls, 91 cows, 97 calves, 47 younglings, 32 heifers, 42 steers, 19 oxen, 331 total neat cattle, 327 ewes, 154 wethers, 200 lambs, 4 rams, 685 total sheep, 161 ewes, 25 wethers, 118 kids, 6 rams, 310 total goats, 4 sows, 1 barrow, 18 pigs, 1 boar, 24 total hogs, 208 fowls, 77 ducks, 54 turkeys, 28 geese, 0 horses, 0 mares, 0 total horses, 3 he asses, 2 she asses, 5 total asses

5 sheep to the market 1 goat to the hospital 2 goats for the sick slaves

Yam expended for the slaves, 6,125

Yam expended for stock, 7,220

13,345

Interpretations

The theft of one pig and one turkey, recorded as a distinct category alongside animals killed, died or increased, showed livestock loss to theft being tracked as a regular hazard of the plantation's stock keeping rather than an isolated event, distinct from natural loss through death or deliberate slaughter for provision. The near equal division of yam between what was expended for the slaves and what was expended for stock indicated that the crop was shared in roughly comparable quantities between human and animal consumption, rather than being reserved predominantly for one purpose over the other.

66

60

20th. February

Gunners Stores expended from the 12th. of

Jany. to the 11th. of February 1758 both days Included

vizt.

Guns fired, 4 pd., Powder expended

Jany. 16 Powder to blow up Rocks for the Barracks: Guns fired 0, 4 pd. 0, Powder expended 14.0

17 Do. fired at Ruports for Practice and for Priming: Guns fired 8, 4 pd. 8, Powder expended 17.8

19 Do. for Do.: Guns fired 8, 4 pd. 8, Powder expended 17.8

21 Do. to blow up Rocks for the Barracks: Guns fired 0, 4 pd. 0, Powder expended 14.0

27 Do. for Do.: Guns fired 0, 4 pd. 0, Powder expended 14.0

31 Do. fired at Ruports for Practice & for Priming: Guns fired 8, 4 pd. 8, Powder expended 17.8

Feby. 3 Do. for Do.: Guns fired 8, 4 pd. 8, Powder expended 17.8

7 Do. for Do.: Guns fired 8, 4 pd. 8, Powder expended 17.8

9 Do. for Do.: Guns fired 8, 4 pd. 8, Powder expended 17.8

Do. for exercising the East Flying Party: Guns fired 0, 4 pd. 0, Powder expended 2.8

Do. for exercising the West Flying Party: Guns fired 0, 4 pd. 0, Powder expended 12.4

Do. for replenishing the Cartridges at the Main Guard: Guns fired 0, 4 pd. 0, Powder expended 1.0

Do. for the Funeral of William Elward: Guns fired 0, 4 pd. 0, Powder expended 2.4

Total: Guns fired 48, 4 pd. 48, Powder expended 165.0

Paper for the use of the Castle

2

Tallow for the use of the Carts

1

Do. for the use of the Long Boat

9

Sponge Staves for deal Handles for the Barbers

4

Bills broke at Lemon Valley

2

4 Rammer heads broke at Ruports

1

4 Sponge heads broke at Do.

1

Sheep Skins for Cutting the Sponges at Do.

4

French Nails for Cutting & repairing & Sponges at Do.

580

(Signed) Thos. Hall.

Sundrys expended at the Honorable Companys Table in

the Month ending the 11th. February 1758 vizt.

24 Bottles Port

£1 12s 10½d

18 Do. Lisbon

£1 4s 7¾d

5 Do. Madeira

0s 12s 4d

66 Do. Arrack

£2 4s 0d

32 Do. Beer

0s 6s 8d

295 Flour

£2 3s ¾d

435½ Mutton

£9 1s 3d

1 Hidd

0s 5s 0d

33 lb. Goat

0s 17s 8d

14 Fowls

£1 1s 0d

6 Ducks

0s 9s 0d

Carried over£

£19 17s 5½d

Gunners' stores expended from 12 January to 11 February 1758, both days included:

16 January: powder to blow up rocks for the barracks, 14 pounds 0 ounces

17th: ditto fired at Ruperts for practice and for priming, 8 rounds from 4-pounders, 8 rounds from 1-pounders, 17 pounds 8 ounces

19th: ditto for ditto, 8 rounds from 4-pounders, 8 rounds from 1-pounders, 17 pounds 8 ounces

21st: ditto to blow up rocks for the barracks, 14 pounds 0 ounces

27th: ditto for ditto, 14 pounds 0 ounces

31st: ditto fired at Ruperts for practice and for priming, 8 rounds from 4-pounders, 8 rounds from 1-pounders, 17 pounds 8 ounces

3 February: ditto for ditto, 8 rounds from 4-pounders, 8 rounds from 1-pounders, 17 pounds 8 ounces

7th: ditto for ditto, 8 rounds from 4-pounders, 8 rounds from 1-pounders, 17 pounds 8 ounces

9th: ditto for ditto, 8 rounds from 4-pounders, 8 rounds from 1-pounders, 17 pounds 8 ounces

Ditto for exercising the east flying party, 2 pounds 8 ounces

Ditto for exercising the west flying party, 12 pounds 4 ounces

Ditto for replenishing the cartridges at the main guard, 1 pound 0 ounces

Ditto for the funeral of William Elward, 2 pounds 4 ounces

Total, 48 rounds from 4-pounders, 48 rounds from 1-pounders, 165 pounds 0 ounces

Paper for the use of the castle, 7 pounds 0 ounces

Tallow for the use of the carts, 9 pounds 0 ounces

Ditto for the use of the long boat, 4 pounds 0 ounces

Sponge staves for deal handles for the barrows, 2 pounds

Bells broke at Lemon Valley, 1 pound

4 hammer heads broke at Ruperts, 1 pound

4 sponge heads broke at ditto, 1 pound

Sheep shears for cutting the sponges at ditto, 4 pounds

Trunk nails for fixing and repairing the sponges at ditto, 580

Signed Thomas Hall.

Sundries expended at the Honourable Company's table in the month ending 11 February 1758:

24 bottles of port, £1 12s 10½d

18 bottles of Lisbon wine, £1 4s 7¾d

5 bottles of Madeira, £0 12s 4d

66 bottles of arrack, £2 4s 0d

32 bottles of beer, £0 6s 8d

295 pounds of flour, £2 3s 0¼d

435½ pounds of mutton, £9 1s 3d

1 hide, £0 5s 0d

33 pounds of goat, £0 17s 8d

14 fowls, £1 1s 0d

6 ducks, £0 9s 0d

Carried over, £19 17s 5½d

Interpretations

The powder repeatedly expended to blow up rocks for the barracks, alongside the routine practice firing at Ruperts, showed gunpowder being used for civil engineering and quarrying purposes on the island as well as for military training, with the same store of powder serving both ends. The powder issued specifically for William Elward's funeral corresponded to the soldier recorded as having died on 30 January, tying this account to the earlier consultation and confirming that a military funeral salute was fired for ordinary soldiers as well as for more senior figures.

67

61

1758

Brought over£

£19 17s 5½d

2 Geese

0s 10s 0d

2 Turkeys

0s 10s 0d

4 Pieces Salt Pork

0s 8s 0d

46 lb. Butter

£2 6s 6d

100 lb. Candy

£1 13s 4d

£25 5s 3½d

Chas. Hutchinson

John Adamson

John Clark.

A Consultation held on Thursday the 23. day of February

1758 at the Castle.

Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr. Governor

John Adamson Lieutenant Governor

Lieutenant John Clark of Council.

The last Consultation was read, approved, and Signed, Dated

the 20th. February 1758.

Captain Reynolds having two Hundred Sixty

eight Pounds, twelve Shillings, which he says he believes he shall

not want in his passage home, and desiring to pay it into the

Honorable Companys Cash here, we therefore have received it from

him, and have given him three Receipts for the same all of the

same Tenor and Date.

Captain Reynolds likewise saying that he had

on Board 29: 1: 15 of Rice more than would be sufficient for the

Consumption of the Honorable Companys Ship now under his

Command, We received it also for their use on this Island.

amounting to Twelve Pounds Eleven Shillings.

Major

Brought over, £19 17s 5½d

2 geese, £0 10s 0d

2 turkeys, £0 10s 0d

4 pieces of salt pork, £0 8s 0d

46½ pounds of butter, £2 6s 6d

100 pounds of candy, £1 13s 4d

£25 5s 3½d

Charles Hutchinson John Adamson John Clark

A consultation held on Thursday 23 February 1758 at the castle.

Present: Charles Hutchinson, esquire, Governor, John Adamson, Lieutenant Governor, Lieutenant John Clark of council.

The last consultation was read, approved and signed, dated 20 February 1758.

Captain Reynolds, having £268 12s 0d which he said he believed he should not want on his passage home, and desiring to pay it into the Honourable Company's cash there, the council received it from him and gave him three receipts for the same, all of the same tenor and date.

Captain Reynolds likewise saying that he had on board 29 hundredweight 1 quarter 15 pounds of rice more than would be sufficient for the consumption of the Honourable Company's ship now under his command, the council received it also for their use on the island, amounting to £12 11s 0d.

Major

Interpretations

Captain Reynolds' decision to deposit a large sum of his own money into the Company's cash for safekeeping, rather than carry it with him on the voyage home, showed a ship's commander using the island's treasury as a place of deposit against the risks of loss at sea, with the council issuing him three receipts of identical wording and date presumably so that he could carry duplicates by different means in case one should be lost. The purchase of surplus rice from Reynolds' own ship, beyond what his crew required for the remaining voyage, showed the council supplementing the island's provisions opportunistically from passing shipping rather than relying solely on planned deliveries from England or Madras.

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  1. February
  2. Major David Hepburne applyed to us
  3. to pay two hundred pounds into the Honorable Companys
  4. Cash, which Sum we have received, and have given him Bills
  5. of Exchange drawn on the Honorable the Court of Directors
  6. payable to himself or Order Thirty Days after Sight, Dated
  7. this Day.
  8. Lieutenant Thomas Kirkpatrick also
  9. applyed to us to pay Seventy eight Pounds into the Honorable
  10. Companys Cash, which Sum we have also received, and have
  11. given him Bills of Exchange drawn on the Honorable the
  12. Court of Directors payable to himself or Order Thirty Days after
  13. Sight Dated this Day.
  14. Chas. Hutchinson
  15. John Adamson
  16. John Clark
  17. At a Consultation held on Monday the 27th. Day of
  18. February 1758 at the Castle.
  19. Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr. Governor
  20. John Adamson Lieutenant Governor
  21. Lieutenant John Clark of Council.
  22. The last Consultation was read, approved, and Signed
  23. Dated the 23. February 1758.
  24. Friday the 24th. Sailed the Honorable Company Ship Prince Henry
  25. Packet for England.
  26. Counted and examined the Honorable
  27. Companys Cash for the Month ending the 11th. Instant which is
  28. as follows vizt.
  29. Cash

Major David Hepburne applied to pay £200 into the Honourable Company's cash. The council received the sum and gave him bills of exchange drawn on the Honourable Court of Directors, payable to himself or order thirty days after sight, dated that day.

Lieutenant Thomas Kirkpatrick likewise applied to pay £78 into the Honourable Company's cash. The council received the sum and gave him bills of exchange drawn on the Honourable Court of Directors, payable to himself or order thirty days after sight, dated that day.

Charles Hutchinson John Adamson John Clark

On Monday 27 February 1758 the council met at the castle, with Governor Charles Hutchinson presiding alongside Lieutenant Governor John Adamson and Lieutenant John Clark of the council. The previous consultation, dated 23 February 1758, was read, approved and signed.

Friday 24th, the Honourable Company's ship Prince Henry, a packet, sailed for England.

The council counted and examined the Honourable Company's cash for the month ending the 11th instant, which was as follows.

69

63

Cash Dr. Per Contra Cr.

1758

Jany. 12. To Balance remaining

£1327 10s 10d

Feb. 6th. To Sam. Falconer decd.

£39 15s 10d

£1367 6s 8d

1758

Feb. 11th By balance remaining in the following Species vizt.

200 Venetians at 10s.

£100 0s 0d

360 Pagodas at 8s.

£144 0s 0d

Gold amounting to

£244 0s 0d

989 Dollars at 5s.

£247 5s 0d

1501 Rupees at 2s 3d

£168 17s 3d

10476 half Rials at 3¾d

£163 13s 9d

441 French Pieces at 2s.

£3 13s 6d

Small Money

£2 2s 0d

Silver amounting to

£583 11s 8d

Cash Notes of no use amounting to

£539 15s 0d

£1367 6s 8d

Cash, debtor:

12 January 1758, to balance remaining, £1,327 10s 10d

6 February, to Samuel Falconer deceased, £39 15s 10d

£1,367 6s 8d

Per contra, creditor:

11 February 1758, by balance remaining in the following species:

200 Venetians at 10s, £100 0s 0d

360 pagodas at 8s, £144 0s 0d

Gold amounting to £244 0s 0d

989 dollars at 5s, £247 5s 0d

1,501 rupees at 2s 3d, £168 17s 3d

1,047 half rials at 3¾d, £163 13s 9d

441 French pieces at 2d, £3 13s 6d

Small money, £0 2s 2d

Silver amounting to £583 11s 8d

Cash notes of no use amounting to £539 15s 0d

£1,367 6s 8d

Interpretations

The recurring entry for Samuel Falconer, deceased, appearing again as a sum owed to the Company after his earlier settlement recorded the previous month, suggests his estate continued to be drawn upon to satisfy debts owed to the Company even after his death, with the paymaster's accounts tracking such obligations against a deceased person's name until fully discharged.

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64

6th. March

A Seaman out of the Ship Prince Henry

Packet, was left here, not being able to proceed (as it was

reported by the Captain) without hazarding his Life; We therefore

directed him to be received into the Hospital, and to be subsisted

there as the Garrison are, until an opportunity offered of

sending him home, when recovered.

William Campbell an Invalid Soldier

applying to us to take his passage for England on board the

Ship Prince Henry Packet, and Captn. Reynolds being very

willing to carry him, as he said he should want another Man

in the Room of him that was left here Sick, We accordingly

discharged the said Campbell, and gave Captn. Reynolds a Description

to receive him on Board, and carry him to England. This Application

not being made untill the Packet to the Honorable Court of Directors

was closed and Sealed, is the reason the said Campbell Stands on

the Muster Rolls of the Garrison, which their Honors will receive

by the above mentioned Vessell.

Chas. Hutchinson

John Adamson

John Clark.

At a Consultation held on Monday the 6th. day of March

1758 at the Castle.

Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr. Governor.

John Adamson Lieutenant Governor.

Lieutenant John Clark of Council.

The last Consultation was read, approved and Signed, Dated

the 27th. February 1758.

Ordered the following Advertisement to be publish'd Vizt.

Whereas

A seaman out of the ship Prince Henry, a packet, was left there, not being able to proceed, as it was reported by the captain, without hazarding his life. The council therefore directed him to be received into the hospital and to be subsisted there as the garrison were, until an opportunity offered of sending him home when recovered.

William Campbell, an invalid soldier, applied to take his passage for England on board the ship Prince Henry, a packet, and Captain Reynolds being very willing to carry him, as he said he should want another man in the room of him that was left there sick, the council accordingly discharged Campbell and gave Captain Reynolds a description to receive him on board and carry him to England. This application not being made until the packet to the Honourable Court of Directors was closed and sealed was the reason Campbell stood on the muster rolls of the garrison, which their Honours would receive by the above-mentioned vessel.

Charles Hutchinson John Adamson John Clark

On Monday 6 March 1758 the council met at the castle, with Governor Charles Hutchinson presiding alongside Lieutenant Governor John Adamson and Lieutenant John Clark of the council. The previous consultation, dated 27 February 1758, was read, approved and signed.

The council ordered the following advertisement to be published.

Whereas [...]

Interpretations

The arrangement by which a sick seaman was left ashore and an invalid soldier taken aboard in his place showed the island functioning as a point of exchange for ships passing through, where the sick could be set down for recovery while the same vessel carried away men no longer fit for garrison duty, each party's departure timed to the other's need rather than to any fixed schedule. The explanation that Campbell's name still appeared on the garrison's muster rolls only because the packet to the Court of Directors had already been sealed before his discharge revealed the practical difficulty of keeping written returns to London perfectly synchronised with events happening on the island, with a note appended to correct the record after the fact.

71

65

13th. March

Whereas contrary to an Order published the 16th.

of January last, there are several Horses yet grazing upon the

Honorable Companys Waste Land, especially about that part called

the Red Hill. This is therefore to give Notice to the Persons

they belong to, and to all others, that they are hereby required to

take them off, forthwith, on the Penalty of the Owners being Fined

in the Sum of five Shillings for each Horse, or Mare &ca. as often

as they are found grazing upon any part of the aforesaid waste

Land.

Island St. Helena

6th. March 1758

Chas. Hutchinson

John Adamson

John Clark

At a Consultation held on Monday the 13. day of March 1758

at the Castle.

Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr. Governor

John Adamson Lieutenant Governor

Lieutenant John Clark of Council.

The last Consultation was read, approved, and Signed, Dated the

6th. March 1758.

James Sorbell Esqr. having Discovered a Gold Ring (which look'd

he had missed some time ago) upon the hand of John Hughes Armourer, and upon

his being questioned how he came by it, he said it was sent to him by the Honorable

his being questioned how he came by it, he Widow Stack to attend us on Monday next

to be married. We therefore sent to the said Widow Stack to attend us on Monday next

to know how she came by it.

Chas. Hutchinson

John Adamson

John Clark.

Whereas, contrary to an order published on 16 January last, there were still several horses grazing upon the Honourable Company's waste land, especially about that part called the Fig Hill, this was therefore to give notice to the persons they belonged to, and to all others, that they were required to take them off forthwith, on penalty of the owners being fined the sum of 5s for each horse or mare so often as they were found grazing upon any part of the aforesaid waste land.

Island St Helena, 6 March 1758

Charles Hutchinson John Adamson John Clark

On Monday 13 March 1758 the council met at the castle, with Governor Charles Hutchinson presiding alongside Lieutenant Governor John Adamson and Lieutenant John Clark of the council. The previous consultation, dated 6 March 1758, was read, approved and signed.

James Sorbell, esquire, having discovered a gold ring, which he believed had been lost some time ago upon the hand of John Hughes, armourer, and upon his being questioned soon after he came by it, was sent to be found by the Honourable [...], his being questioned how he came by it, the council therefore sent to the said widow Shaw to attend on Monday next to be examined, to know how she came by it.

Charles Hutchinson John Adamson John Clark

Interpretations

The fine imposed for each horse found grazing on the Company's waste land, repeated per occasion rather than as a single flat penalty, showed the council designing the punishment to escalate with continued disobedience rather than to be absorbed once as a fixed cost, an approach intended to compel genuine compliance with the January order that had evidently gone unheeded. The council's decision to summon the widow Shaw for questioning over a ring apparently connected to John Hughes suggests a suspected case of theft or the concealment of lost property being investigated through direct examination rather than left to informal resolution between the parties.

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66

18th. March

At a Consultation held on Saturday the 18th. Day of March 1758

at the Castle

Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr. Governor

John Adamson Lieutenant Governor.

Lieutenant John Clark of Council.

The last Consultation was read, approved, and Signed, Dated the

13th. March 1758.

Tuesday the 14th. Arrived 13 Dutch Ships, last from the Cape.

Mr. John Delamott applyed to us to pay

five hundred and Seventy pounds into the Honorable Companys

Cash, which Sum we have received, and have given him Bills

of Exchange drawn on the Honorable the Court of Directors

payable to himself or Order Thirty Days after Sight, Dated this

Day.

Chas. Hutchinson

John Adamson

John Clark

At a Consultation held on Monday the 20th. Day of March

1758 at the Castle.

Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr. Governor.

John Adamson Lieutenant Governor.

Lieutenant John Clark of Council.

The last Consultation was read, approved, and Signed, Dated

13th. March 1758.

The Plantation, Gunners, and Stewards Accounts

for the Month ending the 11th. Instant, were this Day brought in,

were examined, and approved, and are as follow vizt.

Account

On Saturday 18 March 1758 the council met at the castle, with Governor Charles Hutchinson presiding alongside Lieutenant Governor John Adamson and Lieutenant John Clark of the council. The previous consultation, dated 13 March 1758, was read, approved and signed.

Tuesday 14th, thirteen Dutch ships arrived, last from the Cape.

Mr John Delamotte applied to pay £570 into the Honourable Company's cash. The council received the sum and gave him bills of exchange drawn on the Honourable Court of Directors, payable to himself or order thirty days after sight, dated that day.

Charles Hutchinson John Adamson John Clark

On Monday 20 March 1758 the council met at the castle, with Governor Charles Hutchinson presiding alongside Lieutenant Governor John Adamson and Lieutenant John Clark of the council. The previous consultation, dated 13 March 1758, was read, approved and signed.

The plantation, gunners' and stewards' accounts for the month ending the 11th instant were brought in that day, examined and approved, and were as follows.

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67

Account of the Honorable Companys Stock of Neat Cattle &ca from the 12th. of February to the 11th. March 1758. vizt.

Bulls, Cows, Calves, Yearlings, Heifers, Steers, Oxen, Total, Ewes, Wethers, Lambs, Rams, Total, Ewes, Wethers, Kidds, Rams, Total, Sows, Shoats, Pigs, Boars, Total, Fowls, Ducks, Turkeys, Geese, Horses, Mares, Total, He Asses, She Asses, Total

Remaining 12th.: Bulls 3, Cows 91, Calves 97, Yearlings 47, Heifers 32, Steers 42, Oxen 19, Total 331, Ewes 327, Wethers 154, Lambs 200, Rams 4, Total 685, Ewes 161, Wethers 25, Kidds 118, Rams 6, Total 310, Sows 4, Shoats 1, Pigs 18, Boars 1, Total 24, Fowls 208, Ducks 77, Turkeys 54, Geese 28, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0, He Asses 3, She Asses 2, Total 5

Encreased: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 3, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Oxen 0, Total 3, Ewes 0, Wethers 0, Lambs 24, Rams 0, Total 24, Ewes 0, Wethers 0, Kidds 2, Rams 0, Total 2, Sows 0, Shoats 0, Pigs 0, Boars 0, Total 0, Fowls 39, Ducks 5, Turkeys 0, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0, He Asses 0, She Asses 0, Total 0

Total: Bulls 3, Cows 91, Calves 100, Yearlings 47, Heifers 32, Steers 42, Oxen 19, Total 334, Ewes 327, Wethers 154, Lambs 224, Rams 4, Total 709, Ewes 161, Wethers 25, Kidds 120, Rams 6, Total 312, Sows 4, Shoats 1, Pigs 18, Boars 1, Total 24, Fowls 247, Ducks 82, Turkeys 54, Geese 28, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0, He Asses 3, She Asses 2, Total 5

Killed: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 0, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 7, Oxen 2, Total 9, Ewes 5, Wethers 20, Lambs 0, Rams 0, Total 25, Ewes 0, Wethers 4, Kidds 0, Rams 0, Total 4, Sows 0, Shoats 0, Pigs 0, Boars 0, Total 0, Fowls 64, Ducks 6, Turkeys 8, Geese 1, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0, He Asses 0, She Asses 0, Total 0

Died: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 0, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Oxen 0, Total 0, Ewes 0, Wethers 0, Lambs 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Ewes 5, Wethers 0, Kidds 5, Rams 0, Total 5, Sows 0, Shoats 0, Pigs 0, Boars 0, Total 0, Fowls 3, Ducks 0, Turkeys 0, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0, He Asses 0, She Asses 0, Total 0

Stole: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 0, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Oxen 0, Total 0, Ewes 0, Wethers 0, Lambs 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Ewes 0, Wethers 0, Kidds 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Sows 0, Shoats 0, Pigs 0, Boars 0, Total 0, Fowls 1, Ducks 0, Turkeys 0, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0, He Asses 0, She Asses 0, Total 0

Remaining 11th.: Bulls 3, Cows 91, Calves 100, Yearlings 47, Heifers 25, Steers 40, Oxen 19, Total 325, Ewes 322, Wethers 134, Lambs 249, Rams 4, Total 679, Ewes 161, Wethers 21, Kidds 120, Rams 6, Total 308, Sows 4, Shoats 1, Pigs 18, Boars 1, Total 24, Fowls 180, Ducks 75, Turkeys 46, Geese 27, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0, He Asses 3, She Asses 2, Total 5

4 Head of Cattle killed for the Prince Henry Packet Wt. 973.

4 Do.

8 Sheep

48 Fowls Sent on board alive Do.

6 Turkeys

Of which 973 lb. to the Prince Henry Packet 788.

To the House 185

973.

1 Heifer killed by accident

1 Goat sold Matthew Bazett Wt. 17 lb.

1 Do. for the Hospital.

Died 1 Woman Slave named Sue.

Good Yam for the Slaves 14.900

Do. for Stock 3.440

Refuse Yam for Do. 3.475

21.815

Margin Notes:

20th. March

Account of the Honourable Company's stock of neat cattle, etc, from 12 February to 11 March 1758:

Remaining, 12th: 3 bulls, 91 cows, 97 calves, 47 younglings, 32 heifers, 42 steers, 19 oxen, 331 total neat cattle, 327 ewes, 154 wethers, 200 lambs, 4 rams, 685 total sheep, 161 ewes, 25 wethers, 118 kids, 6 rams, 310 total goats, 4 sows, 1 barrow, 18 pigs, 1 boar, 24 total hogs, 208 fowls, 77 ducks, 54 turkeys, 28 geese, 0 horses, 0 mares, 0 total horses, 3 he asses, 2 she asses, 5 total asses

Increased: 0 bulls, 0 cows, 3 calves, 0 younglings, 0 heifers, 0 steers, 0 oxen, 3 total neat cattle, 0 ewes, 0 wethers, 24 lambs, 0 rams, 24 total sheep, 0 ewes, 0 wethers, 2 kids, 0 rams, 2 total goats, 0 sows, 0 barrows, 0 pigs, 0 boar, 0 total hogs, 39 fowls, 5 ducks, 0 turkeys, 0 geese, 0 horses, 0 mares, 0 total horses, 0 he asses, 0 she asses, 0 total asses

Total: 3 bulls, 91 cows, 100 calves, 47 younglings, 32 heifers, 42 steers, 19 oxen, 334 total neat cattle, 327 ewes, 154 wethers, 224 lambs, 4 rams, 709 total sheep, 161 ewes, 25 wethers, 120 kids, 6 rams, 312 total goats, 4 sows, 1 barrow, 18 pigs, 1 boar, 24 total hogs, 247 fowls, 82 ducks, 54 turkeys, 28 geese, 0 horses, 0 mares, 0 total horses, 3 he asses, 2 she asses, 5 total asses

Killed: 0 bulls, 0 cows, 0 calves, 0 younglings, 0 heifers, 7 steers, 2 oxen, 9 total neat cattle, 5 ewes, 20 wethers, 0 lambs, 0 rams, 25 total sheep, 0 ewes, 4 wethers, 0 kids, 0 rams, 4 total goats, 0 sows, 0 barrows, 0 pigs, 0 boar, 0 total hogs, 64 fowls, 6 ducks, 8 turkeys, 1 goose, 0 horses, 0 mares, 0 total horses, 0 he asses, 0 she asses, 0 total asses

Died: 0 bulls, 0 cows, 0 calves, 0 younglings, 0 heifers, 0 steers, 0 oxen, 0 total neat cattle, 0 ewes, 0 wethers, 0 lambs, 0 rams, 0 total sheep, 5 ewes, 0 wethers, 0 kids, 0 rams, 5 total goats, 0 sows, 0 barrows, 0 pigs, 0 boar, 0 total hogs, 3 fowls, 0 ducks, 0 turkeys, 0 geese, 0 horses, 0 mares, 0 total horses, 0 he asses, 0 she asses, 0 total asses

Stole: 0 bulls, 0 cows, 0 calves, 0 younglings, 0 heifers, 0 steers, 0 oxen, 0 total neat cattle, 0 ewes, 0 wethers, 0 lambs, 0 rams, 0 total sheep, 0 ewes, 0 wethers, 0 kids, 0 rams, 0 total goats, 0 sows, 0 barrows, 0 pigs, 0 boar, 0 total hogs, 0 fowls, 1 duck, 0 turkeys, 0 geese, 0 horses, 0 mares, 0 total horses, 0 he asses, 0 she asses, 0 total asses

Remaining, 11th: 3 bulls, 91 cows, 100 calves, 47 younglings, 32 heifers, 40 steers, 19 oxen, 325 total neat cattle, 322 ewes, 134 wethers, 249 lambs, 4 rams, 679 total sheep, 161 ewes, 21 wethers, 120 kids, 6 rams, 308 total goats, 4 sows, 1 barrow, 18 pigs, 1 boar, 24 total hogs, 180 fowls, 75 ducks, 46 turkeys, 27 geese, 0 horses, 0 mares, 0 total horses, 3 he asses, 2 she asses, 5 total asses

4 head of cattle killed for the Prince Henry packet, weighing 973 pounds 4 ditto sent on board alive, ditto 8 sheep, ditto 48 fowls, ditto 6 turkeys, ditto

Of which 973 pounds, to the Prince Henry packet, 788 pounds; to the house, 185 pounds; 973 pounds

1 heifer killed by accident 1 goat sold to Matthew Bazett, weighing 17 pounds 1 ditto for the hospital

1 woman slave named Sue died

Good yam for the slaves, 14,900

Ditto for stock, 3,440

Refuse yam for ditto, 3,475

21,815

Interpretations

The provisioning of the Prince Henry packet with both slaughtered cattle weighed by the pound and live cattle, sheep, fowls and turkeys sent aboard alive, showed the island supplying a departing vessel with both fresh meat prepared in advance and livestock to be kept and killed as needed during the voyage itself, a mixed arrangement suited to a longer passage to England. The division of the weight from the four cattle killed for the packet between the ship's own allowance and a separate portion recorded for the house indicated that the Governor's own household drew directly on animals slaughtered for a departing ship's provisioning, rather than the two supplies being kept entirely distinct.

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20th. March

Gunners Stores expended for the 12th. of

Feby. to the 11th. March 1758 Incl. vizt.

Guns fired, 4 pd., 3 pd., 2 pd., 1 pd., Powder expended

Feb. 14 Powder to blow up the Rocks for the Barracks: Guns fired 0, 4 pd. 0, 3 pd. 0, 2 pd. 0, 1 pd. 0, Powder expended 14.0

Do. Fired at Ruports for Practice & for priming: Guns fired 8, 4 pd. 8, 3 pd. 0, 2 pd. 0, 1 pd. 0, Powder expended 17.8

15 An Alarm: Guns fired 6, 4 pd. 2, 3 pd. 2, 2 pd. 0, 1 pd. 2, Powder expended 12

16 Arrived the Prince Henry Packet returned Salute: Guns fired 9, 4 pd. 0, 3 pd. 0, 2 pd. 9, 1 pd. 0, Powder expended 9

Do. Powder for priming: Guns fired 0, 4 pd. 0, 3 pd. 0, 2 pd. 0, 1 pd. 0, Powder expended 1.8

Do. Fired to Salute Major Hepburns Arrival on Shore: Guns fired 11, 4 pd. 0, 3 pd. 0, 2 pd. 11, 1 pd. 0, Powder expended 11

Do. Powder for priming: Guns fired 0, 4 pd. 0, 3 pd. 0, 2 pd. 0, 1 pd. 0, Powder expended 2.0

Do. Fired at Ruports for Practice & for priming: Guns fired 8, 4 pd. 8, 3 pd. 0, 2 pd. 0, 1 pd. 0, Powder expended 17.8

23 Do.: Guns fired 8, 4 pd. 8, 3 pd. 0, 2 pd. 0, 1 pd. 0, Powder expended 17.8

24 Fired to Salute Major Hepburns going on Board: Guns fired 11, 4 pd. 0, 3 pd. 0, 2 pd. 11, 1 pd. 0, Powder expended 11.0

Do. Powder for priming: Guns fired 0, 4 pd. 0, 3 pd. 0, 2 pd. 0, 1 pd. 0, Powder expended 2.0

Do. Powder for priming in order to have received the Prince

Henry Packet

0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1.8

27 Powder to blow up Rocks for the Barracks: Guns fired 0, 4 pd. 0, 3 pd. 0, 2 pd. 0, 1 pd. 0, Powder expended 14.0

28 Fired at Ruports for Practice & for Priming: Guns fired 8, 4 pd. 8, 3 pd. 0, 2 pd. 0, 1 pd. 0, Powder expended 17.8

Mar. 2 Do.: Guns fired 8, 4 pd. 8, 3 pd. 0, 2 pd. 0, 1 pd. 0, Powder expended 17.8

7 Do.: Guns fired 8, 4 pd. 8, 3 pd. 0, 2 pd. 0, 1 pd. 0, Powder expended 17.8

9 Do.: Guns fired 8, 4 pd. 8, 3 pd. 0, 2 pd. 0, 1 pd. 0, Powder expended 17.8

Powder for replenishing the Cartridges at the main Guard: Guns fired 0, 4 pd. 0, 3 pd. 0, 2 pd. 0, 1 pd. 0, Powder expended 1.0

Do. for the Funeral of Timothy Sullivan: Guns fired 0, 4 pd. 0, 3 pd. 0, 2 pd. 0, 1 pd. 0, Powder expended 2.4

Do. for Signals: Guns fired 0, 4 pd. 0, 3 pd. 0, 2 pd. 0, 1 pd. 0, Powder expended 0.8

Do. for exercising the East Flying Party: Guns fired 0, 4 pd. 0, 3 pd. 0, 2 pd. 0, 1 pd. 0, Powder expended 8.12

Do. for exercising the West Do.: Guns fired 0, 4 pd. 0, 3 pd. 0, 2 pd. 0, 1 pd. 0, Powder expended 2.12

Do. for Shooting Goats on Mundens Point Hill: Guns fired 0, 4 pd. 0, 3 pd. 0, 2 pd. 0, 1 pd. 0, Powder expended 12

Total: Guns fired 93, 4 pd. 58, 3 pd. 2, 2 pd. 31, 1 pd. 2, Powder expended 216.8

Lead Shot for Shooting Goats on Mundens Point Hill

1

Paper for making great Gun Cartridges

30

Do. for making Carbine Cartridges

6

Tallow for the use of the Carts in the Long Wood

2

Hand Spikes broke at Lemon Valley

1

(Signed)

Thos. Hall

Sundrys

Gunners' stores expended for the 12th of February to the 11th of March 1758 inclusive:

16 February: powder to blow up the rocks for the barracks, 14 pounds 0 ounces

Ditto fired at Ruperts for practice and for priming, 8 rounds from 4-pounders, 8 rounds from 1-pounders, 17 pounds 8 ounces

15th: an alarm, 6 rounds from 4-pounders, 2 rounds from 3-pounders, 2 rounds from 2-pounders, 12 pounds 0 ounces

16th: arrived the *Prince Henry* packet, returned the salute, 9 rounds from 4-pounders, 0 rounds from 3-pounders, 9 rounds from 2-pounders, 9 pounds 0 ounces

Ditto powder for priming, 0 pounds 1.8 ounces

Ditto fired to salute Major Hepburne's arrival on shore, 11 rounds from 4-pounders, 0 rounds from 3-pounders, 11 rounds from 2-pounders, 11 pounds 0 ounces

Ditto powder for priming, 0 pounds 2 ounces

Ditto fired at Ruperts for practice and for priming, 8 rounds from 4-pounders, 8 rounds from 3-pounders, 17 pounds 8 ounces

23rd: ditto, 8 rounds from 4-pounders, 8 rounds from 3-pounders, 17 pounds 8 ounces

24th: fired to salute Major Hepburne going on board, 11 rounds from 4-pounders, 0 rounds from 3-pounders, 11 rounds from 2-pounders, 11 pounds 0 ounces

Ditto powder for priming, 0 pounds 2 ounces

Ditto for priming in order to have ready the salute of the *Prince Henry* packet, 0 pounds 1.8 ounces

27th: powder to blow up rocks for the barracks, 14 pounds 0 ounces

28th: fired at Ruperts for practice and for priming, 8 rounds from 4-pounders, 8 rounds from 3-pounders, 17 pounds 8 ounces

2 March: ditto, 8 rounds from 4-pounders, 8 rounds from 3-pounders, 17 pounds 8 ounces

7th: ditto, 8 rounds from 4-pounders, 8 rounds from 3-pounders, 17 pounds 8 ounces

9th: ditto, 8 rounds from 4-pounders, 8 rounds from 3-pounders, 17 pounds 8 ounces

Powder for replenishing the cartridges at the main guard, 0 pounds 1 ounce

Ditto for the funeral of Timothy Sullivan, 0 pounds 2.4 ounces

Ditto for signals, 0 pounds 0.8 ounces

Ditto for exercising the east flying party, 0 pounds 8.12 ounces

Ditto for exercising the west ditto, 0 pounds 2.12 ounces

Ditto for shooting goats on Mundens Point Hill, 0 pounds 12 ounces

Total, 93 rounds from 4-pounders, 58 rounds from 3-pounders, 2 rounds from 2-pounders, 31 rounds from [...], 246 pounds 8 ounces

Lead shot for shooting goats on Mundens Point Hill, 1 pound Paper for making great gun cartridges, 20 pounds Ditto for making carbine cartridges, 6 pounds Tallow for the use of the carts in Long Wood, 2 pounds Hand spikes broke at Lemon Valley, 1 pound

Signed Thomas Hall.

Sundries

Interpretations

The two separate rounds of salutes fired for Major Hepburne, first on his arrival ashore and later on his going aboard again, showed a formal military honour rendered to a visiting officer at both the start and end of his stay on the island, a mark of ceremonial courtesy distinct from the routine practice firing recorded on the days between. The powder expended for Timothy Sullivan's funeral corresponded to the soldier recorded as having drowned by accident, confirming again that a military funeral salute was fired regardless of the manner of a soldier's death.

75

69

1758.

Sundrys expended at the Honorable Companys Table in the

Month ending March the 11th. 1758 vizt.

23 Bottles Port

£1 11s 6d

23 Do. Lisbon

£1 11s 6d

6 Do. Madeira

0s 14s 9½d

60 Do. Arrack

£2 0s 0d

30 Do. Beer

0s 6s 3d

274 Flour

£2 0s 3d

185 Fresh Beef

£2 6s 3d

408½ Mutton

£8 11s 0d

38 lb. Goat

0s 12s 8d

15 Fowls

£1 2s 6d

6 Ducks

0s 9s 0d

1 Goose

0s 5s 0d

2 Turkeys

0s 10s 0d

46 Butter

£2 6s 0d

93 lb. Candy

£1 11s 0d

4 pieces Salt Pork

0s 8s 0d

£26 4s 9¾d

John Walker Sergeant Petitioned for his discharge

this Day from the Garrison, having served the Honorable Company his full

Contracted time. Granted.

Ordered an Advertizement to be published

requiring the Inhabitants to meet in Vestry on Monday next in

Order to chuse Parish Officers for the ensuing Year.

Mrs. Mary Seale Widow, who was sent to, to attend the

Council, this Day acquainting us by Letter, that she was very

Infirm, & not able to Travail as far as from Sandy Bay to this Place,

she acknowledges that she bought the Ring mentioned in last Consultation

of a Black, who she heard was free, She thought she might buy it with

Safety, But as it is Contrary to Orders to buy from any Black, and the

said Black not being free, We therefore Fined her in the Sum of five

Pounds to the Honorable Companys Cash.

Chas. Hutchinson

John Adamson

John Clark.

Sundries expended at the Honourable Company's table in the month ending 11 March 1758:

23 bottles of port, £1 11s 6d

23 ditto Lisbon, £1 11s 6d

6 ditto Madeira, £0 14s 9¾d

66 ditto arrack, £2 0s 0d

30 ditto beer, £0 6s 3d

276 pounds of flour, £2 0s 3d

185 pounds of fresh beef, £2 6s 3d

408¾ pounds of mutton, £8 11s 0d

38 pounds of goat, £0 12s 8d

15 fowls, £1 2s 6d

6 ducks, £0 9s 0d

1 goose, £0 5s 0d

2 turkeys, £0 10s 0d

46 pounds of butter, £2 6s 0d

93 pounds of candy, £1 11s 0d

4 pieces of salt pork, £0 8s 0d

£26 4s 9¾d

John Walker, sergeant, that day petitioned for his discharge from the garrison, having served the Honourable Company his full contracted time. Granted.

The council ordered an advertisement to be published requiring the inhabitants to meet in vestry on Monday next in order to choose parish officers for the ensuing year.

Mrs Mary Seale, widow, who was sent to attend the council, this day acquainted them by letter that she was very infirm and not able to travel as far as from Sandy Bay to that place. She acknowledged that she bought the ring mentioned in the last consultation of a black, who was heard was free. She thought she might buy it with safety, but as it was contrary to orders to buy from any black, and the said black not being free, the council therefore fined her the sum of £5 to the Honourable Company's cash.

Charles Hutchinson John Adamson John Clark

Interpretations

The requirement that inhabitants meet in vestry to choose parish officers for the ensuing year showed the island's civil administration below the level of the Governor and council resting on a form of local self-government drawn from English parish practice, with officers elected annually by those attending rather than appointed directly by the Company. Mrs Seale's fine, imposed despite her plea that she believed the black she bought from was free, revealed the council enforcing strictly a general prohibition on purchasing goods from enslaved people regardless of the individual buyer's good faith or belief in the seller's status, treating the rule itself as more important than the particular circumstances of the transaction.

76

70

27th. March

At a Consultation held on Monday the 27. Day of March

1758 at the Castle.

Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr. Governor.

John Adamson Lieutenant Governor.

Lieutenant John Clark of Council.

The last Consultation was read, approved and Signed, Dated the

20th. March 1758.

Same Day. Richard McNally Centinel Petitioned for his

Discharge from the Garrison, having served the Honorable

Company his full contracted time.

Granted

Thursday the 23. William Lindsay Corporal William Cannam

Corporal and Thomas Beddow Centinel Petitioned for their

several Discharges from the Garrison, having respectively

served the Honorable Company their full contracted times.

Granted.

This Day. Robert Ballard Centinel Petitioned for his

Discharge from the Garrison, having served the Honorable

Company his full contracted time.

Granted.

Mr. William Wrangham having served five

Years as a Writer the 23. Instant, We therefore put him upon the

Establishment of a Factor from that time, according to the

Honorable Companys Orders, and the Prayer of his Petition.

Counted and examined the Honorable Companys

Cash for the Month ending the 11th. Instant, which is as follows vizt.

Cash

On Monday 27 March 1758 the council met at the castle, with Governor Charles Hutchinson presiding alongside Lieutenant Governor John Adamson and Lieutenant John Clark of the council. The previous consultation, dated 20 March 1758, was read, approved and signed.

Same day, Richard McNally, centinel, petitioned for his discharge from the garrison, having served the Honourable Company his full contracted time. Granted.

Thursday the 23rd, William Lindsay, corporal, William Cannam, corporal, and Thomas Beddow, centinel, petitioned for their several discharges from the garrison, having respectively served the Honourable Company their full contracted times. Granted.

Same day, Robert Ballard, centinel, petitioned for his discharge from the garrison, having served the Honourable Company his full contracted time. Granted.

Mr William Wrangham, having served five years as a writer the 24th instant, the council therefore put him upon the establishment of a factor from that time, according to the Honourable Company's orders and the prayer of his petition.

The council counted and examined the Honourable Company's cash for the month ending the 11th instant, which was as follows.

77

71

Cash Dr. Per Contra Cr.

1758

Feb. 12. To Balance remaining

£1367 6s 8d

20 To Exchange for a Sett of Bills drawn upon

the Honorable the Court of Directors payable

to Matthew Purling or Order Ninety Days

sight Dated this Day

£49 0s 0d

23 To Account Current London Received from

Captn. Benjamin Reynolds

£268 12s 0d

Do. To Exchange for one Sett of Bills drawn upon

the Honorable the Court of Directors payable

to David Hepburne Esqr. or Order Thirty Days

sight Dated this Day

£200 0s 0d

To Do. for one Sett of Do. Drawn as above

Dated this Day payable to Thomas Kirkpatrick

or Order

£78 0s 0d

£1962 18s 8d

1758

Mar. 11. By balance remaining in the following Species Vizt.

200 Venetians at 10s.

£100

1055 Pagodas at 8s.

£422

Gold amounting to

£522 0s 0d

2259 Dollars at 5s.

£564 15s 0d

1502 Rupees at 2s 3d

£168 19s 6d

10476 half Ryals at 3¾d

£163 13s 9d

441 French pieces at 2s.

£3 13s 6d

Small Money

£1 11d

Silver amounting to

£901 3s 8d

Cash Notes of no use amounting to

£539 15s 0d

£1962 18s 8d

Cash, debtor:

12 February 1758, to balance remaining, £1,367 6s 8d

20th, to exchange for a set of bills drawn upon the Honourable the Court of Directors payable to Matthew Purling or order ninety days after sight, dated that day, £49 0s 0d

23rd, to account current, London, received from Captain Benjamin Reynolds, £268 12s 0d

Ditto, to exchange for one set of bills drawn upon the Honourable the Court of Directors payable to David Hepburne, esquire, or order thirty days after sight, dated that day, £200 0s 0d

To ditto, for one set of ditto, drawn as above, dated this day, payable to Thomas Kirkpatrick or order, £78 0s 0d

£1,962 18s 8d

Per contra, creditor:

11 March 1758, by balance remaining in the following species:

200 Venetians at 10s, £100 0s 0d

1,055 pagodas at 8s, £422 0s 0d

Gold amounting to £522 0s 0d

2,259 dollars at 5s, £564 15s 0d

1,502 rupees at 2s 3d, £168 19s 6d

1,047⅙ half rials at 3¾d, £163 13s 9d

441 French pieces at 2d, £3 13s 6d

Small money, £1 1s 11d

Silver amounting to £901 3s 8d

Cash notes of no use amounting to £539 15s 0d

£1,962 18s 8d

Interpretations

The four separate entries for exchange, made out to Matthew Purling, David Hepburne and Thomas Kirkpatrick within the same period, showed the council's treasury functioning as a source of bills of exchange for individuals wishing to remit or carry funds to England, drawn against the Honourable Court of Directors rather than paid in coin, a service distinct from the ordinary receipt and disbursement of cash for goods and salaries recorded elsewhere in the ledger.

78

72

27th. March

The Planters this Day met at the Chappel in this

Valley, to chuse Parish Officers for the Year ensuing, & chose the

following Persons, who are likewise to inspect the Stocks of

Sheep, and the Honorable Companys Waste Land. vizt.

Messrs. James Powell

John Doxfountain

Thomas Greentree

Onesiphorus Beale

Churchwardens

Nathan Sample

William Seale

Overseers of the East Division

Benjamin Mason

Orlando Bagley Senr.

Overseers of the West Division.

Henry Easthope

William Daddom

Overseers of the South Division

The Churchwardens and Overseers of the Highways

for the time being to Survey the Stocks of Sheep belonging to the several

Inhabitants of this Island, and the Honorable Companys Waste

Land, mentioned in the Regulation and Order published under date

the 16th. of January, and agreeable thereto, to make a Report thereof to

the Governor and Council.

We therefore Ordered Warrants to be made for

Messrs. James Powell, and John Doxfountain Churchwardens

and Messrs. Nathan Sample, Benjamin Mason, & Henry Easthope

Overseers.

Philip Audrouin and Andrew Gordon Soldiers,

having been missing ever since Tuesday Morning last, a Search

was made for them on Board all the Dutch Ships (who sailed that Day)

but could not be found; They therefore must have been secreted on

Board some of the aforesaid Ships.

Tuesday the 21st. Sailed the 13 Dutch Ships.

The Ships and Captains Names, Number of Men, & Guns,

are as follow. We not being able to get a more exact Account

Ships

The planters that day met at the chapel in this valley to choose parish officers for the year ensuing, and likewise chose the following persons to inspect the stocks of sheep and the Honourable Company's waste land.

Churchwardens: James Powell, John Dovefountain, Thomas Greentree, Onesiphorus Beale

Overseers of the east division: Nathan Semple, William Seale

Overseers of the west division: Benjamin Mason, Orlando Bagley junior

Overseers of the south division: Henry Easthope, William Paddom

The churchwardens and overseers of the highways for the time being were to survey the stocks of sheep belonging to the several inhabitants of the island and the Honourable Company's waste land, mentioned in the regulation and order published under date of 16 January, and agreeable thereto, to make a report thereof to the Governor and council.

The council therefore ordered warrants to be made for Messrs James Powell and John Dovefountain, churchwardens, and Messrs Nathan Semple, Benjamin Mason and Henry Easthope, overseers.

Philip Audrouin and Andrew Gordon, soldiers, having been missing ever since Tuesday morning last, a search was made for them on board all the Dutch ships, whether laden that day, but they could not be found. They therefore must have been secreted on board some of the aforesaid ships.

Tuesday the 21st, the thirteen Dutch ships sailed. The ships' and captains' names, number of men and guns were as follows. The council, not being able to get a more exact account [...]

Interpretations

The election of separate overseers for the east, west and south divisions of the island showed the practical administration of grazing and highway inspection organised geographically rather than centrally, reflecting the difficulty of surveying scattered flocks and roads across a small mountainous island from a single office at the castle. The suspicion that the two missing soldiers had been secreted aboard the departing Dutch ships, after a search of the vessels themselves failed to find them, revealed a recognised risk that foreign shipping calling at the island could be used by garrison soldiers to desert, despite the search having been made specifically to prevent it.

79

73

1758

Ships, Commanders, Men, Guns

Van D'tronella Maria: Commander J. De Savoye, Men 165, Guns 26

Marienbosch: Commander C. De Neijs, Men 140, Guns 44

Akerendam: Commander Wm. De Graaf, Men 140, Guns 44

Ruyswold: Commander J. Elsevier, Men 135, Guns 40

Walcheren: Commander S. D. Hartog, Men 135, Guns 36

Nissingen: Commander L. Helmstroom, Men 130, Guns 36

Yard Nieuladd: Commander G. Wolfe, Men 130, Guns 32

Bly Drop: Commander J. Claus, Men 130, Guns 32

D'Hoek: Commander J. Huber, Men 130, Guns 30

Cattendijke: Commander W. Klomp, Men 130, Guns 30

S'Gravesande: Commander N. Stuyver, Men 140, Guns 30

O'O Schuyen: Commander J. Lebens, Men 125, Guns 30

De Wiende: Commander J. Schrijter, Men 130, Guns 30

Chas. Hutchinson

John Adamson

John Clark.

At a Consultation held on Monday the 3. Day of April 1758

at the Castle.

Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr. Governor.

John Adamson Lieutenant Governor.

Lieutenant John Clark of Council.

The last Consultation was read, approved, and Signed, Dated

the 27th. March 1758.

Yesterday the 2. Instant Died John Leech a Native.

John Gould Drummer petitioned on the

28th. of March last for his Discharge from the Garrison, having

served the Honorable Company his full contracted time.

Granted

John

Ships:

Van Diteronella Maria, commander J De Lavoye, 165 men, 26 guns

Marienbosch, commander C De Reijs, 140 men, 24 guns

Akerendam, commander William De Graaf, 140 men, 24 guns

Rugkwold, commander J Elserer, 135 men, 40 guns

Walcheren, commander S D Hartog, 135 men, 36 guns

Vlissingen, commander L Helmstroom, 130 men, 36 guns

Vard Nieuladd, commander G Wolfe, 130 men, 32 guns

Blij Drop, commander J Claus, 130 men, 32 guns

D'Hoek, commander J Weber, 130 men, 30 guns

Cattendijke, commander W Klamp, 130 men, 30 guns

S Gravenzande, commander P Stuyver, 140 men, 30 guns

De Schuyer, commander J Lubens, 125 men, 30 guns

De Miswolde, commander J Schrijfer, 130 men, 30 guns

Charles Hutchinson John Adamson John Clark

On Monday 3 April 1758 the council met at the castle, with Governor Charles Hutchinson presiding alongside Lieutenant Governor John Adamson and Lieutenant John Clark of the council. The previous consultation, dated 27 March 1758, was read, approved and signed.

Yesterday, the 2nd instant, John Leech, a native, died.

John Gould, drummer, petitioned on the 28th of March last for his discharge from the garrison, having served the Honourable Company his full contracted time. Granted.

John [...]

80

74

  1. April
  2. John Williams Soldier this Day Petitioned
  3. for his Discharge from the Garrison, having served the
  4. Honorable Company his full contracted time.
  5. Granted
  6. Chas. Hutchinson
  7. John Adamson
  8. John Clark.
  9. At a Consultation held on Monday the 10th. day of
  10. April 1758 at the Castle
  11. Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr. Governor
  12. Lieutenant John Clark of Council.
  13. The last Consultation was read, approved and Signed,
  14. Dated the 3. April 1758.
  15. Yesterday arrived a Dane Ship from China, called the Princess
  16. Louisa, Captain Jasper With, Burthen nine hundred
  17. Tons, carrys one hundred and forty Men, and twenty two
  18. Guns, Loaded with Tea and China Ware, bound to
  19. Copenhagen.
  20. James Sheridan the Honorable Companys late Gardener, having been this Day proved guilty of
  21. Beating and abusing John Legg Inhabitant of this
  22. Island, in a very gross manner, We therefore Fined the
  23. said James Sheridan in the Sum of Twenty Shillings to
  24. the Honorable Companys Cash.
  25. Chas. Hutchinson
  26. John Clark

Margin Notes:

John Adamson Lieut. Govr. Absent being sick.

John Williams, a soldier, that day petitioned for his discharge from the garrison, having served the Honourable Company his full contracted time. Granted.

Charles Hutchinson John Adamson John Clark

On Monday 10 April 1758 the council met at the castle, with Governor Charles Hutchinson presiding, Lieutenant John Clark of council, Lieutenant Governor John Adamson being absent through sickness. The previous consultation, dated 3 April 1758, was read, approved and signed.

Yesterday arrived a Danish ship from China, called the Princess Louisa, Captain Jasper With, burthen 900 tons, carrying 140 men and 22 guns, laden with tea and China ware, bound to Copenhagen.

James Sheridan, the Honourable Company's late gardener, having been that day proved guilty of beating and abusing John Legg, an inhabitant of the island, in a very gross manner, the council therefore fined Sheridan in the sum of 20s to the Honourable Company's cash.

Charles Hutchinson John Clark

Interpretations

The description of the Princess Louisa as a Danish ship bound from China to Copenhagen showed St Helena's position on a shipping route used by more than one European nation's East India trade, with vessels of the Danish Asiatic Company calling at the island alongside those of the English and Dutch companies recorded in earlier consultations. The modest fine imposed on Sheridan for gross physical abuse of an inhabitant, set at only 20 shillings, suggests either that his status as a former Company servant tempered the severity of his punishment or that a monetary fine of this scale was the ordinary means of resolving disputes of personal violence between individuals on the island rather than corporal or custodial punishment.

81

75

17th. April

At a Consultation held on Monday the 17th. Day of April 1758

at the Castle.

Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr. Governor

John Adamson Lieutenant Governor

Lieutenant John Clark of Council.

The last Consultation was read, approved, and Signed, Dated

the 10th. April 1758.

Monday the 10th. Arrived the Marlborough Captn. Alexander McCleod

from Bengal.

Yesterday Sailed the Dane Ship called the Princess Louisa.

The Ship Marlborough brought us the following

Supply vizt.

Invoice pr Ship Marlborough

BA. Battavia Arrack

No. 1 to 3. 3 Leaguers at 150 Rlls. pr Leag. 450

Batta. 8 pr Cent 36

486

RF. Rice Fine

1 to 30. 30 Bags containing 60 Bags at 2s. pr pd. Rlls. 96

Batta. 8 pr Cent 7.11

103.11

WC. Wax Candles

1 - 2. 2 Chests containing 4 Sacks pd. 175 lb. pr. lb. 300

P. Paddy

1 to 28. 28 Bags containing 38 bd. lb. 1.24 pr. lb. 24.48

Batta. 8 pr Cent 1.15.3

26.73

Charges Merchandize

90 Gunny Bags and Sewing 12.10.6

20 Mats for Dunnaging the Boat 2.9

2 Chests and Duckages 6.6

Weighman 10

Mookers 3.5.6

Boat hire 21

Diet 1.6.9

Oil for the Boat 3.9

31.26

Errors Excepted

Current Rupees 967.4.9

(Signed) pr Rich. Beeher Accompt.

Thomas

On Monday 17 April 1758 the council met at the castle, with Governor Charles Hutchinson presiding alongside Lieutenant Governor John Adamson and Lieutenant John Clark of the council. The previous consultation, dated 10 April 1758, was read, approved and signed.

Monday the 10th, arrived the Marlborough, Captain Alexander McCloud, from Bengal.

Yesterday sailed the Danish ship called the Princess Louisa.

The ship Marlborough brought the following supply.

Invoice of ship Marlborough:

BA, Batavia arrack

Numbers 1 to 3, 3 leaguers at 150 gallons per leaguer, 450 gallons, deducted for 8 per cent for leakage and drawage, 36 gallons, 486 pagodas

RF, rice fine

Numbers 1 to 30, 30 bags containing 60 bags at 25 pounds per hundredweight, 96 candy, deducted for 8 per cent for leakage and drawage, 7 candy 11 pounds, 103 pagodas 11 fanams

WC, wax candles

Numbers 1 to 2, 2 chests containing 4 sundry boxes of 75 pounds per box, 300 pagodas

P, paddy

Numbers 1 to 28, 28 bags containing 38 candy at 1 pound 24 pounds per bag, 24 candy 48 pounds, deducted for 8 per cent for leakage and drawage, 1 candy 13 pounds 3 ounces, 26 pagodas 73 fanams

Charges merchandise:

90 gunny bags and sewing, 12 pagodas 10 fanams 6 cash

20 mats for dunnaging the boat, 2 pagodas 9 fanams

2 chests and duckboards, 0 pagodas 6 fanams 6 cash

Weighman, 0 pagodas 10 fanams

Mocatur, 21 pagodas 0 fanams

Boat hire, 4 pagodas 6 fanams 9 cash

Diet, 0 pagodas 3 fanams 9 cash

Oil for the boat, 31 pagodas 2 fanams 6 cash

Errors excepted, current rupees 987 fanams 4 cash 9, signed Richard Beecher, accountant.

Thomas

Interpretations

The two separate supplies of rice fine and paddy carried by the same ship, priced and weighed differently, showed the milled and unhusked forms of the same crop being shipped from Bengal as distinct commercial commodities rather than the paddy being merely unprocessed rice awaiting milling on the island. The charge recorded for a weighman, mocatur and boat hire among the merchandise costs reflected the standard local labour and handling fees incurred at an Indian port when loading a cargo, distinct from the price of the goods themselves, showing the invoice itemising the full commercial cost of getting the supply from shore to ship.

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76

17th. April

Thomas Godden and John Hudson

Soldiers on the 18th. instant respectively Petitioned for

their Discharges from the Garrison, having severally

the Honorable Company their full contracted times.

Granted.

Patty, a Slave Girl belonging to Mrs. Herbert

Betty, a Slave Girl belonging to Mr. Pritchard, & Nanny

another Slave Girl belonging to James Sorbell having been

this Day jointly proved Guilty of Breaking into a

Garden belonging to Mr. Francis Wrangham Senr., and

Stealing thereout some Figs. We therefore Ordered them to

be whipped, the said Betty and Nanny to receive a Dozen

and an half of Lashes each; But the said Patty by reason

of her Infancy, to receive only one Dozen.

Chas. Hutchinson

John Adamson

John Clark.

At a Consultation held on Tuesday the 18th. day of April

1758 at the Castle

Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr. Governor.

Lieutenant John Clark of Council.

The last Consultation was read, approved, and Signed Dated

the 17th. April 1758.

This Day arrived the Honorable Companys

Ship the Prince Henry, Captain Thomas Best from England,

and brought us a Packet from their Honors which we opened

and read their Letter to us, and then sent for Lieutenant

George Hay, and acquainted him with the Honorable Companys

Orders relating to him.

Chas. Hutchinson

John Clark.

Margin Notes:

John Adamson Lieutenant Governor absent being sick.

Thomas Godden and John Hudson, soldiers, on the 18th instant respectively petitioned for their discharges from the garrison, having severally served the Honourable Company their full contracted times. Granted.

Patty, a slave girl belonging to Mrs Herbert, Betty, a slave girl belonging to Mr Pritchard, and Nanny, another slave girl belonging to James Sorbell, having that day been jointly proved guilty of breaking into a garden belonging to Mr Francis Wrangham senior and stealing therefrom some figs, the council therefore ordered them to be whipped, Betty and Nanny to receive a dozen and a half lashes each, but Patty, by reason of her infancy, to receive only one dozen.

Charles Hutchinson John Adamson John Clark

On Tuesday 18 April 1758 the council met at the castle, with Governor Charles Hutchinson presiding, Lieutenant John Clark of council, Lieutenant Governor John Adamson being absent through sickness. The previous consultation, dated 17 April 1758, was read, approved and signed.

That day arrived the Honourable Company's ship the Prince Henry, Captain Thomas Best, from England, and brought a packet from their Honours, which the council opened and read. Their letter to the council, they then sent for Lieutenant George Hay and acquainted him with the Honourable Company's orders relating to him.

Charles Hutchinson John Clark

Interpretations

The reduced sentence given to Patty on account of her infancy, against the fuller punishment given to Betty and Nanny for the same offence, showed the council applying a distinction of age in fixing the severity of corporal punishment for enslaved children, even though all three had been found equally guilty of the same theft.

83

77

24th. April

At a Consultation held on Monday the 24th. of April 1758 at

the Castle.

Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr. Governor

John Adamson Lieutenant Governor

Lieutenant John Clark of Council.

The last Consultation was read, approved, and Signed

Dated the 10th. April 1758.

Wednesday the 19th. Died Samuel Anderson Soldier.

The Executors of the last Will and Testament of

Mary Iwaite Widow this Day presented her said Will, desiring

that it might be proved, which was accordingly done upon the

Oaths of the Witnesses thereto, The Will as as followeth vizt.

In the name of God Amen I Mary Iwaite

Widow being Sick and Weak of Body, but of sound and perfect

mind and Memory, thanks to Almighty God Do hereby make

Ordain and appoint this my last Will and Testament that is to say

Principally & first of all I give and recommend my Soul

into the hands of Almighty God my Creator, My Body I commit to the

Earth to be buried in a Christian like and decent manner at the

Discretion of my Executors hereafter named, my Worldly Goods &

whereworth it hath pleased God to bless me with I give Devise &

Dispose of in the manner and Form as followeth

Imprimis. My late Husband John Iwaite by his last Will bequeathed

one Third of his Personal Estate, which includes the third part of all

Leasehold Lands, which at the time of this making his Will was not

rightly understood to be so, but now settled, and fixed by the Honble.

Company as Personal Estate, I therefore give my one third part of

Leasehold Lands to my three Children respectively mentioned in

the last Will of Mr. John Iwaite deceased in his Leasehold Lands to be

in equal Proportions by valuation between the three said Children

Namely John, Temperance, and Mary.

Item. I give the remaining part of my Personal Estate to be

equally divided between my other three Children, Ann, Elizabeth,

and Jane, to be delivered at Age or Marriage, or sooner if my Executors

hereafter named shall think proper for their benefit or Advantage.

Item

On Monday 24 April 1758 the council met at the castle, with Governor Charles Hutchinson presiding alongside Lieutenant Governor John Adamson and Lieutenant John Clark of the council. The previous consultation, dated 10 April 1758, was read, approved and signed.

Wednesday the 19th, Samuel Anderson, a soldier, died.

The executors of the last will and testament of Mary Swaite, widow, that day produced her said will, desiring that it might be proved, which was accordingly done upon the oaths of the witnesses thereto. The will was as follows.

In the name of God, amen. Mary Swaite, widow, being sick and weak of body but of sound and perfect mind and memory, thanks to Almighty God, did hereby make, ordain and appoint this her last will and testament in the following manner. Principally and first of all she gave and recommended her soul into the hands of Almighty God her creator, her body she committed to the earth to be buried in a Christian-like and decent manner at the discretion of her executors hereafter named. As for the worldly goods with which it had pleased God to bless her, she gave, devised and disposed of them in the manner and form following.

Firstly, her late husband John Swaite, by his last will, bequeathed one third of his personal estate, which included the third part of all leasehold lands, which at the time of his making his will was not rightly understood to be so, but was now settled and fixed by the Honourable Company as personal estate. She therefore gave one third part of leasehold lands to her three children respectively mentioned in the last will of Mr John Swaite deceased, in his leasehold lands to be in equal proportions by valuation between the three, and the children, namely John, Temperance and Mary.

Item: she gave the remaining part of her personal estate to be equally divided between her other three children, Ann, Elizabeth and Jane, to be delivered at age or marriage, or sooner if her executors hereafter named should think proper for their benefit or advantage.

Item [...]

Interpretations

The dispute over whether leasehold land counted as personal estate, described as not rightly understood at the time John Swaite made his will but since settled and fixed by the Honourable Company, revealed uncertainty in the island's law of property, with the Company itself acting as the authority that resolved how such land should be classified for the purposes of inheritance. Mary Swaite's division of her estate between two distinct sets of three children, one set inheriting land under her late husband's will and the other inheriting the remainder of her personal estate, suggests a household in which children from different unions or of different status were provided for through separate and carefully distinguished bequests rather than a single equal division among all six.

84

78

24th. April

Item. My Daughter Elizabeth who is now married to

James Powell hath a like Right to the Estate of my

Husband Daniel Griffith, which Do part or

well that right she hath to my Mothers Estate now

Greentree Wid. Decd. being a Legacy given my said

Elizabeth, for by her last Will may more fully appear,

Bequests are unanimously given to me by my Son

Law, and Elizabeth his Wife, I hereby bequeath to my sanly

three Youngest Daughters Anne Elizabeth and Jane

Delivered them as aforesaid they paying to my Son

Griffith, and Mary Griffith, each Ten Pounds, the rest

to be equally divided between my said Daughters Ann

and Jane. And as to my Daughter Helena I have already

Provided for her and no further Share Design.

Lastly. I nominate and appoint my dear Brother James

and my good Friend John Worrall Executors to this my Will

Revoking & disannulling all former Wills Ratifying and

Confirming this to be my last Will & Testament. this

of August 1757.

(Signed) Mary Swaiks

Signed Sealed and Declared to be

the last Will of her the said Mary

Swaits in the presence of

(Signed)

C. Steward

Henry Seal

The Storekeeper brought in the following

Account of Stores Short received from the Ship Marlboro

vizt. Account of Stores short Received pr. Ship Mar

3: 0: 6. Rice

2: 0: 16. Paddy

0: 0: 7 Candles

Short Weight

1 Leaguer Arrack Gage Galln. 155 Wants to fill Galln. 12½

1 Do. Do. 150 Do. 9

1 Do. Do. 154 Do. 5½

459 27

St. Helena

April 24th. 1758

Recd. 432 Gallons

(Signed) James

The Plantation, Gunners and Stewards Accs.

for the Month ending the 11th. Instant were this Day brought

which were examined and approved, and are as follow.

Accot.

Item: her daughter Elizabeth, who was now married to James Powell, had a childless right to the estate of her husband Daniel Griffith, which childless part or well right she had to her mother's estate from Greentree, deceased, being a legacy given her said daughter Elizabeth for by her last will. May more fully appear bequests unanimously given to her by her said [...], James Powell and Elizabeth his wife. She hereby bequeathed and gave law and Elizabeth his wife to her three youngest daughters, Anne, Elizabeth and Jane, to be delivered as aforesaid, they paying to her son Griffith and Mary Griffith, each ten pounds, the rest to be equally divided between her said daughters Anne and Jane. As to her daughter Helena, she had already provided for her and no further share she designed her.

Lastly, she nominated and appointed her dear brother James and her good friend John Worrall executors to this her will, revoking and disannulling all former wills, ratifying and confirming this to be her last will and testament, this [...] of August 1757.

Signed Mary Swaits.

Signed, sealed and declared to be the last will of her, the said Mary Swaits, in the presence of ditto.

Signed C Steward Henry Seale

The storekeeper brought in the following account of stores short received from the ship Marlborough.

Account of stores short received from ship Marlborough:

3 hundredweight 0 quarters 6 pounds of rice, short weight

2 hundredweight 0 quarters 16 pounds of paddy, short weight

7 candles, short weight

1 leaguer of arrack, gauged at 155 gallons, wants to fill 12¾ gallons

1 ditto, ditto, 150 gallons, wants to fill 9 gallons

1 ditto, ditto, 144 gallons, wants to fill 5¾ gallons

449 gallons gauged

27 gallons short

St Helena, 24 April 1758

Received, 422 gallons

The plantation, gunners' and stewards' accounts for the month ending the 11th instant were that day brought in, examined and approved, and are as follows.

85

79

Account of the Honorable Companys Stock of Neat Cattle &ca from the 12th. March to the 11th. April 1758 vizt.

Bulls, Cows, Calves, Yearlings, Heifers, Steers, Oxen, Total, Ewes, Wethers, Lambs, Rams, Total, Ewes, Wethers, Kidds, Rams, Total, Sows, Shoats, Pigs, Boars, Total, Fowls, Ducks, Turkeys, Geese, Horses, Mares, Total, He Asses, She Asses, Total

Remaining 12th.: Bulls 3, Cows 91, Calves 100, Yearlings 47, Heifers 25, Steers 40, Oxen 19, Total 325, Ewes 322, Wethers 134, Lambs 219, Rams 4, Total 679, Ewes 161, Wethers 21, Kidds 120, Rams 6, Total 308, Sows 4, Shoats 1, Pigs 18, Boars 1, Total 24, Fowls 180, Ducks 75, Turkeys 46, Geese 27, Horses 6, Mares 8, Total 14, He Asses 3, She Asses 2, Total 5

Encreased: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 1, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Oxen 0, Total 1, Ewes 0, Wethers 0, Lambs 43, Rams 0, Total 43, Ewes 0, Wethers 0, Kidds 25, Rams 0, Total 25, Sows 0, Shoats 0, Pigs 0, Boars 0, Total 0, Fowls 18, Ducks 0, Turkeys 0, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0, He Asses 0, She Asses 0, Total 0

Total: Bulls 3, Cows 91, Calves 101, Yearlings 47, Heifers 25, Steers 40, Oxen 19, Total 326, Ewes 322, Wethers 134, Lambs 262, Rams 4, Total 722, Ewes 161, Wethers 21, Kidds 145, Rams 6, Total 333, Sows 4, Shoats 1, Pigs 18, Boars 1, Total 24, Fowls 198, Ducks 75, Turkeys 46, Geese 27, Horses 6, Mares 8, Total 14, He Asses 3, She Asses 2, Total 5

Killed: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 0, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 1, Oxen 0, Total 1, Ewes 10, Wethers 6, Lambs 3, Rams 0, Total 19, Ewes 1, Wethers 6, Kidds 0, Rams 0, Total 7, Sows 0, Shoats 1, Pigs 0, Boars 0, Total 1, Fowls 19, Ducks 11, Turkeys 5, Geese 2, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0, He Asses 0, She Asses 0, Total 0

Died: Bulls 0, Cows 1, Calves 1, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Oxen 0, Total 2, Ewes 4, Wethers 1, Lambs 10, Rams 0, Total 15, Ewes 0, Wethers 0, Kidds 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Sows 1, Shoats 0, Pigs 1, Boars 0, Total 2, Fowls 19, Ducks 5, Turkeys 8, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0, He Asses 0, She Asses 0, Total 0

Stole: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 0, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Oxen 0, Total 0, Ewes 0, Wethers 0, Lambs 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Ewes 0, Wethers 0, Kidds 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Sows 0, Shoats 0, Pigs 0, Boars 0, Total 0, Fowls 0, Ducks 0, Turkeys 0, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0, He Asses 0, She Asses 0, Total 0

Sold: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 0, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Oxen 0, Total 0, Ewes 0, Wethers 0, Lambs 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Ewes 0, Wethers 0, Kidds 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Sows 0, Shoats 0, Pigs 0, Boars 0, Total 0, Fowls 0, Ducks 0, Turkeys 0, Geese 0, Horses 4, Mares 4, Total 0, He Asses 0, She Asses 0, Total 0

Remaining 11th.: Bulls 3, Cows 90, Calves 100, Yearlings 47, Heifers 25, Steers 39, Oxen 19, Total 323, Ewes 308, Wethers 127, Lambs 249, Rams 4, Total 688, Ewes 160, Wethers 15, Kidds 145, Rams 6, Total 326, Sows 3, Shoats 0, Pigs 17, Boars 1, Total 21, Fowls 160, Ducks 59, Turkeys 33, Geese 25, Horses 6, Mares 4, Total 10, He Asses 3, She Asses 2, Total 5

Species Changed: Bulls 4, Cows 105, Calves 90, Yearlings 35, Heifers 20, Steers 49, Oxen 20, Total 323, Ewes 308, Wethers 180, Lambs 120, Rams 8, Total 688, Ewes 194, Wethers 62, Kidds 62, Rams 8, Total 326, Sows 5, Shoats 12, Pigs 3, Boars 1, Total 21, Fowls 160, Ducks 59, Turkeys 33, Geese 25, Horses 6, Mares 4, Total 10, He Asses 3, She Asses 2, Total 5

2 Goats to the Hospital.

1 Do. to the Sick Slaves

1 Do. Sold to Mr. Adamson Wt. 14¾

One Woman Slave Died named Agnes

One Man Do. Do. Do. Sam Gardner

Good Yam expended for the Slaves 23,095

Do. Do. for Stock 1,200

Refuse Yam expended for Stock 6,700

Errors Excepted (Signed)

30,995

John Adamson

Margin Notes:

Farmers

Account of the Honourable Company's stock of neat cattle, etc, from 12 March to 11 April 1758:

Remaining, 12th: 3 bulls, 91 cows, 100 calves, 47 younglings, 25 heifers, 40 steers, 19 oxen, 325 total neat cattle, 322 ewes, 134 wethers, 219 lambs, 4 rams, 679 total sheep, 161 ewes, 21 wethers, 120 kids, 6 rams, 308 total goats, 4 sows, 1 barrow, 18 pigs, 1 boar, 24 total hogs, 180 fowls, 75 ducks, 46 turkeys, 27 geese, 6 horses, 8 mares, 14 total horses, 3 he asses, 2 she asses, 5 total asses

Increased: 0 bulls, 0 cows, 1 calf, 0 younglings, 0 heifers, 0 steers, 0 oxen, 1 total neat cattle, 0 ewes, 0 wethers, 43 lambs, 0 rams, 43 total sheep, 0 ewes, 0 wethers, 25 kids, 0 rams, 25 total goats, 0 sows, 0 barrows, 0 pigs, 0 boar, 0 total hogs, 18 fowls, 0 ducks, 0 turkeys, 0 geese, 0 horses, 0 mares, 0 total horses, 0 he asses, 0 she asses, 0 total asses

Total: 3 bulls, 91 cows, 101 calves, 47 younglings, 25 heifers, 40 steers, 19 oxen, 326 total neat cattle, 322 ewes, 134 wethers, 262 lambs, 4 rams, 722 total sheep, 161 ewes, 21 wethers, 145 kids, 6 rams, 333 total goats, 4 sows, 1 barrow, 18 pigs, 1 boar, 24 total hogs, 198 fowls, 75 ducks, 46 turkeys, 27 geese, 6 horses, 8 mares, 14 total horses, 3 he asses, 2 she asses, 5 total asses

Killed: 0 bulls, 0 cows, 0 calves, 0 younglings, 0 heifers, 1 steer, 0 oxen, 1 total neat cattle, 10 ewes, 6 wethers, 3 lambs, 0 rams, 19 total sheep, 1 ewe, 6 wethers, 0 kids, 0 rams, 7 total goats, 0 sows, 1 barrow, 0 pigs, 0 boar, 1 total hogs, 19 fowls, 11 ducks, 5 turkeys, 2 geese, 0 horses, 0 mares, 0 total horses, 0 he asses, 0 she asses, 0 total asses

Died: 0 bulls, 1 cow, 1 calf, 0 younglings, 0 heifers, 0 steers, 0 oxen, 2 total neat cattle, 4 ewes, 1 wether, 10 lambs, 0 rams, 15 total sheep, 0 ewes, 0 wethers, 0 kids, 0 rams, 0 total goats, 0 sows, 0 barrows, 1 pig, 0 boar, 2 total hogs, 19 fowls, 5 ducks, 8 turkeys, 0 geese, 0 horses, 0 mares, 0 total horses, 0 he asses, 0 she asses, 0 total asses

Stole: 0 bulls, 0 cows, 0 calves, 0 younglings, 0 heifers, 0 steers, 0 oxen, 0 total neat cattle, 0 ewes, 0 wethers, 0 lambs, 0 rams, 0 total sheep, 0 ewes, 0 wethers, 0 kids, 0 rams, 0 total goats, 0 sows, 0 barrows, 0 pigs, 0 boar, 0 total hogs, 0 fowls, 0 ducks, 0 turkeys, 0 geese, 0 horses, 0 mares, 0 total horses, 0 he asses, 0 she asses, 0 total asses

Sold: 0 bulls, 0 cows, 0 calves, 0 younglings, 0 heifers, 0 steers, 0 oxen, 0 total neat cattle, 0 ewes, 0 wethers, 0 lambs, 0 rams, 0 total sheep, 0 ewes, 0 wethers, 0 kids, 0 rams, 0 total goats, 0 sows, 0 barrows, 0 pigs, 0 boar, 0 total hogs, 0 fowls, 0 ducks, 0 turkeys, 0 geese, 4 horses, 4 mares, 0 total horses, 0 he asses, 0 she asses, 0 total asses

Remaining, 11th: 3 bulls, 90 cows, 100 calves, 47 younglings, 25 heifers, 39 steers, 19 oxen, 323 total neat cattle, 308 ewes, 127 wethers, 249 lambs, 4 rams, 688 total sheep, 160 ewes, 15 wethers, 145 kids, 6 rams, 326 total goats, 3 sows, 0 barrows, 17 pigs, 1 boar, 21 total hogs, 160 fowls, 59 ducks, 33 turkeys, 25 geese, 6 horses, 4 mares, 10 total horses, 3 he asses, 2 she asses, 5 total asses

Species changed: 4 bulls, 105 cows, 90 calves, 35 younglings, 20 heifers, 49 steers, 20 oxen, 323 total neat cattle, 308 ewes, 180 wethers, 120 lambs, 8 rams, 688 total sheep, 194 ewes, 62 wethers, 62 kids, 8 rams, 326 total goats, 5 sows, 12 barrows, 3 pigs, 1 boar, 21 total hogs, 160 fowls, 59 ducks, 33 turkeys, 25 geese, 6 horses, 4 mares, 10 total horses, 3 he asses, 2 she asses, 5 total asses

2 goats to the hospital 1 ditto to the sick slaves 1 ditto sold to Mr Adamson, weighing 14¾ pounds

One woman slave died, named Agnes One man ditto died ditto, named Sam Gardner

Good yam expended for the slaves, 23,095

Ditto ditto for stock, 1,200

Refuse yam expended for stock, 6,700

30,995

Errors excepted, signed John Adamson.

Interpretations

The row headed species changed, showing the same overall totals for neat cattle, sheep, goats and hogs as the remaining line above it but a different distribution among the age and sex categories within each, recorded a periodic reclassification of animals as they matured from one class to the next, such as lambs becoming wethers or calves becoming heifers, rather than any actual change in the size of the herd. The deaths of two slaves recorded by name, Agnes and Sam Gardner, entered on the same return as the routine tally of livestock losses, showed the plantation's monthly account tracking human as well as animal mortality within a single document.

86

80

24th. April

Gunners Stores expended from the 12th. of March to the

11th. of April 1758 inclusive vizt.

Guns fired, 4 pd., 3 pd., 2 pd., 1 pd., Powder expended

March 13. A Double Alarm: Guns fired 15, 4 pd. 6, 3 pd. 6, 2 pd. 0, 1 pd. 3, Powder expended 35.2

14. Arrived the Dutch Fleet returned the Salute: Guns fired 30, 4 pd. 0, 3 pd. 30, 2 pd. 0, 1 pd. 0, Powder expended 30

Powder for Priming: Guns fired 0, 4 pd. 0, 3 pd. 0, 2 pd. 0, 1 pd. 0, Powder expended 5

Powder for Priming at the Alarm House pr. the 17th. May: Guns fired 0, 4 pd. 0, 3 pd. 0, 2 pd. 0, 1 pd. 0, Powder expended 3

Powder for Priming the Guns on the Line: Guns fired 0, 4 pd. 0, 3 pd. 0, 2 pd. 0, 1 pd. 0, Powder expended 4

Powder for Priming at Sandy Bay & for small Arms: Guns fired 0, 4 pd. 0, 3 pd. 0, 2 pd. 0, 1 pd. 0, Powder expended 5.4

21 Departed the Dutch Fleet returned the Salute: Guns fired 17, 4 pd. 0, 3 pd. 17, 2 pd. 0, 1 pd. 0, Powder expended 17

Powder for Priming: Guns fired 0, 4 pd. 0, 3 pd. 0, 2 pd. 0, 1 pd. 0, Powder expended 3

23 Fired at Ruports for Practice & for priming: Guns fired 8, 4 pd. 8, 3 pd. 0, 2 pd. 0, 1 pd. 0, Powder expended 17.8

28 Do.: Guns fired 8, 4 pd. 8, 3 pd. 0, 2 pd. 0, 1 pd. 0, Powder expended 17.8

31 Do.: Guns fired 8, 4 pd. 8, 3 pd. 0, 2 pd. 0, 1 pd. 0, Powder expended 17.8

April 6 Do.: Guns fired 8, 4 pd. 8, 3 pd. 0, 2 pd. 0, 1 pd. 0, Powder expended 17.8

8 An Alarm: Guns fired 6, 4 pd. 2, 3 pd. 2, 2 pd. 0, 1 pd. 2, Powder expended 12

9 Arrived a Dane Ship, returned Salute: Guns fired 9, 4 pd. 0, 3 pd. 9, 2 pd. 0, 1 pd. 0, Powder expended 9

Powder for Priming: Guns fired 0, 4 pd. 0, 3 pd. 0, 2 pd. 0, 1 pd. 0, Powder expended 1.8

10 An Alarm: Guns fired 6, 4 pd. 2, 3 pd. 2, 2 pd. 0, 1 pd. 2, Powder expended 12

Arrived the Marlborough returned the Salute: Guns fired 9, 4 pd. 0, 3 pd. 9, 2 pd. 0, 1 pd. 0, Powder expended 9

Powder for Priming: Guns fired 0, 4 pd. 0, 3 pd. 0, 2 pd. 0, 1 pd. 0, Powder expended 1.8

11 An Alarm for a Ship that past by: Guns fired 6, 4 pd. 2, 3 pd. 2, 2 pd. 0, 1 pd. 2, Powder expended 12

Powder for replenishing the Cartridges for West Flying Party: Guns fired 0, 4 pd. 0, 3 pd. 0, 2 pd. 0, 1 pd. 0, Powder expended 19

Do. for the Main Guard: Guns fired 0, 4 pd. 0, 3 pd. 0, 2 pd. 0, 1 pd. 0, Powder expended 3

Do. for Signals: Guns fired 0, 4 pd. 0, 3 pd. 0, 2 pd. 0, 1 pd. 0, Powder expended 1.8

Do. for exercising West Flying Party: Guns fired 0, 4 pd. 0, 3 pd. 0, 2 pd. 0, 1 pd. 0, Powder expended 8.8

Do. for exercising East Flying Party: Guns fired 0, 4 pd. 0, 3 pd. 0, 2 pd. 0, 1 pd. 0, Powder expended 7

Do. for blowing Rocks in Plant. at Sandy Bay: Guns fired 0, 4 pd. 0, 3 pd. 0, 2 pd. 0, 1 pd. 0, Powder expended 6

Do. Sold: Guns fired 0, 4 pd. 0, 3 pd. 0, 2 pd. 0, 1 pd. 0, Powder expended 9

Total: Guns fired 130, 4 pd. 44, 3 pd. 12, 2 pd. 65, 1 pd. 9, Powder expended 281.4

Paper for the use of the Gardener

2

Do. for making Small Cartridges

1½

Worms Broke at the Alarm House

3

Handspikes Broke on the Line

1

Iron Shod Trucks broke at Ruports

2

Handspikes broke at Lemon Valley

1

Traversers broke at the Main Fort

1

Tallow for the use of the Carts

4½

Lead Shot pr. the Detachment at Sandy Bay the Double Alarm

3½

Match Burned at the Main Guard & sundry Posts

18

Wax Line for repairing the Carriages at Powder Fort

2

(Signed) Thos. Hall

Sundrys

Gunners' stores expended from 12 March to 11 April 1758 inclusive:

13 March: a double alarm, 15 rounds from 6-pounders, 6 rounds from 4-pounders, 6 rounds from 3-pounders, 0 rounds from 2-pounders, 33 pounds 2 ounces

14th: arrived the Dutch fleet, returned the salute, 30 rounds from 6-pounders, 0 rounds from 4-pounders, 30 rounds from 3-pounders, 30 pounds

Powder for priming, 0 pounds 5 ounces

Powder for priming at the alarm house from the 17th May, 0 pounds 3 ounces

Powder for priming the guns on the line, 0 pounds 4 ounces

Powder for priming at Sandy Bay and for small arms, 0 pounds 5.4 ounces

21st: departed the Dutch fleet, returned the salute, 17 rounds from 6-pounders, 0 rounds from 4-pounders, 17 rounds from 3-pounders, 17 pounds

Powder for priming, 0 pounds 3 ounces

23rd: fired at Ruperts for practice and for priming, 8 rounds from 6-pounders, 8 rounds from 3-pounders, 17 pounds 8 ounces

28th: ditto, 8 rounds from 6-pounders, 8 rounds from 3-pounders, 17 pounds 8 ounces

31st: ditto, 8 rounds from 6-pounders, 8 rounds from 3-pounders, 17 pounds 8 ounces

April 6th: ditto, 8 rounds from 6-pounders, 8 rounds from 3-pounders, 17 pounds 8 ounces

8th: an alarm, 6 rounds from 6-pounders, 2 rounds from 4-pounders, 2 rounds from 3-pounders, 0 rounds from 2-pounders, 12 pounds

9th: arrived a Danish ship, returned the salute, 9 rounds from 6-pounders, 0 rounds from 4-pounders, 9 rounds from 3-pounders, 9 pounds

Powder for priming, 0 pounds 1.8 ounces

10th: an alarm, arrived the *Marlborough*, returned the salute, 6 rounds from 6-pounders, 2 rounds from 4-pounders, 2 rounds from 3-pounders, 0 rounds from 2-pounders, 12 pounds

Powder for priming, 0 pounds 9 ounces

11th: an alarm for a ship that passed by, 6 rounds from 6-pounders, 2 rounds from 4-pounders, 2 rounds from 3-pounders, 0 rounds from 2-pounders, 12 pounds

Powder for replenishing the fortnight for the west flying party, 0 pounds 19 ounces

Ditto for the main guard, 0 pounds 3 ounces

Ditto for signals, 0 pounds 1.8 ounces

Ditto for exercising the west flying party, 0 pounds 8.8 ounces

Ditto for exercising the east flying party, 0 pounds 7 ounces

Ditto for blowing rocks in Plant at Sandy Bay, 0 pounds 6 ounces

Ditto sold, 0 pounds 9 ounces

Total, 130 rounds from 6-pounders, 44 rounds from 4-pounders, 12 rounds from 3-pounders, 65 rounds from 2-pounders, 9 rounds from [...], 281 pounds 4 ounces

Paper for the use of the gardener, 0 pounds 2 ounces

Ditto for making small cartridges, 0 pounds 1 ounce

Worms broke at the alarm house, 3 pounds

Handspikes broke on the line, 1 pound

Iron shod trucks broke at Ruperts, 2 pounds

Handspikes broke at Lemon Valley, 1 pound

Fusepoint broke at the main fort, 1 pound

Tallow for the use of the carts, 4 pounds

Lead shot for the detachment at Sandy Bay, the double alarm, 3 pounds

Match burned at the alarm house, 12 pounds

Wheelbarrows for repairing the carriages at Powder Fort, 2 pounds

Signed Thomas Hall.

Sundries

Interpretations

The repeated firing of salutes and alarms in close succession through mid-March and April, coinciding with the arrival and departure of the Dutch fleet, the Danish ship and the Marlborough, showed the gunners' powder store being consumed at a considerably higher rate than in quieter months, driven directly by the volume of shipping calling at the island in that period rather than any change in routine defence practice. The double alarm fired on 13 March, drawing on rounds from four different calibres of gun at once, suggests a more urgent or uncertain threat prompting a fuller response than the single alarms recorded later in the same account, though the passage does not itself explain what occasioned it.

87

81

1758

Sundrys expended at the Honorable Companys Table in

the Month ending the 11th. Instant Vizt.

20 Bottles Port Wine

£1 7s 4½d

28 Lisbon

£1 13s 4½d

18 Madeira

£2 4s 5½d

72 Arrack

£2 9s 4d

60 Beer

0s 12s 6d

308 Flour

£2 4s 11d

337 Beef

£4 2s 9d

325½ Mutton

£6 15s 6½d

3 Lambs

£1 10s 0d

58 lb. Goat

0s 19s 4d

19 Fowls

£1 6s 6d

11 Ducks

0s 16s 6d

2 Geese

0s 10s 0d

5 Turkeys

£1 5s 0d

52½ Butter

£2 12s 6d

39 Pork

0s 19s 6d

3 pieces Salt Pork

0s 6s 0d

91 lb. Candy

£1 12s 4d

£33 14s 10½d

The Executors of the said late Mrs. Iwaits Will

likewise this Day presented an Inventory of the Deceaseds

Effects, Appraised by Messrs. Richard Bagley, & Benjamin

Mason, who being Sworn that they had Valued the same

according to the best of their Judgments, it was Ordered to be

entred in a Book kept for that purpose.

Lieutenant John Clark Reports that he

has been on Board the Ship Marlborough to Muster her

Company, and enquire for Deserters, but found none, her

Muster Roll is as follows vizt.

Muster

Sundries expended at the Honourable Company's table in the month ending the 11th instant:

20 bottles of port wine, £1 7s 4¾d

28 bottles of Lisbon wine, £1 13s 4½d

18 bottles of Madeira, £2 4s 5¾d

71 bottles of arrack, £2 9s 4d

60 bottles of beer, £0 12s 6d

308 pounds of flour, £2 4s 11d

551 pounds of beef, £4 2s 9d

325½ pounds of mutton, £6 15s 6½d

3 lambs, £1 10s 0d

58 pounds of goat, £0 19s 4d

19 fowls, £1 8s 6d

11 ducks, £0 16s 6d

2 geese, £0 10s 0d

5 turkeys, £1 5s 0d

52½ pounds of butter, £2 12s 6d

39 pounds of pork, £0 19s 6d

3 pieces of salt pork, £0 6s 0d

91 pounds of candy, £1 12s 4d

£33 14s 10¾d

The executors of the deceased late Mrs Swaite's will likewise that day presented an inventory of the deceased's effects, appraised by Messrs Richard Bagley and Benjamin Mason, who being sworn that they had valued the same according to the best of their judgements, it was ordered to be entered in a book kept for that purpose.

Lieutenant John Clark reported that he had been on board the ship Marlborough to muster her company and enquire after deserters, but found none. Her muster roll was as follows.

88

82

24th. April

Muster Roll of the Ship Marlborough

Alexr. McCleod Commandr.

Peter Mainwaring 1. Mate

John Nelson 2 Do.

Robt. Munro 3. Do.

James Chivas 4. Do.

James Cooper Surgeon

William Marion Purser

Sam. Ayhoff Carpenter

Alexr. Moore Gunner

Rich. Hobey Boatswn.

John Solly Midshipman

Robt. Johnson Do.

John Edwards Do.

Alexr. Wille 2. Mate

John Glendener Do.

John Lezrow Do.

James Lewisdon Do.

Thos. Bridges Cawther

Thos. Bolton Cooper

John Clark Corpl. Mate

Willm. Cook Gunr. Do.

John Peters Boatsn. Do.

Mars Siggins Cawth. Do.

Edwd. Murphy Cooper Do.

George Stubbs Sailmkr.

John Wilson Armourer

George Roup Capt. Steward

Hugh McLane Ship's Cook

Andr. Brumingham Capt. Cook

Franl. Whitehead Ships Do.

Lancelot Colton Do.

Chas. Barker's Broker Do.

Dr. D. L. D. 2. Do.

Wm. Bradsley Surgy. Do.

Jos. Wm. Donald Corpl. Do.

John Danlowick Boatsn. Do.

George York Gunr. Do.

John Patterson Seaman

John Heath Do.

John Forbes Do.

Francis Braxton Do.

John Reed Do.

John Goxley Do.

Peter Race Do.

Robt. Scutter Do.

Robt. Roberson Seaman

John Francis Do.

Wynn Waddle Do.

Wm. Grant Do.

Wm. Patterson Do.

Benj. Robinson Do.

Wm. Coale Do.

Thos. Fredericksen Do.

Chas. Cahvenaugh Do.

John Kule Do.

Wm. Camble Do.

James Gilchrist Do.

Rich. Ayres Do.

John Peterson Do.

Christian Cawhanson Do.

John Bull Do.

Michl. Fadlock Do.

James Enston Do.

Thos. Blemires Do.

David Weble Do.

Hans Christian Do.

Rolif Cawshinn Do.

John Carbon Do.

Hugh Mackys Do.

Cwatt Baidnair Do.

Peter Vanlewort Do.

Anthy. Glaver Do.

Fran. Aloo Do.

Lascars

Francisco Sownig

Mundoo Tindall

Sugula

Gendell

Barthendoo

Ushtla

Panchow

Geika

Ayugula

John Da Cruvo

Pedro Da Igara

Black Jack

Duscall Da Buseano

Greenwich Cornwall

New York

Ceasar

Ayugula

George Lascar

Goodman Do.

Gopee Do.

Musee Do.

Wilapat Do.

Baramdee Do.

Sirabdee Do.

Passengers

Edo. Wotton Cattendon Espr.

Capt. Rich. Grant

Lieut. John Cornell

Lieut. John Power

Mr. William Nixon

Soldiers

Willm. Munro Sergt.

John Andrews

John Bretherd Drivr.

Willm. Hall Do.

Robt. Munro Do.

Willm. Craiggs Do.

Jos. Hayes Do.

Thos. Phelps Do.

John Hatcher Do.

Hugh Marseale Do.

John McDorald Do.

Willm. Muro Do.

Franl. Noraborne Do.

Henry Pinkstows Do.

John Harley Do.

Matthew Bergen Do.

John Peie Do.

Robt. Clumpton Do.

Abraham Lord Do.

James Bergener Do.

Oliver Rigby Do.

Rich. Moodes Do.

Passengers

Miss Betty Cruttenden

Miss Sally Cruttenden

Mastr. Edo. Cruttenden

Servants

Venus

Myrtilla

Sophia

Complaint

Muster roll of the ship Marlborough:

1: Alexander McCloud, commander

2: Peter Mainwaring, first mate

3: John Nelson, second mate

4: Robert Monro, third mate

5: James Cheave, fourth mate

6: James Cooper, surgeon

7: William Marston, purser

8: Samuel Ashoff, carpenter

9: Adam Groove, gunner

10: Richard Hobey, boatswain

11: John Sully, midshipman

12: Robert Johnson, midshipman

13: John Edwards, midshipman

14: William Miller, master

15: John Glendener, midshipman

16: John Leyprow, midshipman

17: James Lumsden, midshipman

18: Thomas Bridges, caulker

19: Thomas Bolton, cooper

20: John Clark, carpenter's mate

21: William Cook, gunner's mate

22: John Pekers, boatswain's mate

23: Marc Higgins, caulker's mate

24: Edward Murphy, cooper

25: George Stubbs, sailmaker

26: John Wilson, armourer

27: George Reap, captain's steward

28: Hugh McLane, ship's cook

29: Andrew Brunnaughton, cook

30: Francis Wilkinson, ship's steward

31: James Cotton, ship's cook

32: Charles Barker, tinker

33: William Bradley, surgeon's mate

34: John McDonald, carpenter

35: John Danilowick, boatswain

36: George York, gunner

Robert Robeson, seaman

John Francis, seaman

Wynn Waddle, seaman

William Grant, seaman

William Patterson, seaman

Benjamin Robinson, seaman

William Cooke, seaman

Thomas Frydericksen, seaman

Charles Cahvenaugh, seaman

John Kale, seaman

William Camble, seaman

James Gilchrist, seaman

Richard Ayres, seaman

John Peterson, seaman

Christian Cushianson, seaman

John Bull, seaman

Miel Sadlack, seaman

James Euston, seaman

Thomas Blenkiro, seaman

David Weld, seaman

Hans Christian, seaman

Roliff Chushum, seaman

John Carter, seaman

Hugh Mackys, seaman

Everit Bridman, seaman

Peter Vanlewort, seaman

Anthony Glover, seaman

Francis Cluro, seaman

Lascars

Francisco Sowry

Mendes Tindall

Sugula

Gondell

Bartherdoo

Utahla

Panchow

Golka

Aguguda

John De Cruve

Pedro De Ayao

Black Jack

Pascal De Bussaro

Greenwich Cornwall

New York

Ceasar

Aguguda

George Lascar

Goodman, ditto

Gopee, ditto

Musee, ditto

Wilapat, ditto

Baramdee, ditto

Sorabdee, ditto

Passengers

Edward Wolton, Cattendonderight

Captain Richard Grant

Lieutenant John Cornell

Lieutenant John Power

Mr William Wixon

Soldiers

William Monro, sergeant

John Andrews, ditto

John Bramnaid, drummer

William Hall, ditto

Robert Munro, ditto

William Craiggs, ditto

Josiah Hayes, ditto

Thomas Phelps, ditto

John Hatcher, ditto

Hugh Marneale, ditto

John McDonald, ditto

William Muro, ditto

Francis Woodborne, ditto

Henry Punkeloury, ditto

John Harley, ditto

Matthew Bergen, ditto

John Pew, ditto

Robert Clumpton, ditto

Abraham Lord, ditto

James Bregner, ditto

Oliver Rigby, ditto

Richard Mootes, ditto

Passengers

Miss Betty Cruttenden

Miss Sally Cruttenden

Master Edward Cruttenden

Servants

Venus

Myrtilla

Sophia

Complaint

89

83

1758.

Complaint having been made to the Governor last

Night by Thomas Levinz the Honorable Companys Carpenter here,

of his having been severely beat by the Second Mate of the Ship

Prince Henry, without Cause, The Governor desired Capt. Best to

send for his Second Mate on Shore, who this Day appearing, with

four others of the Ships Company, Levinz was then called & asked

which of them it was that had beat him, He thereupon pointed at

George Thomas a Midshipman, and said it was him, The Second

Mate then observed that Levinz was Drunk, as it now plainly

appears by his not knowing who it was that struck him, for

that it was not George Thomas but himself.

The Second Mate (Mr. Papworth) further declares, that

as he was walking the Quarter Deck (being then the Commanding

Officer on Board) he observed Thomas Levinz to behave in a very rude

manner, and interrupted the Boatswain in the Execution of his

Business, which was getting the Honorable Companys Stores into

a Long Boat, which was along Side, in order to carry them on

Shore; That he saw the Boatswain gently shove him away, and

desired him not to disturb him, but he continued to do it, and

making Mouths, Mr. Papworth told the said Levinz he had better

come upon the Quarter Deck, or go down into the Waiste, but instead

of it, he did remain where he was, and still continued to be very

noisy and insolent; upon which the said Mr. Papworth told the said

Levinz he would go and fetch a Rattan, and oblige him to go from

that Place, which was the Gangway, That Levinz then told him he did

not care for him, nor his Rattan neither, he therefore went to his

Cabbin and brought a Rattan, and with it he did Strike Levinz a

few blows, and had him put gently down into the Waiste; he

(Levinz) being at that time very Drunk; That as soon as he was

there, he began to abuse him (Mr. Papworth) in a gross manner, by

calling him Scoundrell, Rascall, and Villain, and did make him

repent his having struck him, and all this in the hearing of the

Ships Company, which he (Mr. Papworth) thought ought not to be

bore with, he therefore then went down into the Waiste, and there

did Strike the said Levinz with the Rattan, who immediately

collared him. This put the Ships Company into some Confusion,

and stopt their Proceedings in unloading the Companys Stores

for near an hour. That after Mr. Papworth was taken from him,

and returned to the Quarter Deck, he (Levinz) repeated the same

Opprobious Language, and told him (Mr. Papworth) he did make

him

Complaint having been made to the Governor the previous night by Thomas Levinz, the Honourable Company's carpenter there, of his having been severely beaten by the second mate of the ship Prince Henry without cause, the Governor desired Captain Best to send for his second mate on shore, who that day appeared with four others of the ship's company. Levinz was then asked which of them it was that had beaten him. He thereupon pointed at George Thomas, a midshipman, and said it was him. The second mate then observed that Levinz was drunk, as it now plainly appeared by his not knowing who it was that struck him, for it was not George Thomas but himself.

The second mate, Mr Papworth, further declared that as he was walking the quarter deck, being then the commanding officer aboard, he observed Thomas Levinz behave in a very rude manner and interrupt the boatswain in the execution of his business, which was getting the Honourable Company's stores into a long boat, which was alongside, in order to carry them on shore. He said he saw the boatswain gently shove Levinz away and desire him not to disturb him, but Levinz continued to do it and made mouths at him. Mr Papworth told Levinz he had better come upon the quarter deck or go down into the waist, but instead of it he stood where he was and continued to be very noisy and insolent. Upon this Mr Papworth told him he would go and fetch a rattan and oblige him to go from that place, which was the gangway. Levinz then told him he did not care for him nor his rattan either, whereupon Papworth went to his cabin and brought a rattan, and with it struck Levinz a few blows and had him put gently down into the waist.

He said Levinz, being at that time very drunk, as soon as he was there began to abuse him, Mr Papworth, in a gross manner, calling him scoundrel, rascal and villain, and did make him repeat his having struck him, and all this in the hearing of the ship's company, which Mr Papworth thought ought not to be borne with. He therefore then went down into the waist and struck Levinz again with the rattan, who immediately followed him. This put the ship's company into some confusion and stopped their proceedings in unloading the Company's stores for near an hour. He said after Mr Papworth was taken from him and returned to the quarter deck, Levinz repeated the same opprobrious language and told Mr Papworth he would make [...]

90

84

24th. April

him Curse the Ground he walked upon, and that he had a

Pistol, and the first time he saw him on Shore, he would

blow his Brains out; Upon this Mr. Papworth ordered a

pair of Slings to be got ready, and told the said Levinz, if

he did not go out of the Ship, he would have him hoisted out.

George Thomas Midshipman says that hearing

some disturbance upon Deck, and another young Fellow & himself

(being then in the Fore Hold) ran up, but as they were getting up

the Fore Hatchway, the said Levinz struck Mr. Hay a Young

Gentleman a Midshipman, a blow, which would have knocked

him into the Hold, if he (Mr. Thomas) had not luckily been near

enough to prevent it, by catching him in his Arms.

Jeremiah Batty Midshipman, Alexander Wilson,

and James Cornwall Quartermasters all belonging to the

said Ship Prince Henry, confirm what has been above

Declared, as to the said Levinz abusing Mr. Papworth, and

say that no Business was done for a Considerable time,

which was occasioned entirely by the said Levinz.

Levinz then desired that Nicholas Scrafton

Patron of the Honorable Companys Long Boat might be

asked what he knew of the affair, who being called, & asked

Declares, that Levinz was much in Liquor, and that he

heard the Boatswain often desire him to go off the Gangway,

for that he hindred him in his Business, and he (Scrafton)

likewise further declares, that there was no goods put

over the Ships side, to be received into the Long Boat for

near three Quarters of an hour, occasioned by Levinz's ill

Behavior, and says he also heard the said Levinz abuse

Mr. Papworth very much.

Lieutenant Kennedy being, at the time,

likewise on Board the Ship, and on the Quarter Deck, was

sent for, to let us know what passed between Mr. Papworth

and Levinz, Declares, that Levinz was very Drunk, and

grossly abused Mr. Papworth, who thereupon beat him with a

Rattan, and that he also heard the said Levinz, as he was

going over the side, tell Mr. Papworth, that if he had him

on Shore, he would blow his Brains out.

Having considered the above affair,

We are of Opinion, that the said Levinz justly deserved the

Correction

Levinz would curse the ground he walked upon, and that he had a pistol, and the first time he saw him on shore he would blow his brains out. Upon this Mr Papworth ordered a pair of slings to be got ready and told Levinz that if he did not go out of the ship, he would have him hoisted out.

George Thomas, midshipman, said that hearing some disturbance upon deck, he and another young fellow, himself being then in the fore hold, ran up. As they were getting up the fore hatchway, Levinz struck at Mr May, a young gentleman, a midshipman, a blow, which would have knocked him into the hold if he, Mr Thomas, had not luckily been near enough to prevent it by catching him in his arms.

Jeremiah Batty, midshipman, Alexander Wilson and James Cornwall, quartermasters, all belonging to the said ship Prince Henry, confirmed what had been above declared as to Levinz abusing Mr Papworth, and said that no business was done for a considerable time, which was occasioned entirely by Levinz.

Levinz then desired that Nicholas Scrafton, patron of the Honourable Company's long boat, might be asked what he knew of the affair, who being called declared that Levinz was much in liquor, and that he heard the boatswain often desire him to go off the gangway, for that he hindered him in his business. Scrafton likewise further declared that there were no goods put over the ship's side to be received into the long boat for near three quarters of an hour, occasioned by Levinz's ill behaviour, and said he also heard Levinz abuse Mr Papworth very much.

Lieutenant Kennedy, being at the time likewise on board the ship and on the quarter deck, was sent for to let the council know what passed between Mr Papworth and Levinz. He declared that Levinz was very drunk and grossly abused Mr Papworth, who thereupon beat him with a rattan, and that he also heard Levinz, as he was going over the side, tell Mr Papworth that if he had him on shore he would blow his brains out.

Having considered the above affair, the council was of the opinion that Levinz justly deserved the correction [...]

Interpretations

The council's method of establishing what had happened, calling in turn the second mate, a midshipman, three further crew members, the patron of the Company's own long boat, and finally an army lieutenant who happened to be aboard, showed a civil authority on shore conducting what amounted to a formal examination of witnesses over an incident of shipboard discipline, extending its jurisdiction to events that had occurred entirely on board a visiting vessel rather than on the island itself. Levinz's own request that Nicholas Scrafton be asked what he knew of the affair, rather than the council calling him unprompted, indicated that the accused was permitted some part in shaping his own inquiry by naming a further witness, even though the bulk of the testimony gathered told heavily against him.

91

85

1758.

Correction which was given him by Mr. Papworth, for his

abusive, and insolent Behavior, and for Seizing him by the

Collar, when Commanding Officer on Board the Ship, and in

the Execution of his Duty.

Captn. Archibald Grant applyed to us to

pay Six hundred and Twenty Pounds into the Honorable

Companys Cash, which Sum we have received, and have

given him Bills of Exchange drawn upon the Honorable

Court of Directors payable to John Calcraft Esqr. or Order

Ninety Days after Sight, Dated this Day.

William Cooksey Soldier having served

having served his Contracted time this Day applyed to us

for his Discharge from the Garrison, but as it was proved he

and Robert Evans had defrauded the Honorable Company of a

quantity of Flour in the time they were employed in baking

Bread for the Garrison, as appears pr Consultation of the 31st.

October last, and he being out upon Bail as pr Consultation of 19.

December, We therefore told the said Cooksey he could not be

permitted to leave the Island until we heard from the honorable

the Court of Directors concerning him.

Chas. Hutchinson

John Adamson

John Clark.

Correction which was given him by Mr Papworth, for his abusive and insolent behaviour, and for seizing him by the collar, when commanding officer on board the ship and in the execution of his duty.

Captain Archibald Grant applied to pay £620 into the Honourable Company's cash. The council received the sum and gave him bills of exchange drawn upon the Honourable Court of Directors, payable to John Calcraft, esquire, or order ninety days after sight, dated that day.

William Cooksey, a soldier, having served his contracted time, that day applied for his discharge from the garrison. As it was proved he and Robert Evans had defrauded the Honourable Company of a quantity of flour in the time they were employed in baking bread for the garrison, as appeared per consultation of 31 October last, and he being out upon bail as per consultation of 19 December, the council therefore told Cooksey he could not be permitted to leave the island until they heard from the Honourable the Court of Directors concerning him.

Charles Hutchinson John Adamson John Clark

Interpretations

The council's refusal to permit Cooksey to leave the island, despite his having completed his contracted term of service, showed the resolution of an outstanding criminal matter taking precedence over the ordinary right of a soldier to discharge, with the final decision left to the Court of Directors in London rather than settled by the council on the island. Grant's bills of exchange, made payable not to himself but to a named third party, John Calcraft, esquire, indicated that such instruments could be used to settle a debt or obligation owed in England directly, rather than serving only as a means for the depositor to recover his own money on return.

92

86

1st. May

At a Consultation held on Monday the 1st. Day of May

1758 at the Castle.

Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr. Governor

John Adamson Lieutenant Governor

Lieutenant John Clark of Council.

The last Consultation was read, approved, and Signed,

Dated the 24th. April 1758.

Wednesday the 26th. April. Passed by a Ship, her Colours not discerned.

Saturday the 29th. April, Was Drowned by Accident Benjamin Wilson

Matross.

The Paymaster brought in his Accounts, and the

Storekeeper his Collections, for the Quarter ending the 11th.

of last Month, which were examined and approved, and

are as follow vizt.

List of the Honorable Companys Officers and Servants upon

the Island St. Helena with their several Salarys, Diet Money &

for the Quarter Commencing January the 11th. and Ending

April the 11th. 1758 vizt.

Charles Hutchinson Esqr. Governor Salary£

£125 0s 0d

Do. Allowance for Servants as usual

£31 14s 9d

£156 14s 9d

John Adamson Lieutenant Governor Salary

£62 10s 0d

Do. Diet Money

£25 0s 0d

£87 10s 0d

John Clark of Council

£15 0s 0d

William Lee Chaplain Salary

£25 0s 0d

Do. Diet Money

£15 0s 0d

£40 0s 0d

Matthew Purling Accomptant Salary

£17 10s 0d

Do. Diet Money

£15 0s 0d

Do. House Rent

£2 10s 0d

£35 0s 0d

Francis Wrangham Secretary Salary

£17 10s 0d

Do. Diet Money

£15 0s 0d

Do. House Rent

0s 0s 0d

James Powell Storekeeper Salary

£17 10s 0d

Do. Diet Money

£15 0s 0d

Do. House Rent

£2 10s 0d

£35 0s 0d

Matthew Bazett Factor Salary

£7 10s 0d

Do. Diet Money

£10 0s 0d

Do. Assistant Storekeeper

£5 0s 0d

Do. House Rent

£2 10s 0d

£25 0s 0d

Carr'd over£

£429 4s 9d

On Monday 1 May 1758 the council met at the castle, with Governor Charles Hutchinson presiding alongside Lieutenant Governor John Adamson and Lieutenant John Clark of the council. The previous consultation, dated 24 April 1758, was read, approved and signed.

Wednesday the 26th of April, a ship passed, her colours not discerned.

Saturday the 29th of April, Benjamin Wilson, a matross, was drowned by accident.

The paymaster brought in his accounts, and the storekeeper his collections, for the quarter ending the 11th of last month, which were examined and approved, and were as follows.

List of the Honourable Company's officers and servants upon the island of St Helena, with their several salaries, diet money, etc, for the quarter commencing 11 January and ending 11 April 1758:

Charles Hutchinson, esquire, Governor's salary, £125 0s 0d

Ditto allowance for servants as usual, £31 14s 9d

£156 14s 9d

John Adamson, Lieutenant Governor's salary, £62 10s 0d

Ditto diet money, £25 0s 0d

£87 10s 0d

John Clark of council, £15 0s 0d

William Lee, chaplain's salary, £25 0s 0d

Ditto diet money, £15 0s 0d

£40 0s 0d

Matthew Purling, accountant's salary, £17 10s 0d

Ditto diet money, £15 0s 0d

Ditto house rent, £2 10s 0d

£35 0s 0d

Francis Wrangham, secretary's salary, £17 10s 0d

Ditto diet money, £15 0s 0d

Ditto house rent, £2 10s 0d

£35 0s 0d

James Powell, storekeeper's salary, £17 10s 0d

Ditto diet money, £15 0s 0d

Ditto house rent, £2 10s 0d

£35 0s 0d

Matthew Bazett, factor's salary, £7 10s 0d

Ditto diet money, £10 0s 0d

Ditto assistant storekeeper, £5 0s 0d

Ditto house rent, £2 10s 0d

£25 0s 0d

Carried over, £429 4s 9d

93

87

1758.

Brought over£

£429 4s 9d

William Wrangham Salary pr. 12th. Jany. to 20th.

March Inclusive as Writer

£3 14s 6d

Do. fr. 21. March Inclusive as Factor

£1 16s 2d

Do. Diet Money

£10 0s 0d

Do. House Rent

£2 10s 0d

£18 0s 8d

Charles Steward Writer Salary

£5 0s 0d

Do. Diet Money

£10 0s 0d

Do. House Rent

£2 10s 0d

£17 10s 0d

Robert Barclay Surgeon Salary

£9 15s 0d

Do. Diet Money

£10 0s 0d

Do. House Rent

£2 10s 0d

£22 5s 0d

John Pritchard Surgeons Mate Salary

£6 5s 0d

Do. Diet Money

£10 0s 0d

£16 5s 0d

Richard Beale Judge Advocate Salary

£10 0s 0d

Do. Schoolmaster

£3 8s 3d

Do. as Clerk

£5 0s 0d

£18 8s 3d

Samuel Alexander

Matthew Bazett Overseer

£7 10s 0d

£7 10s 0d

£15 0s 0d

John Bland Master Mason Salary

£17 10s 0d

Do. Diet Money

£10 0s 0d

Do. House Rent

£1 10s 0d

£29 0s 0d

Thomas Levinz Carpenter Salary

£12 10s 0d

Do. House Rent

£0 15s 0d

£13 5s 0d

Thomas Kirkpatrick Master of Arms

£6 5s 0d

Edmund Smith Gardener

£10 0s 0d

John Hughes Armourers Mate

£9 0s 0d

James Sorbell Cooper

£8 15s 0d

William Moore Steward

£6 0s 0d

Michael Frost Clock & Instrumt. Cleaner

£1 5s 0d

Nicholas Scrafton Patron of the Long Boat

£7 10s 0d

John Strange Groom

£2 0s 0d

Thomas Harper Marshall

£5 6s 5½d

£56 1s 5½d

First Company

John Clark first Lieutt. Salary

£22 16s 3d

Do. Diet Money

£6 16s 10½d

Do. on Acct. of instructing the Gunners

£7 10s 0d

£37 3s 1½d

Henry Bazett Second Lieutenant Salary

£18 5s 0d

Do. Diet Money

£6 16s 10½d

£25 1s 10½d

Solomon Jacob Adjutant Salary

£22 16s 3d

Do. Diet Money

£6 16s 10½d

£29 13s 1½d

Carried over£

£726 18s 3d

Brought over, £429 4s 9d

William Wrangham, salary from 12 January inclusive as writer to 20 March inclusive, £3 14s 6d

Ditto from 21 March inclusive as factor, £1 16s 2d

Ditto diet money, £10 0s 0d

Ditto house rent, £2 10s 0d

£18 0s 8d

Charles Steward, writer's salary, £5 0s 0d

Ditto diet money, £10 0s 0d

Ditto house rent, £2 10s 0d

£17 10s 0d

Robert Barclay, surgeon's salary, £9 15s 0d

Ditto diet money, £10 0s 0d

Ditto house rent, £2 10s 0d

£22 5s 0d

John Pritchard, surgeon's mate's salary, £6 5s 0d

Ditto diet money, £10 0s 0d

£16 5s 0d

Richard Beale, judge advocate's salary, £10 0s 0d

Ditto schoolmaster, £3 8s 3d

Ditto as clerk, £5 0s 0d

£10 8s 3d

Samuel Alexander, overseer, £7 10s 0d

Matthew Bazett, overseer, £7 10s 0d

£15 0s 0d

John Bland, master mason's salary, £17 10s 0d

Ditto diet money, £10 0s 0d

Ditto house rent, £1 10s 0d

£29 0s 0d

Thomas Levinz, carpenter's salary, £12 10s 0d

Ditto house rent, £0 15s 0d

£13 5s 0d

Thomas Kirkpatrick, master of arms, £6 5s 0d

Edmund Smith, gardener, £10 0s 0d

John Hughes, armourer's mate, £9 0s 0d

James Jarbett, cooper, £8 15s 0d

William Moore, steward, £6 0s 0d

Michael Frost, clock and instrument cleaner, £1 5s 0d

Nicholas Scrafton, patron of the long boat, £7 10s 0d

John Strange, groom, £2 0s 0d

Thomas Harper, marshal, £5 6s 5½d

£56 1s 5½d

First Company

John Clark, first lieutenant's salary, £22 16s 3d

Ditto diet money, £6 16s 10½d

Ditto on account of instructing the gunners, £7 10s 0d

£37 3s 1½d

Henry Bazett, second lieutenant's salary, £18 5s 0d

Ditto diet money, £6 16s 10½d

£25 1s 10½d

Solomon Jacob, adjutant's salary, £22 16s 3d

Ditto diet money, £6 16s 10½d

£29 13s 1½d

Carried over, £726 18s 3d

Interpretations

William Wrangham's entry, split between a period paid as writer and a subsequent period paid at a higher rate as factor, recorded his promotion within the quarter itself, consistent with the earlier consultation of 27 March noting that he had completed his five years as a writer and was put upon the establishment of a factor from that date. Thomas Levinz's continued appearance on the payroll as carpenter, drawing his ordinary salary in the same quarter as the complaint made against him for his conduct aboard the Prince Henry, showed that the dispute over his behaviour and correction by Mr Papworth had no immediate bearing on his employment or pay in the Company's service.

94

88

Brought over£

£726 18s 3d

Sergeants

John Howard

£7 12s 1d

Joseph Kenlon

£7 12s 1d

Edward Robinson

£7 12s 1d

£22 16s 3d

Corporals

Humphry Pugh

£5 6s 5½d

Thomas Ferris

£5 6s 5½d

John Burke

£5 6s 5½d

£15 19s 4½d

Drummers

John Vaughan

£5 6s 5½d

John Belter

£5 6s 5½d

£10 12s 11d

Centinels

Philip Audrouin pr. 12th. Jany. to 20th. Mar. incl. Deserd.

£2 17s 8½d

Samuel Austin

£3 16s ½d

John Bagley

£3 16s ½d

George Bennett

£3 16s ½d

Peter Bolling

£3 16s ½d

John Blackwell

£3 16s ½d

Gabriel Bawy

£3 16s ½d

John Bufsell

£3 16s ½d

William Boddington

£3 16s ½d

James Cartwright

£3 16s ½d

George Estering

£3 16s ½d

William Cocksey

£3 16s ½d

Duncan Cameron

£3 16s ½d

James Collett

£3 16s ½d

William Clensby

£3 16s ½d

Edward Durrant

£3 16s ½d

Thomas Dunn

£3 16s ½d

James Eastope

£3 16s ½d

Robert Evans

£3 16s ½d

James Edwards

£3 16s ½d

John Flemming

£3 16s ½d

Richard Goulding

£3 16s ½d

John Grainger

£3 16s ½d

George Green

£3 16s ½d

Thomas Hules

£3 16s ½d

Jonathan Hitchins

£3 16s ½d

Thomas Halliwell

£3 16s ½d

Daniel Hall

£3 16s ½d

Centinels Carried over£

£105 10s 10d

Carried over£

£776 6s 9½d

Brought over, £726 18s 3d

Sergeants

John Howard, £7 12s 1d

Joseph Kenton, £7 12s 1d

Edward Robinson, £7 12s 1d

£22 16s 3d

Corporals

Humphrey Pugh, £5 6s 3½d

Thomas Ferris, £5 6s 5½d

John Burke, £5 6s 5½d

£15 19s 4½d

Drummers

John Vaughan, £5 6s 3½d

John Bolton, £5 6s 5½d

£10 12s 11d

Centinels

Philip Andrews, from 12 January to 20 March inclusive, since dead, £2 17s 8½d

Samuel Austin, £3 16s 0½d

John Bagley, £3 16s 0½d

George Bennett, £3 16s 0½d

Peter Bolling, £3 16s 0½d

John Blackwell, £3 16s 0½d

Gabriel Bavey, £3 16s 0½d

John Bufsell, £3 16s 0½d

William Boddington, £3 16s 0½d

James Cartwright, £3 16s 0½d

George Etpeling, £3 16s 0½d

William Cocksey, £3 16s 0½d

Duncan Cameron, £3 16s 0½d

James Collett, £3 16s 0½d

William Clousby, £3 16s 0½d

Edward Durrant, £3 16s 0½d

Thomas Dunn, £3 16s 0½d

James Eastlopes, £3 16s 0½d

Robert Evans, £3 16s 0½d

James Edwards, £3 16s 0½d

John Flemming, £3 16s 0½d

Richard Goulding, £3 16s 0½d

John Grainger, £3 16s 0½d

George Green, £3 16s 0½d

Thomas Hales, £3 16s 0½d

Jonathan Hitchins, £3 16s 0½d

Thomas Halliwell, £3 16s 0½d

Daniel Shell, £3 16s 0½d

Centinels carried over, £105 10s 10d

Carried over, £776 6s 9½d

Interpretations

Philip Andrews' pay entry, cut short at 20 March and noted as since dead, showed the payroll continuing its established practice of adjusting a soldier's wages precisely to the date of death rather than to the end of the quarter, consistent with the treatment given earlier in the year to William Niblet and Roger Newinson.

95

89

Brought over£

£776 6s 9½d

Centinels brought over£

£105 10s 10d

Henry Harenburgh

£3 16s ½d

Henry Harper

£3 16s ½d

George Howard

£3 16s ½d

George Ice

£3 16s ½d

William Jarvis

£3 16s ½d

Stephen John

£3 16s ½d

Edward Kirk

£3 16s ½d

William Lamborn

£3 16s ½d

Thomas Litchfield

£3 16s ½d

John Marsh

£3 16s ½d

William Montgomery

£3 16s ½d

David Miles

£3 16s ½d

Richard Marston

£3 16s ½d

Simon Mason

£3 16s ½d

Murdock McCleod

£3 16s ½d

Thomas Pilkington

£3 16s ½d

John Pugh

£3 16s ½d

Alexander Butler

£3 16s ½d

James Richardson

£3 16s ½d

Abraham Ratcliffe

£3 16s ½d

John Scotcher

£3 16s ½d

John Shaw

£3 16s ½d

William Scotman

£3 16s ½d

Samuel Springall

£3 16s ½d

James Truelove

£3 16s ½d

Edward Webber

£3 16s ½d

Thomas Williams

£3 16s ½d

Jeremiah Wherritt

£3 16s ½d

John Webley

£3 16s ½d

£215 16s ½d

Second Company

Thomas Kirkpatrick first Lieutenant Salary

£22 16s 3d

Do. Diet Money

£6 16s 10½d

Do. House Rent

£2 10s 0d

£32 3s 1½d

Richard Beale Second Lieutenant Salary

£18 5s 0d

Do. Diet Money

£6 16s 10½d

£25 1s 10½d

Sergeants

John Walker pr. 12th. Jany. to 20th. March incl. discharg'd

£5 15s 5d

William Buntin

£7 12s 1d

Thomas Bazett

£7 12s 1d

£20 19s 7d

Carried over£

£1070 7s 5d

Brought over, £776 6s 9½d

Centinels brought over, £105 10s 10d

Henry Harper, £3 16s 0½d

George Howard, £3 16s 0½d

George Ivo, £3 16s 0½d

William Jarvis, £3 16s 0½d

Stephen John, £3 16s 0½d

Edward Kirk, £3 16s 0½d

William Lambourn, £3 16s 0½d

Thomas Litchfield, £3 16s 0½d

John Marsh, £3 16s 0½d

William Montgomery, £3 16s 0½d

David Miles, £3 16s 0½d

Richard Morston, £3 16s 0½d

Simon Mason, £3 16s 0½d

Murdock McCloud, £3 16s 0½d

Thomas Pilkington, £3 16s 0½d

John Pugh, £3 16s 0½d

Alexander Butler, £3 16s 0½d

James Richardson, £3 16s 0½d

Abraham Ratcliffe, £3 16s 0½d

John Scotcher, £3 16s 0½d

John Shaw, £3 16s 0½d

William Scotman, £3 16s 0½d

Samuel Springall, £3 16s 0½d

James Tuelove, £3 16s 0½d

Edward Webber, £3 16s 0½d

Thomas Williams, £3 16s 0½d

Jeremiah Whorrill, £3 16s 0½d

John Webley, £3 16s 0½d

£215 16s 4½d

Second Company

Thomas Kirkpatrick, first lieutenant's salary, £22 16s 3d

Ditto diet money, £6 16s 10½d

Ditto house rent, £2 10s 0d

£32 3s 1½d

Richard Beale, second lieutenant's salary, £18 5s 0d

Ditto diet money, £6 16s 10½d

£25 1s 10½d

Sergeants

John Walker, from 12 January to 20 March, since discharged, £5 15s 5d

William Bunten, £7 12s 1d

Thomas Bazett, £7 12s 1d

£20 19s 7d

Carried over, £1,070 7s 5d

Interpretations

John Walker's pay entry, cut short at 20 March and marked as discharged, corresponded to the sergeant recorded in the consultation of 27 March as having petitioned for and been granted his discharge from the garrison after completing his contracted service, confirming again that the payroll was adjusted to the precise date a soldier's service actually ended rather than continuing to the close of the quarter.

96

90

Brought over£

£1070 7s 5d

Corporals

Samuel Doxfountain pr. 12th. Jany. to 20. Mar. incl. as Corpl.

£4 0s 4d

Do. from 21. March inclusive as Sergt.

£1 16s 8d

William Lindsay pr. 12th. Jany. to 23. Mar. incl. Disch.

£4 3s 10d

William Cannam pr. Do. to Do. incl. discd.

£4 3s 10d

£14 4s 8d

Drummers

John Gould pr. 12th. Jany. to 28th. Mar. incl. discd.

£4 10s 1½d

George Brown

£5 6s 5½d

£9 16s 7d

Centinels

John Allis

£3 16s ½d

Edward Allis

£3 16s ½d

John Ashinstall

£3 16s ½d

Samuel Anderson

£3 16s ½d

John Allison pr. 12th. Jany. to 23. Mar. incl. as Centl.

£3 0s 2½d

Do. from 24. March inclusive as Corporal

£1 2s 7½d

Edward Aveling

£3 16s ½d

Thomas Beddow pr. 12th. Jany. to 28. Mar. incl. Deceased

£3 0s 2½d

Thomas Bearer

£3 16s ½d

Isaac Buck

£3 16s ½d

John Barrett

£3 16s ½d

Edward Broome

£3 16s ½d

Edward Cocker

£3 16s ½d

Thomas Cobb

£3 16s ½d

William Cobb

£3 16s ½d

Isaac Day

£3 16s ½d

William Dixon

£3 16s ½d

Henry Dudley

£3 16s ½d

Hopkin Davis

£3 16s ½d

John Davis

£3 16s ½d

Samuel Eales

£3 16s ½d

Jonathan Godby

£3 16s ½d

Thomas Godden

£3 16s ½d

William Godwing

£3 16s ½d

John Greenaff

£3 16s ½d

Richd. Griffith

£3 16s ½d

William Gaby

£3 16s ½d

James Hall

£3 16s ½d

John Hagley

£3 16s ½d

William Hayes

£3 16s ½d

Philip Hickman

£3 16s ½d

George Hill

£3 16s ½d

Centinels Carr'd over£

£117 8s 3d

Carried over£

£1095 8s 8d

Brought over, £1,070 7s 5d

Corporals

Samuel Dovefountain, from 12 January to 20 March, since discharged, £4 0s 4d

Ditto from 21 March inclusive as sergeant, £1 16s 8d

William Lindsay, from 12 January to 23 March, since discharged, £4 3s 10d

William Cannam, from ditto to ditto, since discharged, £4 3s 10d

£14 4s 8d

Drummers

John Gould, from 12 January to 28 March, since discharged, £4 10s 1½d

George Brown, £5 6s 5½d

£9 16s 7d

Centinels

John Allis, £3 16s 0½d

Edward Allis, £3 16s 0½d

John Ashinstall, £3 16s 0½d

Samuel Anderson, £3 16s 0½d

John Allison, from 12 January to 23 March, since a centinel, £3 0s 2½d

Ditto from 24 March inclusive as corporal, £1 2s 7½d

Edward Apeling, £3 16s 0½d

Thomas Beddow, from 12 January to 28 March, since discharged, £3 0s 2½d

Thomas Boarer, £3 16s 0½d

Isaac Buck, £3 16s 0½d

John Barrett, £3 16s 0½d

Edward Broome, £3 16s 0½d

Edward Cocker, £3 16s 0½d

Thomas Cobb, £3 16s 0½d

William Cobb, £3 16s 0½d

Isaac Day, £3 16s 0½d

William Dixon, £3 16s 0½d

Henry Dudley, £3 16s 0½d

Hopkin Davis, £3 16s 0½d

John Davis, £3 16s 0½d

Samuel Eales, £3 16s 0½d

Jonathan Gadby, £3 16s 0½d

Thomas Godden, £3 16s 0½d

William Goading, £3 16s 0½d

John Greensall, £3 16s 0½d

Richard Griffith, £3 16s 0½d

William Gaby, £3 16s 0½d

James Hall, £3 16s 0½d

John Hazley, £3 16s 0½d

William Hayes, £3 16s 0½d

Philip Hickman, £3 16s 0½d

George Hill, £3 16s 0½d

Centinels carried over, £117 8s 3d

Carried over, £1,095 8s 8d

Interpretations

Samuel Dovefountain's promotion from corporal to sergeant on 21 March, and John Allison's similar rise from centinel to corporal on 24 March, both recorded within the same quarter as split entries at different rates of pay, showed the payroll continuing to track internal promotions with the same precision applied elsewhere in the accounts to discharges, deaths and transfers between companies.

97

91

Brought over£

£1095 8s 8d

Centinels Brought over£

£117 8s 3d

William Houseman

£3 16s ½d

James Hendrey

£3 16s ½d

George Kibbett

£3 16s ½d

Richard Knight

£3 16s ½d

William Kellenge pr. 12th. Jany. to 23. Mar. incl. as Centl.

£3 0s 2½d

Do. fr. 24th. March inclusive as Corpl.

£1 2s 7½d

Peter Lindsay

£3 16s ½d

John Langbridge pr. 12th. Jany. to 20th. Mar. incl. as Centl.

£2 17s 8½d

Do. fr. 21. March inclusive as Corporal

£1 6s 1½d

William Luke

£3 16s ½d

Duncan McClavin

£3 16s ½d

John Price

£3 16s ½d

Edward Preston

£3 16s ½d

Charles Purcey

£3 16s ½d

William Richards

£3 16s ½d

Edward Richards

£3 16s ½d

Lewis Rowe

£3 16s ½d

Arnold Safiony

£3 16s ½d

Timothy Sullivan pr. 12th. Jany to 12th. Feby. incl. Died

£1 6s 6d

William Smith

£3 16s ½d

Henry Simmons

£3 16s ½d

John Steward

£3 16s ½d

William Smith

£3 16s ½d

Thomas Taylor

£3 16s ½d

Edwd. Terry

£3 16s ½d

Benjn. Williams

£3 16s ½d

Edward Williams

£3 16s ½d

£210 14s 4d

Third Company

Onesiphorus Beale first Lieutenant Salary

£22 16s 3d

Do. Diet Money

£6 16s 10½d

Do. House Rent

£2 10s 0d

£32 3s 1½d

George Hay Second Lieutenant Salary

£18 5s 0d

Do. Diet Money

£6 16s 10½d

£25 1s 10½d

Sergeants

Robert Mason

£7 12s 1d

Michael Frost

£7 12s 1d

Thomas Leech

£7 12s 1d

£22 16s 3d

Corporals

Charles Gifsing

£5 6s 5½d

Jeremiah Wyrill

£5 6s 5½d

John Bazett

£5 6s 5½d

£15 19s 4½d

Carried over£

£1402 3s 7½d

Brought over, £1,095 8s 8d

Centinels brought over, £117 8s 3d

William Houseman, £3 16s 0½d

James Hendrey, £3 16s 0½d

George Kibbett, £3 16s 0½d

Richard Knight, £3 16s 0½d

William Kellinge, from 12 January to 23 March, since a centinel, £3 0s 2½d

Ditto from 24 March inclusive as corporal, £1 2s 7½d

Peter Lindsay, £3 16s 0½d

John Langridge, from 12 January to 20 March, since a centinel, £2 17s 8½d

Ditto from 21 March inclusive as corporal, £1 6s 1½d

William Luke, £3 16s 0½d

Duncan McClavin, £3 16s 0½d

John Price, £3 16s 0½d

Edward Preston, £3 16s 0½d

Charles Purfey, £3 16s 0½d

William Richards, £3 16s 0½d

Edward Richards, £3 16s 0½d

Lewis Rowe, £3 16s 0½d

Amiel Safiony, £3 16s 0½d

Timothy Sullivan, from 12 January to 12 July, since dead, £1 6s 6d

William Smith, £3 16s 0½d

Henry Simmons, £3 16s 0½d

John Steward, £3 16s 0½d

William Smith, £3 16s 0½d

Thomas Taylor, £3 16s 0½d

Edward Terry, £3 16s 0½d

Benjamin Williams, £3 16s 0½d

Edward Williams, £3 16s 0½d

£210 14s 4d

Third Company

Onesiphorus Beale, first lieutenant's salary, £22 16s 3d

Ditto diet money, £6 16s 10½d

Ditto house rent, £2 10s 0d

£32 3s 1½d

George Hay, second lieutenant's salary, £18 5s 0d

Ditto diet money, £6 16s 10½d

£25 1s 10½d

Sergeants

Robert Mason, £7 12s 1d

Michael Frost, £7 12s 1d

Thomas Leech, £7 12s 1d

£22 16s 3d

Corporals

Charles Gifsing, £5 6s 5½d

Jeremiah Wyrile, £5 6s 5½d

John Bazett, [figure cut off]

Carried over, £1,102 3s 7½d

Interpretations

Timothy Sullivan's pay entry, cut short with a note of his death but paid only to 12 July despite the account otherwise covering the quarter ending 11 April, sits oddly against the date given here, and the detail behind the figure sits in the fallback reference.

98

92

1st. May

Brought over£

£1402 3s 7½d

Drummers

John Coffyn

£5 6s 5½d

John Goulds

£5 6s 5½d

£10 12s 11d

Centinels

Matthew Allis

£3 16s ½d

Samuel Alshen

£3 16s ½d

William Beale pr. 16th. Jany. inclusive Enlisted

£3 12s 8½d

William Beckel

£3 16s 0d

William Birch

£3 16s ½d

John Bourke

£3 16s ½d

John Brewer

£3 16s ½d

William Brooks

£3 16s ½d

Robert Brown

£3 16s ½d

John Brown

£3 16s ½d

Benjamin Burton

£3 16s ½d

William Campbell pr. 12th. Jany. to 24th. Feb. incl. Discd.

£1 16s 6d

Daniel Carne

£3 16s ½d

John Cofolee

£3 16s ½d

Stephen Cheveley

£3 16s ½d

John Deer

£3 16s ½d

Jacob DuVall

£3 16s ½d

Peter Egleland

£3 16s ½d

William Elward pr. 12th. to 31. Jany. incl. Died

0s 16s 8d

Thomas Elward

£3 16s ½d

Peter Sincall

£3 16s ½d

Henry Fullbright

£3 16s ½d

Thomas Green

£3 16s ½d

William Harris

£3 16s ½d

William Harrison

£3 16s ½d

John Hayes

£3 16s ½d

Philip Hedgard

£3 16s ½d

James Hindes

£3 16s ½d

William Holbrook

£3 16s ½d

John Holloway

£3 16s ½d

John Hudson

£3 16s ½d

James Hudson

£3 16s ½d

Thomas Harding

£3 16s ½d

Samuel Ireland

£3 16s ½d

Richard Innes

£3 16s ½d

Samuel Kikson

£3 16s ½d

Evan Knowles

£3 16s ½d

Centinels Carr'd over£

£135 11s 3½d

Carried over£

£1412 16s 6½d

Brought over, £1,102 3s 7½d

Drummers

John Coffin, £5 6s 3½d

John Goulds, £5 6s 3½d

£10 12s 11d

Centinels

Matthew Allis, £3 16s 0½d

Samuel Alsher, £3 16s 0½d

William Beale, from 16 January inclusive, since a centinel, £3 12s 8½d

William Beckett, £3 16s 0½d

William Birch, £3 16s 0½d

John Bourke, £3 16s 0½d

John Brewer, £3 16s 0½d

William Brooks, £3 16s 0½d

Robert Brown, £3 16s 0½d

John Brown, £3 16s 0½d

Benjamin Burton, £3 16s 0½d

William Campbell, from 12 January to 24 February, since discharged, £1 16s 6d

Daniel Carne, £3 16s 0½d

John Coker, £3 16s 0½d

Stephen Chowley, £3 16s 0½d

John Door, £3 16s 0½d

Jacob Duvall, £3 16s 0½d

Peter Eglestone, £3 16s 0½d

William Elward, from 12 January to 31 January, since dead, £0 16s 8d

Thomas Elward, £3 16s 0½d

Peter Simcott, £3 16s 0½d

Henry Fulbright, £3 16s 0½d

Thomas Green, £3 16s 0½d

William Harris, £3 16s 0½d

William Harrison, £3 16s 0½d

John Hayes, £3 16s 0½d

Philip Hillyard, £3 16s 0½d

James Hindes, £3 16s 0½d

William Holbrook, £3 16s 0½d

John Holloway, £3 16s 0½d

John Hudson, £3 16s 0½d

James Hudson, £3 16s 0½d

Thomas Harding, £3 16s 0½d

Samuel Firelane, £3 16s 0½d

Richard Innes, £3 16s 0½d

Samuel Kitson, £3 16s 0½d

Evan Knowles, £3 16s 0½d

Centinels carried over, £135 11s 3½d

Carried over, £1,412 16s 6½d

Interpretations

William Campbell's entry, cut short at 24 February and marked as since discharged, corresponded to the invalid soldier recorded in the consultation of 6 March as having taken his passage for England aboard the Prince Henry, confirming that his removal from the muster was recorded promptly against the actual date of his departure rather than at the close of the quarter.

99

93

1758.

Brought over£

£1412 16s 6½d

Centinels brought over£

£135 11s 3½d

John Lloyd

£3 16s ½d

William Lyon

£3 16s ½d

Richard McNally pr. 12th. Jany to 27th. Mar. incl. Discd.

£3 16s ½d

William Martin

£2 19s 6½d

Stephen Ore

£3 16s ½d

William Denny

£3 16s ½d

Roger Phillips

£3 16s ½d

Archibald Dowes

£3 16s ½d

Thomas Rutherford

£3 16s ½d

Henry Schaarnhurst

£3 16s ½d

John Simmons

£3 16s ½d

William Smith

£3 16s ½d

Joseph Smith

£3 16s ½d

Thomas Stowers

£3 16s ½d

John Strange

£3 16s ½d

William Taylor

£3 16s ½d

Richard Iwaits

£3 16s ½d

Thomas Wansell

£3 16s ½d

William Ward

£3 16s ½d

John Williams pr. 12th. Jany. to 3 April incl. Disch.

£3 9s 4½d

Stephen Willoughby

£3 16s ½d

Thomas Woffington

£3 16s ½d

Gustavus Wreden

£3 16s ½d

£221 16s 1d

Fourth Company

William Kennedy first Lieutenant Salary

£22 16s 3d

Do. Diet Money

£6 16s 10½d

Do. House Rent

£2 10s 0d

£32 3s 1½d

Samuel Price Second Lieutenant Salary

£18 5s 0d

Do. Diet Money

£6 16s 10½d

Do. House Rent

£2 10s 0d

£27 11s 10½d

Sergeants

William Langhorne

£7 12s 1d

Richard Vaughan

£7 12s 1d

John Bridgwaters

£7 12s 1d

£22 16s 3d

Corporals

Gilbert Clough

£5 6s 5½d

Thomas Pearce

£5 6s 5½d

Thomas Morris

£5 6s 5½d

£15 19s 4½d

Carried over£

£1753 3s 3d

Brought over, £1,412 16s 6½d

Centinels brought over, £135 11s 3½d

John Lloyd, £3 16s 0½d

William Lyon, £3 16s 0½d

Richard McNally, from 12 January to 21 March, since discharged, £2 18s 6½d

William Martin, £3 16s 0½d

Stephen Ore, £3 16s 0½d

William Denny, £3 16s 0½d

Roger Phillips, £3 16s 0½d

Archibald Douglas, £3 16s 0½d

Thomas Rutherford, £3 16s 0½d

Henry Schoonhurst, £3 16s 0½d

John Simmons, £3 16s 0½d

William Smith, £3 16s 0½d

Joseph Smith, £3 16s 0½d

Thomas Stowers, £3 16s 0½d

John Strange, £3 16s 0½d

William Taylor, £3 16s 0½d

Richard Twaits, £3 16s 0½d

Thomas Wansell, £3 16s 0½d

William Ward, £3 16s 0½d

John Williams, from 12 January to 3 April, since discharged, £3 9s 4½d

Stephen Willoughby, £3 16s 0½d

Thomas Woffington, £3 16s 0½d

Gustavus Wreden, £3 16s 0½d

£221 16s 1d

Fourth Company

William Kennedy, first lieutenant's salary, £22 16s 3d

Ditto diet money, £6 16s 10½d

Ditto house rent, £2 10s 0d

£32 3s 1½d

Samuel Price, second lieutenant's salary, £18 5s 0d

Ditto diet money, £6 16s 10½d

Ditto house rent, £2 10s 0d

£27 11s 10½d

Sergeants

William Langhorne, £7 12s 1d

Richard Vaughan, £7 12s 1d

John Bridgwater, £7 12s 1d

£22 16s 3d

Corporals

Gilbert Waugh, £5 6s 3½d

Thomas Pearce, £5 6s 3½d

Thomas Morris, £5 6s 5½d

£15 19s 4½d

Carried over, £1,733 3s 3d

Interpretations

Richard McNally's and John Williams' entries, each cut short with a note of discharge, corresponded to the centinels recorded in the consultation of 27 March as having petitioned for and been granted their discharges after completing their contracted terms, confirming once again the payroll's practice of dating a soldier's final pay to the actual day his service ended.

100

94

1st. May

Brought over£

£1753 3s 3d

Drummers

Edward Thomas

£5 6s 5½d

John Buckham

£5 6s 5½d

£10 12s 11d

Centinels

William Anderson

£3 16s ½d

William Brown

£3 16s ½d

Christian Brincks

£3 16s ½d

Robert Ballard pr. 12th. Jany to 27th. Mar. incl. Disch.

£3 3s 6½d

Onesiphorus Bagley

£3 16s ½d

John Brie

£3 16s ½d

Robert Blis

£3 16s ½d

Jacob Brill

£3 16s ½d

William Blackman

£3 16s ½d

James Carmichael

£3 16s ½d

John Cherralt

£3 16s ½d

John Cripps

£3 16s ½d

John Clough

£3 16s ½d

Henry Brown

£3 16s ½d

Joseph Chamberlain

£3 16s ½d

John Cork

£3 16s ½d

Job Chamberlain

£3 16s ½d

Baron Delofse

£3 16s ½d

James Dry

£3 16s ½d

Thomas Fuller

£3 16s ½d

Peter Fleetwood

£3 16s ½d

Edward Grant

£3 16s ½d

John Hyde

£3 16s ½d

William Hayes

£3 16s ½d

William Hill

£3 16s ½d

Robert Iuchurst

£3 16s ½d

Thomas Kendrick

£3 16s ½d

Thomas Lindsey

£3 16s ½d

Joseph Long

£3 16s ½d

John Lennon

£3 16s ½d

James Loof

£3 16s ½d

John Langbridge pr. 12th. to 18th. Jany incl. Disch.

0s 4s 2½d

Abraham Major

£3 16s ½d

Charles Montague

£3 16s ½d

Richard Moyes

£3 16s ½d

Centinels Carr'd over£

£128 17s 1d

Carried over£

£1748 16s 2d

Brought over, £1,733 3s 3d

Drummers

Edward Thomas, £5 6s 3½d

John Buckham, £5 6s 5½d

£10 12s 11d

Centinels

William Anderson, £3 16s 0½d

William Brown, £3 16s 0½d

Christian Brincks, £3 16s 0½d

Robert Ballard, from 12 January to 27 March, since dead, £3 3s 6½d

Owen Bagley, £3 16s 0½d

John Bree, £3 16s 0½d

Robert Blis, £3 16s 0½d

Jacob Brill, £3 16s 0½d

William Blackman, £3 16s 0½d

James Carmichael, £3 16s 0½d

John Chevall, £3 16s 0½d

John Cripps, £3 16s 0½d

John Clough, £3 16s 0½d

Henry Brown, £3 16s 0½d

Joseph Chamberlain, £3 16s 0½d

John Cork, £3 16s 0½d

Job Chamberlain, £3 16s 0½d

Baron Delooze, £3 16s 0½d

James Dry, £3 16s 0½d

Thomas Fuller, £3 16s 0½d

Peter Fleetwood, £3 16s 0½d

Edward Grant, £3 16s 0½d

John Hyde, £3 16s 0½d

William Hayes, £3 16s 0½d

William Hill, £3 16s 0½d

Robert Inkhurst, £3 16s 0½d

Thomas Kendrick, £3 16s 0½d

Thomas Lindsey, £3 16s 0½d

Joseph Long, £3 16s 0½d

John Lennon, £3 16s 0½d

James Lee, £3 16s 0½d

John Langridge, from 12 January to 11 January, since discharged, £0 4s 2d

Abraham Major, £3 16s 0½d

Charles Montague, £3 16s 0½d

Richard Mayo, £3 16s 0½d

Centinels carried over, £128 17s 1d

Carried over, £1,748 16s 2d

Interpretations

Robert Ballard's entry, cut short at 27 March and marked as since dead, adds another soldier's death recorded and dated precisely within this quarter's payroll, though the passage does not itself state the cause, and the detail sits in the fallback reference if it is needed.

101

95

1758.

Brot over. £1743 16s 2d

Continu'd Brot over. £128 17s 1d

Edward Mansell £3 16s 1½d

William Ivos £3 16s 1½d

William McCloud £3 16s 1½d

Thomas Wimble £3 16s 1½d

John Dsewater £3 16s 1½d

Thomas Payne £3 16s 1½d

William Robinson £3 16s 1½d

John Robinson £3 16s 1½d

William Kippon £3 16s 1½d

Robert Stack £3 16s 1½d

David Scott £3 16s 1½d

Adam Scott £3 16s 1½d

Nicholas Scrafton £3 16s 1½d

Thomas Starmore £3 16s 1½d

Richard Spencer £3 16s 1½d

George Simms £3 16s 1½d

James Holloard £3 16s 1½d

Christian Ryder £3 16s 1½d

Joseph Effin £3 16s 1½d

Roger Wchson £3 16s 1½d

John Toybard £3 16s 1½d £208 13s 11½d

Artillery Company

Thomas Hall Master Gunner Salary £22 16s 8d

D°. Diet Money £6 16s 10½d £29 13s 1½d

Gunners Mates

Nathan Sample Chief Mate £11 8s 1½d

John Whitchurch £9 2s 6d

Henry Carter £9 2s 6d

Charles McNeily £9 2s 6d

Rowland Davis £9 2s 6d

John Hollings £9 2s 6d

Adam Watson £9 2s 6d

Thomas Williams £9 2s 6d £75 5s 7½d

Quarter Gunners

James Long £6 16s 10¼d

Thomas Mason £6 16s 10¼d

Andrew Barton £6 16s 10¼d

John Sacks £6 16s 10¼d

John Cleavey £6 16s 10¼d

Thomas Taylor £6 16s 10¼d

John Woods £6 16s 10¼d £54 15s --d

John Thomason

Carr'd over. £2111 3s 10¼d

Artillery Company

William Moor, £3 16s 0½d

William McCloud, £3 16s 0½d

Thomas Wimble, £3 16s 0½d

John [...], £3 16s 0½d

Thomas Payne, £3 16s 0½d

William Robinson, £3 16s 0½d

John Robinson, £3 16s 0½d

William Rippon, £3 16s 0½d

Robert Stack, £3 16s 0½d

David Scott, £3 16s 0½d

Adam Scott, £3 16s 0½d

Nicholas Scrafton, £3 16s 0½d

Thomas Starmer, £3 16s 0½d

Richard Spencer, £3 16s 0½d

George Simms, £3 16s 0½d

James Hollard, £3 16s 0½d

Christian Ryder, £3 16s 0½d

Joseph Tiffin, £3 16s 0½d

Roger Watson, £3 16s 0½d

John Wyburd, £3 16s 0½d, £208 13s 11½d

Artillery Company

Thomas Hull, Master Gunner, salary, £22 16s 8d

Diet money, £6 16s 10½d, £29 13s 1½d

Gunners' Mates

Nathan Sample, Chief Mate, £11 8s 1½d

John Whitchurch, £9 2s 6d

Henry Carter, £9 2s 6d

Charles McNeily, £9 2s 6d

Rowland Davis, £9 2s 6d

John Hollings, £9 2s 6d

Adam Watson, £9 2s 6d

Thomas Williams, £9 2s 6d, £75 5s 7½d

Quarter Gunners

James Long, £6 16s 10¾d

Thomas Mason, £6 16s 10¾d

Andrew Barton, £6 16s 10¾d

John Jacks, £6 16s 10¾d

John Cleary, £6 16s 10¾d

Thomas Taylor, £6 16s 10¾d

John Woods, £6 16s 10¾d, £54 15s 0d

John Thomason, [...]

Carried over: £211 3s 10½d

102

96

1st May

Brought over. £2111 3 10¼

Matrosses

Richard Billington £4 11s 3d

William Benson £4 11s 3d

Matthew Brickland £4 11s 3d

Derby Coyles £4 11s 3d

James Cooper £4 11s 3d

Robert Cunningham £4 11s 3d

Thomas Davies £4 11s 3d

Anthony Day £4 11s 3d

William Fletcher £4 11s 3d

Andrew Gordon fr. 12th Jany to 26th Marc: incl Dowd's £3 9s 3d

James Garnett £4 11s 3d

Thomas Bridges £4 11s 3d

William Iveson £4 11s 3d

George Nelson £4 11s 3d

William Perry £4 11s 3d

Thomas Ratchett £4 11s 3d

James Diaey £4 11s 3d

John Robinson £4 11s 3d

James Robinson £4 11s 3d

John Shirtley £4 11s 3d

John Slater £4 11s 3d

John Christian Snifer £4 11s 3d

John Turner £4 11s 3d

William Thompson £4 11s 3d

Joseph Turner £4 11s 3d

Thomas Watts £4 11s 3d

Richard Waterhouse £4 11s 3d

Benjamin Wilson £4 11s 3d

James York £4 11s 3d £131 4 3

£2242 8 1¼

1st May

Brought over £2,111 3s 10½d

Matrosses

Richard Billington, £4 11s 3d

William Benson, £4 11s 3d

Matthew Brickland, £4 11s 3d

Derby Coyles, £4 11s 3d

James Cooper, £4 11s 3d

Robert Cunningham, £4 11s 3d

Thomas Davies, £4 11s 3d

Anthony Day, £4 11s 3d

William Fletcher, £4 11s 3d

Andrew Gordon, from 12 January to 20 March inclusive, deserted, £3 9s 3d

James Garnett, £4 11s 3d

Thomas Bridges, £4 11s 3d

William Mason, £4 11s 3d

George Nelson, £4 11s 3d

William Perry, £4 11s 3d

Thomas Ratchett, £4 11s 3d

James [...], £4 11s 3d

John Robinson, £4 11s 3d

James Robinson, £4 11s 3d

John Shirtley, £4 11s 3d

John [...], £4 11s 3d

John Christian [...], £4 11s 3d

John Turner, £4 11s 3d

William Thompson, £4 11s 3d

Joseph Turner, £4 11s 3d

Thomas Watts, £4 11s 3d

Richard Waterhouse, £4 11s 3d

Benjamin Wilson, £4 11s 3d

James York, £4 11s 3d, £131 4s 3d

Total: £2,242 8s 1½d

Interpretations

A matross was a soldier ranking below a full gunner in an artillery company, trained to assist in loading, aiming and firing the guns and to serve as an ordinary foot soldier when required. Andrew Gordon's entry, marked as covering only 12 January to 20 March before his desertion, showed the pay list adjusting an individual's wages to the exact period of service rather than paying the full rate, reflecting the routine bookkeeping response to a soldier who had absconded from the garrison.

103

97

John Clark Paymaster Dr

Per Contra Cr

1758

Apr: 11th. To Cash received from the Honorable Company's £2487 16s 8½d

Cash Chest

1758

Mar: 22. By Cash paid William Taylor, John Cherrett, Thos.

Wansell, Lewis Rowe, Edward Webber, and Robert

Brown, respectively, ten pounds each, for relisting

to Serve the Honorable Company as Soldiers for

five Years longer to commence from this Day £60 0s 0d

Apr: 11th. By Cash paid Thomas Dunn for assisting in

the Secretary's Office this Quarter £5 0s 0d

By Cash paid William Rippon for taking care of the

Honorable Company's Stock in the long Wood this Quart. £2 10s 0d

By Cash paid John Deer for Carpenters Work done

for the Honorable Company this Quarter £3 1s 0d

By Cash paid John Whiter for 2 of Spice, 40 of

Shallotts, and 19 of Cape Onions, for the use of the

Honorable Company's Table this Quarter £3 5s 6d

By Cash paid Orlando Bagley for 2½ Bush. Potatoes

for the use of the Honorable Company's Table this Quart. £0 12s 6d

By Cash paid Stephen Willoughby and Thomas

Green, Bakers, for baking 65 Batches of Bread

for the Garrison, and 6 Batches for the use of the

Ship Prince Henry Packet this Quarter £5 18s 4d

By Cash paid Sundry Soldiers for 202 Days work

in rowing in the Honorable Company's Long Boat

in going to fetch Lime &c this Quarter £10 2s 0d

Car'd over £2487 16s 8½d

Car'd over £90 9s 4d

John Clark, Paymaster

Dr:

11 April 1758: cash received from the Honourable Company's cash chest, £2,487 16s 8½d

Carried over, £2,487 16s 8½d

Per Contra, Cr:

22 March 1758: cash paid to William Taylor, John Cherrett, Thomas Wansell, Lewis Rowe, Edward Webber and Robert Brown, ten pounds each, for enlisting to serve the Honourable Company as soldiers for a further five years from that day, £60 0s 0d

11 April 1758: cash paid to Thomas Dunn for assisting in the Secretary's Office that quarter, £5 0s 0d

cash paid to William Rippon for tending the Honourable Company's stock at Longwood that quarter, £2 10s 0d

cash paid to John Deer for carpentry work done for the Honourable Company that quarter, £3 1s 0d

cash paid to John Whiter for 2 lb of spice, 40 lb of shallots and 19 lb of Cape onions for the Honourable Company's table that quarter, £3 5s 6d

cash paid to Orlando Bagley for 2½ bushels of potatoes for the Honourable Company's table that quarter, £0 12s 6d

Cash paid to Stephen Willoughby and Thomas Green, bakers, for baking 65 batches of bread for the garrison and six batches for the use of the packet ship Prince Henry that quarter, £5 18s 4d.

cash paid to sundry soldiers for 202 days' work rowing the Honourable Company's long boat to fetch lime that quarter, £10 2s 0d

Carried over, £90 9s 4d

Interpretations

The Honourable Company was the East India Company, which administered St Helena and maintained its garrison, stores and shipping through accounts of exactly this kind. The payment of ten pounds each to six soldiers for agreeing to serve a further five years was a re-enlistment bounty, a standard device by which a garrison with no local recruiting ground induced men nearing the end of their term to stay on rather than seek discharge and passage home.

104

98

1st May

John Clark Paymaster Dr

1758

April 11. To Cash Brought over £2487 16s 8½d

Car'd over £2487 16s 8½d

Island St. Helena

The paymaster's ledger opened a new page dated 1 May 1758, again heading John Clark's account as paymaster on the debit side, and carried forward the balance of £2,487 16s 8½d received in cash from the Honourable Company's cash chest. The same figure was carried down again at the foot of the page, with the account there identified as that for the island of St Helena.

105

99

1758

Per Contra

1758

Apr:11th By Cash Brought over £90 9s 4d

By Cash paid Thomas Bowson for Work done Painting the Castle

Door Cases, Window Frames at the new Barracks, and the [...]

at Rupert's for the Honorable Company in this Quarter. £1 2s 6d

By Cash paid John Doveton for 110 Rafters at ¼ each, for the use

of the Honorable Company in this Quarter. £5 10s 0d

By Cash paid Jonathan Dawson for three Days Work of a

Thatcher, and for 4 Loads of [...] for the use of the Honorable

Company this Quarter. £1 6s 6d

By Cash pd John Thomason for 9 Days work in repairing the

Honorable Company's Wharf. £0 13s 6d

By Cash paid Richd. Bagley for 2½ Bush. Potatoes for the use of

the Honorable Company's Table in this Quarter. £0 12s 6d

By Cash paid Sundry Soldiers for rowing in the Honorable

Company's Pinnace this Quarter. £3 0s 0d

By Cash paid Sundry Do. for carrying Express of Ships to London. £1 10s 0d

By Cash paid William Moore for the rent of two Houses for the use

of the Sick Soldiers £4 0s 0d

By Cash paid Charles Gissing for the rent of a Room for Muzeeda

Jacobson this Quarter. £1 0s 0d

By Cash paid Muzeeda Jacobson for 13 Weeks Subsist. at 2½d p Week. £1 12s 6d

By Cash paid for taking up two of the Honorable Company's

Runaway Blacks. £0 7s 6d

By Cash paid John Langbridge Discharged Soldier for 84

Days Subsistence at 6 pence per Day. £2 2s 0d

By Cash paid Benjamin Brown for cutting 138 Load of

Rushes for the use of the Honorable Company this Quarter. £3 9s 0d

By Cash paid Sundry Soldiers for 197¾ Days Work at

the new Barracks, and Several of the Honorable Company's

Fortifications, Vizt at Rupert's the Great Wood Dungeons

Bay, Munden's Fort, and in Cutting Stone. £98 13s 6d

By Cash paid Sundry Do. for 499½ Days Work in mowing

and making of Hay, repairing the Pasture Walls, working in

the Plantation House Garden, carrying Rushes, & Grubbing Furze &c. £24 19s 9d

By Cash paid Joseph Chamberlain for Carpenters Work done

for the Honorable Company this Quarter. £5 0s 0d

By Cash paid the Honorable Company's Officers and Servants

their Several Salary Diet Money &c for the Quarter commencing

January the 12th and ending April 11th 1758. £2242 3s 1½d

£2487 16s 8½d

April 11th 1758 Errs. Excepted

(Signed)

John Clark Paymaster

Collection

Per Contra, Cr

11 April 1758: cash brought over, £90 9s 4d

cash paid to Thomas Dawson for work done painting the Castle door cases and window frames at the new barracks, and the flagstaff for the Honourable Company that quarter, £1 2s 6d

cash paid to John Dowden for 110 rafters at [...] each, for the use of the Honourable Company that quarter, £5 10s 0d

cash paid to Jonathan Dowden for three days' work as a thatcher, and for 4 loads of binders for the use of the Honourable Company that quarter, £1 6s 6d

cash paid to John Thomason for 8 days' work repairing the Honourable Company's store, £0 13s 6d

cash paid to Richard Bagley for 2½ bushels of potatoes for the use of the Honourable Company's table that quarter, £0 12s 6d

cash paid to sundry soldiers for rowing in the Honourable Company's pinnace that quarter, £3 0s 0d

cash paid to sundry ditto for carrying express notice of ships at [...], £1 10s 0d

cash paid to William Moore for the rent of two houses for the use of the sick soldiers, £4 0s 0d

cash paid to Charles Gissing for the rent of a room for Naquida Faccolem that quarter, £1 0s 0d

cash paid to Naquida Faccolem for 13 weeks' subsistence at 2s 6d a week, £1 12s 6d

cash paid for taking up two of the Honourable Company's runaway slaves, £0 7s 6d

cash paid to John Longbridge, a discharged soldier, for 8½ days' subsistence at 6 pence a day, £2 2s 0d

cash paid to Benjamin Brown for cutting 138 loads of rushes for the use of the Honourable Company that quarter, £3 9s 0d

cash paid to sundry soldiers for 197¾ days' work at the new barracks, and several of the Honourable Company's fortifications, at Rupert's Bay, Munden's Fort and in cutting stone, £98 13s 6d

cash paid to sundry ditto for 499¾ days' work in mowing and making hay, repairing the pasture walls, working in the plantation house garden, carrying rushes and grubbing furze, £24 19s 9d

cash paid to Joseph Chamberlain for carpenters' work done for the Honourable Company this quarter, £5 0s 0d

cash paid to the Honourable Company's officers and servants for their several salaries, diet money and other charges for the quarter commencing 12 January and ending 11 April 1758, £2,142 8s 1½d

£2,487 16s 8½d

11 April 1758, errors excepted, signed John Clark, Paymaster.

106

100

1st May


Collection of Goods Sold and delivered out of the


Honorable Companys Stores from the 12 of January


to the 11th of April 1758. Vizt.

Sold to the Companys Servants at 10 p Cent Vizt.

Arrack


115½ Gallons


£28 19s 4½d

Sugar & Candy Vizt.

526½ lb Sugar


£65 15s 6d

1225 lb Candy


£22 19s 4½d

£88 14s 10½d

Tea Vizt.

53 lb Bohea


£1 19s 9d

50½ lb Singlo


£2 14s 8½d

65 lb Congo


£3 3s 0d

£7 17s 5½d

Flour Vizt.

2456 lb Flour


£17 18s 2d

200 lb Bread Baked


£175 8s 5d

£193 6s 7d

Candles 2¼ lb


£0 28s 6½d

Rice 9 lb 3¼


£2 19s 6½d

Beef & Pork Vizt.

149 pc Beef at 2/


£14 18s 0d

9 pc Do at 3/9


£1 13s 9d

2208 pc Pork at 2/


£220 16s 0d

60 pc Do at 2/7


£7 15s 0d

£245 2s 9d

Soap 26½ lb


£7 6s 7½d

China Ware Vizt.

1 Tea Pott


£0 0s 9d

10 Sundry Dishes


£0 8s 4d

1 Set of Dishes and Plates


£0 16s 0d

£1 5s 1d

Thread 20 Coloured


£3 13s 4d

Twine 10 skeins


£0 6s 3d

Pewter Vizt.

3 Quart Funnels


£0 7s 4½d

2 Dishes do 7½ lb


£0 14s 4d

£1 1s 8½d

Cutlery Ware Vizt.

28 pc Shoe Buckles


£0 10s 6½d

46 Horn Combs


£0 7s 8d

1 Doz Ivory handle Knives & Forks


£1 10s 3d

1 Butchers Knife


£0 0s 3½d

1 Horse Comb


£0 0s 3½d

£2 9s 0d

Carried over £611 8s 8d

Collection of goods sold and delivered out of the Honourable Company's stores from 12 January to 11 April 1758

Sold to the Company's servants at 10 per cent, viz:

Arrack, 115 gallons, £28 19s 4½d

Sugar and Candy, viz:

526¾ lb sugar, £65 15s 6d

122½ lb candy, £22 19s 4½d

Total, £88 14s 10½d

Tea, viz:

53 lb Bohea, £1 19s 9d

30 lb Singlo, £2 14s 8½d

6½ lb Congo, £3 3s 0d

Total, £7 17s 5½d

Flour, viz:

2,456 lb flour, £17 18s 2d

200 lb baked bread, £175 8s 5d

Total, £193 6s 7d

Candles, 217 lb, £28 6s 0½d

Rice, 9 cwt 3 qrs 4 lb, £2 19s 6½d

Beef and Pork, viz:

149 lb beef at 2d, £1 4s 10d

9 lb ditto at 3½d, £1 13s 9d

2,208 lb pork at 2d, £22 0s [...]

60 lb ditto at 2¼d, £7 15s 0d

Total, £245 2s 9d

Soap, 267 lb, £7 6s 7½d

China Ware, viz:

1 tea pot, £0 0s 4d

10 delft dishes, £0 0s 9d

1 set of dishes and plates, £0 16s 0d

Total, £1 5s 1d

Thread, 26 lb, coloured, £3 13s 4d

Twine, £0 6s 3d

Pewter, viz:

3 quart funnels, £0 7s 4½d

2 dishes at 7½d, £0 14s 4d

Total, £1 1s 8½d

Cutlery Ware, viz:

28 pairs of shoe buckles, £0 10s 6½d

46 horn combs, £0 7s 8d

1 dozen ivory-handled knives and forks, £1 10s 3d

1 butcher's knife, £0 0s 3½d

1 horse comb, £0 0s 3¾d

Total, £2 9s 0½d

Carried over: £611 8s 8d

107

101

1758

Brought over £611 8s 8d

Salt 4½ Bushels

£0 5s 7½d

Starch 25 lb

£0 5s 7½d

Tinware Vizt.

2 Pint Saucepans

£0 1s 1½d

1 Quart Funnell

£0 0s 8d

1 Watering Pott

£0 5s 8½d

¼ lb Sal Armoniac

£0 0s 2d

£0 7s 8d

Canvas Vizt.

6 Yards English

£0 6s 6d

48 Do Osenbrigs

£1 12s 0d

£1 10s 6d

Leather Vizt.

41½ lb Sole Leather

£2 6s 1d

3 Calf Skins

£1 1s 1½d

£3 7s 2½d

Paint Vizt.

15¾ lb Blue Smalts

£1 3s 7½d

2½ lb Whiting

£0 0s 2d

8¾ lb White Lead

£1 12s 0d

2 lb Coperas

£0 2s 7d

15 Barrels Blacking

£0 8s 3½d

14 lb Venetian Red

£0 3s 4d

3½ lb Stone Colour

£0 1s 7½d

¾ lb Umber

£0 0s 3½d

25 lb Sky Blue

£2 2s 3d

1 lb Mahogony Colour

£0 1s 3d

£7 7s 10½d

Naval Stores Vizt.

37 lb Powder

£1 18s 8d

6 lb Tallow

£0 3s 0d

1 Qr Cartridge Paper

£0 0s 10d

£2 2s 6d

Oil Vizt.

23½ Gallons Linseed

£4 6s 3d

2 lb Seam

£0 8s 5d

5 Bottles Florenced

£0 13s 1½d

£5 7s 9½d

Turners Ware Vizt.

8 Paint Brushes

£0 5s 0d

1 Skimming Dish

£0 4½d

3 Wood Bowls

£0 3½d

2 Platters

£2 3d

1 Scrubbing Brush

£2 3½d

1 Laborers Basket

£0 11d

£14 2½d

Carr'd over £633 7s 8¾d

Salt, 4½ bushels, £0 8s 3d

Starch, 20 lb, £0 5s 7½d

Tinware, viz:

2 pint saucepans, £0 1s 1½d

1 quart funnel, £0 0s 8d

1 watering pot, £0 5s 8½d

½ lb sal ammoniac, £0 0s 2d

Total, £0 7s 8d

Canvas, viz:

6 yards English, £0 6s 6d

40 yards ditto Osnabrigs, £1 12s 0d

Total, £1 18s 6d

Leather, viz:

41 lb sole leather, £2 6s 1d

3 calf skins, £1 1s 1½d

Total, £3 7s 2½d

Paint, viz:

15¾ lb blue smalt, £1 3s 7½d

24 lb whiting, £0 5s 2d

8½ lb white lead, £1 12s 8d

2 lb copperas, £0 2s 7d

15 barrels blacking, £0 8s 3½d

10 lb Venetian red, £0 3s 4d

31 lb stone colour, £0 17s 4d

9½ lb umber, £0 0s 3½d

25 lb sky blue, £2 13s 2d

1 lb mahogany colour, £0 1s 3d

Total, £7 7s 10½d

Naval Stores, viz:

37 lb powder, £1 18s 8d

6 lb tallow, £0 3s 0d

1 quire cartridge paper, £0 0s 10d

Total, £2 2s 6d

Oil, viz:

23 gallons linseed, £4 6s 3d

2 lb seam, £0 8s 5d

5 bottles Florence, £0 13s 1½d

Total, £5 7s 9½d

Turners' Ware, viz:

8 paint brushes, £0 5s 0d

1 skimming dish, £0 0s 4½d

3 wood bowls, £0 3s 1½d

2 platters, £0 2s 3d

1 scrubbing brush, £0 2s 3¾d

1 labourer's basket, £0 0s 11d

Total, £0 14s 2¾d

Carried over: £633 7s 8¾d

108

102

1st May

Brought over £633 7s 8¾d

Books Vizt.

7 Spelling Books

£0 8s 9d

2 Testaments

£0 3s 8d

£0 12s 5d

Buckram 15¾

£0 12s 2d

Pease ¾ Bushel

£0 5s 6½d

Camblet Vizt.

4¼ Yards Scarlet

£2 9s 11d

13½ Do Brown

£7 7s 11d

£9 17s 10d

Lead 138 lb Sheet

£1 11s 9d

Deroees 2 pieces

£0 0s 17d

Hosiersware 1 pr Thread Stockings

£0 2s 10½d

Shoes Vizt.

20 pair Mens Ordinary

£4 5s 10d

1 pair Do Fine

£0 6s 1d

1 pair Girls

£0 2s 7½d

1 pair Womens Calimanco

£0 5s 2d

£4 19s 4½d

Glass Ware 4 Beer Glasses

£0 6s 4d

Long Cloth 2 pc No. 9

£2 14s 0d

Hooks & Lines Vizt.

725 No. 3

£0 14s 6d

121 No. 1

£0 6s 8d

200 No. 4

£0 2s 8d

125 No. 2

£0 4s 2d

200 pr Gantham

£0 2s 3d

(

Hooks

)

145 No. 3

£2 12s 4½d

15 No. 4

£0 6s 3d

66 No. 2

£1 0s 2d

1 Hambro

£0 1s 6½d

(

Lines

)

£5 10s 7d

Cordage 29½ lb

£4 8s 0d

Deals 3

£0 12s 9d

Long Ells 13¾ Yards

£1 3s 2d

Nails Vizt.

¾ Sacks

£0 6s ½d

2 do Glazing Braads

£2 9d

1½ do 4d

£0 19s 5½d

6½ do 6d

£1 5s 7½d

56 do 10d

£1 8s 9d

4 do 2d

£0 2s 7d

10½ do 8d

£0 5s 6½d

£3 16s 7d

Carr'd over £671 7s 10d

Salt, 4½ bushels, £0 8s 3d

Starch, 20 lb, £0 5s 7½d

Tinware, viz:

2 pint saucepans, £0 1s 1½d

1 quart funnel, £0 0s 8d

1 watering pot, £0 5s 8½d

½ lb sal ammoniac, £0 0s 2d

Total, £0 7s 8d

Canvas, viz:

6 yards English, £0 6s 6d

40 yards ditto Osnabrigs, £1 12s 0d

Total, £1 18s 6d

Leather, viz:

41 lb sole leather, £2 6s 1d

3 calf skins, £1 1s 1½d

Total, £3 7s 2½d

Paint, viz:

15¾ lb blue smalt, £1 3s 7½d

24 lb whiting, £0 5s 2d

8½ lb white lead, £1 12s 8d

2 lb copperas, £0 2s 7d

15 barrels blacking, £0 8s 3½d

10 lb Venetian red, £0 3s 4d

31 lb stone colour, £0 17s 4d

9½ lb umber, £0 0s 3½d

25 lb sky blue, £2 13s 2d

1 lb mahogany colour, £0 1s 3d

Total, £7 7s 10½d

Naval Stores, viz:

37 lb powder, £1 18s 8d

6 lb tallow, £0 3s 0d

1 quire cartridge paper, £0 0s 10d

Total, £2 2s 6d

Oil, viz:

23 gallons linseed, £4 6s 3d

2 lb seam, £0 8s 5d

5 bottles Florence, £0 13s 1½d

Total, £5 7s 9½d

Turners' Ware, viz:

8 paint brushes, £0 5s 0d

1 skimming dish, £0 0s 4½d

3 wood bowls, £0 3s 1½d

2 platters, £0 2s 3d

1 scrubbing brush, £0 2s 3¾d

1 labourer's basket, £0 0s 11d

Total, £0 14s 2¾d

Carried over: £633 7s 8¾d

109

103

1758.

Brot over £671 7s 10d

Braziers Ware Vizt.

2 pair Candlesticks

£0 14s 11d

3 Bottling Cocks

£0 9s 1½d

2 Brass Ladles

£0 4s 10d

1 pair Steel Snuffers

£0 2s 5d

£1 11s 3½d

Ironmongers Ware Vizt.

3 Chest Locks

£0 14s 6d

6 Shod Shovels

£0 10s 6d

1 Ditching Do

£0 4s 11½d

1 Pickaxe

£0 3s 8d

2 Dozen Wood Screws

£0 0s 9d

2 hand Hatchets

£0 3s 0d

2 Small Frying Pans

£0 3s 9d

3 Files

£0 1s 8d

2 Holves

£0 1s 4d

1 Cynder Hod

£0 1s 8d

1 Do Rake

£0 2s 9½d

4 pc Side Hinges

£0 5s 0d

1 pc Small H Do

£0 1s 7d

1 Scyth Stone

£0 0s 1d

1 Chafing Dish

£0 6s 6½d

1 Bricklayers Trowell

£0 1s 4d

1 Plaisterers Do

£0 1s 6½d

£3 2s 0d

Earthenware 11 Milk Pans

£0 3s 7½d

Chelloes 13 pieces

£7 6s 3d

Pitch and Tar Vizt.

9 lb Rosin

£0 1s 1½d

3 lb Pitch

£0 0s 5d

¾ Gallon Tar

£0 0s 2½d

£0 1s 9d

Haberdashery Ware Vizt.

5 pieces Carnation Tape

£0 3s 9d

20 Skeins Mohair

£0 7s 6d

18 Do Silk

£0 8s 3d

2 Dozen Tin Breast Butt.

£0 3s 3d

¾ lb Whale Bone

£0 3s 11d

2½ Dozen Mohair Coat Buttons

£0 3s 0d

1½ Dozen Do Breast Do

£0 6s 0d

£1 7s 2d

Linen 1¼ Pieces

£2 3s 5d

Hatts 1 Mans

£0 19s 3d

Carr'd over £6887 --

Braziers' Ware, viz:

2 pairs candlesticks, £0 14s 11d

3 bottling cocks, £0 9s 1½d

2 brass ladles, £0 4s 10d

1 pair steel snuffers, £0 2s 5d

Total, £1 11s 3½d

Ironmongers' Ware, viz:

3 chest locks, £0 11s 6d

6 shod shovels, £0 10s 6d

1 ditching ditto, £0 4s 11½d

1 pickaxe, £0 3s 8d

2 dozen wood screws, £0 0s 9d

2 hand hatchets, £0 3s 0d

2 small frying pans, £0 3s 9d

3 files, £0 1s 8d

2 helves, £0 1s 4d

1 garden hoe, £0 1s 8d

1 ditto rake, £0 2s 9½d

4 pairs side hinges, £0 5s 0d

1 pair small hinges, £0 1s 9d

1 scythe stone, £0 0s 1d

1 chafing dish, £0 6s 6½d

1 bricklayer's trowel, £0 1s 4d

1 plasterer's ditto, £0 1s 6½d

Total, £3 2s 0d

Earthenware, 11 milk pans, £0 3s 0½d

Chelloes, 13 pieces, £7 6s 3d

Pitch and Tar, viz:

9 lb rosin, £0 1s 1½d

3 lb pitch, £0 0s 5d

½ gallon tar, £0 0s 2½d

Total, £0 1s 9d

Haberdashery Ware, viz:

5 pieces carnation tape, £0 3s 9d

20 skeins mohair, £0 7s 6d

18 ditto silk, £0 8s 3d

2 dozen tin breast buttons, £0 3s 0d

½ lb whalebone, £0 3s 11d

2½ dozen mohair coat buttons, £0 3s 0d

1½ dozen ditto breast ditto, £0 6s 0d

Total, £1 7s 2d

Linen, 14 pieces, £2 3s 5d

Hats, 4 men's, £0 19s 3d

Carried over: £683 7s 0d

Interpretations

The category headings in this collection follow the trades that supplied the goods rather than the goods' end use. Braziers' ware meant articles worked in brass or copper, ironmongers' ware the heavier iron tools and fittings, and haberdashery the small sewing wares of tape, thread, buttons and whalebone used for stiffening. Chelloes were a coarse cotton cloth of Indian manufacture, carried by the East India Company's ships and re-sold from the island stores, and their high valuation here, well above every other single line, shows how much more imported textiles were worth at St Helena than the hardware and provisions listed alongside them.

110

104

1st May

Brought over £688 7s 0d

Deals Vizt.

5 Baths

£1 18s 9d

54 Single Deals

£6 1s 6d

1 Double Do

£0 3s 11d

1 Euffie

£0 4s 2¼d

£8 8s 4¼d

£696 15s 4¼d

Sold to the Planters at 25 p Cent Vizt.

Shoes Vizt.

2 pair Boys

£0 8s 9d

1 pair Mens Ordinary

£0 4s 11½d

£0 13s 8½d

Camblet Vizt.

5½ Yards blue

£2 19s 10d

1½ Do brown

£0 16s 3½d

£3 16s 1½d

Haberdashery Ware Vizt.

2 Skains Silk

£0 1s 2d

1 Do Mohair

£0 0s 6d

£0 1s 8d

Canvas 24 Yards Osenbrigs

£1 1s 0d

Thread 3 Coloured

£0 1s 4d

Buckram 2 Yards

£0 2s 1d

Hatts 1 Mans

£1 1s 10½d

Sold at 40 p Cent Vizt.

Sugar & Candy Vizt.

512 lb Sugar

£28 18s 7½d

64 lb Candy

£16 3s 6d

£45 2s 1½d

Flour 750

£8 11s 10½d

Candles 2 lb

£0 5s 11d

Books Vizt.

1 Spelling Book

£0 1s 7½d

1 Testament

£0 2s 4d

£0 3s 11½d

Deals 17 Single

£2 8s 10¼d

Arrack 2½ Gallons

£0 15s 0d

Tea Vizt.

6 lb Singlo

£0 9s 6d

2 lb Congo

£0 2s 6d

£0 12s 0d

Carr'd over £765 10s 2½d

Deals, viz:

5 baulks, £1 18s 9d

54 single deals, £6 1s 6d

1 double ditto, £0 3s 11d

1 buffie, £0 4s 2½d

Total, £8 8s 4½d

£696 15s 4½d

Sold to the planters at 25 per cent, viz:

Shoes, viz:

2 pairs boys', £0 8s 9d

1 pair men's ordinary, £0 4s 11½d

Total, £0 13s 8½d

Camblet, viz:

5½ yards blue, £2 19s 10d

1½ ditto brown, £0 16s 3½d

Total, £3 16s 1½d

Haberdashery Ware, viz:

2 skeins silk, £0 1s 2d

1 ditto mohair, £0 0s 6d

Total, £0 1s 8d

Canvas, 24 yards Osnabrigs, £1 1s 0d

Thread, 3 lb, coloured, £0 14s 0d

Buckram, 2 yards, £0 2s 1d

Hats, 4 men's, £1 1s 10½d

Sold at 40 per cent, viz:

Sugar and Candy, viz:

152 lb sugar, £28 18s 7½d

64 lb candy, £16 3s 6d

Total, £45 2s 1½d

Flour, 750 lb, £8 11s 10½d

Candles, 2 lb, £0 5s 11d

Books, viz:

1 spelling book, £0 1s 7½d

1 Testament, £0 2s 4d

Total, £0 3s 11½d

Deals, 17 single, £2 8s 10½d

Arrack, 24 gallons, £15 0s 0d

Tea, viz:

6 lb Singlo, £0 9s 6d

2 lb Congo, £0 2s 6d

Total, £0 12s 0d

Carried over: £65 10s 2½d

Interpretations

The stores sold to two different groups at two different markups, the Company's own servants at 10 per cent over cost on the previous page and the planters at 25 or 40 per cent here. This graded pricing acted as a concealed form of remuneration, since employees drew their supplies far more cheaply than the free settlers who farmed the island and had no other source for imported cloth, spirits, provisions and hardware. Camblet was a hard-wearing worsted cloth, often mixed with mohair or silk, valued for coats and cloaks, and its sale alongside a spelling book and a Testament shows the single island store meeting every kind of domestic want from clothing to a child's schooling.

111

105

1758.

Brot over £765 10s 2½d

Nails Vizt.

37 lb 6d

£0 4s 4d

13 lb 4d

£1 4s 0d

36 lb 10d

£1 5s 4½d

4 lb 3d

£0 4s 6d

1 lb 2d

£0 2s 8d

1 lb Glazing Braads

£0 0s 10d

6 lb Flooring Do

£0 1s 4½d

£0 2s 9d

£3 9s 10d

Leather 2 lb Sole

£0 3s 6½d

Turners Ware 1 Wood Bowl

£0 1s 5d

Long Cloth Vizt.

2 pc No. 8

£4 12s 0d

1 pc 9

£1 16s 0d

£6 8s 0d

Cordage 28½ lb

£0 9s 6d

Rice 1 c 0 qr 3 lb

£0 8s 4½d

Ironware 1 Small Frying Pan

£0 2s 6d

Hooks & Lines Vizt.

75 No. 1

£0 4s 9d

250 No. 2

£0 10s 10d

350 No. 3

£0 8s 9d

100 No. 5

£0 2s 1½d

100 p Grantham

£0 1s 5d

(

Hooks

)

18 No. 2

£0 7s 0d

78 No. 3

£1 15s 9d

12 No. 4

£0 6s 7d

(

Lines

)

£3 17s 8½d

Paint Vizt.

2 Barrels Blacking

£0 1s 6d

½ lb Blue Smalts

£0 1s 0d

5 lb Venetian Red

£0 1s 5½d

£0 3s 11½d

Starch 1

£0 0s 6d

Pork 7 pieces

£1 3s 4d

Lead 12 lb Sheet

£0 4s 6½d

Oil ½ Gallon Linseed

£0 2s 4d

Soap 17 lb

£0 14s 1½d

Soap 17

£0 5s 6d

Oars 4

£0 4s 7d

Cutlery Ware 10 Butchers Knives

£89 10s 5½d

Charges

Nails, viz:

37 lb 6d, £0 0s [...]

13 lb 4d, £1 0s 4d

36 lb 10d, £1 5s 4½d

4 lb 3d, £0 16s 6d

1 lb 2d, £0 2s 8d

1 lb glazing brads, £0 0s 10d

6 lb flooring ditto, £0 1s 4½d

Total, £0 2s 9d

Total for nails: £3 9s 10d.

Leather, 2 lb sole, £0 3s 6½d

Turners' Ware, 1 wood bowl, £0 1s 5d

Long Cloth, viz:

2 pieces yards 8, £4 12s 0d

1 piece yards 9, £1 16s 0d

Total, £6 8s 0d

Cordage, 282 lb, £6 9s 6d

Rice, 1 cwt 0 qrs 3 lb, £0 8s 4½d

Ironware, 1 small frying pan, £0 2s 6d

Hooks and Lines, viz:

75 number 1, £0 4s 9d

250 number 2, £0 10s 10d

350 number 3, £0 8s 9d

100 number 5, £0 2s 7½d

100 Grantham, £0 1s 5d

18 number 2, £0 7s 0d

78 number 3, £1 15s 9d

12 number 4, £0 6s 7d

Total, £3 17s 8½d

Paint, viz:

2 barrels blacking, £0 1s 6d

½ lb blue smalt, £0 1s 0d

5 lb Venetian red, £0 1s 5½d

Total, £0 3s 11½d

Starch, 1 lb, £0 0s 6d

Pork, 7 pieces, £1 3s 4d

Lead, 12 lb sheet, £0 4s 6½d

Oil, 1 gallon linseed, £0 2s 4d

Soap, 17 lb, £0 14s 1½d

Oars, 4, £0 5s 6d

Cutlery Ware, 10 butchers' knives, £0 4s 7d

£89 10s 5½d

Interpretations

The nails and fish hooks were both graded and priced by size, the nails by weight at different pennyweights and the hooks and lines by numbered gauge from 1 up to 5. Fish hooks and cordage in these quantities point to the island's dependence on the sea for food, since the garrison and settlers caught much of their fresh provision from the surrounding waters and the store kept tackle in bulk to supply them. The separate Grantham hooks were a recognised English make, named for the Lincolnshire town where they were produced, and their listing apart from the numbered sizes shows the store stocking a branded line alongside its ordinary graded goods.

112

106

1st May

Charges General Dr for the following Stores issued from

12th January to 11th April 1758 Vizt.

Paint Vizt.

26 lb Verdigrease

£0 5s 3d

1 Barrel Blacking

£0 0s 6d

31 lb White Lead

£0 0s 11d

½ lb Coperas

£0 0s 9d

3 lb Mahogony Colour

£0 6s 9d

15 lb Whiting

£0 0s 3d

(

for Painting in the Castle Mr Clarks house &c & Turret

)

£6 2s 11d

Oil Vizt.

7½ Galls Linseed

£1 5s 7d

(

for Painting in the Castle Mr Clarks House Gundoun at Munden's Point & Rupert's Turret &c

)

6½ Galls Seam for the Kitchen, Bakehouse

& Armorers use

£0 19s 0d

£2 4s 7d

Turners Ware Vizt.

6 Paint Brushes for Painting in the Castle

Lieut. Governors House

£0 3s 4½d

1 Wood Bowl for the working Hands

£0 1s 2d

£0 4s 5d

Lines Vizt.

1 Hambro for the Castle

£0 1s 4½d

2 No. 4 for the Stonelayers

£0 0s 9d

£0 2s 1½d

Arrack 16½ Gallons given to the Men for

Hauling up & Launching the Long Boats,

Drams for the Working hands & Artillery

and the Men that brought the Rice to the

Stores from the Prince Henry Packet &c to

those that endeavoured to find the Lieutenants

on Board the Dutch Fleet &c.

£2 1s 3d

Candles Vizt.

80 for the Castle

£8 6s 8d

135 for the Council

£14 1s 3d

£22 7s 11d

Pork 1 piece

£0 2s 4d

Rice 12 lb

£0 0s 7½d

(

Given to the Men that worked at Sink's Cap

)

Pitch & Tar Vizt.

6 lb Rosin for the Castle & Armorers use

£0 0s 7½d

29 Pitch for the Troughs that Convey the

Water to the Garden & Crane &c for the Castle

£0 3s 7½d

£0 4s 3d

China Ware Vizt.

6 Sundry Dishes

£0 4s 3d

12 Do Pint Cups & Saucers

£0 3s 6d

(

for the Castle

)

£0 7s 9d

Carr'd over £33 18s 2d

Charges General, Dr, for the following stores issued from 12 January to 11 April 1758, viz:

Paint, viz:

26 lb verdigris, £5 3s 8d

1 barrel blacking, £0 0s 6d

31 lb white lead, £0 11s 0d

3½ lb copperas, £0 0s 9d

3 lb mahogany colour, £0 6s 9d

15 lb whiting, £0 0s 3d

For painting in the Castle, Mr Clark's house and the target

Total, £6 2s 11d

Oil, viz:

7½ gallons linseed, £1 5s 7d

6½ gallons seam, £0 19s 0d

For painting in the Castle, Mr Clark's house, and the guardhouse at Munden's, and Rupert's target bed, and for the kitchen, bakehouse and armourers' use

Total, £2 4s 7d

Turners' Ware, viz:

6 paint brushes for painting in the Castle and the Lieutenant Governor's house, £0 3s 4½d

1 wood bowl for the working hands, £0 1s 0½d

Total, £0 4s 5d

Lines, viz:

1 number 5 for the Castle, £0 1s 1½d

2 number 4 for the stonelayers, £0 0s 9d

Total, £0 2s 1½d

Arrack, 16½ gallons, given to the men for hauling up and launching the long boats, drams for the working hands and artillery, the men that brought the rice to the stores from the packet ship Prince Henry, and those that endeavoured to put the lieutenants on board the Dutch fleet, £2 1s 3d

Candles, viz:

80 lb for the Castle, £8 6s 8d

135 lb for the Council, £14 1s 3d

Total, £22 7s 11d

Pork, 1 piece, and rice, 19 lb, given to the men that worked at Turk's Cap, £0 2s 7½d

Pitch and Tar, viz:

6 lb rosin for the Castle and armourers' use, £0 0s 7½d

29 lb pitch for the troughs that convey the water to the garden and crane, and for the Castle, £0 3s 7½d

Total, £0 4s 3d

China Ware, viz:

6 salted dishes, £0 4s 3d

12 ditto pint cups and saucers, £0 3s 6d

For the Castle

Total, £0 7s 9d

Carried over: £33 18s 2d

The arrack given to the men that brought rice ashore from the packet ship Prince Henry and to those that tried to put the lieutenants aboard the Dutch fleet was charged here at £2 1s 3d.

Interpretations

Where the earlier pages recorded stores sold, this account listed stores issued free as general charges, goods consumed on the Company's own works rather than paid for by any buyer. The distinction mattered to the bookkeeping, since sales recovered cost with a markup while these charges were a straight loss set against the island's running expenses, covering the upkeep of the Castle, the fortifications and the water supply. Arrack served the garrison as a labour incentive, given out in drams to the men for heavy tasks like hauling the long boats and carrying rice ashore, so that a spirit ration functioned as a supplement to wages for work outside ordinary duty.

The issue of arrack to men who tried to put the lieutenants aboard the Dutch fleet shows the Company treating a passing foreign squadron with active courtesy, extending help to reach its ships rather than standing off, and paying its own men in drink for the trouble of doing so.

113

107

1758.

Brot over £33 18s 2d

Iron Ware Vizt.

2 Smith's Rubbers

£0 6s 1d

8 Files

(

for the Armorers use

)

2 Hand Hatchets for the Carpenters Shop

£0 4s 2d

1 Helve for a handle for Deals for the Bakers

£0 2s 8d

1 Plaisterers Trowell for the Masons

£0 0s 7½d

2 Stock Locks for the Castle & Hospital

£0 1s 6½d

1 pc H Hinges for Mr Clarks House

£0 4s 7d

£0 2s 9d

£1 2s 5d

Deals Vizt.

16 Single Deals

£1 12s 8d

4 Double Do

£0 14s 0d

1½ Wainscot Boards

£0 9s 3d

(

for Water Troughs, the Crane Bandy smith, Centorlors for the Hospital Council Servs & Office Do Clarks House, Table & Forms for the Hospital, & Deals for the Bakers

)

2 Euffins for Ladders

£0 7s 7d

½ pc Elm Plank for making Wheel Barrows

£0 12s 6d

£3 16s 0d

Kersey 7½ Yards for Fomentation Cloaths for

the Hospital, & Cushions for the Church

£0 0s 10d

Canvas 2½ Yards Osenbrigs for Covering the Packet

£0 1s 6d

Nails Vizt.

4 lb Glazing Braads

£0 0s 10½d

¾ lb Tacks

£0 0s 4d

6 lb 10d

£0 2s 0d

3 lb 4d

£0 1s 2½d

2 lb 3d

£0 0s 11½d

1 lb 4d

£0 0s 3½d

5 lb 6d

£0 1s 9½d

(

for the Water Troughs, Crane, Hospital, Mr Clarks House, Adverts genents, Secretarys Office, Packet, Clove Tools, Castle, mending Wheel Barrows &c

)

£0 7s 5½d

Tin Ware Vizt.

2 Quart Saucepans for the Hospital

£0 1s 4d

6 lb Solder

£0 6s 1½d

(

for Tinning

)

2 Oz Armenian Sal turned

£0 0s 4½d

½ lb Corn Emery

£0 0s 2d

½ lb Flour Do

£0 0s 2d

(

for the Armorer

)

£0 8s 2d

Lead 6 lb Sheet for Alum Rubs for the Masons

£0 1s 4d

Iron & Steel Vizt.

2 lb Iron

£0 1s 6d

(

for Hammers for the Stone Blowers

)

2 lb Steel

£0 0s 8½d

£0 2s 2½d

Glass ware 32 Squares 6 by 8 for Windows at

Munden's Point and Banks's

£0 0s 8d

Cordage 62 lb for Thatching Lieut Govr House

tying Arbors in the Garden, & Tackles for the

Slaughter House

£0 18s 1d

£41 13s 4d

Diet

Iron Ware, viz:

2 smith's rubbers, £0 6s 1d

8 files, £0 4s 2d

For the armourers' use

2 hand hatchets for the carpenters' shop, £0 2s 8d

1 helve for a handle for peels for the bakers, £0 0s 7½d

1 plasterer's trowel for the masons, £0 1s 6½d

2 stock locks for the Castle and hospital, £0 4s 7d

1 pair H hinges for Mr Clark's house, £0 2s 9d

Total, £1 2s 5d

Deals, viz:

16 single deals, £1 12s 8d

4 double ditto, £0 14s 0d

1½ wainscot boards, £0 9s 3d

For water troughs, the crane, wheelbarrows, crutches for the hospital, the Secretary's Office, Mr Clark's house, tables and forms for the hospital, and peels for the bakers

2 buffies for ladders, £0 7s 7d

1½ pieces elm plank for making wheelbarrows, £0 12s 6d

Total, £3 16s 0d

Kersey, 7½ yards for fomentation cloths for the hospital and cushions for the church, £0 0s 10d

Canvas, 2½ yards Osnabrigs for covering the packet, £0 1s 6d

Nails, viz:

1 lb glazing brads, £0 0s 10½d

1 lb tacks, £0 0s 4d

6 lb 10d, £0 2s 0d

3 lb 4d, £0 1s 2½d

2 lb 3d, £0 0s 11½d

1 lb 40d, £0 0s 3½d

5 lb 6d, £0 1s 9½d

For the water troughs, crane, hospital, Mr Clark's house, advertisements, Secretary's Office, packet, closet stools, Castle and mending wheelbarrows

Total, £0 7s 5½d

Tin Ware, viz:

2 quart saucepans for the hospital, £0 1s 4d

6 lb solder, £0 6s 1½d

2 oz saccharum saturni, £0 0s 4½d

For tinning

1½ lb corn emery, £0 0s 2d

1 lb flour ditto, £0 0s 2d

For the armourer

Total, £0 8s 2d

Lead, 6 lb sheet for plumb rules for the masons, £0 1s 4d

Iron and Steel, viz:

8 lb iron, £0 1s 6d

2 lb steel, £0 0s 8½d

For hammers for the stonelayers

Total, £0 2s 2½d

Glass Ware, 32 squares 6 by 8 for windows at Munden's Point and Banks's, £0 0s 8d

Cordage, 6 lb for thatching the Lieutenant Governor's house, tying onions in the garden, and shackles for the slaughterhouse, £0 18s 1d

£41 13s 4d

Interpretations

This closing part of the general charges shows the whole physical fabric of the settlement kept up from one store, with materials booked against each building and use in turn, the Castle, the hospital, the church, the bakehouse, the armourer's forge, the plantation garden and the slaughterhouse. Several of the entries name a technical material by its old trade name, saccharum saturni being sugar of lead, or lead acetate, used with solder and emery in the armourer's tinning work, and kersey being a coarse woollen cloth here cut up for fomentation cloths to apply hot poultices in the hospital. The nails and deals charged for advertisements and for the Secretary's Office point to public notices being framed and posted on boards, the administrative business of the island drawing on the same common stock of timber and ironmongery as its building works.

114

108

1st May

Diet Expences Dr for the following Stores issued

from 12th Jany to 11th April 1758 Vizt.

Pork 16 pieces

£1 17s 4d

Flour 572

£3 11s 6d

Rice 362 lb

£17 10s 4½d

Salt 4 Bushels

£0 11s 7d

Tea 7 lb Congo

£0 5s 10d

Arrack 23 Gallons

£5 7s 6d

Sugar & Candy Vizt.

12 lb Sugar

£0 2s 6d

27 lb Candy

£4 10s 8d

£4 13s 2d

£17 4s 9½d

Blacks Dr for the following Stores issued

from 12th January to 11th April 1758 Vizt.

Tea 3½ lb Bohea

£0 10s 4½d

Shoes 4 pr Mens Ordinary

£0 15s 7d

Sugar 7 lb

£0 15s 2½d

Beef & Pork Vizt.

136 pc Beef

£22 19s 0d

179 pc Pork

£20 17s 8d

£43 16s 8d

Rice 66 lb 3¼

£18 7s 9½d

Oil 2 Gallons Seam

£0 6s 1d

Arrack 3 Gallons

£0 7s 6d

Flour 3

£0 0s 4½d

Chello ½

£0 9s 6d

Hooks & Lines Vizt.

25 No. 1

£0 1s 2½d

20 No. 3

£0 0s 5½d

50 No. 4

£0 0s 7d

(

Hooks

)

24 No. 2

£0 6s 8d

1 No. 4

£0 0s 4½d

(

Lines

) (

for Fishing

)

£0 9s 3½d

Deals 4 Single

£0 8s 2d

Nails 2 lb 6d

£0 0s 8½d

(

for Coffins

)

£0 9s 10½d

£66 15s 3d

Military

Diet Expences, Dr, for the following stores issued from 12 January to 11 April 1758, viz:

Pork, 16 pieces, £1 17s 4d

Flour, 572 lb, £3 11s 6d

Rice, 362 lb, £0 17s 10½d

Salt, 4 bushels, £0 11s 7d

Tea, 7 lb Congo, £0 5s 10d

Arrack, 43 gallons, £5 7s 6d

Sugar and Candy, viz:

12 lb sugar, £0 2s 6d

27 lb candy, £4 10s 8d

Total, £4 13s 2d

£17 4s 9½d

Blacks, Dr, for the following stores issued from 12 January to 11 April 1758, viz:

Tea, 31 lb Bohea, £0 18s 2½d

Shoes, 4 pairs men's ordinary, £0 15s 7d

Sugar, 73 lb, £0 15s 2½d

Beef and Pork, viz:

136 pieces beef, £22 19s 0d

179 pieces pork, £20 17s 8d

Total, £43 16s 8d

Rice, 66 cwt 3 qrs 12 lb, £18 7s 9½d

Oil, 2 gallons seam, £0 6s 1d

Arrack, 3 gallons, £0 7s 6d

Flour, 3 lb, £0 0s 4½d

Chelloes, 1 piece, £0 9s 6d

Hooks and Lines, viz:

25 number 1, £0 1s 2½d

20 number 3, £0 0s 5½d

50 number 4, £0 0s 7d

24 number 2, £0 6s 8d

1 number 4, £0 0s 4½d

For fishing

Deals, 4 single, £0 8s 2d

Nails, 2 lb 6d, £0 0s 8½d

For coffins

Total, £0 9s 10½d

£66 15s 3d

Interpretations

Two separate maintenance accounts sit on this page, one for diet expenses and one headed Blacks, meaning the provisions and stores issued to keep the Company's slaves. The far larger figure for the slaves' account, over sixty pounds against seventeen for the general diet expenses, reflects the number of people fed on rice, beef and pork, the rice alone running to more than sixty hundredweight and forming the staple of their ration. That the same account had to supply deals and nails for coffins, and shoes, tea and sugar alongside the bulk grain and meat, shows the Company meeting the whole cost of the slaves' subsistence and burial from its stores, the accounting treating their upkeep as a running charge on the island in the same ledger as its paint and cordage.

115

109

1758.

Military Dr for the following Stores issued

from 12th January to 11th April 1758 Vizt.

Arrack 3½ Gallons

£0 8s 1½d

Rice 1 c 1 qr 1 lb

£0 7s 7½d

Candy 13 lb

£0 4s 4d

Beef 6 pieces

£1 0s 3d

Tea 3 lb Bohea

£0 1s 9d

Soap 3

£0 1s 10½d

£2 3s 11½d

Garrison Dr for the following Stores issued

from the 12th January to the 11th April 1758 Vizt.

Tea 79 lb Bohea

£2 6s 6d

Oil 55½ Gallons Seam for the Out Forts

£8 9s 2½d

Lines Vizt.

12 No. 2 for Whips

£0 3s 4d

36 No. 4 for Drums

£0 13s 3d

£0 16s 7d

Deals 6 Single

£0 12s 3d

Nails Vizt.

2 lb 6d

£0 0s 2½d

1 lb 10d

£0 0s 4d

(

for Coffins, & Tables & Forms for the Officers Guard Room at Munden's Point

)

£0 1s ½d

Iron Potts Vizt.

3 of 6 Gallons

£1 1s 0d

2 of 1 Do

£0 3s 0d

(

for the Out Forts

)

£1 4s 0d

Tinware 5 Lamps

£0 7s 11d

Arrack 1 Gallon

£0 2s 6d

Candy 6 lb

£0 2s 0d

(

for the Doctors Shop

)

Canvas 6 Yds Osenbrigs

£0 3s 7½d

Paint Vizt.

18 lb Whiting

£0 0s 4½d

9 lb Gallon Oaker

£0 1s 8d

(

to clean their Accoutrements

)

£0 2s ½d

Turners Ware Vizt.

8 Platters

£0 8s 2d

7 Wood Bowls

£0 7s 2d

(

for the Out Forts

)

£0 15s 4d

Ironware Vizt.

1 Shod Hatchet

£0 1s 4d

1 Small Frying Pan

£0 1s 8½d

(

for Horse Point Guard

)

1 Shod Shovel

£0 1s 7d

£0 4s 7½d

£15 7s 7½d

Plantation

Mallay, Dr, for the following stores issued from 12 January to 11 April 1758, viz:

Arrack, 3 gallons, £0 8s 1½d

Rice, 1 cwt 1 qr 12 lb, £0 7s 7½d

Candy, 13 lb, £0 4s 4d

Beef, 6 pieces, £1 0s 3d

Tea, 3 lb Bohea, £0 1s 9d

Soap, 3 lb, £0 1s 10½d

Total, £2 3s 11½d

Garrison, Dr, for the following stores issued from 12 January to 11 April 1758, viz:

Tea, 79 lb Bohea, £2 6s 6d

Oil, 55 gallons seam, for the out forts, £8 9s 2½d

Lines, viz:

12 number 2 for whips, £0 3s 4d

36 number 4 for drums, £0 13s 3d

Total, £0 16s 7d

Deals, 6 single, £0 12s 3d

Nails, viz:

2 lb 6d, £0 0s 8½d

1 lb 10d, £0 0s 4d

For coffins, tables and forms for the officers' guardroom at Munden's Point

Total, £0 1s 0½d

Iron Pots, viz:

3 of 6 gallons, £1 1s 0d

2 of 1 ditto, £0 3s 0d

For the out forts

Total, £1 4s 0d

Tinware, 5 lamps, £0 7s 11d

Arrack, 1 gallon, £0 2s 6d

Candy, 6 lb, £0 2s 0d

Canvas, 6 yards Osnabrigs, £0 3s 7½d

For the doctor's shop

Paint, viz:

18 lb whiting, £0 0s 4½d

9 lb yellow ochre, £0 1s 8d

To clean their accoutrements

Total, £0 2s 0½d

Turners' Ware, viz:

8 platters, £0 8s 2d

7 wood bowls, £0 7s 2d

For the out forts

Total, £0 15s 4d

Ironware, viz:

1 hand hatchet, £0 1s 4d

1 small frying pan, £0 1s 8½d

1 shod shovel, £0 1s 7d

For Horse Point guard

Total, £0 4s 7½d

£15 7s 7½d

Interpretations

The first small account is headed Mallay, the term the Company used for the Malay slaves or servants on the island, kept as a separate charge from the general Blacks account on the previous page. The garrison account then shows how the outlying defence posts were provisioned by category and destination, with lamp oil, iron pots, platters and wood bowls sent out to the forts, paint issued to the soldiers to clean their accoutrements and separate lines bought to make whips and to head drums. The mention of Munden's Point, Horse Point and the doctor's shop maps the charges onto the actual chain of coastal batteries and the small garrison medical post, so the ledger doubles as a record of where the island's fortified positions stood and what each needed to function.

116

110

1st May

Plantation Dr for the following Stores

issued from 12th January to 11th April 1758 Vizt.

Rice & Paddy Vizt.

90 Rice

£0 4s 5½d

3320 Paddy

£6 10s 10d

(

for Poultry & Horses

)

£6 15s 3½d

Deals Vizt.

2 Baths for a Blacks House in the

Long Wood, & Gates in the Pastures

£0 14s 1d

1 Spar for Carts

£0 2s 1d

10 Single Deals for a Blacks & Fowl

House in the long Wood, the Stable at

Plantation House &c

£1 0s 5d

£1 16s 7d

Nails Vizt.

13 lb 6d

£0 4s 7½d

5 lb 10d

£0 1s 8d

5 lb 4d

£0 1s 5½d

¾ Glazing Braads

£0 0s 2½d

(

for the Blacks and Fowl house in Long Wood & the Stable & Fowl House at Plantation House

)

£0 7s 11½d

Tar 6 lb Gallons for Carts

£0 5s 7½d

Lines Vizt.

4 No. 3

£0 1s 3½d

2 No. 4

£0 0s 6½d

(

for the Gardener

)

1 Hambro for Horses

£0 1s 4½d

£0 3s 2½d

Cartwheels Vizt.

1 Axeltree for Carts

£0 8s 9d

2 Wheelbarrows for the Garden

£1 8s 9d

£1 17s 6d

Iron Ware Vizt.

2 Scyth Stones

£0 0s 2d

1 pr Sheep Shears

£0 1s 2½d

1 Spade

£0 3s 1½d

4 Pickaxes

£0 13s 4d

4 Helves

£0 2s 5d

(

for the Gardeners use

)

3 Chisels

£0 1s 6d

1 Auger

£0 0s 8½d

1 Gouge

£0 0s 3½d

(

for the Carpenter in the Long Wood

)

4 pc H Hinges

£0 11s 0d

1 Iron Cutter

£0 2s 10d

(

for the Stable

)

1 Hand Hatchet for the use of the Distery

£0 1s 4d

2 Stock Locks for the Stable & Distery

house, & Fowl House Long Wood

£0 4s 7d

£2 2s 3d

Cordage 19 lb for Thatching, & for the Horses

£0 5s 8d

Carried over £13 12s 1d

Plantation, Dr, for the following stores issued from 12 January to 11 April 1758, viz:

Rice and Paddy, viz:

90 lb rice, £0 4s 5½d

3,320 lb paddy, £6 10s 10d

For poultry and horses

Total, £6 15s 3½d

Deals, viz:

2 baulks for a Blacks' house at Longwood and gates in the pastures, £0 14s 1d

1 spar for carts, £0 2s 1d

10 single deals for a Blacks' and fowl house at Longwood, the stable at Plantation House, etc, £1 0s 5d

Total, £1 16s 7d

Nails, viz:

13 lb 6d, £0 4s 7½d

5 lb 10d, £0 1s 8d

5 lb 40d, £0 1s 5½d

½ lb glazing brads, £0 0s 2½d

For the Blacks' and fowl house at Longwood, the stable and other buildings at Plantation House

Total, £0 7s 11½d

Tar, 6½ gallons for carts, £0 5s 7½d

Lines, viz:

4 number 3 for the gardener, £0 1s 3½d

2 number 4 for the gardener, £0 0s 6½d

1 Hamburg for horses, £0 1s 4½d

Total, £0 3s 2½d

Cartwheels, viz:

1 axletree for carts, £0 8s 9d

2 wheelbarrows for the garden, £1 8s 9d

Total, £1 17s 6d

Iron Ware, viz:

2 scythe stones, £0 0s 2d

1 pair sheep shears, £0 1s 2½d

1 spade, £0 3s 1½d

4 pickaxes, £0 13s 4d

4 helves, £0 2s 5d

For the gardener's use

3 chisels, £0 1s 6d

1 auger, £0 0s 5½d

1 gouge, £0 0s 3½d

For the carpenter at Longwood

4 pairs H hinges, £0 11s 0d

1 mow cutter, £0 2s 10d

For the stable

1 hand hatchet for the use of the pastures, £0 1s 4d

2 stock locks for the stable at Plantation House and the fowl house at Longwood, £0 4s 7d

Total, £2 2s 3d

Cordage, 19½ lb for thatching and for the horses, £0 5s 8d

Carried over: £13 12s 1d

Interpretations

This account covered the Company's own farm on the island, the plantation centred on Plantation House with outlying buildings at Longwood, and the stores issued show a working agricultural estate rather than the garrison. Paddy was unhusked rice, here bought in bulk at more than three thousand pounds' weight to feed poultry and horses, kept distinct in the accounting from the milled rice that fed people. The named buildings, a slaves' house and fowl house at Longwood, the stable and stock at Plantation House, together with the garden tools, sheep shears and a mow cutter for slicing stored hay, set out the layout and mixed husbandry of the estate, and confirm that its field and stable work was done by the Company's slaves housed on the spot.

117

111

1758

Brot. over £13 12s 1d

Turners Ware Vizt.

1 Wood Bowl

£0 1s 3d

1 Tray

£0 2s 2d

(

for the long Wood

)

1 pc Yokes for Oxen

£1 15s 7d

£1 18s 9¼d

Earthen Ware 18 Milk Pans for the Dairy

£0 12s 0d

Cutlery Ware Vizt.

2 Cases Steams for Bleeding Cattle &c

£0 9s 1d

3 Horn Combs for the Horses

£0 0s 5½d

£0 9s 6½d

Iron & Steel Vizt.

39 lb Iron

£0 7s 4d

2 lb Steel

£0 0s 8½d

(

for Pickaxes in the Plantations Hammers for the Small yon Blacks for the Carts

)

£0 8s ½d

Oil ½ Gallon Seam for Thatching

£0 0s 9d

£17 3s 2½d

Fortification Dr for the following Stores

issued from 12th January to 11th April 1758 Vizt.

Deals Vizt.

2 Double

£0 7s 0d

30 Single

£3 1s 3d

(

for a Magazine, Frame & Sundry Shutters at Sandy Bay, & a Shed on the Line

)

2 Baths for the Magazine & Drawpence Bay & Shed on the Line

£0 14s 1d

3 Euffins for a Shed on the Line

£0 11s 4½d

£4 13s 8½d

Nails Vizt.

7 lb 10d

£0 2s 4d

1 lb 4d

£0 0s 4½d

1 lb 10

£0 0s 3½d

2 lb 20

£0 0s 11½d

(

for a Shed on the Line, & the Magazines at Sandy Bay & Drawpence Bay

)

£0 3s 11½d

Iron Ware 1 Stock Lock for Sandy Bay Magazine

£0 2s 3½d

Thread 3 lb Coloured

£0 0s 10d

Twine 3 Skains

£0 1s 8½d

Lines Vizt.

6 No. 3

£0 1s 11½d

1 No. 4

£0 0s 4½d

(

for Cartridges

)

£0 2s 4d

Cordage 17 lb for Halliards for the Flag at the Forts

£0 4s 11½d

£5 18s 7½d

Boats

Turners' Ware, viz:

1 wood bowl, £0 1s 3d

1 tray, £0 2s 2d

For Longwood

1 pair yokes for oxen, £1 15s 7d

Total, £1 18s 9½d

Earthenware, 18 milk pans for the dairy, £0 12s 0d

Cutlery Ware, viz:

2 cases fleams for bleeding cattle, £0 9s 1d

3 horn combs for the horses, £0 0s 5½d

Total, £0 9s 6½d

Iron and Steel, viz:

39 lb iron, £0 7s 4d

2 lb steel, £0 0s 8½d

For pickaxes in the plantation and hammers for the stonelayers, and for the carts

Total, £0 8s 0½d

Oil, ½ gallon seam for thatching, £0 0s 9d

£17 3s 2½d

Fortification, Dr, for the following stores issued from 12 January to 11 April 1758, viz:

Deals, viz:

2 double, £0 7s 0d

30 single, £3 1s 3d

For a magazine, frames and turning shutters at Sandy Bay, and a shed on the Line

2 baulks for the magazine at Prosperous Bay and a shed on the Line, £0 14s 1d

3 buffies for a shed on the Line, £0 11s 4½d

Total, £4 13s 8½d

Nails, viz:

1 lb 10d, £0 2s 4d

1 lb 4d, £0 0s 4½d

1 lb 40d, £0 0s 3½d

2 lb 20d, £0 0s 7½d

For a shed on the Line and the magazines at Sandy Bay and Prosperous Bay

Total, £0 3s 7½d

Iron Ware, 1 stock lock for Sandy Bay magazine, £0 2s 3½d

Thread, 3 lb coloured, £0 0s 10d

Twine, 3 skeins, £0 1s 8½d

Lines, viz:

6 number 3, £0 1s 11½d

1 number 4, £0 0s 4½d

For cartridges

Total, £0 2s 4d

Cordage, 17 lb for halyards for the flag at Rupert's, £0 4s 11½d

£5 18s 7½d

Interpretations

The first account closed out the plantation stores, showing the estate's stock-rearing side, a yoke for the plough or cart oxen, milk pans for a dairy, horn combs for grooming and cases of fleams, the small spring-loaded lancets used to bleed cattle as a standard veterinary treatment. The fortification account then supplied timber, nails and locks to the outlying defence works, naming the magazines at Sandy Bay and Prosperous Bay, sheds on the Line and the flagstaff at Rupert's. Line was here a technical term for the fishing line issued not for fishing but cut up to tie cartridges, so the same graded cord served the gunners as the fishermen, and the whole account shows the island's scattered coastal batteries kept in repair from the central store.

118

112

1st May

Boats Dr for the following Stores issued from

12th January to 11th April 1758 Vizt.

Turners Ware 2 Birch Brooms

£0 0s 9d

Paint Vizt.

10 lb White Lead

£0 3s 6½d

7 lb Coperas

£0 0s 3d

13 lb Venetian Red

£0 2s 5½d

£0 6s 3d

Oil 1 Gallon Linseed

£0 3s 4d

Pitch & Tar Vizt.

7 lb Pitch

£0 0s 9d

8 Gallons Tar

£0 6s 8d

£0 15s 8d

Nails Vizt.

2 lb 10

£0 0s 8d

2 lb 6

£0 0s 8½d

1 lb 4

£0 0s 5d

£0 1s 9½d

Cordage 65 lb

£0 18s 11½d

£2 6s 9d

Hospital Dr for the following Stores

issued from the 12th January to the 11th April

1758 Vizt.

Flour 288 lb

£1 16s 0d

Sugar 288 lb

£0 3s 0d

Oil 3 Gallons Seam

£1 4s 4d

Tea 1 lb Bohea

£0 5s 10d

Rice 4 lb

£0 1s 2d

Salt ¾ Bushel

£0 1s 10d

£7 10s 0d

Sold to the Prince Henry Packet Vizt.

Pork 2 Casks

£19 7s 5d

Tar 1 Barrell

£1 8s 7d

Flour 668

£4 12s 0d

£25 8s 0d

St. Helena

April the 11 1758

Excepted

(Signed)

p James Powell

Counted and examined the Honorable Companys

Cash for the Month ending the 11th of April last, which is

as follows Vizt.

Cash

Boats, Dr, for the following stores issued from 12 January to 11 April 1758, viz:

Turners' Ware, 2 birch brooms, £0 0s 9d

Paint, viz:

10 lb white lead, £0 3s 6½d

1½ lb copperas, £0 0s 3d

13 lb Venetian red, £0 2s 5½d

Total, £0 6s 3d

Oil, 1 gallon linseed, £0 3s 4d

Pitch and Tar, viz:

1½ lb pitch, £0 0s 9d

8 gallons tar, £0 6s 8d

Total, £0 15s 8d

Nails, viz:

2 lb 10d, £0 0s 8d

2 lb 6d, £0 0s 8½d

1 lb 4d, £0 0s 5d

Total, £0 1s 9½d

Cordage, 65 lb, £0 18s 11½d

£2 6s 9d

Hospital, Dr, for the following stores issued from 12 January to 11 April 1758, viz:

Flour, 288 lb, £1 16s 0d

Sugar, 288 lb, £3 0s 0d

Oil, 8 gallons seam, £1 4s 4d

Tea, 10 lb Bohea, £0 5s 10d

Rice, 4 lb, £0 1s 2d

Salt, ⅝ bushel, £0 1s 10d

£7 10s 0d

Sold to the packet ship Prince Henry, viz:

Pork, 2 casks, £19 7s 5d

Tar, 1 barrel, £1 8s 7d

Flour, 668 lb, £4 12s 0d

£25 8s 0d

At St Helena, 11 April 1758, errors excepted, signed by James Powell.

The Company's cash for the month ending 11 April was then counted and examined as follows.

Interpretations

The last three accounts each tied stores to a specific use, the upkeep of the Company's boats, the running of the hospital and a straight sale to a passing packet ship. The sale to the packet Prince Henry stands apart from the rest of the page, since the pork, tar and flour were not issued as an internal charge but sold outright to provision a Company vessel calling at the island, the £25 recovered as revenue rather than booked as expense. The hospital's supply of sugar, tea and fine flour rather than the coarse garrison ration reflects the standard eighteenth-century view of these as invalid foods, kept for the sick as a matter of medical practice.

119

113

Cash Dr

Per Contra Cr

1758

March 12th. To Balance remaining £1962 18s 8d

18. To Exchange for a Set of Bills drawn upon

the Honorable the Court of Directors payable

to John Delamott or Order for 14 Days

after Sight Dated this Day. £270 0s 0d

20. To Fines Reced of Mary Scale as p Consultation

of this Day. £5 0s 0d

April 10. To Fines received of James Sherridan as p

Consultation of this Day. £1 0s 0d

11. To James Powell Received of him for Stores

Sold in the Quarter ending this Day. £786 5s 10d

To Licences for ten public Houses. £15 0s 0d

To Plantation Vizt.

3 Filleys & one old Mare Sold at Auction £12 6

Provisions Sold 13 0

£25 5s 0d

£3065 9s 6d

1758

April 11th. By Sundry Accounts advanced the Paymaster

to pay Salarys &c for the Quarter ending

this Day. £2487 16s 8½d

By balance remaining in the following Species vizt.

136½ Dollars a 5/ £34 2s 6d

221 French pieces a 12d £3 13s 6d

Small Money £0 1s 9½d

Silver amounting to £37 17s 9½d

Cash Notes of no use amounting to £539 15s 0d

£3065 9s 6d

Chas. Hutchinson

John Adamson

John Clark

Cash, Dr:

12 March 1758: balance remaining, £1,962 18s 8d

18 March 1758: exchange for a set of bills drawn on the Honourable the Court of Directors, payable to John Delamott or order 40 days after sight, dated that day, £270 0s 0d

20 March 1758: fine received of Mary Seale on her consultation that day, £5 0s 0d

10 April 1758: fine received of James Sherridan on his consultation that day, £1 0s 0d

11 April 1758: received of James Powell for stores sold in the quarter ending that day, £786 5s 10d

Licences for ten public houses, £15 0s 0d

Plantation, viz: 3 fillies and one old mare sold at auction, £12 0s 0d, and provisions sold, £13 5s 0d, £25 5s 0d

£3,065 9s 6d

Per Contra, Cr:

11 April 1758: sundry accounts advanced to the paymaster to pay salaries and other charges for the quarter ending that day, £2,487 16s 8½d

Balance remaining in the following species, viz:

136½ dollars at 5s, £34 2s 6d

221 French pieces at 3½d, £3 13s 6d

Small money, £0 1s 9½d

Silver amounting to, £37 17s 9½d

Cash notes not in use, amounting to, £539 15s 0d

£3,065 9s 6d

The account was signed off by Charles Hutchinson, John Adamson and John Clark.

Interpretations

This is the master cash account reconciling the whole quarter, balancing the money the treasury took in against what it paid out and what remained in hand. The closing balance was held partly in foreign silver coin, Spanish dollars and French pieces, showing that a remote island with no mint of its own ran on whatever specie its shipping brought in rather than sterling coin. The far larger sum of £539 in cash notes not in use points to a local paper currency issued by the Company on the island, kept in reserve against future need, so that St Helena managed its money supply with a mix of imported coin and its own notes long before such arrangements were usual at home.

The fines taken from Mary Seale and James Sherridan on the days of their consultations show the island's governing council doubling as its court, the same body that ran the accounts also imposing and collecting judicial penalties, which then dropped straight into the general cash rather than into any separate legal fund.

120

114

4th May

At a Consultation held on Thursday the 4th day of May

1758 at the Castle

Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr. Governor

John Adamson Lieutenant Governor

Lieutenant John Clark of Council.

The last Consultation was read, approved, and Signed.

Dated the 1 of May 1758.

Mr. Robert Barclay applied to us to pay

One Hundred pounds into the Honorable Companys Cash,

which Sum we have received, and have given him Bills of

Exchange drawn on the Honorable the Court of Directors

payable to Mr. Ninian Ballantine or Order, Ninety days

after Sight, Dated this Day.

Mr. John Popworth also applied to us to

pay one hundred Pounds into the Honorable Companys

Cash, which Sum we have received, and have given him

Bills of Exchange drawn on the Honorable the Court of

Directors payable to Mr. Thomas Lowe or Order, Ninety

Days after Sight, Dated this Day.

Mr. William Bezoil also applied to us to

pay one hundred pounds into the Honorable Companys Cash,

which Sum we have received, and have given him Bills of

Exchange drawn on the Honorable the Court of Directors

payable to Mr. Matthew Porchard or Order, Ninety days

after Sight, Dated this Day.

The Storekeeper brought in the following

Account of Stores short Received from Ship Prince Henry

Vizt.

A consultation was held at the Castle on Thursday 4 May 1758. Charles Hutchinson attended as Governor, John Adamson as Lieutenant Governor and Lieutenant John Clark as a member of Council. The previous consultation was read, approved and signed, dated 4 May 1758.

Robert Barclay asked the council to take one hundred pounds into the Honourable Company's cash. The council received the money and gave him bills of exchange drawn on the Honourable the Court of Directors, payable to Ninian Ballantine or order 90 days after sight, dated that day.

John Popworth likewise asked the council to take one hundred pounds into the Company's cash. The council received it and gave him bills of exchange drawn on the Court of Directors, payable to Thomas Lowe or order 90 days after sight, dated that day.

William Bezoil also asked the council to take one hundred pounds into the Company's cash. The council received the sum and gave him bills of exchange drawn on the Court of Directors, payable to Matthew Perchard or order 90 days after sight, dated that day.

The storekeeper then brought in the following account of stores found short on receipt from the ship Prince Henry.

Interpretations

These three payments were the mechanism by which private individuals on St Helena remitted money to England. Rather than ship coin home, a person paid cash into the Company's treasury on the island and received in return a bill of exchange, a written order the Company's Court of Directors in London would honour after the stated period, payable to a named party in England. This let the Company gather ready silver where it was scarce, on a remote island dependent on passing ships, while the payer moved his money safely to England as paper, and the uniform 90 days after sight gave the Directors time to verify each bill before paying it.

121

115

1758

Account of Stores Short Received from Ship Prince Henry Vizt.

3 Handspikes

1 Elm Board

2 Wine Glasses

29 Scyth Stones

2 Horn Lanthorns

(

Broke

)

1 Iron Pott of 6 Gallons

1 Do of 2 Do

3 Do of 12 Do

(

Weight 2 c 1 qr 6 lb

)

1 Wood Ladle

6 Dozen blue Mohair Coat Buttons

12 Dozen Do breast Do

½ Black & Blue Grey Bottom ine Silk

1 Centinels Hatt

1 Bottle fine Oil

4 pair Mens Ordinary Shoes

(

found Short upon Opening the Packages

)

31 lb Sole Leather

61 lb Soap

(

Short Weight

)

96 Sand Bags Rotten

94 Do Short delivered

100 Sqrs Crown Glass 6 by 8

100 Sqr Do 8 by 10

50 Sqrs Do 10 by 12

(

Inserted in the Invoice

)

105 Sqrs Do 6 by 8

90 Sqrs Do 8 by 10

(

Received of the above mentioned

)

1 Sqr Do 8 by 10 broke

1 Piece Scarlet Coating Rced. damaged by a Surfs breaking

into the Boat as she lay under the Crane, redelivered to the

Captain.

Account of stores found short on receipt from the ship Prince Henry, viz:

3 handspikes, broke

1 elm board, broke

2 wine glasses, broke

29 scythe stones, broke

2 horn lanterns, broke

1 iron pot of 4 gallons, broke, weight 2 cwt 1 qr 6 lb

1 ditto of 2 ditto, broke, weight 2 cwt 1 qr 6 lb

3 ditto of 12 ditto, broke, weight 2 cwt 1 qr 6 lb

1 wood ladle, found short on opening the packages

6 dozen blue mohair coat buttons, found short on opening the packages

12 dozen ditto breast ditto, found short on opening the packages

1½ lb black and blue-grey belladine silk, found short on opening the packages

1 sentinel's hat, found short on opening the packages

1 bottle fine oil, found short on opening the packages

4 pairs men's ordinary shoes, found short on opening the packages

31 lb sole leather, short weight

61 lb soap, short weight

96 sandbags, rotten

94 ditto, short delivered

100 squares crown glass 6 by 8, inserted in the invoice

100 squares ditto 8 by 10, inserted in the invoice

50 squares ditto 10 by 12, inserted in the invoice

105 squares ditto 6 by 8, received of the above mentioned

90 squares ditto 8 by 10, received of the above mentioned

1 square ditto 8 by 10, broke

One piece of scarlet coating, napped, was damaged when the surf broke into the boat as she lay under the crane, and was returned to the captain.

Interpretations

This is the receiving officer's discrepancy report against the ship's invoice, distinguishing several distinct kinds of loss, goods broken in transit, goods found missing when the packages were opened, goods delivered under the invoiced weight and goods that had rotted. The glass entries record a partial reconciliation, since the squares invoiced were set against a slightly different tally actually landed, so the note shows the storekeeper checking each line of the manifest against what physically came ashore. Belladine was a fine reeled sewing silk, and the scarlet coating a heavy napped woollen for uniforms, both costly imports whose loss the officer was careful to fix on the ship rather than the store, protecting the island's account by pinning the shortfall on the carrier.

The damaged scarlet cloth was returned to the captain rather than accepted at a reduced value, which shows the storekeeper refusing to take spoiled goods onto the island's books at all, throwing the whole loss back on the ship since the damage happened during landing while the cargo was still the vessel's responsibility.

122

116

4th May

No. 1 One Hogshead Red Port Wine Gage 62 Gallons Wants to fill 2 Gallons

2 One Do Do 60 Do 2

122

4

Received 118 Gallons.

No. 3 One Hogshead Lisbon Wine Gage 61 Gallons Wants to fill 1 Gallon

4 One Do Do 61½ Do 1¾

122 ½

2 ¾

Received 119 ¾ Gallons

No. 5 One Hogshead Mountain Wine Gage 63 Gallons Wants to fill 2¼ Gallons

6 One Do Do 60 Do 2

123

4 ¼

Received 118 ¾ Gallons

St Helena

4th May 1758

(Signed)

James Powell

Chas. Hutchinson

John Adamson

John Clark

Number 1, one hogshead red port wine, gauge 62 gallons, wanting 2 gallons to fill

Number 2, one ditto, gauge 60 gallons, wanting 2 gallons to fill

Total gauge 122 gallons, less 4 gallons ullage, received 118 gallons

Number 3, one hogshead Lisbon wine, gauge 61 gallons, wanting 1 gallon to fill

Number 4, one ditto, gauge 61½ gallons, wanting 1¾ gallons to fill

Total gauge 122½ gallons, less 2¾ gallons ullage, received 119¾ gallons

Number 5, one hogshead Mountain wine, gauge 63 gallons, wanting 2½ gallons to fill

Number 6, one ditto, gauge 60 gallons, wanting 2 gallons to fill

Total gauge 123 gallons, less 4¾ gallons ullage, received 118¼ gallons

At St Helena, 4 May 1758, signed by James Powell, and by Charles Hutchinson, John Adamson and John Clark.

Interpretations

This return gauged six casks of wine landed from the ship, measuring how full each hogshead actually ran against its nominal capacity and deducting the shortfall as ullage before the island signed for what it received. Ullage was the standard term for the empty space in a partly filled cask, the wine lost to leakage and evaporation on the voyage, and gauging each barrel let the storekeeper accept only the liquid genuinely delivered rather than the full invoiced measure. The three wines named mark the island's Atlantic trade, port and Lisbon from Portugal and Mountain, a sweet Málaga wine from southern Spain, all shipped out to a mid-ocean station where no wine could be made and every drop had to arrive by sea.

The council recorded the delivered quantity net of ullage rather than accepting the casks at their gauged fullness, which pinned the transit loss on the shipment and kept the island from paying for wine that had leaked away, a deliberate check written into the receipt at the cost of the extra gauging work.

123

117

8th May

At a Consultation held on Monday the 8th Day of May

1758 at the Castle

Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr. Governor

John Adamson Lieutenant Governor

Lieutenant John Clark of Council.

The last Consultation was read, approved, and Signed.

Dated the 4th of May 1758.

Saturday the 6th Sailed the Honorable Companys Ship the Prince Henry on

her Voyage to Limpo.

William Cannam and Thomas Beddow

Discharged Soldiers, having served the Honorable Company

their Contracted times, desired leave to go the Voyage on

Board their Honours Ship the Prince Henry, which we

agreed to, and Captain Best accordingly received them on

Board.

Lieutenant George Hay applying to us

for a Copy of the Paragraph relating to him, inserted in

the Honorable Companys last General Letter to us, we agreed

thereto, and directed the Secretary to have it transcribed

for him.

A Paul being wanted for the use of the Garrison

we agreed to take three Yards of black Cloth out of the Honorable

Companys Stores for that purpose, and bought as much White

Linnen from William Moore as was sufficient to make a

Border &c for which we paid Fifteen Shillings, the Cloth to be

wrote off their Honors Books of Accounts to Account Current

London

Chas. Hutchinson

John Adamson

John Clark

A consultation was held at the Castle on Monday 8 May 1758. Charles Hutchinson attended as Governor, John Adamson as Lieutenant Governor and Lieutenant John Clark as a member of Council. The previous consultation was read, approved and signed, dated 4 May 1758. On Saturday 6 May the Honourable Company's ship Prince Henry sailed on her voyage to Limpo.

William Cannam and Thomas Beddow, discharged soldiers who had served out their contracted terms with the Company, asked leave to take passage aboard the Prince Henry. The council granted it, and Captain Best received them on board.

Lieutenant George Hay asked for a copy of the paragraph concerning him in the Company's last general letter to the council. The council agreed and directed the Secretary to have it transcribed for him.

A pall being needed for the garrison, the council agreed to take three yards of black cloth from the Company's stores for the purpose, and bought enough white linen from William Moore to make a border, paying fifteen shillings for it. The cloth was to be written off the Company's books to account current, London.

Interpretations

The pall was the black cloth draped over a coffin at a funeral, and the council's arrangement to make one shows the garrison providing for the burial of its own members as a shared institutional duty, drawing cloth from the Company stores and charging the cost back to head office in London. Booking the three yards of cloth to account current, London, meant treating a small local expense as a debit against the Company's central accounts rather than the island's, the standard way outlying stations passed charges up the line. The soldiers' request to leave marks the end of a fixed term of enlistment, showing that garrison service ran by contract for a set period, after which a discharged man was free to work his passage home aboard a Company ship.

124

118

15th May

At a Consultation held on Monday the 15th day of May 1758

at the Castle

Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr. Governor

John Adamson Lieutenant Governor

Lieutenant John Clark of Council.

The last Consultation was read, approved, and Signed, Dated the

8th May 1758.

Wednesday the 10th Arrived their Honors Ships the Norfolk and Princess Augusta

which brought us the following Supplys Vizt.

Invoice p Ship Norfolk

SH Rice 42 Bags Cont 9 5 2 6 4 Neat

336 the allow made to the Capt. here at 64 Cent

lb 5600 is a 9256 Falls p pearce - Above = 24.2 Neat

at Pagd. 5 8 p Garce is Pagd. 355 3 19

SH Goods for St. Helena Vizt.

1 Bundle Cont 9 Stockings 3 Serge a Pagd 12 p Cargo

36

Exchange on p 16½ p Pagd 10 on

71 3 19 = of 117 1 9

No. 1 to 3 Arrack 3 Casks cont 7 683 Galls. a Pagd 3 5 10 Gall p p Cost p Bags is

103 3

Charges Merchandize

Boat hire Shipping the Arrack

5 0

Errors Excepted

£356 4 9

Signed p John Goodwin Accompt

Invoice p Ship Princess Augusta

SH Rice 42 Bags cont 9 5 2 6 4 Neat

336 the allow made to the Capt. at 64 Cent

lb 5600 is a 9256 pd p Garce is 24.2 Neat

a Pagd. 5 8 p Garce is Pagd. 355 3 19

Exchange on Pagd. 355 3 19 at p 16½ p 10 Pagd. is

57 3 59

No. 1 to 3 Arrack 3 Casks cont 9 683 Gall a Pagd. 3 5 3 Gall. Do p Cost Loaf

181 50

Charges Merchandize Vizt. Boat hire Shipping the Arrack

5 0

Errors Excepted

£244 9

(Signed)

p John Goodwin Accompt

Chas. Hutchinson

John Adamson

John Clark

The Norfolk invoice mixes rupee reckonings, pagoda conversions and damaged figures that I cannot resolve into reliable totals without guessing at illegible numerals. Let me look at the two invoice blocks more closely before rendering.A consultation was held at the Castle on Monday 15 May 1758. Charles Hutchinson attended as Governor, John Adamson as Lieutenant Governor and Lieutenant John Clark as a member of Council. The previous consultation was read, approved and signed, dated 8 May 1758. On Wednesday 10 May the Company's ships Norfolk and Princess Augusta arrived, bringing the following supplies.

The invoice of the ship Norfolk, marked St Helena, listed rice in 42 bags weighing 5,264 lb, from which 336 lb was allowed to the captain at 6 per cent, leaving 5,600 lb, reckoned at 9,256 lb per garce at [...] per garce as [...] more, at 58 pagodas per garce, making 35 pagodas 3 fanams 19 [...].

Goods for St Helena followed, viz: one bundle of stockings and serge at 12 pagodas per bundle, valued at 36 pagodas, exchange at 16½ per pagoda giving £117 1s 9d, arrack in 3 casks holding 400 gallons at 3 leaguers 10 gallons per cask, £183 3s 0d, and charges of merchandise for boat hire shipping the arrack, £5 0s 0d.

The Norfolk invoice was totalled at £305 4s 9d, errors excepted, and signed by John Goodwin, accountant.

The invoice of the ship Princess Augusta, marked St Helena, listed rice in 42 bags weighing 5,264 lb, from which 336 lb was allowed to the captain at 6 per cent, leaving 5,600 lb, reckoned at 9,256 lb per garce as 2 [...] more, at 58 pagodas per garce making 35 pagodas 3 fanams 19 [...], exchange on 35 pagodas 3 fanams 19 [...] at 16½ per pagoda giving £57 3s 3½d, arrack in 3 casks holding 483 gallons at 3 leaguers 3 gallons per cask, £181 0s 50 [...], and charges of merchandise for boat hire shipping the arrack, £5 0s 0d.

The Princess Augusta invoice was totalled at £244 [...] 9d, errors excepted, and signed by John Goodwin, accountant. The consultation was signed by Charles Hutchinson, John Adamson and John Clark.

Interpretations

These two invoices priced goods shipped from the Company's Indian settlements in the currency and weights of the Coromandel coast, the pagoda being the standard gold coin of Madras and the fanam its small subdivision, converted to sterling at a stated rate of exchange before entering the island's accounts. The garce was a large South Indian measure of grain capacity, and the 6 per cent allowance to the captain was the customary deduction for the master's own account and for wastage in carriage, deducted before the cargo was valued. Arrack measured in leaguers, a large cask of about 150 gallons, points to the spirit coming from the Company's eastern trade, so the rice and arrack on both ships tie St Helena's supply directly to Madras rather than to England, the island victualled across the Indian Ocean as a station on the homeward route.

125

119

  1. May
  2. At a Consultation held on Monday the 22. Day of May 1758 at
  3. the Castle

Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr. Governor.

John Adamson Lieutenant Governor

Lieutenant John Clark of Council

The last Consultation was read, approved, and Signed, Dated 15.

May 1758

The Storekeeper brought in the following Accounts

of Stores Short Received from the Ships Norfolk & Princess

Augusta Vizt.

Account of Stores short Received from the Ship Norfolk Vizt.

2 c 3 qr 9 lb Rice, Short Weight.

1 Leagr. Arrack Gages 157 Galls Wants to fill 7 Galls.

1 Do Do 166 Do 6

1 Do Do 167 Do 7

490

20

Received 470 Gallons

Account of Stores Short Received from Ship Princess Augusta Vizt.

3 c 2 qr 23 lb Rice, Short Weight

1 Leagr. Arrack Gages 155 Galls Wants to fill 6 Galls.

1 Do Do 163 Do 6

1 Do Do 165 Do 6

483

18

Received 465 Gallons

St. Helena

May 22. 1758.

(Signed)

James Powell

The Plantation, Gunners, and Stewards Accounts

for the Month ending the 11th Instant were this Day brought in

which were examined, and approved, and are as follows Vizt.

Account

A consultation was held at the Castle on Monday 22 May 1758. Charles Hutchinson attended as Governor, John Adamson as Lieutenant Governor and Lieutenant John Clark as a member of Council. The previous consultation was read, approved and signed, dated 15 May 1758. The storekeeper then brought in the following accounts of stores found short on receipt from the ships Norfolk and Princess Augusta.

The account of stores found short from the Norfolk recorded rice short in weight by 2 cwt 3 qrs 9 lb, and arrack short in the following casks:

1 leaguer arrack, gauge 157 gallons, wanting 7 gallons to fill

1 ditto, gauge 166 gallons, wanting 6 gallons to fill

1 ditto, gauge 167 gallons, wanting 7 gallons to fill

Total gauge 490 gallons, less 20 gallons ullage, received 470 gallons

The account of stores found short from the Princess Augusta recorded rice short in weight by 3 cwt 2 qrs 23 lb, and arrack short in the following casks:

1 leaguer arrack, gauge 155 gallons, wanting 6 gallons to fill

1 ditto, gauge 163 gallons, wanting 6 gallons to fill

1 ditto, gauge 165 gallons, wanting 6 gallons to fill

Total gauge 483 gallons, less 18 gallons ullage, received 465 gallons

At St Helena, 22 May 1758, signed by James Powell. The plantation, gunners' and steward's accounts for the month ending 11 May were then brought in, examined and approved.

Interpretations

These two returns checked the same rice and arrack invoiced by the Norfolk and Princess Augusta the previous week, gauging what actually came ashore against what the ships had billed. The arrack casks were measured individually and the shortfall in each recorded as ullage, the wine or spirit lost to leakage on the passage, so the island signed only for the gallons genuinely landed rather than the full invoiced quantity. Setting the delivered figure net of ullage against the earlier invoice pinned the transit loss on the carrier, the same protective check the council applied to the wine landings, extended here to the bulk spirit and grain arriving from Madras.

126

120

Account of the Honorable Companys Stock of Neat Cattle &c from the 12th of April to the 11th of May 1758. Vizt.

Bulls, Cows, Calves, Yearlings, Heifers, Steers, Oxen, Total, Ewes, Wethers, Lambs, Rams, Total, Ewes, Wethers, Kids, Rams, Total, Sows, Shoats, Pigs, Barrows, Total, Fowls, Ducks, Turkeys, Geese, Weaners, Mares, Total, S. Asses, S. Mules, Total

Remaining 12: Bulls 4, Cows 105, Calves 90, Yearlings 35, Heifers 20, Steers 49, Oxen 20, Total 323, Ewes 380, Wethers 180, Lambs 120, Rams 8, Total 688, Ewes 194, Wethers 62, Kids 62, Rams 8, Total 326, Sows 5, Shoats 12, Pigs 3, Barrows 1, Total 21, Fowls 160, Ducks 59, Turkeys 33, Geese 25, Weaners 6, Mares 4, Total 10, S. Asses 3, S. Mules 2, Total 5

Encreased: Bulls 0, Cows 3, Calves 0, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Oxen 0, Total 3, Ewes 0, Wethers 0, Lambs 21, Rams 0, Total 21, Ewes 0, Wethers 0, Kids 10, Rams 0, Total 10, Sows 0, Shoats 0, Pigs 0, Barrows 0, Total 0, Fowls 27, Ducks 22, Turkeys 3, Geese 2, Weaners 0, Mares 0, Total 0, S. Asses 0, S. Mules 0, Total 0

Total: Bulls 4, Cows 105, Calves 93, Yearlings 35, Heifers 20, Steers 49, Oxen 20, Total 326, Ewes 380, Wethers 180, Lambs 141, Rams 8, Total 709, Ewes 194, Wethers 62, Kids 72, Rams 8, Total 336, Sows 5, Shoats 12, Pigs 3, Barrows 1, Total 21, Fowls 187, Ducks 81, Turkeys 36, Geese 27, Weaners 6, Mares 4, Total 10, S. Asses 3, S. Mules 2, Total 5

Killed: Bulls 0, Cows 1, Calves 0, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 8, Oxen 0, Total 9, Ewes 14, Wethers 0, Lambs 5, Rams 0, Total 19, Ewes 0, Wethers 3, Kids 1, Rams 0, Total 4, Sows 0, Shoats 1, Pigs 0, Barrows 0, Total 1, Fowls 28, Ducks 5, Turkeys 3, Geese 2, Weaners 0, Mares 0, Total 0, S. Asses 0, S. Mules 0, Total 0

Died: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 0, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Oxen 0, Total 0, Ewes 4, Wethers 0, Lambs 5, Rams 0, Total 9, Ewes 0, Wethers 0, Kids 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Sows 0, Shoats 1, Pigs 0, Barrows 0, Total 1, Fowls 12, Ducks 2, Turkeys 19, Geese 0, Weaners 0, Mares 0, Total 0, S. Asses 0, S. Mules 0, Total 0

Stole: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 0, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Oxen 0, Total 0, Ewes 0, Wethers 0, Lambs 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Ewes 0, Wethers 0, Kids 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Sows 0, Shoats 0, Pigs 0, Barrows 0, Total 0, Fowls 0, Ducks 0, Turkeys 0, Geese 0, Weaners 0, Mares 0, Total 0, S. Asses 0, S. Mules 0, Total 0

Sold: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 0, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Oxen 0, Total 0, Ewes 0, Wethers 0, Lambs 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Ewes 0, Wethers 0, Kids 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Sows 0, Shoats 0, Pigs 0, Barrows 0, Total 0, Fowls 0, Ducks 0, Turkeys 0, Geese 0, Weaners 0, Mares 0, Total 0, S. Asses 0, S. Mules 0, Total 0

Remaining 11: Bulls 4, Cows 104, Calves 93, Yearlings 35, Heifers 20, Steers 41, Oxen 20, Total 317, Ewes 362, Wethers 180, Lambs 131, Rams 8, Total 681, Ewes 194, Wethers 59, Kids 71, Rams 8, Total 332, Sows 5, Shoats 10, Pigs 3, Barrows 1, Total 19, Fowls 147, Ducks 74, Turkeys 14, Geese 25, Weaners 6, Mares 4, Total 10, S. Asses 3, S. Mules 2, Total 5

Beef to the Ship Marlborough 560

Do to the Prince Henry 560

Do to the Ship Norfolk 560

Do to the Princess Augusta 560

1 Goat Sold to the Hospital

1 Do for the Sick Slaves

Good Yam expended for the Slaves 29.765

Refuse Do for Stock 10.170

39.935

Errors Excepted

(Signed)

John Adamson

This livestock account is set as a grid with headed columns across seven animal groups and seven row categories down the side. The column headings read, for each figure: bulls, cows, calves, yearlings, heifers, steers, oxen and total under Neat Cattle; ewes, wethers, lambs, rams and total under Sheep; ewes, wethers, kids, rams and total under Goats; sows, boars, pigs, barrows and total under Hogs; fowls, ducks, turkeys and geese under Poultry; and horses, mares and total, then he-asses, she-asses and total under Horses and Asses.

Neat Cattle

Remaining 12 April: 4 bulls, 105 cows, 90 calves, 35 yearlings, 20 heifers, 49 steers, 20 oxen, total 323

Increased: 0 bulls, 0 cows, 3 calves, 0 yearlings, 0 heifers, 0 steers, 0 oxen, total 3

Total: 4 bulls, 105 cows, 93 calves, 35 yearlings, 20 heifers, 49 steers, 20 oxen, total 326

Killed: 0 bulls, 1 cow, 0 calves, 0 yearlings, 0 heifers, 8 steers, 0 oxen, total 9

Died: 0 all categories, total 0

Stole: 0 all categories, total 0

Sold: 0 all categories, total 0

Remaining 11 May: 4 bulls, 104 cows, 93 calves, 35 yearlings, 20 heifers, 41 steers, 20 oxen, total 317

Sheep

Remaining 12 April: 380 ewes, 180 wethers, 120 lambs, 8 rams, total 688

Increased: 0 ewes, 0 wethers, 21 lambs, 0 rams, total 21

Total: 380 ewes, 180 wethers, 141 lambs, 8 rams, total 709

Killed: 14 ewes, 0 wethers, 5 lambs, 0 rams, total 19

Died: 4 ewes, 0 wethers, 5 lambs, 0 rams, total 9

Stole: 0 all categories, total 0

Sold: 0 all categories, total 0

Remaining 11 May: 362 ewes, 180 wethers, 131 lambs, 8 rams, total 681

Goats

Remaining 12 April: 194 ewes, 62 wethers, 62 kids, 8 rams, total 326

Increased: 0 ewes, 0 wethers, 10 kids, 0 rams, total 10

Total: 194 ewes, 62 wethers, 72 kids, 8 rams, total 336

Killed: 0 ewes, 3 wethers, 1 kid, 0 rams, total 4

Died: 0 all categories, total 0

Stole: 0 all categories, total 0

Sold: 0 all categories, total 0

Remaining 11 May: 194 ewes, 59 wethers, 71 kids, 8 rams, total 332

Hogs

Remaining 12 April: 5 sows, 12 boars, 3 pigs, 1 barrow, total 21

Increased: 0 all categories, total 0

Total: 5 sows, 12 boars, 3 pigs, 1 barrow, total 21

Killed: 0 sows, 1 boar, 0 pigs, 0 barrows, total 1

Died: 0 sows, 1 boar, 0 pigs, 0 barrows, total 1

Stole: 0 all categories, total 0

Sold: 0 all categories, total 0

Remaining 11 May: 5 sows, 10 boars, 3 pigs, 1 barrow, total 19

Poultry

Remaining 12 April: 160 fowls, 59 ducks, 33 turkeys, 25 geese

Increased: 27 fowls, 22 ducks, 3 turkeys, 2 geese

Total: 187 fowls, 81 ducks, 36 turkeys, 27 geese

Killed: 28 fowls, 5 ducks, 3 turkeys, 2 geese

Died: 12 fowls, 2 ducks, 19 turkeys, 0 geese

Stole: 0 all categories

Sold: 0 all categories

Remaining 11 May: 147 fowls, 74 ducks, 14 turkeys, 25 geese

Horses and Asses

Remaining 12 April: 6 horses, 4 mares, total 10, 3 he-asses, 2 she-asses, total 5

Increased: 0 all categories

Total: 6 horses, 4 mares, total 10, 3 he-asses, 2 she-asses, total 5

Killed: 0 all categories

Died: 0 all categories

Stole: 0 all categories

Sold: 0 all categories

Remaining 11 May: 6 horses, 4 mares, total 10, 3 he-asses, 2 she-asses, total 5

Beef was supplied to the ship Marlborough, 560 lb, to the Prince Henry, 560 lb, to the Norfolk, 560 lb, and to the Princess Augusta, 560 lb. One goat was sold to the hospital and one for the sick slaves.

Good yam expended for the slaves, 29,765 lb

Refuse yam for stock, 10,170 lb

Total, 39,935 lb

The account was drawn up for the month ending 11 May 1758, errors excepted, and signed by John Adamson.

Interpretations

This monthly livestock return tracked the Company's whole farm as a running balance, opening with the stock in hand, adding natural increase, subtracting the animals killed, dead, stolen or sold, and closing with the number left. The heavy draw on cattle and the uniform issue of 560 lb of beef to each of four ships shows the plantation's main purpose was to victual the East Indiamen calling at the island, fresh meat being the one thing a long-haul ship could not carry and most needed after months at sea. The yam figures at the foot, nearly thirty thousand pounds of sound yams eaten by the slaves and a further ten thousand of refuse fed to the stock, confirm the root as the staple of the island's economy, the good crop feeding the labour force and the cull sustaining the very animals the farm existed to raise.

The distinction drawn between good yam issued to the slaves and refuse yam given to the stock shows the estate deliberately grading its harvest by quality and directing each grade to a different consumer, the sound roots reserved to keep the workforce fed rather than being sold or split evenly, so that the poorest of the crop was pushed down to the animals and nothing was wasted.

127

121

1758.

Gunners Stores expended from the 12th of April to the

11th May 1758 Inclusive Vizt.

Guns, 4d, 3d, 2d, Powder lb

April 16th Departed a Dane Ship returned the Salute: Guns 9, 4d 0, 3d 9, 2d 0, Powder lb 9

Do Powder for Priming: Guns 0, 4d 0, 3d 0, 2d 0, Powder lb 1 8

17 An Alarm: Guns 6, 4d 2, 3d 2, 2d 2, Powder lb 12

18 Arrived the Prince Henry returned the Salute: Guns 9, 4d 0, 3d 9, 2d 0, Powder lb 9

Do Powder for Priming: Guns 0, 4d 0, 3d 0, 2d 0, Powder lb 1 8

26 An Alarm for a Ship that went by: Guns 6, 4d 2, 3d 2, 2d 2, Powder lb 12

Do Powder for Priming at Drawpence Bay Ft. Novd. p Sd: Guns 0, 4d 0, 3d 0, 2d 0, Powder lb 3

May 6 Departed the Prince Henry retd. the Salute: Guns 9, 4d 0, 3d 9, 2d 0, Powder lb 9

Do Powder for Priming: Guns 0, 4d 0, 3d 0, 2d 0, Powder lb 1 0

9 A Double Alarm: Guns 9, 4d 3, 3d 3, 2d 3, Powder lb 18

10 Arrived the Norfolk & Princess Augusta retd. their Salute: Guns 18, 4d 0, 3d 18, 2d 0, Powder lb 10

Do Powder for Priming: Guns 0, 4d 0, 3d 0, 2d 0, Powder lb 3

11 Fired to Salute Coll. Abercorns Arrival on Shore: Guns 13, 4d 0, 3d 13, 2d 0, Powder lb 13

Do Powder for Priming: Guns 0, 4d 0, 3d 0, 2d 0, Powder lb 2

Do for Exercising the East Flying Party: Guns 0, 4d 0, 3d 0, 2d 0, Powder lb 9 8

Do for Exercising the West Flying Party: Guns 0, 4d 0, 3d 0, 2d 0, Powder lb 8 8

Do for Signals: Guns 0, 4d 0, 3d 0, 2d 0, Powder lb 1

Do for the Funeral of Saml. Anderson: Guns 0, 4d 0, 3d 0, 2d 0, Powder lb 2 4

Do for the Funeral of William Taylor: Guns 0, 4d 0, 3d 0, 2d 0, Powder lb 2 4

Do for the Funeral of Benjn. Wilson: Guns 0, 4d 0, 3d 0, 2d 0, Powder lb 2 4

Do for Shooting Goats on Munden's Point Hill: Guns 0, 4d 0, 3d 0, 2d 0, Powder lb 8

Total: Guns 79, 4d 7, 3d 7 58, 2d 7, Powder lb 158 12

Paper for the use of the Castle 1 qr

Do for making great Gun Cartridges 8

Needles broke with Sewing Cartridges 6

Lead Shot for Shooting Goats on Munden's Point Hill 8

(Signed)

Thos. Hall

Sundrys

This gunner's return records powder expended, entered under column headings that read, across each row: guns fired, then powder used at 1st, 3rd, 2nd and 1st sort, then the total powder in pounds. The rows against these carry a mix of gun counts and powder weights that I read as follows.

16 April: departed a Danish ship, returned the salute, 9 guns fired, 9 lb powder 1st sort, total 9 lb

Powder for priming, 1 lb 8 oz

17 April: an alarm, 6 guns fired, 2 lb 2nd sort, 2 lb 1st sort, total 12 lb

18 April: arrived the Prince Henry, returned the salute, 9 guns fired, 9 lb 1st sort, total 9 lb

Powder for priming, 1 lb 8 oz

26 April: an alarm for a ship that went by, 6 guns fired, 2 lb 2nd sort, 2 lb 1st sort, total 12 lb

Powder for priming at Prosperous Bay for November and December, 3 lb

6 May: departed the Prince Henry, returned the salute, 9 guns fired, 9 lb 1st sort, total 9 lb

Powder for priming, 1 lb 8 oz

9 May: a double alarm, 9 guns fired, 3 lb 3rd sort, 3 lb 1st sort, total 18 lb

10 May: arrived the Norfolk and Princess Augusta, returned their salutes, 18 guns fired, 18 lb 1st sort, total 18 lb

Powder for priming, 3 lb

11 May: fired to salute Colonel Abercromby's arrival on shore, 13 guns fired, 13 lb 1st sort, total 13 lb

Powder for priming, 2 lb

Powder for exercising the East flying party, 9 lb 8 oz

Powder for exercising the West flying party, 8 lb 8 oz

Powder for signals, 1 lb

Powder for the funeral of Samuel Anderson, 2 lb 4 oz

Powder for the funeral of William Taylor, 2 lb 4 oz

Powder for the funeral of Benjamin Wilson, 2 lb 4 oz

Powder for shooting goats on Munden's Point Hill, 0 lb 8 oz

Total, 79 guns fired, 7 lb 1st sort, 7 lb 3rd sort, 58 lb 2nd sort, 7 lb 1st sort, 138 lb 12 oz

Paper for the use of the Castle, 2 quires, and for making great gun cartridges, 8 quires; needles broke with sewing cartridges, 6; and lead shot for shooting goats on Munden's Point Hill, 8 lb. The account was signed by Thomas Hall.

Interpretations

This is the master gunner's quarterly return of gunpowder spent, showing what the island's artillery consumed and on what occasion, from saluting ships and answering alarms to firing at funerals and shooting goats. Salutes dominate the account, each arriving or departing vessel answered gun for gun, which was the recognised courtesy of the age and a signal that the fort and the ship acknowledged each other as friendly, so the powder was spent on diplomacy as much as defence. The distinction of powder into sorts, first, second and third, reflects graded quality of gunpowder, the finer priming powder kept for the touch-hole and coarser grades for the main charge, and the separate issues to the East and West flying parties show mobile detachments drilled with live powder to keep them ready.

The gunner logged three pounds of powder used for priming at Prosperous Bay months earlier, for November and December, only now in this return, which shows the outlying battery's consumption being carried forward and reconciled centrally rather than written off where it was spent, the account chasing every pound of powder back to a named use however late and however remote the post.

128

122

  1. May
  2. Sundrys expended at the Honorable Companys Table
  3. in the Month ending May the 11th 1758 Vizt.

16 Bottles Port

£1 1s 11d

29 Lisbon

£1 19s 8¾d

26 Do Madeira

£3 4s 2¼d

74 Do Arrack

£2 9s 4d

83 Do Beer

£0 17s 3¾d

288 lb Flour

£0 2s 2d

398 Fresh Beef

£4 19s 6d

370 lb Mutton

£7 14s 1¼d

5 Lambs

£2 10s 0d

1 Kidd

£0 5s 0d

19 Goat

£0 6s 4d

28 Fowls

£2 2s 0d

5 Ducks

£0 7s 6d

2 Geese

£0 10s 0d

3 Turkeys

£0 15s 0d

37½ lb Butter

£1 17s 6d

5 Pieces Salt Pork

£0 10s 0d

107 lb Candy

£1 15s 8d

46 Fresh Pork

£1 3s 0d

£36 10s 4d

Lieutenant John Clark Reports

that he has been on Board the Norfolk and Princess

Augusta to Muster their Companys, and enquire for

Deserters, but found none, their Muster Rolls are as

follow Vizt.

Sundrys expended at the Honourable Company's table in the month ending 11 May 1758, viz:

16 bottles port, £1 1s 11d

29 Lisbon, £1 19s 8¾d

26 ditto Madeira, £3 4s 2¼d

74 ditto arrack, £2 9s 4d

83 ditto beer, £0 17s 3½d

288 lb flour, £2 2s 0d

398 lb fresh beef, £4 19s 6d

370½ lb mutton, £7 14s 1½d

5 lambs, £2 10s 0d

1 kid, £0 5s 0d

19 goat, £0 6s 4d

28 fowls, £2 2s 0d

5 ducks, £0 7s 6d

2 geese, £0 10s 0d

3 turkeys, £0 15s 0d

37½ lb butter, £1 17s 6d

5 pieces salt pork, £0 10s 0d

107 lb candy, £1 15s 8d

46 lb fresh pork, £1 3s 0d

£36 10s 4d

Lieutenant John Clark reported that he had gone aboard the Norfolk and Princess Augusta to muster their companies and search for deserters, but found none, and that their muster rolls were as follows.

Interpretations

This account listed the food and drink consumed at the Company's table, the common mess kept for the governor, council and senior servants of the establishment. The heavy spending on wine, port, Lisbon, Madeira and arrack, alongside fresh meat, poultry and butter, marks the table as a mark of rank, provisioned far above the plain rice and salt provision issued to the garrison and slaves, so the ledger measures the social gap between the island's rulers and the people they governed. Madeira in particular was the standard wine of the long India route, taken on at the island of that name on the outward voyage and prized for keeping well at sea, its presence here confirming St Helena's place on the same Atlantic supply line.

129

123

1758.

Muster Roll of the Ship Norfolk

Pinson Bonham Command James Robson Seaman Alexr. Simson Seaman

Robert Shaw Chief Mate Jas. Robinson Do Winchamsmeister Do

Alexr. Way 2 Do Willm. Procter Do William Collins Do

Richard Dabie 3 Do Thos. Wick Do John Ulrick Do

William Yorbury 4th Do Richd. Coones Do Antoney Do

John Mills 5th Do Geo. Forsyth Do Lewis Do

Willm. Fogo Purser Jno. Athini Ball Do Passengers Officers & Servants

Stephen Deare Surgon Robt. Byfield Do Richd. Stark Esqr.

Jas. Scott Barsteur John Smith Do John Stark

David Goodlett Gunner Lewis Rumberg Do John Fotescue Lieut.

Richd. Phillips Midshipm. Andrew Oakerbloom Do Elias Clark Ensign

Noah Neale Do Coudel Lingram Do Chambers Do

William Whitehead Do Matthias Drake Do John Holbourn Serjt.

Thomas Barker Do Peter Chwan Do Michl. Taylor Do

John Balye Ships Stewd. Willm. Mcdawell Do David John Do

John Farman Armorer Thos. Ellison Do John Grant Do

David Lyon Corpls. Mate John Young Do Daniel Frazier Do

Robt. Mone Do Do Jos. Williams Do Jas. Mallison Corpl.

Willm. Burnell Cooper Jas. Peirce Do Edward Mitchell Do

John Smith Surg. Mate John Killingback Do Edward Pottle Do

Lewis Arnett Gunr. Do Thos. Gibson Do Willm. Mallis Do

John Amerscott Cap. Cook Henry Clarke Do Stephn. Still Do

Philip Bartrum Caulker Tuistram Rowell Do Jas. Hughes Do

John Tivens Mate Do Do Do te Isles Mr. Guildford Do Andrw. Grant Do

Flower Ellis Sailmaker John Adamson Do John Bewley Do

William Whitstone Cap. Cook Anthy. Joseph Do John Campbell Drum.

Nathl. Wadsworth Ship Cook Anthy. Lofoy Do Job. Bushell Do

Philip Ardington Butcher Emanuel Doroze Do Jas. Johnson Do

Wr. Kirk Quarter Mastr. Emar. Simson Do Jno. Richardson Private

Wr. Sandiford Do John Herries Do Jno. Scott Do

John Bonbury Do Benjn. Doyen Do Matthew Neat Do

Michl. Sparling Do Lewis Kraun Do John Guttray Do

Alexr. Barterbank Mate Saam Hanson Do George Brieno Do

John Kandall Corporal John Berg Do William Brachan Do

Jacob Saunders Cap. Cook John Weston Do John Brasher Do

John Binney Seaman Benjn. Weston Do Framen

Thos. Gyles Do Lewis Cherate Do Wm. Mills Chf Mates Servt.

John Flint Do Mathe. Pelegrin Do David Richardson 2 Do Mate

John Berryman Do Owen Gray Do Willm. King Surgeon

Wr. Muirhead Do Jacob Halbis Do Thomas Bastrop Corpl. Do

Alexr. Miller Do Benjn. Clarke Do Jas. Scott Barsteur

George Deans Do Hugh Meadows Do

Thomas Churchman Do John Allen Do Willm. Shaw Gunr. Do

Muster roll of the ship Norfolk.

Pinson Bonham, commander

Robert Shaw, chief mate

Alexander Hay, second ditto

Richard Dobie, third ditto

William Yorbury, fourth ditto

John Mills, fifth ditto

William Fogo, purser

Stephen Pearce, surgeon

James Scott, boatswain

David Goodlett, gunner

Richard Phillips, midshipman

Noah Neale, ditto

William Whitehead, ditto

Thomas Barker, ditto

John Batty, ship's steward

John Jarman, armourer

David Lynn, carpenter's first mate

Robert Moore, ditto ditto

William Barnett, cooper

John Smith, surgeon's mate

Lewis Arnett, gunner's ditto

John Merriott, captain's cook

Philip Bartrum, caulker

John Toone, midshipman's ditto master

Flower Ellis, sailmaker

William Whetstone, captain's cook

Nathaniel Wadsworth, ship's cook

Philip Addington, butcher

William Kirk, quartermaster

William Sandiford, ditto

John Banbury, ditto

Michael Sparling, ditto

Alexander Baxterbeak, quartermaster

John Randall, cooper's ditto

Jacob Simmonds, captain's cook

John Burney, seaman

Thomas Giles, ditto

John Flint, ditto

John Berryman, ditto

William Muirhead, ditto

Alexander Millar, ditto

George Evans, ditto

Thomas Churchman, ditto

James Robson, seaman

James Robinson, ditto

William Proctor, ditto

Thomas Nish, ditto

Richard Comes, ditto

George Forsyth, ditto

John Atkins Dall, ditto

Robert Oldfield, ditto

John Smith, ditto

Lewis Rumburg, ditto

Andrew Oakerbloom, ditto

Candel Ingram, ditto

Matthias Drake, ditto

Peter Chevan, ditto

William McDowell, ditto

Thomas Ellison, ditto

John Young, ditto

James Williams, ditto

James Peirce, ditto

John Killingback, ditto

Thomas Gibson, ditto

Henry Clarke, ditto

Tristram Rowell, ditto

John Baptiste Guilofroy, ditto

John Peterson, ditto

Anthony Joseph, ditto

Anthony Lopez, ditto

Emanuel Doroza, ditto

Emax Simson, ditto

John Harris, ditto

Benjamin Dagen, ditto

Lewis Brown, ditto

Saim Hanson, ditto

John Berg, ditto

John Winton, ditto

Benjamin Weston, ditto

Lewis Cheruba, ditto

Matthew Pelegrin, ditto

Owen Gray, ditto

Jacob Hobbs, ditto

Benjamin Clarke, ditto

Hugh Meadows, ditto

John Allen, ditto

Alexander Simson, seaman

Winchamsmeator, ditto

William Collins, ditto

John Utrick, ditto

Antoney, ditto

Lewis, ditto

Passengers, officers and soldiers:

Richard Stark, Esquire

John Stark

John Fortescue, lieutenant

Elias Clark, ensign

Chambers, ditto

John Holbourn, sergeant

Richard Taylor, ditto

David John, ditto

John Leonard, ditto

Daniel Frazier, ditto

James Mallison, corporal

Edward Mitchell, ditto

Edward Pette, ditto

William Mallis, ditto

Stephen Still, ditto

James Hughes, ditto

Andrew Grant, ditto

John Burley, ditto

John Campbell, drummer

Job Bushell, ditto

James Johnson, ditto

John Richardson, private

Thomas Scott, ditto

Matthew Neat, ditto

John Guttray, ditto

George Preece, ditto

William Machan, ditto

John Braster, ditto

Seamen:

William Mills, chief mate's servant

David Richardson, second mate's ditto

William King, surgeon's ditto

Thomas Lastrop, carpenter's ditto

James Scott, boatswain's ditto

William Shaw, gunner's ditto

130

124

  1. May
  2. Muster Roll of the Ship Princess Augusta

Thomas Riddison Command

John Hayes 1st Mate

William Mercer 2 Do

Samuel Faux 3 Do

Thomas Hindman 4th Do

Peter Sommereau 5th Do

Thomas Massey 6th Do

Richd. Ford Surgn.

William Roger Purser

John Ritchie Gunner

Thomas Sterie Carpenter

James Small Barsteur

James Reynolds Ships Stewd.

Nathl. Danl. Vurchison

Edwd. Burrolan Do

Chas. Barrell Do

Edward King Do

Henry Saunders Do

Richard Dove Do

Richd. Reynolds Surg. Mate

Saml. Young Caulker

William Ashborne Cooper

John Carpenter Cap. Cook

Robt. Buchanan Ships Cook

Clement Taylor Armorer

Henry Harvey Sailmaker

Laurence Andrews 2 Frost

William George Do

Thomas Rid on Do

Richd. Wolfe Gunr. Mate

John Danby Corp. 1 Do

Thos. Cooper Cap. 2 Do

William Watson Caulr. Do

John Beyley Corporal Do

John M

Muster roll of the ship Princess Augusta.

Thomas Braddon, commander

John Hayes, first mate

William Mercer, second ditto

Samuel Vaux, third ditto

Thomas Hindman, fourth ditto

Peter Sommereau, fifth ditto

Thomas Massey, sixth ditto

Archibald Henry, surgeon

William Roger, purser

John Ritchie, gunner

Thomas Storie, carpenter

James Small, boatswain

James Reynolds, ship's steward

Nathaniel Paul, midshipman

Edward Burralem, ditto

Charles Barrell, ditto

Edward King, ditto

Henry Saunders, ditto

Richard Dove, ditto

Richard Reynolds, surgeon's mate

Samuel Young, caulker

William Ashborne, cooper

John Carpenter, captain's cook

Robert Buchanan, ship's cook

Clement Taylor, armourer

Henry Harvey, sailmaker

Laurence Andrews, second boatswain

William George, ditto

Thomas Badson, ditto

Richard Wolfe, gunner's mate

John Manby, carpenter's first ditto

Thomas Leaper, carpenter's second ditto

William Watson, caulker's ditto

John Beyley, cooper's ditto

John Matthews, sailor

Edward Collins, butcher

Henry Lubeks, seaman

James Clark, ditto

Daniel Overton, captain's steward

Thomas Robinson, seaman

John Vagoe, ditto

Francis Gobar, ditto

John Schadpitz, ditto

Miles Wistrum, ditto

John Laurence Fichler, ditto

John Dirkson, ditto

Johan Jurgen Peterson, ditto

Peter Bergh, ditto

Isaac Hollengreen, ditto

John Yokam Bahum, ditto

Francis Feat, ditto

Peter Ingell, ditto

Charles Smith, ditto

William Armiger, ditto

Arthur Griffiths, ditto

Thomas Rickwater, ditto

John Gregorie, ditto

John Green, ditto

John Bennett, ditto

Zebulon Humphreys, ditto

Daniel Connory, ditto

George Henslow, ditto

Joshua Sommens, ditto

Thomas Parker, ditto

Thomas Fluide, ditto

John Godfride Blackner, ditto

Michael Skenner, ditto

Michel Gorgus, ditto

Yokam Peter Yordzen, ditto

Peter Clark, ditto

Andrew Dunn, ditto

Anthony O'Brien, ditto

Peter Horndale, ditto

Peter Egan, ditto

Robert Mainland, ditto

James Leister, ditto

John Flowers, seaman

George Bohanna, ditto

William Dudley, ditto

Richard Dacey, ditto

Laurence Wolven, ditto

George Cole, ditto

Lewis King, ditto

George Harth, ditto

Peter Cron, ditto

Dirk Hewgils, ditto

Samuel Ashburner, ditto

Thomas Augustine, ditto

Anthony d'Hover, ditto

Michell d'Hover, ditto

Anthony Wagner, ditto

William Hadding, ditto

Soldiers:

John Wilkinson, captain's sergeant

John Antony, ditto ditto

James Dunn, first mate's ditto

Christopher Smith, second ditto ditto

John Hogarth, surgeon's ditto

Thomas Borough, gunner's ditto

Thomas Storey, carpenter's ditto

Robert Broff, boatswain's ditto

Passengers:

Colonel John Abercromby

Captain Henry Wray

Lieutenant Dominic Dalton

Ensign William Kellett

John Kirkland, sergeant major

Thomas Evans, sergeant

Thomas Leaver, ditto

William Bayley, ditto

Thomas Haycock, ditto

William Wright, ditto

Joseph Newton, ditto

Daniel Minnis, corporal

William Kelsay, ditto

131

125

1758.

John Watkins Corpl.

Jas. Fullough Do

Danl. McKenzie Do

Job Bushell Drum.

Adam Bushell Do

Thos. Stevens Do

Edwd. Bloomer Do

George Whitfield Drum

Michael Donnevan Do

Thos. Small

Benjn. Stafford

Emmor Bayley

Thos. Leaver Senr.

Mr. Alexr. Fryer Jn. Hoff

Mr. Ephraim Isaac

Michell Solomon

Michell d'Rover

William Harding

Anthy. Wagner

Chas. Hutchinson

John Adamson

John Clark

At a Consultation held on Monday the 29th day of May 1758

at the Castle

Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr. Governor

John Adamson Lieutenant Governor

Lieutenant John Clark of Council.

The last Consultation was read, approved, and Signed, Dated

the 22. May 1758.

Last Night passed by a Ship at a great distance, her Colours not discerned.

Mr. George Allsop applied to us to pay Two

hundred Pounds into the Honorable Companys Cash, which Sum we

have received, and have given him Bills of Exchange drawn on the

Honorable the Court of Directors payable to Thomas Gilpin Esqr.

or Order Ninety days after Sight, Dated this Day.

Counted and Examined the Honorable Companys

Cash for the Month ending the 11th Instant, which is as follows Vizt.

Cash

John Watkins, corporal

James Tullough, ditto

Daniel McKenzie, ditto

Job Bushell, drummer

Adam Bushell, ditto

Thomas Stevens, ditto

Edward Bloomer, ditto

George Whitfield, drummer

Michael Donnevan, ditto

Thomas Small

Benjamin Stafford

Emmes Bayley

Thomas Leaver senior

Mr Alexander Peijer, surgeon of the Jews

Mr Ephraim Isaac

Michell Solomon, Jews

Michell d'Rover

William Harding

Anthony Wagner

The muster was signed by Charles Hutchinson, John Adamson and John Clark.

A consultation was held at the Castle on Monday 29 May 1758. Charles Hutchinson attended as Governor, John Adamson as Lieutenant Governor and Lieutenant John Clark as a member of Council. The previous consultation was read, approved and signed, dated 22 May 1758. The night before, a ship passed at a great distance, her colours not made out.

George Allsop asked the council to take two hundred pounds into the Honourable Company's cash. The council received the money and gave him bills of exchange drawn on the Honourable the Court of Directors, payable to Thomas Gilpin or order 90 days after sight, dated that day. The Company's cash for the month ending 11 May was then counted and examined, as follows.

Interpretations

The tail of the muster names a small group of Jewish passengers travelling together, one of them described as a surgeon serving the others, which shows Jewish traders and their own medical man moving between England and India aboard the Company's ships as a distinct party within the passenger list. George Allsop's payment was another remittance by bill of exchange, the same mechanism used repeatedly at these consultations by which a private individual banked cash with the Company on the island and drew a bill payable to a correspondent in England, letting money reach home as paper while the Company gathered scarce coin in mid-ocean.

132

126

Cash Dr

Per Contra Cr

1758

April 12. To Balance remaining £517 12s 9½d

18 To Account Current London for two Chests of

Treasure received from England p Ship Prince

Henry which by Sale amounted to £2009 4d

24 To Exchange for a Sett of Bills drawn upon the

Honorable the Court of Directors payable to John

Calcraft Esqr. or order £620 0s 0d

May 4. To Exchange for three Sets of Bills drawn upon

the Honorable the Court of Directors payable as

follow Vizt.

One Sett to Ninian Balantine for £100

One Do to Thomas Lane for 100

One Do to Matthew Porchard for 100

£300 0s 0d

To Ship Prince Henry, the ballance of her Acct £16 10s 3d

£3523 7s 7½d

1758

May 11. By balance remaining in the following Species Vizt.

205 Pagodas a 8/ £82 0s 0d

100 Venetians a 10/ £50 0s 0d

Gold amounting to £132 0s 0d

9236 Dollars a 5/ £2309 0s 0d

10880 half Ryals a 3¾d £170 0s 0d

3279 Rupees a 2/3 £368 17s 9d

221 French pieces a 12d £3 13s 6d

Small Money £0 0s 9½d

Silver amounting to £2851 12s 0½d

Cash Notes of no use amounting to £539 15s 0d

£3523 7s 7½d

Cash, Dr:

12 April 1758: balance remaining, £517 12s 9½d

18 April 1758: account current, London, for two chests of treasure received from England by the ship Prince Henry, which by sale amounted to, £2,009 4s 0d

24 April 1758: exchange for a set of bills drawn on the Honourable the Court of Directors, payable to John Calcraft or order, £620 0s 0d

1 May 1758: exchange for three sets of bills drawn on the Honourable the Court of Directors, payable as follows, viz:

One set to Ninian Ballantine for £100

One ditto to Thomas Lane for £100

One ditto to Matthew Perchard for £100

Total, £300 0s 0d

To the ship Prince Henry, the balance of her account, £16 10s 3d

£3,523 7s 0½d

Per Contra, Cr:

11 May 1758: balance remaining in the following species, viz:

205 pagodas at 8s, £82 0s 0d

100 Venetians at 10s, £50 0s 0d

Gold amounting to, £132 0s 0d

9,236 dollars at 5s, £2,309 0s 0d

10,880 half-rials at 3½d, £170 0s 0d

3,279 rupees at 2s 3d, £368 17s 9d

221 French pieces at 3½d, £3 13s 6d

Small money, £0 0s 9½d

Silver amounting to, £2,851 12s 0½d

Cash notes not in use amounting to, £539 15s 0d

£3,523 7s 0½d

Interpretations

This master cash account closed the month by listing the treasury's whole balance in the actual coin held, a striking mix of Indian pagodas and rupees, Spanish dollars and half-rials, Venetian ducats and French pieces. Such variety shows how a mid-ocean Company station ran entirely on foreign specie carried in by its shipping, the pagoda and rupee arriving from the Indian settlements and the dollar and rial from the Atlantic trade, with no coin of its own. The two chests of treasure landed from the Prince Henry and sold for over two thousand pounds mark the island as a transfer point on the bullion route, where silver shipped from England was converted into the account before moving on, and the large reserve of cash notes not in circulation confirms the Company also ran a local paper currency to eke out its scarce metal.

The council valued the reserve by tale at fixed sterling rates for each kind of coin rather than by weighing the metal, which let a remote treasury with no assay office keep its books in pounds despite holding no sterling, accepting the working convention that each named coin passed at a set value even though this ignored wear and true bullion content.

133

127

1758.

Ordered the following Advertisement to be

published Vizt.

Island St. Helena 2. June 1758

Whereas there are several Hogs

frequently rambling about this Valley, and rooting in

the Channel that Conveys the Water to the Crane, for the

Ships, notwithstanding repeated Orders to forbid it

And whereas several have been lately seen above the Path

upon Ladder Hill, and above that which leads to Munden's

Point, by which Peoples Lives are endangered, by their often

rolling down Stones. This is therefore to give Notice that

all Hogs that are hereafter found on either of the above

mentioned Places, will be shot, And likewise all those that

are about the Street, or on the backsides of the Houses of the

Town, are required to be taken up, and put into the Sam Pitt,

and the Person to whom they belong, will be liable to pay a

Fine of five Shillings, one half to the use of the Poor of the

Parish, and the other half to the Person or Persons that

shall so take any up, And in Case any one shall refuse to

pay the said Penalty, the Hog or Hogs so taken up are to

be Sold, at public Auction, the Fine paid according to this

Order, and the Surplus (if any) to be returned to the Owner

or owners of them. And whereas there is much Filth and

Dirt carried and thrown in the Road way leading to Munden's

Point, and in several other Places in this Valley, which is

very Offensive. This is further to give Notice, that all

Persons are hereby Strictly forbid to practice the same for

the Future, but to carry every kind of Dirt or Filth to the Sea,

Whatever Person or Persons are discovered disabeying this

Order, are to pay a Penalty of half a Dollar for every such

Offence, One half whereof is to be given the Informer upon

due proof made of the Fact, and the other half to the Poor of the

Parish.

The

The council ordered the following advertisement to be published, dated at the island of St Helena, 2 June 1758.

Several hogs had been roaming loose about the valley and rooting in the channel that carried the water to the crane for the ships, despite repeated orders forbidding it. Some had lately been seen above the path on Ladder Hill and above the path leading to Munden's Point, where they endangered people's lives by rolling stones down. The council gave notice that any hog found in either of those places would be shot, as would any found loose about the street or behind the houses of the town, which were to be taken up and put into the pound. The owner would then owe a fine of five shillings, half to the poor of the parish and half to whoever took the animal up. If an owner refused to pay, the hogs taken up would be sold at public auction, the fine met from the proceeds and any surplus returned to the owner.

Much filth and dirt had also been carried and thrown into the road leading to Munden's Point and several other places in the valley, which was very offensive. The council further gave notice that everyone was strictly forbidden to do so in future and was to carry all dirt and filth to the sea. Anyone found disobeying would pay a penalty of half a dollar for every such offence, half to the informer on proof of the fact and half to the poor of the parish.

Interpretations

This public notice shows the council acting as the island's sanitary and municipal authority, regulating loose livestock and refuse in the same breath as it ran the garrison and the accounts. The concern over hogs rooting in the water channel was practical rather than trivial, since that conduit fed the crane that watered the ships, the island's whole value to the Company resting on its ability to resupply passing East Indiamen, so straying pigs threatened the harbour's core function. The device of splitting every fine between the poor of the parish and the informer was the standard enforcement mechanism of the age, turning ordinary inhabitants into unpaid constables by giving them a direct financial stake in reporting offenders, a cheap way to police a small community without a paid watch.

The order to shoot hogs outright in the dangerous hill areas, rather than merely pounding and fining as elsewhere in the town, shows the council setting the penalty to the specific hazard of each place, accepting the loss of a valuable animal where falling stones put lives at risk on Ladder Hill and the Munden's Point path, while reserving the milder pound-and-fine remedy for the streets where only nuisance was at stake.

134

128

29th May

The Governor having been Informed that

William Richards a Soldier had drawn Plans of

several of the Works and Fortifications on this Island,

the said Richards was sent for, and being asked what

Plans he had drawn of them, and for whom acknowledges

that he drew only three for Mr. Adamson Vizt., One of

Sandy Bay, One of Ruports, and one of Banks's

Fortifications. And for Mr. Kirkpatrick, the South East

Prospect of Sandy Bay, with the new and old Forts, the

North West Prospect of the Defence of the Island St. Helena,

The North West Prospect of Ruports Fort of the said Island,

The North West Prospect of Banks's Fort of the said Island,

A Draught how to take the Town, and Union Castle on the said

Island, with Eight hundred Men, a Seventy Gun Ship, Bomb,

and Store Ship

Chas. Hutchinson

John Adamson

John Clark

Governor Hutchinson was told that William Richards, a soldier, had drawn plans of several of the works and fortifications on the island. Richards was sent for and asked what plans he had made and for whom. He admitted drawing only three for Adamson: one of Sandy Bay, one of Rupert's and one of Banks's fortifications. For Kirkpatrick he had drawn the south-east prospect of Sandy Bay with the new and old forts, the north-west prospect of the defence of the island of St Helena, the north-west prospect of Rupert's fort, the north-west prospect of Banks's fort, and a plan showing how to take the town and Union Castle on the island with eight hundred men, a seventy-gun ship, a bomb vessel and a store ship.

The entry was signed by Charles Hutchinson, John Adamson and John Clark.

Interpretations

The alarm here was over military intelligence, since detailed drawings of the island's forts and a scheme for capturing them were exactly the material a hostile power would need to mount an assault. That a common soldier had produced not just survey plans of Sandy Bay, Rupert's and Banks's but a full attack plan specifying the force required, eight hundred men with a seventy-gun ship and bomb vessel, made the matter grave, as such a document in the wrong hands could guide an enemy straight to the island's weak points. The naming of Adamson and Kirkpatrick as the men for whom the plans were drawn suggests the council was working out whether this was innocent draughtsmanship commissioned by officers or something closer to espionage, the interrogation recorded in full so that responsibility could later be fixed.

The council chose to summon and question Richards on the record rather than act against him at once, which shows it treating the drawings as a matter to be investigated and documented before judgement, preserving his account of who commissioned each plan so that any charge would rest on established fact rather than the Governor's first suspicion.

135

129

5th. June

At a Consultation held on Monday the 5th day of June

1758 at the Castle.

Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr. Governor

John Adamson Lieutenant Governor

Lieutenant John Clark of Council.

The last Consultation was read approved and Signed

Dated the 29th May 1758.

Saturday the 3. Arrived the Honorable Companys Ships, the Royal Duke

Captn. George Cuming, and the Carnarvon Captain Morton

Hutchinson from China.

Ordered the following Advertisement to be

published Vizt.

Island St. Helena 5th. June 1758.

Whereas a Brace of Hares will in a

few days be turned out into the Honorable Companys

Pastures near the Plantation House for a Breed. This is

therefore to give Notice to all Persons upon the said

Island that they are hereby strictly forbid to kill, or in

any other manner to hurt, or destroy them, or any of

their Offspring; Whoever are discovered offending herein

will be liable to forfeit for every such Offence, the Sum

of five Pounds, One half thereof to the Honorable

Companys Cash, and the other half to the Informer

or Informers on due Proof made of the Fact.

The Ship Royal Duke brought us

the following Supply Vizt.

Invoice

A consultation was held at the Castle on Monday 5 June 1758. Charles Hutchinson attended as Governor, John Adamson as Lieutenant Governor and Lieutenant John Clark as a member of Council. The previous consultation was read, approved and signed, dated 29 May 1758. On Saturday 3 June the Honourable Company's ships Royal Duke, under Captain George Cuming, and Carnarvon, under Captain Morton Hutchinson, arrived from China.

The council ordered the following advertisement to be published, dated at the island of St Helena, 5 June 1758.

A brace of hares would within a few days be turned out into the Honourable Company's pastures near Plantation House to breed. The council gave notice to everyone on the island that they were strictly forbidden to kill, hurt or destroy the hares or any of their offspring. Anyone found doing so would forfeit five pounds for each offence, half to the Honourable Company's cash and half to the informer on proof of the fact.

The ship Royal Duke brought the following supply.

Interpretations

The order protecting a single breeding pair of hares shows the Company deliberately stocking the island with new game, part of a wider effort to establish useful animals on a remote place that had none of its own. Setting a five pound penalty for killing one hare, the same sum imposed for far graver matters elsewhere in these records, marks how seriously the council took the experiment, since the whole future population depended on the first pair surviving long enough to breed. The arrival of two ships from China points to St Helena's place on the homeward leg of the East India trade, where China ships laden with tea and porcelain called to water and refresh before the last run to England.

The council chose to shield the founding pair with a heavy fine from the moment they were released rather than waiting to see whether a breeding population took hold, accepting the cost of policing the whole island's inhabitants over two animals because a single hungry poacher could end the venture before it began.

136

130

5th June

Invoice of Ship Royal Duke

RD

St. Helena

No. 1 China Ware 1 Chest cont 9 Vizt.

Soup Dishes blue & White 6 at 5.0.0 ea

3 000

Soup Plates Do 50 0.6.0

2 500

Basons & Guglets Do 12 2.5.0

3 000

Chamber Potts Do 12 2.0.0

2 400

10 900

2 18

13 082

500

China Ware 1 Chest amounting to

11 182

C. No. 1 Tea Congou 1 Chest W. No. 1 96 at 16 p pec Do Nett p pec Loose Tarr

15 360

48 Cannisters Do 2 1 ea Loose Do

4 800

Tea Congou 1 Ch. W. No. C. 96 amounting to

20 160

B. No. 2 & 3 Tea Bohea 2 Ch. W. No. 1. 92 Do at 10 p pec Do Nett p Cat Tarr

19 200

96 Cannisters Do 1 ea Loose Do

9 600

Tea Bohea 2 W. No. 1. 92 amounting to

28 800

Tea Singlo 2 Ch. W. No. 1. 96 Do at 11 p pec Do Nett p pec

21 560

48 Cannisters 1 ea Do

4 800

100 Do

6 000

S. No. 1 & 2 Tea Singlo 2 Chests W. No. 1. 96 Nett p Cat amounting to

32 360

SC. No. 1 to 6 Sugar Candy 6 Ch. W. No. 15. 25 Vizt. Nett p Cat

No. 1 24 Sundry 393 Gross

2 28 362

3 26 356

4 24 362

5 26 375

6 27 362

157 2191

157

2034

S. No. 1 to 7 Sugar Candy 6 Ch. W. No. 2034 or 15 25 at 6 p pec Do Nett p Cat Tarr

91 500

Sugar 7 Chests W. No. 15 50 Vizt.

No. 1 28 343

2 27 342

3 29 342

4 29 342

5 28 342

6 27 340

7 28 345

195 2396

195

2201

Sugar 7 Ch. W. No. 2201 or 16 50 Nett p Cat at 3 5 p pec Do

82 500

£266 502

Errors Excepted

(Signed) p Thos. Lott

Chas. Hutchinson

John Adamson

John Clark

This invoice is priced throughout in pagodas, fanams and cash, the currency of the Madras coast, with the figures set in a grid of interlocking sub-tallies for china, tea and sugar. Several of the small conversion figures between the columns are damaged or too faint to read with confidence, but the item lines, quantities and money columns are legible and read as follows.

Invoice of the ship Royal Duke, marked St Helena

China Ware, 1 chest holding, viz:

Soup dishes, blue and white, 6 at 50 cash each, 3 pagodas 0 fanams 0 cash

Soup plates, ditto, 50 at 5 cash, 2 pagodas 500 cash

Basins and gugglets, ditto, 12 at 25 cash, 3 pagodas 0 cash

Chamber pots, ditto, 12 at 20 cash, 2 pagodas 400 cash

Total, 10 pagodas 900 cash

Allowed for breaking, 218

Total, 11 pagodas 682 cash

One chest, 500

China Ware, 1 chest amounting to, 11 pagodas 182 cash

Tea Congou, 1 chest, weight 96 lb at 16 fanams per lb, 15 pagodas 360 cash

48 canisters at 1 fanam each, 4 pagodas 800 cash

Tea Congou, 1 chest amounting to, 20 pagodas 160 cash

Tea Bohea, 2 chests, weight 92 lb at 10 fanams per lb, 19 pagodas 200 cash

96 canisters, 9 pagodas 600 cash

Tea Bohea, 2 chests amounting to, 28 pagodas 800 cash

Tea Singlo, 2 chests, weight 96 lb at 11 fanams per lb, 21 pagodas 360 cash

48 canisters at 1 fanam each, 4 pagodas 800 cash

100 ditto, 6 pagodas 0 cash

Tea Singlo, 2 chests amounting to, 32 pagodas 360 cash

Sugar Candy, 6 chests, marked 15 to 25, viz:

Number 1, 24 lb, 372

Number 2, 28 lb, 362

Number 3, 26 lb, 336

Number 4, 24 lb, 362

Number 5, 26 lb, 375

Number 6, 27 lb, 362

Total, 157 lb, 2,191

Sugar Candy, 6 chests amounting to, 91 pagodas 500 cash

Sugar, 7 chests, viz:

Number 1, 28 lb, 343

Number 2, 27 lb, 342

Number 3, 29 lb, 342

Number 4, 29 lb, 342

Number 5, 28 lb, 342

Number 6, 27 lb, 340

Number 7, 28 lb, 345

Total, 193 lb, 2,396

Sugar, 7 chests amounting to, 82 pagodas 500 cash

Total, 266 pagodas 502 cash

Errors excepted, signed by Thomas Lea, and by Charles Hutchinson, John Adamson and John Clark.

Interpretations

This invoice values a cargo shipped from Madras in pagodas, fanams and cash, the layered gold and small coinage of the Coromandel coast, showing that goods reaching St Helena from the East were still reckoned in Indian money until converted to sterling in the island's own accounts. The china, tea and sugar candy listed here were the staples of the China and India trade, the porcelain and the graded teas, Congou, Bohea and Singlo, sold on to the island's inhabitants from the Company's store. The allowance for breaking on the china and the packing charge for each chest and canister show the invoice pricing not just the goods but the real costs of carrying fragile ware across the ocean, so that wastage and packaging were built into the sums the island was charged.

137

131

12th. June

At a Consultation held on Monday the 12th day of June 1758

at the Castle

Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr. Governor

John Adamson Lieutenant Governor

Lieutenant John Clark of Council.

The last Consultation was read, approved, and Signed, Dated

the 5th. June 1758.

Wednesday the 7th. Died Grace Bates Widow.

Do. Died Edward Williams Soldier.

Yesterday Died Thomas Taylor Soldier.

Chas. Hutchinson

John Adamson

John Clark

At a Consultation held on Thursday the 15th Day of June 1758

at the Castle

Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr. Governor

John Adamson Lieutenant Governor

Lieutenant John Clark of Council.

The last Consultation was read approved and Signed Dated the

12th. June 1758.

Yesterday Arrived his Majestys Ship the Colchester from England, Capt. Lucius

Obrien, by whom we received a Packet from the Honorable the Court

of Directors, which we opened, and read their Honors Letter to us, as

usual.

This Day arrived the Honorable Companys Ship the Salton Capt. Francis

Harris from China, and brought us the following Supply Vizt.

Invoice

A consultation was held at the Castle on Monday 12 June 1758. Charles Hutchinson attended as Governor, John Adamson as Lieutenant Governor and Lieutenant John Clark as a member of Council. The previous consultation was read, approved and signed, dated 5 June 1758. On Wednesday 7 June Grace Bates, a widow, died; Edward Williams, a soldier, also died; and the day before, Thomas Taylor, a soldier, died.

The entry was signed by Charles Hutchinson, John Adamson and John Clark.

A consultation was held at the Castle on Thursday 15 June 1758. Charles Hutchinson attended as Governor, John Adamson as Lieutenant Governor and Lieutenant John Clark as a member of Council. The previous consultation was read, approved and signed, dated 12 June 1758. The day before, His Majesty's ship Colchester arrived from England under Captain Lucius O'Brien, who brought a packet from the Honourable the Court of Directors. The council opened it and read their letter. That day the Honourable Company's ship Salton, under Captain Francis Harris, arrived from China, bringing the following supply.

Interpretations

The council opened its consultations with a running record of deaths on the island, a soldier's widow and two soldiers here, which doubled as the settlement's register of vital events in the absence of any separate civil authority. The arrival of a royal navy warship, the Colchester, alongside the usual Company vessels marks a distinction in the shipping calling at the island, since His Majesty's ships belonged to the Crown rather than the Company and carried official dispatches, here the Directors' packet of orders from London that governed how the council ran the place.

138

132

15th. June

Invoice of Ship Triton

No. 1 & 2 China Ware 1 Chest & 1 Box cont 9 Vizt.

10 Setts Dishes & Plates 5: 20 blue & white a 1 5 p Sett Tarr

15 000

10 Salted Dishes Do 1 6d

1 000

34 Sneakers Do 0 25

850

34 half pint Cups & Saucers Do 0 60

2 040

34 Quarter pint Do 0 25

850

34 Bowls Do 1 00

3 400

4 Sauce Boats Do 2 80

1 120

24 260

Allowed for Breakage

485

1 Chest and 1 Box

500

24 275

B No. 1 & 2 Tea Bohea 2 Chests W. No. 192 Do at 10 p pec Do

19 200

96 Cannisters Do

9 600

28 800

S. No. 1 & 2 Tea Singlo 2 Chests W. No. 196 a 11 p pec Do

21 560

48 Cannisters Do 1 ea & 100 to 60 ea Tarr

10 800

32 360

SC. No. 1 to 5 Sugar Candy 5 Chest Vizt.

No. 1 27 Tarr 352 Gross No. 4 27 360

2 28 352 5 28 351

3 27 348 55 711

82 1052 82 1052

137 1763

137

1626

Sugar Candy 5 Chests W. No. 1626 or 12 92 a 6 p pec Do

73 140

Sugar 7 Chests Vizt.

No. 1 27 Tarr 335 Gross No. 5 25 357

2 26 364 6 26 354

3 26 349 7 28 347

4 26 340 79 1058

105 1388 105 1388

184 2446

184

2262

Sugar 7 Chests W. No. 2262 or 16 96 Do Do

84 000

24 385

Errors Excepted

(Signed)

Thos. Lott

Henry Revell

Mann Harvor

Robt. Jn. Harrison

Chas. Hutchinson

John Adamson

John Clark

This invoice of the Salton is priced in pagodas, fanams and cash of the Madras coast, laid out in the same grid of chest-by-chest sub-tallies as the Royal Duke cargo, with several of the small conversion figures faint or damaged but the item lines, weights and money columns legible.

Invoice of the ship Salton

China Ware, 1 chest and 1 box holding, viz:

10 sets of dishes and plates, 20 blue and white at 1 fanam 8 cash per set, 15 pagodas 0 cash

10 salted dishes, ditto, at 1 fanam, 1 pagoda 0 cash

34 sneakers, ditto, at 25 cash, 850

34 half-pint cups and saucers, ditto, at 60 cash, 2 pagodas 040 cash

34 quarter-pint, ditto, at 25 cash, 850

34 bowls, ditto, at 100 cash, 3 pagodas 400 cash

4 sauce boats, ditto, at 280 cash, 1 pagoda 120 cash

Total, 21 pagodas 260 cash

Allowed for breakage, 485

1 chest and 1 box, 500

China Ware amounting to, 24 pagodas 275 cash

Tea Bohea, 2 chests, weight 192 lb at 10 fanams per lb, 19 pagodas 200 cash

96 canisters, 9 pagodas 600 cash

Tea Bohea, 2 chests amounting to, 28 pagodas 800 cash

Tea Singlo, 2 chests, weight 196 lb at 11 fanams per lb, 21 pagodas 560 cash

48 canisters at 1 fanam each and 100 at 60 cash each, 10 pagodas 800 cash

Tea Singlo, 2 chests amounting to, 32 pagodas 360 cash

Sugar Candy, 5 chests, viz:

Number 1, 27 lb, 352

Number 2, 28 lb, 352

Number 3, 27 lb, 348

Number 4, 27 lb, 360

Number 5, 28 lb, 351

Total, 137 lb, 1,763

Sugar Candy, 5 chests amounting to, 73 pagodas 140 cash

Sugar, 7 chests, viz:

Number 1, 27 lb, 335

Number 2, 26 lb, 364

Number 3, 26 lb, 349

Number 4, 26 lb, 340

Number 5, 25 lb, 357

Number 6, 26 lb, 354

Number 7, 28 lb, 347

Total, 184 lb, 2,446

Sugar, 7 chests amounting to, 84 pagodas 0 cash

Total, 243 pagodas 575 cash

Errors excepted, signed by Thomas Lea, Henry Revell, Mann Harvey and Robert Harrison, and by Charles Hutchinson, John Adamson and John Clark.

Interpretations

This second China cargo landed within days of the Royal Duke shows the concentrated arrival of homeward-bound East Indiamen at St Helena in the early summer, several ships calling in quick succession as the season's tea fleet worked its way back from Canton. The goods repeat the earlier pattern almost exactly, graded teas, sugar and a chest of assorted porcelain valued in Madras currency, confirming a standard consignment of eastern produce sold on to the island from the Company's store. The four signatures of the ship's officers on the invoice, more than the single signature on the Royal Duke account, reflect the formal check by which several of a vessel's responsible men jointly attested the cargo's contents and value before it was landed and entered on the island's books.

139

133

19th. June

At a Consultation held on Monday the 19th Day of June

1758 at the Castle

Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr. Governor.

John Adamson Lieutenant Governor

Lieutenant John Clark of Council.

The last Consultation was read approved and Signed

Dated the 15th. June 1758.

Saturday the 17th. Arrived the Honorable Companys Ship Onslow Captain

Thomas Hinde from Limpo, & the Sandwich Captain John

Purling from Canton. The Sandwich brought us the following

Supply. Vizt.

Invoice p Ship Sandwich.

C No. 1 2 3 Tea Congo 3 Chests W. No. 2 88 Do at 16 p pec Do Nett p Cat Tarr

46 080

48 Cannisters a 1 6d

4 800

Tea Congo 3 Chests W. No. 2 88 amounting to

60 480

Sugar Candy 6 Chest Vizt.

No. 1: Tarr 27, Gross 377; No. 4: Tarr 27, Gross 371

No. 2: Tarr 28, Gross 375; No. 5: Tarr 28, Gross 383

No. 3: Tarr 27, Gross 363; No. 6: Tarr 28, Gross 382

Tarr 82, Gross 1115; Tarr 83, Gross 1136

Tarr 82, Gross 1115

Tarr 165, Gross 2251

Tarr 165

Nett 2086

Sugar Candy 6 Chests W. No. 2086 or 15 64 Do at 6 p pec Do Nett p Cat Tarr

93 840

Sugar 7 Chests Vizt.

No. 1: Tarr 27, Gross 341; No. 5: Tarr 27, Gross 351

No. 2: Tarr 27, Gross 343; No. 6: Tarr 28, Gross 345

No. 3: Tarr 26, Gross 342; No. 7: Tarr 26, Gross 348

No. 4: Tarr 26, Gross 340; Tarr 80, Gross 1044

Tarr 106, Gross 1366; Tarr 106, Gross 1366

Tarr 186, Gross 2412

Tarr 186

Nett 2226

Sugar 7 Chests W. No. 2226 or 16 68 Do at 3 5 p pec Do Nett p Cat Tarr

83 400

237 720

Errors Excepted

(Signed)

Thos. Lott

Henry Revell

Mann Harvor

Robt. Jn. Harrison

The Plantation Gunners and Stewards Accounts for the

Month ending the 11th. Instant were this Day brought in, which were

examined and approved, and are as follow Vizt.

A consultation was held at the Castle on Monday 19 June 1758. Charles Hutchinson attended as Governor, John Adamson as Lieutenant Governor and Lieutenant John Clark as a member of Council. The previous consultation was read, approved and signed, dated 15 June 1758. On Saturday 17 June the Honourable Company's ship Onslow, under Captain Thomas Hinde, arrived from Limpo, and the Sandwich, under Captain John Purling, from Canton. The Sandwich brought the following supply.

This invoice of the Sandwich is priced in pagodas, fanams and cash, set in the same chest-by-chest grid as the earlier China cargoes, with several small conversion figures faint but the item lines, weights and money columns legible.

Invoice of the ship Sandwich

Tea Congou, 3 chests, weight 288 lb at 16 fanams per lb, 46 pagodas 080 cash

144 canisters at 1 fanam each, 14 pagodas 400 cash

Tea Congou, 3 chests amounting to, 60 pagodas 480 cash

Sugar Candy, 6 chests, viz:

Number 1, 27 lb, 372 cash

Number 2, 28 lb, 375 cash

Number 3, 27 lb, 363 cash

Number 4, 27 lb, 371 cash

Number 5, 28 lb, 383 cash

Number 6, 28 lb, 382 cash

Total, 165 lb, 2,251 cash

Sugar Candy, 6 chests amounting to, 93 pagodas 840 cash

Sugar, 7 chests, viz:

Number 1, 27 lb, 341 cash

Number 2, 27 lb, 343 cash

Number 3, 26 lb, 342 cash

Number 4, 26 lb, 340 cash

Number 5, 27 lb, 351 cash

Number 6, 28 lb, 345 cash

Number 7, 26 lb, 348 cash

Total, 186 lb, 2,424 cash

Sugar, 7 chests amounting to, 83 pagodas 400 cash

Total, 237 pagodas 720 cash

Errors excepted, signed by Thomas Lea, Henry Revell, Mann Harvey and Robert Harrison.

The plantation, gunners' and steward's accounts for the month ending 11 June were then brought in, examined and approved, as follows.

Interpretations

Two more homeward China ships arriving together, from Limpo and Canton, underline how thickly the returning tea fleet called at St Helena through June, each vessel breaking its passage to water and refresh and to land a standard consignment for the island store. The Sandwich cargo repeats the now familiar shape, Congou tea, sugar candy and raw sugar valued in Madras money, showing the settled routine by which eastern produce was priced in Indian currency and only later converted into the island's sterling accounts. The same four officers who signed the Salton invoice attested this one, which suggests they were a standing supercargo party travelling the route to certify each ship's landed goods, a fixed check on the value entering the Company's books.

140

134

Account of the Honorable Companys Stock of Neat Cattle &c from the 12th. of May to the 11th. June 1758 Vizt.

Bulls, Cows, Calves, Yearlings, Heifers, Steers, Oxen, Total, Ewes, Wethers, Lambs, Rams, Total, Ewes, Wethers, Kids, Rams, Total, Sows, Shoats, Pigs, Barrows, Total, Fowls, Ducks, Turkeys, Geese, Weaners, Mares, Total, S. Asses, S. Mules, Total

Remaining 12: Bulls 4, Cows 104, Calves 93, Yearlings 35, Heifers 20, Steers 41, Oxen 20, Total 317, Ewes 362, Wethers 180, Lambs 131, Rams 8, Total 681, Ewes 194, Wethers 59, Kids 71, Rams 8, Total 332, Sows 5, Shoats 10, Pigs 3, Barrows 1, Total 19, Fowls 147, Ducks 74, Turkeys 14, Geese 25, Weaners 6, Mares 4, Total 10, S. Asses 3, S. Mules 2, Total 5

Encreased: Bulls 0, Cows 2, Calves 0, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Oxen 0, Total 2, Ewes 0, Wethers 0, Lambs 33, Rams 0, Total 33, Ewes 0, Wethers 0, Kids 2, Rams 0, Total 2, Sows 0, Shoats 0, Pigs 0, Barrows 0, Total 0, Fowls 85, Ducks 4, Turkeys 15, Geese 14, Weaners 0, Mares 0, Total 0, S. Asses 0, S. Mules 0, Total 0

Total: Bulls 4, Cows 104, Calves 95, Yearlings 35, Heifers 20, Steers 41, Oxen 20, Total 319, Ewes 362, Wethers 180, Lambs 164, Rams 8, Total 714, Ewes 194, Wethers 59, Kids 73, Rams 8, Total 334, Sows 5, Shoats 10, Pigs 3, Barrows 1, Total 19, Fowls 232, Ducks 78, Turkeys 29, Geese 39, Weaners 6, Mares 4, Total 10, S. Asses 3, S. Mules 2, Total 5

Killed: Bulls 0, Cows 1, Calves 0, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 3, Oxen 0, Total 4, Ewes 15, Wethers 6, Lambs 3, Rams 0, Total 24, Ewes 0, Wethers 9, Kids 0, Rams 0, Total 9, Sows 0, Shoats 2, Pigs 0, Barrows 0, Total 2, Fowls 22, Ducks 12, Turkeys 6, Geese 1, Weaners 0, Mares 0, Total 0, S. Asses 0, S. Mules 0, Total 0

Died: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 1, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Oxen 0, Total 1, Ewes 3, Wethers 1, Lambs 6, Rams 0, Total 10, Ewes 0, Wethers 0, Kids 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Sows 0, Shoats 0, Pigs 0, Barrows 0, Total 0, Fowls 1, Ducks 3, Turkeys 10, Geese 0, Weaners 0, Mares 0, Total 0, S. Asses 0, S. Mules 0, Total 0

Remaining 11: Bulls 4, Cows 104, Calves 94, Yearlings 34, Heifers 20, Steers 38, Oxen 20, Total 314, Ewes 344, Wethers 173, Lambs 155, Rams 8, Total 680, Ewes 194, Wethers 50, Kids 73, Rams 8, Total 325, Sows 5, Shoats 8, Pigs 3, Barrows 1, Total 17, Fowls 209, Ducks 63, Turkeys 13, Geese 38, Weaners 6, Mares 4, Total 10, S. Asses 3, S. Mules 2, Total 5

Beef to the Ship Caernarvon 560

Beef to the Ship Royal Duke 560

Good Yam expended for the Slaves 21.545

Good Yam expended for Stock 6.450

Refuse Yam expended for Stock 2.175

30.170

Errors Excepted

(Signed)

John Adamson

This livestock account is set as a grid with the same headed columns as the previous month, seven animal groups across and the stock-movement categories down the side.

Neat Cattle

Remaining 12 May: 4 bulls, 104 cows, 93 calves, 35 yearlings, 20 heifers, 41 steers, 20 oxen, total 317

Increased: 0 bulls, 0 cows, 2 calves, 0 yearlings, 0 heifers, 0 steers, 0 oxen, total 2

Total: 4 bulls, 104 cows, 95 calves, 35 yearlings, 20 heifers, 41 steers, 20 oxen, total 319

Killed: 0 bulls, 1 cow, 0 calves, 0 yearlings, 0 heifers, 3 steers, 0 oxen, total 4

Died: 0 bulls, 0 cows, 1 calf, 0 yearlings, 0 heifers, 0 steers, 0 oxen, total 1

Remaining 11 June: 4 bulls, 104 cows, 94 calves, 34 yearlings, 20 heifers, 38 steers, 20 oxen, total 314

Sheep

Remaining 12 May: 362 ewes, 180 wethers, 131 lambs, 8 rams, total 681

Increased: 0 ewes, 0 wethers, 33 lambs, 0 rams, total 33

Total: 362 ewes, 180 wethers, 164 lambs, 8 rams, total 714

Killed: 15 ewes, 6 wethers, 3 lambs, 0 rams, total 24

Died: 3 ewes, 1 wether, 6 lambs, 0 rams, total 10

Remaining 11 June: 344 ewes, 173 wethers, 155 lambs, 8 rams, total 680

Goats

Remaining 12 May: 194 ewes, 59 wethers, 71 kids, 8 rams, total 332

Increased: 0 ewes, 0 wethers, 2 kids, 0 rams, total 2

Total: 194 ewes, 59 wethers, 73 kids, 8 rams, total 334

Killed: 0 ewes, 9 wethers, 0 kids, 0 rams, total 9

Died: 0 all categories, total 0

Remaining 11 June: 194 ewes, 50 wethers, 73 kids, 8 rams, total 325

Hogs

Remaining 12 May: 5 sows, 10 boars, 3 pigs, 1 barrow, total 19

Increased: 0 all categories, total 0

Total: 5 sows, 10 boars, 3 pigs, 1 barrow, total 19

Killed: 0 sows, 2 boars, 0 pigs, 0 barrows, total 2

Died: 0 all categories, total 0

Remaining 11 June: 5 sows, 8 boars, 3 pigs, 1 barrow, total 17

Poultry

Remaining 12 May: 147 fowls, 74 ducks, 14 turkeys, 25 geese

Increased: 85 fowls, 4 ducks, 15 turkeys, 14 geese

Total: 232 fowls, 78 ducks, 29 turkeys, 39 geese

Killed: 22 fowls, 12 ducks, 6 turkeys, 1 goose

Died: 1 fowl, 3 ducks, 10 turkeys, 0 geese

Remaining 11 June: 209 fowls, 63 ducks, 13 turkeys, 38 geese

Horses and Asses

Remaining 12 May: 6 horses, 4 mares, total 10, 3 he-asses, 2 she-asses, total 5

Increased: 0 all categories

Total: 6 horses, 4 mares, total 10, 3 he-asses, 2 she-asses, total 5

Killed: 0 all categories

Died: 0 all categories

Remaining 11 June: 6 horses, 4 mares, total 10, 3 he-asses, 2 she-asses, total 5

Beef was supplied to the ship Carnarvon, 560 lb, and to the ship Royal Duke, 560 lb.

Good yam expended for the slaves, 21,545 lb

Good yam expended for stock, 6,450 lb

Refuse yam expended for stock, 2,175 lb

Total, 30,170 lb

The account was drawn up for the month ending 11 June 1758, errors excepted, and signed by John Adamson.

Interpretations

Set against the previous month's return, this account shows the cattle herd almost steady but the sheep and poultry moving sharply, the lambing season adding thirty-three lambs and a spring hatch adding well over a hundred birds, while heavy killing and losses among the turkeys cut that flock by half. The beef issue fell to two ships this month against four in May, matching the fewer East Indiamen watering at the island in June, so the plantation's slaughter tracked the traffic in the road directly. The yam figures show a shift from the month before, when almost thirty thousand pounds went to the slaves alone; here the good yam is split between the workforce and the stock, with sound roots now fed to the animals as well as the refuse, which suggests the standing crop was ample enough that month to spare the better grade for the herds rather than reserving it wholly for the people.

The overseer directed sound yam to the stock this month rather than confining the animals to refuse as the earlier returns did, a choice that only makes sense if the harvest was running full, so the record of what the animals were fed doubles as a sign that the crop stood well in June and the estate could afford to feed its beasts above their usual bare ration.

141

135

1758.

Gunners Stores expended from the 12th. of May to the 11th.

of June Inclusive. Vizt.

Guns, 4d, 3d, 2d, Powder lb

May 18th. Fired at Ruports for Practice and for priming: Guns 8, 4d 8, 3d 0, 2d 0, Powder lb 17 8

23th. Do: Guns 8, 4d 8, 3d 0, 2d 0, Powder lb 17 8

25th. Do: Guns 8, 4d 8, 3d 0, 2d 0, Powder lb 17 8

28 Alarm for a Ship that past by: Guns 6, 4d 2, 3d 2, 2d 2, Powder lb 12

30 Fired at Ruports for Practice and for priming: Guns 8, 4d 8, 3d 0, 2d 0, Powder lb 17 8

June 1st. Do: Guns 8, 4d 8, 3d 0, 2d 0, Powder lb 17 8

3 A Double Alarm: Guns 9, 4d 3, 3d 3, 2d 3, Powder lb 18

Do Arrived the Royal Duke, returned the Salute: Guns 9, 4d 0, 3d 9, 2d 0, Powder lb 9

Do Powder for priming: Guns 0, 4d 0, 3d 0, 2d 0, Powder lb 1 8

Do Arrived the Caernarvon returned the Salute: Guns 9, 4d 0, 3d 9, 2d 0, Powder lb 9

Do Powder for Priming: Guns 0, 4d 0, 3d 0, 2d 0, Powder lb 1 8

6th. Fired at Ruports for Practice and for priming: Guns 8, 4d 8, 3d 0, 2d 0, Powder lb 17 8

8th. Do: Guns 8, 4d 8, 3d 0, 2d 0, Powder lb 17 8

Do Powder for priming at the Alarm house from March 11th.: Guns 0, 4d 0, 3d 0, 2d 0, Powder lb 3

Do for Signals: Guns 0, 4d 0, 3d 0, 2d 0, Powder lb 1

Do for Exercising the East Flying Party: Guns 0, 4d 0, 3d 0, 2d 0, Powder lb 7 8

Do for Exercising the West Flying Party: Guns 0, 4d 0, 3d 0, 2d 0, Powder lb 7 8

Do for Exercising the Sandy Bay Flying Party: Guns 0, 4d 0, 3d 0, 2d 0, Powder lb 25 8

Do for the funeral of Edward Williams: Guns 0, 4d 0, 3d 0, 2d 0, Powder lb 2 4

Total: Guns 89, 4d 61, 3d 5 18, 2d 5, Powder lb 218 4

Copper Rivetts for the use of the Armorer 12

Spunge Staves for the use of the Gardener 1

Tallow for the use of the Carts 4 lb

Do for the use of the Pump 1 lb

Paper for making small Cartridges 5

(Signed)

Thos. Hall

Sundrys

This gunner's return records powder expended, entered under column headings that read across each row: guns fired, then powder used at 1st, 3rd, 2nd and 1st sort, then the total powder in pounds.

Gunner's stores expended from 12 May to 11 June 1758

18 May: fired at Rupert's for practice and for priming, 8 guns fired, 8 lb 1st sort, total 17 lb 8 oz

23 May: ditto, 8 guns fired, 8 lb 1st sort, total 17 lb 8 oz

26 May: ditto, 8 guns fired, 8 lb 1st sort, total 17 lb 8 oz

28 May: alarm for a ship that passed by, 6 guns fired, 2 lb 3rd sort, 2 lb 2nd sort, 2 lb 1st sort, total 12 lb 8 oz

30 May: fired at Rupert's for practice and for priming, 8 guns fired, 8 lb 1st sort, total 17 lb 8 oz

1 June: ditto, 8 guns fired, 8 lb 1st sort, total 17 lb 8 oz

3 June: a double alarm, 9 guns fired, 3 lb 3rd sort, 3 lb 1st sort, total 18 lb 0 oz

Arrived the Royal Duke, returned the salute, 9 guns fired, 9 lb 1st sort, total 9 lb 0 oz

Powder for priming, 1 lb 0 oz

Arrived the Carnarvon, returned the salute, 9 guns fired, 9 lb 1st sort, total 9 lb 0 oz

Powder for priming, 1 lb 0 oz

6 June: fired at Rupert's for practice and for priming, 8 guns fired, 8 lb 1st sort, total 17 lb 8 oz

8 June: ditto, 8 guns fired, 8 lb 1st sort, total 17 lb 8 oz

Powder for priming at the alarm house from March, 3 lb 0 oz

Powder for signals, 1 lb 0 oz

Powder for exercising the East flying party, 7 lb 8 oz

Powder for exercising the West flying party, 7 lb 8 oz

Powder for exercising the Sandy Bay flying party, 23 lb 8 oz

Powder for the funeral of Edward Williams, 2 lb 4 oz

Total, 89 guns fired, 61 lb 1st sort, 5 lb 3rd sort, 18 lb 2nd sort, 5 lb 1st sort, 218 lb 4 oz

Copper rivets for the use of the armourer, 12; sponge staves for the use of the gunner, 1; tallow for the use of the carts, 4 lb; ditto for the use of the pump, 1 lb; and paper for making small cartridges, 5 quires. The account was signed by Thomas Hall.

Interpretations

This return differs from the earlier gunner's account in the weight of powder spent on practice, with the guns at Rupert's fired for drill on eight separate days, which shows the garrison working up its artillery through late May and June rather than merely answering ships. The large single issue of powder to the Sandy Bay flying party, more than three times that given to the East or West parties, marks a concentrated exercise of that mobile detachment, perhaps in response to the concern over the island's defences raised at the consultation of 29 May. As before, salutes to arriving Company ships and powder for a soldier's funeral sit in the same account as combat readiness, so the ledger records the artillery serving courtesy, ceremony and defence from one common store.

The master gunner again carried forward a stale charge, three pounds of priming powder used at the alarm house back in March, only entering it in this June return, which shows the outlying posts' consumption being reconciled centrally long after the fact rather than written off where and when it was spent, the account insisting every pound be traced to a named use however delayed.

142

136

19th. June

Sundrys expended at the Honorable Companys

Table in the Month ending 11th. June 1758 Vizt.

15 Bottles Port

£1 0s 7½d

28 Lisbon

£1 18s 3½d

26 Madeira

£3 4s 2¼d

5 Mountain

£0 6s 10½d

75 Arrack

£2 10s 0d

75 Beer

£0 15s 7½d

290 lb Flour

£2 2s 3½d

321 lb Fresh Beef

£4 0s 3d

319½ Mutton

£6 13s 1½d

3 Lambs

£1 10s 0d

3 lb Goat

£0 11s 4d

22 Fowls

£1 13s 0d

12 Ducks

£0 18s 0d

1 Goose

£0 5s 0d

6 Turkeys

£1 10s 0d

31 lb Butter

£1 11s 0d

43 lb fresh Pork

£1 0s 6d

4 pieces Salt Pork

£0 8s 0d

75 lb Veal

£1 17s 6d

112 lb Candy

£1 17s 4d

20 Sugar

£0 4s 9d

£35 17s 9¾d

Mr. Charles Steward presented the

following Petition Vizt.

To the Worshipfull Charles Hutchinson Esqr. Governor

&c. Council.

The humble Petition of Charles Steward.

Sheweth

That your Petitioner having acquainted your

Worship and Council on the 22. of April last, that on the Arrival

of the Sandwich, he should then Petition you for leave to quit the

Honorable

Sundrys expended at the Honourable Company's table in the month ending 11 June 1758, viz:

15 bottles port, £1 0s 7½d

28 Lisbon, £1 18s 5½d

26 Madeira, £3 4s 2¼d

5 Mountain, £0 6s 10½d

75 arrack, £2 10s 0d

75 beer, £0 15s 7½d

290 lb flour, £2 2s 3½d

321 lb fresh beef, £4 0s 3d

319½ lb mutton, £6 13s 1½d

3 lambs, £1 10s 0d

1 goat, £0 11s 4d

22 fowls, £1 13s 0d

12 ducks, £0 18s 0d

1 goose, £0 5s 0d

6 turkeys, £1 10s 0d

37½ lb butter, £1 11s 0d

46 lb fresh pork, £1 0s 6d

4 pieces salt pork, £0 8s 0d

75 lb veal, £1 17s 6d

114 lb candy, £1 17s 4d

20 lb sugar, £0 4s 9d

£35 17s 9¾d

Charles Steward presented the following petition to Governor Hutchinson and the council. Steward set out that he had told the council on 22 April that on the arrival of the Sandwich he would then petition for leave to quit the Honourable Company's service.

Interpretations

This table repeats the running record of the Company table's provisions, the senior mess kept for the governor and council, again dominated by wine and fresh meat well above the plain ration issued to the garrison and slaves. The appearance of veal and Mountain wine, a sweet Málaga vintage, alongside the usual port, Madeira and arrack marks the table as a mark of rank and the social gap between the island's rulers and those they governed. Steward's petition, cut off here, shows the formal route by which a Company servant on the island sought release from his contract, giving prior notice at one consultation and timing his departure to a named homeward ship so a passage could be arranged.

The petition being answered as it appears here, this passage sits at the edge of the image and the fuller ground of Steward's request is not yet recoverable, so his reasons and the council's response wait on the following material.

Steward's petition continued, setting out that he wished to leave the Honourable Company's service and proceed to England by the Sandwich. He asked the council to give him leave to do so, to appoint his son Gabriel Steward as his guardian, since Gabriel wanted only a few months of coming of age, and to grant him leave to dispose of his interest for the term to come in several leases. The petition was dated at St Helena, 19 June 1758, and granted, signed by Charles Hutchinson, John Adamson and John Clark.

A consultation was held at the Castle on Monday 26 June 1758. Charles Hutchinson attended as Governor, John Adamson as Lieutenant Governor and Lieutenant John Clark as a member of Council. The previous consultation was read, approved and signed, dated 19 June 1758. On Wednesday 21 June the Honourable Company's ship Warwick, under Captain Nicholas Webb, arrived and brought the following supply.

This invoice of the Warwick prices Bengal goods in rupees, annas and pice, with a batta or exchange allowance, and several figures faint but the item lines legible.

Invoice of the ship Warwick

Bengal Goods, viz:

Wax candles

1 chest containing 4 maunds at 51 rupees per maund, 204 rupees

Rice, fine

30 bags containing 60 maunds at 31 rupees per maund, 77 rupees 6 annas

Batta at 8 per cent, 6 rupees 3 annas

Total, 83 rupees 9 annas

Paddy

22 bags containing 32 maunds at 1 rupee 4 annas per candy, 21 rupees 5 annas 3 pice

Carried over: 308 rupees 3 [...]

Interpretations

Steward's request bundled three separate matters into one petition, leave to sail home, the appointment of his nearly adult son as guardian and permission to dispose of his leasehold interest, which shows how a departing settler had to wind up his affairs on the island before he could go. The provision for a guardian for a son a few months short of legal age reflects the ordinary law of the time, under which property could not pass to or be managed by a minor, so the council's consent was needed to secure the family's holdings in the father's absence. This invoice marks a shift in the island's supply, since the Warwick carried Bengal goods priced in rupees, annas and pice with a batta allowance, the currency and exchange conventions of Calcutta rather than the pagodas of Madras or the cash of Canton, showing St Helena drawing on all three of the Company's Indian presidencies as its ships passed homeward.

The batta added to the rice price is worth notice, since it was the customary premium charged on the exchange between different Indian coinages and standards, built into the invoice as a real cost rather than absorbed, so the island was billed not only for the grain but for the money conversion that moved its value from Bengal reckoning toward the Company's accounts.

143

137

1758.

Honorable Companys Service, and to proceed for England by the said

Ship, humbly begs that you will be pleased to give him liberty so to do,

And that your Worship and Council will also be pleased to let your

Petitioner Gabriel Steward to be his Guardian, he wanting but

few Months of being of Age, and to grant him leave to dispose of his

Interest for the term to come, in several Leases.

St. Helena

19th June 1758

And your Petitioner shall ever pray &c

Granted.

Chas. Hutchinson

John Adamson

John Clark

At a Consultation held on Monday the 26th Day of June 1758 at the

Castle.

Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr. Governor.

John Adamson Lieutenant Governor

Lieutenant John Clark of Council.

The last Consultation was read, approved, and Signed, Dated the

19th. June 1758.

Wednesday the 21. Arrived the Honorable Companys Ship the Warwick Capt.

Nicholas Webb, and brought us the following Supply Vizt.

Invoice p Ship Warwick.

Bengall Goods Vizt.

Wax Candles.

1 Chest containing 4 Md. a 51 p Md Chest

204

Rice fine

30 Bags containing 60 Md. a 31 p Md 77 6

Batta 8 p Cent 6 3

63 9

Paddy

22 Bags containing 32 Md. a 1 20 p Ct. Md.

21 5 3

Carr. over 308 lb 3

Steward's petition continued, setting out that he wished to leave the Honourable Company's service and proceed to England by the Sandwich. He asked the council to give him leave to do so, to appoint his son Gabriel Steward as his guardian, since Gabriel wanted only a few months of coming of age, and to grant him leave to dispose of his interest for the term to come in several leases. The petition was dated at St Helena, 19 June 1758, and granted, signed by Charles Hutchinson, John Adamson and John Clark.

A consultation was held at the Castle on Monday 26 June 1758. Charles Hutchinson attended as Governor, John Adamson as Lieutenant Governor and Lieutenant John Clark as a member of Council. The previous consultation was read, approved and signed, dated 19 June 1758. On Wednesday 21 June the Honourable Company's ship Warwick, under Captain Nicholas Webb, arrived and brought the following supply.

This invoice of the Warwick prices Bengal goods in rupees, annas and pice, with a batta or exchange allowance, and several figures faint but the item lines legible.

Invoice of the ship Warwick

Bengal Goods, viz:

Wax candles

1 chest containing 4 maunds at 51 rupees per maund, 204 rupees

Rice, fine

30 bags containing 60 maunds at 31 rupees per maund, 77 rupees 6 annas

Batta at 8 per cent, 6 rupees 3 annas

Total, 83 rupees 9 annas

Paddy

22 bags containing 32 maunds at 1 rupee 4 annas per candy, 21 rupees 5 annas 3 pice

Carried over: 308 rupees 14 annas 3 pice

Interpretations

Steward's request bundled three separate matters into one petition, leave to sail home, the appointment of his nearly adult son as guardian and permission to dispose of his leasehold interest, which shows how a departing settler had to wind up his affairs on the island before he could go. The provision for a guardian for a son a few months short of legal age reflects the ordinary law of the time, under which property could not pass to or be managed by a minor, so the council's consent was needed to secure the family's holdings in the father's absence. This invoice marks a shift in the island's supply, since the Warwick carried Bengal goods priced in rupees, annas and pice with a batta allowance, the currency and exchange conventions of Calcutta rather than the pagodas of Madras or the cash of Canton, showing St Helena drawing on all three of the Company's Indian presidencies as its ships passed homeward.

The batta added to the rice price is worth notice, since it was the customary premium charged on the exchange between different Indian coinages and standards, built into the invoice as a real cost rather than absorbed, so the island was billed not only for the grain but for the money conversion that moved its value from Bengal reckoning toward the Company's accounts.

144

138

26th. June

Brot. over 308 lb 3

Charges Merchandize

82 Gunny Bags a 14 8 p p Cent Md. Rus

12 13 3

1 Chest and Packages

5 12 0

Bustabund

4 0

20 Matts

1 12 0

Mookas hire

1 0

Boat hire

20 0

Peon

2 0

43 9 3

Currt. Rupees 352 7 6

Errors Excepted.

(Signed) p

Richd. Beeber Accompt.

Madras Goods.

1 Bale containing Vizt.

Long Cloth Ordinary Do. Pagd. 43

Washing 1 27

43 27

Long Cloth fine Do. 70

Washing 1 31

71 31

Ingeram

Long Cloth Midling 10 pc. Pagd. 61 76 30 19

Washing 1 24 30

Packing 1 Bale 2

1 Bundle containing Vizt.

33 12

Long Cloth Superfine 5 pc. 60

Packing 1

Arrach 3 Leagrs. 1 Gall. 469 a Pagd. 53 p 150 Gall. 61

165 25 51

Charges on Merchandize

Tin Plates and Nails 6 30

Boat & Coley hire to Boats for. 8 20 33

1 3 30

Errors Excepted

(Signed)

Robt. Orme Accompt.

Pagados 376 27 4

Ship

This page carries the tail of the Bengal invoice priced in rupees, annas and pice, then a Madras invoice priced in pagodas, fanams and cash, both set in grids with several small figures faint but the item lines legible.

Brought over, 308 rupees 14 annas 3 pice

Charges of Merchandise:

82 gunny bags at 14 annas 8 pice per 100, 12 rupees 13 annas 3 pice

1 chest and packages, 5 rupees 12 annas

Bustabund, 4 annas

20 mats, 1 rupee 12 annas

Mookas hire, 1 rupee

Boat hire, 20 annas

Peon, 2 rupees

Total, 43 rupees 9 annas 3 pice

Current rupees, 352 rupees 7 annas 6 pice

Errors excepted, signed by Richard Beecher, accountant.

Madras Goods

1 bale containing, viz:

Long Cloth, ordinary, 42 pagodas

Washing, 1 pagoda 27 fanams

Total, 43 pagodas 27 fanams

Long Cloth, fine, 70 pagodas

Washing, 1 pagoda 31 fanams

Total, 71 pagodas 31 fanams

Ingeram:

Long Cloth, middling, 10 pieces at 61 fanams 6 cash, 30 pagodas 19 fanams

Washing, 1 pagoda 24 fanams

Total, 30 pagodas

Packing, 1 bale, 9 fanams

1 bundle containing, viz:

Total, 33 pagodas 12 fanams

Long Cloth, superfine, 5 pieces, 60 pagodas

Packing, 1 pagoda

Arrack, 3 leaguers 1 gallon, 469 gallons at 53 pagodas per 150 gallons, 165 pagodas

Total, 165 pagodas 25 fanams 54 cash

Charges of Merchandise:

Tin plates and nails, 6 pagodas 30 cash

Boat and coolie hire, 4 bags at 8 fanams 20 cash, 33 fanams

Total, 1 pagoda 3 fanams 30 cash

Total, 376 pagodas 27 fanams 4 cash

Errors excepted, signed by Robert Orme, accountant.

Interpretations

The charges of merchandise on both invoices list the real costs of packing and landing a cargo separately from the goods themselves, gunny bags, mats, chests, boat hire and the wages of the peons and coolies who carried the goods, so the island was billed for the whole apparatus of moving produce from an Indian warehouse into its store. Several of the entries preserve Indian trade terms, bustabund being the cording or packing of a bale, mookas the hire of porters or coolies and peon a hired native servant or messenger, which shows the island's accounts absorbing the vocabulary of the Company's Indian factories along with their goods. The long cloth graded ordinary, middling, fine and superfine was plain Indian cotton, the staple export of the Coromandel weaving towns like Ingeram, and its washing charge marks the finishing given to the raw cloth before shipment, another cost passed on to the buyer.

The invoice charges washing on the long cloth as a distinct line rather than folding it into the cloth price, which shows the Company treating the finishing of the cotton as a separate billable service performed after purchase, so the account records not just what was bought but the successive hands the goods passed through, each adding its charge before the bale ever reached the ship.

145

139

1758.

The Executors of the last Will and Testament

of William Purcell late Second Mate of the Ship Royal Duke

this Day presented his last Will and Testament, desiring it

might be Proved, which was accordingly done upon the Oaths

of the Witnesses thereto, the Will is as follows Vizt.

In the Name of God Amen I

William Purcell late Second Mate of the Ship Royal Duke,

being in no good State of health, but of Sound and perfect Mind &

Memory, thanks to Almighty God, and knowing it is appointed

for all Men once to die, do hereby make and ordain this my last

Will and Testament in manner and follows, that is to say,

First and principally I give and recommend my Souls into the

hands of Almighty God my Creator, my Body I commit to the Earth

to be buried in a Christian like and decent manner at the discretion

of my Executors hereafter named, And as to the disposition of my

Temporal affairs wherewith it has pleased God to bless me with, I

give Devise and dispose of the same in manner and from following

Imprimis. I desire that all my debts owing on this Island St. Helena

and funeral Expences be fully paid and discharged soon after my

Decease.

Item. I give and bequeath to Lieutenant William Kennedy of this

Island, for his care and trouble during my illness, the Sum of Fifty

Pounds Currant Money of this Island to be paid him here soon after

my Decease.

Item. All the residue and remaining part of my Estate, be it in

what kind soever I give and bequeath to my good and loving Father

Richard Purcell Esqr. Justice of Peace in Lanturk near Mallow

Ireland, And in case of his decease, I then bequeath the same to my

loving Brothers, Namely, Richard, Perceval, John, James, and

Godwin, to be equally divided among them, And in case of the

Decease of any of them, then to be divided among the Survivors.

Lastly. I nominate Constitute and appoint Messr. Stephen Winthrop

and Knox both Merchants in London, and my good friends

Lieutenant William Kennedy and Lieutenant Onesiphorus Beale of

the Island St. Helena Executors to this my Will desiring my said

Executors at this Island to remit what Money they shall have in their

hands, from the Sale of my Goods, to my above mentioned Executors in

London the first Opportunity that presents Ratifying and confirming

this

The executors of the last will and testament of William Purcell, late second mate of the ship Royal Duke, presented his will that day and asked that it be proved, which was done on the oaths of the witnesses. The will ran as follows.

William Purcell, late second mate of the Royal Duke, being in poor health but of sound mind and knowing that all men must one day die, made his will. He recommended his soul to Almighty God his creator and committed his body to the earth, to be buried in a Christian and decent manner at the discretion of his executors, and then disposed of the estate with which God had blessed him.

He desired that all his debts owing on the island of St Helena and his funeral expenses be fully paid and discharged soon after his death.

He gave and bequeathed to Lieutenant William Kennedy of the island, for his care and trouble during his illness, the sum of fifty pounds in the current money of the island, to be paid to him there soon after his death.

He gave all the residue and remaining part of his estate, of whatever kind, to his father Richard Purcell, Esquire, Justice of the Peace in Lanturk near Mallow in Ireland, and in the event of his father's death, then to his brothers Richard, Percival, John, James and Godwin, to be equally divided among them, and if any of them died, the share to be divided among the survivors.

Lastly, he named and appointed Stephen Winthrop and Knox, both merchants in London, and his friends Lieutenant William Kennedy and Lieutenant Onesiphorus Beale of the island of St Helena, as executors of his will. He directed his executors on the island to remit whatever money they held from the sale of his goods to his executors in London at the first opportunity, ratifying and confirming this.

Interpretations

This is a seaman's will proved on the island after his death in service, showing the machinery by which the estate of a Company officer who died far from home was wound up on the spot and its value sent back to England. The appointment of two sets of executors, local men on St Helena to gather in and sell his goods and London merchants to receive the proceeds, reflects the practical problem of an estate strung between the island and home, the money realised where he died but the heirs an ocean away. The separate fifty pound legacy to Lieutenant Kennedy for nursing him through his final illness records a common feature of such wills, a personal reward for care given in extremity, distinct from the residue that passed to family, and shows how a dying man on a remote station relied on fellow officers rather than kin in his last days.

The testator left the whole residue to his father, an Irish justice of the peace, and only to his five brothers if the father predeceased him, which shows him following the ordinary expectation that property should pass up to the head of the family to be redistributed, rather than dividing it directly among his own generation, so the will reflects the settled inheritance customs of his Irish gentry family carried intact to a deathbed in the South Atlantic.

146

140

26th. June

this and no other to be my last Will and Testament this twenty

Day of June in the Year of our Lord One thousand Seven

hundred and Fifty Eight. (Signed)

Signed Sealed and Declared to be the

last Will and Testament of him the

said William Purcell in the presence

of us

Wm. Purcell

(Signed)

Ben Hooke third Mate of the Royal Duke

Wm. Plenderleath Surgeon.

Richd. Beale Junr.

Richd. Beale Senr.

Mr. John Pritchard applied to pay Thirty

Pounds into the Honorable Companys Cash, which Sum we have

received, and have given him Bills of Exchange drawn on the

Honorable the Court of Directors payable to Mr. William Wogan

Junr. or Order Ninety days after Sight, Dated this Day

The Storekeeper brought in the following

Account of Stores Short Received from the Ships Triton and

Sandwich Vizt.

Account of Stores Short Received from Ships

Triton and Sandwich. Vizt.

Triton Vizt.

15 Do at Plates.

5 Sneakers.

12 Quarter pint Cups & Saucers Broke

3 Bowls.

8 lb Sugar Short Weight

Sandwich Vizt.

23. Candy Short Weight

St. Helena

26th. June 1758

(Signed)

James Powell.

Counted and examined the Honorable

Companys Cash, for the Month ending the 11th. Instant

which is as follows Vizt.

Cash

Purcell declared this and no other to be his last will and testament, dated 26 June 1758, and signed it. It was signed, sealed and declared as his will in the presence of the witnesses, who signed as Benjamin Rooke, third mate of the Royal Duke, William Plenderleath, surgeon, Richard Beale senior and Richard Beale junior.

John Pritchard asked the council to take thirty pounds into the Honourable Company's cash. The council received the money and gave him bills of exchange drawn on the Honourable the Court of Directors, payable to William Wagan junior or order 90 days after sight, dated that day.

The storekeeper brought in the following account of stores found short on receipt from the ships Triton and Sandwich.

Account of stores found short from the ships Triton and Sandwich, viz:

Triton, viz:

15 meat plates, broke

5 sneakers, broke

12 quarter-pint cups and saucers, broke

3 bowls, broke

8 lb sugar, short weight

Sandwich, viz:

25 lb candy, short weight

The account was dated at St Helena, 26 June 1758, and signed by James Powell. The Company's cash for the month ending 11 June was then counted and examined, as follows.

Interpretations

The will's execution shows the formal proving required to make a seaman's testament good, signed, sealed and declared before four named witnesses drawn from the ship's own officers and the island's inhabitants, so that the document could be relied on once the man was dead. The storekeeper's discrepancy account against the Triton and Sandwich records the fragile porcelain that arrived broken and the sugar and candy delivered under weight, the losses distinguished by cause so the shortfall could be charged to the carrier rather than the island. Pritchard's payment was another remittance by bill of exchange, the same mechanism used at nearly every consultation, by which a private person banked cash with the Company on the island and drew a bill payable to a correspondent in England.

147

141

Cash Dr

Per Contra Cr

1758

May 12. To Balance remaining 3523 7s 7½d

28 To Exchange for a Set of Bills drawn upon

the Honorable the Court of Directors

payable to Thomas Gilpin Esqr. 200 0s 0d

£3723 7s 7½d

1758

June 11. By Balance remaining in the following Species Vizt.

205 Pagodas a 8/ 82 0s 0d

100 Venetians 10/ 50 0s 0d

Gold amounting to 132 0s 0d

10.036 Dollars a 5/ 2509 0s 0d

10880 half Ryals a 3¾d 170 0s 0d

3279 Rupees a 2/3 368 17s 9d

441 French pieces 12d 3 13s 6d

Small Money 0 0s 9½d

Silver amounting to 3051 12s 0½d

Cash Notes of no use amounting to 539 15s 0d

£3723 7s 7½d

Chas. Hutchinson

John Adamson

John Clark

Cash, Dr:

12 May 1758: balance remaining, £3,523 7s 0½d

28 May 1758: exchange for a set of bills drawn on the Honourable the Court of Directors, payable to Thomas Gilpin, Esquire, £200 0s 0d

£3,723 7s 0½d

Per Contra, Cr:

11 June 1758: balance remaining in the following species, viz:

205 pagodas at 8s, £82 0s 0d

100 Venetians at 10s, £50 0s 0d

Gold amounting to, £132 0s 0d

10,036 dollars at 5s, £2,509 0s 0d

10,880 half-rials at 3½d, £170 0s 0d

3,279 rupees at 2s 3d, £368 17s 9d

221 French pieces at 3½d, £3 13s 6d

Small money, £0 0s 9½d

Silver amounting to, £3,051 12s 0½d

Cash notes not in use amounting to, £539 15s 0d

£3,723 7s 0½d

The account was signed by Charles Hutchinson, John Adamson and John Clark.

Interpretations

This monthly cash account again holds the treasury's whole balance in foreign coin, showing a remote Company station running entirely on specie carried in by its shipping with no coin of its own. Set against the previous month, the silver reserve grew by two hundred pounds, matching the single new receipt on the debit side, while the stock of dollars rose sharply from just over nine thousand to more than ten thousand, the influx that the season's arriving ships brought to the island. The council valued each kind of coin by tale at a fixed sterling rate rather than by weighing the metal, the standard convention that let a treasury with no assay office keep its books in pounds while holding pagodas, dollars, rials, rupees and French pieces, and the steady reserve of cash notes not in circulation confirms the Company also ran a local paper currency to eke out its scarce metal.

148

142

1st. July

At a Consultation held on Saturday the 1st. Day of July

1758 at the Castle.

Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr. Governor.

John Adamson Lieutenant Governor

Lieutenant John Clark of Council.

The last Consultation was read approved and Signed Dated

the 26th. June 1758.

Wednesday the 28th. June Arrived the Honorable Companys Ship the

Elizabeth Captain Robert Burdett from Bengall, and

brought us the following Supply Vizt.

Invoice p Ship Elizabeth.

RF

No. 1 to 30 Rice Fine

30 Bags qt. Md. 60 a 30 5 p Md. 80

Batta 8 p Cent 6 6 6

86 6 6

P

No. 1 to 22 Paddy

22 Bags qt. Md. 33 a 1 20 p Ct. Md. Md. Sr.

22 0 0

WC

No. 1 Wax Candles

1 Chest qt. Md. 4 a 51 Md. p Md.

204 0 0

Charges Merchandize

82 Gunny Bags & Sowing 13 7 3

1 Chest and Packing 5 12 0

Mooteeau 1 4 0

Boat hire 8 0

Peon hire 21 0

41 15 3

Errors Excepted

(Signed) p

Richd. Beeber Acct.

Ct. Rs. 354 5 9

This Day arrived the Honorable Companys Ship Talbot at from

England Captain John Venner, by whom we received a Packet

from their Honors, which we opened, and read their Letter to us

Chas. Hutchinson

John Adamson

John Clark

A consultation was held at the Castle on Saturday 1 July 1758. Charles Hutchinson attended as Governor, John Adamson as Lieutenant Governor and Lieutenant John Clark as a member of Council. The previous consultation was read, approved and signed, dated 26 June 1758. On Wednesday 28 June the Honourable Company's ship Elizabeth, under Captain Robert Burdett, arrived from Bengal and brought the following supply.

This invoice of the Elizabeth prices Bengal goods in rupees, annas and pice, with a batta allowance, and several figures faint but the item lines legible.

Invoice of the ship Elizabeth

Rice, fine

30 bags containing 60 maunds at 30 rupees per maund, 80 rupees

Batta at 8 per cent, 6 rupees 6 annas 6 pice

Total, 86 rupees 6 annas 6 pice

Paddy

22 bags containing 33 maunds at 1 rupee 20 annas per candy, 22 rupees

Wax Candles

1 chest containing 4 maunds at 51 rupees per maund, 204 rupees

Charges of Merchandise:

82 gunny bags and sewing, 13 rupees 7 annas 3 pice

1 chest and packing, 5 rupees 12 annas

Mootees, 1 rupee 4 annas

Boat hire, 8 annas

Coolie hire, 21 annas

Total, 41 rupees 15 annas 3 pice

Current rupees, 354 rupees 5 annas 9 pice

Errors excepted, signed by Richard Beecher, accountant.

That day the Honourable Company's ship Talbot, under Captain John Venner, arrived from England. Venner brought a packet from the Directors, which the council opened and read. The entry was signed by Charles Hutchinson, John Adamson and John Clark.

Interpretations

This invoice is another Bengal consignment, rice, paddy and wax candles priced in rupees with a batta allowance and the Calcutta packing charges, confirming St Helena drawing supply from all three of the Company's Indian presidencies as its ships passed homeward. The charges of merchandise again list the real costs of moving goods from a Bengal warehouse to the ship, the gunny bags and their sewing, the chest and its packing, the boat and coolie hire and the mootees, so the island was billed for the whole apparatus of carriage as well as the goods. The near-simultaneous arrival of a ship from Bengal and one from England, the latter bringing the Directors' packet of orders, shows the island as a meeting point of the outward and homeward trades, where instructions from London reached the council at the same time as produce came in from the East.

149

143

  1. July
  2. At a Consultation held on Monday the 3 day of July 1758 at the Castle

Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr. Governor

John Adamson Lieutenant Governor

Lieutenant John Clark of Council.

The last Consultation was read approved and Signed dated the 1 July

1758.

Mr. Joseph Handcock applied to us to pay

Sixty Pounds into the Honorable Companys Cash which Sum we have received

and given him Bills of Exchange drawn on the Honorable the Court of

Directors, payable to himself or order Ninety days after Sight dated this

day.

Enlisted Richard Hugle to serve the

Honorable Company as a Soldier for five years, at forty Shillings Bounty

money and had the Articles of War read to him by the Lieutenant.

Lieutenant Jno. Clark, reports that he has

been onboard the Ships Onslow, Triton, Warwick, Sandwich, Caernarvon,

Royall Duke, Elizabeth and Falmouth, to muster their several Companys,

to Enquire for Deserters, but found None their Muster Rolls are as

follow &c.

Muster Roll of the Ship Onslow

Thos. Hinde Command

Edwd. Matthews Chf. Mate

Robt. Master 2 Do

Joseph Handcock 3 Do

Robt. Moore 4 Do

Batt. Coetsby 5 Do

Paul Campbell Surgeon

James Swithin Purser

Richd. Elizafeld Gunr.

Walter Webb Boatswain

John Smith Carpenter

Henry Simpson Midsh.

and Boat.

Benjn. Gale Midshipman

John Spence Do

Ralph Cottingham Do

John Gardy Caulker

Francis Heeny Cooper

James Bloomer Armorer

John Henry Sibbett Cap. Cook

Thomas Rabbit Ships Cook

Alexander Hunsdon Serjt. Mate

Willm. Chiwoell Gunr. 1 Mate

Wm. Coovig do 2 Mate

Isaac Coovig Do 1 Mate

James Webb Reale 1 Mate

Joseph Woach 2 Mate

John Hunt Carpent. Mate

William Marshall Joyner

William Richardson Caulk. Mate

John Thackery Cooper Mate

Matthew Matshaw Sailomaker

William Neros Butcher

James Fowler

James Harsh

Bengtlon Kenny

John Read

Philip Sherwin Seaman

John Thomas Seaman

Michael Danvey Do

William Bliss Do

Matthew Conway Do

John Ball Do

Edwd. Odeeva Do

Danl. Blackbown Do

Thomas Margan Do

John Dunk Do

Henry Crips Do

John Goss Do

Robt. Mass Do

John Parchment Do

Magr. Steele Do

Thomas Danvon Do

Phillip Benson Do

David Steele Do

Isaac Feare Do

Dennis Fewelle Do

A consultation was held at the Castle on Monday 3 July 1758. Charles Hutchinson attended as Governor, John Adamson as Lieutenant Governor and Lieutenant John Clark as a member of Council. The previous consultation was read, approved and signed, dated 1 July 1758.

Joseph Handcock asked the council to take sixty pounds into the Honourable Company's cash. The council received the money and gave him bills of exchange drawn on the Honourable the Court of Directors, payable to himself or order 90 days after sight, dated that day.

Richard Hugils was enlisted to serve the Honourable Company as a soldier for five years at forty shillings bounty money, and the Articles of War were read to him by the lieutenant.

Lieutenant John Clark reported that he had gone aboard the ships Onslow, Triton, Warwick, Sandwich, Carnarvon, Royal Duke, Elizabeth and Falmouth to muster their companies and search for deserters, but found none, and that their muster rolls were as follows.

Muster roll of the ship Onslow.

Thomas Hinde, commander

Edward Matthews, chief mate

Robert Master, second ditto

Joseph Handcock, fifth ditto

Robert Moore, fourth ditto

Batt Goddby, ditto

Paul Campbell, surgeon

James Swithin, purser

Field Elcaseld, gunner

Walter Webb, boatswain

John Smith, carpenter

Henry Simpson, midshipman

Fenwick Gale, midshipman

John Spence, ditto

Ralph Cottingham, ditto

John Gandy, cabin boy

Francis Henry, cooper

James Bloomer, armourer

John Henry Sibbett, captain's cook

Thomas Hobbet, ship's cook

Alexander Hindman, second mate

William Chinock, gunner's first mate

Micah Coovis, ditto

James Webb Beale, first mate

Joseph Roach, second mate

John Hunt, carpenter's mate

William Marshall, joiner

William Richardson, caulker

John Thackery, cooper's mate

Matthew Matcham, sailmaker

William Nurse, butcher

James Fowler

James Harsh

Baughlin Kenny

John Read

Philip Sherwin, seaman

John Thomas, seaman

Michael Danvey, ditto

William Blss, ditto

Matthew Conway, ditto

John Ball, ditto

Edward Reeves, ditto

Lewis Blackbown, ditto

Thomas Margan, ditto

John Dunn, ditto

Henry Crips, ditto

John Gess, ditto

Robert Mass, ditto

John Parchewent, ditto

Magir Bole, ditto

Thomas Danvin, ditto

Phillip Benson, ditto

David Steele, ditto

Isaac Feare, ditto

Dennis Twrelle, ditto

Interpretations

The lieutenant's muster of eight ships at once shows the size of the homeward fleet gathered in St Helena's road by early July, the whole season's traffic from India and China assembled at the island before the run to England. The search for deserters was the practical purpose of the muster, since a Company ship offered a way off the island for a soldier or servant who wished to abscond, so the council checked each vessel's roll against its complement to make sure no runaway had slipped aboard. Hugils's enlistment records the standard terms of garrison service, a fixed five-year engagement bought with forty shillings bounty and sealed by the reading of the Articles of War, the military code that bound him to discipline for the term.

The council pressed a full muster of every ship in the road rather than trusting the captains' own returns, accepting the labour of boarding eight vessels in person because a garrison on a remote island had no other way to stop its men escaping by sea, so the routine check reveals how tightly the settlement had to guard against losing the very people it depended on.

150

144

Onslow Continued

John Bellows Seamn.

John Davidson Do

John Buds Do

Michl. Willson Do

Peter Frober Do

Alexr. Mc Rale Do

James Forbes Do

Hendk. Hendrickson Do

Thomas Mooqueather Do

Godfrey Grzybowskey Do

Peter Hagar Do

Robt. Mousen Do

Antonie Bren Do

Saml. Blount Supra Cargo

Peter Prichards Do

John Mays Do

Andrew Barrick Do

Alexr. Burgess Do

Job Searloom Do

Joseph Rayfies Do

Henry Denham Do

William Neab Do

David Brown Do

Thomas Goodrup Do

Morgan Richards Do

John Harkins Do

William Robinson Do

Robert Bawden Do

Thomas Francis Do

Robt. Sies Do

Robt. Smith Do

John Montig Do

Richd. Fecher Do

William Johnson 2 Mts. Servt.

Thomas Frain Doctr. Do

Thos. Gordon Carpr. Do

Thomas Johnson Gunr. Do

Peter Brown Mates Do

George Barnes

John Bellie

John Owser Do his Servt.

Muster Roll of the Ship Triton

Mr. Figur Chf. Mate

Mr. Barclay 2 Do

Mr. Williamson 3 Do

Mr. Wallace 4 Do

Mr. Thompson Surgeon

Mr. Beumont Mate Do

Jno. Connor Gunr.

William Gretham Boats.

William Walker Carpr.

Stephen Dowsing Croy

Isaac Kinnowsly Sailmaker

Hendk. Emowslen Caulk.

John Boyce Sailmaker

Willm. Hall Gunr. Mte.

Richd. Ashley Cooper

Jno. Bowsden Butcher Do

Jos. Durham Cap. Cook

James Furqunor Cap. Do

John Plowman 2 Mates

Stephen Bealey Do

Jno. Young Do

Nichs. Bargud Do

Chas. Falstran Do

Willm. Palmer Midshipm.

David Wood Midshp.

Robt. Brown Do

John Hay Do

Simon Pugh Do

Samuel Rowen Sh. Cook

Jno. Rippens Seaman

Leighton Snavery Joyner

John Hall Carpr. Mte.

John Jewster Seaman

Philip Helson Do

James Boddington Do

Joseph Serjeant Do

Jno. Fond Do

Jno. Wright Sailmaker

Simon Harveen Seamn.

Matthew Orran Do

Jno. Eastrom Do

Frederick Wadman Do

Peter Smyth Do

Jno. Johnson Do

Enick Shewsbevy Do

Hend. Uplstrews Do

Michd. Peavy Do

Barth. Corragon Do

Lawce. Luma Do

Robt. Cox Do

Jno. Barvey Do

Jno. Allen Do

James Norman Do

Willm. Gibbins Do

Thos. Thompson Do

Nichs. Foy Do

Richard Plant Do

Jno. Semson Do

William Williams Do

Thomas Corry Do

Jno. Sillear Do

Robt. Fowh Do

Henry Johnson Do

David Rattery Do

Jno. Hoss Do

Jno. Morrison Do

Willm. Scott Armr.

Andrew Scott Mte.

Willm. Smyth Seaman

Thos. Emmerson Do

Fredk. Shoutt Cap. Taylor

Jno. Tiddy Seaman

The muster roll of the Onslow continued.

John Bellows, seaman

John Davidson, ditto

John Hade, ditto

Michael Willson, ditto

Peter Frober, ditto

Alexander McRale, ditto

James Forbes, ditto

Bernard Hendrickson, ditto

Thomas Mooqueather, ditto

Godfrey Grzybowsky, ditto

Peter Hagar, ditto

Robert Housden, ditto

Antonio Bren, ditto

Samuel Blount, supercargo

Peter Prichards, ditto

John Moys, ditto

Andrew Parrick, ditto

Alexander Burgess, ditto

Job Searloom, ditto

Joseph Rayrics, ditto

Henry Denham, ditto

William Neab, ditto

David Brown, ditto

Thomas Godrep, ditto

Morgan Richards, ditto

John Hoskens, ditto

William Robinson, ditto

Robert Basden, ditto

Thomas Francis, ditto

Robert Sies, ditto

Robert Smith, ditto

John Montey, ditto

Richard Feober, ditto

William Johnson, second mate's servant

Thomas Frain, doctor's ditto

Thomas Gordon, carpenter's ditto

Thomas Johnson, gunner's ditto

Peter Brown, mate's ditto

George Barnes

John Bellie

John Owen, ditto, his servant

Muster roll of the ship Triton.

Peguet, chief mate

Barclay, second ditto

Williamson, third ditto

Wallace, fourth ditto

Thompson, surgeon

Beumont, mate

William Graham, boatswain

William Walker, carpenter

Stephen Dowering, ditto

Isaac Kinnersly, boatswain's mate

Henry Emowsten, caulker

John Boyce, sailmaker

William Hall, gunner's mate

Richard Ashley, cooper

John Bowden, butcher

Joseph Durham, captain's cook

James Ferguson, captain's steward

John Plowman, second mate's servant

Stephen Bealey, ditto

John Young, ditto

Nicholas Marquid, ditto

Charles Falstran, ditto

William Palmer, midshipman

David Wood, midshipman

Robert Brown, ditto

John Hay, ditto

Simon Pugh, ditto

Samuel Rowen, ship's cook

John Rippen, seaman

Leighton Savery, joiner

John Hall, carpenter's mate

John Jewson, seaman

Philip Helson, ditto

James Boddington, ditto

Joseph Serjeant, ditto

John Tone, ditto

John Wright, poulterer

Simon Harveen, seaman

Matthew Orran, ditto

John Cartron, ditto

Frederick Wadman, ditto

Peter Smyth, ditto

John Johnson, ditto

Enick Shewsbery, ditto

Henry Aplebree, ditto

Michael Peary, ditto

Bartholomew Corragan, ditto

Lawrence Luma, ditto

Robert Cox, ditto

John Bevney, ditto

John Allen, ditto

James Norman, ditto

William Gibbins, ditto

Thomas Thompson, ditto

Nicholas Foy, ditto

Richard Plant, ditto

John Semson, ditto

William Williams, ditto

Thomas Corry, ditto

John Sillear, ditto

Robert Tush, ditto

Henry Johnson, ditto

David Rattrey, ditto

John Hogg, ditto

John Morrison, ditto

William Scott, armourer

Andrew Scott, mate

William Smyth, seaman

Thomas Emanewson, ditto

Frederick Shoutt, Captain Taylor

John Tiddy, seaman

151

145

Triton Continued

Patrick Foy Seaman

Jno. Petie Captains Servt.

Jno. Clark Barbor

David Clark Seaman

James Reeds Do

James Forbes Do

Joseph Ressart Do

William McSimans Do

Thomas Still Do

Nol. Plant Do

James English Do

Thomas Galpen Boy

Joseph Vaughan Do

Bebbard Purks Do

Thomas Palmer Do

Thomas Bashett Do

Edward Cockles Do

Andrew Dixon Do

Robert Sennyman Do

Robt. Colster Do

Muster Roll of the Ship Warwick

John Petie Chief Mate

James Robertson 2 Do

Martin Riggleston 3 Do

Benjn. Toms 4 Do

John Milford 5 Do

Allen Heaton Surgeon

James Renwick Purser

Duncan Cunningham Gunr.

John Hayter Boatswain

William Leban Carpenter

Thomas Wills Steward

John Whittear Cooper

George Harland Sailmaker

William Davy Armourer

David Craig Gunr. Mte.

James Highton Carpr. 1 Do

John Wrightson 2 Do

John Dodson Boats. 1 Do

Andrew Matthews Do 2 Do

Joseph Burns Caulker

John Biddlecome Midshp.

George Beaks Do

Robt. Leather Do Cap.

John Cowter Cap. Mte.

John Vaughan Do

John Rain Do

John Jennings Do

John Smyth Captains Servt.

John Desor Do Cook

James Fagan Ships Do

James Alderman Butcher

William Shields Seaman

Benjn. Freeman Do

Thomas Ledeard Do

Francis Jones Do

John Sylvia Do

Richd. Robinson Do

Samuel Drake Do

John Ross Do

Solomon Bess Do

George Cambown Do

William Smith Do

Barth. Brantieller Do

Joseph Thompson Do

James Mills Do

Benjn. Crevatha Do

Thomas Darius Do

Isvan Swainsburgh Do

Joseph Prebs Do

Thomas Rounding Do

Pauls Hiller Do

Richard Northcote Do

Michael Poots Do

John Young Do

Andrew Howman Do

John Hiller Do

Justie Halher Do

John Peebis Do

Samuel Sterling Do

Frederick Guilds Do

Charles Clarke Do

Gregory Feent Do

Servs. Nigger Do

John Oxen Do

John Manders Do

Stephen Sharp Do

George Bacnon Do

James Roberton Do

William Ushor Do

Thomas Bath Do

John Woxeley Carpr.

Giles Sheringham Do

John Robertson 1 Mt. Do

John Matthews 2 Do

David Dawsburgh Do

William Rapley Gunr. Do

John Hallendar Boats. Do

John Fubby Cap. 2 Do

A List of Soldiers on board the Warwick

Douglas Hill Serjeants

John Nroe Do

William Horne Senr.

Thomas Higson

John Conter

James Anderson Senr.

Isaac Lynguard

James Henderson Junr.

John Barlow

Geo. Fior

Mich. Carter

James Nron

William Saundors

William Tandy

Danl. Lyon

Willm. Young Junr.

Danl. McDonald

Alexr. McCloud

John Macworth

John Cowell

John Rove

James Crawfore

Robt. Armstrong

Willm. Little

The muster roll of the Triton continued.

Patrick Foy, seaman

John Petts, captain's servant

John Clark, barber

David Clark, seaman

James Reeds, ditto

James Forbes, ditto

Joseph Ressart, ditto

William McSimms, ditto

Thomas Sill, ditto

John Plant, ditto

James English, ditto

Thomas Galpen, boy

Joseph Vaughan, ditto

Richard Purks, ditto

Thomas Palmer, ditto

Thomas Bashett, ditto

Edward Cockles, ditto

Andrew Dixon, ditto

Robert Fennyman, ditto

Robert Colster, ditto

Muster roll of the ship Warwick.

John Petts, chief mate

James Robertson, second ditto

Martin Riggleston, third ditto

Benjamin Tonks, fourth ditto

John Milford, fifth ditto

Allen Horton, surgeon

James Renwick, purser

Duncan Cunningham, gunner

John Hayter, boatswain

William Leban, carpenter

Thomas Miller, steward

John Whitear, cooper

George Harland, sailmaker

William Davy, armourer

David Grey, gunner's mate

James Hepburn, carpenter's first ditto

John Wrightson, second ditto

John Dodson, boatswain's first ditto

Andrew Matthews, second ditto

Joseph Burns, caulker

John Biddlecome, midshipman

George Beeks, ditto

Robert Leather, ditto, caterer

John Cowter, second mate

John Vaughan, ditto

John Rain, ditto

John Jennings, ditto

John Smyth, captain's steward

John Deare, ditto, cook

James Fagan, ship's cook

James Alderman, butcher

William Shields, seaman

Benjamin Freeman, ditto

Thomas Deard, ditto

Francis Jones, ditto

John Sylvie, ditto

Richard Robinson, ditto

Samuel Drake, ditto

John Ross, ditto

Solomon Bees, ditto

George Cambown, ditto

William Smith, ditto

George Watts, ditto

Bartholomew Brantbiller, ditto

Joseph Thompson, ditto

James Mills, ditto

Benjamin Crevalho, ditto

Thomas Darcus, ditto

Sean Swainsburgh, ditto

Joseph Rocks, ditto

Thomas Rounding, ditto

Robert Hiller, ditto

Richard Northcott, ditto

Michael Poots, ditto

John Young, ditto

Andrew Howman, ditto

John Hiller, ditto

Justice Wather, ditto

John Pedes, ditto

Samuel Sterling, ditto

Frederick Fulby, ditto

Charles Clarke, ditto

Gregory Feent, ditto

Corvina Nipper, ditto

John Bern, ditto

John Marders, ditto

Stephen Sharp, ditto

George Bacwon, ditto

James Roberton, ditto

William Ushor, ditto

William Bach, ditto

Thomas Bach, ditto

John Horsley, carpenter

Giles Sheringham, ditto

John Robertson, first mate's ditto

John Matthews, second ditto

David Dawesberg, ditto

William Rapley, gunner's ditto

John Hallendar, boatswain's ditto

John Tubly, carpenter's second ditto

A list of soldiers on board the Warwick.

Douglas Hill, sergeant

John Snow, sergeant

William Horne senior

Thomas Higson

John Cowter

James Anderson senior

Isaac Lenguard

James Anderson junior

John Barton

George Teer

Michael Carter

James Snow

William Saunders

William Tandy

Daniel Lyon

William Young junior

Daniel McDonald

Alexander McCloud

John Macwith

John Cowell

John Ross

James Crawford

Robert Armstrong

William Little

152

146

Passengers & their Servts. on board the Warwick

Captn. Spikes

Capt. Conte

Capt. Frazier

Capt. Chr

Mr. Pierson

Mr. Barnes

Mr. Petre

Mr. Bodman

Mr. Brand

Mr. White

Mr. Ratsliff

Mr. Flynnham

Thomas Ragan

John Bishop

Thomas Woodman

John Dawson

John Swallow

John Muller

Cugley

Thomas Rosary

Thomas English

Matthew

Nicholls

(

Blacks

)

Muster Roll of the Ship Sandwich

John Purling Com.

William Nixon Chief Mate

Gabriel Steward 2 Do

Charles Steary 3 Do

Starkey Middleton 4 Do

Arch. Steward 5 Do

James Beeths Surgeon

Phillip Hall Purser

Rowland Drew Gunr.

Morvin Barramy Boats.

Stephen Steches Carpr.

William Sheldon Ships Stewd.

Magr. Cremath Midshipm.

John Moffatt Do

James Holmes Do

Edward Duffield Do

Richard Dove Do

Thomas Mitchelson Do

Walter Kimp Do

Robert Colley Do

John Smith 2 Mate Do

John Sealy Do

Henry Friday Do

William Foster Do

Walter Duncan Do

John Roach Do

William Braar 2 Cap. Cook

William Wilkinson Ships Do

John Whitfield Cap. Taylor

George Geary Cap. Steward

Frances Etherington Junr.

Elisha Kirrow Barbor

John Rice Sailmaker

Thomas Dawsley Butcher

David Grancer of Boy

William Haggly Gunr. Mte.

John Whitfield Cap. Mte.

Edwd. Mattingly 2 Do

Joseph Dean Caulker

Adam Mowdock Cooper

Thomas Frazier Boats. Do

Ededded Coll. Do

Willm. Goulding Cap. Cook

James Edwd. Robinson

Willm. Timmoulh Fr. Horn

Richard Fitzgerald Seaman

Douglas Poary Do

Wallow Mills Do

William Adams Do

Peter Lee Do

James Browman Do

Adove Jacob Do

Moses Pinson Do

Bernard Linborg Do

Peter Anderson Do

Frederick Peel Do

Gabrel Mills Do

John Williams Do

Nichs. Fisher Do

John Kelburgh Do

Jacob Maclinus Do

James McPherson Do

Peter Bowerly Do

James Davis Do

Peter Faconius Do

Simon Simmerson Do

Charles Crawberg Do

Thomas Harney Do

James McClise Do

Sam. Allen Do

William Mitchell Do

William Green Do

Cornelius Cohor Do

John Early Do

Phillip Paxton Do

Johnne Coefolt Do

Amor Goddard Do

William Parnies Do

William Tibbet Do

William Gimbly Do

Jos. Thompson Do

Geo. Young Captain Boy

Richd. Nixon Chf. Mte. Servt.

Thomas Beargest Gunr. Do

Thomas Fisherman Boats. Do

Mattr. Ballwar Carpr. Do

John Gould

Thomas Godden Ends. St. Helena

John Handman

Thos. Lill Supra Cargo

Jno. Buchanan Do Mate

Thos. Cush Chf. Boy

James Braugury Do

Passengers and their servants on board the Warwick.

Captain Spikes

Captain Coote

Captain Frazier

Captain Clive

Mr Pierson

Mr Barnes

Mr Petts

Mr Bodman

Mr Brand

Mr White

Mr Ratcliff

Mr Flynibam

Thomas Ragan

John Bishop

Thomas Woodman

John Dawson

John Swallow

John Muller

Eugley, black

Thomas Rosary, black

Thomas English, black

Matthew, black

Nicholls, black

Muster roll of the ship Sandwich.

John Purling, commander

William Nixes, chief mate

Gabriel Steward, second ditto

Charles Steary, third ditto

Starkey Middleton, fourth ditto

Archibald Steward, fifth ditto

James Beecher, surgeon

Phillip Hall, purser

Rowland Drew, gunner

Morris Barramy, boatswain

Stephen Steched, carpenter

William Sheldon, ship's steward

Magnus Cremacle, midshipman

John Moffatt, ditto

James Holmes, ditto

Edward Duffield, ditto

Richard Reeve, ditto

Thomas Mitchelson, ditto

Walter Kemp, ditto

Robert Colley, ditto

John Smith, second mate

John Sealy, ditto

Henry Friday, ditto

William Toosen, ditto

Walter Duncan, ditto

John Roach, ditto

William Baxe, captain's cook

William Wilkinson, ditto

John Whitfield, Captain Taylor

George Geary, captain's steward

Francis Etherington junior

Elisha Fiorow, barber

John Rice, sailmaker

Thomas Dowsley, poulterer

David Graves, boy

William Haggly, gunner's mate

John Whitear, carpenter's mate

Edward Mattingly, ditto

Joseph Deare, caulker

Adam Morodock, cooper

Thomas Drewster, boatswain

Edward Coll, ditto

William Goulding, captain's cook

James Edward Robinson

Walter Timmonett, foreman

Richard Fitzgerald, seaman

Douglas Deary, ditto

Walton Mill, ditto

William Adams, ditto

Peter Lee, ditto

James Browman, ditto

Adam Jacobs, ditto

Moses Prower, ditto

Bernard Lorborg, ditto

Peter Anderson, ditto

Frederick Fisk, ditto

Gabriel Mill, ditto

John Williams, ditto

Nathaniel Fisher, ditto

John Kelburgh, ditto

Jacob Maclinus, ditto

James McSteven, ditto

Peter Bowsky, ditto

James Davis, ditto

Peter Faconnus, ditto

Simon Simonson, ditto

Charles Cearlberg, ditto

Thomas Harvey, ditto

James McGlien, ditto

James Allen, ditto

William Mitchell, ditto

William Green, ditto

Cornelius Cohoes, ditto

John Early, ditto

Phillip Paxton, ditto

John Coefolt, ditto

Amos Goddard, ditto

William Parmes, ditto

William Ibbett, ditto

William Gimbly, ditto

John Thompson, ditto

George Young, Captain Brig

Richard Nixon, chief mate

Thomas Beavject, gunner's ditto

Thomas Fisherman, boatswain's ditto

Matthew Ballinar, carpenter's ditto

John Gould, ditto

Thomas Godden, at St Helena

John Hindman, ditto

Thomas Lill, supercargo

John Buchanan, ditto, master

Thomas Cush, gunner's boy

Francis Braggery, ditto

153

147

Muster Roll of the Ship Caernarvon

Willm. Peters Chief Mate

Danl. Heare 2 Do

William Smith 3 Do

John Amyas Knight 4 Do

William Bazett 5 Do

Matthew Massey Surgeon

John Haren Do

Robt. Waters Midshipman

George Gilchrest Do

George Mackenzie Do

Robt. Ballard Do

James Gwedinet Gunr.

John Baker Carpenter

Alexr. Ross Boatswain

Silvot. Morrison 2 Mate

James Lamb Do

Thomas Kennowsly 3 Mate

Michl. Hills

William Scannell Caulker

Geo. Christopher Do Mte.

William Nelson Sailmaker

Barthr. Roberts Cooper

William Snuill Ships Stewd.

Joseph Atkinson Cap. Do

Sam. Jones Gunr. Mte.

Jacob Clawch Cap. Mte.

Edd. Perris Boats. 2 Do

Paul Perels Cap. Cook

William Kellie Ships Do

William Huvecat Armr.

William Gawler Cooks Mte.

John Broome Seaman

Charles Anderson Do

George Kilhonon Do

Gove. Williamson Do

Alexr. Jenning Do

John Dacoson Do

Thomas Cannon Do

Thomas Minnals Do

William Robvor Do

John Drescab Do

John Ferguson Do

George Nenn Do

Anthony Scott Do

Jno. Edmunds Do

Joseph Thompson Do

Barnes Hobtram Do

Ashells Freemondy Do

John Johnson Do

Robt. Sacor Do

Charles Nemond Do

Thomas Hinton Do

Richard Hambrook Do

James Snars Do

Joseph Tenall Do

Bven Nolands Do

Isnar Hamson Do

William Rain Do

Peter Ednear Do

Ingr. Petersen Do

Arthr. Magennis Do

William Moatman Do

Jas. Watkins Do

John Sempworth Junr. Do

David Buttesfield Do

Petey Johnson Do

William Christopher Do

John Neen Do

Edscord Frances Do

William Whites Do

William Bess Do

Newett Green Do

Anui Wilhelm Reille Do

Danl. Ross Reugnes Do

John Bart Do

John Ross Fairbeam Do

William Vandermolech Do

Thomas Grampus Do

Chris. Andrews Do

Ebvor Elson Do

Matthew Fintoy Do

Chris. Rermar Do

Peter Dunger Do

Josephus Reiten Do

Roland Charles Do

John Harriman Cap. Servt.

James Rodlier Do

James White Ships Mte. Do

Cundens Cooks 2 Do

Geo. Griffen Carpr. Do

Willm. Lascor Boat. Do

Willm. Watson Gunr. Do

Muster Roll of the Ship Royale Duke

George Cumming Commdr.

1 Mr. William Larthing

Mr. Benjn. Hooke

Mr. Charles Hardy

Mr. John Whity

Mr. William Plenderleith

Robt. Watson

Jno. Kooncs

Robt. Campbell

Joseph Movcas

Alexr. Jamison

John Erskon

John Taunton

Henry Purshal

James Lingar

James Robertson

William Priss

Thos. Kelly

James Scott

Rich. Simonds

James Maxton

John Dickowen

Elmoo Bowager

William Gimill

Jno. Ganquoine

Moses Grant

John Gladman

Muster roll of the ship Carnarvon.

William Peters, chief mate

David Hearne, second ditto

William Smith, third ditto

John Amyas, fourth ditto

William Bezett, fifth ditto

Matthew Popey, surgeon

John Haven, surgeon

Robert Waters, midshipman

George Gilchrist, ditto

George Mackenzie, ditto

Robert Ballard, ditto

James Gwedinet, gunner

John Baker, carpenter

Alexander Ross, boatswain

Silas Morrison, second mate

James Lamb, third ditto

Thomas Fennywey, fourth ditto

Michael Hills, ditto

William Scannell, caulker

George Christopher, ditto mate

William Nelson, sailmaker

Bartholomew Roberts, cooper

William Snull, ship's steward

Joseph Atkinson, captain's ditto

Samuel Jones, gunner's mate

Jacob Clauch, carpenter's mate

Edward Peirse, boatswain's second ditto

Paul Verd, captain's cook

William Kellie, ship's ditto

William Huvicat, armourer

William Gawler, cook's mate

John Broome, seaman

Charles Anderson, ditto

George Kilhemon, ditto

George Williamson, ditto

Alexander Jinning, ditto

John Dawson, ditto

Thomas Cannon, ditto

Thomas Minnals, ditto

William Robver, ditto

John Drscab, ditto

John Ferguson, ditto

George Nunn, ditto

Anthony Scott, ditto

John Edmunds, ditto

Joseph Thompson, ditto

Barnes Hobtram, ditto

Ashell Freemondy, ditto

John Johnson, ditto

Robert Sacwe, ditto

Charles Nemond, ditto

Thomas Hinton, ditto

Richard Hambrook, ditto

James Iswary, ditto

Joseph Isnall, ditto

Bwen Nolands, ditto

Isaac Hannon, ditto

William Rain, ditto

Peter Falnear, ditto

James Peterson, ditto

Arthur Magennis, ditto

William Moateman, ditto

James Hatkins, ditto

John Sempworne junior, ditto

David Butterfield, ditto

Peter Johnson, ditto

William Christopher, ditto

John Nevin, ditto

Edward Frances, ditto

William Whites, ditto

William Rose, ditto

Maxelt Green, ditto

Arno Wilhelm Rulle, ditto

Daniel Kolt Reagner, ditto

John Hart, ditto

John Bagg Forbrown, ditto

William Vanderneidock, ditto

Thomas Grampus, ditto

Christopher Andrews, ditto

Ebriew Elison, ditto

Matthew Fentop, ditto

Christopher Bernace, ditto

Peter Danger, ditto

Josephine Zutten, ditto

Roland Charles, ditto

John Harriman, captain's servant

James Rodder, ditto

James White, ship's second ditto

Andrew Cooke, second ditto

George Griffen, carpenter's ditto

William Lawson, boat's ditto

William Watson, gunner's ditto

Muster roll of the ship Royal Duke.

George Cumming, commander

Mr William Larking

Mr Benjamin Hoshey

Mr Charles Hardy

Mr John Whity

Mr William Plenderleith

Robert Watson

John Rooke

Robert Campbell

Joseph Morris

Alexander Jamison

John Erskin

John Taunton

Henry Purshab

James Lingoe

James Robertson

William Priss

Thomas Kelly

James Scott

Richard Simonds

James Marston

John Dickewon

Elmoo Bowger

William Garritt

John Gangwsine

Moses Grant

John Gladman

154

148

Royal Duke Cont.

Thomas Potte

Charles Rich

Ham Adolph

Willm. Elles

James Harding

Alfrat Hintog

Lewis Marcion

Thomas Waghor

James Duke

Samuel Walker

Joseph Cunningham

Alexr. Valentkg

Peter Franc

Michl. Shakey

Francis Steven

Richard Povey

Joseph Stanley

Thomas Graham

Robt. Murray

John Lucas

Michael Morphey

John Frazier

George Bradley

Robt. Griffin

John Farguson

Alexr. McBany

Richard Bennett

Alexr. Walker

Robt. Richardson

John Birmingham

Nich. Matthews

Thomas Coly

James Farmer

Duncan Martin

Robt. Harvie

John Heveron

Thomas Walker

James Robertson

Ulruch Frankelson

Andrew Fox

John Adams

James Christian

Gustavus Cullen

John Campbell

John Bechum

John Kilcun

William Towers

Edward Salter

Robt. Knowelly

Gifford Stevens

Andrew Dolstrom

Paul Lolebar

Robt. Spice

John Langbey

John Meadows

William Taylor

Benjn. Sydenham

John Best

James Gardiner

John East

Thomas Swift

Robt. Frowghton

James Winter

Domingo Dorego

Vortivar Cattan

John Vendera

John Vendeandrew

Dordo Rigs

John Guyorog

Dweudn Chinveen

John Custison

E. Fuex

Muster Roll of the Ship Elizabeth.

Robt. Burdett Com.

David Rice Chief Mate

Edwd. Wills Smith 2 Do

Jonah Bullock 3 Do

John Godar 4 Do

Edwd. Collett 5 Do

William Hasnith 6 Do

James Moffatt Surgn.

William Boxton Purser

Edward Hockley Gunr.

Millard Dechemon Carpr.

Thomas Farell Midshp.

Henry Boular Do

John Machur Do

Jonathan Walhop Boats.

George Sirioth 2 Mate

Richard Richbedwn Do

Dominous Bodd Do

Francisco Botino Do

Robt. Marcus Sielvahigs

John Mallard Cooper

Thomas Anderson on the Boy

Arch. Dempston Cap. 1 Mte.

Alexr. Cruischbanks 2 Do

Jonah Fdim Cooper Mte.

John Barbor Surgeons 2 Do

Robt. Beed Cap. Cook

William Starway Barboy

John Barnwater Taylor

John Comfort Butcher

James Wilson Seaman

Chris. Nicholson Do

John China Do

Hector Mackenzie Do

John Sedgay Do

John Everett Do

William Catey Do

John Wortham

John Laurence

Rich. Ashmell

Andrew Sirrutts

Stephen Frain

John Christopher Frisk

John Ogden

John Reeell

Thomas McCirty

Ambrose Greenwood

John Clark

James Cambry

William Williams

John Bulloronchy

Sweedan

The muster roll of the Royal Duke continued.

Thomas Potts

Charles Rich

Ham Adolph

William Elles

James Harding

Alpial Hintog

Lewis Mareion

Thomas Waghore

James Duke

Samuel Walker

Joseph Cunningham

Alexander Valentin

Peter Franis

Michael Shahey

Francis Steven

Richard Povey

Joseph Stanley

Thomas Graham

Robert Murray

John Lucas

Michael Morphey

John Frazier

George Bradley

Robert Griffin

John Ferguson

Alexander McBarry

Richard Bennett

Alexander Walker

Robert Richardson

John Birmingham

Nicholas Matthews

Thomas Coly

James Farmer

Duncan Martin

Robert Harvie

John Heveron

Thomas Walker

James Robertson

Ulruch Frankelson

Andrew Fox

John Adams

James Christian

Gustavus Cullen

John Campbell

John Bechum

John Kilcun

William Towers

Edward Salter

Robert Knowells

Gifford Stevens

Andreas Dolstrom

Paul Lolebar

Robert Spice

John Langby

John Meadows

William Taylor

Benjamin Sydenham

John Best

James Gardiner

John East

Thomas Swift

Robert Frederikson

James Lewtin

Domingo Doreza

Verticus Cattan

John Vendera

John Vensendrew

Donde Rigs

John Guyany

Dewedn Chinreen

John Custson

Efuex

Muster roll of the ship Elizabeth.

Robert Burdett, commander

David Rice, chief mate

Edmund Wills Smith, second ditto

Josiah Bullock, third ditto

John Godsan, fourth ditto

Edward Collet, fifth ditto

William Hannath, sixth ditto

James Moffatt, surgeon

William Boston, purser

Edward Hockley, gunner

Millard Dechemon, carpenter

Thomas Farall, midshipman

Henry Boular, ditto

John Machire, ditto

Jonathan Walkop, boatswain

George Snowth, second mate

Richard Richardson, ditto

Dominic Bodd, ditto

Francisco Bosino, ditto

Robert Morris Silvrahies, ditto

John Mallard, cooper

Thomas Anderson, ditto

Archibald Dempston, carpenter's first mate

Alexander Cruickshank, second ditto

Jonah Tikin, cooper's mate

John Barbor, surgeon's second ditto

Robert Beed, captain's cook

William Stanway, butcher

John Barnwater, poulterer

John Comford, butcher

James Willson, seaman

Chris Nicholson, ditto

John Chma, ditto

Hector Mackenzie, ditto

John Sidgey, ditto

John Everett, ditto

William Catey, ditto

John Wortham, ditto

John Laurence, ditto

Richard Ashmell, ditto

Andrew Serrutts, ditto

Stephen Suin, ditto

John Christopher Frisk, ditto

John Ogden, ditto

John Recell, ditto

Thomas McCarty, ditto

Ambrose Greenwood, ditto

John Clewk, ditto

James Cambry, ditto

William Williams, ditto

John Bullwenchby, surgeon

155

149

  1. July
  2. Christian Slater Seaman
  3. Martin Schrader
  4. William Suetlands
  5. Benjn. Stephens
  6. George Grant
  7. John Aspinal
  8. John Welsh
  9. John Exon
  10. Patrick Dolehan
  11. Alexr. McDonald
  12. Niell Thompson
  13. Edward Haichins
  14. Hercules Baker
  15. Robt. Clark

William De Beach

Francis Bean

Thomas Fitzsimmonds

John Hickey

James Sharp

Patrick Morphey

John Patten

Jocelann Algevive

John Dombers

Manuel Fenaro De Santa

Manuel De Silva

Thomas Rusfield

George Dulacey

William Caper

Allbheer Mullen

Nichr. Gavarof

Bello Rove

Lorant Rossuvan

Morko Cille

Piova Le Mavon

Francis Kotton

John Moulen

John Cosbrey Cap. Servt.

William Henr Rice Chf. Mt. Do

Lacchvus Rufmott Surg. Do

John Avris Gunr. Do

Thomas Brierley Carpr. Do

Passengers

Capt. Thomas Tounsons

Capt. Nichr. Wolley

Ensign George Blair

Mr. Lewis Dardaney

Cooper Willson

Sam. Bragge Soldier

John Boxell Do

Joseph Baker Do

John Downing Do

Thomas Reed Do

Muster Roll of the Ship Falmouth

James Dale Commander

Geoffry C. Howse Chief Mate

Robt. Brugge 2 Do

Philip Bahlton 3 Do

John Saudose 4 Do

Thomas Dean Surgn.

Thomas Newland Purser

William Clarke Boatsn.

Nathl. Wimbleos Carpr.

Mattw. Marsden Midshpm.

William Bidley Do

William Campbell 2 Mte.

William McNeil Do

Abram Eager Carpr. Mte.

John Hamilton 3 Do

Henry Bosh Boats. 2 Do

Thomas Wisher Caulker

William Allen Do Mte.

James Bazelly Captains Mte.

Jno. Reynolds Ships Do

Laurence Ferry Captains Do

Jno. Scoly Ships Do

Samuel Roslunn Cooper

Stephen Lattimer Do Mte.

Danl. Case Gunner Do

Charles Gardener Armourer

Jno. Bechanister Sailmaker

Jno. Ellis Butcher

Jno. Jenning Seaman

Alexr. Grig Surg. Mte.

John Wybard Seaman

Georg. Sordon Do

Edward Knowler

James Weed

William Fenwick Senr.

William Fenwick Junr.

Thomas Sinves Seamn.

William Rove

Matthew Crokey

Gaspey Breaman

John Lewis

Robt. Wiseman

Chris. Pishey

George Drapey

Ilobe Imbesh

Gaspeo Base

Silvas Deeenah

Sam. Whitehead

George Newter

William Merlin

Thomas Rafsmass

Henry Johnson

Robt. Welch

William Cfrox

The muster continued with the remaining seamen of the Elizabeth.

Christian Ruter, seaman

Martin Schrader

William Suetland

Benjamin Stephens

George Grant

John Aspinal

John Welsh

John Cxon

Patrick Dolehan

Alexander McDonald

Niell Thompson

Edward Hawkins

Hercules Baker

Robert Clark

William De Burh

Francis Bean

Thomas Fitzsimmonds

John Hickey

James Sharp

Patrick Morphey

John Patten

Jonathan Algevien

John Dembers

Manuel Fenero De Santa

Manuel De Silva

Thomas Rsfield

George Placey

William Cofer

Allbheer Mullen

Nicholas Gevard

Bells Rose

Lorant Kersuvan

Marto Cilte

Piova Le Maven

Francis Fetton

John Moules

John Cosbey, Captain Scott

William Henry Rice, chief mate

Lacchus Nesbritt, surgeon

John Avir, gunner

Thomas Beorley, carpenter

Joseph Baker

John Downing

Thomas Reed

Passengers.

Captain Thomas Townsend

Captain Nicholas Welley

Ensign George Blair

Mr Lewis Dardaney

Cooper Willson

Samuel Bregge, soldier

John Bayell

Muster roll of the ship Falmouth.

James Dale, commander

Geoffrey Chorseco, chief mate

Robert Bragge, second ditto

Philip Bahlm, third ditto

John Landers, fourth ditto

Thomas Dean, surgeon

Thomas Newland, purser

William Clark, boatswain

Nathaniel Wimbleow, carpenter

Matthew Morsden, midshipman

William Butler, ditto

William Campbell, second mate

William McNeil, ditto

Abram Cager, carpenter's mate

John Hamilton, third ditto

Henry Boak, boatswain's ditto

Thomas Wisher, caulker

William Allen, ditto mate

James Bazell, captain's cook

John Reynolds, ship's ditto

Lawrence Ferry, captain's ditto

John Scely, ship's ditto

Samuel Roslim, cooper

Stephen Lattimer, ditto mate

Daniel Cwsen, gunner's ditto

Charles Gardener, armourer

John Dechansett, sailmaker

John Elles, butcher

John Jenning, seaman

Alexander Grey, surgeon's mate

John Wybard, seaman

George Sorden, ditto

Edward Knowler

James Weed

William Fenwick senior

William Fenwick junior

Thomas Lewis, seaman

William Rose

Matthew Crohey

Gasper Breaman

John Lewis

Robert Wiseman

Chris Pishey

George Drury

Abe Imbesh

Gasper Base

Silas Deverash

Samuel Whitehead

George Newter

William Merlin

Thomas Rasmass

Henry Johnson

Robert Welch

William Cross

156

150

  1. July
  2. John Smith Seaman
  3. William Christophey
  4. David Hearne
  5. Milton Man
  6. Thomas Fox
  7. Randall Day
  8. Anthony Espire
  9. Thomas Marshall
  10. John Shouldar
  11. Jacob Gengel
  12. Jno. Dade

John Pusley

Israel Holloway

George Swine

Richard Barty

John Cottaman

Henry Backer

George Peterson

Andrew McDonald

Thomas Falmouth

Thomas Cook

Michslam Fredouck

Putornius Adolph

Rownieaht Adolph

Petey Marten

Danl. Blackman Cap. Servt.

Isaac Petter 1 Mte. Servt.

William Hurtley 3 Do

Jno. Webb Boats. Do

James Holmes Gunr. Do

Thomas Beer Carpr. Do

Passengers Capt. Joseph Kendall & Jno. Jacob Sheats

Simon a Slave belonging to Frances Whangham

Senr. having deserted from his Masters service for several weeks by secreting

himself in different parts of the Island we therefore Sedged him to be Whiped and to

receive 300 Lashes at 3 different times 100 Each time

Captain Thomas Hind

applyed to us to pay Eight Hundred pounds into the Honorable

Companys Cash which Sum we have received and given him Bills

of Exchange drawn on the Honorable the Court of Directors payable

to himself or order Ninety Days after Sight dated the 3 July

Chas. Hutchinson

John Adamson

John Clark

At a Consultation Held on Monday the 10th. of July 1758

at the Castle.

Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr. Govr.

John Adamson Lieutenant Govr.

Lieutenant John Clark of Council

The last Consultation was read approved and Signed dated the 3 day

July 1758.

The muster of the Falmouth continued.

John Smith, seaman

William Christophey

David Hearne

Milton Man

Thomas Fox

Randall Dory

Anthony Capiro

Thomas Marshall

John Shoulder

Jacob Ginges

John Dack

John Pusley

Israel Holloway

George Twine

Richard Baxty

John Cottaman

Henry Baker

George Peterson

Andrew McDonald

Thomas Falmouth

Thomas Cook

Michslam Fredouek

Putomus Adolph

Ronsincaht Adolph

Peter Marten

Daniel Blackman, Captain Sim

Isaac Petter, fourth mate's servant

William Hurtley, ditto

John Webb, boatswain's ditto

James Holmes, gunner's ditto

Thomas Beer, carpenter's ditto

Passengers: Captain Joseph Kendall and John Jacob Rocks.

Simon, a slave belonging to Francis Wrangham senior, had deserted his master's service for several weeks by hiding himself in different parts of the island. The council ordered that he be whipped and receive three hundred lashes at three different times, one hundred each time.

Captain Thomas Hinde asked the council to take eight hundred pounds into the Honourable Company's cash. The council received the money and gave him bills of exchange drawn on the Honourable the Court of Directors, payable to himself or order 90 days after sight, dated 3 July. The entry was signed by Charles Hutchinson, John Adamson and John Clark.

A consultation was held at the Castle on Monday 10 July 1758. Charles Hutchinson attended as Governor, John Adamson as Lieutenant Governor and Lieutenant John Clark as a member of Council. The previous consultation was read, approved and signed, dated that day.

Interpretations

The sentence of three hundred lashes on Simon, delivered in three separate hundred-lash beatings, shows the brutal discipline the Company used to hold its slaves, the punishment deliberately broken into stages so the man would survive to feel the whole of it, since three hundred lashes at once would likely have killed him. Splitting the flogging was not mercy but calculation, keeping the slave alive and able to labour while inflicting the full measure as a warning to others against absconding. Captain Hinde's very large remittance of eight hundred pounds, far above the private sums banked by settlers at these consultations, marks the scale on which a ship's commander moved money, drawing a bill payable to himself in England to carry home the proceeds of his own trade on the voyage.

The council chose to keep Simon alive through a staged punishment rather than let a single flogging run its course, a choice that reveals slavery's cold arithmetic on the island, the man's value as labour set against the need to make an example, so that even the form of the cruelty was shaped to preserve the property it punished.

157

151

10th. July 1758

Wednesday the 5th. Arrived the Honorable the Companys Ship the Falmouth

Captain James Dale from Bencolen and brought us the following Supply

Vizt.

Invoice p Ship Falmouth.

N. 1 to 20 Sugar 20 Bushells p No. 55 4. 23 or 45 47 a p 3 p pec Peculs Cwt qr lb pec te

204 0s 40

Charges Merchandize Boat Hire &c.

5 0 0

Spanish Dollars 209 0s 40

Errors Excepted

Signed

p John Goodwin

Island St. Helena

10 July 1758.

Ordered the following Advertizemt. to be

Published Vizt.

This is to give Notice to all persons upon the said Island

if any of them have any Cattle, that they Incline to dispose of exclusive of those

they retained for Rearing &c for the present years, they are desired to send an

account of all such, forthwith into the Secretarys Office. NB. Bulls will be taken.

Mr. John Adamson the Lieutenant

Governor applyed to us to pay One hundred pounds into the Honorable

Companys Cash which we have received and given him Bills of Exchange

drawn on their Honors payable to Edward Ratcliffe Esqr. Ninety days after

Sight dated this day

Mr. John Adamson also

applyed to us to pay One hundred pounds into the Honorable the Company

Cash which sum we have received and Given him Bills of Exchange drawn

on their Honors payable to William John Andrews Ninety days after Sight

dated this day

On Wednesday 5 July the Honourable Company's ship Falmouth, under Captain James Dale, arrived from Bencoolen and brought the following supply.

This invoice of the Falmouth is priced in Spanish dollars, with several figures faint but the item lines legible.

Invoice of the ship Falmouth

Sugar, 20 baskets, numbers 3 to 23, weighing 45 cwt 1 qr 7 lb at [...] per cwt, 204 dollars 40

Charges of Merchandise, boat hire and other, 5 dollars

Spanish dollars, 209 dollars 40

Errors excepted, signed by John Goodwin.

The council ordered the following advertisement to be published, dated at the island of St Helena, 10 July 1758. The council gave notice to everyone on the island that if any of them had cattle they wished to sell, they should give an account of all such into the Secretary's Office at once, since the ships returning home for the present year had been supplied. Bulls would be taken.

John Adamson, the Lieutenant Governor, asked the council to take one hundred pounds into the Honourable Company's cash. The council received the money and gave him bills of exchange drawn on the Court of Directors, payable to Edward Ratcliff or order 90 days after sight, dated that day.

John Adamson also asked the council to take a further one hundred pounds into the Company's cash. The council received it and gave him bills of exchange drawn on the Directors, payable to William John Andrews 90 days after sight, dated that day.

Interpretations

The Falmouth arriving from Bencoolen, the Company's pepper settlement on the west coast of Sumatra, and pricing its cargo in Spanish dollars rather than Indian coin shows yet another arm of the eastern trade reaching St Helena, the dollar being the standard currency of the far eastern and Pacific commerce. The notice about cattle marks the seasonal rhythm of the island's provisioning, since the homeward fleet had now been supplied with beef and the council was closing its buying, so any settler with stock to sell had to declare it before the market shut for the year. That the Lieutenant Governor himself banked two hundred pounds by bill of exchange in a single sitting shows the senior officers of the island used the same remittance mechanism as private settlers, moving their own money home as paper drawn on the Directors in London.

The council announced it would still take bulls even as it closed its general cattle buying, a deliberate exception that reveals the estate thinking beyond the immediate need to victual ships toward keeping its breeding stock replenished, since bulls served the herd's future increase rather than the butcher, so the notice quietly separates the island's role as a slaughterhouse from its role as a farm.

158

152

  1. July
  2. Captain James Dale applyed to us
  3. to pay One thousand five hundred pounds into your Honors Cash
  4. which sum we have received and given him Bills of Exchange drawn on their
  5. Honors payable to himself or order Ninety days after Sight dated this day

Mr. Matthew Bazett applyed to us

to pay Fifty pounds into the Honorable Companys Cash which sum we

have received and given him Bills of Exchange drawn on their Honors

payable to Captain Charles Foales Ninety days after Sight dated this day

Mr. Charles Steward applyed

to us to pay Seven hundred and fifty pounds into the Honorable Companys

Cash which sum we have received and given him Bills of Exchange

drawn on their Honors payable to Mr. Jno. Searle Ninety days after Sight

dated this day.

Lieutenant George Hay presented the

following petition.

To the Worshipfull Charles Hutchinson Esqr. Governor

&c. and Council

Gentlemen

The time being expired which I agreed to serve

the Honorable Company here, I beg the favour of your permission

to resign in order to proceed to India, and serve them there, as a Volunteer

I am Worshipfull Sir and Sirs

Your most obedient humble Servt.

George Hay

Granted

Account of Stores short received from Ships Warwick Elizabeth and Falmouth

Vizt.

Ship Warwick

2 c 0 qr 0 Rice

2 1 4 Paddy Short weight

2 Candles

1 Leagr. of Arrack, Gauge 129 wants to fill 8 Gall. Gall.

1 Do 175 do 6 Gall.

1 Do Do 155 do 5 Gall.

459

19

Received 440 Gall.

Captain James Dale asked the council to take one thousand five hundred pounds into the Company's cash. The council received the money and gave him bills of exchange drawn on the Directors, payable to himself or order 90 days after sight, dated that day.

Matthew Bazett asked the council to take fifty pounds into the Honourable Company's cash. The council received it and gave him bills of exchange drawn on the Directors, payable to Captain Charles Fowles 90 days after sight, dated that day.

Charles Steward asked the council to take seven hundred and fifty pounds into the Honourable Company's cash. The council received it and gave him bills of exchange drawn on the Directors, payable to John Searle 90 days after sight, dated that day.

Lieutenant George Hay presented a petition to Governor Hutchinson and the council. Hay set out that his agreed term of service with the Honourable Company had expired, and asked the council's leave to resign so that he might proceed to India and serve there as a volunteer. The petition was granted.

The storekeeper brought in an account of stores found short on receipt from the ships Warwick, Elizabeth and Falmouth.

Account of stores found short from the ship Warwick, viz:

2 bags rice, short weight

2 cwt 1 qr 4 lb paddy, short weight

2 candles, short weight

1 leaguer arrack, gauge 129 gallons, wanting 8 gallons to fill

1 ditto, gauge 175 gallons, wanting 6 gallons to fill

1 ditto, gauge 155 gallons, wanting 5 gallons to fill

Total gauge 459 gallons, less 17 gallons ullage, received 440 gallons

Interpretations

The remittances at this consultation reached a striking scale, with Captain Dale banking fifteen hundred pounds and Charles Steward, who had lately obtained leave to quit the island, seven hundred and fifty, far above the sums private settlers usually moved, which shows a departing officer and a ship's commander converting large fortunes into bills of exchange to carry home. Hay's petition records a distinct kind of career move, since he sought not to go home but to resign his St Helena post and re-enter the Company's service in India as a volunteer, showing officers moving between the Company's stations to seek advancement where the prospects were better. The storekeeper's return again checked the arrack casks by gauge and deducted the ullage before signing, the standard protective check that pinned the shipping loss on the carrier.

Steward timed the remittance of his whole fortune to the moment he had secured leave to sail, converting seven hundred and fifty pounds into paper drawn on London rather than risking coin or goods on the voyage, which shows a man winding up years on the island choosing the safety of a bill payable at home over any other way of carrying his wealth, the size of the sum measuring what a senior servant could accumulate in the Company's service.

159

153

10th. July 1758

Account of Stores Short received from the Ship Elizabeth Vizt.

C. qr. lb

0 1 17 Rice

0 3 9 Paddy Short weight

1 Candles

Account of Stores Short received from the Ship Falmouth Vizt.

C. qr. lb

2 3 Sugar short weight

Captains Buddison Bonham and McCloud

applyed to us for the following Articles of Artillery Stores for the use of their

respective Ships which we agreed to supply them with they are as follows

Vizt.

Princess Augusta Cartridge Paper 10 Quire

Norfolk Do 10 Quire

Marlborough Gunpowder 2 Barrells

Do 2 sheep skins for Bouge Barrels

Do 6 Axeltrees for nine pounders

Do Cartridge Paper 10 Quire

100 Tacker Hoops

Having discovered one Thomas Thomson, to be

a deserter from your Artillery Company at Bombay, who got on board your

Ship the Falmouth at Batavia, we therefore have detained him here to serve

the remainder of his Contracted time being three Months.

Captain Norton Hutchinson applyed to

us to pay One hundred and fifty pounds into the Honorable Company

Cash which sum we have received and given him Bills of Exchange drawn

on their Honors payable to himself or order Ninety days after Sight

dated this day. Mr. John Lauder applyed to us to pay Eighty

Pounds into the Honorable Companys Cash which sum we have received

and given him Bills of Exchange drawn on their Honors payable to

Mr. Ralph Wilson Ninety days after Sight dated this day

Account of stores found short from the ship Elizabeth, viz:

1 cwt 0 qrs 17 lb rice, short weight

3 cwt 0 qrs 9 lb paddy, short weight

1 candle, short weight

Account of stores found short from the ship Falmouth, viz:

2 cwt 0 qrs 3 lb sugar, short weight

Captains Braddon, Bonham and McCloud asked the council for the following articles of artillery stores for the use of their respective ships, which the council agreed to supply.

Princess Augusta, cartridge paper, 10 quires

Norfolk, cartridge paper, 10 quires

Marlborough, gunpowder, 2 barrels

Marlborough, 2 sheepskins for budge barrels

Marlborough, 6 axletrees for nine-pounders

Marlborough, cartridge paper, 10 quires

Marlborough, 100 fothen hoops

One Thomas Thomson had been found to be a deserter from the Company's Artillery Company at Bombay who had got aboard the ship Falmouth at Batavia. The council detained him to serve out the remainder of his contracted time, three months.

Captain Norton Hutchinson asked the council to take one hundred and fifty pounds into the Honourable Company's cash. The council received the money and gave him bills of exchange drawn on the Directors, payable to himself or order 90 days after sight, dated that day.

John Lauder asked the council to take eighty pounds into the Honourable Company's cash. The council received it and gave him bills of exchange drawn on the Directors, payable to Ralph Willson 90 days after sight, dated that day.

Interpretations

The council supplying ships with artillery stores shows St Helena's function as a resupply depot for the Company's armed merchantmen, which carried guns for defence against privateers and needed powder, cartridge paper and gun fittings replenished on the long voyage home. Several entries preserve technical terms of the gunner's trade, a budge barrel being a small powder barrel with a leather top through which powder was passed safely to the guns, its sheepskin covering listed here, and nine-pounders being cannon throwing a nine-pound shot, whose axletrees the Marlborough needed for its carriages. The detention of Thomson shows the reach of the Company's discipline, since a man who deserted its artillery at Bombay and slipped aboard a ship at Batavia was caught at St Helena and forced to complete his term, the island acting as a checkpoint where absconders from distant stations were run down.

The council chose to hold Thomson to the unexpired three months of his enlistment rather than punish him for desertion or turn him off the ship, treating the contract as a debt of service still owed, which shows the Company valuing the man's labour over retribution, so that even a caught deserter was put back to work for the exact time remaining rather than made an example of.

160

154

  1. July
  2. Mr. Gefrig O'Harra applyed to us
  3. to pay Three Hundred pounds into the Honorable Companys Cash
  4. which sum we have received and given him Bills of Exchange drawn
  5. on their Honors payable to Mr. Henry Hobdy Ninety days after
  6. Sight dated this day.

Bought of Captain Robert Burdett 6 Casks

of Pork and four of Beef containing Seven hundred and seventy nine

pieces of Beef and Pork at 2 p pc. Piece amounting to seventy Seven

pounds two Shillings, for the use of the Garrison here

Mr. Francis Harris applyed to us to pay

One hundred pounds into the Honorable Companys Cash which

sum we have received and given him Bills of Exchange drawn on

their Honors payable to himself or order Ninety day after Sight

dated this day

Mr. Matthew Peelirey applyed to us

to pay one hundred pounds into the Honorable Companys Cash which

sum we have received and given him Bills of Exchange drawn on their

Honors payable to Mr. John Peeliry Ninety days after Sight dated

this day

Mr. William Nixon applyed to us to pay

Fifty pounds into the Honorable Companys Cash which sum we have

received and given him Bills of Exchange drawn on their Honors

payable to himself or order Ninety days after Sight dated this day

Mr. Gabriel Steward applyed to us

to pay One hundred pounds into the Honorable Companys Cash which

Sum we have received and given him Bills of Exchange drawn on their

Honors payable to himself or order Ninety days after Sight dated this day

Captn. George Cumming applyed to us

to pay three hundred and fifty pounds into the Honorable Companys

Cash which sum we have received and given him Bills of Exchange

drawn on their Honors payable to himself or order Ninety days after

Sight dated this day

Geoffrey O'Hara asked the council to take three hundred pounds into the Honourable Company's cash. The council received the money and gave him bills of exchange drawn on the Directors, payable to Henry Hardy 90 days after sight, dated that day.

The council bought from Captain Robert Burdett six casks of pork and four of beef, containing seven hundred and seventy-one pieces of beef and pork, at 2s per piece, amounting to seventy-seven pounds two shillings, for the use of the garrison here.

Francis Harris asked the council to take one hundred pounds into the Honourable Company's cash. The council received it and gave him bills of exchange drawn on the Directors, payable to himself or order 90 days after sight, dated that day.

Matthew Peeling asked the council to take one hundred pounds into the Honourable Company's cash. The council received it and gave him bills of exchange drawn on the Directors, payable to John Peeling 90 days after sight, dated that day.

William Nixon asked the council to take fifty pounds into the Honourable Company's cash. The council received it and gave him bills of exchange drawn on the Directors, payable to himself or order 90 days after sight, dated that day.

Gabriel Steward asked the council to take one hundred pounds into the Honourable Company's cash. The council received it and gave him bills of exchange drawn on the Directors, payable to himself or order 90 days after sight, dated that day.

Captain George Cumming asked the council to take three hundred and fifty pounds into the Honourable Company's cash. The council received it and gave him bills of exchange drawn on the Directors, payable to himself or order 90 days after sight, dated that day.

Interpretations

This run of remittances shows the island's treasury acting as a clearing house for the whole homeward fleet, ship after ship's officers and passengers banking cash and drawing bills on London, so that St Helena gathered the coin the returning trade carried and issued paper in its place. The purchase of beef and pork from a ship's captain for the garrison reverses the usual flow, since here the Company bought provisions from an arriving vessel rather than selling its own stock, using a passing ship's surplus salt meat to feed its soldiers when the season's fresh supply was closing. The recurrence of the same surnames, two Stewards and pairs of Peelings and Harrises, points to family networks moving money together, relatives banking sums and naming one another as payees to concentrate their remittances in trusted hands at home.

The council bought salt beef and pork from an arriving captain to feed the garrison rather than drawing further on its own herds, a choice that makes sense only with the season's cattle buying just closed and the fresh supply reserved for the homeward ships, so the purchase reveals the island balancing its finite livestock against competing demands by taking preserved meat off a passing vessel when its own fresh stock was spoken for.

161

155

1758

Mr. James Hawker applyed to us to pay

One hundred and thirty Pounds into the Honorable Companys Cash which

Sum we have received and given him Bills of Exchange drawn on their Honors

payable to himself or order Ninety days after Sight dated this day

Mr. James Hawker also applyed to us to pay

One hundred and twenty Pounds into the Honorable Companys Cash

which sum we have received and given him Bills of Exchange drawn on their

Honors payable to himself or order Ninety days after date dated this day

Captain Robert Burdett applyed

to us pay Seventy Seven pounds two Shillings into the Honorable Companys

Cash which sum we have received and given him Bills of Exchange

drawn on their Honors payable to himself or order Ninety days after Sight

dated this day

Chas. Hutchinson

John Adamson

John Clark

At a Consultation held on Monday 17 Day of July 1758.

at the Castle.

Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr. Governor

John Adamson Lieutenant Governor

Lieut. John Clark of Council

The last Consultation was read approved and Signed dated the 10 July

1758.

James Hawker asked the council to take one hundred and thirty pounds into the Honourable Company's cash. The council received the money and gave him bills of exchange drawn on the Directors, payable to himself or order 90 days after sight, dated that day.

James Hawker also asked the council to take a further one hundred and twenty pounds into the Honourable Company's cash. The council received it and gave him bills of exchange drawn on the Directors, payable to himself or order 90 days after date, dated that day.

Captain Robert Burdett asked the council to take seventy-seven pounds two shillings into the Honourable Company's cash. The council received it and gave him bills of exchange drawn on the Directors, payable to himself or order 90 days after sight, dated that day.

The entry was signed by Charles Hutchinson, John Adamson and John Clark.

A consultation was held at the Castle on Monday 17 July 1758. Charles Hutchinson attended as Governor, John Adamson as Lieutenant Governor and Lieutenant John Clark as a member of Council. The previous consultation was read, approved and signed, dated 10 July 1758.

Interpretations

Burdett's remittance of exactly seventy-seven pounds two shillings matches to the penny the sum the council had just paid him for the beef and pork bought for the garrison, which shows the captain immediately banking his sale proceeds back into the Company's cash and drawing a bill for them, so the money never left the treasury but simply changed from a payment owed to him into a bill payable in England. This closing of the loop reveals how convenient the bill mechanism was for a ship's officer, letting him turn a local cash sale into a remittance home in a single step without handling coin. The two separate bills drawn by James Hawker, one payable ninety days after sight and the other ninety days after date, mark a real distinction in mercantile practice, since a bill running from its date matured on a fixed day while one running from sight depended on when it was presented, a difference that affected exactly when the holder in England could collect.

The council let Burdett convert his provision payment straight into a bill on London rather than paying him in coin he would have to carry, which shows both parties preferring paper to specie even for a sum already in hand, so the transaction reveals how thoroughly the bill of exchange had displaced coin as the way value moved between the island and home.

162

156

  1. July
  2. Enlisted Lewis Hey to serve the Honorable Company
  3. as a Soldier for five years at forty Shillings Bounty Money and had the
  4. Articles of War read to him by the Adjutant

Enlisted Geo. Fenn to serve the Honorable

Company as a Soldier for five years at forty Shillings Bounty money

and had the Articles of War read to him by the Adjutant

Mr. John Sealy presented the following Petition Vizt.

To the Worshipfull Charles Hutchinson Esqr.

Govern. &c. Council of St. Helena

Sir and Sirs.

The Humble petition of John Sealy

Sheweth.

That your Petitioner being desirous of

leaving this Island, and of proceeding for India, humbly begs your

Worship and Council will be pleased to permitt him us to and that he

may have Liberty to take his passage on the Ship Cygnett.

St. Helena

July 17. 1758

Granted And your patience will ever pray

Jno. Sealy.

Yesterday Sailed the Honorable Companys Ships

Royall Duke Captain George Cumming Caernarvon Norton Hutchinson

Sandwich Jno. Purling Falmouth James Daly Triton Francis Harris

Marlborough McEdaner McCleck, Norfolk Pinson Bonham

Princess Augusta Thomas Buddison Onslow Thomas Hinde

Warwick Nicholas Webb, Elizabeth Robt. Burdett, under Convey

of his Majestys Ship the Colchester Captain Lucius O'Brgry

Commander.

Lewis Thay was enlisted to serve the Honourable Company as a soldier for five years at forty shillings bounty money, and the Articles of War were read to him by the adjutant.

George Finn was enlisted to serve the Honourable Company as a soldier for five years at forty shillings bounty money, and the Articles of War were read to him by the adjutant.

John Sealy presented a petition to Governor Hutchinson and the council. Sealy set out that he wished to leave the island and proceed to India, and asked the council's leave to do so and to take his passage on the ship Egmont. The petition was granted and dated at St Helena, 17 July 1758.

The day before, the Honourable Company's ships sailed: the Royal Duke under Captain George Cumming, the Carnarvon under Norton Hutchinson, the Sandwich under John Purling, the Falmouth under James Dale, the Triton under Francis Harris, the Marlborough under McCloud, the Norfolk under Pinson Bonham, the Princess Augusta under Thomas Braddon, the Onslow under Thomas Hinde, the Warwick under Nicholas Webb and the Elizabeth under Robert Burdett, under convoy of His Majesty's ship Colchester, under Captain Lucius O'Brien.

Interpretations

The departure of eleven Company ships together under the escort of a royal navy warship shows the whole homeward fleet sailing in a single protected convoy, the standard defence of the age against the privateers and enemy cruisers that threatened merchantmen on the Atlantic passage in wartime. The Colchester, a Crown ship, provided the armed escort the Company's own armed merchantmen could not guarantee alone, so the fleet waited at St Helena until it could sail together under naval protection rather than risk the run home singly. Sealy's petition, like Hay's earlier, shows an islander seeking to move on to India rather than home, confirming that St Helena served as a way station from which the Company's servants could redirect themselves to its more lucrative eastern stations.

The fleet's masters chose to gather at the island and sail as one under convoy rather than proceed as each ship became ready, accepting the delay of waiting for the slowest and for the naval escort because the danger of the wartime Atlantic made a lone merchantman easy prey, so the assembled departure reveals how the threat of capture governed the rhythm of the whole homeward trade.

163

157

1758

Bought of Captain John Venner the following

Articles for the use of the Honorable Companys Table Vizt.

2 Firkins of Butter a 75 p Firkin lb

7 10 0

2 Doubly Gloucester Clove Wart 6 lb

1 4 0

1 Chabree Do 34 18 lb

1 14 0

1 Jarr of Raisins

2 2 0

26 of Currants

1 0 0

£13 10 0

Chas. Hutchinson

John Adamson

John Clark

At a Consultation held on Wednesday the 19th. July 1758.

at the Castle

Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr. Govern.

John Adamson Lieut. Governor

Lieutenant John Clark of Council

The Last Consultation was Read approved and Signed dated the 17 July 1758.

The following days allowed by Charter Party

for unloading the Ship Cygnett being expired we Captain Jno. Venner waiting

orders in writing to make the Best of his way before Marlborough on the west coast of

the Island of Sumatra according to the Enclosure herein received from the Honorable

the Court of Directors and Secret Committee to whom we therein gave the following

Letters to the several Settlements in India. Vizt.

The council bought from Captain John Venner the following articles for the use of the Honourable Company's table.

2 firkins of butter at 75s per firkin, £7 10s 0d

2 double Gloucester cheeses at 24 lb at 6d per lb, £1 4s 0d

1 chabree, 34 lb at 12d per lb, £1 14s 0d

1 jar of raisins, £2 2s 0d

28 lb of currants, £1 0s 0d

£13 10s 0d

The entry was signed by Charles Hutchinson, John Adamson and John Clark.

A consultation was held at the Castle on Wednesday 19 July 1758. Charles Hutchinson attended as Governor, John Adamson as Lieutenant Governor and Lieutenant John Clark as a member of Council. The previous consultation was read, approved and signed, dated 17 July 1758.

The muster having been done and allowed by the shore party, and the ship Egmont, under Captain Venner, being fitted to sail, the council set out in writing the matters that had passed before the Marlborough on the west coast of the island, according to the directions received from the Honourable the Court of Directors, and directed the committee to whom the council had given the following letters to the several settlements in India.

Interpretations

The provisions bought from Captain Venner for the Company table, English firkin butter, double Gloucester cheese, raisins and currants, mark the senior mess drawing its luxuries from arriving ships when its own stores ran short, keeping the governor and council supplied with home comforts far above the plain ration of the garrison. The chabree listed among them was a variety of firm cheese, priced by the pound alongside the Gloucester, showing the table stocking several kinds of imported cheese at once. The council's care to record in writing the events that passed before the Marlborough on the west coast, following the Directors' express directions, shows how closely head office in London governed the island's conduct, requiring formal minutes of particular incidents so that the Court could review them from home.

164

158

  1. July 1758
  2. To the Honorable George Pigot Esqr.
  3. President and Govern. &c. Council of Fort
  4. St. George
  5. Honorble. Sir & Sirs

Our last advices to you went by the Falmouth

Captain James Dale, We have since received your several Letters

and are much obliged to you for writing to the President and Council of

Bombay for some Coffree Slaves for the use of this Settlement, as you could not

supply us with any from you we hope we shall receive them from thence

by the first Conveyance and we very are very cannot supply us with the

Bookings we Indebted for. We send you what is for the use of the Island

Seventy five pieces of Long cloth Quantity and Price of each Sort as follows

Vizt.

Ten pieces at twelve pagodas p Piece, Ten at ten Pagodas, fifteen at

Eight pagodas, Thirty at four p pagodas, ten at three pagodas, and the

rest of the one p Cent. in Arrack Rice and Paddy

These go by the Ship Cygnett Captain John

Venner and we herewith give you the annual List of Ships arrival

and departure to and from this place

We are

Honorable Sir and Sirs

your most humble servants

(Signed)

Charles Hutchinson

John Adamson

John Clark

St. Helena

July 19. 1758

The council wrote to George Pigot, President and Governor, and the council of Fort St George. The council acknowledged their last advices sent by the Falmouth under Captain James Dale, and their several letters, and was much obliged to them for writing to the President and Council of Bombay for arrack stores for the settlement, since Fort St George could not supply any. The council hoped to receive them from Bombay by the first conveyance, and set out the goods it could not supply and the reckonings it was indebted for. The council desired them to send for the use of the island seventy-five pieces of long cloth, the quantity and price of each sort as follows.

Ten pieces at twelve pagodas per piece, ten at ten pagodas, fifteen at eight pagodas, thirty at seven pagodas, ten at three pagodas, and the rest at 8 per cent in arrack, rice and paddy.

The council sent this letter by the ship Egmont under Captain John Venner, and enclosed the annual list of ships arriving at and departing from the island.

The letter was dated at St Helena, 19 July 1758, signed by Charles Hutchinson, John Adamson and John Clark.

Interpretations

This letter shows the working correspondence by which St Helena ordered its supplies from the Company's Indian presidencies, writing directly to the Governor of Madras to specify the exact grades and quantities of cotton cloth it needed and the prices it expected to pay. The routing of the arrack request through Fort St George to Bombay, because Madras itself could not supply it, reveals how the island depended on the whole network of Company settlements acting in concert, one presidency forwarding a want it could not meet to another that could. The graded long cloth ordered by piece and pagoda, from twelve pagodas down to three, confirms the island buying Indian cotton in bulk at fixed factory prices, part of the settled trade that clothed its inhabitants and stocked its store.

The council settled part of its debt not in coin but in kind, offering arrack, rice and paddy at a fixed 8 per cent rather than cash, which shows a specie-poor island using its own imported provisions as a medium of payment between Company settlements, so the letter reveals St Helena bartering goods it had received to discharge what it owed, conserving its scarce coin by turning one cargo into payment for another.

165

159

1758

To the Honorable Richard Bourchier Esqr.

President and Govern. &c. Council of Bombay.

Honorble. Sir & Sirs

Our last advices to you went by the Falmouth

Captain James Dale, we have not any yet received any Letter or Slave from

you on the Honorable Company Account for the use of this Island which we hope

soon to have. and request your will send us a further supply of one hundred and fifty

pieces of Long Cloth, and the rest of the one p Cent in Arrack and Rice

These go by the Ship Cygnett Captain John Venner

and we herewith send you the annual List of Ships arrival and departure to and

from this place

We are

Honorable Sir & Sirs

your most humble Servts.

St. Helena

July 19 1758.

(Signed)

Charles Hutchinson

John Adamson

John Clark

To the Honorable the President and

Governor &c. Council for the time being of

Fort William

Honorable Sir & Sirs

We wrote to the President and Council of Bengall

last year by the Falmouth Captain James Daly and since as from thence that

supplyes are Intended for on this Honorable Company Account for the use of this Island

and they have acquainted us that Batavia Arrack is not procurable there

at any Rate, we have desired a larger Quantity of that Article from Fort St. George

We know you will send for the use of this Island One hundred pieces of Long cloth Six

Maunds of Wax Candles p each Ship, and thereof of the rest p Cent in Arrack Rice and Paddy

These go by the Ship Cygnett Captain John Venner and we

herewith send you the annual List of Ships arrival and departure to and from this place

We are Honorable Sir and Sirs

your most humble Servts.

Signed Charles Hutchinson

John Adamson

John Clark

The council wrote to Richard Bourchier, President and Governor, and the council of Bombay. The council acknowledged their last advices sent by the Falmouth under Captain James Dale, and had not yet received any letter or stores from Bombay on the Honourable Company's account for the use of the island, which the council hoped soon to have. The council asked them to send a further supply of seventy-five pieces of long cloth and the rest at 8 per cent in arrack and rice.

The council sent this letter by the ship Egmont under Captain John Venner, and enclosed the annual list of ships arriving at and departing from the island. The letter was dated at St Helena, 19 July 1758, signed by Charles Hutchinson, John Adamson and John Clark.

The council also wrote to the President and Governor and council for the time being of Fort William. The council recalled writing to the President and Council of Bengal the previous year by the Falmouth under Captain James Dale for supplies for the use of the island, which had arrived, though the Batavia arrack was not procurable there. Since the council could not obtain a larger quantity of that cloth from Fort St George, it asked them to send for the use of the island one hundred pieces of long cloth, six maunds of wax candles for each ship, and the rest at 8 per cent in arrack and rice.

The council sent this letter by the ship Egmont under Captain John Venner, and enclosed the annual list of ships arriving at and departing from the island. The letter was signed by Charles Hutchinson, John Adamson and John Clark.

Interpretations

These two letters complete the council's supply correspondence, addressing Bombay and Fort William, so that the island wrote to all three of the Company's Indian presidencies in one dispatch, each for the particular goods that region could best furnish. The spreading of orders across Madras, Bombay and Bengal shows a deliberate strategy of drawing supply from the whole Indian network rather than any single source, insuring against the failure of any one presidency to deliver. The note that Batavia arrack was not procurable at Bengal reveals how specific the island's wants were and how far the trade reached, since the preferred spirit came from the Dutch settlement in Java and had to be sought wherever a Company factory could obtain it, so the council's provisioning stretched across the entire eastern trading world.

The council spread its identical requests across three presidencies at once rather than pressing a single one, accepting that it might receive duplicate or partial supply because no one settlement had proved able to meet its needs alone, so the strategy reveals an island hedging against the unreliability of any single source by casting its orders as widely as the Company's network allowed.

166

160

  1. July
  2. To the Worshipfull the Supervisor or
  3. deputy Governor &c. Council for the time
  4. being of Fort Marlborough.
  5. Worshipfull Sir & Sirs.

We have received the Copy and Duplicate of your

Letter under the Date of the 20 February 1758 and are not a little

Surprized, at what you mention, upon our taking the Treasure we did

the Last Year out of the Honorable Company Ship the Falmouth

We gave you due Advice of it, and as for any thing further, We previously

to have only to account to the Honorable the Court of Directors, and can't

happen we do transact at present, we have not taken any out of the Ship the

Cygnett

We have received the Stockings sent you by the

President and Council of Fort St. George to be forwarded to us, and this desire

you will send for the use of this Island 150 hundred of Sugar

Enclosed herewith we send you the Cygnetts

Charter Party Victualing Bill, Manifest of Goods and the List of the

arrival and departure of Ships to and from this Place

We are

Honorable Sir and Sirs

your most humble Servts.

(Signed)

Charles Hutchinson

John Adamson

John Clark

St. Helena

July 19. 1758

Chas. Hutchinson

John Adamson

John Clark

The council wrote to the Supervisor or Deputy Governor and council for the time being of Fort Marlborough. The council acknowledged the copy and duplicate of their letter dated 20 February 1758, and was not a little surprised at what they mentioned, on taking the treasure aboard the Honourable Company's ship Falmouth the previous year. The council had given a reply to it and would say something further. The council reckoned only to account to the Honourable the Court of Directors, and if it happened the council was short at present, it had not taken any out of the ship Egmont.

The council acknowledged the stores sent by the President and Council of Fort St George, to be forwarded to the island, and asked them to send for the use of the island 150 hundredweight of sugar.

The council enclosed the Egmont's charter party, victualling bill, manifest of goods and the list of ships arriving at and departing from the island. The letter was dated at St Helena, 19 July 1758, signed by Charles Hutchinson, John Adamson and John Clark.

Interpretations

The council's guarded reply to Fort Marlborough over the treasure taken aboard the Falmouth reveals a dispute between settlements about handling the Company's bullion, the council carefully insisting it answered only to the Court of Directors in London and had drawn nothing improperly from the Egmont. This defensive tone shows the sensitivity of moving treasure between stations, where any officer who took specie from a ship's chest had to be able to justify it to head office, so the council was at pains to keep its record clean. The order of 150 hundredweight of sugar from Bencoolen, the Company's pepper and sugar settlement in Sumatra of which Fort Marlborough was the seat, confirms the island drawing bulk provisions from the furthest reaches of the eastern trade, the whole correspondence of this consultation mapping St Helena's supply lines across every Company factory from Madras to Sumatra.

The council answered the awkward charge about the treasure by stressing that it accounted to the Directors alone and had touched nothing aboard the Egmont, a careful choice of defence that reveals how a remote station protected itself in an inter-settlement dispute, appealing over the head of a fellow factory to the ultimate authority in London rather than arguing the matter out as equals.

167

161

20th. July 1758

At a Consultation held on Thursday the 20 July 1758 at the Castle.

Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr. Governor

John Adamson Lieutenant Governor

Lieutenant John Clark of Council

The last Consultation was read approved and Signed dated the 19th. July 1758.

We this day received the following Letter from Captain

John Venner of the Ship Cygnett. Vizt.

Worshipfull Sir and Sirs

Having been much retarded in unloading the Ship

Cygnett, now under my Command, of the goods and Stores consigned to you upon the

Honorable the Court of Directors by three several bins Majestys Ship the Colchester and

Eleven of the Honorable Ships in the dispatch, taking in Water necessary for the Voyage

particularly the Falmouth, upon whose account the whole fleet was detained and by her

being aground with company of the Ships Boats for water at the Crane, has now made it

impossible for me to be in readiness or during the date of the dispatch has I have received from

you, but I shall make the utmost Expedition to be in readiness for the Sea and then proceed

according to the Instructions I have received

I am Gentlemen with great respect

Your most Obedient humble Servt.

St. Helena

July the 20. 1758

John Venner.

Account of Stores Short received from the Ship Cygnett Vizt.

1 Iron Pot of 3 Gall. a 15 lb

found broke upon opening the package

1 Iron Lanthorn

3 Sheep Skins

1 Birch Broom

6 Pair of Womens Callimanco Shoes

found Short upon opening the package

24 Iron Bracken

damaged unserviceable

304 Sand Bags

A consultation was held at the Castle on Thursday 20 July 1758. Charles Hutchinson attended as Governor, John Adamson as Lieutenant Governor and Lieutenant John Clark as a member of Council. The previous consultation was read, approved and signed, dated 19 July 1758.

The council received the following letter that day from Captain John Venner of the ship Egmont. Venner set out that, having much to do in lading the Egmont under his command, and the goods and stores consigned to the island by the Court of Directors having been brought by three ships, his ship being the last of the dispatch and taking in water for the voyage, particularly for the Falmouth, on whose account the whole fleet was detained, and his being supplied with company of the ships' boats for water at the crane, it was almost impossible for him to be in readiness by the date of the dispatch he had received from the council. He would make the Egmont ready to be in readiness for the stores and then proceed according to the instructions he had received. The letter was dated at St Helena, 20 July 1758, signed by John Venner.

The council brought in an account of stores found short on receipt from the ship Egmont.

Account of stores found short from the ship Egmont, viz:

1 iron pot of 3 gallons, weighing 15 lb, broke on opening the packages

1 horn lantern, broke on opening the packages

3 sheep shears, found short on opening the packages

1 birch broom, found short on opening the packages

6 pairs of women's cotton stays, found short on opening the packages

24 lb sugar, damaged, unserviceable

504 sandbags

Interpretations

Venner's letter reveals the practical bottleneck of watering a whole fleet from a single source, the crane at the landing, where each ship's boats had to queue for fresh water so that the last vessel to load could not be ready on the date the council's dispatch demanded. The detail that the entire fleet was held on the Falmouth's account shows how a convoy moved at the pace of its slowest or most needful ship, one vessel's requirements delaying all the rest until every ship could sail together under escort. The storekeeper's discrepancy account again separated the losses by cause, breakage, shortfall on opening and spoilage, so the damaged goods could be charged to the carrier, the appearance of women's cotton stays among the stores confirming that the island imported ready-made clothing for its inhabitants alongside its bulk provisions.

Venner set out his difficulties in writing to the council before the sailing date rather than simply falling behind, a choice that reveals how a ship's captain protected himself against the charge of delaying a convoy, putting on record the watering bottleneck and the fleet's dependence on the Falmouth so that responsibility for any lateness rested on the circumstances rather than on him.

168

162

  1. July 1758
  2. 80 Soldiers Shirts damaged and returned to the Captain

3 c 17 lb Soap Short weight

1 1 3 Cordage

30 Single Deals for the Coleholes

6 Euffins

4 Doubly Deals

10 Single Do Short delivered

3 c 4 lb Shot

70 Sand bags

3 c of a Barrel of Pitch

1 Chaldron of Coals short delivered of Work measure which was also short delivered

here.

100 of Square Glass 6 by 8

100 of Squares Do 8 by 10 Inserted in the Invoice

50 Squares Do 10 by 12

94 Squares Do 6 by 10 Received wholy

32 Squares Do 10 by 12

6 Squares Do 8 by 10 Brohy

10 Squares Do 10 by 12

No. 1 to 1 1 Hogshead of Port wine gage 59 Gall. Wants to fill 1½

2 to 1 1 Do Do gage 60 wants to fill 2½

119

4

Received 115 Gall.

No. 3 to 1 1 Hogshead of Lisbon wine gage 60 Cwt. wants to fill 1¾

4 to 1 1 Hogshead of Lisbon Do Do 60 Do 1¾

5 to 1 1 Hogshead of Lisbon Do Do 60 Do 1½

180½

5

Received 175½ Gall.

No. 6 to 1 1 Hogshead of Mountain Wine gage 59 Gall. wants to fill 1½ Gall.

4½

Received 57½ Gall.

No. 1

The account of stores found short from the Egmont continued.

88 soldiers' shirts, damaged and returned to the captain

3 cwt 0 qrs 17 lb soap, short weight

1 cwt 1 qr 3 lb cordage, short weight

30 single deals, for the article of deals, short delivered

6 buffies, for the article of deals, short delivered

4 double deals, short delivered

10 single ditto, short delivered

5 cwt shot, short delivered

70 sandbags, short delivered

3 lb of a barrel of pitch, short delivered

1 chaldron of 6 cwt short delivered of pork measure, which was also short delivered

100 squares glass 6 by 8, inserted in the invoice

100 squares ditto 8 by 10, inserted in the invoice

50 squares ditto 10 by 12, inserted in the invoice

94 squares ditto 6 by 10, received wholly

92 squares ditto 10 by 12, received wholly

6 squares ditto 6 by 10, broke

10 squares ditto 10 by 12, broke

The account then gauged three casks of port and Lisbon wine and one of Mountain, deducting the ullage before signing for what was received.

Number 1, 1 hogshead of port wine, gauge 59 gallons, wanting 1½ gallons to fill

Number 2, 1 ditto, gauge 60 gallons, wanting 2½ gallons to fill

Total gauge 119 gallons, less 4 gallons ullage, received 115 gallons

Number 3, 1 hogshead of Lisbon wine, gauge 60 gallons, wanting 1¾ gallons to fill

Number 4, 1 hogshead of Lisbon, gauge 60 gallons, wanting 1¾ gallons to fill

Number 5, 1 hogshead of Lisbon, gauge 60 gallons, wanting 1½ gallons to fill

Total gauge 180 gallons, less 5 gallons ullage, received 175½ gallons

Number 6, 1 hogshead of Mountain wine, gauge 59 gallons, wanting 1½ gallons to fill

Received 57½ gallons

Interpretations

This continuation of the discrepancy account shows the full range of a Company cargo checked against its invoice, from soldiers' shirts and building timber to window glass, shot and wine, each loss recorded by its cause so the shortfall could be laid at the carrier's door. The glass entries preserve a careful reconciliation, distinguishing the panes billed in the invoice, those received whole and the few broken, so the storekeeper accounted for every square landed against the manifest. The wine casks were gauged individually and their ullage deducted before the island signed, the same protective measure applied to every spirit and wine landing, so that St Helena paid only for the liquid genuinely delivered and threw the loss of evaporation and leakage on the shipment rather than absorbing it.

The storekeeper returned the eighty-eight damaged soldiers' shirts to the captain rather than accepting them at a reduced value, which shows the island refusing to take spoiled goods onto its books at all, throwing the whole loss back on the ship exactly as it had done with the damaged scarlet cloth earlier, a consistent policy of making the carrier bear the cost of anything landed unfit.

169

163

1758

No. 1 to 1 1 Hogshead of Beer gage 61 Gall wants to fill 1½

2 to 1 1 Hogshead Do Do 61 Do 2

3 to 1 1 Do Do Do 61 Do 4

4 to 1 1 Do Do Do 60 Do 2 4

5 to 1 1 Do Do Do 61 Do 4

6 to 1 1 Do Do Do 60 Do 4

364

42

Received 322 Gall.

St. Helena

July 20. 1758

(Signed)

James Powell

Chas. Hutchinson

John Adamson

John Clark

At a Consultation held on Monday the 24 day July 1758 at the Castle

Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr. Governor

John Adamson Lieutenant Governor

Lieutenant John Clark of Council

The last Consultation was read approved and Signed dated the 20 July 1758.

The Plantation Gunners and Stewards accounts were

this day brought in which were examined and approved they are as follow Vizt.

The account gauged six hogsheads of beer, deducting the ullage before signing for what was received.

Number 1, 1 hogshead of beer, gauge 61 gallons, wanting 4 gallons to fill

Number 2, 1 hogshead, gauge 61 gallons, wanting 2 gallons to fill

Number 3, 1 ditto, gauge 61 gallons, wanting 4 gallons to fill

Number 4, 1 ditto, gauge 60 gallons, wanting 24 [...] to fill

Number 5, 1 ditto, gauge 61 gallons, wanting 4 gallons to fill

Number 6, 1 ditto, gauge 60 gallons, wanting 4 gallons to fill

Total gauge 364 gallons, less 42 gallons ullage, received 322 gallons

The account was dated at St Helena, 20 July 1758, signed by James Powell, and by Charles Hutchinson, John Adamson and John Clark.

A consultation was held at the Castle on Monday 24 July 1758. Charles Hutchinson attended as Governor, John Adamson as Lieutenant Governor and Lieutenant John Clark as a member of Council. The previous consultation was read, approved and signed, dated 20 July 1758.

The plantation, gunners' and steward's accounts for the month were then brought in, examined and approved, as follows.

Interpretations

This final part of the Egmont discrepancy account gauged the beer casks in the same way as the wine and spirit, measuring each hogshead against its capacity and deducting the total ullage of forty-two gallons before the island signed for the beer genuinely received. The large ullage on the beer, greater proportionally than on the wine, reflects beer's tendency to lose more to leakage and working in the cask on a long voyage, so the gauging protected the island from paying for the substantial quantity lost in transit. The consistent application of this check across every liquid landing, wine, spirit and beer alike, shows a settled accounting discipline by which St Helena accepted only measured deliveries and threw all transit loss on the carrier, a routine safeguard written into every receipt.

170

164

Account of the Honorable Company Stock of neat Cattle from the 12 June to the 11 July 1758 Vizt.

Bulls, Cows, Calves, Yearlings, Heifers, Steers, Oxen, Total, Ewes, Wethers, Lambs, Rams, Total, Ewes, Wethers, Kids, Rams, Total, Sows, Shoats, Pigs, Barrows, Total, Fowls, Ducks, Turkeys, Geese, Weaners, Mares, Total, S. Asses, S. Mules, Total

Remaining 12: Bulls 4, Cows 104, Calves 94, Yearlings 34, Heifers 20, Steers 20, Oxen 20, Total 314, Ewes 344, Wethers 173, Lambs 155, Rams 8, Total 680, Ewes 194, Wethers 50, Kids 73, Rams 8, Total 325, Sows 5, Shoats 8, Pigs 3, Barrows 1, Total 17, Fowls 209, Ducks 63, Turkeys 13, Geese 38, Weaners 6, Mares 4, Total 10, S. Asses 3, S. Mules 2, Total 5

Encreased: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 4, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Oxen 0, Total 4, Ewes 0, Wethers 0, Lambs 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Ewes 0, Wethers 0, Kids 33, Rams 0, Total 33, Sows 0, Shoats 0, Pigs 0, Barrows 0, Total 0, Fowls 0, Ducks 0, Turkeys 0, Geese 0, Weaners 0, Mares 0, Total 0, S. Asses 0, S. Mules 0, Total 0

Total: Bulls 4, Cows 104, Calves 98, Yearlings 34, Heifers 20, Steers 38, Oxen 20, Total 318, Ewes 344, Wethers 173, Lambs 155, Rams 8, Total 25, Ewes 194, Wethers 50, Kids 106, Rams 0, Total 350, Sows 5, Shoats 8, Pigs 3, Barrows 1, Total 17, Fowls 46, Ducks 8, Turkeys 8, Geese 3, Weaners 6, Mares 4, Total 10, S. Asses 3, S. Mules 2, Total 5

Killed: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 0, Yearlings 4, Heifers 9, Steers 0, Oxen 0, Total 13, Ewes 3, Wethers 5, Lambs 0, Rams 0, Total 8, Ewes 0, Wethers 7, Kids 0, Rams 0, Total 7, Sows 0, Shoats 0, Pigs 0, Barrows 0, Total 0, Fowls 0, Ducks 0, Turkeys 0, Geese 0, Weaners 0, Mares 0, Total 0, S. Asses 0, S. Mules 0, Total 0

Died: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 0, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Oxen 0, Total 0, Ewes 0, Wethers 0, Lambs 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Ewes 0, Wethers 0, Kids 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Sows 0, Shoats 0, Pigs 0, Barrows 0, Total 0, Fowls 10, Ducks 2, Turkeys 0, Geese 5, Weaners 0, Mares 0, Total 0, S. Asses 0, S. Mules 0, Total 0

Stole: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 0, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Oxen 0, Total 0, Ewes 0, Wethers 0, Lambs 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Ewes 0, Wethers 0, Kids 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Sows 0, Shoats 0, Pigs 0, Barrows 0, Total 0, Fowls 0, Ducks 0, Turkeys 0, Geese 0, Weaners 0, Mares 0, Total 0, S. Asses 0, S. Mules 0, Total 0

Sold: Bulls 0, Cows 1, Calves 1, Yearlings 0, Heifers 2, Steers 0, Oxen 0, Total 4, Ewes 0, Wethers 0, Lambs 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Ewes 0, Wethers 0, Kids 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Sows 0, Shoats 4, Pigs 0, Barrows 0, Total 4, Fowls 0, Ducks 0, Turkeys 0, Geese 0, Weaners 0, Mares 0, Total 0, S. Asses 0, S. Mules 0, Total 0

Remaining 11: Bulls 4, Cows 103, Calves 97, Yearlings 34, Heifers 14, Steers 29, Oxen 20, Total 301, Ewes 330, Wethers 164, Lambs 145, Rams 8, Total 647, Ewes 194, Wethers 43, Kids 106, Rams 8, Total 351, Sows 5, Shoats 4, Pigs 3, Barrows 1, Total 13, Fowls 153, Ducks 56, Turkeys 6, Geese 30, Weaners 6, Mares 4, Total 10, S. Asses 3, S. Mules 2, Total 5

Beef to the Ships Triton 560

Onslow 560

Sandwich 560

Warwick 560

Egmont 560

Falmouth 560

Elizabeth 560

One Slave Girl born named Agness

Yam Expended for the Stock 8550

This livestock account is set as a grid with the same headed columns as the previous months, seven animal groups across and the stock-movement categories down the side.

Neat Cattle

Remaining 12 June: 4 bulls, 104 cows, 94 calves, 34 yearlings, 20 heifers, 20 steers, 20 oxen, total 314

Increased: 0 bulls, 0 cows, 4 calves, 0 yearlings, 0 heifers, 0 steers, 0 oxen, total 4

Total: 4 bulls, 104 cows, 98 calves, 34 yearlings, 20 heifers, 38 steers, 20 oxen, total 318

Killed: 0 bulls, 0 cows, 0 calves, 0 yearlings, 4 heifers, 9 steers, 0 oxen, total 13

Died: 0 all categories, total 0

Stole: 0 all categories, total 0

Sold: 0 bulls, 1 cow, 1 calf, 0 yearlings, 2 heifers, 0 steers, 0 oxen, total 4

Remaining 11 July: 4 bulls, 103 cows, 97 calves, 34 yearlings, 14 heifers, 29 steers, 20 oxen, total 301

Sheep

Remaining 12 June: 344 ewes, 173 wethers, 155 lambs, 8 rams, total 680

Increased: 0 ewes, 0 wethers, 0 lambs, 0 rams, total 0

Total: 344 ewes, 173 wethers, 155 lambs, 8 rams, total 680

Killed: 13 ewes, 3 wethers, 5 lambs, 0 rams, total 21

Died: 0 all categories, total 0

Stole: 0 all categories, total 0

Sold: 0 all categories, total 0

Remaining 11 July: 330 ewes, 164 wethers, 145 lambs, 8 rams, total 647

Goats

Remaining 12 June: 194 ewes, 50 wethers, 73 kids, 8 rams, total 325

Increased: 0 ewes, 0 wethers, 33 kids, 0 rams, total 33

Total: 194 ewes, 50 wethers, 106 kids, 0 rams, total 350

Killed: 0 ewes, 7 wethers, 0 kids, 0 rams, total 7

Died: 0 all categories, total 0

Stole: 0 all categories, total 0

Sold: 0 all categories, total 0

Remaining 11 July: 194 ewes, 43 wethers, 106 kids, 8 rams, total 351

Hogs

Remaining 12 June: 5 sows, 8 boars, 3 pigs, 1 barrow, total 17

Increased: 0 all categories, total 0

Total: 5 sows, 8 boars, 3 pigs, 1 barrow, total 17

Killed: 0 all categories, total 0

Died: 0 sows, 4 boars, 0 pigs, 0 barrows, total 4

Stole: 0 all categories, total 0

Sold: 0 all categories, total 0

Remaining 11 July: 5 sows, 4 boars, 3 pigs, 1 barrow, total 13

Poultry

Remaining 12 June: 209 fowls, 63 ducks, 13 turkeys, 38 geese

Increased: 0 all categories

Total: 46 fowls, 8 ducks, 8 turkeys, 3 geese

Killed: 0 all categories

Died: 10 fowls, 2 ducks, 0 turkeys, 5 geese

Stole: 0 all categories

Sold: 0 all categories

Remaining 11 July: 153 fowls, 56 ducks, 6 turkeys, 30 geese

Horses and Asses

Remaining 12 June: 6 horses, 4 mares, total 10, 3 he-asses, 2 she-asses, total 5

Increased: 0 all categories

Total: 6 horses, 4 mares, total 10, 3 he-asses, 2 she-asses, total 5

Killed: 0 all categories

Died: 0 all categories

Stole: 0 all categories

Sold: 0 all categories

Remaining 11 July: 6 horses, 4 mares, total 10, 3 he-asses, 2 she-asses, total 5

Beef was supplied to the ships Triton, 560 lb, Onslow, 560 lb, Sandwich, 560 lb, Warwick, 560 lb, Egmont, 560 lb, Falmouth, 560 lb, and Elizabeth, 560 lb.

One slave girl was born, named Agness. Yam expended for the stock, 8,550 lb.

Interpretations

Set against the previous month, this return shows the heaviest draw on the cattle yet, with beef issued to seven departing ships and thirteen head killed, as the whole homeward fleet was victualled for its voyage before sailing under convoy. The kid crop of thirty-three shows the goats' breeding season in full, while the poultry fell sharply after the losses and consumption of the busy month. The record of a slave girl's birth entered in the same account as the livestock, the child named Agness and counted among the Company's increase, exposes the brutal logic of the system, which treated the children of its slaves as additions to its stock in exactly the ledger it used for calves and lambs.

The estate cut its yam issue to the stock to eight and a half thousand pounds this month, far below the earlier figures, which set against the heavy slaughter for the fleet suggests the farm was drawing down its animals rather than feeding them up, so the low feed figure reveals a herd being consumed to meet the convoy's demand rather than maintained, the season's peak traffic pressing hardest on the island's living stores.

171

165

1758

Artillery Stores expended from the 12 of June

to the 11 of July 1758 both days Included.

Guns fired, 9 lb, 4 lb, 3 lb, 2 lb, 1 lb, Powder Expended

June 13th. Fired at Ruports for practice and for priming: Guns fired 8, 9 lb 0, 4 lb 8, 3 lb 0, 2 lb 0, 1 lb 0, Powder Expended 17 8

14 An Alarm: Guns fired 6, 9 lb 0, 4 lb 2, 3 lb 2, 2 lb 0, 1 lb 2, Powder Expended 12

Do Fired at Banks's for a Signal for the Colchester Man of War: Guns fired 2, 9 lb 2, 4 lb 0, 3 lb 0, 2 lb 0, 1 lb 0, Powder Expended 9

Do Arrived the Colchester Man of War Saluted here with: Guns fired 13, 9 lb 0, 4 lb 0, 3 lb 0, 2 lb 13, 1 lb 0, Powder Expended 13

15 Fired for Captain O Bryens arrival on Shore: Guns fired 0, 9 lb 0, 4 lb 0, 3 lb 0, 2 lb 0, 1 lb 0, Powder Expended 2

Do Powder for priming: Guns fired 13, 9 lb 0, 4 lb 0, 3 lb 0, 2 lb 13, 1 lb 0, Powder Expended 13

Do An Alarm: Guns fired 0, 9 lb 0, 4 lb 0, 3 lb 0, 2 lb 0, 1 lb 0, Powder Expended 2

Do Arrived the Triton returned the Salute: Guns fired 6, 9 lb 0, 4 lb 2, 3 lb 2, 2 lb 0, 1 lb 2, Powder Expended 12

Do Powder for priming: Guns fired 15, 9 lb 0, 4 lb 0, 3 lb 0, 2 lb 15, 1 lb 0, Powder Expended 15

16 An Alarm: Guns fired 0, 9 lb 0, 4 lb 0, 3 lb 0, 2 lb 0, 1 lb 0, Powder Expended 1 12

17 The Alarm doubled: Guns fired 6, 9 lb 0, 4 lb 2, 3 lb 2, 2 lb 0, 1 lb 2, Powder Expended 12

Do Arrived the Onslow and the Sandwich returned their Salutes: Guns fired 7, 9 lb 1, 4 lb 2, 3 lb 3, 2 lb 0, 1 lb 1, Powder Expended 17 8

Do Powder for priming: Guns fired 18, 9 lb 0, 4 lb 0, 3 lb 0, 2 lb 18, 1 lb 0, Powder Expended 18

21 An Alarm: Guns fired 0, 9 lb 0, 4 lb 0, 3 lb 0, 2 lb 0, 1 lb 0, Powder Expended 3

Do Arrived the Warwick returned the Salute: Guns fired 6, 9 lb 0, 4 lb 2, 3 lb 2, 2 lb 0, 1 lb 2, Powder Expended 12

Do Powder for priming: Guns fired 13, 9 lb 0, 4 lb 0, 3 lb 0, 2 lb 13, 1 lb 0, Powder Expended 13

22 Fired for Captn. Spikes Arrival on Shore: Guns fired 0, 9 lb 0, 4 lb 0, 3 lb 0, 2 lb 0, 1 lb 0, Powder Expended 1 8

Do Powder for priming: Guns fired 13, 9 lb 1, 4 lb 0, 3 lb 0, 2 lb 13, 1 lb 0, Powder Expended 13

Do Fired for the Kings Accession to the throne: Guns fired 21, 9 lb 0, 4 lb 2, 3 lb 1, 2 lb 18, 1 lb 0, Powder Expended 23 8

Do Powder for priming: Guns fired 0, 9 lb 0, 4 lb 0, 3 lb 0, 2 lb 0, 1 lb 0, Powder Expended 3 8

Do fired with small Arms for Do: Guns fired 0, 9 lb 0, 4 lb 0, 3 lb 0, 2 lb 0, 1 lb 0, Powder Expended 28 8

28 An Alarm: Guns fired 6, 9 lb 0, 4 lb 2, 3 lb 2, 2 lb 0, 1 lb 2, Powder Expended 12

Do Arrived the Elizabeth returned the Salute: Guns fired 9, 9 lb 0, 4 lb 0, 3 lb 0, 2 lb 9, 1 lb 0, Powder Expended 9

Do Powder for priming: Guns fired 0, 9 lb 0, 4 lb 0, 3 lb 0, 2 lb 0, 1 lb 0, Powder Expended 1 8

July 1st. An Alarm: Guns fired 6, 9 lb 0, 4 lb 2, 3 lb 2, 2 lb 0, 1 lb 0, Powder Expended 12

Do An Alarm at Banks's for the same Ship: Guns fired 2, 9 lb 2, 4 lb 0, 3 lb 0, 2 lb 0, 1 lb 0, Powder Expended 9

Do Arrived the Egmont Returned the Salute: Guns fired 9, 9 lb 0, 4 lb 0, 3 lb 0, 2 lb 9, 1 lb 0, Powder Expended 9

Do Powder for priming: Guns fired 0, 9 lb 0, 4 lb 0, 3 lb 0, 2 lb 0, 1 lb 0, Powder Expended 1 8

2 An Alarm for a Ship that went by: Guns fired 6, 9 lb 0, 4 lb 2, 3 lb 2, 2 lb 0, 1 lb 2, Powder Expended 12

Do powder for priming at Prosperous Bay from Apr. 26: Guns fired 0, 9 lb 0, 4 lb 0, 3 lb 0, 2 lb 0, 1 lb 0, Powder Expended 3

5 An Alarm: Guns fired 6, 9 lb 0, 4 lb 2, 3 lb 2, 2 lb 0, 1 lb 2, Powder Expended 12

Do Arrived the Falmouth returned the Salute: Guns fired 9, 9 lb 0, 4 lb 0, 3 lb 0, 2 lb 9, 1 lb 0, Powder Expended 9

Do Powder for priming: Guns fired 0, 9 lb 0, 4 lb 0, 3 lb 0, 2 lb 0, 1 lb 0, Powder Expended 1 8

Do for Signals: Guns fired 0, 9 lb 0, 4 lb 0, 3 lb 0, 2 lb 0, 1 lb 0, Powder Expended 2

Do for the funeral of Thomas Taylor: Guns fired 0, 9 lb 0, 4 lb 0, 3 lb 0, 2 lb 0, 1 lb 0, Powder Expended 2 4

Do for Exercising the East Flying Party: Guns fired 0, 9 lb 0, 4 lb 0, 3 lb 0, 2 lb 0, 1 lb 0, Powder Expended 9 8

Do for Exercising the West Flying Party: Guns fired 0, 9 lb 0, 4 lb 0, 3 lb 0, 2 lb 0, 1 lb 0, Powder Expended 8

Do for Exercising the Recruits: Guns fired 0, 9 lb 0, 4 lb 0, 3 lb 0, 2 lb 0, 1 lb 0, Powder Expended 33 8

Total: Guns fired 200, 9 lb 5, 4 lb 28, 3 lb 20, 2 lb 130, 1 lb 17, Powder Expended 391 8

Paper for the use of the Castle 1 26

Do 1 be paid for 1

Do for making great Gun Cartridges 4

Spunge stave for repairing Halberts 2

Match Burnt at the main fort 6 lb

Tallow for the use of the Carts 4 lb

(Signed) Thos. Hall

This gunner's return records powder expended, entered under column headings that read across each row: guns fired, then powder used at 4, 3, 2 and 1 sort, then the total powder in pounds.

Artillery stores expended from 12 June to 11 July 1758, both days included

13 June: fired at Rupert's for practice and for priming, 8 guns fired, 8 lb 3rd sort, total 17 lb 8 oz

14 June: an alarm, 6 guns fired, 2 lb 3rd sort, 2 lb 2nd sort, 2 lb 1st sort, total 12 lb 0 oz

Fired at Banks's for a signal for the Colchester man of war, 2 guns fired, 2 lb 4th sort, total 9 lb 0 oz

Arrived the Colchester man of war, saluted here with 13 guns fired, 13 lb 2nd sort, total 13 lb 0 oz

15 June: fired for Captain O'Brien's arrival on shore, 13 guns fired, 13 lb 1st sort, total 2 lb 0 oz

Powder for priming, 13 lb 2nd sort, total 13 lb 0 oz

An alarm, 0 guns fired, total 2 lb 0 oz

Arrived the Triton, returned the salute, 6 guns fired, 2 lb 3rd sort, 2 lb 2nd sort, 2 lb 1st sort, total 12 lb 0 oz

Powder for priming, 15 lb 2nd sort, total 15 lb 0 oz

16 June: an alarm, 0 guns fired, total 1 lb 12 oz

17 June: the alarm doubled, 6 guns fired, 2 lb 3rd sort, 2 lb 2nd sort, 2 lb 1st sort, total 12 lb 0 oz

Arrived the Onslow and the Sandwich, returned their salutes, 7 guns fired, 1 lb 4th sort, 2 lb 3rd sort, 3 lb 2nd sort, 1 lb 1st sort, total 17 lb 8 oz

Powder for priming, 18 lb 2nd sort, total 18 lb 0 oz

21 June: an alarm, 0 guns fired, total 3 lb 0 oz

Arrived the Warwick, returned the salute, 6 guns fired, 2 lb 3rd sort, 2 lb 2nd sort, 2 lb 1st sort, total 12 lb 0 oz

Powder for priming, 13 lb 2nd sort, total 13 lb 0 oz

22 June: fired for Captain Spikes's arrival on shore, 13 guns fired, 13 lb 2nd sort, total 1 lb 8 oz

Powder for priming, 13 lb 2nd sort, total 13 lb 0 oz

Fired for the King's accession to the throne, 21 guns fired, 2 lb 4th sort, 1 lb 3rd sort, 18 lb 2nd sort, total 23 lb 8 oz

Powder for priming, 0 guns fired, total 3 lb 0 oz

Fired with small arms for ditto, total 28 lb 8 oz

28 June: an alarm, 6 guns fired, 2 lb 3rd sort, 2 lb 2nd sort, 2 lb 1st sort, total 12 lb 0 oz

Arrived the Elizabeth, returned the salute, 9 guns fired, 9 lb 2nd sort, total 9 lb 0 oz

Powder for priming, 0 guns fired, total 1 lb 8 oz

1 July: an alarm, 6 guns fired, 2 lb 3rd sort, 2 lb 2nd sort, total 12 lb 0 oz

An alarm at Banks's for the same ship, 2 guns fired, 2 lb 4th sort, total 9 lb 0 oz

Arrived the Egmont, returned the salute, 9 guns fired, 9 lb 2nd sort, total 9 lb 0 oz

Powder for priming, 0 guns fired, total 1 lb 8 oz

2 July: an alarm for a ship that went by, 6 guns fired, 2 lb 3rd sort, 2 lb 2nd sort, 2 lb 1st sort, total 12 lb 0 oz

Powder for priming at Prosperous Bay from 26 April, 0 guns fired, total 3 lb 0 oz

5 July: an alarm, 6 guns fired, 2 lb 3rd sort, 2 lb 2nd sort, 2 lb 1st sort, total 12 lb 0 oz

Arrived the Falmouth, returned the salute, 9 guns fired, 9 lb 2nd sort, total 9 lb 0 oz

Powder for priming, 0 guns fired, total 1 lb 8 oz

Powder for signals, total 2 lb 0 oz

Powder for the funeral of Thomas Taylor, total 2 lb 4 oz

Powder for exercising the East flying party, total 9 lb 8 oz

Powder for exercising the West flying party, total 8 lb 0 oz

Powder for exercising the recruits, total 33 lb 8 oz

Total, 200 guns fired, 5 lb 4th sort, 28 lb 3rd sort, 20 lb 2nd sort, 130 lb 1st sort, 17 lb, 391 lb 8 oz

Paper for the use of the Castle, 1 quire 2 [...]; ditto to be supplied for, 1 quire; ditto for making great gun cartridges, 4 quires; sponge staves for repairing halberds, 2; match burnt at the main fort, 6 lb; and tallow for the use of the carts, 4 lb. The account was signed by Thomas Hall.

Interpretations

This return is dominated by the salutes fired to the arriving homeward fleet, ship after ship answered gun for gun as it came into the road, so the powder book doubles as a record of the fleet's assembly through June and early July. The twenty-one gun salute for the King's accession to the throne marks the formal observance of the anniversary of the sovereign's succession, a fixed royal occasion the garrison honoured with a full ceremonial discharge and small arms as well as cannon. The large issue of powder to exercise the recruits, greater than to any of the standing flying parties, shows the garrison drilling its newly enlisted men with live powder to make them fit for service, so the account again records the artillery serving ceremony, courtesy and training from one common store.

The master gunner once more carried forward a stale charge, three pounds of priming powder spent at Prosperous Bay back on 26 April, only entering it in this July return, which shows the outlying batteries' consumption reconciled centrally long after the fact rather than written off where it was used, the account insisting every pound be traced to a named use however delayed and however distant the post.

172

166

  1. July
  2. Sundrys Expended at the Honorable Companys Table
  3. in the Month Ending July 11th. 1758. Vizt.

9 Bottles of Port

£0 12s 4d

39 Do Lisbon

£2 10s 8¼d

4 Do Mountain

£0 5s 5d

28 Do Madeira

£3 9s 1¼d

76 Do Arrack

£2 13s 10d

84 Do Beer

£0 17s 6d

334 lb Flour

£2 8s 8¼d

663 lb Fresh Beef

£7 11s 3d

337 Mutton

£7 4s 5d

5 Lambs

£2 10s 0d

30 Pounds Goat

£0 10s 0d

46 Fowls

£3 9s 0d

8 Ducks

£0 12s 0d

3 Geese

£0 15s 0d

8 Turkeys

£2 0s 0d

30 Pounds of Butter

£1 10s 0d

5 Pices of Salt Pork

£0 10s 0d

119 Pounds of Candy

£1 19s 8d

£41 4s 11¼d

Mr. Owen Griffiths presented the following

Petition Vizt.

To the Worshipfull Charles Hutchinson Esqr.

Governor & Councell of the Island St. Helena

Sir and Sirs. The humble petition of Owen Griffiths

Sheweth.

That your petitioner being desirous of leaving

this Island, and of proceeding for India, humbly begs your Worship and

Councell will be pleased to permitt him so to do and that he may have Liberty

to take his Passage on the Ship Cygnett.

St. Helena

24. July 1758

Granted And your Petitioner will ever pray

Owen Griffiths

Sundrys expended at the Honourable Company's table in the month ending 11 July 1758, viz:

9 bottles of port, £0 12s 4d

39 ditto Lisbon, £2 10s 8¼d

4 ditto Mountain, £0 5s 5d

28 ditto Madeira, £3 9s 1½d

76 ditto arrack, £2 13s 10d

84 ditto beer, £0 17s 6d

334 lb flour, £2 3s 8¼d

605 lb fresh beef, £7 11s 3d

337 lb mutton, £7 4s 5d

5 lambs, £2 10s 0d

30 lb goat, £0 10s 0d

46 fowls, £3 9s 0d

8 ducks, £0 12s 0d

3 geese, £0 15s 0d

8 turkeys, £2 0s 0d

30 lb of butter, £1 10s 0d

5 pieces of salt pork, £0 10s 0d

119 lb of candy, £1 19s 8d

£41 4s 11¾d

Owen Griffiths presented a petition to Governor Hutchinson and the council. Griffiths set out that he wished to leave the island and proceed to India, and asked the council's leave to do so and to take his passage on the ship Egmont. The petition was granted and dated at St Helena, 24 July 1758.

Interpretations

This table repeats the running record of the Company table's provisions, the senior mess kept for the governor and council, again dominated by wine and fresh meat well above the plain ration issued to the garrison and slaves. The higher figure for fresh beef this month, over six hundred pounds, reflects the abundant supply while the fleet was in and cattle were being killed, so the table drew freely on the slaughter that victualled the ships. Griffiths's petition, like Hay's and Sealy's before it, shows another islander seeking passage to India rather than home, confirming St Helena's role as a way station from which the Company's servants redirected themselves to its more lucrative eastern stations.

173

167

1758

James Robinson and John Holloway presented

a Will of Matthew Burgan by which it appears the said Burgan had made

them his Heirs to his whole Effects, but they acknowledging Burgan only

intended they should have what he dies Possessed of upon this Island after paying

his debts as therein specified they therefore signed to endorsement of Probating which is

entered on the back of the said will signifying their Satisfaction. The Will and writing

are as follows.

In the Name of God Amen I Matthew Burgan

Soldier in the Company commanded by Captain Grant, now remaining at work

quarters upon the Island of St. Helena, being weak in Body but of mind and will

disposing mind and memory and being mindfull of my mortality do devise to

with his Will by affairs in the Rent whereof he now He give devise and bequeath

in manner and from following That is say.

First I desire that my Executors hereafter named

do distribute the sum of One pound seven Shillings Equally to those persons properly

Nominated to Five over one and & everyone to the Group, And as for said & concerning

all the Rest Residue and remainder that I shall dye of possessed of be it of Nature in kind

soever I dye or now covery, I give devise bequeath the same unto my most Esteemed

friends James Robinson Matrofs and John Holloway to be Equally divided between

them Share and share alike and I do hereby nominate and appoint them the said

James Robinson and John Holloway to be the Executors of this my Last Will and

Testament hereby revoking all former and other wills by me made heretofore made

In Witness I the said Matthew Burgan have set my hand and seal this

Sixteenth day of July 1758.

Matthew Burgan

his mark

Signed Sealed Published and declared by the above named Matthew Burgan for and

as his Last Will and Testament in the presence of us who have hereunto subscribed

their names in his presence and at his request.

John Pritchard

William Boddington

James Robinson and John Holloway presented the will of Matthew Burgan, by which Burgan had made them his heirs to his whole estate. They acknowledged that Burgan meant them only to have what he died possessed of on the island after his debts were paid. As stated in the will, they signed an endorsement of satisfaction on the back of it, signifying their agreement. The will ran as follows.

Matthew Burgan, a soldier in the Company commanded by Captain Grant, then serving at the quarters on the island of St Helena, being weak in body but of sound mind and knowing that all men must die, made his will, and disposed of the estate with which God had blessed him.

He desired that his executors distribute the sum of one pound in shillings, equally, to those persons properly nominated to lay him in the grave. As to the residue and remainder of his estate, of whatever kind, he gave and bequeathed the whole to his two friends James Robinson, a matross, and John Holloway, to be equally divided between them share and share alike. He named and appointed the two, James Robinson and John Holloway, as executors of his will, revoking all former wills.

In witness, Matthew Burgan set his hand and seal on 16 July 1758, signing with his mark. It was signed, sealed, published and declared as his will in the presence of the witnesses, who signed as John Pritchard and William Boddington.

Interpretations

This is another soldier's will proved on the island, showing how a common serviceman with no family present left his small estate to two comrades rather than to kin an ocean away. The bequest of a single pound in shillings to be shared among those who dug and filled his grave records a customary provision in such wills, a payment to the men who performed the burial, distinct from the residue that passed to his named heirs. That Burgan signed only with a mark, being unable to write his name, and left everything to two fellow soldiers, one of them a matross of the artillery, reveals the tight bonds of the garrison, where men without wives or property near them relied on their messmates as executors and heirs, the will preserving the social world of the common soldier as clearly as the officers' testaments preserve theirs.

The witnesses had the two heirs endorse their agreement on the back of the will before it was proved, a deliberate step that pinned down the heirs' own admission that they took only what Burgan owned after his debts, which shows the council guarding against later dispute by fixing the beneficiaries' understanding in writing rather than leaving the estate's extent to be contested once the money was in hand.

174

168

  1. July 1758
  2. Island St. Helena

We James Robinson Matrofs and John

Holloway Soldier in the service of the Honorable the United Company

of Merchants of England trading to the East Indies upon the said Island

Legatees and Executors to the last will and Testament of Matthew Burgan

deceased in the other Side named do hereby acknowledge, that the Legacy or

bequest intended to only bequeath Testator, unworthy of what small Effects he should

die possessed of on the said Island after payment of one pound seven Shillings

as therein specifies and that the within mentioned Legacy or Bequest to us

of all the Rest and Residue that the said Testator should die possessed of

of what nature or kind soever was made by the minded understanding of the

Testator Intent do hereby agree that any former last Will of the said Testator

shall be void and of force as if the within will had not been made

no other Effects being by him given or bequeathed to us than what he should

be possessed of at the time of his decease on the said Island Witness our hands

this 24 day of July 1758.

Signed James Robinson

John Holloway

Witness

John Whiter

Thomas Dunn

Chas. Hutchinson

John Adamson

John Clark

At the island of St Helena, James Robinson, a matross, and John Holloway, a soldier in the service of the Honourable United Company of Merchants of England trading to the East Indies on the island, being the legatees and executors of the last will and testament of Matthew Burgan, deceased, acknowledged that the legacy Burgan bequeathed to them was only what he died possessed of on the island after payment of one pound seven shillings as stated in the will. They agreed that the legacy or bequest to them of all the rest and residue was to be understood as whatever Burgan possessed at the time of his death. They further agreed that any former will was void, and that the estate given by the will was of no other effect than what he died possessed of on the island. The endorsement was dated 24 July 1758, signed by James Robinson and John Holloway, witnessed by John Whitear and George Dunn, and by Charles Hutchinson, John Adamson and John Clark.

Interpretations

This endorsement is the formal record of the agreement the two heirs signed on the back of Burgan's will, setting down in binding terms that they claimed only what the dead man actually held on the island after his debts, and nothing more. The care taken to have the beneficiaries acknowledge the exact extent of their claim, witnessed and countersigned by the whole council, shows the settlement guarding against any later attempt to enlarge the bequest or pursue assets beyond the island. The precise sum of one pound seven shillings named as the prior charge on the estate ties this document to the will's small legacy for the burial, confirming that the residue passed to the two men only after that fixed deduction, so the endorsement fixed the estate's boundaries beyond dispute before the executors took their shares.

The council required the heirs to put their limited understanding of the bequest in a separate signed and witnessed instrument rather than letting the will stand alone, a belt-and-braces step that reveals how a small estate could breed litigation if its extent were left loose, so the settlement spent the effort of a formal endorsement to close off any future claim before the money changed hands.

175

169

At a Consultation Held on Saturday the 29 day of July 1758

at the Castle

Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr. Governor

John Adamson Lieutenant Governor

Lieutenant John Clark of Council

The Last Consultation was read approved and Signed dated the 24 July 1758

Joseph Renton presented the following petition Vizt.

To the Worshipfull Charles Hutchinson Esqr. Governor &c.

Council of St. Helena

The humble Petition of Joseph Renton

Sheweth.

Your humble petitioner having served the Honorable

Company his Contracted time humbly requests your Honors would be pleased to

grant him his Discharge and Liberty to go upon the Ship Cygnett to India, to serve

the Honorable Company in some of their settlements there.

And your Petitioner will ever do duty

bound to Pray

Island St. Helena

28 July 1758.

Granted.

Captain John Venner makes Complaint that

Mr. Samuel Rice had charged him 8 s 14 Shillings for 26 days use of a Small

House in this Valley which he thinks is a very Exorbitant price. Mr. Rice thereupon

observed that Mr. Goddwin had received a years Rent from Captain Venner for those

use of one Room during that, upon which Captain Venner told him he was willing to pay

him a years Rent for the use of that part of the House, he had which is 15 s.

We therefore told him Mr. Rice we thought it was very unfair, and it was our

Opinion that Captain Venner should not pay more.

Mr. Purling Attorney of Mr. John Goddwin applyed to us for

the Liberty for 3 of Mr. Goddwins Blacks to take their Passage on the Ship Cygnett

for Bencolen.

Granted.

A consultation was held at the Castle on Saturday 29 July 1758. Charles Hutchinson attended as Governor, John Adamson as Lieutenant Governor and Lieutenant John Clark as a member of Council. The previous consultation was read, approved and signed, dated 24 July 1758.

Joseph Renton presented a petition to Governor Hutchinson and the council. Renton set out that he had served out his contracted time with the Honourable Company, and asked the council's leave to resign and to take passage on the ship Egmont for India, to serve the Honourable Company at one of its other settlements. The petition was dated at St Helena, 20 July 1758, and granted.

Captain John Venner complained that Samuel Rice had charged him twenty-six shillings for 26 days' use of a small house in the valley, which was a very exorbitant price. Rice replied that he had received a year's rent from Captain Venner for the same, so that on Venner telling him he was willing to pay him a year's rent for the use of that part of the house, he had let it at fifteen pounds. The council told Rice his price was very unequal and gave its opinion that Captain Venner should be held blameless and pay [...].

Perkins, acting for John Goddin, asked the council's leave for Goddin's slaves to take their passage on the ship Egmont for Bencoolen. The petition was granted.

Interpretations

The dispute between Venner and Rice over house rent shows the council acting as an arbiter of ordinary commercial fairness on the island, stepping in to check what it judged an exorbitant charge levied on a ship's captain for temporary lodging. Its ruling that the price was unequal reveals the council policing the small local economy against overcharging, protecting a visiting officer from a resident's inflated demand. The grant allowing Goddin's slaves to be shipped to Bencoolen exposes the trade in human beings as a routine matter of Company business, the slaves moved between the Company's settlements as property at their owner's request, their passage arranged in the same breath as an officer's resignation and a rent dispute, so the ledger sets the traffic in people alongside the island's petty commercial quarrels without distinction.

The council intervened to fix a fair rent between two private parties rather than leaving them to settle it themselves, a choice that reveals how far the settlement's governing body reached into everyday dealings on a small island, treating even a squabble over a few weeks' lodging as a matter for the whole council to adjudicate because no other authority existed to hold a resident's overcharging in check.

176

170

  1. July
  2. At a Consultation Held on Monday the 31st. day of July 1758
  3. at the Castle.

Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr. Governor

John Adamson Lieutenant Govern.

Lieutenant John Clark of Council.

The last Consultation was read approved and Signed dated the 29 July 1758

Yesterday arrived the Honorable Companys

Ship Lord Anson from Bombay

This day arrived the Honorable Companys

Ships Prince Edward and York.

The Storekeeper brought in his Collections

and the Paymaster his accounts, for the Quarter Ending 11 Inst. last

which were examined and approved they are as follows Vizt.

Collection of Goods Sold and delivered

out of the Honorable Companys Stores from the 12 of April to the 11th.

July 1758.

Sold to the Companys Servants at 10 p Cent Vizt.

Beef & Pork Vizt.

67 lb Piece of Beef a 2/

£6 7s 0d

1 Piece Do 3/4

£0 3s 9d

2000 pieces of Pork 2/

£200 0s 0d

51 pieces Do 2/7

£6 11s 9d

£274 3s 6d

Flour Vizt.

341 lb 5

£25 15s 0d

210 lb 4. Do Baked

£199 4s 0d

£225 9s 0d

Rice Do lb

9 2 20

£2 18s 11d

£502 11s 5d

A consultation was held at the Castle on Monday 31 July 1758. Charles Hutchinson attended as Governor, John Adamson as Lieutenant Governor and Lieutenant John Clark as a member of Council. The previous consultation was read, approved and signed, dated 29 July 1758. The day before, the Honourable Company's ship Lord Anson arrived from Bombay. That day the Honourable Company's ships Prince Edward and York arrived.

The storekeeper brought in his collection account and the paymaster his accounts for the quarter ending 11 June, which were examined and approved, as follows.

Collection of goods sold and delivered out of the Honourable Company's stores from 12 April to 11 July 1758

Sold to the Company's servants at 10 per cent, viz:

Beef and Pork, viz:

674 pieces of beef at 2d, £6 7s 0d

1 piece ditto at 3½d, £0 3s 9d

2,000 pieces of pork at 2d, £200 0s 0d

31 pieces ditto at 2¼d, £0 0s 0d

Total, £274 3s 6d

Flour, viz:

34 lb, £25 15s 0d

210 lb ditto baked, £190 4s 0d

Total, £225 9s 0d

Rice, 9 cwt 2 qrs 20 lb, £2 18s 11d

£502 11s 3d

Interpretations

This opens the quarterly stock account of goods sold from the Company store to its own servants at the standard 10 per cent markup over cost, the graded pricing that acted as a concealed form of remuneration for the island's employees. The very large quantity of pork, two thousand pieces, dwarfing the beef, reflects the store selling off preserved salt provision by the piece rather than fresh meat, the barrelled pork that kept far longer than any fresh kill and formed the bulk of the sold provisions. The near-simultaneous arrival of three more Company ships, from Bombay and elsewhere, shows the shipping traffic continuing heavy into late July, so the island's provisioning and selling ran without pause as one fleet's business overlapped the next.

177

171

1758.

Brought over 502 11s 5d

Sugar & Candy Vizt.

2325 lb Sugar

£29 5s 3d

1145 Candy

£22 3s 1½d

£51 9s 4½d

Arrack 291¾ Gallons

£72 18s 9d

Tea Vizt.

68¼ lb Bohea

£2 11s 6¼d

66¼ Congo

£4 3s 5½d

58 Singlo

£3 2s 10d

£9 17s 10d

Matts Vizt.

9 Mens

£8 13s 3d

11 Boys

£3 12s 10½d

£12 6s 1½d

Hooks & Lines Vizt.

50 Hooks No. 1

£0 2s 8d

75 Do 2

£0 2s 6d

600 Do 3

£0 12s 0d

925 Do 4

£0 12s 4d

475 Do 7

£0 2s 9d

170 Lines No. 2

£2 14s 4½d

127 Do 3

£2 5s 10½d

37 Do 4

£0 16s 5d

5 Hambro

£0 1s 11d

£7 15s 10d

Twine 21 Skains

£0 13s 1½d

Paint Vizt.

37 lb blew Smalts

£2 15s 6d

13 do Whiting

£0 2s 10½d

¾ Umber

£0 0s 2½d

7 lb Venetian Red

£0 5s 1½d

9 Barrels of Blacking

£0 5s 2½d

£3 3s 11d

Leather Vizt.

5 Calf Skins

£1 15s 2½d

31 Sole Leather

£1 3s 9½d

£2 10s 5d

655¼ 9½d

Brought over, £502 11s 3d

Sugar and Candy, viz:

232 lb sugar, £29 7s 3d

114 lb candy, £22 3s 1½d

Total, £51 9s 4½d

Arrack, 291 gallons, £72 18s 9d

Tea, viz:

68 lb Bohea, £2 11s 6½d

66 lb Congo, £4 3s 5½d

58 lb Singlo, £3 2s 10d

Total, £9 17s 10d

Matts, viz:

9 men, £8 13s 3d

11 boys, £3 12s 10d

Total, £12 6s 1½d

Hooks and Lines, viz:

50 hooks number 1, £0 2s 3d

75 ditto number 2, £0 2s 6d

600 ditto number 3, £0 12s 0d

925 ditto number 4, £0 12s 4d

475 ditto number 5, £0 2s 9d

170 lines number 2, £2 14s 4½d

127 ditto number 3, £2 5s 10½d

37 ditto number 4, £0 16s 5d

5 Hamburg, £0 1s 11d

Total, £7 15s 10d

Twine, 21 skeins, £0 13s 1½d

Paint, viz:

37 lb blue smalt, £2 15s 6d

13 lb whiting, £0 2s 10½d

9½ lb umber, £0 0s 9½d

1 lb Venetian red, £0 0s 2¼d

9 barrels of blacking, £0 5s 1½d

Total, £3 3s 11d

Leather, viz:

5 calf skins, £1 15s 2½d

31 lb sole leather, £1 3s 9½d

Total, £2 10s 5d

£663 4s 9½d

Interpretations

This continuation of the quarterly collection account carries the graded teas, arrack, sugar and hardware sold from the store, priced as before at the servants' 10 per cent markup. The line for Matts, valued by men and boys, refers to the ready-made clothing or matting sold in graded sizes, a reminder that the store supplied wearing goods as well as food and tackle. The heavy stock of fish hooks and lines in graded numbers again points to the island's dependence on the sea for fresh food, the store keeping tackle in bulk to supply the garrison and settlers who caught much of their provision from the surrounding waters, so the account maps the full range of the island's material wants met from one central store.

178

172

  1. July
  2. Brought over 663 14s 9½d

Soap 344½ lb

£0 12s 4d

Salt 14½ Bushells

£2 6s 1½d

Buckram 28¾ Yards

£1 6s 6½d

Bunting 2 Yards Whole

£0 1s 1½d

Nails Vizt.

107½ lb 6

£0 0s 0d

31 10

36 6

10 4

4 2

2 40

£2 4s 10d

1½ Tacks

£0 2s 1½d

¾ Glazing Braads

£0 0s 0d

£2 7s 8½d

Pitch & Tare Vizt.

133 lb Pitch

£0 17s 0d

22½ Rosin

£0 3s 10d

9¾ Gallon Tar

£0 8s 11½d

£1 9s 9½d

Turners Ware Vizt.

4 Sett Lardetts

£0 3s 4d

2 Flaskets

£0 4s 11d

127 Shoe Brushes

£3 19s 4½d

5 Mopps

£0 6s 10½d

1 Scrubing Brush

£0 2s 3d

2 Hair Seves

£0 0s 8d

3 Punch Ladles

£0 1s 10½d

1 Birch Broom

£0 0s 5½d

1 Wood Bowl

£0 1s 1½d

1 Platter

£0 1s 1½d

£5 5s 0d

£668 14s 11d

Brought over, £663 4s 9½d

Soap, 344½ lb, £12 4s 0d

Salt, 14½ bushels, £2 6s 1½d

Buckram, 28½ yards, £1 6s 6½d

Bunting, 2 yards white, £0 1s 1½d

Nails, viz:

10½ lb 6d, £[...]

31 lb 10d, £[...]

36 lb 6d, £[...]

10 lb 4d, £[...]

4 lb 2d, £[...]

2 lb 40d, £[...]

For the above nails, £2 4s 10d

1½ lb tacks, £0 2s 1½d

½ lb glazing brads, £0 0s 0d

Total, £2 7s 8½d

Pitch and Tar, viz:

133 lb pitch, £0 17s 0d

22½ lb rosin, £0 3s 10d

9½ gallons tar, £0 8s 11½d

Total, £1 9s 9½d

Turners' Ware, viz:

4 salt baskets, £0 3s 4d

2 flaskets, £0 4s 11d

127 shoe brushes, £8 19s 4½d

5 mops, £0 6s 10½d

1 scrubbing brush, £0 2s 3d

2 hair sieves, £0 0s 8d

3 punch ladles, £0 1s 7½d

1 birch broom, £0 1s 10½d

1 wood bowl, £0 0s 5½d

1 platter, £0 1s 1½d

Total, £5 5s 0d

£698 14s 11d

Interpretations

This final part of the quarterly collection account carries the soap, salt, cloth and small household hardware sold from the store, again at the servants' 10 per cent markup. Several categories preserve technical terms of the period, buckram being a stiffened linen used for lining and shaping garments, bunting the loosely woven wool from which flags were made, and flaskets shallow open baskets, so the account records the store meeting fine domestic wants as well as bulk needs. The large quantity of shoe brushes sold, over a hundred and worth nearly nine pounds, is striking against the modest quantities of other household ware, which suggests a bulk consignment being cleared through the store rather than steady demand, the account closing the whole quarter's sales at just under seven hundred pounds.

The single line of a hundred and twenty-seven shoe brushes stands out sharply against the ones and twos of every other household item, a disproportion that points to the store shifting a job lot landed in bulk rather than stocking to demand, so the figure reveals how the island's supply was shaped by whatever a ship happened to carry as much as by what its people actually needed.

179

173

1758.

Brot. over 668 14s 11d

Ironmonger Ware Vizt.

3 Chafing Dishes

£0 19s 7½d

1 Small Frying Pan

£0 1s 10½d

3 Chest Locks

£0 11s 10½d

4 Iron rimed Locks with brass Knobs

£1 7s 2d

2 Files

£0 1s 1½d

1 Garden Hoe

£0 1s 8d

2 Large Steelyards

£1 1s 0d

3 Spliter Locks

£0 1s 10½d

1 Iron Do C

£0 7s 11d

10 pr Side Hinges

£0 12s 6d

1 Large Frying Pan

£0 3s 9d

2 Scyth Stones

£0 0s 4½d

1 Scythe

£0 6s 7½d

2 Stock Locks

£0 5s 2d

3 Cupboard Do

£0 12s 4½d

£6 14s 4d

Lead 51¼ lb Sheet

£0 11s 9½d

Deals Vizt.

43 Single Deals

£4 16s 9d

6 Double Do

£1 3s 3d

1 Wainscot Board

£0 6s 9½d

2 Elm Boards

£0 8s 6d

£6 15s 3½d

Canvas Vizt.

52 Yards of English

£3 0s 8d

79½ Do Osenbrigs

£3 2s 11d

£6 3s 7d

Haberdashery

4 lb Whale bones

£1 2s 11½d

10 Piece Halard tape

£0 6s 8d

58 Skains of Mohair

£1 1s 9d

30 Do Silk

£0 7s 5d

3 Gross Shirts Buttons

£0 9s 1½d

3 Do White Waistcoat Buttons

£4 5s 3½d

£700 19s 11d

Brought over, £698 14s 11d

Ironmonger Ware, viz:

3 chafing dishes, £0 19s 7½d

1 small frying pan, £0 1s 10½d

3 chest locks, £0 11s 10½d

4 iron-rimmed locks with brass knobs, £0 7s 2d

2 files, £0 1s 1½d

1 garden hoe, £0 1s 8d

2 large sail yards, £0 1s 0d

3 spring locks, £0 1s 10½d

1 iron ditto C, £0 7s 11d

10 pairs side hinges, £0 12s 6d

1 large frying pan, £0 3s 9d

2 scythe stones, £0 0s 4½d

1 scythe, £0 6s 1½d

2 stock locks, £0 5s 2d

3 cupboard ditto, £0 12s 4½d

Total, £6 14s 4d

Lead, 51 lb sheet, £0 11s 9½d

Deals, viz:

43 single deals, £4 16s 9d

6 double ditto, £1 3s 3d

1 wainscot board, £0 6s 9½d

2 elm boards, £0 8s 6d

Total, £6 15s 3½d

Canvas, viz:

52 yards of English, £3 0s 8d

79½ yards ditto Osnabrigs, £3 2s 11d

Total, £6 3s 7d

Haberdashery, viz:

4 lb whalebone, £1 2s 11½d

10 pieces Holland tape, £0 6s 8d

58 skeins of mohair, £1 1s 9d

30 ditto silk, £0 7s 5d

3 gross shirt buttons, £0 9s 1½d

3 ditto white waistcoat buttons, £0 4s 5½d

Total, £4 5s 5d

£700 19s 11d

Interpretations

This closing portion of the quarterly collection carries the heavier ironmongery, building timber, canvas and sewing wares sold from the store at the servants' markup. The range of locks alone, chest, spring, stock, cupboard and iron-rimmed with brass knobs, shows the store supplying the whole hardware of house and storeroom security, while the deals, wainscot and elm boards met the island's constant building and repair. The haberdashery of whalebone, tape, mohair, silk and graded buttons confirms the store furnishing the materials for making and mending clothing, so the quarter's account closes having mapped every category of the island's material life, from bulk salt provisions through tackle and tools to the fine thread and buttons of the tailor's trade, all met from one central store crossing seven hundred pounds in sales.

180

174

  1. July
  2. Brought over 700 19s 11d

Haberdashery brought over

£4 5s 3½d

157 lb Dozen Mohair Coat Buttons

£0 10s 4d

10 Do Do Breast Do

£0 3s 4d

½ Do Gilt Coat

£0 2s 2¼d

2 Do Do Breast

£0 4s 5d

250 Hair Cockades

£5 4s 2d

1 Gross of Bounded Lace

£1 2s 0d

£7 6s 5½d

Glass Ware Vizt.

70 Wine Glasses

£2 3s 4d

7 Beer Do

£0 11s 1d

15 Cruetts

£0 11s 1½d

4 Quart Decanters

£0 15s 0d

8 Pint Do

£0 9s 4½d

1 Urinal

£0 1s 1½d

8 Tumblers

£0 5s 4d

22 Square Glass 6 by 8

£0 6s 10½d

36 Do 8 by 10

£1 2s 6d

Do 10 by 12

£0 13s 8d

£6 19s 1½d

Starch 2 lb

£0 4s 5½d

Cutlery Ware Vizt.

12 Ivory Combs

£0 12s 6d

143 Horn Do

£1 3s 10d

113 pc Shoe Buckles

£3 5s 11d

108 pc Horn Do

£1 16s 0d

122 pc Leather Garters

£2 0s 6d

6 Gross Horn Moulds

£0 2s 6d

6 Butchers Knives

£0 2s 6d

£9 3s 11d

Oil Vizt.

5 lb Linseed

£1 1s 1d

10¾ lb Seam

£2 0s 2d

21 Barrels Rosin

£2 15s 1½d

£5 16s 4½d

£748 2s 8½d

Brought over, £700 19s 11d

Haberdashery, viz:

157 dozen mohair coat buttons, £0 10s 4d

10 ditto ditto breast ditto, £0 3s 4d

½ dozen gilt coat, £0 2s 2¼d

2 ditto ditto breast, £0 4s 5d

230 hair cockades, £5 4s 2d

1 gross of hundred lace, £1 2s 0d

Total, £7 6s 5½d

Glass Ware, viz:

70 wine glasses, £2 3s 4d

7 beer ditto, £0 11s 1d

15 cruets, £0 11s 1½d

4 quart decanters, £0 15s 0d

8 pint ditto, £0 9s 4½d

1 urinal, £0 1s 1½d

8 tumblers, £0 5s 4d

22 squares glass 6 by 8, £0 6s 10½d

36 ditto 8 by 10, £1 2s 6d

ditto 10 by 12, £0 13s 8d

Total, £6 19s 1½d

Starch, £0 1s 5½d

Cutlery Ware, viz:

12 ivory combs, £0 12s 6d

143 horn ditto, £1 3s 10d

153 pairs shoe buckles, £3 5s 11d

108 pairs horn ditto, £1 16s 0d

122 pairs leather garters, £2 0s 8d

6 gross horn needles, £0 2s 6d

6 butchers' knives, £0 2s 6d

Total, £9 3s 11d

Oil, viz:

5 gallons linseed, £1 1s 0d

10½ gallons seam, £2 0s 2d

21 bottles Florence, £2 15s 1½d

Total, £5 16s 4½d

£748 2s 8½d

Interpretations

This further part of the quarterly collection carries the fine dress trimmings, glassware, cutlery and oil sold from the store. The cockades and gold lace among the haberdashery, more than two hundred hair cockades sold at once, mark the demand for military and dress ornament, the cockade being the rosette worn on the hat as a badge of allegiance or rank, so the store supplied the insignia of uniform as well as its cloth and buttons. The glassware, from wine and beer glasses to decanters, cruets and a urinal, shows the store furnishing the table and sickroom alike, while the graded shoe buckles, garters and combs confirm it meeting the whole range of personal dress, so the account continues to map the island's material life across every category met from one central store.

The bulk sale of over two hundred cockades points to a supply shaped by military demand, the badges bought in quantity to mark the garrison's allegiance, which shows the store serving the island's function as a fortified post as directly as its role as a settlement, the ornament of uniform stocked alongside the plain necessities in the same account.

181

175

1758.

Brought over 748 2s 6½d

Shoes

14 pr of Womens Callimanco

£3 12s 4d

5 pr Do of Spanish

£1 4s 9½d

6 pr Do of Calf

£0 16s 6d

6 pr Mens fine Shoes

£1 16s 6d

6 pr Channelled Pumps

£2 6s 3d

7 pr Mens pumps

£2 6s 4½d

7 pr Boys Shoes

£1 6s 6½d

5 pr Girls Do

£0 10s 2½d

276 pr Mens Redinary Shoes

£58 13s 0d

£72 12s 6d

Thread.

20½ White & Brown

£7 8s 7½d

9 Do Coloured

£1 13s 0d

£9 1s 7½d

Duffil Vizt.

25 Yards of Green

£6 17s 6d

14 96 Do Blue

£4 9s 10d

£11 7s 4d

Hosiers of Ware Vizt.

7 pr of Mens worsted stockings

£1 7s 8½d

6 pr Do Knit Do

£0 10s 9d

2 pr Womens Do

£0 6s 0d

45 pr Cotton Do

£12 16s 0d

324 pr Thread Do

£45 18s 0d

3 Do Boys Do

£0 5s 10½d

£61 13s 0d

Broad Cloth Vizt.

13 ⅓ Yards Scarlet

£13 3s 1d

6¼ Do Brown

£5 13s 6½d

15 Do Blue

£12 3s 2½d

1¼ Do light Colour

£1 1s 4d

2½ Do Black

£2 5s 5d

1 Do Green

£1 7s 5d

£35 6s 0d

£943 0s 0d

Brought over, £748 2s 6½d

Shoes, viz:

14 pairs of women's calamancoes, £3 12s 4d

5 pairs ditto of Spanish, £1 4s 9½d

6 pairs ditto of calf, £0 16s 6d

6 pairs men's fine shoes, £1 16s 6d

6 pairs channelled pumps, £2 6s 3d

7 pairs men's pumps, £2 6s 4½d

7 pairs boys' shoes, £1 6s 6½d

5 pairs girls' ditto, £0 10s 2½d

276 pairs men's ordinary shoes, £58 13s 0d

Total, £72 12s 6d

Thread, viz:

20½ lb white and brown, £7 8s 7½d

9 lb coloured, £1 13s 0d

Total, £9 1s 7½d

Duffel, viz:

25 yards of green, £6 17s 6d

14 yards 90 ditto blue, £4 9s 10d

Total, £11 7s 4d

Hosiery Ware, viz:

7 pairs of men's worsted stockings, £1 7s 8½d

6 pairs ditto knit ditto, £0 10s 9d

2 pairs women's ditto, £0 6s 0d

48 pairs cotton ditto, £12 16s 0d

324 pairs thread ditto, £45 18s 0d

3 pairs boys' ditto, £0 5s 10½d

Total, £61 13s 0d

Broad Cloth, viz:

12 yards scarlet, £10 3s 1d

6¼ yards brown, £5 13s 6½d

18 yards blue, £12 3s 2½d

1¼ yards light colour, £1 1s 4d

2½ yards black, £2 5s 5d

1 yards green, £0 17s 5d

Total, £35 6s 0d

£953 0s 0d

Interpretations

This further part of the quarterly collection carries the footwear, thread, woollen cloth and stockings sold from the store, the shoes graded by wearer and material and the cloth by colour and quality. The very large quantity of men's ordinary shoes, two hundred and seventy-six pairs worth nearly sixty pounds, dwarfs every other footwear line and points to bulk supply for the garrison, since ordinary soldiers wore out plain shoes fast on hard duty. Calamanco was a glossy woollen cloth from which women's shoes were made, and duffel a coarse heavy woollen for warm outer garments, so the account preserves the fabric names of the period alongside the graded broadcloth, the whole running the quarter's sales up to nine hundred and fifty-three pounds as it maps the island's clothing needs from bulk soldiers' shoes to the finest scarlet cloth.

The store carried nearly three hundred pairs of plain men's shoes and hundreds of pairs of thread stockings against mere handfuls of the finer grades, a disproportion that reveals the garrison as the store's real market, the bulk of its clothing stock shaped to shoe and dress a body of soldiers on hard duty rather than to supply the small number of officers and settlers who bought the fine goods.

182

176

  1. July
  2. Brought over 933 3s 0d

Cordage 174¾ lb

£2 10s 3d

Shalloon Vizt.

46½ Yards Scarlet

£5 11s 9d

25 Do Blue

9 Do Brown

£3 12s 10d

4 Do Black

£9 4s 7d

Blankets 6

£1 13s 0d

Pewter Vizt.

7 Chamber Potts

£1 1s 3½d

6 Basons

£0 16s 9d

£1 18s 0½d

Oars 2

£0 8s 6d

Shirts Vizt.

308 Soldiers

£75 14s 4d

251 Do Actors

£9 3s 3d

14¾ Piece of Linnen

£8 8s 7½d

£93 11s 2½d

Books Vizt.

1 Testament

£0 1s 10d

2 Primmers

£0 0s 3½d

£0 2s 1½d

Iron Pots Vizt.

2 of 1 Gallon

£0 2s 6d

1 of 15 Do

£0 14s 8½d

£0 17s 2½d

China Ware Vizt.

7 Chamber Pots

£0 10s 6d

6 Quarter pint Cups and Saucers

£0 1s 6d

2 Soup Dishes

£0 13s 0d

12 Do Plates

£0 4s 6d

2 Bowls

£0 1s 8d

6 Sallad Dishes

£0 5s 0d

2 Guglers and Basons

£0 4s 0d

£2 0s 2d

£1045 16s 1d

Brought over, £953 0s 0d

Cordage, 174½ lb, £2 10s 3d

Shalloon, viz:

46½ yards scarlet, £5 11s 9d

25 ditto blue, £[...]

9 ditto brown, £3 12s 10d

5 ditto black, £[...]

Total, £9 4s 7d

Blankets, 6, £1 13s 0d

Pewter, viz:

7 chamber pots, £1 1s 3½d

6 basins, £0 16s 9d

Total, £1 18s 0½d

Oars, 2, £0 8s 6d

Shirts, viz:

308 soldiers', £75 14s 4d

251 ditto ditto, £9 3s 3d

14¾ pieces of linen, £8 8s 7½d

Total, £93 11s 2½d

Books, viz:

1 Testament, £0 1s 10d

2 primers, £0 0s 3½d

Total, £0 2s 1½d

Iron Pots, viz:

2 of 1 gallon, £0 2s 6d

1 of 18 ditto, £0 14s 8½d

Total, £0 17s 2½d

China Ware, viz:

7 chamber pots, £0 10s 6d

6 quarter-pint cups and saucers, £0 1s 6d

2 soup dishes, £0 13s 0d

12 ditto plates, £0 4s 6d

2 bowls, £0 1s 8d

6 salted dishes, £0 5s 0d

2 gugglets and basins, £0 4s 0d

Total, £2 0s 2d

£1,045 16s 1d

Interpretations

This closing part of the quarterly collection carries the woollen cloth, pewter, shirts, books and porcelain sold from the store, running the whole quarter's sales past a thousand pounds. The very large sale of soldiers' shirts, more than five hundred worth over ninety pounds, confirms the garrison as the store's chief market, since plain shirts wore out fast on hard duty and had to be replaced in bulk. Shalloon was a lightweight twilled woollen used chiefly for coat linings, sold here in graded colours, while the pewter, china and a lone Testament and two primers show the store meeting the whole range of domestic and even devotional and educational wants, so the quarter's account closes having mapped the material life of the island from bulk military clothing to a child's schoolbook, all met from one central store.

The store stocked just one Testament and two primers against hundreds of shirts and shoes, a telling disproportion that reveals how narrow the demand for reading matter was on the island, the trade overwhelmingly in the plain necessities of a working garrison with schooling and devotion an afterthought met by a handful of books amid the bulk provision.

183

177

1758

Brot. over 1045 16s 1d

Tin Ware Vizt.

1 half Gallon funnell

£0 1s 10d

2 Horn Lanthorn

£0 5s 8d

1 Glass Do

£0 11s 1½d

1 Pudding Pan

£0 1s 5½d

5 Quart Sauce Pans

£0 3s 1½d

2 Pint Do

£0 0s 10d

4 Camp Kettles

£0 13s 4d

2 Lamps

£0 1s 10d

½ Salamoniac

£0 0s 2d

£1 19s 4½d

Long Cloth Vizt.

13 Pieces No. 2

£4 16s 0d

5 Do 3

£6 18s 9d

2 Piece 8

£3 1s 0d

£14 15s 9d

Camblet 22 Yards Brown

£10 9s 11d

Chelloos 2 Piece

£1 2s 6d

Fustian ½ Piece

£0 15s 1d

Pease ½ Bushell

£0 4s 3½d

Corks 2 Gross

£0 5s 1d

Candles 295 lb

£38 16s 7½d

£1109 4s 4½d

Sold

Brought over, £1,045 16s 1d

Tin Ware, viz:

1 half-gallon funnel, £0 1s 10d

2 horn lanterns, £0 5s 8d

1 glass ditto, £0 11s 1½d

1 pudding pan, £0 1s 5½d

5 quart sauce pans, £0 3s 1½d

2 pint ditto, £0 0s 10d

4 tea kettles, £0 13s 4d

2 lamps, £0 1s 10d

½ lb sal ammoniac, £0 0s 2d

Total, £1 19s 4½d

Long Cloth, viz:

13 pieces number 2, £4 16s 0d

5 pieces number 3, £6 18s 9d

2 pieces number 8, £3 1s 0d

Total, £14 15s 9d

Camblet, 22 yards brown, £10 9s 11d

Chelloes, 2 pieces, £1 2s 6d

Fustian, ½ piece, £0 15s 1d

Peas, ½ bushel, £0 4s 3½d

Corks, 2 gross, £0 5s 1d

Candles, 295 lb, £38 16s 1½d

£1,109 4s 4½d

Interpretations

This final part of the quarterly collection closes the whole account at just over eleven hundred pounds, carrying tinware, cotton cloth and provisions sold from the store. Several categories preserve fabric names of the period, camblet being a hard-wearing worsted often mixed with mohair, fustian a coarse cotton twill and chelloes a coarse Indian cotton, so the account records the store selling Indian and English cloth side by side. The large sale of candles, nearly three hundred pounds' weight worth almost forty pounds, reflects the constant need for artificial light in a working establishment, so the quarter's collection closes having mapped the island's whole material economy, from bulk lighting and provisions through Indian textiles to the finest imported ware, all sold from one central store to the Company's servants at the standard markup.

184

178

  1. July 1758
  2. Sold to the Planters at 25 p Ct. Vizt.

Hats 1 Boys

£0 7s 7d

Haberdashery Ware Vizt.

1 Dozen of Gilt Breast Buttons

£0 2s 10d

3½ Mohair Coat Do

£0 2s 11d

1½ Do Breast Do

£0 0s 7½d

17 Sk. of Silk

£0 9s 11d

25 Do Mohair

£0 12s 6d

1 pc Holland Tape

£0 0s 9½d

1 pc Carnation Do

£0 1s 0d

£1 10s 7d

Shoes Vizt.

21 pr Womens Callimanco

£0 11s 10d

4 pr Do Spanish

£1 2s 0d

8 pc Do Calf

£1 5s 0d

1 pr Fine Shoes

£0 6s 11½d

5 pr Girls

£0 12s 1d

2 pr Boys

£0 3s 0d

2 pr Mens Ordinary

£0 9s 9d

£4 16s 11½d

Broad Cloth Vizt.

7 Yards of Brown

£7 4s 8d

3 Do French Grey

£3 2s 0d

£10 6s 8d

Shalloon Vizt.

8 Yards of Brown

15½ Do Blue

14 Do French Grey

£3 1s 10½d

£20 3s 8d

Sold to the planters at 25 per cent, viz:

Hats, 1 boys', £0 1s 1d

Haberdashery Ware, viz:

1 dozen of gilt breast buttons, £0 2s 10d

3½ mohair coat ditto, £0 2s 11d

1½ ditto breast ditto, £0 0s 7½d

17 skeins of silk, £0 9s 11d

25 ditto mohair, £0 12s 6d

1 piece Holland tape, £0 0s 9½d

1 piece carnation ditto, £0 1s 0d

Total, £1 10s 7d

Shoes, viz:

2 pairs women's calamancoes, £0 11s 10d

4 pairs ditto Spanish, £1 2s 0d

8 pairs ditto calf, £1 5s 0d

1 pair fine shoes, £0 6s 11½d

5 pairs girls', £0 12s 1d

2 pairs boys', £0 3s 0d

2 pairs men's ordinary, £0 9s 9d

Total, £4 16s 11½d

Broad Cloth, viz:

7 yards of brown, £7 4s 8d

3 ditto French grey, £3 2s 0d

Total, £10 6s 8d

Shalloon, viz:

8 yards of brown, £[...]

15½ ditto blue, £[...]

14 ditto French grey, £3 1s 10½d

Total, £3 1s 10½d

£20 3s 8d

Interpretations

This opens the second half of the quarterly collection, goods sold to the planters at 25 per cent rather than the servants' 10 per cent, the graded pricing that made the store a concealed form of remuneration for employees while charging the free settlers far more. The much smaller total here, twenty pounds against the servants' eleven hundred, shows how much less the planters bought from the store, since as independent farmers they had their own resources and drew on the Company only for imported cloth, footwear and trimmings they could not make. The same fabric names recur, calamanco for women's shoes, shalloon for coat linings and graded broadcloth, so the planters bought the same kinds of goods as the servants but at the higher settler price, the account laying bare the two-tier market by which the Company favoured its own people over the island's free inhabitants.

The store charged the planters a markup two and a half times that levied on the Company's own servants for identical cloth and shoes, a deliberate discrimination written into the very structure of the account, which reveals the Company using its monopoly of imported goods to reward its employees at the settlers' expense, the same bale of shalloon priced by who was buying it rather than what it cost.

185

179

1758.

Brot. over 20 3s 8d

Buckeram 4 Yards

£0 4s 2d

Duffil Vizt.

7¼ Yards Blue

3½ Yards Green

£3 1s 9½d

Thread Vizt.

11 White & Brown

£5 1s 9d

4 Coloured

£0 10s 8d

£6 5s 0d

Hosiers Ware Vizt.

4 pr worsted stockings

£0 10s 2d

4 pr Knit Do

£0 14s 4d

3 pr Womens Do

£0 11s 6d

£2 4s 0d

Sold at 40 p Ct. Vizt.

Hats 2 Mens

£2 9s 0d

Shoes Vizt.

5 pr Channelled Pumps

£2 9s 2d

3 pr Fine Shoes

£1 3s 6d

5 pr Boys

£1 4s 4½d

4 pr Mens Pumps

£1 14s 0d

£6 11s ½d

Broad Cloth Vizt.

9½ Yards Scarlet

£12 19s 5d

3½ Do French Grey

£4 1s 1d

½ Do Black

£0 17s 4½d

£17 17s 8½d

£59 4s 9½d

Brought over, £20 3s 8d

Buckram, 4 yards, £0 4s 2d

Duffel, viz:

7¼ yards blue, £[...]

3½ yards green, £3 14s 9½d

Total, £3 14s 9½d

Thread, viz:

11 white and brown, £5 1s 9d

4 coloured, £0 10s 8d

Total, £6 0s 5d

Hosiery Ware, viz:

4 pairs worsted stockings, £0 10s 2d

4 pairs knit ditto, £0 14s 4d

3 pairs women's ditto, £0 11s 6d

Total, £2 4s 0d

Sold at 40 per cent, viz:

Hats, 2 men's, £0 2s 9d

Shoes, viz:

5 pairs channelled pumps, £2 9s 2d

3 pairs fine shoes, £1 3s 6d

5 pairs boys', £1 4s 4½d

4 pairs men's pumps, £1 14s 0d

Total, £6 11s 0½d

Broad Cloth, viz:

9½ yards scarlet, £12 19s 3d

3½ ditto French grey, £4 1s 1d

2½ ditto black, £0 17s 4½d

Total, £17 17s 8½d

£59 4s 9½d

Interpretations

This carries the remainder of the planters' purchases at 25 per cent and then opens a third tier of sales at 40 per cent, the highest markup in the whole collection. The graduated pricing across the account, 10 per cent to the servants, 25 to the planters and 40 on this final class of goods, reveals a deliberate structure by which the Company set its charge to the buyer and the category of goods, extracting most from whatever was sold at the top rate. The heavy weighting of scarlet broadcloth in the 40 per cent sales, nearly thirteen pounds for under ten yards, suggests fine dress cloth was sold at the steepest margin, the store charging most for the goods of display and status while keeping the plain necessities of the garrison at the lowest rate, so the account maps not just what the island bought but the calculated hierarchy of prices the Company imposed.

The Company reserved its steepest 40 per cent markup for fine scarlet cloth and dress footwear rather than spreading the rate evenly, a choice that reveals a pricing policy aimed at the goods of vanity and rank, taxing display hardest while holding down the cost of the plain provisions its garrison needed, so the margin structure quietly redistributed the burden onto those buying to show status.

186

180

  1. July
  2. Brot. over 59 4s 9½d

Shalloon Vizt.

9 Yards blue

£1 2s 10½d

10½ Do Scarlet

£1 13s 4½d

£2 16s 3d

Blanketts 6

£2 1s 0d

Kersey 3 Yards

£0 6s 0d

Sugar & Candy Vizt.

983 Sugar

£17 9s 10½d

176 Candy

£4 8s 0d

£21 17s 10½d

Flour 951 lb

£11 17s 9d

Rice 12

£0 1s 3d

Salt 6¼ Bushells

£1 6s ½d

Nails Vizt.

13 10

4 2

3 3

29 6

13½ 4

14 Snappen

½ Tacks

£1 15s 11½d

£0 8s 9d

£0 0s 11d

Pork 8 Pieces

£2 5s 7½d

Soap 223

£1 6s 8d

£9 15s 1½d

Oil Vizt.

2½ Gallon Linseed

£0 12s 2d

¾ Gallon Seam

£0 3s 7½d

2 Bottles Florence

£0 6s 9d

£1 2s 6½d

£114 0s 11d

Brought over, £59 4s 9½d

Shalloon, viz:

9 yards blue, £1 2s 10½d

10½ ditto scarlet, £1 13s 4½d

Total, £2 16s 3d

Blankets, 6, £2 1s 0d

Kersey, 3 yards, £0 6s 0d

Sugar and Candy, viz:

983 lb sugar, £17 9s 10½d

176 lb candy, £4 8s 0d

Total, £21 17s 10½d

Flour, 951 lb, £11 17s 9d

Rice, 12 lb, £0 1s 3d

Salt, 6¼ bushels, £1 6s 0½d

Nails, viz:

13 lb 10d, £[...]

4 lb 2d, £[...]

3 lb 3d, £[...]

29 lb 6d, £1 15s 11½d

13½ lb 3d, £[...]

14 sneppers, £0 8s 9d

½ lb tacks, £0 0s 11d

Total, £2 5s 7½d

Pork, 8 pieces, £1 6s 8d

Soap, 223 lb, £9 15s 1½d

Oil, viz:

2½ gallons linseed, £0 12s 2d

½ gallon seam, £0 3s 7½d

2 bottles Florence, £0 6s 9d

Total, £1 2s 6½d

£114 0s 11d

Interpretations

This closes the 40 per cent tier of the quarterly collection, carrying the cloth, sugar, provisions and hardware sold at the highest markup and running the whole quarter's takings from all three tiers to a hundred and fourteen pounds beyond the servants' great total. Kersey was a coarse ribbed woollen for heavy garments, sold here in small quantity alongside the shalloon and blankets. The sugar dominates this final section, nearly a thousand pounds worth over twenty-one pounds, showing that even at the steepest rate the bulk provisions moved in quantity, so the account closes having set out the Company's whole selling operation across its graded prices, the same goods charged at three different rates according to who bought them and under which head they fell, laying bare the calculated structure of the island's controlled market.

187

181

1758

Brot. over 114 0s 11d

Deals 24 Single

£0 3s 9d

Hooks and Lines Vizt.

150 Hooks No. 2

225 Do 3

375 Do 4

£1 0s 9½d

125 Do 5

3 Dozen Lines No. 3

£0 16s 6d

3½ Do Do 2

£0 16s 4d

1 Hambro

£0 1s 11½d

£2 15s 7d

Paint Vizt.

3 lb Venetian Red

£0 1s 0d

4½ Blue Smalts

£0 8s 10d

1½ Sky Blue

£0 3s 6d

¾ Umber

£0 0s 1½d

1 Whiting

£0 0s ½d

8 Barrels of Blacking

£0 6s 0d

£0 10s 6d

Cordage 56½ lb

£1 5s 10½d

Turners Ware Vizt.

2 Hair Brooms

£0 5s 11d

5 Shoe Brushes

£0 4s 7d

2 Laborers Baskets

£0 2s 2d

1 Bag

£0 1s 3d

£0 13s 10½d

Canvas 11½ Yards Osenbrigs

£0 11s 11½d

£133 16s 8½d

Brought over, £114 0s 11d

Deals, 24 single, £3 0s 9d

Hooks and Lines, viz:

150 hooks number 2, £[...]

225 ditto number 3, £[...]

375 ditto number 4, £1 0s 9½d

125 ditto number 5, £[...]

3 dozen lines number 3, £0 16s 6d

3½ ditto number 2, £0 16s 4d

1 Hamburg, £0 1s 11½d

Total, £2 15s 7d

Paint, viz:

3½ lb Venetian red, £0 1s 0d

4½ lb blue smalt, £0 8s 10d

1½ lb sky blue, £0 3s 6d

½ lb umber, £0 0s 1½d

1 lb whiting, £0 0s 1½d

8 barrels of blacking, £0 6s 0d

Total, £0 10s 6d

Cordage, 56½ lb, £1 5s 10½d

Turners' Ware, viz:

2 hair brooms, £0 5s 11d

5 shoe brushes, £0 4s 7½d

2 labourers' baskets, £0 2s 2d

1 keg, £0 1s 3d

Total, £0 13s 10½d

Canvas, 11½ yards Osnabrigs, £0 11s 11½d

£133 10s 8½d

Interpretations

This closes the whole quarterly collection at just over a hundred and thirty-three pounds across the planter and 40 per cent tiers, carrying the building timber, fishing tackle, paint and cordage sold at the higher rates. The graded hooks and lines again point to the island's reliance on the sea for fresh food, sold to planters and at the top rate alongside the servants' bulk supply. Set beside the servants' collection of over eleven hundred pounds, the far smaller planter and 40 per cent totals confirm that the Company's own employees were by far the store's chief customers, buying the great bulk of its goods at the lowest markup, so the completed account lays out both the volume and the graded pricing of the whole selling operation, the servants favoured at every turn over the free settlers who farmed the island.

188

182

  1. July
  2. Brot. over 133 16s 8½d

Tin Ware Vizt.

1 Horn Lanthorn

£0 3s 0d

1 Camp Kettle

£0 4s 4d

1 Pint Saucepan

£0 0s 6½d

£0 8s 6½d

Arrack 77 Gallons

£23 2s 0d

Starch 12

£0 0s 8d

Pewter 4 Chamber Pots

£0 15s 8d

Cutlery Ware Vizt.

2 Ivory Combs

£0 2s 10d

4 Horn Do

£0 1s 2d

£0 4s 0d

Twine 17 Skains

£0 13s 5½d

Oars 2

£0 8s 0d

Books Vizt.

1 Spelling Books

£0 1s 7½d

1 Testament

£0 2s 4d

£0 3s 11½d

Ironmongers Ware 2 Cupboard Locks

£0 10s 6d

Leather Vizt.

5 Calf Skins

£2 5s 0d

7 Sole Leather

£0 9s 11d

£2 14s 11d

Candles 6 lb

£0 17s 9d

Glass ware Vizt.

16 Square Glass 11 by 19

£0 12s 0d

16 Do Do 8 by 10

£0 10½d

£0 12s 10½d

Pitch and Tar 5 Barrels Tar

£0 10s 10d

£165 2s 7½d

Brought over, £133 16s 8½d

Tin Ware, viz:

1 horn lantern, £0 3s 0d

1 camp hook, £0 4s 4d

1 pint saucepan, £0 0s 6½d

Total, £0 8s 6½d

Arrack, 77 gallons, £23 2s 0d

Starch, £0 0s 8d

Pewter, 4 chamber pots, £0 15s 8d

Cutlery Ware, viz:

2 ivory combs, £0 2s 10d

4 horn ditto, £0 1s 2d

Total, £0 4s 0d

Twine, 17 skeins, £0 13s 5½d

Oars, 2, £0 0s 4d

Books, viz:

1 spelling book, £0 1s 7½d

1 Testament, £0 2s 4d

Total, £0 3s 11½d

Ironmonger Ware, 2 cupboard locks, £0 10s 6d

Leather, viz:

5 calf skins, £2 5s 0d

7 lb sole leather, £0 9s 11d

Total, £2 14s 11d

Candles, 6 lb, £0 1s 9d

Glass Ware, viz:

16 squares glass 11 by 9, £0 12s 0d

16 ditto ditto 8 by 10, £0 2s 10½d

Total, £0 12s 10½d

Pitch and Tar, 5 barrels tar, £0 10s 10d

£165 2s 7½d

Interpretations

This closes the whole quarterly collection at just over a hundred and sixty-five pounds across the planter and higher tiers, carrying the tinware, arrack, cutlery, books and building materials sold at the steeper rates. The arrack alone dominates this final section, seventy-seven gallons worth over twenty-three pounds, showing the spirit moving in bulk even at the higher settler prices, since drink was in demand across the whole island. The appearance of a spelling book and Testament among the goods, sold singly, again marks the narrow demand for reading matter, so the completed account across all its tiers has mapped the island's entire controlled market, the same graded goods sold at three calculated rates according to buyer and category, the Company's monopoly of imported supply turned to careful advantage in every line.

189

183

1758

Sold to the Ship Prince Henry Vizt.

Bunting Vizt.

46 Yards Blue

£1 17s 4½d

46 Do White

£1 14s 6d

46 Do Red

£2 9s 10d

£6 1s 8½d

Canvas 1 Piece of English

£2 10s 10d

Thread ½ White & Brown

£0 4s 8d

£9 5s 2½d

Charges General Dr. for the

following Stores Issued from the 12 April to 11 July 1758 Vizt.

Lines Vizt.

2 No. 2 for the Carpenters use

£0 0s 6½d

1 No. 4 for the Castle

£0 0s 5d

£0 0s 11½d

Deals Vizt. for repairing the roundstage stonewart

umbrells, making Coots for the Hospital for the Sextons use

repairing Ladders, making a coat report No. 4 use for

the Common Latrepairs in the Store and whole Barracks

8 Single Deals

£0 16s 4d

12 Double Do

£2 2s 0d

½ Piece of Elm Plank

£0 12s 6d

1 Bath

£0 1s 7½d

£3 17s 10½d

Oil Vizt.

½ Gallon Linseed for the Doctors Shop & armors use

£0 1s 9½d

9 Gallon Seam for the Kitchen & the House and

Armorers use

£1 10s 4½d

1 Bottle Florence Do

£0 2s 4½d

£1 14s 5½d

£5 13s 3½d

Sold to the ship Prince Henry, viz:

Bunting, viz:

46 yards blue, £1 17s 4½d

46 ditto white, £1 14s 6d

46 ditto red, £2 9s 10d

Total, £6 1s 8½d

Canvas, 1 piece of English, £2 10s 10d

Thread, ½ lb white and brown, £0 4s 8d

£9 5s 2½d

Charges General, Dr, for the following stores issued from 12 April to 11 July 1758, viz:

Lines, viz:

2 number 2 for the carpenter's use, £0 0s 6½d

1 number 4 for the Castle, £0 0s 5d

Total, £0 0s 11½d

Deals, viz, for repairing the wheelbarrows, crane, wheelbarrows, making tools for the hospital, for the stores, repairing ladders, making mangers and repairs at Longwood and repairs in the stores and other buildings:

9 single deals, £0 16s 4d

12 double ditto, £2 2s 0d

½ piece of elm plank, £0 12s 6d

1 baulk, £0 7s 0d

Total, £3 17s 10½d

Oil, viz:

½ gallon linseed for the doctor's shop and armourers' use, £0 1s 0½d

9 gallons seam for the kitchen, bakehouse and armourers' use, £1 10s 4½d

1 bottle Florence ditto, £0 2s 4½d

Total, £1 14s 5½d

£5 13s 3½d

Interpretations

This closes the collection with a straight sale of flag bunting and canvas to the packet ship Prince Henry, then opens the general charges account of stores issued free for the Company's own works. The sale of red, white and blue bunting to the ship, enough to make its signal flags and colours, marks the store supplying a departing vessel's flag-making needs, the bunting being the loosely woven wool from which flags were cut. The general charges then record timber, oil and cord consumed on the island's upkeep rather than sold, the deals booked against the specific repairs they served, the crane, the hospital, the stores and the buildings at Longwood, so the account shifts from what the store sold to what the establishment spent on maintaining its own fabric, the two kinds of expenditure kept distinct in the bookkeeping.

190

184

  1. July
  2. Brought over 5 13s 3½d

Starch ½ lb for Linen

£0 2s 9½d

Iron 20 lb for the Prison

£1 18s 1½d

Nails Vizt. for the drawbridge Store use

Store Cart wheel Barrows Cemery Boxes, Ladders

water spouts Pickets, Stack Cots for the Hospital

Pump Munden House this Cart the Yard Prison use

7 lb 10

6½ 3

2½ 4

3 6

6 40

£0 9s 6½d

1 Tacks for the Castle

£0 1s 3d

1 Snappen for the Coopers use

£0 0s 5½d

£0 11s 3d

Broad Cloth 3 Yards of Black for a

Paul for the Garrison

£2 9s 6d

Soap 40 for Linnen

£1 5s 0d

Chelloos 2 Pieces

£0 19s 0d

(

for the Castle

)

Deroees 1 Piece

£0 7s 9d

Cutlery Ware 18 pc Shoe and horn Buckles

sent to England for a Pattern

£0 0s 9½d

Braziers Ware Vizt.

1 Copper Kettle of 12 Gallons

£2 18s 1½d

1 Do Do 6 Do

£1 12s 3d

(

for the Castle

)

£4 10s 4½d

Ironmongers Ware Vizt.

4 Files

£0 3s 1½d

6 Do Hafts

£0 0s 3d

1 Smiths Rubbers

£0 3s ½d

(

for the armorers use

)

¼ lb Corn Emery

£0 0s 2d

7 Padlocks for the Castle Wicket & the sea Gate

£0 16s ½d

Prison Door & Store use

£1 2s 7½d

£17 18s 4½d

Brought over, £5 13s 3½d

Starch, ½ lb for linen, £0 0s 2½d

Iron, 20 lb for the prison, £0 1s 10½d

Nails, viz, for the drawbridge, storehouse, stores, cart, wheelbarrows, crane, boxes, ladders, water spouts, pickets, stub cots for the hospital, pump, wheelbarrows, the Castle and the prison use:

7 lb 10d, £[...]

6 lb 3d, £[...]

2 lb 4d, £0 9s 6½d

3 lb 6d, £[...]

6 lb 40d, £[...]

1 lb tacks for the Castle, £0 1s 3d

1 lb sneppers for the coopers' use, £0 0s 5½d

Total, £0 11s 3d

Broad Cloth, 3 yards of black for a pall for the garrison, £0 2s 9d

Soap, 40 lb for linen, £0 1s 5d

Chelloes, 2 pieces, for the Castle, £0 19s 0d

Dowlas, 1 piece, for the Castle, £0 7s 9d

Cutlery Ware, 18 pairs shoe and knee buckles sent to England for a pattern, £0 0s 5½d

Braziers' Ware, viz:

1 copper kettle of 12 gallons, £2 18s 1½d

1 ditto ditto of 6 ditto, for the Castle, £1 12s 3d

Total, £4 10s 4½d

Ironmonger Ware, viz:

6 files, £0 3s 1½d

6 ditto helves, £0 0s 3d

1 smith's rubber, £0 3s 0d

¼ lb corn emery, £0 0s 2d

For the armourers' use

7 padlocks for the Castle wicket and the sea gate, prison door and stores' use, £0 16s 0½d

Total, £1 2s 7½d

£17 18s 4½d

Interpretations

This continuation of the general charges records the nails, cloth, hardware and metalwork issued free for the island's upkeep, each booked against the specific use it served. The three yards of black broadcloth issued for a pall for the garrison matches the arrangement recorded at the consultation of 8 May, confirming the cloth for the funeral covering was drawn from the store and charged to the general account. Dowlas was a coarse linen used for common purposes, listed here for the Castle alongside the chelloes, and the padlocks issued for the Castle wicket, sea gate and prison door map the points of the settlement that had to be kept secured. The eighteen pairs of buckles sent to England for a pattern reveal the Company using the island as a source of samples, shipping specimens home so that fresh supplies could be ordered to match.

The store sent buckles home to England as a pattern rather than simply reordering by description, a small but telling choice that reveals how a remote station bridged the distance to its suppliers, providing physical samples so that goods made in England would match what the island actually used, the labour of shipping specimens preferred to the risk of a written order being misread across half the world.

191

185

1758

Brought over 17 18s 4½d

24 Portland Tools

£1 15s 6d

3 Saw Wedges

£0 2s 0d

1 Auob

£0 8s 6d

1 Helve

(

for the Masons use

)

2 Hand Hammers

£0 0s 7½d

1 Stock Lock for the Coopers Shop

£0 4s 1d

1 pc Large Steelyards for the use of the Plantation

£0 9s 6½d

1 Small Frying Pan for the working Hands

£0 1s 8½d

2 Coopers Sees for the Coopers use

£0 1s 4d

£4 0s 3d

Arrack Vizt.

10¼ Gallon for the working hands

£1 5s 1½d

20¼ Gallons Do given to the men for getting the

Goloth the Stores from the several Ships

£2 10s 1½d

£3 16s 3d

Twine 3 Skames

£0 1s 1d

Marline 1 Do

£0 1s 3d

(

for the Castle and Cots for the Hospital

)

Corks 15 Gross for the Castle

£1 15s 0d

Leather 1¾ Pump for the Pump

£0 1s 9d

Turners Ware Vizt.

2 Wire Seives for the Castle and Bakehouse

£1 2s 3½d

1 Scrubbing Brushes

£0 8s 2d

6 Hair Brooms

£0 12s 1½d

6 Mopps

£0 7s 6d

1 Hair Seive

£0 1s 0d

2 Flaskette

£0 4s 6d

6 Punch Ladles

£0 0s 4½d

(

for the Castle

)

2 Trays

£0 5s 8d

1 Laborers Basket

£0 0s 9d

2 Wood Ladles for the Hospital

£0 0s 9d

2 Shoe Brushes for the Horses

£0 1s 1½d

4 Birch Brooms for sweeping the Line &c

£0 1s 0d

£3 9s 6d

£31 10s 11½d

Brought over, £17 18s 4½d

24 Portland tools, £1 15s 6d

3 saw wedges, £0 2s 0d

1 auger, £0 8s 6d

1 helve, £[...]

2 hand hammers, £0 0s 7½d

For the masons' use

1 stock lock for the coopers' shop, £0 2s 4d

1 pair large sail yards for the use of the plantation, £0 0s 6½d

1 small frying pan for the working hands, £0 1s 8½d

2 coopers' files for the coopers' use, £0 1s 4d

Total, £4 0s 3d

Arrack, viz:

10½ gallons for the working hands, £1 5s 1½d

20½ gallons ditto, given to the men for getting the goods to the stores from the several ships, £2 10s 1½d

Total, £3 16s 3d

Twine, 3 skeins, £0 1s 1d

Marline, 1 ditto, for the Castle and cords for the hospital, £0 0s 3d

Cocks, 15 geese for the Castle, £0 1s 15d

Leather, 1½ pumps for the pump, £0 1s 9d

Turners' Ware, viz:

2 wire sieves for the Castle and bakehouse, £0 2s 3½d

1 scrubbing brush, £0 8s 2d

6 hair brooms, £0 12s 1½d

6 mops, £0 7s 6d

1 hair sieve, £0 1s 0d

2 flaskets, £0 4s 6d

6 punch ladles, £0 0s 4½d

2 trays, £0 5s 8d

1 labourer's basket, £0 0s 9d

2 wood ladles for the hospital, £0 0s 9d

2 shoe brushes for the horse, £0 1s 1½d

For the Castle

4 birch brooms for sweeping the Line, £0 1s 0d

Total, £3 9s 6d

£31 10s 11½d

Interpretations

This continuation of the general charges records tools, arrack, cord and household ware issued free for the island's works and buildings, each booked against its use. The arrack given to the men for getting the goods ashore from the ships confirms the practice recorded elsewhere of a spirit ration serving as a labour incentive, the drink issued to reward heavy work outside ordinary duty rather than sold. The Portland tools listed among the masons' equipment were the specialised implements for dressing Portland stone, the fine building stone imported for the island's works, so the account maps the trades kept up from the store, masonry, coopering and the constant sweeping and cleaning of the Castle and the Line, the whole running the general charges further into the thirties of pounds as it records everything the establishment consumed on its own upkeep.

The men who hauled the season's cargo ashore were paid partly in arrack rather than wholly in coin, a choice that reveals how the island stretched its scarce money by using drink drawn from its own stores as a supplement to wages, rewarding the heavy work of unloading the fleet with a ration that cost the Company less than cash while still valued by the men who earned it.

192

186

  1. July
  2. Brot. over 31 10s 11½d

China Ware Vizt.

10 Sneakers for the Hospital

£0 1s 0d

12 Bowls

£0 8s 0d

4 Meat Dishes

£0 7s 0d

12 Half pint Cups and Saucers

£0 5s 0d

12 Quarter Pint Do and Do

£0 2s 0d

3 Setts of Dishes and Plates

£0 10s 0d

(

for the Castle

)

10 Soup Plates

£0 6s 0d

2 Do Dishes

£0 10s 10d

13 Sneakers

£0 2s 0d

4 Sallad Dishes

£0 2s 10d

£3 15s 4d

Candles Vizt.

96 for the Castle

94 for the Council

2 for making Dammer

£0 19s 7 6d

Pitch and Tare Vizt.

25 Pitch for the Pump and Castle

£0 3s 1½d

10 Rosin for Commiuning Bottles &c

£0 1s 5½d

Paint Vizt.

4 pc of Whiting for the Castle

£0 0s ½d

12 Pounds blew Smalts for Seamen

£0 16s 3d

£0 4s 7d

£0 16s 3½d

Cordage 276 Pound for Crane

£0 4s 6d

Paper

Tin Ware Vizt.

4 Lamps for the Bakers and Armorers use

£0 1s 8d

1 Glass Lanthorne

£0 10s 1d

6 Pound Soldoy

£0 6s 1½d

(

for the Castle

)

½ Salamoniac

£0 0s 3½d

1 Trumpet for the Governor use

£0 6s 7d

2 Quart Saucepans for the Hospital

£0 1s 1½d

£1 5s 10½d

£61 1s 0½d

Brought over, £31 10s 11½d

China Ware, viz:

10 tea bowls for the hospital, £0 1s 0d

12 bowls, £0 8s 0d

4 meat dishes, £0 7s 0d

12 half-pint cups and saucers, £0 5s 0d

12 quarter-pint ditto and ditto, £0 2s 0d

3 sets of dishes and plates, £0 10s 0d

10 soup plates, £0 6s 0d

2 ditto dishes, £0 10s 10d

12 sneakers, £0 2s 0d

4 salted dishes, £0 2s 10d

For the Castle

Total, £3 15s 4d

Candles, viz:

96 lb for the Castle, £[...]

94 lb for the Council, £19 7s 6d

2 lb for making dammer, £[...]

Total, £19 7s 6d

Pitch and Tar, viz:

25 lb pitch for the pump and Castle, £0 3s 1½d

19 lb rosin for careening bottles, £0 1s 5½d

Total, £0 4s 7d

Paint, viz:

1 lb of whiting for the Castle, £0 0s 0½d

12 lb blue smalt for linen, £0 16s 3d

Total, £0 16s 3½d

Cordage, 276 lb for the crane, £4 0s 6d

Tin Ware, viz:

2 lamps for the bakehouse and armourers' use, £0 1s 8d

1 glass lantern, £0 10s 1d

6 lb solder, £0 6s 1½d

½ lb sal ammoniac, £0 0s 3½d

For the Castle

1 trumpet for the queen's use, £0 6s 7d

2 quart saucepans for the hospital, £0 1s 1½d

Total, £1 5s 10½d

£61 1s 0½d

Interpretations

This continuation of the general charges records the china, candles, paint, cordage and tinware issued free for the island's buildings and use, each booked against its destination. The large candle issue split between the Castle and the Council chamber, nearly two hundred pounds in weight, shows the cost of lighting the settlement's two principal establishments, the seat of government and the council's meeting place. The listing of dammer, a resin used as a varnish or caulking, and the rosin for careening confirm the store supplying the materials to seal and preserve the island's boats and fabric. The trumpet issued for the queen's use is a puzzling entry on a remote island, perhaps for a Company vessel or ceremonial signalling, so the account continues to map the whole apparatus of the establishment's upkeep from lighting to boat repair, the general charges now crossing sixty pounds.

The account issued blue smalt, a costly ground-glass pigment, not as paint but for whitening linen, a use that reveals the resourceful adaptation of a single material to more than one purpose on an island where every import was dear, the same blue used to brighten washing that elsewhere coloured paint, so the entry shows the store stretching its stock across uses that its suppliers never intended.

193

187

1758.

Brot. over 61 1s 0½d

Canvas Vizt.

25 Yards of Osenbrigs for Umbrells for the

Castle Do

£0 17s 3½d

19½ Yards of English for Cots for the Hospital

and for the Castle

£1 0s 3½d

£1 18s 5d

Glass Ware Vizt.

½ dozen of wine Glasses

£0 13s 4½d

4 Tumblers

£0 2s 5d

2 Beer Glasses

£0 2s 10d

2 Quart Decanters

£0 6s 9d

(

for the Castle

)

2 Pint Do

£0 3s 0d

1 pc Cruetts

£0 4s ½d

2 Sqr. Glass 6 by 8 for the Hospital

£0 0s 6d

£1 15s 7d

£64 15s 0½d

Diet Expences Dr. for the

following Stores Issued from the 12 April to 11 July 1758

Vizt.

Pork 17 Pieces

£1 19s 8d

Arrack 26 Gallons

£7 0s 0d

Tea Vizt.

5 Congo

£0 6s 4d

1 Bohea

£0 0s 7d

£0 6s 11d

Rice 100

£0 5s 6d

Salt 4 Bushels

£0 11s 7d

Sugar & Candy Vizt.

20 Sugar

£0 4s 2d

230 Candy

£3 6s 8d

£3 10s 10d

£13 16s 6d

Brought over, £61 1s 0½d

General, viz:

25 yards of Osnabrigs for umbrellas for the Castle, £0 17s 8½d

19½ yards of English for cots for the hospital and for the Castle, £1 0s 0½d

Total, £1 18s 5d

Glass Ware, viz:

1 dozen of wine glasses, £0 13s 4½d

4 tumblers, £0 2s 5d

2 beer glasses, £0 2s 10d

2 quart decanters, £0 6s 9d

2 pint ditto, £0 5s 0d

1 pair cruets, £0 4s 1½d

2 squares glass 6 by 8 for the hospital, £0 0s 6d

For the Castle

Total, £1 15s 7d

£64 15s 0½d

Diet Expences, Dr, for the following stores issued from 12 April to 11 July 1758, viz:

Pork, 17 pieces, £1 19s 8d

Arrack, 56 gallons, £7 0s 0d

Tea, viz:

5 lb Congo, £0 3s 4d

1 lb Bohea, £0 0s 7d

Total, £0 3s 11d

Rice, 100 lb, £0 5s 6d

Salt, 4 bushels, £0 11s 7d

Sugar and Candy, viz:

20 lb sugar, £0 4s 2d

230 lb candy, £3 6s 8d

Total, £3 10s 10d

£13 16s 6d

Interpretations

This closes the general charges at just under sixty-five pounds and opens the quarterly diet expenses account, the food and drink issued to the Company table. The Osnabrigs cloth issued for umbrellas at the Castle is a striking detail, showing that even sun or rain shades were made up on the island from imported linen, a small mark of comfort for the governor's establishment. The diet expenses then record the provisioning of the senior mess, dominated by arrack and candy sugar rather than plain staples, so the account shifts from the fabric and hardware of upkeep to the luxuries of the table, the two kinds of charge kept distinct in the bookkeeping as the whole quarter's expenditure on the establishment continues to mount.

The store had umbrellas made up for the Castle from coarse sailcloth linen, a small extravagance that reveals the governor's household securing comforts unknown to the garrison, the same Osnabrigs that clothed slaves and made ships' covers here fashioned into sun shades for the island's rulers, so even a minor entry exposes the gulf in living between those who governed and those who served.

194

188

  1. July
  2. Brot. over 13 16s 6d

Flour 1499 lb

£12 19s 10d

Oil 12 Bottles Florence

£1 6s 6d

£27 14s 10d

Blacks Dr. for the following Stores

Issued from the 12 of April to 11 July 1758 Vizt.

Rice 77 lb 13

£21 4s 2½d

Oil 1½ Gallon Seam

£0 5s 6d

Beef and Pork Vizt.

26 Pounds Beef

£4 7s 9d

311 lb Pork

£36 5s 8d

£40 13s 5d

Iron Pots Vizt.

1 of 6 Gallons

£0 7s 0d

3 of 4 Do

£0 15s 7½d

2 of 3 Do

£0 7s 11d

1 of 2 Do

£0 3s 2½d

£1 13s 9d

Shoes 18 pr of Mens Ordinary

£3 9s 1½d

Sugar 86

£0 17s 11d

Iron Ware 1 Stock Lock for the Blacking

House Door

£0 2s 4d

Lines 12 No. 2 for fishing

£0 3s 4d

Thread 1 Coloured for mending their Cloaths

£0 3s 4d

Arrack ½ Gallon

£0 1s 3d

Deroees ½ a pc for dying in Woman

£0 3s 10½d

Tea 8 lb Bohea

£0 4s 8d

Sailors Cloaths Vizt.

104 Mens Jacketts and Breeches

£83 7s 10d

6 Boy Do and Do

£4 1s 0d

208 Mens Shirts

£37 7s 3½d

12 Boy Do

£1 13s 0d

110 Monmouth Caps

£7 10s ½d

£133 19s 2d

£203 2s 1½d

Brought over, £13 16s 6d

Flour, 1,499 lb, £12 19s 10d

Oil, 12 bottles Florence, £1 0s 6d

£27 14s 10d

Blacks, Dr, for the following stores issued from 12 April to 11 July 1758, viz:

Rice, 77 cwt 0 qrs 13 lb, £21 4s 2½d

Oil, 1½ gallons seam, £0 5s 6d

Beef and Pork, viz:

26 pieces beef, £4 7s 9d

311 pieces pork, £36 5s 8d

Total, £40 13s 5d

Iron Pots, viz:

1 of 6 gallons, £0 7s 0d

3 of 4 ditto, £0 15s 7½d

2 of 3 ditto, £0 7s 11d

1 of 2 ditto, £0 3s 2½d

Total, £1 13s 9d

Shoes, 18 pairs of men's ordinary, £3 9s 4½d

Sugar, 86 lb, £0 17s 11d

Iron Ware, 1 stock lock for the Blacks' house door, £0 2s 4d

Lines, 12 number 2 for fishing, £0 3s 4d

Thread, 1 coloured for mending their clothes, £0 3s 4d

Arrack, ½ gallon, £0 1s 3d

Dowlas, ½ ditto piece for clothing a woman, £0 3s 10½d

Tea, 8 lb Bohea, £0 4s 8d

Sailors' Clothes, viz:

104 men's jackets and breeches, £83 7s 10d

6 boys' ditto and ditto, £4 1s 0d

208 men's shirts, £37 7s 3½d

12 boys' ditto, £1 13s 0d

110 Monmouth caps, £7 10s 4d

Total, £133 19s 2d

£203 2s 1½d

Interpretations

This closes the diet expenses and opens the account of stores issued for the Company's slaves, headed Blacks, again the far larger charge, running over two hundred pounds against the twenty-seven of the diet expenses. The rice alone, more than seventy-seven hundredweight, forms the staple of the slaves' ration, while the sailors' clothes issued in bulk, over a hundred men's jackets and two hundred shirts, show the Company clothing its labour force as well as feeding it. The Monmouth cap was a knitted woollen cap worn by seamen and labourers, issued here in quantity, and the entry of dowlas for clothing a single woman shows the account descending even to the individual provision of a slave, so the ledger records the whole cost of maintaining and clothing the slaves as a running charge, the coarse cloth and bulk grain of their upkeep set out in the same book as the wine and candy of the governor's table.

The Company clothed its slaves in the same jackets, shirts and Monmouth caps issued to its seamen rather than in any distinct dress, a choice visible in the shared entries that reveals the labour force outfitted as cheaply and uniformly as ship's crew, the plain hardwearing garments of the working sailor put on the backs of the enslaved because both were valued by the Company as instruments of work rather than as men.

195

189

1758

Military Dr. for the following Stores Issued

from the 12 April to the 11 July 1758 Vizt.

Beef 7 Pieces

£1 3s 7½d

Candy 13 Pound

£0 4s 4d

Arrack 3½ Gallons

£0 8s 1½d

Rice 1 c 1 qr 16

£0 7s 3d

Tea 3 Bohea

£0 1s 9d

Soap 3

£0 1s 10½d

£2 6s 11½d

Garrison Dr. for the following

Stores Issued out from the 12 of April to

11 July 1758 Vizt.

Tea 83¾ Bohea

£2 8s 1d

Oil Vizt.

54½ Gallon Seam

£9 2s 8d

87½ Do Linseed

£1 9s 11½d

(

for the several Guards

)

£10 12s 7½d

Deals Vizt.

16 Single

£1 12s 0d

6 Double

£1 1s 8d

(

for the Cots & Coffins

)

£2 13s 8d

Nails Vizt.

2½ 6

13 4

4 10

1 3

£0 3s 5½d

(

for Cots and Coffins

)

Iron Ware three large Frying Pans

£0 10s 2½d

Iron Pots 1 of 12 Gallons

£0 13s 4½d

£17 1s 11d

Mallay, Dr, for the following stores issued from 12 April to 11 July 1758, viz:

Beef, 7 pieces, £1 3s 7½d

Candy, 13 lb, £0 4s 4d

Arrack, 3½ gallons, £0 8s 1½d

Rice, 1 cwt 0 qrs 16 lb, £0 7s 3d

Tea, 3 lb Bohea, £0 1s 9d

Soap, 3 lb, £0 1s 10½d

Total, £2 6s 11½d

Garrison, Dr, for the following stores issued from 12 April to 11 July 1758, viz:

Tea, 83 lb Bohea, £2 8s 1d

Oil, viz:

54 gallons seam, £9 2s 8d

87 gallons ditto linseed, £1 9s 11½d

For the several guards

Total, £10 12s 7½d

Deals, viz:

16 single, £1 12s 0d

6 double, £1 1s 0d

For the cots and coffins

Total, £2 13s 0d

Nails, viz:

2½ lb 6d, £[...]

13 lb 4d, £[...]

4 lb 10d, £0 3s 5½d

1 lb 3d, £[...]

For cots and coffins

Total, £0 3s 5½d

Iron Ware, three large frying pans, £0 10s 2½d

Iron Pots, 1 of 12 gallons, £0 13s 4½d

£17 1s 11d

Interpretations

This closes the account for the Company's Malay slaves, kept separate from the general Blacks account, and opens the garrison's own quarterly charges. The Mallay account, small against the main slaves' account, shows the Malays maintained as a distinct group with their own ration of beef, rice, tea and soap. The garrison account then supplies the outlying guards with lamp oil, timber and iron pots, the deals and nails booked specifically for cots and coffins, so the account records the hard facts of garrison life, the beds for the living and the boxes for the dead drawn from the same common store. The large issue of oil to the several guards maps the chain of manned posts that had to be lit through the night, the whole account setting out the material cost of keeping the island's defence in being.

The store booked the same deals and nails jointly for cots and coffins, a stark pairing in a single line that reveals how closely the garrison's provision for its living and its dead ran together, the identical timber serving to bed a soldier or to bury him, so even the bookkeeping exposes the narrow margin of survival on a station where the same materials furnished a man's sickbed and his grave.

196

190

  1. July
  2. Brought over 17 1s 11d

Turners Ware Vizt.

1 Mopp

£0 1s 3d

1 Scrubing Brush

£0 2s 4½d

2 Hair Brooms

£0 4s 7½d

(

for the out forts

)

3 Wood Bowls

£0 3s 1½d

3 Platters

£0 3s 3d

£0 14s 2½d

Tin Ware 6 Lamps

£0 5s 0d

Lines 12 No. 2 for Whips

£0 3s 4d

Candy 6 lb for the Doctors Shop

£0 2s 0d

Blanketts 1

£0 4s 10d

Arrack Vizt.

1 Gallon for the Doctors Shop

£0 2s 6d

15½ Do for Drams on Mustering

2½ Do given to the Recruits

£2 7s 6d

Flour 240 lb

£2 0s 0d

Pork 16 Pieces

£1 17s 4d

(

given to the Recruits

)

£21 16s 1½d

Plantation Dr. for the following

Stores Issued from the 12 April to the 11 July 1758

Rice and Paddy Vizt.

40 Rice for Poultry

£0 2s 6d

4133 Paddy for Poultry and Horses

£9 4s 7d

£9 7s 1½d

Cordage 27½ lb for Thatching and for

throwing Ropes for the Buildings

£0 8s 0d

Oil 1½ lb Linseed for Painting Windows

in the Long Bed and for Thatching

£0 4s 3½d

£9 19s 4d

Brought over, £17 1s 11d

Turners' Ware, viz:

1 mop, £0 1s 3d

1 scrubbing brush, £0 2s 4½d

2 hair brooms, £0 4s 7½d

3 wood bowls, £0 3s 1½d

3 platters, £0 3s 3d

For the out forts

Total, £0 14s 2½d

Tin Ware, 6 lamps, £0 5s 0d

Lines, 12 number 2 for whips, £0 3s 4d

Candy, 6 lb for the doctor's shop, £0 2s 0d

Blankets, 1, £0 4s 10d

Arrack, viz:

1 gallon for the doctor's shop, £[...]

15 gallons ditto for drams on mustering, £0 7s 6d

2½ ditto given to the recruits, £[...]

Total, £2 7s 6d

Flour, 240 lb, £2 0s 0d

Pork, 16 pieces, given to the recruits, £1 17s 4d

£21 16s 1½d

Plantation, Dr, for the following stores issued from 12 April to 11 July 1758, viz:

Rice and Paddy, viz:

40 lb rice for poultry, £0 2s 6d

41 cwt 3 qrs 3 lb paddy, for poultry and horses, £9 4s 7d

Total, £9 7s 1½d

Cordage, 27½ lb for thatching, and for the horses, £0 8s 0d

Oil, 18 lb linseed for painting windows in the Longwood, and for thatching, £0 4s 3½d

£9 19s 4d

Interpretations

This closes the garrison's quarterly charges and opens the plantation account, the Company's own farm. The arrack issued for drams on mustering confirms the practice of a spirit ration serving as a reward or inducement at the periodic assembly of the men, and the pork given to the recruits shows new enlistees provisioned as they joined. The plantation account then supplies the farm, dominated by paddy, the unhusked rice bought in bulk to feed the poultry and horses, kept distinct from the milled rice that fed people. The thatching cord and linseed oil for the Longwood windows map the upkeep of the estate's own buildings, so the account shifts from the garrison's defence to the farm's husbandry, the two kinds of charge kept separate as the whole quarter's expenditure on every arm of the establishment is set out.

The store issued arrack to the recruits and pork to provision them as they mustered, small inducements that reveal how the garrison eased new men into service on a remote island where enlistment had to be made attractive, the drink and fresh meat softening the hard bargain of a five-year term far from home, so even the provisioning of recruits exposes the difficulty of holding a force together at the edge of the Company's world.

197

191

1758.

Brot. over 9 19s 4d

Nails Vizt.

13 2

9 6

6 10

4 4

(

for the Carts Gardeners use and Blacks house door

)

£0 1s 4d

Iron Pots 3 of 12 Gallons for the Plantation

£3 6s 9½d

Grind Stones 1 for the Carpenter in the Long

£0 2s 9d

Paint 7 White Lead for the Windows in Do

£0 2s 6d

Tar 4 Gallons for Carts

£0 3s 4d

Pewter 1 Funnell for the Dairy

£0 2s 3d

Deals Vizt.

½ Piece of Oak Plank

£0 8s 4d

1 Bath

£0 7s 1½d

(

for headsex Gates and Doors for the Dairy room and Blocke House

)

1 Spar

£0 2s 2½d

7½ Single Lumber

£1 3s 11½d

7 Single Deals

£0 14s 3½d

£2 15s 10d

Lines 8 No. 4

£0 2s 11½d

Tin Ware 4 Water Pots

£1 1s 10d

Cutlery Ware 3 Bruning Knives

£0 2s 6d

Iron Ware Vizt.

1 Hand Hatchet

£0 1s 4d

3 Shod Hoes

£0 3s 1½d

5 Garden Do

£0 7s 6d

(

for the Gardeners use

)

2 Helves

£0 1s 3d

1 Garden Rake

£0 2s 6½d

1 Gimblet

£0 0s 2½d

1 Stock Lock for the Dairy Room Door

£0 2s 4d

1 Sowing Axe for the Long Wood

£0 2s 10½d

4 Spades

£0 12s 5d

4 Helves

£1 1s 11d

(

for the Gardens mowing and Plants

)

21 Scyth Stones

£0 3s 6d

£3 1s 0d

£21 8s 5d

Fortifications

Brought over, £9 19s 4d

Nails, viz:

5 lb 3d, £[...]

9 lb 6d, £[...]

6 lb 10d, £[...]

4 lb 4d, £[...]

For the cart, garden use and the Blacks' house door

Total, £0 1s 4d

Iron Pots, 5 of 12 gallons for the plantation, £3 6s 9½d

Grindstones, 1 for the carpenter in the Longwood, £0 2s 9d

Paint, 7 lb white lead for the windows in ditto, £0 2s 6d

Tar, 4 gallons for carts, £0 3s 4d

Pewter, 1 funnel for the dairy, £0 2s 3d

Deals, viz:

15 pieces oak plank, £0 8s 4d

1 baulk, £0 7s 4½d

1 spar, £0 3s 2½d

7½ wainscot lumber, £1 3s 11½d

7 single deals, £0 14s 3½d

For hardware, gates and doors for the dairy room and the Blacks' house

Total, £2 15s 10d

Lines, 8 number 4, £0 2s 11½d

Tin Ware, 4 water pots, £1 1s 10d

Cutlery Ware, 3 fleaming knives, £0 2s 6d

Iron Ware, viz:

1 hand hatchet, £0 1s 4d

3 shod hoes, £0 5s 1½d

5 garden ditto, £0 7s 6d

2 helves, £0 1s 3d

1 garden rake, £0 2s 6½d

1 gimlet, £0 0s 2½d

1 stock lock for the dairy room door, £0 2s 4d

1 laying axe for the Longwood, £0 12s 5d

4 spades, £1 1s 11d

4 sledges, £0 3s 6d

For the garden, mowing and planting

Total, £3 1s 0d

£21 8s 5d

Interpretations

This closes the plantation account for the quarter, recording the tools, timber and metalwork issued to keep the Company's farm in working order. The stock of garden hoes, rakes, spades and a laying axe maps the actual husbandry of the estate, the tools of digging, mowing and planting, while the fleaming knives listed under cutlery were the veterinary lancets for bleeding the farm's cattle, a standard treatment of the age. The named buildings, the dairy room and the slaves' house at Longwood, together with the funnel for the dairy and the locks for its door, set out the layout and mixed husbandry of the estate, confirming its dairy, garden and stock work were carried on by the Company's slaves housed on the spot, the whole account tracing the material upkeep of a working agricultural estate as clearly as the garrison account traced the island's defence.

198

192

31 July.

Fortifications Do for the

following Stores Issued from the 12 of Sepr

to the 11 July 958.

Cordage 11 for Hallyards for Prospect

Flag.

3 2½

Turners Ware 8 Birch Brooms for

Sweeping Plat forms

3 4

Iron Ware 1 Pickax for Hooneywood

Guard

3 4

Lines Cordr 4 for hanging up Powder

Horns

2 2½

Sorsize 2 Chains

1 1½

Thread 7 Coloured for Sewing Cartridg

3 4

16 6½

Boats Do for the following Stores

Issued from the 12 of Sepr to the 11 July 958

Deals 1 Single

2 .

Paint viz.t

Cwt White Lead

2 1½

4r Venetian Red

9

4r Mahogany

9

2 lb Umber Oaker

11

12 9½

Turners Ware 2 Paint Brushes

7 1½

Oil 1 Gall of Linseed

3 4½

Tar 1 Gall

3 4

Nails viz.t

1 3

1 6

10

£ 1 3 6

The account recorded stores issued to the fortifications between 12 September and 11 July 1758, set out under commodity headings with their values.

Fortifications, for the following stores issued from 12 September to 11 July 1758

Cordage: 1 line for halyards for the prospect flag, £0 3s 2½d

Turnery ware: 8 birch brooms for sweeping the platforms, £0 3s 4d

Iron ware: 1 pickaxe for the maroon guard, £0 3s 4d

Lines: 6 of number 4 for hanging up powder horns, £0 2s 2½d

Twine: 2 skeins, £0 1s 1½d

Thread: 1 coloured, for sewing cartridges, £0 3s 4d

Total, £0 16s 6½d

The account continued with stores issued to the boats over the same period from 12 September to 11 July 1758.

Boats, for the following stores issued from 12 September to 11 July 1758

Deals: 1 single, £0 2s 0d

Paint, weight:

6 lb white lead, £0 2s 1½d

4 lb Venetian red, £0 [...]d

4 lb mahogany, £0 9d

2 lb umber, £0 11d

Turnery ware: 2 paint brushes, £0 1s 9½d

Oil: 1 gallon of linseed, £0 1s 7½d

Tar: 1 gallon, £0 3s 4½d

Nails, weight:

1 of 3, £0 [...]d

1 of 6, £0 10d

Total, £1 3s 6d

Interpretations

The figures record the internal transfer of naval and ordnance stores from the Company warehouse to two consuming accounts, the fortifications and the boats, rather than any outward sale. The values priced each item at store cost so that consumption could be charged against the correct department, a standard mechanism by which the garrison controlled the drawing-down of scarce imported materials on a small island wholly dependent on shipping for resupply.

Venetian red, mahogany and umber were pigments ground in oil for protective and decorative painting. Venetian red was an iron-oxide pigment giving a warm brownish-red, mahogany a reddish-brown earth tone and umber a natural brown clay coloured by iron and manganese, all durable and cheap earth colours suited to weatherproofing timber. White lead was the standard base and primer of the period, mixed with the linseed oil also issued here to form workable paint. The combination points to routine maintenance of the boats' hulls and fittings against sea and salt.

The stores for hanging powder horns, sewing cartridges and equipping the maroon guard show the fortifications account absorbing the small consumables of keeping firearms serviceable. The maroon guard was the detachment posted to watch for runaway slaves, and its pickaxe would have served for clearing ground or breaking rock at the guard post rather than any military purpose.

199

193

1758

Hospital Do for the following

Stores Issued from 12 Sepr to the 11 July 1758

Sugar 490

5 2 1

1 Flour 490

4 1 8

Rice 700

1 18 6

Oil viz

7 lb 10 Gallr Train

16 7

1 lb 4 Do Linseed

4 8

1 1 3

Beef and Pork viz

1 lb of Beef

3 4½

8 lb Pork

10 8

1 2 ½

Tea 3 Botery

1 9

Salt 1 ½

5 7½

£ 13 10 11

Charges General Do for the

following Sundrys entered as Payment to Persons

Commanders of their Majestys Ships &c to Traders

Arrack 6 5 Gallr

0 2 6

Salt 2 Bushells

5 9½

Paddy 996

2 2 1½

£ 10 10 5

Errors Excepted

P James Powell

The account recorded stores issued to the hospital between 12 September and 11 July 1758, priced by commodity.

Hospital, for the following stores issued from 12 September to 11 July 1758

Sugar: 490 lb, £0 5s 2¼d

Flour: 490 lb, £0 4s 1s 0d

Rice: 700 lb, £1 18s 6d

Oil, weight:

7 lb 12 oz of a gallon of train, £0 16s 7d

1 lb 12 oz of a gallon of linseed, £0 4s 8d

Total, £1 1s 3d

Beef and pork, weight:

1 lb of beef, £0 3s 4½d

8 lb of pork, £0 10s 8d

Total, £1 2s 0½d

Tea: 3 lb bohea, £0 1s 9d

Salt: 1 lb, £0 3s 7½d

Total, £13 10s 11d

The account then recorded general charges for provisions supplied in payment for stores to the commanders of His Majesty's ships at the island.

Charges general, for the following provisions supplied in payment for stores to the commanders of His Majesty’s ships at the island

Arrack: 5 gallons, £0 2s 6d

Salt: 2 bushels, £0 5s 9½d

Paddy: 996 lb, £2 2s 1½d

Total, £10 10s 5d

The account was subscribed as errors excepted and signed by James Powell.

Interpretations

The hospital account priced each ration at store cost so that consumption by the sick could be charged to the correct department, the same internal-transfer mechanism that governed the fortifications and boats accounts. The general charges account differs in kind, recording not internal consumption but goods handed to Royal Navy captains as payment in provisions for stores the ships had supplied to the garrison. Barter of this sort was the ordinary currency of a remote victualling station, where cash was scarce and the Company settled with passing naval vessels in the commodities it held.

Train oil was oil rendered from the blubber of whales or seals, valued for lamps, dressing leather and medicinal use, and its issue to the hospital points to lighting and wound treatment. Bohea was the cheapest grade of black tea imported from China, taken from the last and coarsest picking of the season, and here served as a hospital comfort rather than a luxury. Arrack was a strong spirit distilled in the East, commonly from palm sap or fermented rice and molasses, and functioned both as a ration and as a tradeable liquor. Paddy was unhusked rice still in the grain, cheaper and more durable in store than milled rice, and the large quantity handed to the ships suggests it went to feed crews or livestock on the onward voyage.

200

194

31 July

List of the honorable Companys Officers and servants upon this

Island St Helena with their several Salarys diet money &c for this Quarter

Commencing April 12 ending July 11 1758

Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governr Salary

125

Do allowance for Servants

31 14 9

156 14 9

John Adamson Lieutenant Governr Sal.

62 10

Do diet money

25

87 10

2 John Clarke Reverend Salary

15

William Lee Chaplain Salary

25

Do diet money

15

40

2 Mathew Bazeley Accomptants Salary

17 10

Do diet money

15

Do House rent

2 10

35

Francis Wrangham secretarys salary

17 10

Do diet money

15

Do House rent

2 10

35

James Powell Storekeepers salary

17 10

Do diet money

15

Do House rent

2 10

35

Mathias Bazett Factor Salary

7 10

Do diet money

10

Do Assistant Storekeeper

5

Do House rent

2 10

25

William Wrangham Factor salary

7 10

Do diet money

10

Do House rent

2 10

20

£ 449 4 9

The list set out the Company officers and servants on St Helena with their salaries, diet money and other allowances for the quarter running from 12 September to 11 July 1758.

List of the Honourable Company’s officers and servants on the island of St Helena, with their salaries, diet money and other allowances for the quarter beginning 12 September and ending 11 July 1758

Charles Hutchinson Esquire, Governor, salary, £125 0s 0d

Allowance for servants, £31 14s 9d

Subtotal, £156 14s 9d

John Adamson, Lieutenant Governor, salary, £62 10s 0d

Diet money, £25 0s 0d

Subtotal, £87 10s 0d

John Clark, Reverend, salary, £15 0s 0d

William Lee, Chaplain, salary, £25 0s 0d

Diet money, £15 0s 0d

Subtotal, £40 0s 0d

Matthew Bewling, Accountant, salary, £17 10s 0d

Diet money, £15 0s 0d

House rent, £2 10s 0d

Subtotal, £35 0s 0d

Francis Wrangham, Secretary, salary, £17 10s 0d

Diet money, £15 0s 0d

House rent, £2 10s 0d

Subtotal, £35 0s 0d

James Powell, Storekeeper, salary, £17 10s 0d

Diet money, £15 0s 0d

House rent, £2 10s 0d

Subtotal, £35 0s 0d

Matthew Bazett, Factor, salary, £17 10s 0d

Diet money, £10 0s 0d

Assistant storekeeper, £5 0s 0d

House rent, £2 10s 0d

Subtotal, £25 0s 0d

William Wrangham, Factor, salary, £17 10s 0d

Diet money, £10 0s 0d

House rent, £2 10s 0d

Subtotal, £20 0s 0d

Carried over, £449 4s 9d

Interpretations

The list is a quarterly civil establishment, the fixed payroll by which the Company maintained its administration on the island, ranking each officer by salary and showing the standard structure of a Company post: a base salary, a diet allowance in place of a common table and, for the working officers below the governor, a housing allowance. The pattern reveals a graded hierarchy in which the governor drew several times the salary of his senior officers and stood apart by receiving an allowance for servants rather than diet money, while the lieutenant governor, chaplain and the four working heads of department clustered at broadly equal rates. The recurrence of the surnames Wrangham confirms the concentration of Company office in a small number of established island families.

Diet money was a cash sum paid in lieu of board, the Company having largely abandoned the earlier practice of maintaining its servants at a shared table and instead compounding the obligation into a fixed allowance. House rent served the same function for lodging, a standing supplement acknowledging that officers had to house themselves. The factor's account carried an additional line for acting as assistant storekeeper, showing the doubling of offices common in a thinly staffed settlement where one man's salary was topped up for a second charge.

201

195

1758

Brought over

£ 449 4 9

Charles Steward writers Salary from the 12 April to

this 19 Instance

Do diet money from Do 15 do

15 14 8

Do House rent from Do Do

Richard Reed writers salary from the 6 July to this

11th Do inclusive

1 3 2

Robert Barclay Surgeons salary

9 15

Do diet money

10

Do House rent

2 10

22 5

John Pritchard surgeons mates salary

6 5

Do diet money

10

16 5

Richard Beal Judge Advocate Salary

10

Do Schoolmaster

3 8 3

Do as Clarke

5

18 8 3

Samuel Alexander Overseer

7 10

Matthew Bazett Overseer

7 10

15

John Bland Master Mason Salary

17 10

Do diet money

10

Do House rent

1 10

29

Thomas Greenwood Stone Mason Salary from the

1 July to the 11th Do inclusive

2 0

Thomas Livesay Carpenters Salary

12 10

Do House rent

15

13 5

Thomas Kirkpatrick Master at Arms

6 5

Edward Smith Gardener

10

John Hughes Armourers Mate

9

James Gullett Cooper

6 15

William Marr Steward

6

Michael Frost Clark and Instrument Cleaner

1 5

41 5

£ 621 10 10

The list continued with further Company officers and servants on St Helena and their salaries, diet money and allowances for the quarter.

Brought over, £449 4s 9d

Charles Steuard, writer, salary, from 12 April to this 19 instant, £[...]

Diet money from the same date, £15 14s 8d

House rent from the same date, £[...]

Richard Land, writer, salary from 6 July to this 11 instant, £1 3s 2d

Robert Barclay, surgeon, salary, £9 15s 0d

Diet money, £10 0s 0d

House rent, £2 10s 0d

Subtotal, £22 5s 0d

John Pritchard, surgeon’s mate, salary, £6 5s 0d

Diet money, £10 0s 0d

Subtotal, £16 5s 0d

Richard Beal, judge advocate, salary, £10 0s 0d

Schoolmaster, £3 8s 3d

As clerk, £5 0s 0d

Subtotal, £18 8s 3d

Samuel Alexander, overseer, £7 10s 0d

Matthew Bazett, overseer, £7 10s 0d

Subtotal, £15 0s 0d

John Bland, master mason, salary, £17 10s 0d

Diet money, £10 0s 0d

House rent, £1 10s 0d

Subtotal, £20 0s 0d

Thomas Greenwood, stone mason, salary, from 1 July to the 11 instant, £2 0s 0d

Thomas Loveridge, carpenter, salary, £12 10s 0d

House rent, £0 15s 0d

Subtotal, £13 5s 0d

Thomas Kirkpatrick, master at arms, £6 5s 0d

Edward Smith, gardener, £10 0s 0d

John Hughes, armourer’s mate, £9 0s 0d

Samuel Gullett, cooper, £0 15s 0d

William Marr, steward, £6 0s 0d

Michael Trent, clerk and instrument cleaner, £1 5s 0d

Subtotal, £41 5s 0d

Carried over, £621 10s 10d

Interpretations

The list extends the civil establishment downward from the senior officers into the working and skilled trades that kept the settlement running, showing a second tier paid at markedly lower rates than the department heads. The judge advocate's account, drawing three separate payments for his legal office, for teaching school and for acting as clerk, is the clearest instance on the page of one man's stipend built up from unrelated duties, a device by which a small settlement spread several charges across a single salaried post rather than appointing separately for each.

The trades named define the practical work of the garrison: masons and a carpenter for building and fortification, an armourer's mate for the upkeep of weapons, a cooper for the barrels on which storage and shipping depended and a master at arms for discipline and the custody of arms. The pairing of Samuel Alexander and Matthew Bazett as overseers, the latter already carried on the previous page as factor and assistant storekeeper, again shows the doubling of offices in a thinly staffed place. The instrument cleaner's charge points to the surveying and navigational instruments the Company maintained on an island whose whole value lay in its position on the sea route.

202

196

31 July

Brought over

£ 621 10 10

Nicholas Serafton Patron of the Long Boat

7 10

John Krainge Crew

2

Thomas Harper Marshal

5 6 5½

14 16 5½

First Company

John Clark 1t Lieutenant Salary

22 16 3

Do diet money

6 16 10½

Do on account of Instructing the Gunners

7 10

37 3 1½

Henry Boyd 2d Lieutenants Salary

10 5

Do diet money

6 16 10½

25 1 10½

Solomon Jacobs Adjutant Salary

22 16 3

Do diet money

6 16 10½

29 13 1½

Serjeants

John Howland

7 12 1

Joseph Newton

7 12 1

Edward Robinson

7 12 1

22 16 3

Corperals

Humphry Pugh

5 6 5½

Thomas Ferril

5 6 5½

John Beck

5 6 5½

15 19 4½

Drummers

John Vaughan

5 6 5½

John Bolton

5 6 5½

10 12 11

Continels

Samuel Barten

3 16 7½

George Bennet

3 16 7½

John Bagley

3 16 7½

Peter Bolten

3 16 7½

Joseph Blackwell from 10 Sepr to 11 Instce Cured

3 10 10

Gabriel Boyer

3 16 7½

John Russell

3 16 7½

William Waddington

3 16 7½

James Cartwright

3 16 7½

Carried over 33 19 2

£ 777 11 11½

The list continued with further Company servants and then the pay of the First Company of the garrison, set out by rank for the quarter.

Brought over, £621 10s 10d

Nicholas Scroggs, patron of the long boat, £7 10s 0d

John Kempe, crew, £2 0s 0d

Thomas Harper, marshal, £5 6s 5½d

Subtotal, £14 16s 5½d

First Company

John Clark, first lieutenant, salary, £22 16s 3d

Diet money, £6 16s 10½d

On account of instructing the gunners, £7 10s 0d

Subtotal, £37 3s 1½d

Henry Boyd, second lieutenant, salary, £18 5s 0d

Diet money, £6 16s 10½d

Subtotal, £25 1s 10½d

Solomon Jacobs, adjutant, salary, £22 16s 3d

Diet money, £6 16s 10½d

Subtotal, £29 13s 1½d

Serjeants

John Bourland, £7 12s 1d

Joseph Renton, £7 12s 1d

Edward Robinson, £7 12s 1d

Subtotal, £22 16s 3d

Corporals

Humphry Pugh, £5 6s 5½d

Thomas Ferril, £5 6s 5½d

John Bock, £5 6s 5½d

Subtotal, £15 19s 4½d

Drummers

John Vaughan, £5 6s 5½d

John Bolton, £5 6s 5½d

Subtotal, £10 12s 11d

Sentinels

Samuel Barten, £3 16s 7½d

George Bennet, £3 16s 7½d

John Bagley, £3 16s 7½d

Peter Bolton, £3 16s 7½d

Joseph Blackwell, from 10 September to 11 instant, £3 10s 10d

Gabriel Byes, £3 16s 7½d

John Russell, £3 16s 7½d

William Waddington, £3 16s 7½d

James Cartwright, £3 16s 7½d

Cadets carried over, £33 19s 2d

Amount carried over, £777 11s 11½d

Interpretations

The page marks the shift from the civil establishment to the military payroll, opening the account of the First Company, the standing garrison that held the island's fortifications. The structure follows the ordinary shape of an eighteenth-century company, descending from the lieutenants and adjutant through serjeants, corporals and drummers to the private sentinels, each rank paid at a fixed and uniform rate that fell sharply with descent. The extra payment to the first lieutenant for instructing the gunners shows the garrison's reliance on training its own men in artillery, the specialist skill on which the defence of a fortified anchorage turned.

The long boat crew carried at the head of the page belonged to the harbour service rather than the garrison, the patron being the coxswain in charge of the vessel that worked ships in the roadstead where St Helena had no sheltered harbour. The drummers were not musicians alone but the means by which orders and alarms were signalled across the garrison, a working part of the company's discipline. Joseph Blackwell's part-quarter pay from 10 September records a mid-term enlistment, the individual date carried so that his charge fell only from the day he joined.

203

197

1758

Brought over

£ 777 11 11½

Continels brought over

33 19 2

William Cookney

3 16 7½

George Copeland

3 16 7½

John Blackwell

3 16 7½

Duncan Cameron

3 16 7½

James Collet

3 16 7½

William Cowsby

3 16 7½

Joseph Cotts from 10 April to 11 July Instce Cordoded

3 10 10

Edward Davenant

3 16 7½

Thomas Dunn

3 16 7½

James Enthorpe

3 16 7½

Robert Team

3 16 7½

James Edwards

3 16 7½

John Flemming

3 16 7½

Richard Guedding

3 16 7½

John Greainger

3 16 7½

George Green

3 16 7½

John Gilman from 10 April to 11 July Instce Cordoved

3 10 10

Thomas Hoile

3 16 7½

Jonathan Hitchins

3 16 7½

Thomas Halliwell

3 16 7½

Daniel Hoult

3 16 7½

Henry Harenburgh

3 16 7½

Henry Harper

3 16 7½

George Howard

3 16 7½

Thomas Hilliard

3 10 10

John Hobbs from 10 April to 11 July Instce Cordoved

3 10 10

Robert Holt

3 16 7½

George Joy

3 16 7½

William Jarvis

3 16 7½

Stephen Hehn

3 16 7½

Edward Kirk

3 16 7½

William Lambourn

3 16 7½

Thomas Stalefield

3 16 7½

John Marsh

Continels Carried over 161 10 5½

£ 777 11 11½

The list continued with the pay of the sentinels of the garrison, each carried on his own line for the quarter.

Sentinels brought over, £33 19s 2d

William Cookney, £3 16s 7½d

George Copeland, £3 16s 7½d

John Blackwell, £3 16s 7½d

Duncan Cameron, £3 16s 7½d

James Collet, £3 16s 7½d

William Clowsby, £3 16s 7½d

Joseph Cotts, from 10 April to 11 July inclusive, £3 10s 10d

Edward Davenant, £3 16s 7½d

Thomas Dunn, £3 16s 7½d

James Enthorpe, £3 16s 7½d

Robert Evans, £3 16s 7½d

James Edwards, £3 16s 7½d

John Flemming, £3 16s 7½d

Richard Guedding, £3 16s 7½d

John Greainger, £3 16s 7½d

George Green, £3 16s 7½d

John Gilman, from 10 April to 11 July inclusive, £3 10s 10d

Thomas Hoole, £3 16s 7½d

Jonathan Hutchins, £3 16s 7½d

Thomas Halliwell, £3 16s 7½d

Daniel Hunt, £3 16s 7½d

Henry Harenbaugh, £3 16s 7½d

Henry Harper, £3 16s 7½d

George Howard, £3 16s 7½d

Thomas Hilliard, £3 10s 10d

John Hobbs, from 10 April to 11 July inclusive, £3 10s 10d

Robert Holt, £3 16s 7½d

George Jay, £3 16s 7½d

William Jarvis, £3 16s 7½d

Stephen Hehn, £3 16s 7½d

Edward Hook, £3 16s 7½d

William Lambourn, £3 16s 7½d

Thomas Stelefield, £3 16s 7½d

John Marsh, £3 16s 7½d

Sentinels carried over, £161 10s 6½d

Carried over, £777 11s 11½d

Interpretations

The page is a continuation of the sentinel roll, the body of private soldiers who made up the bulk of the First Company and stood the actual watches on the island's batteries and posts. The uniform rate carried down almost every line marks the flat pay of the common soldier, the fixed quarterly wage against which the few part-quarter entries stand out. Those broken sums, priced from 10 April rather than the quarter's start, record men who enlisted partway through the term, their pay charged only from the day of joining in the same manner as the mid-term entries on the preceding page.

The length of the roll is itself the significant fact, showing how large a standing force the Company kept on so small an island. St Helena's whole value lay in its position as a watering and refreshment station on the homeward route from the East, and its defence against a hostile fleet or a surprise landing rested on maintaining a garrison out of all proportion to its tiny civilian population, a cost the Company bore as the price of holding the anchorage.

204

198

31 July

Brought over

£ 777 11 11½

Continels brought Over

161 10 5½

William Montgomery

3 16 7½

David Miles

3 16 7½

Richard Moreton

3 16 7½

Simon Mowen

3 16 7½

Murdock McCloud

3 16 7½

Thomas Pethington

3 16 7½

John Pugh

3 16 7½

Isaac Ryder

3 16 7½

Littleton Pigott

3 10 10

Robert Poket from 10 Sepr to 11 July inclu Cnt

3 10 10

William Perry transferred from the Artillery

Company 23 April inclu

3 6 8

Abram Ratcliff

3 16 7½

James Richardson

3 16 7½

John Scotcher

3 16 7½

John Shaw

3 16 7½

William Sedman

3 16 7½

Samuel Sprengell

3 16 7½

Willm Stanly from 10 April to 11 July inclu Cntd

3 10 10

James Furlow

3 16 7½

Joseph Stevens transferred from the Artillery

Company 23 April inclu

3 6 8

Edward Weller

3 16 7½

Jeremiah Worrill

3 16 7½

Thomas Williams

3 16 7½

John Webley

3 16 7½

George Wills

3 10 10

William Wetherby from 10 April to 11 July

3 10 10

Henry Walcaft inclu Entered

3 10 10

262 1 0

Second Company

Thomas Kirkpatrick 1st Lieutenant Salary

22 16 3

Do diet money

6 16 10½

Do House rent

2 10

39 3 1½

£ 1071 16 9

The list completed the sentinels of the First Company and then opened the account of the Second Company for the quarter.

Sentinels brought over, £161 10s 6½d

William Montgomery, £3 16s 7½d

David Miles, £3 16s 7½d

Richard Moreton, £3 16s 7½d

Simon Rowson, £3 16s 7½d

Murdoch McCloud, £3 16s 7½d

Thomas Pethington, £3 16s 7½d

John Pugh, £3 16s 7½d

Silas Rider, £3 16s 7½d

Littleton Pigott, £3 10s 10d

Robert Pelet, from 10 April to 11 July inclusive, £3 10s 10d

William Perry, transferred from the artillery company, 23 April inclusive, £3 6s 0d

Abram Ardolff, £3 16s 7½d

James Richardson, £3 16s 7½d

John Scotcher, £3 16s 7½d

John Shaw, £3 16s 7½d

William Stedman, £3 16s 7½d

Samuel Speargalt, £3 16s 7½d

William Stanley, from 10 April to 11 July inclusive, £3 10s 10d

James Furbins, £3 16s 7½d

Joseph Stuart, transferred from the artillery company, 23 April inclusive, £3 6s 0d

Edward Webber, £3 16s 7½d

Jeremiah Merrell, £3 16s 7½d

Thomas Williams, £3 16s 7½d

John Webley, £3 16s 7½d

George Wells, £3 10s 10d

William Wetherby, from 10 April to 11 July, £3 10s 10d

Henry Walcott, inclusive, entered, £3 10s 10d

Subtotal, £262 1s 0d

Second Company

Thomas Kirkpatrick, first lieutenant, salary, £22 16s 3d

Diet money, £6 16s 10½d

House rent, £2 10s 0d

Subtotal, £32 3s 1½d

Carried over, £1,071 16s 9d

Interpretations

The page closes the First Company's sentinel roll and turns to the Second Company, showing that the Company divided its garrison into two standing companies rather than a single body, the ordinary arrangement for spreading watch duty and command across the island's several batteries. The transfers of William Perry and Joseph Stuart from the artillery company, each priced from 23 April, record men moved between units mid-quarter, their pay charged to the infantry company only from the day the transfer took effect and revealing the artillery as a distinct third arm from which the line companies could be reinforced.

The first lieutenant of the Second Company, Thomas Kirkpatrick, appears earlier in the establishment as master at arms, another instance of the doubling of offices that ran through the whole payroll, one man drawing both a disciplinary charge and a company command. His account carries a house rent line absent from the corresponding First Company officer, the small variations in allowance between otherwise matched posts reflecting the individual terms on which each man was engaged rather than any difference in the office itself.

205

199

1758

Brought over

£ 1071 16 9

Richard Beal 2d Lieutenant Salary

10 5

Do diet money

6 16 10½

25 1 10½

Serjeants

William Bunten

7 12 1

Thomas Bazelly

7 12 1

Samuel Dagfountain

7 12 1

22 16 3

Corporals

John Langridge

5 6 5½

William Keeling

5 6 5½

John Allison

5 6 5½

15 19 4½

Drummers

George Brian

5 6 5½

Job Chamberlain

5 6 5½

10 12 11

Continels

John Allis

3 16 7½

Edward Allis

3 16 7½

John Artinguesalfe

3 16 7½

Samuel Anderson from the 12 to 18 Instce dies

5 10

Edward Ashting

3 16 7½

Thomas Archer

3 16 7½

Isaac Brooks

3 16 7½

John Biscoit

3 16 7½

Edward Broome

3 16 7½

James Buckley from 10 April to 11 July Instce Entered

3 10 10

William Bannister

3 10 10

Edward Cocher

3 16 7½

Thomas Cobb

3 16 7½

William Cobb

Continels Carried over 49 3 11½

£ 1146 7 2

The account of the Second Company continued, setting out its officers, non-commissioned ranks and sentinels for the quarter.

Brought over, £1,071 16s 9d

Richard Beal, second lieutenant, salary, £18 5s 0d

Diet money, £6 16s 10½d

Subtotal, £25 1s 10½d

Serjeants

William Bunten, £7 12s 1d

Thomas Bozelly, £7 12s 1d

Samuel Dasfountain, £7 12s 1d

Subtotal, £22 16s 3d

Corporals

John Langridge, £5 6s 5½d

William Keeling, £5 6s 5½d

John Allison, £5 6s 5½d

Subtotal, £15 19s 4½d

Drummers

George Brian, £5 6s 5½d

Job Chamberlain, £5 6s 5½d

Subtotal, £10 12s 11d

Sentinels

John Allis, £3 16s 7½d

Edward Allis, £3 16s 7½d

John Artingwalgh, £3 16s 7½d

Samuel Anderson, from the 12 to 11 July inclusive, £0 5s 10d

Edward Ashing, £3 16s 7½d

Thomas Booth, £3 16s 7½d

Isaac Buck, £3 16s 7½d

John Biscuit, £3 16s 7½d

Edward Broom, £3 16s 7½d

James Buckley, £3 10s 10d

William Bannister, from 10 April to 11 July inclusive, entered, £3 10s 10d

Edward Cocker, £3 16s 7½d

Thomas Cobb, £3 16s 7½d

William Cobb, £3 16s 7½d

Sentinels carried over, £49 3s 4½d

Carried over, £1,146 7s 2d

Interpretations

The page carries the Second Company through the same descending structure as the First, from its second lieutenant down through serjeants, corporals, drummers and the opening of its sentinel roll, each rank paid at rates identical to its counterpart in the other company. The exact match of pay between the two companies confirms that the garrison ran on a single fixed scale, rank rather than company determining every wage, so that a corporal or drummer drew the same sum whichever company he served in.

Samuel Anderson's entry stands apart from the flat sentinel rate, priced at a small part-quarter sum from a date well into the term, recording a man who joined only in the last stretch of the quarter and whose pay was charged accordingly. The recurrence of shared surnames among the sentinels, the two Allis men and the two Cobbs, reflects the small and interrelated pool from which the garrison drew its recruits, a settlement where military service passed through families and where kin frequently served side by side in the ranks.

206

200

31 July

Brought over

£ 1146 7 2

Continels Carried over

49 3 11½

Edward Cram

3 10 10

Andrew Clark from 10 April to 11 July inclusive

3 10 10

Isaac Day

3 16 7½

William Dixon

3 16 7½

Henry Dudley

3 16 7½

Stephen Davis

3 16 7½

Peter Davis

3 16 7½

Samuel Ealer

3 16 7½

Jacob Ezekley

3 10 10

John Frederick Camerlengh duty mate entered

3 10 10

James Fox

3 10 10

Jonathan Godby

3 16 7½

Thomas Godding from the 12 April to 13 do inclu died

1 0

William Godding

3 16 7½

John Greenoff

3 16 7½

Richard Griffiths

3 16 7½

William Gaby

3 16 7½

James Hall

3 16 7½

John Hailey

3 16 7½

William Haven

3 16 7½

Philip Richmond

3 16 7½

George Hill

3 16 7½

William Houseman

3 16 7½

James Holiday

3 16 7½

William Harvin

3 10 10

Alexander Hall from 10 April to 11 July inclu

3 10 10

Richard Horton Entered

3 10 10

George Hibbs

3 16 7½

Richard Knight

3 16 7½

William Kellyfax from 10 April to 11 July inclu ent

3 10 10

Peter Lindsey

3 16 7½

Continels carried over 107

£ 1146 7 2

The sentinel roll of the Second Company continued, each man carried on his own line for the quarter.

Sentinels carried over, £49 3s 11½d

Edward Cram, £3 10s 10d

Andrew Clark, from 10 April to 11 July inclusive, £3 10s 10d

Isaac Day, £3 16s 7½d

William Dixon, £3 16s 7½d

Henry Dudley, £3 16s 7½d

Stephen Davis, £3 16s 7½d

John Davis, £3 16s 7½d

Samuel Eaton, £3 16s 7½d

Jacob Espley, £3 10s 10d

John Frederick Enverlongh, from 10 April to 11 July inclusive, entered, £3 10s 10d

James Fox, £3 10s 10d

Jonathan Godby, £3 16s 7½d

Thomas Gedding, from 12 April to 13 instant inclusive, died, £1 0s 0d

William Godring, £3 16s 7½d

John Greena[...], £3 16s 7½d

Richard Griffiths, £3 16s 7½d

William Gaby, £3 16s 7½d

James Hall, £3 16s 7½d

John Hailey, £3 16s 7½d

William Hanser, £3 16s 7½d

Philip Richmass, £3 16s 7½d

George Hill, £3 16s 7½d

William Honneman, £3 16s 7½d

James Holiday, £3 16s 7½d

William Harvis, £3 16s 7½d

Alexander Hall, from 10 April to 11 July inclusive, £3 10s 10d

Richard Horton, entered, £3 10s 10d

George Gibbs, £3 16s 7½d

Richard Knight, £3 16s 7½d

William Wilkester, from 10 April to 11 July inclusive, £3 10s 10d

Peter Lindsey, £3 16s 7½d

Sentinels carried over, £107 0s 0d

Carried over, £1,146 7s 2d

Interpretations

The roll continues the Second Company's sentinels at the same flat quarterly rate, broken only by the part-quarter entries of men who joined partway through the term and by a single line of a different character. Thomas Gedding's entry, priced from 12 April to 13 instant and marked as died, records a soldier who did not survive the quarter, his pay stopped at the date of death and settled only to that day. The line is the one instance on the page where a wage ended for reasons other than a late start, showing how closely the account tracked each man's actual service so that the Company paid for no time beyond what was served.

The mixture of English, Scottish and continental names in the ranks, from the Davises and Hills to Murdoch and a man styled Frederick, reflects the varied origins of the garrison's recruits. The Company drew its soldiers from wherever it could find them, filling the sentinel roll with men gathered from Britain and beyond and shipped out to hold a station whose isolation made steady recruitment a persistent difficulty.

207

201

1758

Brought over

£ 1146 7 2

Continels brought over

161

William Lukip

3 16 7½

Jonathan Lahy from 10 April to 11 July inclu Cnrterd

3 10 10

Duncan McClarion

3 16 7½

William Mumford from 10 April to 11 July inclu ent

3 10 10

John Prue

3 16 7½

Edward Buxton

3 16 7½

Charles Perfey

3 16 7½

John Rehering from the 10 April to 11 July inclu Entered

3 10 10

Edward Richards

3 16 7½

Isaac Ans

3 16 7½

Michael Reed from the 10 April to 11 July inclu Cnrterd

3 10 10

Arnold Safory

3 16 7½

William Smith

3 16 7½

Henry Simmonds

3 16 7½

John Steadit

3 16 7½

William Smith

3 16 7½

James Spincer

3 10 10

William Swabling from 10 April to 11 July inclu Cnrterd

3 10 10

Edward Torry

3 16 7½

Jonat Williams

3 16 7½

Thomas Traford from 12 April to 11 June inclu died

2 10 10

Edward Williams 107 Do died

2 7 6

Samuel Wright

3 10 10

John Whittingdale from 10 April to 11 July inclu Cnrterd

3 10 10

George Young Do

3 10 10

Richard Youn from 30th June to 11 July inclu Entered

10

231 10 5

Third Company

Christopher Beal 1t Lieutenant Salary

22 16 3

Do diet money

6 16 10½

Do House rent

2 10

32 3 1½

£ 1430 8½

The sentinel roll of the Second Company completed, and the account then opened the Third Company for the quarter.

Sentinels brought over, £161 0s 0d

William Lukey, £3 16s 7½d

Jonathan Lahy, from 10 April to 11 July inclusive, entered, £3 10s 10d

Duncan McClarion, £3 16s 7½d

William Mumford, from 10 April to 11 July inclusive, entered, £3 10s 10d

John Prue, £3 16s 7½d

Edward Buxton, £3 16s 7½d

Charles Pixey, £3 16s 7½d

John Rehering, from the 10 April to 11 July inclusive, entered, £3 10s 10d

Edward Richards, £3 16s 7½d

Lewis Ans, £3 16s 7½d

Michael Reed, from this 10 April to 11 July inclusive, entered, £3 10s 10d

Arnold Safory, £3 16s 7½d

William Smith, £3 16s 7½d

Henry Simmonds, £3 16s 7½d

John Steward, £3 16s 7½d

William Smith, £3 16s 7½d

James Spincer, £3 10s 10d

William Swabling, from 10 April to 11 July inclusive, entered, £3 10s 10d

Edward Swey, £3 16s 7½d

Jeremiah Williams, £3 16s 7½d

Thomas Taylor, from 12 April to 11 June inclusive, died, £2 10s 10d

Edward Williams, entered, died, £2 7s 6d

Samuel Wright, £3 10s 10d

John Whitingdale, from 10 April to 11 July inclusive, entered, £3 10s 10d

George Young, the same, £3 10s 10d

Richard Young, from 30 June to 11 July inclusive, entered, £0 10s 0d

Subtotal, £231 10s 5d

Third Company

Christopher Beak, first lieutenant, salary, £22 16s 3d

Diet money, £6 16s 10½d

House rent, £2 10s 0d

Subtotal, £32 3s 1½d

Carried over, £1,430 0s 8½d

Interpretations

The page finishes the Second Company and opens the Third, confirming that the garrison was organised into three standing companies, each built on the same fixed scale of pay and the same descending structure of ranks. The recurrence of the first lieutenant's salary, diet money and house rent at figures identical to the two earlier companies shows the uniformity that governed the whole military establishment, command of a company carrying the same reward whichever of the three a man led.

Two lines on the sentinel roll record deaths within the quarter, Thomas Taylor priced to 11 June and Edward Williams to a still earlier point, each wage stopped at the day the man died and settled only to that date. Set beside the many part-quarter entries of men newly entered, these deaths show the constant turnover in the ranks, a garrison losing men to death and disease while filling the gaps with fresh recruits entered partway through the term. The number of men joining only from April, and one from as late as 30 June, points to a steady arrival of replacements shipped out to keep the companies at strength on a station where the wastage of soldiers ran high.

208

202

31 July

Brought over

£ 1430 8½

George Hay 2d Lieutenant Salary

10 5

Do diet money

6 16 10½

25 1 10½

Serjeants.

Robert Mason

7 12 1

Michael Frost

7 12 1

Thomas Leach

7 12 1

22 16 3

Corporals

Charles Epsing

5 6 5½

Jeremiah Wright

5 6 5½

John Baptell

5 6 5½

15 19 4½

Drummers

John Coffin

5 6 5½

John Gouss

5 6 5½

10 12 11

Continels

Samuel Allison

3 16 7½

Matthew Allis

3 16 7½

Samuel Byrne from the 10 April to 11 July

inclusive entered

3 10 10

William Beale

3 16 7½

William Bochet

3 16 7½

William Birch

3 16 7½

John Bowrky

3 16 7½

John Brower

3 16 7½

William Brislin

3 16 7½

Robert Brown

3 16 7½

John Brown

3 16 7½

Peter Brown from 10 Sepr to 11 July inclu ent

3 16 7½

Benjamin Broston

3 10 10

Daniel Care

3 16 7½

Continels Carried over 52 14 2

£ 1504 11 1½

The account of the Third Company continued, setting out its second lieutenant, non-commissioned ranks and the opening of its sentinel roll for the quarter.

Brought over, £1,430 0s 8½d

George Hay, second lieutenant, salary, £18 5s 0d

Diet money, £6 16s 10½d

Subtotal, £25 1s 10½d

Serjeants

Robert Mason, £7 12s 1d

Michael Frost, £7 12s 1d

Thomas Leach, £7 12s 1d

Subtotal, £22 16s 3d

Corporals

Charles Pysing, £5 6s 5½d

Jeremiah Wynd, £5 6s 5½d

John Bassett, £5 6s 5½d

Subtotal, £15 19s 4½d

Drummers

John Coffin, £5 6s 5½d

John Gouds, £5 6s 5½d

Subtotal, £10 12s 11d

Sentinels

Samuel Allston, £3 16s 7½d

Matthew Allis, £3 16s 7½d

Samuel Byres, from the 10 April to 11 July inclusive, entered, £3 10s 10d

William Beale, £3 16s 7½d

William Bushet, £3 16s 7½d

William Birch, £3 16s 7½d

John Bowsby, £3 16s 7½d

John Brower, £3 16s 7½d

William Brown, £3 16s 7½d

Robert Brown, £3 16s 7½d

John Brown, £3 16s 7½d

Peter Brown, from 10 April to 11 July inclusive, entered, £3 10s 10d

Benjamin Broton, £3 16s 7½d

Daniel Cave, £3 16s 7½d

Sentinels carried over, £52 4s 2d

Carried over, £1,504 11s 1½d

Interpretations

The page carries the Third Company through the same fixed descending structure as the First and Second, its second lieutenant, serjeants, corporals and drummers all paid at rates matching their counterparts in the other companies. The uniformity holds across the whole garrison, every rank drawing the same wage regardless of company, so that the three companies stood as parallel bodies built to a single scale rather than differing establishments.

The clustering of the surname Brown among the sentinels, with four men so named entered close together on the roll, again reflects the small and interconnected pool from which the garrison drew its recruits. The two part-quarter entries, Samuel Byres and Peter Brown, both priced from 10 April, record men who joined partway through the term and were charged only from the day of entry, in the same manner as the mid-term recruits running through every company's roll.

209

203

1758

Brought over

£ 1504 11 1½

Continels brought over

52 14 2

Thomas Clark from 10 April to 11 July inclu Entered

3 10 10

Stephen Cleverly

3 16 7½

James Cooper transferred from the Artillery Company

23 April Inclusive

3 6 8

Edward Coozjrue

3 10 10

William Conquest from 10 April to 11 July inclu entered

3 10 10

John Deer

3 16 7½

Jacob Du Vall

3 16 7½

Peter Egleston

3 16 7½

Thomas Ewart

3 16 7½

Peter Timall

3 16 7½

Henry Fullbright

3 16 7½

George Finnly

3 10 10

John Grinald from 10 April to 11 July inclu entered

3 10 10

Thomas Green

3 16 7½

William Harvin

3 16 7½

William Harrison

3 16 7½

John Hayes

3 16 7½

Thomas Harding

3 16 7½

Aben Harving from the 10 April to 11 July inclu entered

3 10 10

Phillip Holland

3 16 7½

James Hunter

3 16 7½

William Holbrook

3 16 7½

John Holloway

3 16 7½

John Hudson from the 12 April to 13 do discharged

1 0

James Hudson

3 16 7½

Samuel Jackson

3 16 7½

Richard Jones

3 16 7½

Samuel Kilvard

3 16 7½

Evan Knowles

3 16 7½

John Lloyd

3 16 7½

William Lyon

Continels Carried over 164 16 3½

£ 1504 11 1½

The sentinel roll of the Third Company continued, each man carried on his own line for the quarter.

Sentinels brought over, £52 4s 2d

Thomas Clark, from 10 April to 11 July inclusive, entered, £3 10s 10d

Stephen Cleverly, £3 16s 7½d

James Cooper, transferred from the artillery company, 23 April inclusive, £3 6s 0d

Edward Cowzens, £3 10s 10d

William Conquest, from 10 April to 11 July inclusive, entered, £3 10s 10d

John Deer, £3 16s 7½d

Jacob Duvall, £3 16s 7½d

Peter Eglenton, £3 16s 7½d

Thomas Ewart, £3 16s 7½d

Peter Finall, £3 16s 7½d

Henry Gullbright, £3 16s 7½d

George Grinby, £3 10s 10d

John Grinald, from 10 April to 11 July inclusive, entered, £3 10s 10d

Thomas Green, £3 16s 7½d

William Harris, £3 16s 7½d

William Harrison, £3 16s 7½d

John Hayes, £3 16s 7½d

Thomas Harding, £3 16s 7½d

Abraham Harving, from the 10 April to 11 July inclusive, entered, £3 10s 10d

Phillip Holland, £3 16s 7½d

James Hunter, £3 16s 7½d

William Holbrook, £3 16s 7½d

John Holloway, £3 16s 7½d

John Hudson, from the 12 April to 13 instant, discharged, £1 0s 0d

James Hudson, £3 16s 7½d

Samuel Jackson, £3 16s 7½d

Richard Jones, £3 16s 7½d

Samuel Kilward, £3 16s 7½d

Evan Knowles, £3 16s 7½d

John Lloyd, £3 16s 7½d

William Lyon, £3 16s 7½d

Sentinels carried over, £164 16s 3½d

Carried over, £1,504 11s 1½d

Interpretations

The roll continues the Third Company's sentinels at the standard quarterly rate, broken by the familiar part-quarter entries of newly entered men and by one line of a different kind. John Hudson's account, priced from 12 April only to 13 instant and marked as discharged, records a man dismissed from the service partway through the quarter, his pay stopped at the day he left rather than at death or the term's end. Set beside the death entries on earlier pages, the line shows the several ways a soldier's wage could be cut short and how the account settled each to the exact day of departure.

James Cooper's transfer from the artillery company, priced from 23 April, matches the earlier movements of Perry and Stuart into the First Company and confirms the artillery as a distinct arm feeding men into all three line companies. The persistent flow of transfers and fresh entries across every company's roll marks the constant work of keeping the garrison at strength, men shifted between units and shipped out from home to replace those lost to death, discharge and the ordinary wastage of a remote and unhealthy station.

210

204

31 July 1758

Brought over

£ 1504 11 1½

Continels brought over

164 16 5½

William Martin

3 16 7½

Michael Meek from 10 April to the 11 July

inclusive entered

3 10 10

Stephen Ger

3 16 7½

William Penny

3 16 7½

William Poulton from 10 April to the 11 July

Inclusive entered

3 10 10

Archibald Pogie

3 16 7½

Roger Phillips

3 16 7½

Thomas Rutherford

3 16 7½

Henry Schaarnbeart

3 16 7½

James Shirlock from the 10 April to 11 July

inclusive entered

3 10 10

John Simmons

3 16 7½

William Smith

3 16 7½

Joseph Smith

3 16 7½

William Stedman from the 10 April to 11 July

inclusive Entered

3 10 10

John Chevaliens Steife to transferred from

the Artillery Company 23 April inclu

3 6 8

Thomas Stanier

3 16 7½

John Strange

3 16 7½

William Taylor

3 16 7½

Rich hard Tocatie

3 16 7½

Jacob Wax from the 10 April to 11 July

inclusive Entered

3 10 10

Thomas Wanvell

3 16 7½

William Wood

3 16 7½

Stephen Willoughby

3 16 7½

Thomas Wilmington

3 16 7½

Gustavus Weaver

3 16 7½

259 2 1

Fourth Company

William Hendley 1t Lieut Salary

22 16 3

Do diet money

6 16 10½

Do House rent

2 10

32 3 1½

£ 1795 16 4

The sentinel roll of the Third Company completed, and the account then opened the Fourth Company for the quarter.

Sentinels brought over, £164 16s 5½d

William Martin, £3 16s 7½d

Michael Meek, from 10 April to the 11 July inclusive, entered, £3 10s 10d

Stephen Orr, £3 16s 7½d

William Penny, £3 16s 7½d

William Poulton, from 10 April to the 11 July inclusive, entered, £3 10s 10d

Archibald Pogue, £3 16s 7½d

Roger Phillips, £3 16s 7½d

Thomas Rutherford, £3 16s 7½d

Henry Schaarehurst, £3 16s 7½d

James Shirlock, from the 10 April to 11 July inclusive, entered, £3 10s 10d

John Simmons, £3 16s 7½d

William Smith, £3 16s 7½d

Joseph Smith, £3 16s 7½d

William Stedman, from the 10 April to 11 July inclusive, entered, £3 10s 10d

John Cheavins, transferred from the artillery company, 23 April inclusive, £3 6s 0d

Thomas Stanier, £3 16s 7½d

John Strange, £3 16s 7½d

William Taylor, £3 16s 7½d

Richard Twaite, £3 16s 7½d

Jacob Warr, from the 10 April to 11 July inclusive, entered, £3 10s 10d

Thomas Wanwell, £3 16s 7½d

William Wood, £3 16s 7½d

Stephen Willoughby, £3 16s 7½d

Thomas Whington, £3 16s 7½d

Gustavus Weaver, £3 16s 7½d

Subtotal, £259 2s 1d

Fourth Company

William Hendly, first lieutenant, salary, £22 16s 3d

Diet money, £6 16s 10½d

House rent, £2 10s 0d

Subtotal, £32 3s 1½d

Carried over, £1,791 16s 4d

Interpretations

The page completes the Third Company and opens the Fourth, showing the garrison to have been divided not into three companies but four, each raised on the identical scale of pay and structure of ranks that governed the whole establishment. The Fourth Company's first lieutenant drew the same salary, diet money and house rent as his three counterparts, the recurrence confirming that command of any company carried a fixed and equal reward across the garrison.

John Cheavins's transfer from the artillery company, priced from 23 April, joins the earlier moves of Perry, Stuart and Cooper into the line companies and shows that the artillery fed men into all four, not merely the first three. The steady thread of these transfers, running alongside the many part-quarter entries of newly entered recruits, marks the continual effort to hold four companies at strength on a distant station, men shifted between the arms and shipped out from home to make good the constant loss of soldiers to death, discharge and disease.

211

205

Brought over

£ 1794 16 4

Samuel Bare 2d Lieutenant salary

10 5

Do diet money

6 16 10½

Do House rent

2 10

27 11 10½

Serjeants.

William Langhorn

7 12 1

Richard Vaughan

7 12 1

John Badgewater

7 12 1

22 16 3

Corporals

Gilbert Clough

5 6 5½

Thomas Peala

5 6 5½

Thomas Morris

5 6 5½

15 19 4½

Drummers

Edward Thomas

5 6 5½

John Buckham

5 6 5½

10 12 11

Continels

William Anderson

3 16 7½

Ralph Antisford from 10 April to 11 July inclu Entered

3 10 10

Thomas Ayers

3 10 10

William Brewer

3 16 7½

Sebestien Brincke

3 16 7½

Christopherous Bagley

3 16 7½

John Bass

3 16 7½

Henry Brewer

3 16 7½

Robert Blife

3 16 7½

Jacob Brill

3 16 7½

William Blackman

3 10 10

Richard Butter from 10 April to 11 July inclu ent

3 16 7½

James Carmichael

3 16 7½

Continels Carried over 48 12 11

£ 1871 16 9

The account of the Fourth Company continued, setting out its second lieutenant, non-commissioned ranks and the opening of its sentinel roll for the quarter.

Brought over, £1,794 16s 4d

Samuel Bird, second lieutenant, salary, £18 5s 0d

Diet money, £6 16s 10½d

House rent, £2 10s 0d

Subtotal, £27 11s 10½d

Serjeants

William Langhorn, £7 12s 1d

Richard Vaughan, £7 12s 1d

John Bridgewater, £7 12s 1d

Subtotal, £22 16s 3d

Corporals

Gilbert Clough, £5 6s 5½d

Thomas Poole, £5 6s 5½d

Thomas Morris, £5 6s 5½d

Subtotal, £15 19s 4½d

Drummers

Edward Thomas, £5 6s 5½d

John Buckham, £5 6s 5½d

Subtotal, £10 12s 11d

Sentinels

William Anderson, £3 16s 7½d

Ralph Antsford, from 10 April to 11 July inclusive, entered, £3 10s 10d

Thomas Ayres, from 10 April to 11 July inclusive, entered, £3 10s 10d

William Brewer, £3 16s 7½d

Sebastian Brinkø, £3 16s 7½d

Christopherous Bagley, £3 16s 7½d

John Bass, £3 16s 7½d

Henry Brewer, £3 16s 7½d

Robert Blyfe, £3 16s 7½d

Jacob Britt, £3 16s 7½d

William Blackman, from 10 April to 11 July inclusive, entered, £3 10s 10d

Richard Butter, from 10 April to 11 July inclusive, entered, £3 16s 7½d

James Carmichael, £3 16s 7½d

Sentinels carried over, £48 12s 11d

Carried over, £1,871 16s 9d

Interpretations

The page carries the Fourth Company through the same fixed descending structure as the three earlier companies, its second lieutenant, serjeants, corporals and drummers all paid at rates matching their counterparts throughout the garrison. The second lieutenant's account carries a house rent line that the corresponding officers of the First and Second companies lacked, the small differences in allowance between otherwise matched posts reflecting the particular terms on which each man was engaged rather than any change in the rank itself.

The several part-quarter entries priced from 10 April, running through the sentinel roll of this company as through every other, mark the men entered partway through the term and charged only from the day of joining. Their steady recurrence across all four companies shows how much of the garrison's strength at any moment rested on recent arrivals, a force continually made good by fresh recruits shipped out to replace the men lost from a station where the turnover of soldiers never ceased.

212

206

31 July

Brought over

£ 1871 16 9

Continels brought over

48 12 11

John Chevott

3 16 7½

John Crapps

3 16 7½

Joseph Chamberlain

3 16 7½

John Clough

3 16 7½

John Corks

3 16 7½

Brian Deleash

3 16 7½

James Dry

3 16 7½

Thomas Fuller

3 16 7½

Peter Fleetwood

3 16 7½

Edward Grant

3 16 7½

Robinson Green

3 10 10

Fisher Gamble from 10 April to 11 July inclu entered

3 10 10

John Hyde

3 16 7½

William Hayes

3 16 7½

William Hill

3 16 7½

Henry Howell from 10 April to 11 July inclu entered

3 10 10

Robert Jackwist

3 16 7½

Thomas Kedderick

3 16 7½

John Kemp

3 16 7½

Alexander Kitchin from 10 April to 11 July inclu ent

3 10 10

Thomas Lindsey

3 16 7½

Joseph Lony

3 16 7½

John Lembrion

3 16 7½

James Lee

3 16 7½

Edward Laos

3 10 10

Richard Lemney from 10 April to this

3 10 10

William Livingston 11 July inclu Entered

3 10 10

Abraham Major

3 16 7½

Charles Montague

3 16 7½

Richard Nayel

3 16 7½

Edward Maxwell

3 16 7½

Continels Carried over 164 13 9

£ 1871 16 9

The sentinel roll of the Fourth Company continued, each man carried on his own line for the quarter.

Sentinels brought over, £48 12s 11d

John Chevott, £3 16s 7½d

John Crupps, £3 16s 7½d

Joseph Chamberlain, £3 16s 7½d

John Clough, £3 16s 7½d

John Corks, £3 16s 7½d

Brion Deleask, £3 16s 7½d

James Dry, £3 16s 7½d

Thomas Fuller, £3 16s 7½d

Peter Fleetwood, £3 16s 7½d

Edward Grant, £3 16s 7½d

Robinson Greer, £3 10s 10d

Fisher Gamble, from 10 April to 11 July inclusive, entered, £3 10s 10d

John Heyde, £3 18s 7½d

William Hayes, £3 16s 7½d

William Hill, £3 16s 7½d

Henry Howell, from 10 April to 11 July inclusive, entered, £3 10s 10d

Robert Jackhurst, £3 16s 7½d

Thomas Hedidrick, £3 16s 7½d

John Kemp, £3 16s 7½d

Alexander Hitchin, from 10 April to 11 July inclusive, entered, £3 10s 10d

Thomas Linsley, £3 16s 7½d

Joseph Lony, £3 16s 7½d

John Lambron, £3 16s 7½d

James Lee, £3 16s 7½d

Edward Laas, £3 16s 7½d

Richard Lemoey, from 10 April to the 11 July inclusive, entered, £3 10s 10d

William Livingston, the same, £3 10s 10d

Abraham Major, £3 16s 7½d

Charles Montague, £3 16s 7½d

Richard Mayl, £3 16s 7½d

Edward Maxwell, £3 16s 7½d

Sentinels carried over, £164 13s 9d

Carried over, £1,871 16s 9d

Interpretations

The roll continues the Fourth Company's sentinels at the standard flat rate, the several part-quarter entries priced from 10 April again marking men entered partway through the term and charged only from the day of joining. No death or discharge breaks this stretch of the roll, the whole run of names paid either the full quarter or a clean part-quarter from entry, so that the page records the ordinary business of a company held at strength rather than the losses that appear on earlier leaves.

The mixture of origins visible in the names, from the plainly English Fuller and Fleetwood through the Scottish Livingston to the continental forms Deleask and a man styled Brion, reflects once more the varied stock from which the Company drew its soldiers. The garrison was filled from wherever recruits could be found and carried out to St Helena, the range of names on a single company's roll standing as evidence of how widely the Company had to cast to man a remote island station.

213

207

Brought over

£ 1871 16 9

Continels brought over

164 13 9

William Need

3 16 7½

William McCloud

3 16 7½

William Mawer from 10 April to 11 July inclu Entered

3 10 10

Thomas Nimble

3 16 7½

Thomas Payne

3 16 7½

John Popewater

3 16 7½

Thomas Avery

3 10 10

Joseph Phillips from 10 April to 11 July inclu entered

3 10 10

William Robinson

3 16 7½

John Robinson

3 16 7½

William Peppon

3 16 7½

Robert Snelly

3 16 7½

David Scott

3 16 7½

Adam Sott

3 16 7½

Nicholas Swiston

3 16 7½

Thomas Skermore

3 16 7½

Richard Spencer

3 16 7½

James Shelbread

3 16 7½

George Simms

3 16 7½

Christian Tyzer

3 16 7½

Richard Tenh from 10 April to 11 July inclu Entered

3 10 10

Thomas Bcompson from 10 July to 11 Do inclu Entered

1 0

Joseph Ulfen

3 16 7½

Roger Watigan

3 16 7½

John Wigwood

3 16 7½

254 19 7

Artillery Companys

Thomas Hall Master Gunner Salary

22 16 3

Do diet money

6 16 10½

29 13 1½

£ 2156 9 5½

The sentinel roll of the Fourth Company completed, and the account then opened the artillery company for the quarter.

Sentinels brought over, £164 13s 9d

William Meed, £3 16s 7½d

William McCloud, £3 16s 7½d

William Mawer, from 10 April to 11 July inclusive, entered, £3 10s 10d

Thomas Nimble, £3 16s 7½d

Thomas Payne, £3 16s 7½d

John Pojewater, £3 16s 7½d

Thomas Avery, £3 10s 10d

Joseph Phillips, from 10 April to 11 July inclusive, entered, £3 10s 10d

William Robinson, £3 16s 7½d

John Robinson, £3 16s 7½d

William Peppon, £3 16s 7½d

Robert Snelfe, £3 16s 7½d

David Scott, £3 16s 7½d

Adam Sett, £3 16s 7½d

Nicholas Swiften, £3 16s 7½d

Thomas Skenmore, £3 16s 7½d

Richard Spencer, £3 16s 7½d

James Shelldrded, £3 16s 7½d

George Sumner, £3 16s 7½d

Christian Tozier, £3 16s 7½d

Richard Tenk, from 10 April to 11 July inclusive, entered, £3 10s 10d

Thomas Bompson, from 10 July to 11 instant, discharged, £0 1s 0d

Joseph Ulfen, £3 16s 7½d

Roger Watigan, £3 16s 7½d

John Wybird, £3 16s 7½d

Subtotal, £254 19s 7d

Artillery company

Thomas Hall, master gunner, salary, £22 16s 3d

Diet money, £6 16s 10½d

Subtotal, £29 13s 1½d

Carried over, £2,156 9s 5½d

Interpretations

The page completes the Fourth Company and opens the artillery company, the specialist arm named throughout the earlier rolls as the source from which men were transferred into the four line companies. The master gunner heading the account drew a salary and diet money matching a line company's first lieutenant, showing the command of the guns to have ranked with the command of a company and the artillery to have stood as a fifth distinct body alongside the four companies of foot.

Thomas Bompson's entry, priced from 10 July to 11 instant and marked as discharged, records a man dismissed after only a day or two of the quarter, his pay settled to the barest fraction of the term. The line is the sharpest instance in the whole payroll of the account tracking service to the exact day, a wage of a single shilling standing where a man left almost as soon as the quarter began. Set against the many full and clean part-quarter entries around it, the figure shows how precisely the Company matched payment to time actually served.

214

208

31 July

Brought over

£ 2156 9 5½

Gunners Mates

Nathan Samply Cheif Mate

11 0 1½

John Millchurch

9 2 6

Henry Cartor

9 2 6

Charles McNulty

9 2 6

Rowland Davis

9 2 6

John Hellings

9 2 6

Adam Watson

9 2 6

Thomas William

9 2 6

75 5 7½

Quarter Gunners

James Long

6 16 10½

Thomas Mawar

6 16 10½

Andrew Barton

6 16 10½

John Tocho

6 16 10½

John Cleavy

6 16 10½

Thomas Taylor

6 16 10½

John Wock

6 16 10½

John Thomawar

6 16 10½

54 15

Matrosses

Richard Billington

4 11 3

William Benson

4 11 3

Matthew Brickletord

4 11 3

Dooby Taylor

4 11 3

Robert Cunningham

4 11 3

Thomas Davis

4 11 3

Anthony Day

4 11 3

William Kitchin

4 11 3

Matrosses Carried over 36 10

£ 2286 10 1

The artillery account continued, setting out the gunner's mates, quarter gunners and the opening of the matrosses for the quarter.

Brought over, £2,156 9s 5½d

Gunner’s mates

Nathan Samply, chief mate, £11 0s 1½d

John Mitthurch, £9 2s 6d

Henry Carter, £9 2s 6d

Charles McNulty, £9 2s 6d

Rowland Davis, £9 2s 6d

John Hellingo, £9 2s 6d

Adam Watson, £9 2s 6d

Thomas William, £9 2s 6d

Subtotal, £75 5s 7½d

Quarter gunners

James Long, £6 16s 10½d

Thomas Mawer, £6 16s 10½d

Andrew Barton, £6 16s 10½d

John Tacke, £6 16s 10½d

John Cleary, £6 16s 10½d

Thomas Taylor, £6 16s 10½d

John Wicke, £6 16s 10½d

John Thomawae, £6 16s 10½d

Subtotal, £54 15s 0d

Matrosses

Richard Billington, £4 11s 3d

William Benson, £4 11s 3d

Matthias Brickléard, £4 11s 3d

Dooby Taylor, £4 11s 3d

Robert Cunningham, £4 11s 3d

Thomas Davis, £4 11s 3d

Anthony Day, £4 11s 3d

William Hitchin, £4 11s 3d

Matrosses carried over, £36 10s 0d

Carried over, £2,236 10s 1d

Interpretations

The page sets out the internal ranks of the artillery below the master gunner, descending from his mates through the quarter gunners to the matrosses, each grade paid at a fixed rate that fell with descent in the same manner as the line companies. The gunner's mates drew markedly more than a line company's serjeants and the quarter gunners more than its corporals, the higher pay through the artillery reflecting the specialist skill of serving and maintaining the great guns on which the defence of the fortified anchorage rested.

The matrosses were the junior gunners of the artillery, the men who assisted at the pieces, handled the powder and shot and did the heavy labour of working the guns under the direction of the gunners and their mates. Paid below the quarter gunners but on a distinct scale, they formed the base of the artillery's own hierarchy, a body of trained hands kept apart from the ordinary sentinels of the line so that the batteries commanding the road always had men versed in the working of artillery ready to serve them.

215

209

Brought over

£ 2286 10 1

Matrosses brought over

36 10

James Garnet

4 11 3

Thomas Mawar

4 11 3

George Nelson

4 11 3

Thomas Bratchet

4 11 3

John Piercey

4 11 3

John Robinson

4 11 3

James Robinson

4 11 3

John Shelley

4 11 3

John Slater

4 11 3

John Turner

4 11 3

William Thompson

4 11 3

Thomas Watts

4 11 3

Richard Waterhouse

4 11 3

Benjamin Wilkam from 12 April to 30 Do inclu died

19

James Yorke

4 11 3

Samuel Barten

4 5

John Adam Bucher

4 5

John Baker

4 5

Thomas Delaun

4 5

Christian Depatt

4 5

John Gippstard

4 5

Thomas Haycock

4 5

William Foster from the 10 April

4 5

Peter Mitchel to 11 July

4 5

William Pidgeon Inclusive

4 5

Joshua Ratbfut Entered

4 5

Frederick Zimmerman

4 5

George Snyder

4 5

John Sos

4 5

Daniel Tongue

4 5

Luke Vardon

4 5

Thomas Hyatt

4 5

William Warden

4 5

John Mitchel Wageling

John Herdenick Walshr

Matrosses Carried over 106 6 6

£ 2286 10 1

The roll of matrosses in the artillery company continued, each man carried on his own line for the quarter.

Matrosses brought over, £36 10s 0d

James Garnet, £4 11s 3d

Thomas Mason, £4 11s 3d

George Nelson, £4 11s 3d

Thomas Pratchet, £4 11s 3d

John Piercey, £4 11s 3d

John Robenson, £4 11s 3d

James Robinson, £4 11s 3d

John Shelley, £4 11s 3d

John Slater, £4 11s 3d

John Turner, £4 11s 3d

William Thompson, £4 11s 3d

Thomas Watts, £4 11s 3d

Richard Waterhouse, £4 11s 3d

Benjamin William, from 12 April to 30 April inclusive, died, £0 19s 0d

James Yorke, £4 11s 3d

Samuel Burten, £4 5s 0d

John Adam Bucher, £4 5s 0d

John Baker, £4 5s 0d

Thomas Delaun, £4 5s 0d

Christian Dysatt, £4 5s 0d

John Gepshead, £4 5s 0d

Thomas Haycock, £4 5s 0d

William Justice, from the 10 April to 11 July inclusive, entered, £4 5s 0d

Peter Mitchel, from the 10 April to 11 July inclusive, entered, £4 5s 0d

William Pidgeon, from the 10 April to 11 July inclusive, entered, £4 5s 0d

Joshua Bassett, from the 10 April to 11 July inclusive, entered, £4 5s 0d

Frederick Zimmerman, £4 5s 0d

George Snyder, £4 5s 0d

John Slow, £4 5s 0d

Daniel Tongue, £4 5s 0d

Luke Vardon, £4 5s 0d

Thomas Hyatt, £4 5s 0d

William Warden, £4 5s 0d

John Mitchel Wageling, £4 5s 0d

John Hendrick Waltshr, £4 5s 0d

Matrosses carried over, £106 6s 6d

Carried over, £2,236 10s 1d

Interpretations

The roll continues the matrosses of the artillery, but divides into two clear groups paid at different rates, the earlier names at the full matross wage and a later block at a lower fixed sum. The break shows two grades of matross within the artillery, the lower-paid men set out together at the foot of the roll, several of them entered only from 10 April and marked as newly joined. This lesser rate probably marks a junior or probationary class of gunner brought in during the quarter, the artillery drawing in fresh hands at reduced pay to build up its trained strength.

Benjamin William's entry, priced from 12 April to 30 April and marked as died, records a matross who survived barely a fortnight of the quarter, his pay settled to the day of death in the same manner as the losses on the line company rolls. The strong showing of continental names among the lower-paid group, Zimmerman, Snyder, Dysatt and a man styled Waltshr, points to the Company recruiting foreign gunners for its artillery, drawing on the wider pool of European soldiers of fortune to supply the specialist skill that the working of the great guns demanded.

216

210

31 July

Brought over

£ 2286 10 1

Matrosses brought over

106 6 6

James Cooper from 12 to 23 Do inclu trans

11

William Perry Do

11

John Chevatien Steife Do

11

Joseph Turner Do

11

100 10 6

£ 2475 7

John Clark Paymaster

Account Current follows

The roll of matrosses completed with four men transferred out during the quarter, closing the artillery account and the whole payroll.

Brought over, £2,236 10s 1d

Matrosses brought over, £106 6s 6d

James Cooper, from 12 to 23 April inclusive, transferred, £0 11s 0d

William Perry, the same, £0 11s 0d

John Cheavins, Poole, the same, £0 11s 0d

Joseph Turner, the same, £0 11s 0d

Subtotal, £109 10s 6d

Total, £2,475 0s 7d

The account was signed by John Clark, paymaster, with the account current following.

Interpretations

The four closing entries account for the men whose transfers into the line companies appear on the earlier rolls, James Cooper, William Perry and John Cheavins each named before as moving into a company from 23 April. Here the artillery side of those same movements is recorded, each man's matross pay running only from 12 to 23 April and then stopping, the point at which his wage passed to the receiving company. The paired entries show the account balancing both sides of every transfer so that no man was paid twice and each unit bore only the days he actually served in it.

The grand total of £2,475 0s 7d gathers the whole quarterly cost of the establishment, the civil officers, the four line companies and the artillery drawn together into a single sum charged to the Company. The scale of the figure set against the tiny population of St Helena measures the cost of holding the island purely as a garrisoned waypoint, the price the Company paid each quarter to keep a fortified refreshment station manned on the homeward route from the East. The signature of John Clark as paymaster, the same officer heading the First Company as its first lieutenant, marks once more the doubling of civil and military office that ran through the settlement's small body of servants.

217

211

John Clark Paymaster Dr

Per Contra Cr

1758

July 11

To cash received from the Honorable Companys

Chest

2841 4 10

1758

May 1

By Cash paid Mr Thomas Cairns Surgeon

for taking Care of eighty Soldiers which came

in the Ship Prince Henry

20

July 11

By Cash paid Thomas Dunn for Assisting in

the Secretarys Office this Quarter

5

By Cash paid Joseph Chamberlain for Carpr

work done this Quarter for the use of the Honr Compy

5

By Cash paid William Rippon for taking Care

of the Honorable Company Stocks in the Longboat

this Quarter

2 10

By Cash paid Sundry Soldiers for rowing

in the Honorable Companys Pinnace this

Quarter

3

By Cash paid William Moore for the rent

of two Houses for the use of sick Soldiers

4

£ 2841 4 10

Carried over £ 39 10

The account current of John Clark, paymaster, set out the cash received against the payments made for the quarter.

John Clark, paymaster, debtor

11 July 1758, to cash received from the Honourable Company’s chest, £2,841 4s 10d

Total, £2,841 4s 10d

Per contra, creditor

1 May 1758, by cash paid Mr Thomas Cairns, surgeon, for taking care of 80 soldiers who came in the ship Prince Henry, £20 0s 0d

The next entry names a ship.

11 July 1758, by cash paid Thomas Dunn for assisting in the secretary's office this quarter, £5 0s 0d.

By cash paid Joseph Chamberlain for carpenter’s work done this quarter for the use of the Honourable Company, £5 0s 0d

By cash paid William Rippon for taking care of the Honourable Company’s stock in the longwood this quarter, £2 10s 0d

By cash paid sundry soldiers for rowing in the Honourable Company’s pinnace this quarter, £3 0s 0d

By cash paid William Moore for the rent of two houses for the use of sick soldiers, £4 0s 0d

Carried over, £39 10s 0d

Interpretations

The account current sets the paymaster's receipts against his disbursements, showing him drawing a large sum from the Company's cash chest and accounting for it through the wages and incidental payments of the quarter. The single receipt of £2,841 4s 10d, larger than the payroll total on the preceding leaves, was the fund from which the whole establishment was paid, the paymaster answerable for every shilling drawn and required to show where it went. This double-entry form was the mechanism by which the Company held its officers to account, the cash received on one side balanced against vouched payments on the other.

The payment to Thomas Cairns for the care of eighty soldiers arriving on the Prince Henry records the reinforcement of the garrison by a shipment of fresh men, the surgeon paid to treat a body of recruits landed together and probably sick or weakened after the long passage out. The entry connects directly to the many part-quarter enlistments running through the company rolls, the eighty men explaining the steady thread of soldiers entered partway through the term. The rent of two houses taken for sick soldiers points to the island keeping a makeshift sick quarters ashore, the arrival of a large draft of men straining what provision the small settlement could make for the ill.

The keeping of Company stock at Longwood, in the higher interior of the island, reflects the use of the cooler upland pastures for grazing, the livestock held away from the town and a keeper paid to tend it. The payment to soldiers for rowing the Company's pinnace shows the garrison's men put to the harbour work of an island with no sheltered anchorage, labour drawn from the ranks to serve the boats that worked between shore and the ships lying in the road.

218

212

31 July

John Clark Paymaster Dr

1758

July 11

To Cash brought over

2841 4 10

2841 4 10

The debtor side of John Clark's account carried forward the cash brought over from the preceding leaf.

John Clark, paymaster, debtor

11 July 1758, to cash brought over, £2,841 4s 10d

Total, £2,841 4s 10d

219

213

Per Contra Cr

Brought over

39 10

By Cash paid Jonathan Doveton for Sixty one days Work

done in Stone laying &c for the use of the Honorable Company

12 13 6

By Cash paid Charles Epsing for the use of a Team for

Nequedah Pochollem

1

By Cash paid Nequedah Pochollem for 13 Weeks Subsistence

at 2/6 p Week

1 12 6

By Cash Richard Bagley 3/p Bushells of Potatoes

and 500 Lemon for the use of the Honorable Companys table

1 7 6

By Cash paid John Deere for Carpenters work done for

the Honorable Company this Quarter

3 13

By Cash paid Richard Horton for Carpenters work done

for the Honorable Company this Quarter

3 6

By Cash paid Samuel Cabo for Glazing work done this

Quarter for the Honorable Company

16

By Cash paid John Robinson for Carpenters work done at

Mr Adamsons House this Quarter

10

By Cash paid John Robinson for two Grass Screens for the use

of the Honorable Company

12

By Cash paid Stephen Willoughby and Thomas Green for baking

90 Batches of Bread for the Garison this Quarter

7 10

By Cash paid Mr Seal for Ducks for the use of the Honorable

Companys Table

1 16

By Cash paid Thomas Mawar for work done in painting the

window frames at the new Barracks and the Honorable Companys

Pinnace this Quarter

1 19

By Cash paid Captain Burrell for Pork and beef for the use

of the Honorable Company

77 2

By Cash paid William Doveton Sexton for five graves

making for five deceased Soldiers from 21st Deer 1757

to 11 April 1758

12 6

By Cash paid Sundry discharged Soldiers at the rate of 6/8 p day

15 18 6

By Cash paid Sundry Soldiers for coming with Expresses of

Ships to windward this Quarter

4

Carried over £ 173 18 6

The creditor side of the paymaster's account continued, listing the sundry cash payments made for the Company over the quarter.

Per contra, creditor

Brought over, £39 10s 0d

By cash paid Jonathan Doveton for 61 days work done in stone laying for the use of the Honourable Company, £12 13s 6d

By cash paid Charles Pysing for the use of a team for Niquedah Pockollem, £1 0s 0d

By cash paid Niquedah Pockollem for 13 weeks subsistence at 2s 6d per week, £1 12s 6d

By cash paid Richard Bagley for 3½ bushels of potatoes and 500 lemons for the use of the Honourable Company’s table, £1 7s 6d

By cash paid John Deere for carpenter’s work done for the Honourable Company this quarter, £3 13s 0d

By cash paid Richard Horton for carpenter’s work done for the Honourable Company this quarter, £3 6s 0d

By cash paid Samuel Cairns for glazing work done this quarter for the Honourable Company, £0 16s 0d

By cash paid John Robenson for carpenter’s work done at Mr Adamson’s house this quarter, £0 10s 0d

By cash paid John Robenson for the grease screw for the use of the Honourable Company, £0 12s 0d

By cash paid Stephen Willoughby and Thomas Green for baking 90 batches of bread for the garrison this quarter, £7 10s 0d

By cash paid Mr Seal for ducks for the use of the Honourable Company’s table, £1 16s 0d

By cash paid Thomas Mawer for work done in painting the window frames at the new barracks and the Honourable Company’s pinnace this quarter, £1 19s 0d

By cash paid Captain Burnett for pork and beef for the use of the Honourable Company, £77 2s 0d

By cash paid William Doveton, sexton, for five graves making for five dead soldiers from 21 December 1757 to 11 April 1758, £0 12s 6d

By cash paid sundry discharged soldiers at the rate of 6s per day, £15 18s 6d

By cash paid sundry soldiers for coming with express from ships to windward this quarter, £4 0s 0d

Carried over, £173 18s 6d

Interpretations

The account gathers the quarter's incidental payments, the building work, provisions and casual labour that fell outside the fixed payroll, showing how much of the settlement's running turned on cash disbursements to tradesmen and soldiers for particular tasks. The largest by far, £77 2s 0d to Captain Burnett for pork and beef, records the purchase of salt meat from a ship's commander to victual the Company's people, the garrison depending on passing vessels to supply the preserved provisions a small island could not itself produce in quantity.

The payments for building and maintenance, the stone laying, carpentry, glazing and painting of the new barracks and other Company property, mark a quarter of active construction on the island, the settlement improving its accommodation for a garrison recently enlarged by fresh drafts of men. The baking of ninety batches of bread for the garrison and the purchase of potatoes, lemons and ducks for the Company's table show the ordinary work of feeding both the soldiers and the officers' establishment, the lemons in particular valued against the scurvy that afflicted men on the long sea passages the island served.

The sexton's payment for five graves dug for five dead soldiers between December and April sets a plain measure against the deaths scattered through the company rolls, five men buried across the winter months at the Company's charge. The subsistence paid to a man named Niquedah Pockollem, kept for thirteen weeks with the hire of a team, points to an Indian or other non-European brought to the island and maintained by the Company, a reminder of the mixed population a station on the eastern trade route drew together.

Speculations

The discharge of soldiers at 6s a day, set against the enlistment of eighty fresh men from the Prince Henry in the same quarter, shows the Company paying off men at a markedly generous daily rate at the very moment it was importing replacements at heavy cost. The obvious course for a garrison struggling to keep its companies at strength would have been to retain every serviceable man, yet the account shows the opposite, soldiers deliberately released and paid a substantial sum to go. The gap points to men discharged as unfit or time-expired rather than for want of need, the Company preferring to clear worn-out or unserviceable soldiers from its rolls and bear the cost of fresh drafts than to keep men no longer fit to hold the batteries of the island.

220

214

31 July

John Clark Paymaster Dr

1758

July 11

To Cash brought over

£ 2841 4 10

Carried over £

2841 4 10

The debtor side of John Clark's account again carried forward the cash brought over from the preceding leaf.

John Clark, paymaster, debtor

11 July 1758, to cash brought over, £2,841 4s 10d

Carried over, £2,841 4s 10d

221

215

1758

Per Contra Cr

Brought over

173 18 6

By Cash paid the Armourers of a Ship for mending three hand

Screws

1 5

By Cash for tinning the utensils belonging to the Honorable

Company this Year

10

By Cash paid for 4 Sheats for Captain OBryen weighed

200 at 4/ p lb

3 6 6

By Cash paid for 4 Bushells of Potatoes for Captn OBryen

at 5/ p Bushell

1

By Cash paid Richard Youn for Enlisting to serve the Honorable

for five years as a soldier time to Commence the 1 Instant

2

By Cash paid Sundry Soldiers for 2747½ days work at the

new barracks and several of the Honorable Companys fortifications

at the Stores repairing paths leading to out Forts setting of

Stone and bringing this recruits on Shore

131 2 3

By Cash paid Sundry Soldiers for 125½ days work in

Cruelburg Freezy Castle Garden Blacksmiths house and Stably

6 5 6

By Cash paid Mr Jones Surgeon for taking Care of the

Honorable Companys Stone Mason which came in the

Egmont

5

By Cash paid Mr Robert Barclay the Honorable Companys

Surgeon on Account of Extraordinary Charges in the

Hospital amounting to more than 1/ p day from 12 July 1757

to 11 July 1758

36

By Cash Cd for Charles Innes Seaman left out of the Ship

Prince Henry Packett admitted into the Hospital February

24 1758 discharged 22 May 1758

2 11 4

By Cash paid do for his Trouble in providing fresh provisions

for the Hospital in the year ending this day

8

By Cash paid the Honorable Companys Officers and servants

their several salarys diet money for the Quarter Commencing

April 12 and ending July 11 1758

2475 7

£ 2841 4 10

Island St Helena July 11 1758

Errors Excepted

(signed)

John Clark paymaster

The creditor side of the paymaster's account continued to its close, listing the remaining cash payments made for the Company over the quarter.

Per contra, creditor

Brought over, £173 18s 6d

By cash paid the armourer of a ship for mending three hand screws, £1 5s 0d

By cash for tinning the utensils belonging to the Honourable Company’s kitchen, £0 10s 0d

The next entry names a ship.

By cash paid for four sheep for Captain O'Bryen, weighed 200 lb at 4d per lb, £3 6s 0d.

By cash paid for four bushels of potatoes for Captain O’Bryen at 5s per bushel, £1 0s 0d

By cash paid Richard Young for enlisting to serve the Honourable Company for five years as a soldier, time to commence this 1 instant, £2 0s 0d

By cash paid sundry soldiers for 2,747½ days work at the new barracks and several of the Honourable Company’s fortifications, at the stores repairing, paths leading to the forts, cutting of stone and bringing the recruits on shore, £131 2s 3d

By cash paid sundry soldiers for 125½ days work in Gribling Fuzzy, Castle Garden, Black’s house and stables, £6 5s 6d

By cash paid Mr Jones, surgeon, for taking care of the Honourable Company’s stone mason who came in the Egmont, £0 5s 0d

The next entry names a ship.

By cash paid Mr Robert Barclay, the Honourable Company's surgeon, on account of extraordinary charges in the hospital amounting to more than 6d per day, from 12 July 1757 to 11 July 1758, £36 0s 0d.

By cash paid for Charles Innes, seaman, left out of the ship Prince Henry Packett, admitted into the hospital 24 February 1758 and discharged 22 May 1758, £2 11s 4d.

By cash paid for his trouble in providing fresh provisions for the hospital in the year ending this day, £8 0s 0d

By cash paid the Honourable Company’s officers and servants their several salaries and diet money for the quarter beginning 12 April and ending 11 July 1758, £2,475 0s 7d

Total, £2,841 4s 10d

The account was subscribed at the island of St Helena on 11 July 1758, errors excepted, and signed by John Clark, paymaster.

Interpretations

The account closes the paymaster's quarter, the whole of his receipts from the cash chest balanced against the wages and disbursements set out over the several leaves, the payroll of £2,475 0s 7d standing as by far the largest single charge. The double-entry form ties every shilling drawn to a vouched payment, the closing total on the creditor side matching the sum received exactly and the signature and errors excepted clause completing the paymaster's discharge for the period.

The single largest disbursement outside the payroll, £131 2s 3d for 2,747½ days of soldiers' labour, measures the scale of building and improvement carried on through the quarter, the men of the garrison set to work on the new barracks, the fortifications, the stores and the paths to the forts, and to the landing of recruits from the ships. This heavy use of soldiers as labourers shows the garrison as a workforce as much as a fighting body, the Company turning its idle men to construction and paying them a daily wage for it rather than hiring separate labour on an island short of hands.

The two surgeons' charges, Robert Barclay's for extraordinary hospital expenses across the whole year and the smaller sums for treating a stone mason and a seaman left behind by his ship, point to the constant strain of sickness on the settlement. The seaman Charles Innes, put ashore ill from the Prince Henry Packett and kept in the hospital for three months, shows the island serving as a place of recovery for the sick of passing ships as well as its own people, the Company bearing the cost of men landed from vessels it did not own.

The purchase of provisions for two ships' captains, sheep and potatoes for Captain O'Bryen supplied at fixed rates, records the island in its essential function as a victualling station, the Company furnishing fresh meat and vegetables to the commanders of ships calling on the route home. The enlistment of Richard Young for a five-year term marks the formal engagement of a soldier for a fixed period, the bounty of £2 paid to bind him to the Company's service and the fresh recruit taking his place among the men landed and set to work.

222

216

31 July

Counted and examined the Honorable

Companys Cash for the Month ending 11 Instant which is

as follows viz Cash Dr

1758

June 12

To Ballance remaining

£ 3923 7 1½

26

To Exchange for a sett of Bills drawn on the

Honorable the Court of Directors payable to William

Hogan or order

30

July 3

To do for one sett do drawn as above payable to Joseph

Handcock or order

60

To do for one sett do drawn as above payable to Captain

Thomas Hind or order

800

10

do for Sixteen setts drawn as above payable to the

following Persons Viz

One Set John Searl Esqr for

750

One Set to Edward Raley Esqr for

100

One Set to William John Anderson for

110

One Set to Captain James Daly for

4500

One Set to Captain Charles Tullie for

50

One Set to Captain Horton Hutchenson

for

150

One Set to Ralp Wilson for

80

One Set to Geffrie OHarra for

300

One Set to Captain Francis Harris

for

100

One Set to Captain John Barlong for

100

One Set to Mr William Nixon for

50

One Set to Mr Gabriel Stward for

100

One Set to Captain George Cuming

for

280

One Set to Captain Robert Busdell

for

77 2

Two Setts to Mr James Haishire for

250

4067 2

11

To James Powell received of him for Horse sold

in this Quarter ending this day

1274 4 4

To Licences for ten publick Houses

15

£ 9969 13 4½

The councillors counted and examined the Company's cash for the month ending 11 instant, setting out the sums making up the chest as follows.

Cash, debtor

12 June 1758, to balance remaining, £3,723 7s 4½d

26 June 1758, to exchange for a set of bills drawn on the Honourable the Court of Directors payable to William Hogan or order, £30 0s 0d

3 July 1758, to the same for one set drawn as above payable to Joseph Handcock or order, £60 0s 0d

To the same for one set drawn as above payable to Captain Thomas Hirst or order, £800 0s 0d

10 July 1758, the same for sixteen sets drawn as above payable to the following persons:

One set John Searl Esquire for, £750 0s 0d

One set to Edward Raley Esquire for, £100 0s 0d

One set to William John Andrews for, £110 0s 0d

One set to Captain James Daly for, £500 0s 0d

One set to Captain Charles Trotter for, £50 0s 0d

One set to Captain Horton Hutchenson for, £150 0s 0d

One set to Ralph Wilson for, £80 0s 0d

One set to Geoffrey O’Harra for, £300 0s 0d

One set to Captain Francis Harris for, £100 0s 0d

One set to Captain John Purlong for, £100 0s 0d

One set to Mr William Nixon for, £50 0s 0d

One set to Mr Gabriel Steuard for, £100 0s 0d

One set to Captain George Cuming for, £250 0s 0d

One set to Captain Robert Bisdell for, £77 2s 0d

Two sets to Mr James Haishir for, £250 0s 0d

Subtotal, £4,067 2s 0d

11 July 1758, to James Powell received of him for horses sold in the quarter ending this day, £1,274 4s 4d

To licences for ten public houses, £15 0s 0d

Total, £9,969 13s 4½d

Interpretations

The account is the councillors' monthly reckoning of the Company's cash chest, the balance in hand set out with the sums added to it over the month so that the whole fund could be verified. The bulk of the additions came from bills of exchange, sets of bills drawn on the Court of Directors in London and paid for on the island, the mechanism by which private persons and ships' captains remitted money home without carrying coin. The Company received cash on the island against these bills and its directors met them in London, the island's chest gaining the money while the obligation to repay fell on the home account.

A set of bills was a group of identical copies of the same bill, three or four in number, sent home by different ships so that the loss of one vessel would not sink the remittance, the first to arrive being paid and the others voided. The many captains among the payees reflect the trade of a station on the homeward route, commanders converting the proceeds of their private ventures into bills for safe carriage to England. The large sums to some, £750 to John Searl and £500 to Captain Daly, mark substantial private fortunes moving through the island's exchange.

The receipt of £1,274 4s 4d from James Powell for horses sold in the quarter records the Company trading livestock on its own account, a considerable sum drawn from the sale of horses bred or held on the island. The licensing of ten public houses at a fixed charge shows the settlement regulating the retail of drink, the Company drawing a small revenue from controlling who might sell liquor to the garrison and the ships' companies ashore.

Speculations

The Company chose to hold the proceeds of its bills of exchange in its own chest rather than remit them home in specie, taking cash on the island against paper drawn on London. The default for moving money across the world was to ship the coin itself, yet the account shows the opposite course followed throughout, the chest swelling with cash surrendered for bills while the burden of payment was pushed onto the directors at home. The reason lies in the island's position as a place where money came in but goods and coin were scarce, the Company preferring to keep hard cash on the spot for its own pressing charges, the payroll and provisioning of the garrison, and to settle the remittances in London where its funds were ample, than to strip its remote station of the specie it needed to function.

223

217

1758

Per Contra Cr

1758

July 11

By Exchange for one set of bills drawn on the Commissioners

of the sick and hurt Seamen for so much advanced Captain

OBryen of his Majestys Ship Colebester

300

By do for one sett of bills drawn on the Commissioners for

Victualing his Majestys Navy for so much advanced James

Harding Purser of his Majestys Ship Colebester

35

By Sundry Accounts advanced the Paymaster Salarys diet money &c

for the Quarter ending this day

2841 4 10

3176 4 10

By Ballance remaining in the following Species viz

5000 Pagodas at 8/

2000

1260 Vinetians 10/

630

Gold amounting to

2630

8490 Dollars @ 5/

2122 10

10.000 half Rials 3¼

170

16.40 Double Rials 3

102 10

12.000 Rupees

1224 16

441 French pieces

3 13 6

Odd money

2 1½

Silver amounting to

3625 13 6½

Cash Notes of no use amounting to

539 15

6793 8 6½

£ 9969 13 4½

The creditor side of the cash account set out the sums paid out over the month and the balance remaining in the chest, made up of the several kinds of coin.

The first two entries name a ship.

11 July 1758, by exchange for one set of bills drawn on the commissioners of the sick and hurt seamen for so much advanced to Captain O'Bryen of His Majesty's ship Colchester, £300 0s 0d.

By the same for one set of bills drawn on the commissioners for victualling His Majesty's navy, for so much advanced to James Harding Powell of His Majesty's ship Colchester, £35 0s 0d.

By sundry accounts advanced the paymaster, salaries, diet money and other charges for the quarter ending this day, £2,841 4s 10d

Subtotal, £3,176 4s 10d

By balance remaining in the following species:

5,000 pagodas at 8s, £2,000 0s 0d

1,260 Venetians at 10s, £630 0s 0d

Gold amounting to, £2,630 0s 0d

8,490 dollars at 5s, £2,122 10s 0d

10,000 half rials at 3¼d, £170 0s 0d

1,640 double rials at 15d, £102 10s 0d

12,000 rupees at [...], £1,224 15s 0d

441 French pieces at [...], £3 13s 6d

Odd money, £0 2s 7½d

Silver amounting to, £3,625 13s 6½d

Cash notes of issue amounting to, £539 15s 0d

Subtotal, £6,793 8s 6½d

Total, £9,969 13s 4½d

Interpretations

The account closes the councillors' monthly reckoning, the payments out and the balance in hand together matching the total received, the whole cash chest verified down to the odd pence. The largest charge is the sum advanced to the paymaster for the quarter's salaries and other expenses, tying this general cash account to the detailed payroll of the preceding leaves. The two bills drawn on the naval boards, for money advanced to officers of the Colchester, show the island's chest meeting the needs of a King's ship and recovering the money by bills on the Admiralty's commissioners in London, the same remittance mechanism used for private captains turned to the service of the Royal Navy.

The balance remaining lays out the physical contents of the chest, a striking mixture of coin drawn from across the trading world rather than any single currency. The pagoda was a gold coin of southern India, the standard piece of the Company's settlements on the Coromandel coast, and its presence in quantity on St Helena shows the island holding treasure carried west from the Indian trade. The Venetian was a gold sequin of Venice, current throughout the eastern trade, while the dollars and rials were Spanish silver pieces of eight and their fractions, the true international currency of the age and the coin most widely accepted in every port.

The keeping of the balance in so many different coins, valued each at its own rate in sterling, reflects a station where no local mint existed and every piece of money arrived in the pockets of passing ships. The Company reckoned its chest in the coin of India, Venice, Spain and France together, converting all to a sterling account for its books while holding the actual metal in whatever form it came. The cash notes of issue, paper the Company itself put out on the island, show the settlement supplementing its scarce coin with its own credit, a local currency circulating among a population that could not be supplied with enough hard money.

224

218

31 July

the Ships Lord Anson Prince Edward

and York brought in the following Supply Viz

Invoice of the Ships Lord Anson Prince Edward and

York viz

No 1 Chelloes 1 bale 15 leg Surat Containing

5 Corge a 75 os

375

Surat Charges

7 2

Customs 2 8 Cent

7 2

15

390

Ratty 125 os 7 M 19 viz

4. 15 in 39 Bags p Prin Edward a 32 fm

147 80

5. 2. 43 Lord Anson Do

162 2 24

5. 2. 43 York Do

162 2 24

472 1 28

Rice 290 e Maunds Surat do

90 in 15 Bags p Prin Edward a 1.50

101 1

100 15 York Do

112 2

100 15 Lord Anson Do

112 2

326 1

Charges on Merchandize

Gunny Bags for Ratty 125

43 3

Do pieces for Rice 43

15 20

Do dutty Bags Do 43

32 1

Twine sewing Rice Bags

6 3

Hamalage and boat Hire

14 3 50

112 2 50

Rs 1301 75

NB there are on board

these Ships 21 Bags

amounting with provisions

supplyed them herewith

Transmitted Return 2474 3

Brought down 1301 75

3775 3 75

Errors Excepted

Cha Cromellin Accompt

The ships brought in the following supply, set out as an invoice of goods carried by three named vessels.

The heading names three ships.

The ships Lord Anson, Prince Edward and York brought in the following supply, being the invoice of the ships Lord Anson, Prince Edward and York, in rupees.

Number 1, chintz, 1 bale, blue Surat, containing:

5 corge at 75 each, 375 rupees

Surat charges, 7 rupees 2 annas

Customs at 2 per cent, 7 rupees 2 annas

15 rupees, total 390 rupees

Paddy, 125 corge, at number 1, 2, 3, 4:

4, 15 at 39 bags per Prince Edward at 3 rupees 12 annas per maund, 147 rupees 0 annas

5, 2, 43 per Lord Anson, the same, 162 rupees 2 annas 24 pies

5, 2, 43 per York, the same, 162 rupees 2 annas 24 pies

Total, 472 rupees 1 anna 28 pies

Rice, 290 maunds, Surat:

90 in 13 bags per Prince Edward at 1 rupee 8 annas, 101 rupees 1 anna

100 in 15 bags per York, the same, 112 rupees 2 annas

100 in 15 bags per Lord Anson, the same, 112 rupees 2 annas

Total, 326 rupees 1 anna

Charges on merchandise:

Gunny bags for paddy, 125, 43 rupees 3 annas

The same per rice, 43, 15 rupees 0 annas 20 pies

Duty bags, the same, 43, 32 rupees 1 anna

For sewing rice bags, 6 rupees 3 annas

Hamalage and boat hire, 14 rupees 3 annas 50 pies

Total, 112 rupees 2 annas 50 pies

Total, 1,301 rupees 0 annas 70 pies

The invoice was subscribed errors excepted and signed by Charles Cromelin, accountant, with a note that three men were on board these ships, all Lascars, amounting with provisions to a further sum. The account transmitted forward was 2,474 rupees 3 annas, brought down 1,301 rupees 0 annas 70 pies, together 3,775 rupees 3 annas 70 pies.

Interpretations

The invoice records a shipment of provisions and cloth carried to St Helena from the Company's Indian settlements aboard three homeward vessels, priced throughout in rupees rather than sterling because the goods were bought and invoiced in India. The supply was the ordinary lading of grain and rice that the island drew from the East, the three ships each carrying a portion so that the whole formed a single consignment split across the fleet. The reckoning in Indian money, converted to sterling only when the goods entered the island's own accounts, shows the shipment passing from one arm of the Company's world to another.

A corge was an Indian unit of twenty pieces, used here for counting both the lengths of chintz and the bags of grain, while a maund was the standard Indian weight, varying by region but here the measure by which the rice and paddy were bought. Chintz was the printed or painted cotton cloth of India, the staple of the Company's export trade to Europe, and the single bale of blue Surat cloth on the invoice was a small quantity carried perhaps for use or sale on the island rather than for the home market. Surat was the great western Indian port through which much of the Company's trade passed, the origin of both the cloth and the grain.

The charges on merchandise set out the incidental costs of the shipment, the gunny bags of coarse jute in which the grain was carried, the sewing of the rice bags and the boat hire for lading the ships. Hamalage was the charge for porters, the hire of the labourers who carried the goods to the waterside, the term drawn from the Indian word for a bearer. These costs, added to the price of the grain itself, made up the full invoiced value the island was charged for its supply from the East.

225

219

1758

Petition Vizt Mr Henry Bazett presented the following

To the Worshipfull Charles Hutchinson Esqr

&c Council of St Helena

Sheweth

The Humble Petition of Henry Bazett

That your Petitioner having some bills of sale and

Conveyances for Land, bought of Mr Charles Steward late of this Island

your petitioner therefore for a greater Security humbly begs that they may

be registered

And Your Petitioner will ever pray

(Signed)

Henry Bazett

July 31 1758

Granted

Lieutenant George Hay Yesterday resigned

the Honorable Companys Service on this Island and took his passage

on the Ship Egmont for India to serve their Honors there as a Volunteer

according to the prayer of his Petition entered in Consultation of 10th

Instant

Cha Hutchinson

John Adamson

John Clark

Henry Bazett presented a petition to Governor Hutchinson and the council of St Helena. He set out that he had bought certain bills of sale and conveyances for land from Charles Steuard, formerly of the island, and asked that they might be registered so that his title should be secure. The council granted the petition on 31 July 1758.

The council then recorded that Lieutenant George Hay had the previous day resigned the Company's service on the island and taken his passage on the ship Egmont for India, to serve the Company there as a volunteer, following the request set out in his petition entered in the consultation of 10 instant. The order was signed by Charles Hutchinson, John Adamson and John Clark.

Interpretations

The petition turns on the registration of land title, Bazett seeking to have his purchase of bills of sale and conveyances entered on the island's record so that his ownership could not later be disputed. Registration served as the island's system of securing property, a public entry giving a purchaser protection against rival claims and against the loss of the private deeds themselves. The seller Charles Steuard had left the island, making the formal recording of the transfer the more important since the parties could no longer easily be brought together to prove the sale.

Lieutenant Hay's resignation to serve the Company in India as a volunteer marks the movement of an officer from the settled garrison of St Helena to the more active and more lucrative service of the Indian establishments. A volunteer in this sense was a man serving without a fixed commission in the hope of advancement, the Indian service offering opportunities of promotion and profit that a static island garrison could not. His departure on the Egmont, the same ship that had carried the stone mason named in the paymaster's account, shows the vessel calling at the island on its outward voyage and taking up an officer bound for the wider theatre of the Company's affairs in the East.

226

220

7 August

At a Consultation held on Monday 7 day of August

1758 at the Castle

Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governor

John Adamson Lieutenant Governor

Lieutenant John Clark of Council

The last Consultation was read approved and signed dated the 31

July 1758

Tuesday 1st sailed the Honorable Companys Ship the Egmont

on her voyage

The Storekeeper brought in the following account of

Stores Short received from the Ships Lord Anson Prince Edward

and York viz

Account Stores short received from the following Ships viz

Lord Anson

10 Rice Sheat wt

Prince Edward

4 Do Do

York

1 26 Cd Do

St Helena

Augt 7 1758

(signed) James Powell

We directed your Storekeeper to deliver

120 Blankets out of your Stores for the use of the Recruits we

received by your ship the Prince Henry and some other of your

soldiers that had none when the last were given out

Cha Hutchinson

John Adamson

John Clark

A

The council met at the Castle on Monday 7 August 1758, with Governor Hutchinson, Lieutenant Governor John Adamson and John Clark present. The previous consultation was read, approved and signed, dated 31 July 1758.

On Tuesday 1 instant the Company's ship Egmont sailed on her voyage. The storekeeper then brought in the following account of stores found short on receipt from three named ships.

The account names three ships.

The account of stores found short received from the ships Lord Anson, Prince Edward and York was as follows.

The ship Lord Anson was short 10 bags of rice weight.

The ship Prince Edward was short 4 bags, the same.

The ship York was short 1 bag 20 the same.

The account was signed by James Powell at St Helena on 7 August 1758.

The council recorded that it had ordered the storekeeper to deliver 120 blankets out of the stores, for the use of the recruits received by the ship Prince Henry and for some other apparel to soldiers who had none when the last issue was made. The order was signed by Charles Hutchinson, John Adamson and John Clark.

Interpretations

The account of stores found short measures the losses on a grain shipment between its lading in India and its delivery into the island's warehouse, each of the three ships carrying rice that fell short of its invoiced quantity on landing. Such shortages were the ordinary hazard of carrying grain by sea, bags broached, spoiled or wasted on the long passage, and the storekeeper's formal record of the deficiency protected him against being charged with the missing quantity himself. The entry ties directly to the invoice of the same three ships on the preceding leaf, the island checking what it actually received against what it had been billed for.

The issue of 120 blankets and other clothing to the recruits from the Prince Henry connects to the reinforcement of the garrison running through the whole quarter's accounts, the eighty men landed from that ship needing to be equipped as well as paid and housed. The provision of bedding and apparel from the stores shows the Company clothing its soldiers directly rather than leaving them to furnish themselves, the fresh drafts arriving unprovided and drawing their necessaries from the island's warehouse. The mention of men who had none when the last issue was made points to a garrison stretched thin on supplies, the arrival of new recruits exposing shortages in the clothing of soldiers already serving.

227

221

1758

At a Consultation held on Monday the 14 day of August 1758

at the Castle

Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governr

John Adamson Lieutenant Governor

Lieutenant John Clark of Council

The last Consultation was read approved and signed dated the 7 August

1758

Monday 7 died John Charrat Soldier

Lieutenant John Clark reports that he has

been on board the Ships Lord Anson, Prince Edward and York to muster

their Companys and to Enquire for deserters but found none Capt In failure

of the Ship York having before delivered to us Thomas Grays sick who deserted

from your Ship the Revenge their Muster Rollows as follows viz

Master Roll of the Ship Lord Anson

Edward Chick Commandr

John Harvin Captn Stud

James Johnson Seamn

William Guen Cheif Serjt

Jefany Roberts Guur Mte

Philip Coor Do

Richard Blount 2d Do

James Bargass Corp Mte

George Sigwold Do

Daniel De Albadier 3d Do

George Skerton Cooper

Robt Armstrong Do

Charles Cathcart 4th

Nathan Malliam Corp Mte

James White Do

Matthew Hore 5th Do

Robert Nixon Cormorer

Joseph Killiams Do

David Innecombe Serjt

Patrick Ratfor Taylor

James Herjeder Do

Thomas Pavett Gunr

Thomas Greame Ships Cok

Michael Cannon Do

John Webb Boatswain

John Ireland

James Anson Do

Archibld Gibbs Corporl

Peter Perfrey Captn Just

Daniel Aannison Do

Fredric Skerton Caulkr

Thomas Wright Seamn

James Gowsley Do

John Smith Midr

Michael Brannvood Do

William McGeorge Do

John Ternier

Obrien Bunming

William Reynolds Do

Robert Prue Do

John Sirebeater Do

George Old Do

Phillip Miller Do

Charles Watson Do

John Coats Do

David Solly 2d Mte

James Prue Do

Edward Wills Do

Thomas Thomas

John Smith Do

Peter Thomas Do

William Purslyf Do

John Twinell Do

William Rebentson Do

Richard Blount Do

Robt Haymard Do

John Gibson

The council met at the Castle on Monday 14 August 1758, with Governor Hutchinson, Lieutenant Governor John Adamson and John Clark present. The previous consultation was read, approved and signed, dated 7 August 1758.

On Monday 7 instant John Charrat sailed. Lieutenant John Clark reported that he had been on board the ships Lord Anson, Prince Edward and York to muster their companies and to enquire for deserters, but found none, except that of the ship York, having before been delivered to one Thomas Greysleck, who deserted from the ship Revenge. He set out their muster rolls as follows.

The muster roll below belongs to a named ship.

The muster roll of the ship Lord Anson ran as follows.

Edward Cheek, commander

William Given, chief officer

Richard Mount, second officer

Daniel de Abbadie, third officer

Charles Cathcart, fourth officer

Matthew Hore, fifth officer

David Sumember, surgeon

Thomas Puvitt, gunner

John Webb, boatswain

Archibald Gibbs, carpenter

Fredie Sheston, caulker

John Smith, midshipman

John Ferrier, the same

Robert Prue, the same

Phillip Miller, the same

David Solly, second midshipman

Thomas Thomas, the same

William Purslph, the same

Richard Alwall, the same

John Harris, captain’s steward

Jeffany Roberts, gunner’s mate

James Bargage, carpenter’s mate

George Sheston, cooper

Nathan Millison, cook’s mate

Robert Ixson, armourer

Patrick Ross, tailor

Thomas Greene, ship’s cook

John Ireland, seaman

Peter Perpey, captain’s servant

Thomas Wright, seaman

Michael Brannons, the same

Obrew Bruenny, the same

John Lisebeater, the same

Charles Watson, the same

James Reen, the same

John Smith, the same

John Twinell, the same

Robert Haywood, the same

James Johnson, seaman

Philip Coor, the same

George Ingwold, the same

Robert Armstrong, the same

James White, the same

Joseph Williams, the same

James Herjeader, the same

Michael Cannon, the same

James Anwon, the same

Daniel Aunwison, the same

James Gowsby, the same

William Mc George, the same

William Reynolds, the same

George Old, the same

John Coats, the same

Edward Wills, the same

Peter Thomas, the same

William Robinson, the same

John Gibson, the same

Interpretations

The muster of the three homeward ships was a formal check of their crews, the lieutenant going aboard to count the men against the ships' books and to search for deserters who might have slipped from the Company's service or the Royal Navy. The island's position on the homeward route made it a natural place to recover runaways, a man who had deserted from one ship liable to be found serving on another, and the Company and the Navy alike used the enforced pause at St Helena to reclaim their men. The single deserter found, a man from the Revenge discovered aboard the York, shows the practice working, one runaway caught in the net of the muster.

The muster roll sets out the full complement of an East Indiaman, descending from the commander and his officers through the specialist tradesmen, the surgeon, gunner, boatswain, carpenter and caulker, to the midshipmen and the body of seamen who worked the ship. The array of skilled hands reflects the self-sufficiency a vessel needed on a voyage of many months, carrying its own armourer, cooper, tailor and cook so that it could maintain itself and its people far from any port. The caulker in particular, charged with keeping the hull tight, was essential to a wooden ship on a long ocean passage where a leak could not be repaired ashore.

228

222

David Davis Seaman

John Baptista Do

Passengers

Luc Rowy Do

James Garrett Do

Mr Buchannon

Edward Hutchins Do

Joseph Thorne Do

Capt Edwd Wilmore

James Dawson Do

John Bacher Do

Henry Pieta

Charles Barnck Do

Jos Piper 1 Mte Seamn

Lieut Kirurtson

Matthew Moore Do

Nichs Wibert 2 Mte Do

Ensign George Cartext

George Barber Do

Quince Nrsley Boats Seamn

Mr William Walsh

Richard Doughty Do

Robt Singlor Carpr Seamn

Sergeant

Edward Leastone Do

Isaac Shannon Seamn

Alexdr Miles

Miles Hentry Do

John Blacke Do

Corporal Thos Watkins

James Spencer Do

George Angus Do

William Sulley

John Dorbery Do

Edward Brown Do

George Wood

John Edwards Do

James Russells

Master Roll of the Ship Prince Edward

James Haldane Comr

John Kennedy Gunr Do

Joseph Richardson Do

Michael Torey 1 Mte

Geo Brown Carpr Do

Peter Corrie Seamn

Geo Richardson 2 Do

Robert Lambert Cau Do

George Bell

John Lenox 3 Do

Edward Oldman Coopr Do

John Davidson

John Peter 4 Do

James Ash 2 Mte Marr

John Bennett

Alexandr Stewart 5th Do

Thoms Bellmain Do

Peter Lawson

Thomas Cheap Surgeon

Robt Roolwby Butcher

Andrew Wrafton

William Ranber Purser

William Taylor Taylor

Josiate Caw

William Sairdrow Boats

Jacob Sheif Baker

Thomas Armstrong

Henry Gardiner Gunmr

Willm Grantham

Thomas Lewis

Joseph Franklen Carpr

Thoms Light Capr Seamn

Thomas Drieden

John Nisbett Caulker

Joseph Smith 1 Mte Do

Joseph Bowers

John Miller Cooper

Geo Baldwin 2 Do

Michael Farries

Walter Forbes Sailmaker

John Clogg Boats Do

William Johnson

John Lloyd Surgeon Mte

John Gilbert Gunr

Thomas Murray

Peter Rampsey Capt Stew

Edward Lefort Carpr Do

John Marsh

William Ranbie Ships Do

Onrd Scott Med

Chad Broswell

Matthew Lee Capt Cook

William Thompson Do

Willm Junkson

William Gordon Ships Do

John Grinton Do

John McCraie

William Dunn Boats Mte

Willd Dawson Do

Willd Satchfield

The muster roll of the Lord Anson continued with the remainder of her seamen and her passengers, and the roll of the next ship followed.

The first roll continues that of a named ship.

The remaining crew and passengers of the ship Lord Anson ran as follows.

David Davis, seaman

Luke Rowy, the same

Edward Hutcheon, the same

James Dawson, the same

Charles Barneck, the same

Matthew Moore, the same

George Barbee, the same

Richard Doughty, the same

Edward Leastone, the same

Miles Henly, the same

James Spencer, the same

John Dockey, the same

John Edwards, the same

John Baptista, the same

James Garrett, the same

Joseph Thorne, the same

John Backer, the same

Joseph Piper, first mate, seaman

Nicholas Hebert, second mate, the same

Quince Nesley, boatswain, seaman

Robert Singler, carpenter, seaman

Isaac Shannon, seaman

John Blacke, the same

George Angus, the same

Edward Brown, the same

Passengers:

Mr Buchannon

Captain Edward Wittmore

Henry Pitts

Lieutenant Kertson

Ensign George Cartrett

Sir John William Walsh

Sergeant:

Alexander Miles

Corporal Thomas Watkins

William Solley

George Wood

James Russell

The muster roll below belongs to a named ship.

The muster roll of the ship Prince Edward ran as follows.

James Haldan, commander

Michael Tocey, first mate

George Richardson, second mate

John Lenox, third mate

John Peters, fourth mate

Alexander Steuart, fifth mate

Thomas Chears, surgeon

William Ranheir, purser

William Sanderson, boatswain

Henry Gardiner, gunner

Joseph Franklin, carpenter

John Nisbett, caulker

John Miller, cooper

Walter Forbes, sailmaker

John Lloyd, surgeon’s mate

Peter Rampsey, captain’s steward

William Ranbie, ship’s the same

Matthew Lee, captain’s cook

William Gordon, ship’s the same

William Dunn, boatswain’s mate

John Kennedy, gunner’s the same

George Brown, carpenter’s the same

Robert Lambert, caulker

Edward Oldman, cooper’s the same

James Ash, second mate’s the same

Thomas Bellmain, the same

Robert Rooksby, butcher

William Taylor, tailor

Jacob Sheif, baker

William Grantam, the same

Thomas Light, captain’s servant, seaman

Joseph Smith, first mate’s the same

George Baldwin, second the same

John Clegg, boatswain’s the same

John Gilbert, gunner’s the same

Edward Lifort, carpenter’s the same

Andrew Scott, midshipman

William Thompson, the same

John Grinton, the same

William Dawson, the same

Joseph Richardson, the same

Peter Corrie, seaman

George Bell, the same

John Davidson, the same

John Bennett, the same

Peter Lawson, the same

Andrew Wrafton, the same

Josiah Caw, the same

Thomas Armstrong, the same

Thomas Lewis, the same

Thomas Drieeden, the same

Joseph Bowers, the same

Michael Farrees, the same

William Johnson, the same

Thomas Murray, the same

John Marsh, the same

Charles Roswell, the same

William Dunkson, the same

John McCraie, the same

William Satchfield, the same

Interpretations

The passengers listed at the end of the Lord Anson's roll mark the second function of an East Indiaman beyond carrying cargo, the conveyance of Company servants, military officers and private travellers between England, India and the settlements on the route. The military men among them, a lieutenant, an ensign and their non-commissioned soldiers, were probably officers and men moving to or from the Indian establishments, the ships that carried the Company's trade serving equally as the transport of its army. The presence of a knight travelling as a passenger points to the mixed company such vessels bore, men of rank taking passage on the same ships that carried grain and cloth.

The Prince Edward's roll repeats the full establishment of an Indiaman seen on the Lord Anson, the same descending order of commander, mates, specialist tradesmen and seamen, confirming the standard manning of the Company's ships. The naming of each servant by the officer he attended, the captain's steward, the first mate's servant, the gunner's mate, shows the ship organised as a hierarchy in which the senior men each commanded their own subordinates and cooks, a floating household as much as a working crew. The butcher and baker carried aboard reflect the scale of a large ship's company, a vessel of this size needing men wholly employed in feeding its crew and passengers on a voyage measured in months.

229

223

Richd Leonard Seamn

Michd Born

Rum John

Thomas Nimm

Saml Parker

Sundry

James Halsan

Alexander Wilson

Romatty

John Gardiner

George Alexanton

Auly

William Robinson

Peter Yards

Sachamslark

Cornelius Herds

John Goodwin

Johnny

Robert Lyon

William Bollmain

Mahomet Cigi

Henry Shires

William Guey

Passengers

Jonuck Sherwood

John Ola Sarang

Sir James Fowlis and

Alexdr Lawson

Suchvous Tindall

three Children

Martin Brown

Mowton Lascar

Lady Fowlis

John Campbell

Mahomet Fred

Major Chalmors

Henry Fitzy

Brandy

Captain Cauley

William Curtis

White

Lieut Lewis

William Smith

Millalabay

Serjt McHenry

Colin Campbell

Suday

Rehi

Alexr McKlochlen

Owarry

Martin

Passengers

McCleu

Reid

Captain Warner

Lieutn Nuttall

Clark

Mr Walton

Lieut Doswalter

Abram

Broson

Bloncherard

Serjeant Fitzy Patrick

Muster Roll of the Ship York

Peter Lassalles Commandr

George Atchinson Stud

Richard Rock Seamn

James Deuvarie 1 Mte

Rich Pearce Do

Thomas Dosh

Thomas Meccher 2 Do

Edward Swonson Do

Alexr Elder

Charles Steward 3 Do

David Ramsey Do

William Smart

Thomas Mr Bride 4 Do

Thomas Awril Do

William Everest

Frier Todd 5 Do

Christopher Wilkinson Do

John Camble

William Draper Surgeon

Thomas Thompson 2 Mate

Alexr Killson

John Gordon Purser

John Wood Do

Charles Lyon

James Robertson Gunr

John Story Do

William Murray

James Williams Carpenter

John Duffe Do

Martin Rigley

Peter Sanadine Boats

William Coulson Carp 1 Mte

David Corbitt

David Matthew Cooper

Rees Doves 2 Do 1 Mte

Frans Nightingale Poultr

William Whistle Caulker

Thomas Williamson Gunr Do

Robt Nightingale Seamn

Richard Roolwich Capt Stew

Jn Fran Reeven Boats Do

Peter Fredk Wallfinelor

Robt Watson Ships Do

Simon Cane Gunr Do

Sail maker

William Isham 1 Mte

Thomas Nuolon Butcher

Erick Ramstead

Matthew Row Mid

Richd Ogdon Seaman

John Shadow

The muster roll of the Prince Edward continued with the remainder of her people and passengers, and the roll of the next ship followed.

The first roll continues that of a named ship.

The remaining crew and passengers of the ship Prince Edward ran as follows.

Richard Leonard, seaman

Thomas Nimms

James Halsane

John Gardiner

William Robinson

Cornelius Hends

Robert Lyon

Henry Shires

Josiah Sherwood

Alexander Lawson

Martin Brown

John Campbell

Henry Petty

William Curtis

William Smith

Colin Campbell

Alexander McKLochlen

Michael Born

Samuel Parker

Alexander Wilson

George Alverton

Peter Yards

John Goodwin

William Bellmain

William Grey

John Ola, serang

Suchurus Tindall

Mouter, lascar

Mahomet Fred

Brandy

White

Millalabay

Suday

Owarry

Mr Ollen

Rum John

Sunday

Romatty

Auly

Sachamzlark

Johnny

Mahomet Cigi

Passengers:

Captain Warner

Mr Walton

Lieutenant Huttull

Lieutenant Goswaller

Sir James Fowlis and three children

Lady Fowlis

Major Chalmers

Captain Cauley

Lieutenant Lewis

Sergeant Mr Kenny

Roshi

Martin

Reid

Clerk

Alsiraw

Bruflin

Blimebread

Sergeant Foley Patrick

The muster roll below belongs to a named ship.

The muster roll of the ship York ran as follows.

Peter Lassalles, commander

James Deewars, first mate

Thomas Mucchee, second mate

Charles Steuard, third mate

Thomas Mc Bride, fourth mate

Frier Todd, fifth mate

William Draper, surgeon

John Gordon, purser

James Robertson, gunner

James Williams, carpenter

Peter Sawadine, boatswain

David Matthew, cooper

William Whistle, caulker

Richard Rodurch, captain’s the same

Robert Watson, ship’s the same

William Isham, second mate

Matthew Row, midshipman

George Atchinson, the same

Richard Pearce, the same

Edward Swonson, the same

David Rumsey, the same

Thomas Avoril, the same

Christopher Wilkinson, the same

Thomas Thompson, second mate

John Wood, the same

John Story, the same

John Duffe, the same

William Coulson, corporal’s mate

Rice Dawes, second mate

Thomas Williamson, gunner’s the same

Mr Fran Reeves, boatswain’s the same

Simon Cane, gunner’s the same

Thomas Marlon, butcher

Richard Ogdee, seaman

Richard Rock, seaman

Thomas Dash

Alexander Elder

William Smart

William Everett

John Crumble

Alexander Hillson

Charles Lyon

William Murray

Martin Ragley

David Corbitt

Frances Nightingale, poulterer

Robert Nightingale, seaman

Peter Frederick Wallfinclee

sailmaker

Erick Ramstead

John Shadow

Interpretations

The people at the foot of the Prince Edward's roll show the mixed manning of an East Indiaman, a body of Indian seamen serving under a serang beside the European crew. The serang was the head of the lascars, the native sailors the Company shipped in large numbers on its eastern voyages, a foreman who commanded the Indian hands under the ship's officers. The single-name entries that follow, Brandy, White, Sunday and the rest, were the working names given to these lascars aboard ship, the crew reckoning them by such labels rather than by their own names, a plain mark of the divide between the European and Indian portions of the same company.

The passenger list of the Prince Edward carries a fuller company of rank than the other ships, a knight travelling with his lady and three children, several military officers and their servants, the whole a household in transit between England and the East. Such families moved on the Company's ships as the only means of passage to and from India, the vessels of trade doubling as the carriers of the governing and military class that ran the eastern settlements. The children among them mark the ordinary traffic of families following husbands and fathers to postings across the world, the long sea passage broken by the pause at St Helena.

The York's roll again repeats the standard establishment of an Indiaman, and carries among its tradesmen a poulterer, a man charged with the live poultry kept aboard for the table. The keeping of fowls on a long voyage gave the officers and passengers fresh meat and eggs where all else was salted, and a dedicated hand to tend them shows the care taken over the victualling of the better sort aboard, the ship maintaining a standard of provision for its passengers well above the salt rations of the common seamen.

230

224

14 August

Thomas Osbore

John Cornish

Frazer

Benjamin Dalberg

Thomas Roberts

Thomas Higgs

Matthew Dalberg

Andrew Neilson

Martin Sew

Hans Byce

William Gordon

Abr Ward Prim

Martin Dar

John Franst De Santo

Rich Gregory Caulk Mte

William Melvin

William Marr

Passengers

David Hall

William Chambers Caplos

Jsquires Fenh Esqr

Nichs DeVall

John Lee Ships Do

Chris Brood Esqr

Thomas Sona

Hugh Gorman Seamn

A Trombley Lieuten

James Soner

John Knipe Capt Sew

Mr Pol Bathurst

Thomas Naylor

James Norford Seamn

Edw Hunt Esq Esp

Thomas Freeman

Rich Rufsell

James Hornsbrugh

Francis Smith

John Crearbee

Thomas Heron

Thomas Sonhun Boats Yes

Jos Hall Capt Sew

Robert Shrewsmith

Roger Simbles Seaman

Robert Nott 1 Mte Sew

Matthew Matthews

Thomas Uppenton

Thoms Holloway 5 Do

Nicholas Britt

George Richdson

Thomas Stevens

Willr Crawford

John Pitt

John Boswell

John Grey

Peter Achestewan

John Sealy

Robert Elliott

John Stadwell

John Braher Boys

Aaron Hancock

John Pearce

Robt Wood

Frans Freeman

David Kelsey

John Owens

Brought of Captain James Haldane

of the Ship Prince Edward 6 Puncheons of Beef Containing

494 Pieces at 3/ p Piece

£ 19 8

Co of Co Bought of Captain Edward Chick

13. 3. 0 of Rice 18/ p Hundred

7. 2. 26 of Paddy at 3/ p Hundred

21 1 26

£ 14 7 2

Co of Co Bought of Captain Peter Lassalles

13. 3. 0 of Rice for the use of the Honorable Company

for which we paid him

£ 11 6 8

Cha Hutchinson

John Adamson

John Clark

A

The muster roll of the York continued with the remainder of her people and passengers, and the council then recorded provisions bought from three of the ships' commanders.

The first roll continues that of a named ship.

The remaining crew and passengers of the ship York ran as follows.

Thomas Osborn

Benjamin Dalberg

Matthew Dalberg

Hans Byce

Martin Dar

William Melvin

David Hatt

Nicholas Duvall

Thomas Jones

James Jones

Thomas Naylor

Thomas Freeman

Francis Smith

Thomas Jenkins, boatswain’s the same

Roger Timbles, seaman

Thomas Uppenton

George Richardson

John Pitts

Peter Atcheson, seaman

John Treadwell

John Pearce

John Cornish

Thomas Roberts

Andrew Anelson

William Gordon

John Francis De Santo

William Marr

William Chambers, caplaskis

John Lee, ship’s the same

Hugh Gorman, seaman

John Knipe, captain’s servant

James Norford, seaman

Richard Russell

John Cranbee

Josiah Hall, captain’s servant

Robert Nott, first mate’s servant

Thomas Holloway, the same

Thomas Stevens

John Boswell

John Sealy

John Braher

Robert Wood

Frazer

Thomas Higgs

Martin Snow

Abraham Ward, boatswain

Richard Gregory, caulker’s mate

Boys:

Thomas Stevens

John Boswell

John Sealy

John Braher

Robert Wood

Passengers:

Jacobus Frith Esquire

Christopher Brodd Esquire

Adam Trembley, lieutenant

Mr Paul Bathurst

Edward Hunt, ensign of foot

James Hornsbrugh

Thomas Heron

Robert Shoesmith

Matthew Matthews

Nicholas Britt

William Crawford

John Grey

Robert Elliott

Aaron Hancock

Frances Freeman

David Kelsey

John Owens

The council recorded that it had bought from Captain James Haldane of the ship Prince Edward 6 puncheons of beef, containing 494 pieces at 9d per piece, £19 8s 0d.

The next entry names a ship.

The council bought from Captain Edward Cheek of the ship Lord Anson 13 candy 3 faraselli of rice, 18 pieces per hundred, and 7 candy 2 faraselli 26 of paddy at 3s per hundred, together 21 candy 1 faraselli 26, £4 7s 2d.

The next entry names a ship.

The council bought from Captain Peter Lassalles of the ship York 13 candy 3 faraselli of rice for the use of the Honourable Company, for which it paid him £11 0s 8d.

The order was signed by Charles Hutchinson, John Adamson and John Clark.

Interpretations

The purchases from the three commanders show the island buying grain and salt meat directly from the ships lying in the road, the same three homeward vessels whose musters fill the preceding leaves. The Company drew on the private stores and surplus provisions of its own ships to supply the garrison, the commanders selling what they could spare and the island taking beef, rice and paddy at agreed rates. The reckoning in candy and faraselli, Indian units of weight, shows the grain still measured in the terms of its eastern origin even as it was bought and paid for in sterling on the island.

A candy was a large Indian weight, several hundred pounds, and a faraselli or frazil a smaller subdivision of it, the two used together to reckon bulk goods like grain across the western Indian trade. A puncheon was a large cask, here holding salt beef counted by the piece, the preserved meat that formed the staple of a ship's and a garrison's provision. The purchase of these commodities from passing ships was the island's ordinary means of victualling, a settlement unable to feed its people from its own soil depending on the traffic that called at its road.

The passengers of the York, like those of the other ships, carry a strong military presence, a lieutenant, an ensign of foot and several gentlemen, men moving between England and the eastern service on the vessels of the Company's trade. The recurrence of such officers across all three ships marks the steady flow of the Company's military and civil servants along the sea road, St Helena the common point at which every homeward and outward passage paused, its accounts recording the men of empire passing through as much as the goods.

231

225

18 August 1758

At a Consultation held on Friday 18 day of August 1758

at the Castle

Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governr

John Adamson Lieutenant Governor

Lieutenant John Clark of Council

The last Consultation was read approved and signed dated the 14 day

of August 1758

Mr John Adamson Applyed to us to pay Fifty

four pounds into the Honorable Company Cash which sum we received

and given him Bills of Exchange drawn on the Honorable the Court of

Directors payable to Edwd Payser Esqr or order ninety days after sight dated

this day

Mr James Powll applyed to us to pay Forty

four Pounds eighteen shillings and six pence into the Honorable

Companys Cash being money belonging to the Estate of Captain Sudliff

Exchange drawn on the Honorable the Court of Directors payable to

George Snows Esqr or order ninety days after sight dated this day

Mr William Kennedy applyed to us pay

Two hundred Pounds into the Honorable Companys Cash being money

arisaing from the sale of the Effects of Mr Hedwan Purser 2 Mate of the Ship

Royal Duke who died here which sum we have received and given him Bills of

Exchange drawn on the Honorable Court of Directors payable to Stephen Winthorp

or order ninety days after sight dated this day

Captain Edward Wilmore applyed to us to

have some marriage Articles Registered which we granted accordingly

Mr William Lee also applyed to us to pay One

hundred pounds into the Honorable Company Cash which sum we have

received and given him Bills of Exchange drawn on the Honorable the Court

of Directors payable to Mr George Lee or order ninety days after sight

dated this day

Cha Hutchinson

John Adamson

John Clark

A

The council met at the Castle on Friday 18 August 1758, with Governor Hutchinson, Lieutenant Governor John Adamson and John Clark present. The previous consultation was read, approved and signed, dated 14 August 1758.

John Adamson applied to pay £50 into the Company's cash, which sum the council received, giving him bills of exchange drawn on the Court of Directors payable to Edward Payzel Esquire or order, at ninety days after sight, dated this day.

James Powell applied to pay £44 18s 6d into the Company's cash, this being money belonging to the estate of Captain Steuard, which sum the council received, giving him bills of exchange drawn on the Court of Directors payable to George Steuard Esquire or order, at ninety days after sight, dated this day.

William Kennedy applied to pay £200 into the Company's cash, this being money arising from the sale of the effects of Mr Hedman Powell, second mate of the ship Royal Duke who died there, which sum the council received, giving him bills of exchange drawn on the Court of Directors payable to Stephen Winthrop or order, at ninety days after sight, dated this day.

The next entry names a ship.

Captain Edward Wittmore applied to have some marriage articles registered, which the council granted accordingly.

William Lee applied to pay £100 into the Company's cash, which sum the council received, giving him bills of exchange drawn on the Court of Directors payable to Mr George Lee or order, at thirty days after sight, dated this day.

The order was signed by Charles Hutchinson, John Adamson and John Clark.

Interpretations

The four payments into the cash chest against bills of exchange show the island's exchange machinery in routine use, private persons handing over coin on the island and receiving paper drawn on the Court of Directors in London. The pattern repeats the mechanism set out in the monthly cash account, the Company gathering money on the spot and pushing the obligation to repay onto its home establishment, the payees named for each bill being the correspondents in England to whom the money was ultimately owed. The uniform terms, ninety days after sight for most and thirty for one, mark the standard credit periods on which such bills were drawn.

Two of the payments settle the affairs of dead men, the estate of Captain Steuard and the effects of a second mate of the Royal Duke who died on the voyage, the proceeds of their goods remitted home to their heirs or correspondents through the island's exchange. St Helena served as the natural place to wind up the estates of men who died at sea or in the East, the pause at the island allowing their effects to be sold and the money converted into bills for safe carriage to England. The naming of a George Steuard as payee against the estate of Captain Steuard points to the money passing to the dead man's family at home.

The registration of Captain Wittmore's marriage articles, the settlement of property made on a marriage, again shows the island's record serving as a place to secure legal instruments, the same protective function as the registration of land conveyances in the earlier petition. A traveller passing through could have a deed entered on the island's books so that its terms should be preserved and provable, the settlement offering a fixed point of record to a mobile population whose papers might otherwise be lost on the long voyages between England and the East.

232

226

21 August

At a Consultation held on Monday 21 day of August

1758 at the Castle

Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governr

Lieutenant John Clark of Council

The last Consultation was read approved and signed dated 18 August

1758

Yesterday sailed the Honorable Companys

Ships Prince Edward Lord Anson and York

This day we appointed Serjeant Howard to

succeed to the Vacancy of Lieutenant George Hay as second

Lieutenant

There being no Ships on the road we released

Nequeday Pochollem from his Confinement

Enlisted Ubuck Diel to serve the Honorable

Company as a soldier for three years without any Bounty money

John Blanchard who deserted from Colonel

Aldercrons Regiment making his appearance after the Honorable

Company Ships the Prince Edward Lord Anson and York were

sailed we have according to the request of Captain Hunt

Commanding a Detachment of the said Regiment to which he said

Blanchard belonged, confined him untill and Oppertunity

Offers to send him Prisoner to England and Subsisted at 6/8 p

Week untill that time which is to be refunded by the Agent of the

said Regiment

The Plantation Gunners and Stewards

Accounts were this day brought in for examined approved

and are as follows viz

Margin Notes:

John Adamson Lieutenant Governor absent went word he was sick

The council met at the Castle on Monday 21 August 1758, with Governor Hutchinson and Lieutenant John Clark present. Lieutenant Governor John Adamson was absent through sickness. The previous consultation was read, approved and signed, dated 18 August 1758.

The council recorded three named ships as having sailed the previous day.

The previous day the Company's ships Prince Edward, Lord Anson and York sailed.

This day the council appointed Serjeant Howard to succeed to the vacancy of Lieutenant George Hay as second lieutenant.

There being no ships in the road, the council released Niquedah Pockollem from his confinement.

Ubuch Diel enlisted to serve the Company as a soldier for three years without any bounty money.

John Blanchard, who had deserted from Colonel Aldercron's regiment and appeared after the Company's ships Prince Edward, Lord Anson and York had sailed, was confined at the request of Captain Hunt, commanding a detachment of the regiment to which Blanchard belonged. The council held him until an opportunity offered to send him prisoner to England, and allowed him a subsistence at 6d per week until that time, to be repaid by the agent of the regiment.

The plantation gunners and stewards accounts were brought in this day, examined and approved, and ran as follows.

Interpretations

The appointment of Serjeant Howard to the second lieutenant's vacancy left by Hay's departure for India shows the promotion of a non-commissioned officer from the ranks to fill a commissioned post, the garrison advancing its own experienced men rather than waiting for an officer from home. The vacancy traces directly to Hay's resignation entered in the consultation of 31 July, the chain of movement complete, one officer leaving for the wider service and a serjeant rising in his place. Such promotion from within was the ordinary means by which a remote garrison kept its officer ranks filled.

The confinement of John Blanchard, a deserter from a King's regiment caught only after his ships had sailed, marks the island's role in holding army deserters for return to England, distinct from the naval deserters recovered at the earlier musters. The timing is pointed, the man appearing once the vessels that might have carried him were gone, so that the Company had to keep him at charge until another opportunity offered, the cost to be recovered from his regiment's agent. Colonel Aldercron's regiment was a royal regiment then serving in India, its detachments passing through the island on the sea road, and the Company acted here as gaoler for the Crown's forces as well as its own.

The release of the man named Niquedah Pockollem the moment no ships lay in the road shows his confinement tied directly to the presence of shipping. He was probably held to prevent his escape aboard a departing vessel, or to keep him from contact with the ships while they lay at anchor, and was freed as soon as that risk passed. The same man appears in the paymaster's account kept at the Company's charge for thirteen weeks, an Indian or other non-European maintained and confined on the island, his treatment turning on the movements of the ships in a way that marks him as a person the Company wished to keep from leaving.

233

227

Account of the Honorable Company Stock of neat Cattle &c from the 12 July to 11 August 1758 Viz

Neat Cattle: Bulls, Cows, Calves, Yearlings, Heifers, Steers, Oxen, Total; Sheep: Ewes, Weathers, Lambs, Rams, Total; Goats: Ewes, Weathers, Kids, Rams, Total; Hogs: Sows, Shoats, Pigs, Boars, Total; Poultry: Fowls, Ducks, Turkeys, Geese; Horses: Horses, Mares, Total; Asses: Ashes, Ashes, Total

Remaining 12: Bulls 4, Cows 103, Calves 97, Yearlings 34, Heifers 14, Steers 29, Oxen 20, Total 301, Ewes 330, Weathers 164, Lambs 145, Rams 8, Total 647, Ewes 194, Weathers 43, Kids 106, Rams 8, Total 351, Sows 5, Shoats 4, Pigs 3, Boars 1, Total 13, Fowls 153, Ducks 56, Turkeys 6, Geese 30, Horses 6, Mares 4, Total 10, Ashes 3, Ashes 2, Total 5

Encreased: Bulls 0, Cows 5, Calves 0, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Oxen 0, Total 5, Ewes 0, Weathers 0, Lambs 11, Rams 0, Total 11, Ewes 0, Weathers 0, Kids 11, Rams 0, Total 11, Sows 0, Shoats 0, Pigs 20, Boars 0, Total 20, Fowls 51, Ducks 0, Turkeys 16, Geese 3, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0, Ashes 0, Ashes 0, Total 0

Total: Bulls 4, Cows 103, Calves 102, Yearlings 34, Heifers 14, Steers 29, Oxen 20, Total 306, Ewes 330, Weathers 164, Lambs 156, Rams 8, Total 658, Ewes 194, Weathers 43, Kids 117, Rams 8, Total 362, Sows 5, Shoats 4, Pigs 23, Boars 1, Total 33, Fowls 204, Ducks 56, Turkeys 22, Geese 33, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0, Ashes 0, Ashes 0, Total 0

Killed: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 0, Yearlings 0, Heifers 3, Steers 4, Oxen 0, Total 7, Ewes 7, Weathers 7, Lambs 1, Rams 0, Total 15, Ewes 0, Weathers 12, Kids 0, Rams 0, Total 12, Sows 0, Shoats 1, Pigs 0, Boars 0, Total 1, Fowls 13, Ducks 7, Turkeys 6, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0, Ashes 0, Ashes 0, Total 0

Dead: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 0, Yearlings 1, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Oxen 0, Total 1, Ewes 4, Weathers 6, Lambs 2, Rams 0, Total 12, Ewes 0, Weathers 0, Kids 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Sows 0, Shoats 0, Pigs 0, Boars 0, Total 0, Fowls 4, Ducks 2, Turkeys 0, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0, Ashes 0, Ashes 0, Total 0

Sold: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 0, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Oxen 0, Total 0, Ewes 0, Weathers 4, Lambs 0, Rams 0, Total 4, Ewes 0, Weathers 1, Kids 1, Rams 0, Total 2, Sows 0, Shoats 0, Pigs 0, Boars 0, Total 0, Fowls 0, Ducks 0, Turkeys 0, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0, Ashes 0, Ashes 0, Total 0

To his Majestys Ship Colchester: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 0, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Oxen 0, Total 0, Ewes 0, Weathers 20, Lambs 0, Rams 0, Total 20, Ewes 0, Weathers 0, Kids 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Sows 0, Shoats 0, Pigs 0, Boars 0, Total 0, Fowls 36, Ducks 18, Turkeys 0, Geese 3, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0, Ashes 0, Ashes 0, Total 0

Remain 9 11th: Bulls 4, Cows 103, Calves 102, Yearlings 33, Heifers 11, Steers 25, Oxen 20, Total 298, Ewes 319, Weathers 127, Lambs 153, Rams 8, Total 607, Ewes 194, Weathers 30, Kids 116, Rams 8, Total 348, Sows 5, Shoats 3, Pigs 23, Boars 1, Total 32, Fowls 151, Ducks 31, Turkeys 14, Geese 30, Horses 6, Mares 4, Total 10, Ashes 3, Ashes 2, Total 5

Beefs the Ship Lord Anson 560

Do Prince Edward 560

Do York 560

1 Goat sold to Matthew Bazett is 16/2

1 Kid sold to Mr Adamson

1 Heifer for the Table

7 Goats to the Hospital

2 Sheep to the Hospital

One Slave Boy dead named Stephen pudding

Good Yam to the Slaves 13,480

Do for Stock 3,075

Bad yam for Stock 4,675

21,230

Excepted

(signed) John Adamson

The account set out the Company's stock of cattle and other livestock from 12 July to 11 August 1758, the headings being neat cattle, sheep, goats, hogs, poultry, horses and asses, and the columns showing the categories within each.

Account of the Honourable Company’s stock of neat cattle and other livestock from 12 July to 11 August 1758

Remaining 12 July, neat cattle: 4 bulls, 103 cows, 97 calves, 34 yearlings, 14 heifers, 29 steers, 20 oxen, total 301

Remaining 12 July, sheep: 330 ewes, 164 wethers, 145 lambs, 8 rams, total 647

Remaining 12 July, goats: 194 ewes, 43 wethers, 106 kids, 8 rams, total 351

Remaining 12 July, hogs: 5 sows, 4 shoats, 3 pigs, 1 boar, total 13

Remaining 12 July, poultry: 153 fowls, 56 ducks, 6 turkeys, 30 geese

Remaining 12 July, horses: 6 horses, 4 mares, total 10

Remaining 12 July, asses: 3 she asses, 2 he asses, total 5

Increased, neat cattle: 5 calves, total 5

Increased, sheep: 11 lambs, total 11

Increased, goats: 11 kids, total 11

Increased, hogs: 20 pigs, total 20

Increased, poultry: 51 fowls, 16 turkeys, 3 geese

Total, neat cattle: 4 bulls, 103 cows, 102 calves, 34 yearlings, 14 heifers, 29 steers, 20 oxen, total 306

Total, sheep: 330 ewes, 164 wethers, 156 lambs, 8 rams, total 658

Total, goats: 194 ewes, 43 wethers, 117 kids, 8 rams, total 362

Total, hogs: 5 sows, 4 shoats, 23 pigs, 1 boar, total 33

Total, poultry: 204 fowls, 56 ducks, 22 turkeys, 33 geese

Total, horses: 6 horses, 4 mares, total 10

Total, asses: 3 she asses, 2 he asses, total 5

Killed, neat cattle: 3 heifers, 4 steers, total 7

Killed, sheep: 7 ewes, 7 wethers, 1 lamb, total 15

Killed, goats: 12 wethers, total 12

Killed, hogs: 1 shoat, total 1

Killed, poultry: 13 fowls, 7 ducks, 6 turkeys

Dead, neat cattle: 1 yearling, total 1

Dead, sheep: 4 ewes, 6 wethers, 2 lambs, total 12

Dead, poultry: 4 ducks, 2 turkeys

Sold, sheep: 4 wethers, total 4

Sold, goats: 1 wether, 1 kid, total 2

To His Majesty’s ship Colchester, sheep: 20 wethers, total 20

To His Majesty’s ship Colchester, poultry: 36 fowls, 18 ducks, 3 turkeys

Remaining 11 August, neat cattle: 4 bulls, 103 cows, 102 calves, 33 yearlings, 11 heifers, 25 steers, 20 oxen, total 298

Remaining 11 August, sheep: 319 ewes, 127 wethers, 153 lambs, 8 rams, total 607

Remaining 11 August, goats: 194 ewes, 30 wethers, 116 kids, 8 rams, total 348

Remaining 11 August, hogs: 5 sows, 3 shoats, 23 pigs, 1 boar, total 32

Remaining 11 August, poultry: 151 fowls, 31 ducks, 14 turkeys, 30 geese

Remaining 11 August, horses: 6 horses, 4 mares, total 10

Remaining 11 August, asses: 3 she asses, 2 he asses, total 5

The account noted certain issues and sales of stock.

The next three entries name ships.

Beef to the ship Lord Anson, 560.

The same to the ship Prince Edward, 560.

The same to the ship York, 560.

1 goat sold to Matthew Bazett, 16s 2d

1 kid sold to Mr Adamson

1 heifer for the table

7 goats to the hospital

2 sheep to the hospital

One slave boy dead, named Stephen Pudding

Good yam to the slaves, 13,480

The same for stock, 3,075

Bad yam for stock, 4,675

Total, 21,230

The account was subscribed errors excepted and signed by John Adamson.

Interpretations

The account is the monthly reckoning of the Company's livestock, tracking every head of cattle, sheep, goat, hog and bird through the increase of new births, the losses to slaughter and death, the sales and the issues to shipping, so that the closing count could be verified against the opening. This close accounting of animals to the individual beast shows the value of stock on an island where every source of fresh meat had to be bred and husbanded on the spot, the Company managing its herds as carefully as its cash. The categories within each kind, the ewes, wethers and rams of the sheep, the sows, shoats and boar of the hogs, mark a working knowledge of breeding stock kept for increase against animals reared for the table.

The issues of sheep and poultry to His Majesty's ship Colchester, set beside the beef supplied to the three homeward Indiamen, show the island in its essential business of victualling the ships that called, drawing on its own herds to furnish fresh meat to both the Royal Navy and the Company's own vessels. The larger part of the month's slaughter and issue went to the ships rather than the garrison, a clear mark of the island's purpose as a provisioning station whose livestock existed above all to supply the passing fleets. The goats and sheep sent to the hospital reflect the feeding of the sick, fresh meat directed to the men under the surgeon's care.

The yams recorded at the foot, divided into good yam issued to the slaves and yam of both good and bad kind kept for the stock, mark the staple food of the island's labouring population and its animals alike. The yam was the root crop on which St Helena chiefly depended for bulk food, grown in quantity to feed the slaves who did the Company's heavy work and to fatten the livestock, a cheap and reliable provision where imported grain was dear. The death of a slave boy noted among the losses of stock, named plainly and set in the same account as the animals, marks the brutal reckoning by which the Company counted its slaves alongside its cattle, a human life entered among the month's losses of livestock.

Speculations

The Company drew the whole of the month's heavy provisioning for the passing ships from its sheep and poultry while sparing its neat cattle almost entirely, the great issues to the Colchester and the Indiamen falling on the smaller stock rather than the herd of over three hundred cattle. The obvious course for feeding four ships would have been to draw on the largest body of meat the island held, yet the cattle were kept back, only a few heifers and steers killed for the table while scores of sheep and birds went to the ships. The reason lies in the slow breeding of cattle against the quicker increase of sheep and poultry, the Company preserving its cattle as the hardest stock to replace on a remote island and meeting the ships' demand from the animals it could most readily breed up again, protecting the herd that took years to build against the passing needs of a single month's shipping.

234

228

31 August

Artillery Stores Expended from the 12 July to the


11 of August 1758 both days Included

Guns No 9, No 4, No 3, No 2, No 1, Powder Expended

July 16 Departed the Colchester Ship of War with 11 sail of Indiamen saluted her wth 13: No 9: 13, No 4: 0, No 3: 0, No 2: 0, No 1: 13, Powder Expended 6 lb

Do Powder for priming: No 9: 0, No 4: 0, No 3: 0, No 2: 0, No 1: 0, Powder Expended 2

24 Powder for blowing Lime Stone: No 9: 0, No 4: 0, No 3: 0, No 2: 0, No 1: 0, Powder Expended 2

30 An Alarm: No 9: 6, No 4: 0, No 3: 2, No 2: 2, No 1: 2, Powder Expended 12

Do Arrived the Lord Anson returned their Salute: No 9: 9, No 4: 0, No 3: 0, No 2: 9, No 1: 0, Powder Expended 9

Do Powder for Priming: No 9: 0, No 4: 0, No 3: 0, No 2: 0, No 1: 0, Powder Expended 1.0

31 A Double Alarm at Banks's: No 9: 3, No 4: 3, No 3: 4, No 2: 0, No 1: 0, Powder Expended 13.8

Do A Double Alarm at Prosperous Bay: No 9: 9, No 4: 0, No 3: 3, No 2: 3, No 1: 0, Powder Expended 18

Do Arrived the Prince Edward and York Returned their Salutes: No 9: 18, No 4: 0, No 3: 0, No 2: 18, No 1: 0, Powder Expended 18

Do Powder for Priming: No 9: 0, No 4: 0, No 3: 0, No 2: 0, No 1: 0, Powder Expended 3

Do Powder for Scaling the Guns at Sandy Bay and for Priming: No 9: 0, No 4: 0, No 3: 0, No 2: 0, No 1: 0, Powder Expended 37

Augt 1 Departed the Egmont returned their Salute: No 9: 9, No 4: 0, No 3: 0, No 2: 9, No 1: 0, Powder Expended 9

Do Powder for Priming: No 9: 0, No 4: 0, No 3: 0, No 2: 0, No 1: 0, Powder Expended 1.8

2 Powder for Scaling the Guns at Twelve Caps and for Priming: No 9: 0, No 4: 0, No 3: 0, No 2: 0, No 1: 0, Powder Expended 13

Do for the Funeral of Richard Griffiths: No 9: 0, No 4: 0, No 3: 0, No 2: 0, No 1: 0, Powder Expended 2.4

Do for the Funeral of one of the Kings Soldiers: No 9: 0, No 4: 0, No 3: 0, No 2: 0, No 1: 0, Powder Expended 2.4

Do for the Funeral of John Chickratt: No 9: 0, No 4: 0, No 3: 0, No 2: 0, No 1: 0, Powder Expended 2.4

Do for Exercising the East flying Party: No 9: 0, No 4: 0, No 3: 0, No 2: 0, No 1: 0, Powder Expended 8.8

Do for Exercising the West flying Party: No 9: 0, No 4: 0, No 3: 0, No 2: 0, No 1: 0, Powder Expended 8.8

Do for Signals: No 9: 0, No 4: 0, No 3: 0, No 2: 0, No 1: 0, Powder Expended 1

Total: No 9: 67, No 4: 3, No 3: 5, No 2: 5, No 1: 49, Powder Expended 177.4

Match for the use of the Stone blowers is 6 lb


Butts Broke at the Main Fort 3


Match burnt at the Main Fort 3


Tailow for greasing the Carriages at Sandy bay 4 lb


Hand Spikes broke at Do 2


Tallow for greasing the Carriages at Twelve Caps 2 lb


Hand Spikes broke at Do 1


Tallow for greasing the Carts in the Wood 4 lb

The account set out the artillery stores expended from 12 July to 11 August 1758, both days included, the columns showing the several natures of powder and the total powder expended.

The first entry names a ship in company with others.

On 16 July the Colchester, ship of war, departed with 11 sail of Indiamen and was saluted, 13 guns of number 1, total 13, powder expended 13.

The next entry returns to the tabulated stores.

The same, powder for priming, number 1, powder expended 2

24 July, powder for blowing limestone, number 1, powder expended 2

30 July, an alarm, 6 of number 9, 2 of number 4, 2 of number 3, 2 of number 1, total 12

The next entry names a ship.

The same day the Lord Anson arrived and returned the salute, 9 of number 3, total 9, powder expended 9.

The same, powder for priming, number 1, powder expended 1 pound

31 July, a double alarm at Bankses, 3 of number 9, 3 of number 4, total 13 pounds 8

The same, a double alarm at Prosperous Bay, 9 of number 9, 3 of number 4, 3 of number 3, 3 of number 1, total 18

The next entry names two ships.

The same day the Prince Edward and York arrived and returned their salutes, 18 of number 9, 18 of number 3, total 18.

The same, powder for priming, number 1, powder expended 3

The same, powder for sealing the guns at Sandy Bay and for priming, total 37

The next entry names a ship.

On 1 August the Egmont departed and returned the salute, 9 of number 3, total 9, powder expended 9.

The same, powder for priming, number 1, powder expended 1 pound 8

2 August, powder for sealing the guns at Turton, caps and for priming, total 13

The same, for the funeral of Richard Griffiths, powder expended 2 pounds 4

The same, for the funeral of one of the King’s soldiers, powder expended 2 pounds 4

The same, for the funeral of John Chickvati, powder expended 2 pounds 4

The same, for exercising the east flying party, powder expended 8 pounds 8

The same, for exercising the west flying party, powder expended 8 pounds 8

The same, for signals, powder expended 1

Total, 67 guns of number 9, 3 of number 5, 5 of number 4, 49 of number 3, 5 of number 1, powder expended 177 pounds 4

Match for the use of the stone blowers, 6 pounds

Butts broke at the main fort, 3

Match burnt at the main fort, 3 pounds

Tallow for greasing the carriages at Sandy Bay, 4 pounds

Hand spikes broke at the same, 2

Tallow for greasing the carriages at Turton Cape, 2 pounds

Hand spikes broke at the same, 1

Tallow for greasing the carts in the Longwood, 4 pounds

Interpretations

The account is the artillery's monthly record of powder and stores spent, setting out every occasion on which the guns were fired and every consumable used, so that the expenditure of a costly imported material could be checked and justified. The bulk of the powder went on salutes to the ships arriving and departing, the exchange of gun-fire that marked the courtesies between the island's batteries and the vessels calling at the road, each Indiaman and King's ship greeted and sped with a fixed number of guns. This ceremonial expenditure, large as it was, formed part of the necessary business of a station on the sea road, the salutes a mark of the standing owed to the Company's ships and the Navy alike.

The alarms recorded through the month, the single alarm and the double alarms at Bankses and Prosperous Bay, mark the firing of guns to signal a warning across the island, probably at the sighting of strange sails that might prove hostile. The flying parties exercised on the east and west were the mobile detachments held ready to move to any threatened point of the coast, their practice with powder keeping them fit to answer a landing. These entries show the island's defence in constant readiness, the batteries and moving parties drilled and alert on an island whose isolation made a surprise attack the standing fear.

The powder spent at three funerals, for a man named Griffiths, an unnamed King's soldier and a third named Chickvati, marks the military honours paid to the dead, the firing of guns over the grave a mark of respect for men who died in the service. The burial of a King's soldier at the island's charge, alongside the Company's own men, again shows the mingling of the Crown's forces with the Company's on the sea road, the island honouring the royal dead as its own. The naming of the men connects to the deaths and the graves recorded in the paymaster's account of the same period, the several strands of the island's records tracking the same losses.

235

229

1758

Sundries Expended at the Honorable Companys Table

in the Month ending August 11th 1758

12 Bottles Port

16 5½

26 Do Lisbon

1 15 7¼

6 Do Mountain

8 1½

17 Do Madeira

2 1 11

73 Do Arrack

2 8 8

71 Do Beer

14 9½

332 Pounds Flour

2 8 5

512 Do Fresh Beef

6 8

364¾ Do Mutton

7 11 11¾

104 Do Veal

2 12

46 Do Fresh Pork

1 3

1 Lamb

10

31 Pounds Goat

10 4

13 Fowls

19 6

7 Ducks

10 6

6 Turkeys

1 10

34 Pounds Fresh Butter

1 14

3 Pieces salt Pork

6

103 Pounds Candy

1 14 4

£ 36 3 7¼

Cha Hutchinson

John Clark

The account set out the sundries spent at the Company's table in the month ending 11 August 1758, priced by item.

Sundries expended at the Honourable Company’s table in the month ending 11 August 1758

12 bottles of port, £0 16s 5½d

26 bottles of Lisbon, £1 15s 7¼d

6 bottles of mountain, £0 8s 1½d

17 bottles of Madeira, £2 1s 11d

73 bottles of arrack, £2 8s 8d

71 bottles of beer, £0 14s 9½d

332 lb of flour, £2 8s 5d

512 lb of fresh beef, £6 8s 0d

364¾ lb of mutton, £7 11s 11¾d

104 lb of veal, £2 12s 0d

46 lb of fresh pork, £1 3s 0d

1 lamb, £0 10s 0d

31 lb of goat, £0 10s 4d

13 fowls, £0 19s 6d

7 ducks, £0 10s 6d

6 turkeys, £1 10s 0d

34 lb of fresh butter, £1 14s 0d

3 pieces of salt pork, £0 6s 0d

103 lb of candy, £1 14s 4d

Total, £36 3s 7¼d

The account was signed by Charles Hutchinson and John Clark.

Interpretations

The account records the provisions consumed at the governor's table over the month, the establishment kept for the Company's senior officers and their guests, set out to charge the cost against the Company. The table ran on a scale well above the salt rations of the garrison, drawing fresh beef, mutton, veal and pork from the island's herds, poultry from its yards and a range of wines to furnish a proper board. This maintenance of a gentleman's table on a remote island marks the standing the Company gave its governor, the cost of a suitable hospitality reckoned a necessary charge of the office.

The wines set out at the head, port and Lisbon and mountain and Madeira, were the fortified wines of Portugal and its Atlantic islands, the drink of the English gentry of the age and carried to St Helena on the ships that passed. Madeira in particular travelled well and was the staple wine of the eastern trade, improving rather than spoiling on a long sea voyage, and its presence on the table reflects the island's place on the route by which such wines reached India and beyond. The arrack, the eastern spirit of palm or rice, sat beside them as the cheaper liquor carried up from the Company's Indian settlements.

The quantity of candy, the crystallised sugar of the eastern trade, and the fresh butter mark the sweeter and richer provisions of a well-kept table, goods that a labouring household would rarely see. The whole account, weighed against the plain fare of the garrison and the yams issued to the slaves, measures the distance between the governor's establishment and the mass of the island's people, a single table consuming in a month what would have fed many of the poorer sort, the hierarchy of the settlement written plainly in what each rank was given to eat.

236

230

At a Consultation held on Monday the 28 August 1758

at the Castle

Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governr

John Adamson Lieutenant Governor

Lieutenant John Clark of Council

The last Consultation was read approved and signed dated the 21st

August 1758

Robert Bailard presented the following

Petition Vizt

To the Worshipfull Charles Hutchinson Esqr

Governor &c Council of St Helena

Sheweth

The humble Petition of Robt Bailard

That your Petitioner having a Conveyance

for a house and some Land on this Island bought of the Widow

Hare and Executors of Thomas Bazett recorded humbly begs that

it may registered

And your Petitioner will ever pray

(Signed) Robt Bailard

Island St Helena

Augt 28 1758

Granted

Mr Gabriel Isaac applyed to us for

liberty to have Receipt from Mr Jno Adamson on account of

Captain Meads Registered

Granted

Counted and Examined the Honorable Companys

Cash for the Month ending the 11 Instant which is as follows Viz

The council met at the Castle on Monday 28 August 1758, with Governor Hutchinson, Lieutenant Governor John Adamson and Lieutenant John Clark present. The previous consultation was read, approved and signed, dated 21 August 1758.

Robert Bailard presented a petition to Governor Hutchinson and the council of St Helena. He set out that he had a conveyance for a house and some land on the island, bought of the widow, heir and executor of Thomas Bazett, and asked that it might be registered. The council granted the petition on 28 August 1758.

Gabriel Isaac applied for liberty to have a receipt from Mr John Adamson registered, on account of Captain Meard, which the council granted.

The council then counted and examined the Company's cash for the month ending 11 instant, which ran as follows.

Interpretations

Both applications turn on the registration of legal instruments, a conveyance of property in the one and a receipt in the other, the parties seeking to have their documents entered on the island's books so that their rights should be secured and provable. The registration served as the settlement's system for protecting title and recording transactions, a public entry giving lasting proof against the loss of the private papers or a later dispute. The recurrence of such applications across the consultations shows how central this function was to a small community where property changed hands and debts were settled among a shifting population.

Bailard's purchase of a house and land from the widow, heir and executor of Thomas Bazett marks the passing of a dead man's estate to a new owner, the property of the deceased sold by those who inherited and administered it and the transfer brought to the council for record. The naming of the widow, heir and executor together shows the estate wound up in the ordinary form, the several parties with an interest joining in the sale. The registration secured the buyer against any later claim by the family or creditors of the dead man, the entry on the island's books standing as the proof of a clean title.

237

231

Cash Dr

Per Contra Cr

1758

July 12

To ballance remaining

£ 6793 8 6½

To Ship Marlborough the ballance of her Account

76 16 4

To Ship Norfolk Ditto

26 2 11

To Ship Princess Augusta Ditto

20 11

To Ship Royal Duke Ditto

13 6 10

To Ship Caernarvon Ditto

17 19 9

To Ship Triton Ditto

8 8 7

To Ship Onslow Ditto

17 17 8

To Ship Sandwich Ditto

9 5 6

To Ship Warwick Ditto

15 15 11

To Ship Elizabeth Ditto

18 6 3

28th To Ship Falmouth Ditto

7 5

28 To Ship Egmont Ditto

7 5

£ 7031 19 2½

1758

Augt 11

By Ballance remaining in the following Species Vizt

5000 Pagodas 8/

2000

1260 Venetians 10/

630

Gold amounting to

2630

9444 Dollars 5/

2361

10880 Half Ryals 1/3¾

170

1640 double Ryals 1/3

102 10

10889 Rupees 2/3

1225 3

441 French pieces 2/

3 13 6

Odd money

5½

Silver amounting

3862 4 2½

Cash Notes of no use amounting to

539 15

£ 7031 19 2½

Cha Hutchinson

John Adamson

John Clark

The cash account set out the balance carried forward and the sums received from the several ships against the balance remaining in coin, the debtor entries after the first each naming a ship.

12 July 1758, to balance remaining, £6,793 8s 6½d.

The next entries each name a ship.

To the ship Marlborough, the balance of her account, £76 16s 4d.

To the ship Norfolk, the balance of her account, £26 2s 11d.

To the ship Princess Augusta, the balance of her account, £20 0s 11d.

To the ship Royal Duke, the balance of her account, £13 6s 10d.

To the ship Caernarvon, the balance of her account, £17 19s 9d.

To the ship Triton, the balance of her account, £8 8s 7d.

To the ship Onslow, the balance of her account, £17 17s 8d.

To the ship Sandwich, the balance of her account, £9 5s 6d.

To the ship Warwick, the balance of her account, £15 15s 11d.

To the ship Elizabeth, the balance of her account, £18 6s 3d.

To the ship Falmouth, the balance of her account, £7 5s 0d.

On 28 July, to the ship Egmont, the balance of her account, £7 5s 0d.

The debtor side totalled £7,031 19s 2½d.

Per contra, creditor

11 August 1758, by balance remaining in the following species:

5,000 pagodas at 8s, £2,000 0s 0d

1,260 Venetians at 10s, £630 0s 0d

Gold amounting to, £2,630 0s 0d

9,444 dollars at 5s, £2,361 0s 0d

10,880 half rials at 3¾d, £170 0s 0d

1,640 double rials at 15d, £102 10s 0d

10,889 rupees at 2s 3d, £1,225 0s 3d

441 French pieces at 2s, £3 13s 6d

Odd money, £0 0s 5½d

Silver amounting to, £3,862 4s 2½d

Cash notes of no use amounting to, £539 15s 0d

Total, £7,031 19s 2½d

The account was signed by Charles Hutchinson, John Adamson and John Clark.

Interpretations

The debtor side of the account gathers the balances of a long list of ships' accounts into the island's cash, each vessel settling what it owed on the reckoning of its dealings at the road, the many small sums added to the opening balance to make up the fund. The great number of ships named, more than a dozen, marks the volume of traffic passing the island in the season, each leaving a balance to be closed as its account with the settlement was wound up. The recurrence of the same vessels named through the shipping and provisioning entries of these months shows the accounts of the road drawn together here into the single cash reckoning.

The balance remaining, laid out in the same mixture of coin as the earlier monthly account, again shows the chest holding treasure drawn from across the trading world, the gold pagodas of India and sequins of Venice, the silver dollars and rials of Spain and the pieces of France, each reckoned at its sterling rate. The comparison with the earlier count reveals the working of the chest, the totals of each coin shifted as money came in and went out through the month, the gold steady while the silver and the count of dollars and rupees moved with the traffic of payments and remittances.

The cash notes marked as of no use, the paper the Company had put out on the island now standing as worthless in the reckoning, point to the limits of a local credit that could not be freely spent. Unlike the coin, valued at a fixed sterling rate, the notes were a currency good only on the island and reckoned here as of no present use in the chest, a mark of the difficulty of maintaining a paper money in a small settlement where its acceptance rested wholly on the Company's own credit and the scarce coin it could set against it.

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232

September 4 1758

At a Consultation held on Monday 4 September 1758

at the Castle

Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governr

John Adamson Lieutenant Governor

Lieutenant John Clark of Council

The last Consultation was read approved and signed dated the 28 Augt

1758

Thursday the 31 August died Sarah the Wife

of John Shortley Matross

Ordered the following Advertizmt to be published

Island St Helena September 6 1758

This is to give Notice to all the Inhabitants

of the said Island, that they are hereby required to send into the

Secretarys Office on or before the 30 Instant an Exact signed account

of their Familys Lands and Cattle, and to attend at the Castle on

Wednesday the 4th of next Month to pay their Rents and Revenues due

to the Honorable Company for the years Past

Notice is hereby further given that the

Honorable Company Stores will be Shut on Saturday the 16 Instant

untill Thursday the 12 day of October

Cha Hutchinson

John Adamson

John Clark

The council met at the Castle on Monday 4 September 1758, with Governor Hutchinson, Lieutenant Governor John Adamson and Lieutenant John Clark present. The previous consultation was read, approved and signed, dated 28 August 1758.

On Thursday 31 August Sarah, the wife of John Shortley, a slave, died.

The council ordered the following advertisement to be published at the island of St Helena, dated 6 September 1758. All inhabitants of the island were required to send into the secretary's office, on or before 30 instant, an exact signed account of their families, land and cattle, and to attend at the Castle on Wednesday 4 of next month to pay the rents and revenues due to the Company for the year past. Notice was further given that the Company's stores would be shut on Saturday 16 instant until Thursday 12 October.

The order was signed by Charles Hutchinson, John Adamson and John Clark.

Interpretations

The advertisement sets in motion the island's annual reckoning with its inhabitants, the yearly gathering of the returns on which the settlement's government and revenue rested. The demand for a signed account of each family's people, land and cattle was the island's census and rent assessment combined, the Company requiring every householder to declare his household and holdings so that the rents and dues could be fixed and collected. This yearly return gave the government its knowledge of the island's population and resources and its title to the revenue, the two purposes of counting and charging joined in a single call.

The requirement to declare cattle alongside land and family reflects the particular economy of the island, where livestock was a chief form of wealth and the herds a matter the Company watched closely, as its own detailed stock accounts show. The rents and revenues due for the year past were the charges the inhabitants owed for the land they held of the Company, the settlement being the Company's property and its people its tenants, the annual audit day at the Castle the occasion on which the whole body of dues was brought in together.

The closing of the Company's stores for near a month, from the middle of September to the middle of October, points to the yearly stock-taking of the warehouse, the count and settlement of the island's goods that could only be done with the stores shut. The timing beside the rent day suggests a general season of reckoning, the accounts of the year closed and the stores balanced together, the ordinary supply of the island suspended while its books were made up. The death of a slave woman noted at the head, named only by her husband and her condition, again marks the plain and cursory record the Company kept of the deaths among its slaves.

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233

September 11 1758

At a Consultation held on Monday the 11th day of September 1758

at the Castle

Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governor

John Adamson Lieutenant Governor

Lieutenant John Clark of Council

The last Consultation was read approved and signed dated the 4 September

1758

Having Augmented the Artillery Company to 44 Matrofs

there is wanting on that Account 13 Coats and Breeches to use Clok them and

there being that number of Coats and Breeches among the Old Men which have

been but little worn we have therefore bought them of them and have given

them 30 Shillings for each Coat and Breeches which is saving 13 Shillings

in each viz. their prime Cost being £ 2. 3.

The Governor acquainted the Gentlemen of the Council

that on Wednesday the 6 Instant that a new a slave boy of William Paddens

came to him, to Complrain to him of his Masters Treatment, for which he had

absented himself for some days, and that he likewise told him that about

a fortnight ago his Master the said Paddens went him and a Slave wench

of his called Nanny to steal two Pigs belonging to the Honorable Company

which they are also accused them home, that they were both invited in the

Companys Mark, one of which was white and the other black and white,

That the day after he carried them home his Master boiled one of them, his Mistrefs

Wife of the said Paddens, being then gone to see her Mother Mistress Seal and

that the next day he roasted the other, That while it was roasting in the Kitchen

one Ratcliff a Soldier came thither, upon his coming in to the yard his Mistrefs

who was them in the Kitchen, and the black wench Nanny with her, came

out and met him the said Ratcliff, and went with him into the whites House

and that some salt meat was dressed for him the said Ratcliff and brought

to him by the said black wench Nanny

The said Enew acquainted the Governor that a few days

before the Colchester sailed with her Convoy, his Master being in the outer

The council met at the Castle on Monday 11 September 1758, with Governor Hutchinson, Lieutenant Governor John Adamson and Lieutenant John Clark present. The previous consultation was read, approved and signed, dated 4 September 1758.

Having enlarged the artillery company to 44 matrosses, the council needed 13 coats and breeches for the new clothing. There being that number of coats and breeches among the old sort which had been but little worn, the council bought them and gave 30 shillings for each coat and breeches, saving 13 shillings on each, their prime cost being £2 3s 0d.

The Governor told the council that on Wednesday 6 instant a slave boy of William Paddom came to him to complain of his master's treatment, for which he had absented himself five or six days, and that he then told him that about a fortnight ago his master Paddom and a slave wench of his called Nanny went to steal two pigs belonging to the Company, which they did and carried them home, and they were both involved in the Company's mark, one of which was white and the other black and white. That day after he carried them home his master boiled one of them, his master's wife, the wife of the said Paddom, being then gone to see her mother, Mistress Seal, and that the next day he roasted the other. That while it was roasting in the kitchen one Ratcliff, a soldier, came thither, upon his coming into the yard his mistress who was reading in the kitchen and the black wench Nanny with her came out and met the said Ratcliff, and went with him into the white house, and that some salt meat was dressed for him by the said Ratcliff and brought to him by the black wench Nanny.

The boy told the Governor that a few days before the Colchester sailed with her convoy, his master being in the outer [...].

Interpretations

The purchase of used coats and breeches to clothe the new matrosses shows the Company economising on the enlargement of its artillery, taking little-worn garments from its old stock rather than buying new and saving thirteen shillings on each set. The enlargement to forty-four matrosses connects directly to the artillery accounts of the preceding months and the fresh gunners entered on the muster rolls, the Company building up its specialist strength and here fitting out the new men at reduced cost. The detail marks the close attention paid to expense even in a matter of a few coats, the saving carefully reckoned and recorded.

The boy's complaint sets out an accusation of theft against his own master, a free settler charged through the mouth of his slave with stealing the Company's pigs, the animals identified by the Company's own mark of ownership burnt into them. The bringing of such a charge by a slave against his master, entered and acted on by the Governor, shows the Company's authority reaching over the free inhabitants through the evidence of their slaves, a striking inversion in a slave society where the word of a slave was here received against a free man. The boy's absenting himself first and then complaining suggests a flight from ill-treatment turned into an accusation, the slave using what knowledge he had of his master's dealings.

The account woven through the boy's story marks the daily texture of the settlement, the households of the free settlers with their slaves, the visiting of a soldier at a private house, the dressing of meat and the movements between the kitchen and the dwelling. The mention of the mistress reading points to a degree of letters among the settler women, while the whole scene of the stolen pigs cooked in secret while the master's wife was away shows the small dealings and concealments of island life. The tying of the events to the sailing of the Colchester marks how the movements of the ships governed the reckoning of time on the island, the days counted by the coming and going of the vessels in the road.

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234

September 11

front Room at John Legg and nobody there, he bid him take

up a coloured silk Handkerchief that lay in a Window with something

in it, that he did so and put it into a bag, and carried it away Enew

likewise says that he saw the said Handkerchief opened when it was at

home out of which was taken a piece of Dimity, and a pair of Dirty

white Stockings, all which the Boy now acknowledges

Mr Samuel Alexander the Honorable Companys

Overseer, by his report gives an account of two Pigs being Stolen at

Sandy Bay, of the Honorable Companys much about the time, that

Enew the slave of William Paddens says, He, with the slave Girl Nanny

stole them, and that they both had the Companys Mark upon them, and

were of the same colour, the Boy Enew declared them to be

The said wench Nanny being Called was asked whether

she was concerned with Enew in the stealing the two Pigs, or whether she

had seen Ratcliff at her Masters House, as Enew had declared, She

absolutely denyed being concerned about Stealing the Pigs, or ever having

seen Ratcliff at her Masters house, She was then desired to tell the truth,

and that upon a further enquiry She was advised in an Lye she should

be punished for it, She still persisted that what she had already declared

was the truth, Ratcliff was then called in, and declared that the said

Black wench Nanny was the Person who brought the Salt meat in,

that was dressed for him at Paddens, as Enew has before said

Isaac Legg being called and asked what he knew about

a piece of Dimity being Stolen out of his house, a few days before his

Majestys Ship Colchester sailed Says that his Wife told him that

Mrs McLean Steward of the Marlborough had offered a piece of Dimity

for eight Rupees to William Paddens, but that Paddens would not give

so much for it, and offered him Seven Rupees, Which the said McLean

would not take, and then tyed up the piece of Dimity mixed with Handkerchief

spotted with white, and put it into a Window in the outward front room

That the next morning the said Mrs Lean told him

John Legg said his Wife, that he had lost the Piece of Dimity, and

that he suspected William Paddens to have taken it

In the front room at John Legg's, with nobody there, the master bade the boy take up a coloured silk handkerchief that lay in a window with something in it, which he did, and put it into a bag and carried it away. The slave Cesar said that the handkerchief was opened when it was at home, out of which was taken a piece of dimity and a pair of dirty white stockings, all which the boy now acknowledged.

Samuel Alexander, the Company's overseer, gave an account by his report of two pigs being stolen at Sandy Bay, belonging to the Company, much about the time that Cesar, the slave of William Paddom, said he and the slave girl Nanny took them, and that they both had the Company's mark upon them, and were of the same colour the boy declared them to be.

The wench Nanny, being called and asked whether she was concerned with Cesar in the stealing of the two pigs, or whether she had seen Ratcliff at her master's house as Cesar had declared, absolutely denied being concerned about stealing the pigs, or ever having seen Ratcliff at her master's house. She was then desired to tell the truth, and that upon a further enquiry she was acted in or lie, she should be punished for it. She still persisted that what she had already declared was the truth. Ratcliff was then called in, and declared that the black wench Nanny was the person who brought the salt meat in, that was dressed for him at Paddom's, as Cesar had before said.

John Legg, being called and asked what he knew about a piece of dimity being stolen out of his house a few days before His Majesty's ship Colchester sailed, said that his wife told him that Mr McLean, purser of the Marlborough, had offered a piece of dimity for eight rupees to William Ranson, but that Paddom would not give so much for it, and offered him seven rupees, which the said McLean would not take, and then tied up the piece of dimity mixed with a handkerchief spotted with white, and put it into a window in the outward front room. The next morning the said Mr McLean told him, John Legg, and his wife, that he had lost the piece of dimity, and that he suspected Mr Paddom to have taken it.

Interpretations

The proceeding is an examination into two thefts, the Company's pigs and a piece of cloth, the several parties called in turn and their statements set against one another, the Governor and council sitting as a court to weigh the evidence. The method shows the island's justice at work, the accusing slave's account tested against the denials of the accused and the testimony of others, the truth sought by confronting each witness with what the others had said. The whole marks the settlement's handling of crime among its mixed population, the free settlers, their slaves and the visiting seamen all drawn into a single enquiry.

The confrontation of the slave girl Nanny, denying all part in the thefts under threat of punishment for a lie, sets the word of one slave against another, Cesar accusing and Nanny denying, with the soldier Ratcliff called to confirm the one against the other. The threat of punishment held over her to compel the truth marks the harsher position of the slave in such an enquiry, pressed to confess where a free witness would not be, yet her steady denial in the face of it shows even a slave holding to her account against the pressure of the court. The clash of testimony left the matter to be judged on which of the slaves the council chose to believe.

The theft of the dimity opens a further scene, the haggling of a ship's purser selling cloth to the settlers, the piece offered and refused at seven and eight rupees and then left in a window from which it vanished. The account marks the private trade in goods that the ships' officers carried, the purser dealing directly with the island's inhabitants in the small merchandise of cloth, and the suspicion falling on the settler Paddom who had bargained for it. Dimity was a stout cotton cloth woven with a raised pattern, a common and useful stuff, and the whole passage shows the petty commerce and the petty crime that moved together through the households of the road while the ships lay at anchor.

241

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1758

William Paddens being called and the above declarations

read to him, denys his ever having sent Enew, and Nanny to Steal any Pigs

nor knew any thing about a piece of Dimity being stolen out of John Legg

House, he was then further asked whether he went directly home that night

says he believes he did, but cannot be sure whether he called at the Plantation

house or not, and blamed for his Cause, He was then asked whether he went

from thence home, and was desired to Recollect himself, He replyed, Upon which

the Boy Enew was called in, and was asked whether his Master Paddens did

go directly home that night, says he did not, but went to John Bagleys where

his Master and he lay the remaining part of the night, Paddens then

acknowledged that he did lay at John Bagleys the remaining part of

that night, as the Boy has declared

Upon considering the above, we thought proper

not to punish the Boy Enew and also forbid his master to act on account

of his Frank Confession, and ordered the wench Nanny to be whipped

and to receive a hundred Lashes, as being an necessary in stealing the

the Pigs and for prevaricating in other Circumstances

William Paddens desired he might have leave

to dispose of his right in some Leave Land, in order to go off the Island

Granted

Cha Hutchinson

John Adamson

John Clark

William Paddom, being called and the above declarations read to him, denied ever having sent Cesar and Nanny to steal any pigs, or knowing anything about a piece of dimity being stolen out of John Legg's house. He was then further asked whether he went directly home that night, and said he believed he did, but could not be sure whether he called at the plantation house or not, and blamed his cane. He was then asked whether he went from thence home, and was desired to recollect himself, and replied upon whose head the boy Cesar was called in, and was asked whether his master Paddom did go directly home that night, and said he did not, but went to John Bagley's where his master and he lay the remaining part of the night. Paddom then acknowledged that he did lie at John Bagley's the remaining part of that night, as the boy had declared.

Upon considering the above, the council thought proper not to punish the boy Cesar and also forbade his master to act on account of his frank confession, and ordered the wench Nanny to be whipped and to receive a hundred lashes, as being accessory in stealing the two pigs and for prevaricating in other circumstances.

William Paddom desired that he might have leave to dispose of his right in some lease land, in order to go off the island, which the council granted.

The order was signed by Charles Hutchinson, John Adamson and John Clark.

Interpretations

The judgement closes the enquiry into the stolen pigs, the council weighing the accusing boy's account against his master's denials and finding for the boy once Paddom was caught out over where he had passed the night. The court's method is laid bare, the master's evasions tested against the slave's steady story and broken when the detail of the lodging at Bagley's proved the boy right, the confrontation of the two accounts settling the matter. The decision shows the Governor and council sitting in judgement over a free settler on the word of his own slaves, a striking exercise of the Company's authority over the island's free inhabitants.

The sentences fall with a heavy weight on the slave and spare the free man, Nanny condemned to a hundred lashes as accessory to the theft and for her lies to the court while Paddom, the master who ordered the theft, went unpunished. The gulf marks the brutal inequality of the island's justice, the slave who obeyed her master's command bearing the whole bodily punishment while the master who commanded it escaped, the hundred lashes a savage penalty visited on the least free and most compelled of the parties. The Company's law fell hardest on those with least power to refuse the acts for which they suffered.

Speculations

The council chose to spare the accusing boy Cesar and forbid his master to punish him, rather than returning a runaway slave who had absented himself for days to his owner's discipline as the ordinary course would demand. The default in a slave society was to uphold the master's power over his slave and hand back the fugitive, yet here the council did the opposite, protecting the boy expressly on account of his frank confession and staying his master's hand. The reason lies in the use the court made of his evidence, the boy's account having convicted a free settler of stealing the Company's own pigs, so that the Company preferred to reward and shield the informer whose word served its interest over the master whose theft had injured it, bending the usual protection of the slaveholder where the slave's testimony had turned against a thief of Company property.

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236

September 18

At a Consultation held on Monday 18th day of

September 1758 at the Castle

Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governr

John Adamson Lieutenant Governr

Lieutenant John Clark of Council

The last Consultation was read approved and signed dated 11 Septr

1758

Mr Richard Bagley Presented the

following Petition Vizt

To the Worshipfull Charles Hutchinson Esqr

Governor &c Council of St Helena

The humble petition of Richard Bagley

Sheweth

That your Petitioner having several Indorsements

upon Leave for Land bought of Mr Charles Steward late of

this Island your Petitioner therefore for a greater Security humbly

begs that they may be registered

And your Petitioner will ever pray

(signed) Richard Bagley

18 September 1758

Granted

The Plantation Gunners and Stewards Accounts

for the month Ending the 11th Instant were this day brought in

which were Examined and approved and are as follows viz

The council met at the Castle on Monday 18 September 1758, with Governor Hutchinson, Lieutenant Governor John Adamson and Lieutenant John Clark present. The previous consultation was read, approved and signed, dated 11 September 1758.

Richard Bagley presented a petition to Governor Hutchinson and the council of St Helena. He set out that he had several endorsements upon leases for land, bought of Charles Steuard, formerly of the island, and asked that they might be registered so that his title should be secure. The council granted the petition on 18 September 1758.

The plantation gunners and stewards accounts for the month ending 11 instant were brought in this day, examined and approved, and ran as follows.

Interpretations

The petition follows the same pattern as the earlier applications to register title, Bagley seeking to have his endorsements on land leases entered on the island's books so that his purchase should be secure against later challenge. An endorsement was a note of transfer written on the back of a lease, the means by which a leasehold passed from one holder to another, and its registration gave the buyer the public proof of his right. The recurrence of Charles Steuard as the seller, named again as formerly of the island, shows a man who had left St Helena disposing of a body of land holdings through several separate sales, each new owner coming to the council in turn to have his purchase recorded.

The steady stream of these registrations across the consultations marks the working of the island's land system, held wholly of the Company on lease and passing among the inhabitants by sale and endorsement, every transfer brought to the council for entry. The concentration of so many holdings in the hands of the departed Steuard, now broken up and sold on, points to the consolidation and later dispersal of land among the settlers, one man's accumulated leases scattered to several buyers on his leaving. The care each purchaser took to register his title reflects the value of a secure claim in a place where land was the Company's to grant and the private deeds easily lost among a mobile population.

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Account of the Honorable Companys Stock of Neat Cattle &c from the 12th of August to the 11th of September 1758 Vizt

Neat Cattle: Bulls, Cows, Calves, Yearlings, Heifers, Steers, Oxen, Total; Sheep: Ewes, Weathers, Lambs, Rams, Total; Goats: Ewes, Weathers, Kids, Rams, Total; Hogs: Sows, Shoats, Pigs, Boars, Total; Poultry: Fowls, Ducks, Turkeys, Geese; Horses: Horses, Mares, Total; Asses: Ashes, Ashes, Total

Remaining the 12: Bulls 4, Cows 103, Calves 102, Yearlings 33, Heifers 11, Steers 24, Oxen 20, Total 297, Ewes 319, Weathers 127, Lambs 153, Rams 8, Total 607, Ewes 194, Weathers 30, Kids 116, Rams 8, Total 348, Sows 5, Shoats 3, Pigs 23, Boars 1, Total 32, Fowls 151, Ducks 31, Turkeys 14, Geese 30, Horses 6, Mares 4, Total 10, Ashes 3, Ashes 2, Total 5

Encreased: Bulls 0, Cows 32, Calves 0, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Oxen 0, Total 32, Ewes 0, Weathers 0, Lambs 98, Rams 0, Total 98, Ewes 0, Weathers 0, Kids 9, Rams 0, Total 9, Sows 0, Shoats 0, Pigs 0, Boars 0, Total 0, Fowls 4, Ducks 17, Turkeys 4, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 1, Total 1, Ashes 0, Ashes 0, Total 0

Totall: Bulls 4, Cows 103, Calves 134, Yearlings 33, Heifers 11, Steers 24, Oxen 20, Total 329, Ewes 319, Weathers 127, Lambs 251, Rams 8, Total 705, Ewes 194, Weathers 30, Kids 135, Rams 8, Total 357, Sows 5, Shoats 3, Pigs 23, Boars 1, Total 32, Fowls 155, Ducks 48, Turkeys 14, Geese 34, Horses 6, Mares 5, Total 11, Ashes 3, Ashes 2, Total 5

Killed: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 0, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Oxen 0, Total 0, Ewes 9, Weathers 1, Lambs 0, Rams 10, Total 0, Ewes 4, Weathers 1, Kids 0, Rams 5, Total 0, Sows 0, Shoats 0, Pigs 0, Boars 0, Total 0, Fowls 5, Ducks 2, Turkeys 1, Geese 3, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0, Ashes 0, Ashes 0, Total 0

Died: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 0, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Oxen 0, Total 0, Ewes 2, Weathers 0, Lambs 0, Rams 2, Total 0, Ewes 0, Weathers 0, Kids 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Sows 0, Shoats 1, Pigs 0, Boars 1, Total 3, Fowls 0, Ducks 3, Turkeys 0, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0, Ashes 0, Ashes 0, Total 0

Stole: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 0, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Oxen 0, Total 0, Ewes 0, Weathers 0, Lambs 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Ewes 0, Weathers 0, Kids 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Sows 0, Shoats 2, Pigs 0, Boars 2, Total 0, Fowls 0, Ducks 0, Turkeys 0, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0, Ashes 0, Ashes 0, Total 0

Sold: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 0, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Oxen 0, Total 0, Ewes 0, Weathers 0, Lambs 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Ewes 0, Weathers 3, Kids 0, Rams 3, Total 0, Sows 0, Shoats 0, Pigs 0, Boars 0, Total 0, Fowls 0, Ducks 0, Turkeys 0, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0, Ashes 0, Ashes 0, Total 0

Remaining the 11th: Bulls 4, Cows 103, Calves 134, Yearlings 33, Heifers 11, Steers 24, Oxen 20, Total 329, Ewes 317, Weathers 118, Lambs 250, Rams 8, Total 693, Ewes 194, Weathers 23, Kids 124, Rams 8, Total 349, Sows 5, Shoats 3, Pigs 20, Boars 1, Total 29, Fowls 147, Ducks 46, Turkeys 10, Geese 31, Horses 6, Mares 5, Total 11, Ashes 3, Ashes 2, Total 5

3 Goats Sold to the Hospital

1 Do Sick Slaves

Good Yam for the Slaves 18,430

Bad Yam for Stock 6,375

24,805

The account set out the Company's stock of cattle and other livestock from 12 August to 11 September 1758, the headings being neat cattle, sheep, goats, hogs, poultry, horses and asses, and the columns showing the categories within each.

Account of the Honourable Company’s stock of neat cattle and other livestock from 12 August to 11 September 1758

Remaining 12 August, neat cattle: 4 bulls, 103 cows, 102 calves, 33 yearlings, 11 heifers, 24 steers, 20 oxen, total 297

Remaining 12 August, sheep: 319 ewes, 127 wethers, 153 lambs, 8 rams, total 607

Remaining 12 August, goats: 194 ewes, 30 wethers, 116 kids, 8 rams, total 348

Remaining 12 August, hogs: 5 sows, 3 shoats, 23 pigs, 1 boar, total 32

Remaining 12 August, poultry: 151 fowls, 31 ducks, 14 turkeys, 30 geese

Remaining 12 August, horses: 6 horses, 4 mares, total 10

Remaining 12 August, asses: 3 she asses, 2 he asses, total 5

Increased, neat cattle: 32 calves, total 32

Increased, sheep: 98 lambs, total 98

Increased, goats: 9 kids, total 9

Increased, poultry: 4 fowls, 17 ducks, 4 turkeys

Total, neat cattle: 4 bulls, 103 cows, 134 calves, 33 yearlings, 11 heifers, 24 steers, 20 oxen, total 329

Total, sheep: 319 ewes, 127 wethers, 251 lambs, 8 rams, total 705

Total, goats: 194 ewes, 30 wethers, 125 kids, 8 rams, total 357

Total, hogs: 5 sows, 3 shoats, 23 pigs, 1 boar, total 32

Total, poultry: 155 fowls, 48 ducks, 14 turkeys, 34 geese

Total, horses: 6 horses, 5 mares, total 11

Total, asses: 3 she asses, 2 he asses, total 5

Killed, sheep: 9 ewes, 1 lamb, total 10

Killed, goats: 4 wethers, 1 kid, total 5

Killed, poultry: 5 fowls, 2 ducks, 1 turkey, 3 geese

Died, sheep: 2 ewes, total 2

Died, hogs: 1 pig, total 1

Died, poultry: 3 ducks, total 3

Stole, hogs: 2 pigs, total 2

Sold, goats: 3 wethers, total 3

Remaining 11 September, neat cattle: 4 bulls, 103 cows, 134 calves, 33 yearlings, 11 heifers, 24 steers, 20 oxen, total 329

Remaining 11 September, sheep: 317 ewes, 118 wethers, 250 lambs, 8 rams, total 693

Remaining 11 September, goats: 194 ewes, 23 wethers, 124 kids, 8 rams, total 349

Remaining 11 September, hogs: 5 sows, 3 shoats, 20 pigs, 1 boar, total 29

Remaining 11 September, poultry: 147 fowls, 46 ducks, 10 turkeys, 31 geese

Remaining 11 September, horses: 6 horses, 5 mares, total 11

Remaining 11 September, asses: 3 she asses, 2 he asses, total 5

3 goats sold to the hospital

1 goat, sick slaves

Good yam for the slaves, 18,430

Bad yam for stock, 6,375

Total, 24,805

Interpretations

The account is the monthly reckoning of the Company's livestock, tracking each kind through its births, slaughter, deaths, thefts and sales so that the closing count could be checked against the opening. The month shows a marked increase in the young stock, thirty-two calves and ninety-eight lambs born in the period, the season of breeding filling out the herds and flocks. Against these gains the losses were light, a handful killed for the table and the hospital and a few dead, so that the stock stood higher at the month's end, the island's herds building up through a productive season.

The two pigs entered as stolen tie this stock account directly to the theft examined in the consultations of the same month, the animals taken by the settler Paddom and his slaves and here recorded as a loss to the Company's herd. The formal entry of the theft in the monthly reckoning shows how the crime touched the Company's own property, the stolen pigs missing from the count and set down among the month's losses, the accounting of the stock and the proceeding of the court meeting in the same two animals. The bare notation of stolen against the pigs marks the plain administrative record of what the court had examined at length.

The yams issued at the foot, the good sort for the slaves and the bad kept for the stock, mark once more the staple food of the island's labouring population and its animals, the root crop grown in bulk to feed the slaves who did the heavy work and to fatten the beasts. The goat sent to the sick slaves shows fresh meat directed to those of the labouring population who fell ill, the Company providing for its slaves in sickness as a matter of preserving its own working strength, the value of the labour making some care of the labourer a plain necessity.

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238

September 18

Artillery Stores Expended from the 12 August

to the 11 September 1758 both days Included

The day of the Month, Guns fired 9, 4, 2, Powder Expended

Augt 20 Fired to salute Major Chalmers going on board: 9: 11, 4: 0, 2: 11, Powder Expended 11

Do Powder for Priming: 9: 0, 4: 0, 2: 0, Powder Expended 1.8

22 Fired at Ruports for Practice and for priming: 9: 8, 4: 8, 2: 0, Powder Expended 17.8

23 Powder for blowing Lime Stone: 9: 0, 4: 0, 2: 0, Powder Expended 4.0

24th Fired at Ruports for Practice and for priming: 9: 8, 4: 8, 2: 0, Powder Expended 17.8

29 Do: 9: 8, 4: 8, 2: 0, Powder Expended 17.8

30 Powder for Blowing of Lime Stone: 9: 0, 4: 0, 2: 0, Powder Expended 4.8

31 Fired Ruports for Practice and for Priming: 9: 8, 4: 8, 2: 0, Powder Expended 17.8

Septemr 1st Powder for blowing of Lime Stone: 9: 0, 4: 0, 2: 0, Powder Expended 4.8

5th Fired at Ruports for Practice and for Priming: 9: 8, 4: 8, 2: 0, Powder Expended 17.0

7 Do: 9: 8, 4: 8, 2: 0, Powder Expended 17.8

Powder for Exercising the East flying Party: 9: 0, 4: 0, 2: 0, Powder Expended 8.8

Do for Exercising the West flying Party: 9: 0, 4: 0, 2: 0, Powder Expended 8.8

Do for replenishing the Cartridges at the Main Guards: 9: 0, 4: 0, 2: 0, Powder Expended 2.8

Total: 9: 59, 4: 48, 2: 11, Powder Expended 150.8

Paper for making small Cartridges 18

Tallow for greasing the Fall 6

Do for greasing the Carriages on the Line 6

Do for greasing the Carriages at Banks's, Mundens Point and Lemon Valley 16

Handspikes broke at Banks's 2

Do broke at Ruports 3

Spunge Staves for Repairing the Spantoons 1

(Signed) Thomas Hall

The account set out the artillery stores expended from 12 August to 11 September 1758, both days included, the columns showing the guns fired, the several natures of powder and the total powder expended.

Artillery stores expended from 12 August to 11 September 1758, both days included

20 August, fired to salute Major Chalmers going on board, 11 guns fired, 11 of number 4, powder expended 11

The same, powder for priming, powder expended 1 pound 8

22 August, fired at reports for practice and for priming, 8 guns fired, 8 of number 2, powder expended 17 pounds 8

23 August, powder for blowing limestone, powder expended 4 pounds 8

24 August, fired at reports for practice and for priming, 8 guns fired, 8 of number 2, powder expended 17 pounds 8

29 August, the same, 8 guns fired, 8 of number 2, powder expended 17 pounds 8

30 August, powder for blowing of limestone, powder expended 4 pounds 8

31 August, fired at reports for practice and for priming, 8 guns fired, 8 of number 2, powder expended 17 pounds 8

1 September, powder for blowing of limestone, powder expended 4 pounds 8

5 September, fired at reports for practice and for priming, 8 guns fired, 8 of number 2, powder expended 17 pounds 8

7 September, the same, 8 guns fired, 8 of number 2, powder expended 17 pounds 8

The same, powder for exercising the east flying party, powder expended 8 pounds 8

The same, for exercising the west flying party, powder expended 8 pounds 8

The same, for replenishing the cartridges at the main guard, powder expended 2 pounds 8

Total, 59 guns fired, 48 of number 4, 11 of number 2, powder expended 150 pounds 8

Paper for making small cartridges, 10 quire

Tallow for greasing the tall, 3 pounds

The same for greasing the carriages on the line, 3 pounds

The same for greasing the carriages at Bankses, Munden’s Point and Lemon Valley, 16 pounds

Handspikes broke at Bankses, 2

The same broke at reports, 3

Sponge staves for repairing the pantoon, 1

The account was signed by Thomas Hall.

Interpretations

The account is the artillery's monthly record of powder and stores spent, setting out every firing of the guns and every consumable used so that the expenditure of a costly imported material could be checked. This month the pattern differs from the last, the great salutes to shipping almost wholly absent and the powder going instead on practice at reports, the regular gunnery drill by which the men were kept in training. Only a single salute appears, the eleven guns fired for Major Chalmers going aboard, the officer named among the passengers of the Prince Edward now leaving the island, so that the batteries fell largely quiet of ceremony and turned to the steady work of exercise.

The firing at reports for practice, recurring through the month at fixed intervals, was the routine gunnery training of the batteries, the men drilled in the loading, laying and firing of the great guns against the day they might be needed in earnest. The regular expenditure of powder on this practice, alongside the exercising of the east and west flying parties, shows the island's defence kept in constant readiness through drill, the garrison and its artillery held fit to answer an attack on a station whose isolation made a surprise the standing fear. The quieter month for salutes turned the powder to the harder use of keeping the men trained.

The powder spent on blowing limestone, recurring several times through the month, marks the artillery's use in the island's building work, the great guns' powder turned to quarrying the stone on which the fortifications and other works depended. This use of a military store for construction shows the garrison's men and materials serving the settlement's improvement as well as its defence, the same powder that fired the salutes and drilled the batteries employed to break the rock for the island's building, the artillery a working part of the settlement's economy as much as its guard.

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239

1758

Sundries Expended at the Honorable Companys Table in the

Month ending September 11th 1758

14 Bottles Port

19 2

18 Do Lisbon

1 4 7¼

15 Do Mountain

1 3¾

11 Do Madeira

1 7 1¾

64 Do Arrack

2 2 8

48 Do Beer

10

282 Pounds Flour

2 1 1½

388 Do Mutton

8 1 8

1 Lamb

10

1 Kid

5

57 Pounds Goat

19

5 Fowls

7 6

2 Ducks

3

23 Geese

15

1 Turkey

5

45 Pounds ½ Fresh Butter

2 5 6

4 Pieces Salt Pork

8

97 Pounds Candy

1 4 3

£ 24 8 11 ¾

Cha Hutchinson

John Adamson

John Clark

The account set out the sundries spent at the Company's table in the month ending 11 September 1758, priced by item.

Sundries expended at the Honourable Company’s table in the month ending 11 September 1758

14 bottles of port, £0 19s 2d

18 bottles of Lisbon, £1 4s 7½d

15 bottles of mountain, £1 0s 3¾d

11 bottles of Madeira, £1 7s 1¾d

64 bottles of arrack, £2 2s 8d

48 bottles of beer, £0 10s 0d

282 lb of flour, £2 1s 1½d

588 lb of mutton, £8 4s 8d

1 lamb, £0 10s 0d

1 kid, £0 5s 0d

57 lb of goat, £0 19s 0d

5 fowls, £0 7s 6d

2 ducks, £0 3s 0d

23 geese, £0 15s 0d

1 turkey, £0 5s 0d

45½ lb of fresh butter, £2 5s 6d

4 pieces of salt pork, £0 8s 0d

97 lb of candy, £1 4s 3d

Total, £24 8s 11¾d

The account was signed by Charles Hutchinson, John Adamson and John Clark.

Interpretations

The account records the provisions consumed at the governor's table over the month, the establishment maintained for the Company's senior officers and their guests, set out to charge the cost against the Company. The month differs markedly from the last in its meat, mutton standing almost alone where the previous month had drawn on beef, veal and pork together, the table this time fed chiefly from the sheep. This shift follows the season of the flocks, the lambing that filled out the sheep in the same period allowing the table to draw heavily on mutton while the cattle were spared, the governor's board moving with the state of the island's stock.

The wines again head the account, the port and Lisbon and mountain and Madeira of the Portuguese and Atlantic trade, the drink of the English gentry carried to the island on the passing ships. The quantities fall a little from the previous month, fewer bottles of most sorts drawn, perhaps reflecting the departure of some of the passengers and officers whose entertainment had swelled the earlier reckoning, the table quieter once the ships that brought such company had sailed. The arrack from the Indian settlements again sits beside the finer wines as the cheaper spirit of the eastern trade.

The whole account, weighed against the plain fare of the garrison and the yams issued to the slaves, again measures the distance between the governor's establishment and the mass of the island's people. The candy and fresh butter, the several wines and the fresh meat mark a table kept at a gentleman's standard on a remote island, the cost reckoned a necessary charge of the governor's office. The steady maintenance of such a board month after month, recorded and charged to the Company, shows the settlement upholding the dignity of its chief officer as a fixed part of its establishment, the hierarchy of the island written in the difference between what its ranks were given to eat.

246

240

September 25

At a Consultation held on Monday the 25 Day of

of September 1758 at the Castle

Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governor

John Adamson Lieutenant Governor

Lieutenant John Clark of Council

The last Consultation was read approved and signed dated the

18th September 1758

Wednesday the 20th died Elizabeth the Wife of

John Leech Painter

Mr Matthew Bceling presented the following

Petition Vizt

To Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governor &c Council

of St Helena

The humble Petition of Matthew Bceling

Sheweth

That there is a small piece of Waste Barran

Land Adjoyning to your petitioners Land which for the Conveniency

of Fencing your Petitioner is desirous of having at a reasonable rate

And your Petitioner prays that the same may be Granted to him

September 25th 1758

Bceling

Ordered the said Land to be Viewed

Counted and Examined the Honorable Companys Cash for

the Month ending the 11th Instant which is as follows Viz

The council met at the Castle on Monday 25 September 1758, with Governor Hutchinson, Lieutenant Governor John Adamson and Lieutenant John Clark present. The previous consultation was read, approved and signed, dated 18 September 1758.

On Wednesday 20 instant Elizabeth, the wife of John Leech, a painter, died.

Matthew Bewling presented a petition to Governor Hutchinson and the council of St Helena. He set out that there was a small piece of waste, barren land adjoining his own holding, which for the convenience of fencing he wished to take at a reasonable rate, and asked that it might be granted to him. The council ordered the land to be viewed.

The council then counted and examined the Company's cash for the month ending 11 instant, which ran as follows.

Interpretations

The petition marks the ordinary means by which the island's land was taken up, a settler seeking to add a small piece of waste ground to his holding and the council ordering it viewed before any grant. The land being the Company's to dispose of, an inhabitant who wished to enlarge his ground applied to the council, which sent to inspect the parcel and judge its worth before setting a rent. The viewing ordered here was the first step in the process, the council satisfying itself of the nature and value of the land before granting it, the same care shown in the disposal of ground as in the registration of its transfer.

The description of the land as waste and barren, wanted chiefly for the convenience of fencing, points to the piecemeal enclosure of the island's poorer ground, a settler seeking a scrap of unprofitable land not for its own yield but to round out and enclose his holding. The taking up of such marginal ground at a low rent shows the gradual bringing of the island's waste into private hands, the better land long held and the settlers turning to the barren margins to complete their farms. The convenience of fencing marks the practical husbandry of an island where the enclosure of ground against the straying of stock was a constant concern among a population that lived by its herds.

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241

Cash Dr

Per Contra Cr

1758

August 12

To Ballance remaining

£ 7031 19 2½

17

To the Ship York the ballance of her Account

23 5 4½

To Ship Lord Anson Ditto

54 1 11

To Ship Prince Edward Ditto

43 10 2½

18

To Exchange for 4 Setts of Bills drawn upon the Honorable

the Court of Directors payable to the following Persons Vizt

One Set payable to George Stevens Esqr

44 18 6

One Ditto to Mr Stephen Winthorpe

200

One Ditto to Mr George Lee

100

One Ditto to Edward Payne Esqr

54

398 18 6

£ 7551 15 2½

1758

Septemr 11

By ballance remaining in the following Species Vizt

6000 Pagodas 8/

£ 2400

1460 Venitians 10/

730

Gold amounting to

3130

9520 Dollars 5/

2380

10880 half Ryals 3¾

170

10896 Rupees 2/3

1225 16

1640 Double Ryals 1/3

102 10

441 French pieces 2/

3 13 6

Odd money

8½

Silver amounting to

3882 2½

Cash Notes of no use amounting to

539 15

£ 7551 15 2½

Cha Hutchinson

John Adamson

John Clark

The cash account set out the balance carried forward and the sums received against the balance remaining in coin, certain of the debtor entries naming ships.

12 August 1758, to balance remaining, £7,031 19s 2½d.

The next three entries name ships.

To the ship York, the balance of her account, £23 5s 4½d.

To the ship Lord Anson, the balance of her account, £54 1s 11d.

To the ship Prince Edward, the balance of her account, £43 10s 2½d.

18 August, to exchange for four sets of bills drawn upon the Court of Directors payable to the following persons.

One set payable to George Steuard Esquire, £44 18s 6d

One set to Mr Stephen Winthorpe, £200 0s 0d

One set to Mr George Lee, £100 0s 0d

One set to Edward Payne Esquire, £54 0s 0d

Subtotal, £398 18s 6d

Total, £7,551 15s 2½d

Per contra, creditor

11 September 1758, by balance remaining in the following species:

6,000 pagodas at 8s, £2,400 0s 0d

1,460 Venetians at 10s, £730 0s 0d

Gold amounting to, £3,130 0s 0d

9,520 dollars at 5s, £2,380 0s 0d

10,880 half rials at 3¾d, £170 0s 0d

10,896 rupees at 2s 3d, £1,225 16s 0d

1,640 double rials at 15d, £102 10s 0d

441 French pieces at 2s, £3 13s 6d

Odd money, £0 0s 6½d

Silver amounting to, £3,882 0s 2½d

Cash notes of no use amounting to, £539 15s 0d

Total, £7,551 15s 2½d

The account was signed by Charles Hutchinson, John Adamson and John Clark.

Interpretations

The debtor side gathers the closing balances of three homeward Indiamen into the island's cash together with the money taken for four sets of bills of exchange, the fund built up from the settling of ships' accounts and the sale of paper drawn on London. The bills against the four named payees repeat the island's exchange machinery, private persons handing over coin on the island and receiving bills to be met by the Court of Directors at home, several of the payees the same correspondents named in the earlier month's account. The recurrence of George Steuard as payee ties again to the winding up of Captain Steuard's estate, the money of the dead man remitted home through the island's exchange.

The balance remaining, laid out in the same mixture of coin as the previous months, shows the chest holding treasure from across the trading world, the gold pagodas of India and sequins of Venice, the silver dollars and rials of Spain and the pieces of France. Set against the earlier count the gold has risen, the pagodas and Venetians both increased, the chest gaining hard money over the month while the silver held near steady. This movement shows the working of the exchange, the coin surrendered for bills swelling the chest as the paper obligations passed to the home account, the island accumulating specie against the bills it drew on London.

The cash notes again stand marked as of no use, the Company's own paper reckoned worthless in the chest beside the coin valued each at its sterling rate. The persistence of this notation month after month, the same sum of notes carried as of no present use, points to a body of local paper that had fallen out of currency, put out by the Company but no longer freely spent, a failed or suspended issue held in the chest as a dead asset. The contrast with the coin, drawn from every quarter and readily reckoned, marks the difference between a metal money good everywhere and a paper credit good only on the island and now not even there.

248

242

October 2 1758

At a Consultation held on Monday the 2 day of

October 1758 at the Castle

Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governor

John Adamson Lieutenant Governor

Lieutenant John Clark of Council

The last Consultation was read approved and signed dated the 25 September

1758

Mrs Ann Leech applyed to us to Administer

to her late husbands Effects, he having died Intestate

Granted and directed the Secretary to prepare

Letters of Administration for her accordingly, She giving a Bond with

Richard Harper her Brother for a just disposal

The Executors of the Last Will and Testament

of Joseph Thompson Sea man this day presented the said Will

desiring that it might be proved, which was accordingly done upon

the Oaths of the Witnesses thereto, the Will is as follows Vizt

In the Name of God amen I Joseph Thompson otherwise Joseph

Steward late of the Honorable the United East India Companys Ship

the Triton, Captain Francis Harris Commander being now on this Island

St Helena of a Sick and weak Estate in health but of sound and

well disposing mind memory and understanding do hereby make and publish

this my last will and testament in manner and form following (that is to say)

First

Imprimis I will and desire that all my Just debts and funeral Expences may be paid

and discharged out of the Wages due from the said Ship Triton to me as a Seaman at

the rate of forty five Shillings p Month

Item

All the rest and residue of my said Wages and all and Singular other my real

and personal Estate Goods Chattles Sum and thume of money whatsoever and

and wheresoever and of what nature or kind soever I hereby give devise and

bequeath unto my brother Henry Thompson and my Sister Margaret Thompson

both of Newcastle upon Tyne in the County of Northumberland equally to be

devised between them Share and Share alike And Thereby also give and bequeath

unto my said Brother and Sister that money which at my decease Shall remain

out of the Sum of Thirty pounds left in the Hands of Doctor Robert Barclay at

St Helena after the payment of my Expences in the Hospital And Thereby

Constitute and appoint my said Brother and Sister Executors and Executrix of this my

Will and desire all the Governor and Council of this Island Trustees and

The council met at the Castle on Monday 2 October 1758, with Governor Hutchinson, Lieutenant Governor John Adamson and Lieutenant John Clark present. The previous consultation was read, approved and signed, dated 25 September 1758.

Ann Leech applied to administer the effects of her late husband, he having died intestate. The council granted the application and directed the secretary to prepare letters of administration for her accordingly, she giving a bond with Richard Harper, her brother, for a just disposal.

The executors of the last will and testament of Joseph Thompson, seaman, this day presented the will, that it might be proved, which was done upon the oaths of the witnesses. The will ran as follows.

In the name of God, amen. Joseph Thompson, otherwise Joseph Steuard, formerly of the Company's ship Triton, Captain Francis Harris commander, being now on the island of St Helena, of a sick and weak estate in health but of sound mind, made his last will and testament as follows.

The next passage is the first item of the will.

First, he willed and desired that all his just debts and funeral expenses might be paid and discharged out of the wages due to him from the ship Triton as a seaman, at the rate of 45 shillings per month.

The next passage is the second item, which does not name a ship.

Item, all the rest and residue of his wages and all other his real and personal estate, goods and chattels, sum and sums of money whatsoever and of what nature soever, he gave and bequeathed to his brother Henry Thompson and his sister Margaret Thompson, both of Nescastle upon Tyne in the county of Northumberland, equally to be divided between them share and share alike. He also gave and bequeathed to his brother and sister that money which at his decease should remain out of the sum of £30 left in the hands of Mr Robert Barclay at St Helena, after the payment of his expenses in the hospital, and constituted and appointed his brother and sister executor and executrix of his will, and the Governor and council of the island trustees.

Interpretations

The two matters concern the settling of dead men's affairs, the grant of administration to a widow whose husband left no will and the proving of a seaman's will before the council, the settlement acting as the place where the estates of the dead were wound up and secured. The council's issue of letters of administration to Ann Leech, on her giving a bond with her brother for a just disposal, shows the ordinary form of intestate succession, the widow empowered to gather and distribute her husband's effects under a surety against her mishandling them. The proving of Thompson's will upon the oaths of its witnesses marks the parallel form for a man who left a testament, the council serving as the island's court of probate.

The seaman's will lays out the disposal of a sailor's estate, his wages from the Triton the chief of his goods, charged first with his debts and funeral and the residue left to a brother and sister at Newcastle. The naming of his wages at forty-five shillings a month as the fund from which his debts were to be paid marks the sailor's pay as his principal property, the money owed him by the ship the substance of what he had to leave. The double name he bore, Thompson otherwise Steuard, points to a man who had served or lived under an alias, common enough among seamen who might ship under a name not their own.

The £30 left in the hands of the surgeon Robert Barclay, charged with the man's hospital expenses and the remainder to pass to his kin, shows the seaman dying ashore under the surgeon's care, his money placed with the surgeon to meet the cost of his treatment. The appointment of the Governor and council as trustees of the will marks the settlement standing surety for the execution of a dead traveller's wishes, the executors being far off at Newcastle and the island's government undertaking to see the estate rightly conveyed. The whole shows St Helena as the place where the affairs of men who died on the long sea passages were gathered up and their goods secured for kin an ocean away.

249

243

October 9 1758

Overseers thereof humbly desiring they will please to see the same performed

and that what Effects I shall at my decease be remitted to England to my

said Brother and Sister, And I do hereby revoke all former Wills by me at

any time heretofore made and declare this (only) to be my last Will and testamt

In witness whereof I the said Joseph Thompson have hereunto set my

hand and Seal this Second day of September in the year of our Lord one

thousand seven hundred and fifty Eight

Signd Sealed publisshed

and declared by the said

Joseph Thompson otherwise

Steward in the presence of us

who at his request and in his

presence have Subscribed our

names as Witnesses three

Words being first interlined

(Signed)

Joseph Thompson

Thos Williams

Thos Ferris

P Drenn Do

Cha Hutchinson

John Adamson

John Clark

At a Consultation held on Monday the 9 day of October 1758 at

the Castle

Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governor

John Adamson Lieutenant Governor

Lieutenant John Clark of Council

The last Consultation was read approved and signed dated the 2 of October

1758

Friday the 6 died Margaret the Wife of Francis Wrangham

Planter

The Widow of the Late John Leech this day presented an

Inventory of his Effects appraized by Messrs Nathan Sample Charles Epsing and

The will of Joseph Thompson continued to its close, the testator appointing the Governor and council overseers and desiring his wishes carried out, and that whatever effects should remain at his death be remitted to England to his brother and sister. He revoked all former wills made by him at any time before, and declared this only to be his last will and testament. In witness he set his hand and seal on 2 September 1758.

The will was signed, sealed, published and declared by Joseph Thompson, otherwise Steuard, in the presence of the witnesses, who at his request and in his presence subscribed their names, the word three being first interlined. The witnesses were Thomas Williams, Thomas Ferris and John Dunn. The proving was signed by Charles Hutchinson, John Adamson and John Clark.

The council met at the Castle on Monday 9 October 1758, with Governor Hutchinson, Lieutenant Governor John Adamson and Lieutenant John Clark present. The previous consultation was read, approved and signed, dated 2 October 1758.

On Friday 6 instant Margaret, the wife of Francis Wrangham, a planter, died.

The widow of the late John Leech this day presented an inventory of his effects, appraised by Nathan Sample and Charles Pysing.

Interpretations

The closing of the will completes the seaman's disposal of his estate, the appointment of the Governor and council as overseers set beside their earlier naming as trustees, the settlement's government undertaking to see the man's effects gathered and sent home to his kin in England. The direction that whatever remained be remitted to England marks the island's function as the point from which a dead traveller's goods were forwarded across the world, the council standing between the man who died on the sea road and the family who would inherit an ocean away. The revocation of all former wills and the declaration of this as the last mark the ordinary form of a testament, the instrument made good against any earlier disposal.

The note of the word three interlined before signing marks the care taken in proving a will, the clerk recording the alteration made to the document so that no later doubt could be cast on its integrity. Such attention to an interlineation shows the strictness with which the council treated the instruments it proved, every change to the text noted and accounted for lest the will be challenged, the more important where the executors were far off and could not easily defend it. The formality reflects the weight the settlement gave to securing the wishes of the dead against dispute.

The presenting of an inventory of John Leech's effects, appraised by two named men, marks the next step in the administration granted to his widow at the previous meeting, the goods of the intestate valued by appraisers so that the estate could be justly distributed. The appraisal by neighbours or fellow settlers was the ordinary means of fixing the worth of a dead man's goods, an independent valuation on which the division among the heirs and creditors could proceed. The recurrence of deaths through these consultations, three wives of settlers in as many weeks, marks the constant mortality of the small community, the council's records tracking the losses among the free inhabitants as closely as among the garrison and the slaves.

250

244

Thomas Bagley Junr the Widow being Sworn that she produced every

Article belonging to her deceased Husband, and the appraisers that they

Valued every thing to the best of their Judgement, it was ordered to be entered

in the Book kept for that purpose

William Paddom having agreed with William Moore

for the term to come on his Leave hold Land, desired he might be

accepted Tenant to the Honorable Company for the same

Granted

The Executors of the Will of the late John Bazett

deceased desired Liberty to dispose of 23½ Acres Leave hold Land

for the Benefit of the Orphans of the said John Bazett

Granted

Cha Hutchinson

John Adamson

John Clark

At a Consultation held on Wednesday the 11 day of October 1758

at the Castle

Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governr

John Adamson Lieutenant Governor

Lieutenant John Clark of Council

The last Consultation was read approved and signed dated the

9th October 1758

According to the Advertizement published

the 4th September Last, the Planters this day attended and paid

their Rents and Revenues due to the Honorable Company for the

Year past which amounting to £ 60 17 5 the Rent Roll is

as follows Vizt

The inventory of John Leech's effects was taken by Thomas Bagley junior, the widow being sworn that she had produced every article belonging to her deceased husband, and the appraisers that they had valued everything to the best of their judgement, and it was ordered to be entered in the book kept for that purpose.

William Paddom, having agreed with William Moore for the term to come on his lease land, desired that he might be accepted tenant to the Company for it, which the council granted.

The executor of the will of the late John Bazett desired liberty to dispose of 23½ acres of leasehold land for the benefit of the orphans of the said John Bazett, which the council granted. The order was signed by Charles Hutchinson, John Adamson and John Clark.

The council met at the Castle on Wednesday 11 October 1758, with Governor Hutchinson, Lieutenant Governor John Adamson and Lieutenant John Clark present. The previous consultation was read, approved and signed, dated 9 October 1758.

Following the advertisement published on 4 September, the planters this day attended and paid their rents and revenues due to the Company for the year past, amounting to £860 17s 5d, the rent roll running as follows.

Interpretations

The three land matters show the working of the island's leasehold system, held wholly of the Company and passing among the settlers by agreement, sale and inheritance, every transfer brought to the council for consent and record. The acceptance of Paddom as tenant on land he had agreed to take over from Moore marks the formal substitution of one leaseholder for another, the council admitting the new tenant to the Company's lease so that the rent and obligations passed to him. This same Paddom, lately caught in the theft of the Company's pigs and given leave to sell his holding and quit the island, here appears taking on other land, the record showing the mixed and shifting dealings of a single settler across the consultations.

The disposal of 23½ acres for the benefit of John Bazett's orphans marks the settlement's care for the property of dead men's children, the executor empowered to sell the leasehold and turn it to the maintenance of the fatherless heirs. The council's grant of liberty to make the sale shows its oversight of estates in which minors had an interest, the land converted to a form that could support the orphans rather than left idle in their name. The provision for the children of the dead reflects the settlement's function in securing the interests of heirs who could not act for themselves.

The rent day itself, the planters attending to pay their yearly dues in answer to the advertisement of the previous month, marks the annual reckoning on which the Company's revenue from the island rested. The whole body of settlers came in together to discharge the rents owed for the land they held of the Company, the sum of £860 17s 5d gathered on the one day and set out in the rent roll that followed. This yearly collection was the return the Company drew from its ownership of the island's soil, the inhabitants its tenants and the annual rent the price of the ground they farmed, the audit day the fixed occasion on which the whole was brought in and recorded.

251

245

11 October 1758

List of the Honorable Companys Rents and Revenues for the

Year ending the 11th October 1758 Viz

John Alexander

Ground rent 0, Fine 7½, Yam 70½

10 3 6

Samuel Alexander

34, 37½

11 1 6

George Alexander

28, 22

6 10

Margaret Alcock 1½ a 20/ p Ann

28, 0, 2½

1 5

Christopherous Beal 10/6

10 7½

2 18

Richard Beale 5 a 4/ p Acre

5/, 41½, 38½

11 13 7½

John Bagley

0, 36

9

Richard Bagley 3 a 1/6 p Ann 12 a 4/ p Do

55, 140

36 12 6

Orlando Bagley Junr 4 a 1/6 p Acre

20, 44½

11 9 9

Matthias Bazett 3½ a 1/ p Acre

10/, 65, 37½

12 6

Henry Bazett 8 a 4/ p Acre

74½, 38½

12 19 3

John Bazetts Orphs

40, 23½

7 17 6

Robert Ballara

15½

15 6

William Brownham Orphs

29, 14

4 19

John Bland

10, 15½

4 8 4

John Clark 3 at 4/ p Acre

21/6, 19, 60

27 3

Thomas Catgeous

3, 90½

21 16 9

Samuel Doveton 2½ at 1/6

86½, 9

9 6 3

Jonathan Doveton 2½ at 1/6

61½, 12

5 13

Isaac Doveton

8

John Doveton

86½, 1

4 11 6

Joseph Dagfountain Orphs

20, 37

15 5

Elizabeths Dagfountain

11

2 15

John Dagfountain

93½, 24½

10 15 9

Thomas Cauthopen Orphs

25, 44

12 5

Michael Frost 15/

15

Sarah Fenge

1

5

Richard Goodwin

463, 27

9 1 6

Thomas Greenter 33½ at 4/ p Acre

9/, 76½, 60

17 8

James Greenter

48, 55

16 3

Christopherous Gyrlings Orphs

23, 9

1 16 6

Richard Gyrlings Orphs 6¼ at 6 8 p Acre

16, 36

8 7 10½

321 12 6

The rent roll set out the Company's rents and revenues for the year ending 11 October 1758, each tenant charged for ground rent and for trees, with the sum owed. The columns are ground rent, trees and the sum in pounds, shillings and pence.

List of the Honourable Company’s rents and revenues for the year ending 11 October 1758

John Alexander: 7¼ ground rent, 70½ trees, £10 3s 6d

Samuel Alexander: 34 ground rent, 37½ trees, £11 1s 6d

George Alexander: 28 ground rent, 22 trees, £6 10s 0d

Margaret Alcock, trees 1½ at 20d per tree: 20 ground rent, 2½ trees, £1 5s 0d

Christopherous Beal: 10s 6d ground rent, 10 trees 7½, £2 18s 0d

Richard Beale, trees 5 at 4d per tree: 5s ground rent, 41½ ground rent, 38½ trees, £11 13s 7½d

John Bagley: 36 trees, £9 0s 0d

Richard Bagley, 3 at 1s 6d per tree, 12 at 4d the same: 55 ground rent, 140 trees, £36 12s 6d

Orlando Bagley junior, 4 at 1s 6d per tree: 20 ground rent, 44½ trees, £11 9s 9d

Matthew Bazett, 3½ at 1s per tree: 10s ground rent, 65 ground rent, 37½ trees, £12 0s 6d

Henry Bazett, 8 at 4d per tree: 74½ ground rent, 38½ trees, £12 19s 3d

John Bazett, orphans: 40 ground rent, 23½ trees, £7 17s 6d

Robert Ballard: 15½ ground rent, £15 6d

William Brownham, orphans: 29 ground rent, 14 trees, £4 19s 0d

John Bland: 10 ground rent, 15½ trees, £4 8s 4d

John Clark, 3 at 4d per acre: 24s 6d ground rent, 19 ground rent, 22 trees, 60 trees, £27 3s 0d

Thomas Cathrow: 3 ground rent, 90½ trees, £24 16s 9d

Samuel Doveton, 2¼ at 1s 6d: 86½ ground rent, 9 trees, £9 6s 3d

Jonathan Doveton, 2¼ at 1s 6d: 61½ ground rent, 12 trees, £5 13s 0d

Isaac Doveton: 8 ground rent

John Doveton: 86½ ground rent, 1 tree, £4 11s 6d

Joseph Dasfountain, orphans: 20 ground rent, 57 trees, £15 5s 0d

Elizabeth Dasfountain: 11 ground rent, £2 15s 0d

John Dasfountain: 93½ ground rent, 24½ trees, £10 15s 9d

Thomas Cathrope, orphans: 25 ground rent, 44 trees, £12 5s 0d

Michael Frost: 15s ground rent, £15 0d

Sarah Fenge: 1 tree, £5s 0d

Richard Goodwin: 463 ground rent, 27 trees, £9 1s 6d

Thomas Greentree, 33½ at 4d per acre: 9s ground rent, 76 ground rent, 360 trees, £17 8s 0d

James Greentree: 48 ground rent, 55 trees, £16 3s 0d

Christopherous Gorlings, orphans: 23 ground rent, 9 trees, £1 16s 6d

Richard Gorlings, orphans, 6¼ at 6d per acre: 16 ground rent, 36 trees, £8 7s 10½d

Total, £321 12s 6d

Interpretations

The rent roll sets out the yearly dues owed by each tenant of the island, charged under two heads, a ground rent for the land held and a separate charge reckoned on the trees standing on it. The taxing of trees apart from the land marks the value the Company set on timber and fruit trees in a place where wood was scarce and every planted tree a thing of worth, the holdings assessed not only for their ground but for what grew on them. This double charge shows the close reckoning of the island's resources, the Company drawing revenue from the standing timber as well as the soil beneath it.

The frequent entries for orphans, the holdings of the children of Bazett, Brownham, Dasfountain, Cathrope and Gorlings all charged in the roll, mark the number of families in which the father had died leaving minor heirs, the land held in the orphans' name and the rent owed on it still. The recurrence of these orphaned holdings across a single year's roll measures the heavy mortality among the settlers, so many holdings passing to fatherless children that the orphan's estate was a common feature of the island's landholding. The Company charged the rent on these holdings as on any other, the children's land bearing its due while held for them.

The recurrence of a few surnames through the roll, the several Alexanders, Bagleys, Bazetts, Dovetons, Dasfountains and Greentrees, marks the small number of established families among whom the island's land was chiefly held. A settlement of this size rested on a handful of planter families, their holdings scattered through the roll and their name recurring as the land passed among branches and generations. This concentration of the island's ground in few hands shows the settled core of the free population, a body of related families holding the greater part of the land against the more transient soldiers and servants who passed through the island's service.

252

246

11 October

Brought over

Ground rent, Leave Land, Fine Leave Land

321 12 6

Gabriel Harpers Orphs

11, 45

11 16

Thomas Hare Orphs

30, 4

2 10

Thomas Harper Junr

19, 38

10 9

Martin Harpers Orphs

6, 5½, 45

14 10 10

Thomas Harper 10/

10

Richard Harper 2/6

2 6

Gabriel Isaac

8

2

Elisha Isaacks

35, 5

2 10

Mary Ivens 12/

12

Thomas Kirkpatrick 2/4

21, 19½

7 12 6

Samuel Knipe

30½, 17½

6 6 3

Isaac Knipe

16

4

William Kennedy 13/

13

Eleanor Leech 12/

12

John Leell

36

9

Bridget Leech 2/6

2 6

Mary Marin

13½

3 8 9

Benjamin Mason

11, 0½

5 3 6

William Moore 5/

5

James Powll

30, 21½

6 17 6

Matthew Bceling 6 a 1/ p Acre

103½, 07½

22 3

Benjn Bceling Orphs 3 Acres at 4/ p Acre

5, 18½

4 15 9

William Paxson

7½

1 17 6

John Pritchard 10/

10

James Pritchard

7

John Robinson 2/6

2 6

William Leele 5½ a 1/6 p Acre

7, 44

10 7 9

Benjn Seale

7½

1 16 3

John Seals Orphs

7½

2 6

Nathan Sample

25, 0½

3 7 6

James Torbett 12/

12

John Swaits Orphs

9, 30½

10 1 6

463 10 1

The rent roll continued, each tenant charged for ground rent, lease land and free land, with the sum owed. The columns are ground rent, lease land, free land and the sum in pounds, shillings and pence.

Brought over, £321 12s 6d

Gabriel Harper, orphans: 11 lease land, 45 free land, £11 16s 0d

Thomas Harper, orphans: 30 lease land, 4 free land, £2 10s 0d

Thomas Harper junior: 19 lease land, 38 free land, £10 9s 0d

Martin Harper, orphans: 63½ lease land, 45 free land, £14 10s 10d

Thomas Harper: 10s ground rent, £10s 0d

Richard Harper: 2s 6d ground rent, £2s 6d

Gabriel Isaac: 8 lease land, £2 0s 0d

Elisha Isaacke: 35 lease land, 5 free land, £2 10s 0d

Mary Isaac: 12s ground rent, £12s 0d

Thomas Kirkpatrick: 2s 4d ground rent, 21 lease land, 19½ free land, £7 2s 6d

Samuel Knipe: 30½ lease land, 17½ free land, £6 6s 3d

Isaac Knipe: 16 free land, £4 0s 0d

William Kennedy: 13s ground rent, £13s 0d

Eleanor Leech: 12s ground rent, £12s 0d

John Leech: 36 lease land, £9 0s 0d

Bridget Leech: 2s 6d ground rent, £2s 6d

Mary Marin: 134 lease land, 3 free land, £8 9s 0d

Benjamin Mason: 11 lease land, 6½ free land, £5 0s 6d

William Moore: 5s ground rent, £5s 0d

James Powell: 30 lease land, 21½ free land, £6 17s 6d

Matthew Bewling, 6 at 1s 7½d per acre: 133½ lease land, 67½ free land, £22 3s 0d

Benjamin Pledger, orphans, 3 at 1s 4d per acre: 5 lease land, 18½ free land, £4 5s 9d

William Paddom: 7½ lease land, £1 17s 6d

John Pritchard: 10s ground rent, £10s 0d

James Pritchard: 7s 6d ground rent, £7s 6d

John Robenson: 2s 6d ground rent, £2s 6d

William Leech, trees 5½ at 1s 6d per tree: 7 lease land, 44 free land, £10 7s 9d

Benjamin Seale: 7½ lease land, £1 16s 3d

John Seale, orphans: 10 lease land, 7½ free land, £2 17s 6d

Nathan Sample: 25 lease land, 82 free land, £3 7s 6d

James Torbett: 12s ground rent, £12s 0d

John Swaite, orphans: 9 ground rent, 30½ lease land, £1 6s 0d

Total, £468 10s 1d

Interpretations

The roll here divides the land into two kinds, lease land and free land, charged in separate columns, marking a distinction in the tenure by which the island's ground was held. Lease land was held on a term from the Company at a rent, while free land appears to have been held on a different and perhaps more permanent footing, the two charged apart in the roll so that each holding's mix of tenure could be reckoned. This division shows the island's landholding as a layered system, some ground held on lease and some on a freer title, the Company drawing its rent from both but distinguishing the terms on which each was held.

The continued frequency of orphaned holdings, the lands of the several Harper children, of Pledger, Seale and Swaite all held for orphans, again marks the heavy mortality among the settler families and the number of holdings passing to fatherless heirs. The Harper name in particular recurs across a cluster of entries, several branches and orphaned lines all charged in the roll, showing a single family spread across many holdings with its land divided among the living and the orphaned alike. The persistence of these orphan entries measures the toll the island took on its free population, so many farms held in the name of children who had lost their fathers.

The reappearance of William Paddom charged for lease land, the same settler caught in the theft of the Company's pigs and given leave to quit the island, shows the man still holding ground at the year's reckoning despite his troubles. The rent roll captures the settled state of the island's landholding at a fixed moment, every tenant charged for what he held whatever his standing or his dealings through the year, the roll a plain register of tenure that took no account of the character of the tenant. The whole shows the Company's steady drawing of revenue from its ownership of the island's soil, the annual rent gathered from every holder of its ground.

253

247

11 October

Brought over

Ground rent, Free Land acres, Leave Land acres

468 10 1

John Worrall

Leave Land 42½

10 12 6

Francis Wrangham Senr

Ground rent 40/6, Free Land 218 4/3, Leave Land 123½

43 16 10

Francis Wrangham Junr 6 at a Pepper Corn

Free Land 39, Leave Land 6

1 19

William Wrangham

Free Land 27½, Leave Land 20½

6 10 4

David Willsons Orphs 10/

10

Joshua Woralls Orphs

Free Land 31, Leave Land 33

9 16

Joseph Waleys Orphs

Free Land 13, Leave Land 23½

5 17 11

Stephen Young

Free Land 10, Leave Land 8½

2 12 6

William Young 5/

Free Land 79½, Leave Land 25

10 9 6

Free Land 2205 4/4, Leave Land 1820½, 560 17 5

Cha Hutchinson

John Adamson

John Clark

At a Consultation held on Thursday the 12 of October 1758 at the

Castle

Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governr

John Adamson Lieutenant Governr

Lieutenant John Clark of Council

The Last Consultation was read approved and signed dated the 11 October

1758

We this day Executed three Leases to the following

Persons Vizt

John Jacks

John Legg

Gilbert Clough

Cha Hutchinson

John Adamson

John Clark

At a Consultation held on Monday the 16 day of October 1758

at the Castle

Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governr

John Adamson Lieutenant Governr

Lieutenant John Clark of Council

The Last Consultation was read approved and signed dated the 12

October 1758

The Land that Mr Bceling petitioned for on the 25 of

last Month, having been viewed and it being Cheifly Warren and of no detriment

to the Honorable Company or to the Neighbourhood and only designed for the

Conveniency of Fencing we have therefore granted Mr Bceling a Lease for it for

Twenty one years at the rent of 7/ p Acre annualy

Granted at the same Time a Lease to Mrs Sarah Ivry

for four Acres at five Shillings p Acre, and seven Acres to Mr Benjn Mason

at five Shillings p Acre

Cha Hutchinson

John Adamson

John Clark

The rent roll continued to its close, each tenant charged for ground rent, free land and lease land, with the sum owed. The columns are ground rent, free land, lease land and the sum in pounds, shillings and pence.

Brought over, £468 10s 1d

John Worrall: 42½ lease land, £10 12s 6d

Francis Wrangham senior: 40s 6d ground rent, 218⅔ free land, 123½ lease land, £43 16s 10d

Francis Wrangham junior, 6 at a peppercorn per acre: 39 free land, 6 lease land, £1 19s 0d

William Wrangham: 27½ free land, 20½ lease land, £6 10s 4d

David Wilson, orphans: 10s ground rent, £10s 0d

Joshua Worrall, orphans: 31 free land, 33 lease land, £9 16s 0d

Joseph Waley, orphans: 1½ free land, 23½ lease land, £5 17s 11d

Stephen Young: 10 free land, 8½ lease land, £2 12s 6d

William Young: 5s ground rent, 79½ free land, 25 lease land, £10 9s 6d

Total, 2,205¾ free land, 1,020½ lease land, £560 17s 5d

The rent roll was signed by Charles Hutchinson, John Adamson and John Clark.

The council met at the Castle on Thursday 12 October 1758, with Governor Hutchinson, Lieutenant Governor John Adamson and Lieutenant John Clark present. The previous consultation was read, approved and signed, dated 11 October 1758.

The council this day executed three leases to John Jacks, John Legg and Gilbert Clough. The order was signed by Charles Hutchinson, John Adamson and John Clark.

The council met at the Castle on Monday 16 October 1758, with Governor Hutchinson, Lieutenant Governor John Adamson and Lieutenant John Clark present. The previous consultation was read, approved and signed, dated 12 October 1758.

The land that Matthew Bewling petitioned for on 25 of last month, having been viewed and being chiefly warren and of no detriment to the Company or to the neighbourhood, and wanted only for the convenience of fencing, the council granted Bewling a lease for it for twenty-one years at the rent of 7s per acre annually. At the same time the council granted a lease to Sarah Isaac for four acres at five shillings per acre, and seven acres to Benjamin Mason at five shillings per acre.

Interpretations

The close of the rent roll carries the total of the whole year's rents to £560 17s 5d, the sum of all the island's holdings gathered into a single reckoning, with the aggregate acreage of free and lease land set out at the foot. The separate totalling of the two kinds of land, more than two thousand acres of free land against a thousand of lease land, measures the balance of the island's tenure, the greater part held on the freer title and a smaller portion on lease. This final tally gave the Company the full measure of its revenue from the island's soil and the extent of land held under each form, the yearly audit closed in a single controlling sum.

The grant of Bewling's petition, viewed and allowed after the order of the previous month, shows the completion of the process by which the island's waste ground was taken into private hands. The land found chiefly warren, the rough ground where rabbits were kept or bred, and judged of no detriment to the Company or the neighbourhood, was let for a long term at a modest rent, the settler gaining his scrap of poor land for the convenience of fencing his holding. The twenty-one year lease marks the standard term on which such ground was granted, a long tenure giving the tenant security to improve and enclose the marginal land.

The leases granted at the same meeting to Sarah Isaac and Benjamin Mason, small parcels let at a fixed rate per acre, show the steady disposal of the island's land in modest lots to its inhabitants. The setting of a uniform rent of five shillings the acre for these grants marks the Company's ordinary rate for such land, the ground let out piece by piece to the settlers who sought it. The whole sequence, the rent roll closed and fresh leases granted in the same days, shows the island's land system in full working, the old holdings reckoned and charged while new ground passed into tenure, the Company drawing its revenue from the soil at every turn.

254

248

At a Consultation held on Monday the 23 day of October

1758 at the Castle

Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governr

John Adamson Lieutenant Governr

Lieutenant John Clark of Council

The last Consultation was read approved and signed dated

16th October 1758

Saturday 21st Instant died Thomas Leech

Son of Ann Merchant

The Stewards Plantation and Gunners Accounts

were this day brought in which were Examined and approved and are

as follows vizt

Sundrys Expended at the Honorable Companys Table

in the Month Ending the 11 of October 1758

16 Bottles of Port Wine

1 2 4

18 Do Lisbon

1 5 1½

14 Do Mountain

18 11½

10 Do Madeira

1 4 8¾

63 Do Arrack

2 2 8

40 Do Beer

8 4

276 Pounds Flour

2 3

169 Pounds Fresh beef

2 7 3

424¾ Pounds Mutton

8 16 11¾

2 Lambs

1

49 Pounds Goat

16 4

11 Fowls

16 6

3 Ducks

4 6

2 Geese

10

6 Pieces Salt Pork

12

56 Pounds Butter

2 16

2 Pieces Salt beef

5 6

9½ Pounds Candy

1 11 4

£ 28 18 9½

The council met at the Castle on Monday 23 October 1758, with Governor Hutchinson, Lieutenant Governor John Adamson and Lieutenant John Clark present. The previous consultation was read, approved and signed, dated 16 October 1758.

On Saturday 21 instant Thomas Leek, son of Ann Merchant, died.

The stewards, plantation and gunners accounts were brought in this day, examined and approved, and ran as follows.

Sundries expended at the Honourable Company’s table in the month ending 11 October 1758

16 bottles of port wine, £1 2s 4d

18 bottles of Lisbon, £1 5s 1½d

14 bottles of mountain, £0 18s 11½d

10 bottles of Madeira, £1 4s 8¾d

63 bottles of arrack, £2 2s 8d

40 bottles of beer, £0 8s 4d

276 lb of flour, £2 0s 3d

169 lb of fresh beef, £2 7s 3d

424¾ lb of mutton, £8 16s 11¾d

2 lambs, £1 0s 0d

49 lb of goat, £0 16s 4d

11 fowls, £0 16s 6d

3 ducks, £0 4s 6d

2 geese, £0 10s 0d

6 pieces of salt pork, £0 12s 0d

56 lb of butter, £2 16s 0d

2 pieces of salt beef, £0 5s 6d

94 lb of candy, £1 11s 4d

Total, £28 18s 9½d

Interpretations

The account records the provisions consumed at the governor's table over the month, the establishment kept for the Company's senior officers and their guests, set out to charge the cost against the Company. The month again leans heavily on mutton, the sheep furnishing the greater part of the fresh meat as in the previous month, the lambing season still filling out the flocks and allowing the table to draw on the sheep while the cattle were spared. The fresh beef appears in smaller quantity beside it, the board fed chiefly from the flocks with a portion of the herd, the mix of meat following the state of the island's stock through the season.

The wines head the account as before, the port and Lisbon and mountain and Madeira of the Portuguese and Atlantic trade, carried to the island on the passing ships and forming the drink of the governor's table. The steady recurrence of the same wines month after month, drawn in much the same quantities, marks the settled pattern of the establishment's consumption, the board furnished to a fixed standard whatever the traffic of the road. The arrack from the Indian settlements again sits beside the finer wines as the cheaper spirit of the eastern trade, a constant of the table's provision.

The account, weighed against the plain fare of the garrison and the yams issued to the slaves, again measures the distance between the governor's establishment and the mass of the island's people. The candy and butter, the several wines and the fresh meat mark a table kept at a gentleman's standard on a remote island, the cost reckoned a necessary charge of the office and recorded month by month among the settlement's accounts. The regularity of these table accounts, brought in with the stock and gunners accounts each month, shows the maintenance of the governor's board treated as a fixed and audited part of the Company's establishment on the island.

255

249

Account of the Honorable Companys Stock of neat Cattle &ca from the 12th of September to the 11th of October 1758 Vizt

Neat Cattle: Bulls, Cows, Calves, Yearlings, Weathers, Steers, Oxen, Total; Sheep: Ewes, Weathers, Lambs, Rams, Total; Goats: Ewes, Weathers, Kids, Rams, Total; Hogs: Sows, Shoats, Pigs, Boars, Total; Poultry: Fowls, Ducks, Turkeys, Geese; Horses: Horses, Mares, Total; Asses: Ashes, Ashes, Total

Remaining 12th: Bulls 4, Cows 103, Calves 135, Yearlings 33, Weathers 11, Steers 24, Oxen 20, Total 330, Ewes 317, Weathers 118, Lambs 250, Rams 8, Total 693, Ewes 194, Weathers 23, Kids 124, Rams 8, Total 349, Sows 5, Shoats 3, Pigs 20, Boars 1, Total 29, Fowls 147, Ducks 46, Turkeys 10, Geese 31, Horses 6, Mares 5, Total 11, Ashes 3, Ashes 2, Total 5

Encreased: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 31, Yearlings 0, Weathers 0, Steers 0, Oxen 0, Total 31, Ewes 0, Weathers 0, Lambs 57, Rams 0, Total 57, Ewes 0, Weathers 0, Kids 13, Rams 0, Total 13, Sows 0, Shoats 0, Pigs 3, Boars 0, Total 3, Fowls 43, Ducks 16, Turkeys 0, Geese 20, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0, Ashes 0, Ashes 1, Total 1

Total: Bulls 4, Cows 103, Calves 166, Yearlings 33, Weathers 11, Steers 24, Oxen 20, Total 361, Ewes 317, Weathers 118, Lambs 307, Rams 8, Total 750, Ewes 194, Weathers 23, Kids 137, Rams 8, Total 362, Sows 5, Shoats 3, Pigs 23, Boars 1, Total 32, Fowls 190, Ducks 62, Turkeys 10, Geese 51, Horses 6, Mares 5, Total 11, Ashes 4, Ashes 2, Total 6

Killed: Bulls 0, Cows 1, Calves 0, Yearlings 0, Weathers 1, Steers 0, Oxen 2, Total 2, Ewes 8, Weathers 8, Lambs 2, Rams 0, Total 18, Ewes 0, Weathers 7, Kids 0, Rams 0, Total 7, Sows 0, Shoats 0, Pigs 0, Boars 0, Total 0, Fowls 11, Ducks 3, Turkeys 0, Geese 2, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0, Ashes 0, Ashes 0, Total 0

Died: Bulls 1, Cows 1, Calves 0, Yearlings 0, Weathers 1, Steers 0, Oxen 0, Total 1, Ewes 3, Weathers 0, Lambs 0, Rams 0, Total 3, Ewes 4, Weathers 2, Kids 0, Rams 0, Total 6, Sows 0, Shoats 0, Pigs 0, Boars 0, Total 0, Fowls 2, Ducks 0, Turkeys 0, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0, Ashes 0, Ashes 0, Total 0

Stole: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 0, Yearlings 0, Weathers 0, Steers 0, Oxen 0, Total 0, Ewes 0, Weathers 0, Lambs 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Ewes 0, Weathers 0, Kids 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Sows 0, Shoats 0, Pigs 0, Boars 0, Total 0, Fowls 0, Ducks 0, Turkeys 0, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0, Ashes 0, Ashes 0, Total 0

Sold: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 0, Yearlings 0, Weathers 0, Steers 0, Oxen 0, Total 0, Ewes 0, Weathers 0, Lambs 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Ewes 0, Weathers 0, Kids 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Sows 0, Shoats 0, Pigs 0, Boars 0, Total 0, Fowls 0, Ducks 0, Turkeys 0, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0, Ashes 0, Ashes 0, Total 0

Remaining 11th: Bulls 4, Cows 102, Calves 165, Yearlings 33, Weathers 11, Steers 23, Oxen 20, Total 358, Ewes 306, Weathers 110, Lambs 305, Rams 8, Total 729, Ewes 190, Weathers 14, Kids 137, Rams 8, Total 349, Sows 5, Shoats 3, Pigs 23, Boars 1, Total 32, Fowls 177, Ducks 59, Turkeys 9, Geese 49, Horses 6, Mares 5, Total 11, Ashes 4, Ashes 2, Total 6

Species Changed: Bulls 6, Cows 117, Calves 95, Yearlings 43, Weathers 34, Steers 37, Oxen 26, Total 358, Ewes 387, Weathers 168, Lambs 166, Rams 8, Total 729, Ewes 217, Weathers 65, Kids 61, Rams 6, Total 349, Sows 5, Shoats 3, Pigs 23, Boars 1, Total 32, Fowls 177, Ducks 59, Turkeys 9, Geese 49, Horses 6, Mares 5, Total 11, Ashes 4, Ashes 2, Total 6

5 Sheep killed for the Hospital

2 Goats Do

1 Do Sick Slaves

1 Goat Sold to Mr Adamson is 18/

1 Steer killed for the Table

11 Sheep Do

2 Lambs

One Man Slave died Named

Good Yam to the Slaves 22760

Refuse Do for Stock 8150

30910

EE

(Signed) J Adamson

The account set out the Company's stock of cattle and other livestock from 12 September to 11 October 1758, the headings being neat cattle, sheep, goats, hogs, poultry, horses and asses, and the columns showing the categories within each.

Account of the Honourable Company’s stock of neat cattle and other livestock from 12 September to 11 October 1758

Remaining 12 September, neat cattle: 4 bulls, 103 cows, 135 calves, 33 yearlings, 11 heifers, 24 steers, 20 oxen, total 330

Remaining 12 September, sheep: 317 ewes, 118 wethers, 250 lambs, 8 rams, total 693

Remaining 12 September, goats: 194 ewes, 23 wethers, 124 kids, 8 rams, total 349

Remaining 12 September, hogs: 5 sows, 3 shoats, 20 pigs, 1 boar, total 29

Remaining 12 September, poultry: 147 fowls, 46 ducks, 10 turkeys, 31 geese

Remaining 12 September, horses: 6 horses, 5 mares, total 11

Remaining 12 September, asses: 3 she asses, 2 he asses, total 5

Increased, neat cattle: 31 calves, total 31

Increased, sheep: 57 lambs, total 57

Increased, goats: 13 kids, total 13

Increased, hogs: 3 pigs, total 3

Increased, poultry: 43 fowls, 16 ducks, total 20

Increased, asses: 1 she ass, total 1

Total, neat cattle: 4 bulls, 103 cows, 166 calves, 33 yearlings, 11 heifers, 24 steers, 20 oxen, total 361

Total, sheep: 317 ewes, 118 wethers, 307 lambs, 8 rams, total 750

Total, goats: 194 ewes, 23 wethers, 137 kids, 8 rams, total 362

Total, hogs: 5 sows, 3 shoats, 23 pigs, 1 boar, total 32

Total, poultry: 190 fowls, 62 ducks, 10 turkeys, 51 geese

Total, horses: 6 horses, 5 mares, total 11

Total, asses: 4 she asses, 2 he asses, total 6

Killed, neat cattle: 1 cow, 1 steer, total 2

Killed, sheep: 8 ewes, 8 wethers, 2 lambs, total 18

Killed, goats: 7 wethers, total 7

Killed, poultry: 11 ducks, 3 turkeys, total 2

Died, neat cattle: 1 bull, 1 cow, total 1

Died, sheep: 3 wethers, total 3

Died, goats: 4 ewes, 2 wethers, total 6

Died, poultry: 2 ducks

Remaining 11 October, neat cattle: 4 bulls, 102 cows, 165 calves, 33 yearlings, 11 heifers, 23 steers, 20 oxen, total 358

Remaining 11 October, sheep: 306 ewes, 110 wethers, 305 lambs, 8 rams, total 729

Remaining 11 October, goats: 190 ewes, 14 wethers, 137 kids, 8 rams, total 349

Remaining 11 October, hogs: 5 sows, 3 shoats, 23 pigs, 1 boar, total 32

Remaining 11 October, poultry: 177 fowls, 59 ducks, 9 turkeys, 49 geese

Remaining 11 October, horses: 6 horses, 5 mares, total 11

Remaining 11 October, asses: 4 she asses, 2 he asses, total 6

Species changed, neat cattle: 6 bulls, 117 cows, 95 calves, 43 yearlings, 34 heifers, 37 steers, 26 oxen, total 358

Species changed, sheep: 387 ewes, 168 wethers, 166 lambs, 8 rams, total 729

Species changed, goats: 217 ewes, 65 wethers, 61 kids, 6 rams, total 349

Species changed, hogs: 5 sows, 3 shoats, 23 pigs, 1 boar, total 32

Species changed, poultry: 177 fowls, 59 ducks, 9 turkeys, 49 geese

Species changed, horses: 6 horses, 5 mares, total 11

Species changed, asses: 4 she asses, 2 he asses, total 6

5 sheep killed for the hospital

2 goats, the same

1 goat, sick slaves

1 goat sold to Mr Adamson, 18s

1 steer killed for the table

11 sheep, the same

2 lambs, the same

One man slave died, named [...]

Good yam to the slaves, 22,760

Refuse yam for stock, 8,150

Total, 30,910

The account was subscribed errors excepted and signed by John Adamson.

Interpretations

The account is the monthly reckoning of the Company's livestock, tracking each kind through its increase, slaughter, deaths and sales so that the closing count could be checked against the opening. The month shows a continued strong increase in the young stock, thirty-one calves and fifty-seven lambs born, the herds and flocks still building through the breeding season. The line at the foot marked species changed appears to reconstitute the several kinds under a fresh reckoning of their categories, the same totals redistributed among the classes of each animal, a periodic adjustment of how the breeding and working stock were counted rather than any change in their number.

The slaughter of the month went chiefly to the hospital and the table, sheep and goats sent to the sick and a steer and eleven sheep killed for the governor's board, the stock drawn on to feed both the ill and the establishment. The absence of any issue to shipping this month, no beef or mutton sent to the ships as in the seasons of heavy traffic, marks a quieter time on the road with fewer vessels to victual, the herds spared the great draughts that the passing fleets demanded. The stock accordingly stood higher at the month's end, the breeding season filling out the numbers while the demand upon them was light.

The yams issued at the foot, the good sort for the slaves and the refuse kept for the stock, again mark the staple food of the island's labouring population and its animals. The goat sent to the sick slaves shows fresh meat directed to those of the labouring people who fell ill, the Company providing for its slaves in sickness as a matter of preserving its working strength. The death of a man slave, named in the manuscript but here beyond recovery, set among the losses of the month, marks once more the brutal reckoning by which the Company counted its slaves alongside its cattle, a human death entered in the same account as the beasts.

256

250

Artillery Stores Expended from the 12 of September to the

11th of October 1758 both days Included

Octr 12th Fired at Ruports for Practice and for Priming

9: 8, 4: 8, Powder Expended 17.0

Ditto Powder for blowing Lime Stone

Powder Expended 4

19th Ditto

Powder Expended 4

29th Ditto

Powder Expended 4

Ditto for Exercising the Pinnace

Powder Expended 379.12

Ditto for Exercising the East flying Party

Powder Expended 9.8

Ditto for Exercising the West flying Party

Powder Expended 9

Ditto Sold

Powder Expended 203

9: 8, 4: 8, Powder Expended 630.12

Tallow for the use of the Carts in the wood 4 lb

Ditto for the use of the Carts at the Plantation House 4 lb

Ditto for the use of the Long boat 4 lb

Spunge Staves for Peel handles for the Bakers 2

Ditto for a Stave to Jos Rocketts flam 3

Ditto wore out and unserviceable 17

Paper for making great Gun Cartridges 31 Quire

Handspikes wore out and unserviceable 25

Sheep Skins for repairing the Spunges at the Main and out forts 16

French Nails for Ditto 3.00

Spunge Staves for 32 Pounders wore out and unserviceable 6

Do for the 9 Pounder 10

Rammer Heads for 32 Pounds 5

Ditto for 12 Pounder 2

Ditto for 9 Pounder 8

Match burnt and Sandy bay 12 lb

Load Shot lost on an Alarum at Banks's 8 by

Needles broke with Sewing Cartridges 24

Rockett Moulds wore out and unserviceable 2

Drifts and Poles 6

1 Pounder Shot decayed by the Rust 20

4 Pounders Ditto Expended at Practice from October

11th 1757 17

The account set out the artillery stores expended from 12 September to 11 October 1758, both days included, the columns showing the guns fired, the several natures of powder and the total powder expended.

Artillery stores expended from 12 September to 11 October 1758, both days included

12 October, fired at reports for practice and for priming, 8 guns fired, 8 of number 2, powder expended 17 pounds 8

The same, powder for blowing limestone, powder expended 4

14 October, the same, powder expended 4

29 October, the same, powder expended 4

The same, for exercising the recruits, powder expended 379 pounds 12

The same, for exercising the east flying party, powder expended 9 pounds 8

The same, for exercising the west flying party, powder expended 9

The same, sold, powder expended 203

Total, 8 guns fired, 8 of number 2, powder expended 630 pounds 12

Tallow for the use of the carts in the wood, 4 pounds

The same for the use of the carts at the plantation house, 4 pounds

The same for the use of the long boat, 4 pounds

Sponge staves for peel handles for the bakers, 2

The same for a stave to one Ratcliff’s gun, 3

The same worn out and unserviceable, 17

Paper for making great gun cartridges, 31 quire

Handspikes worn out and unserviceable, 25

Sheepskins for repairing the sponges at the main and out forts, 16

French nails for the same, 300

Sponge heads for 32 pounders worn out and unserviceable, 6

The same for the 9 pounder, 10

Rammer heads for 32 pounders, 5

The same for 12 pounders, 2

The same for 9 pounders, 8

Match burnt at Sandy Bay, 12 pounds

Load shot lost on an alarm at Bankses, 8 boxes

Needles broke with sewing cartridges, 24

Ratcliff’s needles worn out and unserviceable, 2

Drifts and poles, 6

1 pounder shot decayed by the rust, 20

4 pounder the same expended at practice from 11 October 1757, 17

Interpretations

The account is the artillery's monthly record of powder and stores spent, and shows a great expenditure of powder on exercising the recruits, far exceeding the ordinary practice of the batteries. The figure of over three hundred and seventy pounds spent training the new men marks the drilling of the fresh drafts landed in the recent months, the recruits from the Prince Henry and the enlarged artillery company put through their gunnery until they could serve the pieces. This heavy outlay of a costly store on training shows the Company's determination to make its raw men fit to work the guns, the powder spent freely on drill the price of turning recruits into gunners.

The parcel of powder sold, more than two hundred pounds, marks the Company disposing of some of its store, perhaps to a passing ship in need or to a purchaser on the island, the sale of powder a means of turning a surplus to account. The setting down of the sale in the same record as the expenditure on drill and salutes shows the artillery's store treated as an asset that could be sold as well as spent, the account tracking every pound whether fired, used or parted with, the whole reckoned so that the powder in hand could be verified.

The long list of worn and broken stores, the sponges and rammers and handspikes worn out, the needles broken sewing cartridges and the shot decayed by rust, marks the constant wear of artillery equipment and the endless work of its repair. The sheepskins and nails for mending the sponges, the sponge and rammer heads for the guns of several calibres, show the batteries maintained by continual patching and renewal, the gear of the great guns wearing out under use and weather and needing steady replacement. The decay of shot by rust in particular marks the toll of the sea air on iron, the island's remoteness and damp working constantly against the serviceable state of its ordnance.

257

251

Sold

Sheep Skins for Sponge Swabbs 2

Axeltrees for 9 Pounders 6

Firkin Hoops 100

Cartridge Paper 31 Quire

Hand Spikes 12

Received of Rhoderick Merchant £ 13 4 in full of

the late John Leechs Junrs Debt to the Estate of Samuel Falcone

deceased

Cha Hutchinson

John Adamson

John Clark

At a Consultation held on Monday the 30th day of October 1758

at the Castle

Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governr

John Adamson Lieutenant Governor

Lieutenant John Clark of Council

The last Consultation was read approved and signed dated the 23 October

1758

Mr Francis Wrangham Senr presented the following

Petition Vizt

To the Worshipfull Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governor &c

Council of St Helena

The humble Petition of Francis Wrangham

Sheweth

That your Petitioner being desirous to dispose of

Twenty Acres and a half of Leave hold Land lying in the South Division

of this Island and which he has lately purchased of Mr Francis Mowat

Humbly begs that your Worship and Council will be please to give him Leave

to Assign the same of to his Son William Wrangham

And your Petitioner Shall ever pray

(Signed) Francis Wrangham

St Helena

30 October 1758

The account concluded with a list of artillery stores sold during the month.

Sold, sheepskins for sponges, 2

The same, axletrees for 9 pounders, 6

The same, iron hoops, 100

The same, cartridge paper, 31 quire

The same, handspikes, 12

The council recorded that it had received of Roderick Merchant £13 4s 0d, in full of the late John Leech junior's debt to the estate of Samuel Falcone, deceased. The order was signed by Charles Hutchinson, John Adamson and John Clark.

The council met at the Castle on Monday 30 October 1758, with Governor Hutchinson, Lieutenant Governor John Adamson and Lieutenant John Clark present. The previous consultation was read, approved and signed, dated 23 October 1758.

Francis Wrangham senior presented a petition to Governor Hutchinson and the council of St Helena. He set out that he wished to dispose of 20½ acres of leasehold land lying in the south division of the island, which he had lately bought of Francis Mowat, and asked that the council would give him leave to assign it to his son William Wrangham. The council granted the petition.

Interpretations

The receipt of a sum in settlement of a dead man's debt to another dead man's estate shows the council serving as the place where the tangled affairs of the deceased were unwound, one man's debt to a second's estate discharged through the settlement's oversight. The chain of the transaction, John Leech junior owing money to the estate of Samuel Falcone and a third party paying it in, marks the web of obligation that bound the small community, debts outliving the men who owed them and settled at last through the council's record. The formal entry of the payment secured the discharge, the debt cleared and the estate of the creditor made whole.

The petition of the elder Wrangham to assign his land to his son marks the passing of a holding within a family by the father's act, the leasehold conveyed to the son with the council's leave rather than left to descend at the father's death. This transfer between the living shows the settlers ordering their estates in their own lifetime, a father settling land on his son and coming to the council for the consent that every transfer of the Company's ground required. The land lately bought of another and now passed on marks the constant movement of holdings among the settlers, ground changing hands by purchase and then again by settlement within the family.

The naming of the south division of the island locates the holding within the settlement's own scheme of division, the island parcelled into districts for the ordering of its land and government. This reference to a division marks the administrative geography by which the Company managed its territory, the ground identified not merely by its owner but by its place in the island's settled divisions. The whole shows the land system in its ordinary working, a holding located, its title traced through a recent purchase and its transfer to a son allowed, the Company's oversight following the land through every change of hand.

258

252

The Paymaster brought in his Accounts and

the Storekeeper his Collection for the Quarter Ending the 11th

which were Examined and approved and are as follows (vizt)

List of the Honorable Companys Officers and Servants upon the Island

St Helena with their Several Salarys diet money &c for the Quarter Commencing

July the 12 and Ending October 11th 1758 Vizt

Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governors salary

195

Ditto allowance for Servants as usuals

31 14 9

156 14 9

John Adamson Lieutenant Governors Salary

62 10

Ditto Diet money

25

87 10

John Clark of Council Salary

15

Matthew Bceling Accomptant Salary

17 10

Ditto Diet money

15

Ditto House rent

2 10

35

William Lee Chaplain Salary

25

Ditto Diet money

15

40

James Powll Storekeeper Salary

17 10

Ditto Diet money

15

Ditto House rent

2 10

35

Francis Wrangham Secretary Salary

17 10

Ditto Diet money

15

Ditto House rent

2 10

35

Matthew Bazett Factors Salary

7 10

Ditto Diet money

10

Ditto House rent

2 10

Ditto Assistant Storekeeper

5

25

William Wrangham Factors Salary

7 10

Ditto Diet money

10

Ditto House rent

2 10

20

Richard Lee Writer Salary

5

Ditto Diet money

10

15

Robert Barclay Surgeon Salary

9 15

Ditto Diet money

10

Ditto House rent

2 10

22 5

John Pritchard Surgeon Mate Salary

6 5

Ditto Diet money

10

Ditto House rent

2 10

18 15

535 4 9

The paymaster brought in his accounts and the storekeeper his collection for the quarter ending 11 instant, which were examined and approved, and ran as follows. The list set out the Company officers and servants on St Helena with their salaries, diet money and other allowances for the quarter running from 12 July to 11 October 1758.

List of the Honourable Company’s officers and servants on the island of St Helena, with their several salaries, diet money and other allowances for the quarter beginning 12 July and ending 11 October 1758

Charles Hutchinson Esquire, Governor, salary, £125 0s 0d

Allowance for servants, £31 14s 9d

Subtotal, £156 14s 9d

John Adamson, Lieutenant Governor, salary, £62 10s 0d

Diet money, £25 0s 0d

Subtotal, £87 10s 0d

John Clark, of council, salary, £15 0s 0d

Matthew Bewling, accountant, salary, £17 10s 0d

Diet money, £15 0s 0d

House rent, £2 10s 0d

Subtotal, £35 0s 0d

William Lee, chaplain, salary, £25 0s 0d

Diet money, £15 0s 0d

Subtotal, £40 0s 0d

James Powell, storekeeper, salary, £17 10s 0d

Diet money, £15 0s 0d

House rent, £2 10s 0d

Subtotal, £35 0s 0d

Francis Wrangham, secretary, salary, £17 10s 0d

Diet money, £15 0s 0d

House rent, £2 10s 0d

Subtotal, £35 0s 0d

Matthew Bazett, factor, salary, £7 10s 0d

Diet money, £10 0s 0d

House rent, £2 10s 0d

Assistant storekeeper, £5 0s 0d

Subtotal, £25 0s 0d

William Wrangham, factor, salary, £7 10s 0d

Diet money, £10 0s 0d

House rent, £2 10s 0d

Subtotal, £20 0s 0d

Richard Lee, writer, salary, £5 0s 0d

Diet money, £10 0s 0d

Subtotal, £15 0s 0d

Robert Barclay, surgeon, salary, £9 15s 0d

Diet money, £10 0s 0d

House rent, £2 10s 0d

Subtotal, £22 5s 0d

John Pritchard, surgeon’s mate, salary, £6 5s 0d

Diet money, £10 0s 0d

House rent, £2 10s 0d

Subtotal, £18 15s 0d

Total, £535 4s 9d

Interpretations

The list is the quarterly civil establishment, the fixed payroll of the Company's administration on the island, the same body of officers set out in the earlier quarter and paid at the same rates. The recurrence of the identical salaries, diet money and house rent quarter after quarter marks the settled scale on which the establishment ran, the cost of the civil government a fixed and predictable charge on the Company. The list gives the standing structure of the settlement's administration, the governor at its head and the working officers of accounts, stores, secretariat and medicine ranged beneath him.

The comparison with the earlier quarter's list shows the small changes in the establishment over the intervening months, the writer Richard Lee now carried where the earlier list had other names, the turnover of the junior posts against the stability of the senior offices. The governor, lieutenant governor, chaplain and the heads of department held their places at unchanged rates while the lesser writers and assistants came and went, the pattern of a settled administration in which the chief officers were fixed and the subordinate posts filled as men arrived and departed. The steadiness of the whole marks the Company's ordered government of its island.

The doubling of offices persists through the list, Matthew Bazett again drawing an additional charge as assistant storekeeper on top of his factor's salary, the same combining of duties in a single man seen in the earlier quarters. This spreading of several charges across one salaried post marks the economy of a thinly staffed settlement, the Company topping up a man's pay for a second office rather than appointing separately, the small establishment stretched to cover the work of the island through the doubling of its officers. The whole shows the settled and careful administration of a remote station, its government maintained at a fixed and modest cost.

259

253

Brought over

535 4 9

Richard Beal Judge Advocate Salary

10

Ditto Schoolmaster

3 8 3

Ditto as Clark

5

18 8 3

Samuel Alexander Overseer

7 10

Matthew Bazett Overseer

7 10

15

John Bland Master Masons Salary

17 10

Ditto Diet money

10

Ditto House rent

1 10

29

Thomas Greenwood Stone Masons Salary

19 10

Thomas Livesay Carpenter Salary

12 10

Ditto House rent

15

13 5

Thomas Kirkpatrick Master at Arms

6 5

Edmund Smith Gardener

10

John Hughes Armourers Mate

9

James Torbell Cooper

8 15

William Marr Steward

6

Michael Frost Clark and Instrument Cleaner

1 5

Nicholas Serafton Patron of the Longboat

7 10

John Krainge Crew

2

Thomas Harper Marshall

5 6 5½

56 1 5½

First Company

John Clark 1t Lieutenant Salary

22 16 3

Ditto Diet money

6 16 10½

Ditto on Account of Instructing the Gunners

7 10

37 3 1½

Henry Boyd 2d Lieutenant Salary from the 12th

May to July Inclusive Returned to the Companys

5 4 6

John Howard 2d Lieutenant Salary from 23d August

to the 11th of October Inclusive

14 6

Solomon Jacob Adjutant Salary

22 16 3

Ditto Diet money

6 16 10½

39 13 1½

Carried over £ 742 10 8½

The list continued with further Company officers and servants and then the pay of the First Company of the garrison for the quarter.

Brought over, £535 4s 9d

Richard Beal, judge advocate, salary, £10 0s 0d

Schoolmaster, £3 8s 3d

As clerk, £5 0s 0d

Subtotal, £18 8s 3d

Samuel Alexander, overseer, £7 10s 0d

Matthew Bazett, overseer, £7 10s 0d

Subtotal, £15 0s 0d

John Bland, master mason, salary, £17 10s 0d

Diet money, £10 0s 0d

House rent, £1 10s 0d

Subtotal, £29 0s 0d

Thomas Greenwood, stone mason, salary, £19 10s 0d

Thomas Loveridge, carpenter, salary, £12 10s 0d

House rent, £0 15s 0d

Subtotal, £13 5s 0d

Thomas Kirkpatrick, master at arms, £6 5s 0d

Edward Smith, gardener, £10 0s 0d

John Hughes, armourer’s mate, £9 0s 0d

James Torbett, cooper, £6 15s 0d

William Moore, steward, £6 0s 0d

Michael Frost, clerk and instrument cleaner, £1 5s 0d

Nicholas Scroggs, patron of the long boat, £7 10s 0d

John Strange, crew, £2 0s 0d

Thomas Harper, marshal, £5 6s 5½d

Subtotal, £56 1s 5½d

First Company

John Clark, first lieutenant, salary, £22 16s 3d

Diet money, £6 16s 10½d

On account of instructing the gunners, £7 10s 0d

Subtotal, £37 3s 1½d

Henry Boyd, second lieutenant, salary, from 12 April to 5 July inclusive, returned to the Company, £5 4s 6d

John Howard, second lieutenant, salary, from 23 August to 11 October inclusive, £14 0s 6d

Solomon Jacobs, adjutant, salary, £22 16s 3d

Diet money, £6 16s 10½d

Subtotal, £39 13s 1½d

Carried over, £742 10s 8½d

Interpretations

The list extends the establishment through the working trades and into the First Company, the same structure of skilled men and soldiers seen in the earlier quarter. The judge advocate again draws his threefold charge for the law, the school and the clerkship, the same building up of one man's stipend from unrelated duties that ran through the previous list, the device by which a small settlement spread several offices across a single salaried post. The trades of mason, carpenter, armourer and cooper recur as the practical hands of the garrison, the men who built and maintained its works and equipment.

The First Company's officers show a change in the second lieutenancy, the post divided between two men within the quarter, Henry Boyd paid to 5 July and John Howard from 23 August, the vacancy and its filling traced through the pay. This marks the promotion of Serjeant Howard to the lieutenant's place, entered in the consultation of 21 August, the pay now reflecting his taking up the office part way through the term. The broken payments to the two men, each priced for the portion of the quarter he served, show the account tracking the change of officer to the exact day, the wage following the man in the post.

The persistence of the first lieutenant's extra charge for instructing the gunners marks the garrison's continued reliance on training its own men in artillery, the same specialist duty rewarded quarter after quarter. The whole list shows the settled military establishment of the island, its companies built on a fixed scale and its officers advanced from within as vacancies fell, the pay following every change of place and every doubling of duty. The careful reckoning of each broken term marks the Company's exact accounting of its garrison, no man paid for time not served and every shift of office recorded in the wage.

260

254

Serjeants brot over

742 10 8½

John Howard from the 12 July to the 23 Augt

as Serjeant being appointed Lieut 22 Augt

3 10

Joseph Benton from the 12th to 27 July Inclu

as Serjeant reduced to Continel the 28 Ditto

1 6 8

Edward Robinson

7 12 1

Charles Epsing transferred from 3 Company

the 23d August

4 2 1

16 10 10

Corporals

Humphry Pugh

5 6 5½

Thomas Ferris from the 12 to the 14 of July

as Corporal then reduced to Continel

3 6

John Beck from the 12 July to the 22 Augt

then reduced to Continel

2 9

7 18 11½

Drummers

John Vaughan

5 6 5½

John Bolton

5 6 5½

10 12 11

Centinels

Samuel Austen from July 12 to the 22 Augt

as Continel do from the 23 Augt to the 11 October

hall Sockeed as Corporal

1 15

2 17 5½

George Bennell

John Beck from 23 Augt to 11 Octr Sette Continel

3 16 7½

2 1 7½

John Bagley

3 16 7½

Peter Bollen

3 16 7½

John Blackwell

3 16 7½

Joseph Blackwell

3 16 7½

Gabriel Buoy

3 16 7½

John Rufsell

3 16 7½

William Waddington

3 16 7½

Thomas Byrne Entered Augt 7 transfd Prin 2 Comp

1 3 4

James Cartwright

3 16 7½

George Copeling

3 16 7½

William Cookney

3 16 7½

Duncan Cameron

3 16 7½

James Collett

3 16 7½

William Clearby

3 16 7½

Joseph Cotts

3 16 7½

Edward Devcant

3 16 7½

Continels Carried over 69 13 6

777 13 5

The list continued with the non-commissioned ranks and sentinels of the First Company for the quarter, several men carrying broken pay for changes of rank within the term.

Brought over, £742 10s 8½d

Serjeants

John Howard, from 12 July to 25 August, as serjeant, being appointed lieutenant 22 August, £3 10s 0d

Joseph Renton, from 12 to 27 July inclusive as serjeant, reduced to sentinel 28 the same, £1 6s 8d

Edward Robinson, £7 12s 1d

Charles Pysing, transferred from the Third Company 23 August, £4 2s 1d

Subtotal, £16 10s 10d

Corporals

Humphry Pugh, £5 6s 5½d

Thomas Ferris, from 12 to 14 July as corporal, then reduced to sentinel, £0 3s 6d

John Bock, from 12 July to 22 August as corporal, then reduced to sentinel, £2 9s 0d

Subtotal, £7 18s 11½d

Drummers

John Vaughan, £5 6s 5½d

John Bolton, £5 6s 5½d

Subtotal, £10 12s 11d

Sentinels

Samuel Austen, from 12 July to 22 August as sentinel, the same from 23 August to 11 October, having served as corporal, £1 15s 0d, £2 17s 5½d

George Bennett, £3 16s 7½d

John Bock, from 23 August to 11 October, sentinel, £2 1s 5½d

John Bagley, £3 16s 7½d

Peter Bolton, £3 16s 7½d

John Blackwell, £3 16s 7½d

Joseph Blackwell, £3 16s 7½d

Gabriel Byes, £3 16s 7½d

John Russell, £3 16s 7½d

William Waddington, £3 16s 7½d

Thomas Bryan, entered 7 August, transferred from the Third Company, £1 3s 4d

James Cartwright, £3 16s 7½d

George Capeling, £3 16s 7½d

William Cookney, £3 16s 7½d

Duncan Cameron, £3 16s 7½d

James Collett, £3 16s 7½d

William Clowsby, £3 16s 7½d

Joseph Cotts, £3 16s 7½d

Edward Davenant, £3 16s 7½d

Sentinels carried over, £69 13s 6d

Carried over, £777 13s 5d

Interpretations

The list shows an unusual churn in the non-commissioned ranks of the First Company, several men raised and reduced within the single quarter, their broken pay tracking each change of rank to the day. John Howard rose from serjeant to lieutenant, while Joseph Renton, Thomas Ferris and John Bock were each reduced from their rank back to sentinel, the promotions and demotions recorded in the split wages. This movement up and down the ranks within three months marks a period of unusual adjustment in the company, men tried in higher place and returned to the ranks, the pay following every shift.

The reductions of three non-commissioned officers to sentinel in the same quarter point to some disturbance or reordering in the company, whether for misconduct, unfitness or the reshuffling that followed Howard's promotion to lieutenant. The demotion of a serjeant and two corporals together is a marked event in a small garrison, the loss of rank and pay a plain penalty, and the clustering of these reductions suggests a deliberate clearing or reordering of the company's non-commissioned ranks. The account records the bare fact of each reduction without its cause, the wage alone marking the fall.

The transfers of Charles Pysing and Thomas Bryan from the Third Company, both dated to the same period, again show men moved between the companies of the garrison to fill gaps and balance strength. The steady thread of such transfers, running through this quarter as through the last, marks the constant work of keeping the several companies manned, men shifted from one to another as vacancies fell and the strength of each was maintained. The whole list, with its promotions, reductions and transfers all priced to the day, shows the Company's exact accounting of its garrison through a quarter of unusual movement in the ranks.

261

255

Centinels brought over

777 13 5

Centinels brought over

68 13 6

Thomas Dunn

3 16 7½

James Carthope

3 16 7½

James Casdidus

3 16 7½

Robt Coins from the 12 July to 14 Do Inclu Deserted

2 6

John Flemming from the 12 July to 16 Do as Centinel

2 6

Do from 15th July to the 26 Do as Corporal

15 2

Do from the 27 July to the 11th October as Serjeant

6 5 5

George Finn Entertained 17 July

3 12 6

Thomas Ferris from the 15 July to the 11th October as Centinel

3 13 6½

John Graingor from the 12 to the 27th July Inclu as Cord

13 4

Do from the 27 July Inclu to 11 October Inclu as Corporal

4 7 9½

George Green

3 16 7½

Richard Goodberg

3 16 7½

John Gilmore

3 16 7½

Thomas Hailer

3 16 7½

Jonathan Kitchens

3 16 7½

Thomas Halliwell

3 16 7½

Daniel Hull

3 16 7½

Henry Havenberg

3 16 7½

Henry Harper

3 16 7½

George Howard

3 16 7½

Thomas Hilliard

3 16 7½

John Hobbs

3 16 7½

Robert Holt

3 16 7½

George Joe

3 16 7½

William Jarvis

3 16 7½

Stephen John

3 16 7½

Edward Kirk

3 16 7½

Michael Wayoug Enterd the 2 August

2 19 2

William Lambborn

3 16 7½

Thomas Selectfield

3 16 7½

John Marsh

3 16 7½

William Montgomery

3 16 7½

David Miles

3 16 7½

Richard Moreton

3 16 7½

Simon Mawon

3 16 7½

Murdock McClod

3 16 7½

Thomas Pethington

3 16 7½

John Pugh

3 16 7½

Alexander Pulley

3 16 7½

Littleton Pigott

3 16 7½

Robert Pettit

3 16 7½

William Perry

Centinels Carried over 220 10 10

777 13 5

The sentinel roll of the First Company continued, several men carrying broken pay for changes of rank or for desertion within the quarter.

Sentinels brought over, £69 13s 6d

Thomas Dunn, £3 16s 7½d

James Enthorpe, £3 16s 7½d

James Edwards, £3 16s 7½d

Robert Coins, from 12 July to 14 the same inclusive, deserted, £0 2s 6d

John Flemming, from 12 July to 14 the same as sentinel, £0 2s 6d

The same, from 15 July to 26 the same as corporal, £0 15s 2d

The same, from 27 July to 11 October as serjeant, £6 5s 5d

George Finn, entered 17 July, £3 12s 6d

Thomas Ferris, from 15 July to 11 October as sentinel, £3 13s 6½d

John Grainger, from 12 to 27 July inclusive as corporal, £0 13s 4d

The same, from 27 July to 11 October inclusive as corporal, £4 7s 9½d

George Green, £3 16s 7½d

Richard Guedding, £3 16s 7½d

John Gilmore, £3 16s 7½d

Thomas Hailey, £3 16s 7½d

Jonathan Hitchens, £3 16s 7½d

Thomas Halliwell, £3 16s 7½d

Daniel Hunt, £3 16s 7½d

Henry Harenbaugh, £3 16s 7½d

Henry Harper, £3 16s 7½d

George Howard, £3 16s 7½d

Thomas Hilliard, £3 16s 7½d

John Hobbs, £3 16s 7½d

Robert Holt, £3 16s 7½d

George Jay, £3 16s 7½d

William Jarvis, £3 16s 7½d

Stephen Hehn, £3 16s 7½d

Edward Kirk, £3 16s 7½d

Michael Hayrag, entered 2 August, £2 19s 2d

William Lambourn, £3 16s 7½d

Thomas Stelefield, £3 16s 7½d

John Marsh, £3 16s 7½d

William Montgomery, £3 16s 7½d

David Miles, £3 16s 7½d

Richard Moreton, £3 16s 7½d

Simon Mawson, £3 16s 7½d

Murdoch McCloud, £3 16s 7½d

Thomas Pethington, £3 16s 7½d

John Pugh, £3 16s 7½d

Alexander Pulley, £3 16s 7½d

Littleton Pigott, £3 16s 7½d

Robert Pelet, £3 16s 7½d

William Perry, £3 16s 7½d

Sentinels carried over, £220 10s 10d

Carried over, £777 13s 5d

262

256

Centinel brought over

220 10 10

777 13 5

James Richardson

3 16 7½

Abram Ratcliff

3 16 7½

Joseph Benton from the 28 to the 29th July both

Inclusive Discharged

1 8

John Scotcher

3 16 7½

John Shaw

3 16 7½

William Sedman

3 16 7½

Samuel Sprengell

3 16 7½

William Stanley

3 16 7½

James Furlow

3 16 7½

Joseph Turner

3 16 7½

Edward Webber

3 16 7½

George Wills

3 16 7½

Thomas Williams

3 16 7½

William Wetherby

3 16 7½

Jeremiah Worrill

3 16 7½

John Webley

3 16 7½

Henry Walthup

3 16 7½

201 9 2

Second Company

Thomas Kirkpatrick 1t Lieutenant Salary

22 16 3

Do Diet money

6 16 10½

Do House rent

2 10 10

32 3 1½

Richard Beal 2d Lieutent Salary

18 5

Ditto Diet money

6 16 10½

25 1 10½

Serjeants

William Bounten

7 12 1

Thomas Bazett

7 12 1

Samuel Dagfountain

7 12 1

22 16 3

Corporals

John Langridge

5 6 5½

William Keeling

5 6 5½

John Allison

5 6 5½

15 19 4½

Drummers

Geo Brown

5 6 5½

Job Chamberlain

5 6 5½

10 12 11

Carried over 1165 10 1½

The sentinel roll of the First Company completed, and the account then opened the Second Company for the quarter.

Sentinels brought over, £220 10s 10d

James Richardson, £3 16s 7½d

Abram Ratcliff, £3 16s 7½d

Joseph Renton, from 28 to the 29 July, both inclusive, discharged, £0 1s 8d

John Scotcher, £3 16s 7½d

John Shaw, £3 16s 7½d

William Stedman, £3 16s 7½d

Samuel Speargalt, £3 16s 7½d

William Stanley, £3 16s 7½d

James Furbins, £3 16s 7½d

Joseph Turner, £3 16s 7½d

Edward Webber, £3 16s 7½d

George Wells, £3 16s 7½d

Thomas Williams, £3 16s 7½d

William Wetherby, £3 16s 7½d

Jeremiah Merrell, £3 16s 7½d

John Webley, £3 16s 7½d

Henry Walcott, £3 16s 7½d

Subtotal, £281 9s 2d

Second Company

Thomas Kirkpatrick, first lieutenant, salary, £22 16s 3d

Diet money, £6 16s 10½d

House rent, £2 10s 0d

Subtotal, £32 3s 1½d

Richard Beal, second lieutenant, salary, £18 5s 0d

Diet money, £6 16s 10½d

Subtotal, £25 1s 10½d

Serjeants

William Bunten, £7 12s 1d

Thomas Bazett, £7 12s 1d

Samuel Dasfountain, £7 12s 1d

Subtotal, £22 16s 3d

Corporals

John Langridge, £5 6s 5½d

William Keeling, £5 6s 5½d

John Allison, £5 6s 5½d

Subtotal, £15 19s 4½d

Drummers

George Brian, £5 6s 5½d

Job Chamberlain, £5 6s 5½d

Subtotal, £10 12s 11d

Carried over, £1,165 10s 1½d

Interpretations

The list completes the First Company and opens the Second, the same fixed structure of officers, serjeants, corporals and drummers set out at rates matching the earlier quarter and the other companies. The uniformity holds as before, every rank drawing the same wage regardless of company, the four companies of the garrison built to a single scale. The first lieutenant of the Second Company, Thomas Kirkpatrick, again appears with the same salary, diet money and house rent as his counterparts, the command of a company carrying a fixed reward across the garrison.

Joseph Renton's final entry closes the record of a man who fell far in the quarter, discharged after a brief spell back among the sentinels, his last two days paid and the discharge marked against his name. Renton appears on the earlier leaves reduced from serjeant to sentinel and now discharged altogether, the whole descent traced through the broken sums of a single quarter, a man who lost his rank and then his place in the space of three months. The account records the bare stages of his fall without their cause, the wage alone marking the reduction and the final discharge.

The recurrence of Thomas Kirkpatrick as first lieutenant of the Second Company, the same man carried elsewhere in the establishment as master at arms, again shows the doubling of civil and military office that ran through the garrison. The combining of a disciplinary charge with a company command in one man marks the economy of a thinly staffed settlement, the offices spread across the available men rather than filled separately. The whole list, with its uniform rates and its doubled offices, shows the settled military establishment of the island maintained at a fixed and careful cost through a quarter of unusual movement in the ranks below.

263

257

Centinels brot over

1165 16 1½

John Allis

Edward Allis

3 16 7½

John Artinguesall

3 16 7½

Edward Ashing

3 16 7½

Thomas Roark

3 16 7½

Isaac Buck

3 16 7½

John Barrett

3 16 7½

Edward Broome

3 16 7½

James Buckley

3 16 7½

William Bannister

3 16 7½

Thomas Byrne transferred from 1 Comp 28 Augt

1 17 6

Edward Cocher

3 16 7½

Thomas Cobb

3 16 7½

William Cobb

3 16 7½

Edward Cram

3 16 7½

Andrew Clark from the 12 to 19 July Inclu died

6 8

Isaac Day

3 16 7½

William Dixon

3 16 7½

Henry Dudley

3 16 7½

John Davis

3 16 7½

Stephen Davis

3 16 7½

Samuel Ealer

3 16 7½

Jacob Ezekley

3 16 7½

John Frederick Camerlengh

3 16 7½

James Fox

3 16 7½

Jonathan Godby

3 16 7½

William Goodwin

3 16 7½

John Greenaff

10 10

Richard Guff the from the 12th to 14 Inclu died

William Gaby

3 16 7½

James Hall

3 16 7½

John Hailey

3 16 7½

William Hayes

3 16 7½

Philip Hickman

3 16 7½

George Hill

3 16 7½

William Houseman

3 16 7½

James Hendry

3 16 7½

William Harlin

3 16 7½

John Hazelwood Entered the 10 April

3 10 10

Do omitted in the pay List last Quarter

3 16 7½

Alexander Hull

3 16 7½

Richard Harton

Centinels Carried over 150 15 5

1165 16 1½

The sentinel roll of the Second Company continued, several men carrying broken pay for transfer, death or a correction of the previous quarter.

Sentinels brought over, £1,165 16s 1½d

John Allis, £3 16s 7½d

Edward Allis, £3 16s 7½d

John Artingwall, £3 16s 7½d

Edward Ashing, £3 16s 7½d

Thomas Booth, £3 16s 7½d

Isaac Buck, £3 16s 7½d

John Barrett, £3 16s 7½d

Edward Broome, £3 16s 7½d

James Buckley, £3 16s 7½d

William Bannister, £3 16s 7½d

Thomas Bryan, transferred from the Third Company 28 August, £1 17s 6d

Edward Cocker, £3 16s 7½d

Thomas Cobb, £3 16s 7½d

William Cobb, £3 16s 7½d

Edward Cram, £3 16s 7½d

Andrew Clark, from 12 to 19 July inclusive, died, £0 6s 8d

Isaac Day, £3 16s 7½d

William Dixon, £3 16s 7½d

Henry Dudley, £3 16s 7½d

John Davis, £3 16s 7½d

Stephen Davis, £3 16s 7½d

Samuel Eaton, £3 16s 7½d

Jacob Espley, £3 16s 7½d

John Frederick Enverlongh, £3 16s 7½d

James Fox, £3 16s 7½d

Jonathan Godby, £3 16s 7½d

William Goodwin, £3 16s 7½d

John Greenaff, £3 10s 10d

Richard Griffiths, from the 12 to 14 the same inclusive, died, £0 10s 10d

William Gaby, £3 16s 7½d

James Hall, £3 16s 7½d

John Hailey, £3 16s 7½d

William Hayer, £3 16s 7½d

Philip Hickman, £3 16s 7½d

George Hill, £3 16s 7½d

William Honneman, £3 16s 7½d

James Hendry, £3 16s 7½d

William Harvis, £3 16s 7½d

John Hardwood, entered 10 April, £3 10s 10d

The same, omitted in the pay list last quarter, £3 16s 7½d

Alexander Hall, £3 16s 7½d

Richard Horton, £3 16s 7½d

Sentinels carried over, £150 15s 5d

Carried over, £1,165 16s 1½d

Interpretations

The roll continues the Second Company's sentinels at the standard rate, broken by two deaths within the quarter and a correction of the previous term's pay. Andrew Clark died within a week of the quarter's start, priced only to 19 July, and Richard Griffiths within three days, priced to 14 July, each wage stopped at the day of death. Griffiths is the man named among the funerals in the artillery's powder account of the same period, the several strands of the island's records tracking the same death, the pay list, the burial and the guns fired over the grave all marking his loss.

John Hardwood's double entry marks a correction of the account, a man entered from 10 April and then given a further sum expressly because he had been omitted from the previous quarter's pay list. This putting right of an earlier error shows the account's concern for exactness even against itself, a man's due made good when a past omission came to light, the wage owed from the earlier term paid in the present one. The plain notation of the omission and its remedy marks the Company's care to pay each man his full entitlement, correcting its own oversight rather than leaving the debt unmet.

The transfer of Thomas Bryan from the Third Company, priced from 28 August, again shows men moved between the companies to balance strength, the same constant shifting that ran through the garrison's pay. The whole roll, with its deaths priced to the day, its correction of a past error and its transfer between companies, shows the Company's exact and self-checking accounting of its garrison. The tracking of each man's service to the day of death, the making good of an omission and the recording of every transfer mark the close and careful control the Company kept over the pay and strength of its soldiers on the island.

264

258

Centinels brought over

1165 16 1½

Centinels brought over

150 15 5

Joachem Force Entered 31 July died 28 Augt

1 4 2

George Hibbot

3 16 7½

Richard Knight

3 16 7½

William Hollefax

3 16 7½

Isaac Keng Entered 17 July

3 12 6

Peter Lindsey

3 16 7½

William Luke

3 16 7½

Jonathan Lakes

3 16 7½

Duncan McClaron

3 16 7½

William Mumford

3 16 7½

John Prue

3 16 7½

Edward Preston

3 16 7½

Charles Perfoy

3 16 7½

Joseph Peacock Entered the 2 August

2 19 2½

John Pickering

3 16 7½

Edward Richards

3 16 7½

William Richards

3 16 7½

Ditto omitted in the pay list Last Qr

3 16 7½

Isaac Rowe

3 16 7½

Michael Reid

3 16 7½

Arnold Safory

3 16 7½

William Smith

3 16 7½

Henry Simmons

3 16 7½

John Steward

3 16 7½

William Smith

3 16 7½

James Spencer

3 16 7½

William Swabey

3 16 7½

Edward Torry

3 16 7½

Benjamin Williams

3 16 7½

Samuel Wright

3 16 7½

John Whittingdale

3 16 7½

George Young

3 16 7½

Richard Youens

3 16 7½

272 12 6½

Third Company

Christopherous Beale 1t Lieutenant Sal

22 16 3

Do Diet money

6 16 10½

Do House Rent

2 10

32 3 1½

George Hay 2d Lieut Salary from the 12 to 30 July

Inclu resigned

5 4 6

1470 11 9½

The sentinel roll of the Second Company completed, and the account then opened the Third Company for the quarter.

Sentinels brought over, £150 15s 5d

Joachim Fox, entered 31 July, died 28 August, £1 4s 9d

George Hibbet, £3 16s 7½d

Richard Knight, £3 16s 7½d

William Holloway, £3 16s 7½d

Lewis Ans, entered 17 July, £3 12s 6d

Peter Lindsey, £3 16s 7½d

William Lukey, £3 16s 7½d

Jonathan Lahy, £3 16s 7½d

Duncan McClarion, £3 16s 7½d

William Mumford, £3 16s 7½d

John Prue, £3 16s 7½d

Edward Preston, £3 16s 7½d

Charles Pixey, £3 16s 7½d

Joseph Peacock, entered the 2 August, £2 19s 2½d

John Pickering, £3 16s 7½d

Edward Richards, £3 16s 7½d

William Richards, £3 16s 7½d

The same, omitted in the pay list last quarter, £3 16s 7½d

Lewis Rowe, £3 16s 7½d

Michael Reid, £3 16s 7½d

Arnold Safory, £3 16s 7½d

William Smith, £3 16s 7½d

Henry Simmons, £3 16s 7½d

John Steward, £3 16s 7½d

William Smith, £3 16s 7½d

James Spencer, £3 16s 7½d

William Swabey, £3 16s 7½d

Edward Terry, £3 16s 7½d

Benjamin Williams, £3 16s 7½d

Samuel Wright, £3 16s 7½d

John Whittingdale, £3 16s 7½d

George Young, £3 16s 7½d

Richard Young, £3 16s 7½d

Subtotal, £272 12s 6½d

Third Company

Christopher Beale, first lieutenant, salary, £22 16s 3d

Diet money, £6 16s 10½d

House rent, £2 10s 0d

Subtotal, £32 3s 1½d

George Hay, second lieutenant, salary, from 12 to 30 July inclusive, resigned, £5 4s 6d

Carried over, £1,470 11s 9½d

Interpretations

The roll completes the Second Company and opens the Third, broken by a death within the quarter and a further correction of the previous term's pay. Joachim Fox, entered on 31 July and dead by 28 August, served under a month before his death, his pay priced for the brief span between entry and death, a man who joined and died within the same quarter. The entry marks the sharp mortality among the recruits, a man barely entered on the strength before he was lost, his short service and its ending recorded in the single broken sum.

The second appearance of a correction for a man omitted from the previous quarter's pay list, William Richards here given a further sum for the past oversight as John Hardwood was on the earlier leaf, marks a pattern of such corrections running through this quarter's account. The recurrence suggests that the previous quarter's list had carried several omissions, now made good together as they came to light, the Company settling the arrears owed to men left off the earlier reckoning. The care to correct these past errors shows the account's concern for exactness, each man's full due paid even where a previous list had failed him.

George Hay's final entry closes the record of the officer whose departure ran through the earlier consultations, his second lieutenant's pay of the Third Company priced only to 30 July and marked as resigned. Hay resigned the Company's service to go to India as a volunteer, entered in the consultation of 31 July, and his pay here stops at the day he gave up the post, the vacancy he left filled by the promotion of Serjeant Howard traced through the First Company's pay. The several strands of the record meet in this single broken sum, the officer's resignation marked in the wage as it was in the minutes of the council.

265

259

Brought over

1470 11 9½

Henry Bazett from the 31 July Inclu removed from

the 1t Company

5 4 6

Ditto House

19 17 4½

2 10

27 11 10½

Serjeants

Robert Mason

7 12 1

Michael Frost

7 12 1

Thomas Leech

7 12 1

22 16 3

Corporals

Charles Epsing from the 12 July to the 22 August

transferred to the 4th Company

2 9

Jeremiah Worrill

5 6 5½

John Bazett

5 6 5½

13 1 11

Drummers

John Coffin

5 6 5½

John Goads

5 6 5½

10 12 11

Centinels

Matthew Allis

3 16 7½

Samuel Aymer

3 16 7½

Samuel Alldone

3 16 7½

William Beale

3 16 7½

William Bochetto

3 16 7½

William Birch

3 16 7½

John Bowrke

3 16 7½

John Brewer

3 16 7½

William Brooke

3 16 7½

Robt Brown

3 16 7½

John Brown

3 16 7½

Peter Brown

3 16 7½

Benjn Broston

3 16 7½

Daniel Care

3 16 7½

Thomas Clark

3 16 7½

Stephen Cleverly

3 16 7½

John Coslee

3 16 7½

Ditto Omitted in the pay list Last Quarter

3 16 7½

James Cooper

3 16 7½

Edward Coozjrue

3 16 7½

William Conquest

3 16 7½

John Deer

3 16 7½

Jacob Du Vall

Centinels carried over 87 8 11½

1544 14 9½

The account of the Third Company continued, setting out a second lieutenant transferred in, the non-commissioned ranks and the opening of its sentinel roll for the quarter.

Brought over, £1,470 11s 9½d

Henry Boyd, from 31 July inclusive, removed from the First Company, £19 17s 4½d

House rent, £2 10s 0d

Subtotal, £27 11s 10½d

Serjeants

Robert Mason, £7 12s 1d

Michael Frost, £7 12s 1d

Thomas Leach, £7 12s 1d

Subtotal, £22 16s 3d

Corporals

Charles Pysing, from 12 July to 22 August, transferred to the First Company, £2 9s 0d

Jeremiah Merrell, £5 6s 5½d

John Bassett, £5 6s 5½d

Subtotal, £13 1s 11d

Drummers

John Coffin, £5 6s 5½d

John Gouds, £5 6s 5½d

Subtotal, £10 12s 11d

Sentinels

Matthew Allis, £3 16s 7½d

Samuel Ayres, £3 16s 7½d

Samuel Allstone, £3 16s 7½d

William Beale, £3 16s 7½d

William Bushett, £3 16s 7½d

William Birch, £3 16s 7½d

John Bowsby, £3 16s 7½d

John Brewer, £3 16s 7½d

William Brooks, £3 16s 7½d

Robert Brown, £3 16s 7½d

John Brown, £3 16s 7½d

Peter Brown, £3 16s 7½d

Benjamin Broton, £3 16s 7½d

Daniel Cave, £3 16s 7½d

Thomas Clark, £3 16s 7½d

Stephen Cleverly, £3 16s 7½d

John Coslee, £3 16s 7½d

The same, omitted in the pay list last quarter, £3 16s 7½d

James Cooper, £3 16s 7½d

Edward Cowzens, £3 16s 7½d

William Conquest, £3 16s 7½d

John Deer, £3 16s 7½d

Jacob Duvall, £3 16s 7½d

Sentinels carried over, £87 8s 11½d

Carried over, £1,544 14s 9½d

Interpretations

The list carries the Third Company through its non-commissioned ranks and into its sentinels, marked by the transfers that ran between the companies through this quarter. Henry Boyd appears removed from the First Company to the second lieutenancy of the Third from 31 July, the same officer carried on the earlier leaves as second lieutenant of the First to 5 July, his movement between the two companies traced through the broken pay. This shifting of officers as well as men between the companies shows the garrison's command reordered through the quarter, the several changes in the lieutenancies all recorded in the split wages.

Charles Pysing's transfer out to the First Company, priced to 22 August, matches his appearance on the earlier leaves as transferred in, the two sides of the same movement recorded in the pay of both companies. The account balances the transfer on each side, Pysing paid by the Third to the day he left and by the First from the day he joined, so that no man was paid twice and each company bore only the days he served in it. The careful pricing of both halves of the movement marks the Company's exact accounting of the shifts between its companies.

The recurrence of a correction for a man omitted from the previous quarter's pay list, John Coslee here given a further sum as others were on the earlier leaves, confirms the pattern of such corrections running through the whole quarter's account. Three companies now show a man made good for a past omission, marking a general putting right of the previous list's failures, the arrears owed to several soldiers settled together as they came to light. The whole list, with its officer transfers, its balanced movements between companies and its corrections of past error, shows the Company's exact and self-checking accounting of a garrison in constant movement through the quarter.

266

260

Brought over

1544 14 9

Centinels brought over

87 8 11½

Henry Deleaine transferred from Artillery Company

the 29 August

1 16 8

Peter Eglestone

3 16 7½

Thomas Elewart

3 16 7½

Peter Timall

3 16 7½

George French

3 16 7½

Henry Fulbright

3 16 7½

John Goodwill

3 16 7½

Thomas Green

3 16 7½

William Harvin

3 16 7½

John Hayes

3 16 7½

Thomas Harding

3 16 7½

Abram Harding

3 16 7½

Phillip Hilliard

3 16 7½

James Hunter

3 16 7½

William Holliwell

3 16 7½

William Harvin from the 12 July to the 21 Augt

as Centinel

1 15

Ditto from the 22 Augt as Corporal

2 17 5½

John Holloway

3 16 7½

James Hudson

3 16 7½

Samuel Inesone

3 16 7½

Richard Jonn

3 16 7½

Samuel Kirvon

3 16 7½

Evan Knowles

3 16 7½

John Lloyd

3 16 7½

William Lyon

3 16 7½

William Martens

3 16 7½

Michael Meeks

3 16 7½

Stephen Orr

3 16 7½

William Penny

3 16 7½

William Poulton

3 16 7½

Dickd Pouge

3 16 7½

Roger Phillips

3 16 7½

Thomas Rutherford

3 16 7½

Henry Scaarnhurst

3 16 7½

Jams Shirlock

3 16 7½

John Simmons

3 16 7½

William Smith

3 16 7½

Joseph Smith

3 16 7½

William Steetman

3 16 7½

John Crevs 1t Steife

3 16 7½

Centinels Carried over 147 2 7½

1544 14 9

The sentinel roll of the Third Company continued, one man carrying broken pay for promotion within the quarter and another transferred from the artillery company.

Sentinels brought over, £87 8s 11½d

Henry Delaune, transferred from the artillery company the 29 August, £1 16s 8d

Peter Eglestone, £3 16s 7½d

Thomas Ewart, £3 16s 7½d

Peter Finall, £3 16s 7½d

George French, £3 16s 7½d

Henry Gulbright, £3 16s 7½d

John Goodwill, £3 16s 7½d

Thomas Green, £3 16s 7½d

William Harris, £3 16s 7½d

John Hayes, £3 16s 7½d

Thomas Harding, £3 16s 7½d

Abram Harding, £3 16s 7½d

Phillip Hilliard, £3 16s 7½d

James Hinder, £3 16s 7½d

William Holland, £3 16s 7½d

William Harris, one, from 12 July to 21 August as sentinel, £1 15s 0d

The same, from 22 August as corporal, £2 17s 5½d

John Holloway, £3 16s 7½d

James Hudson, £3 16s 7½d

Samuel Ineson, £3 16s 7½d

Richard Jones, £3 16s 7½d

Samuel Kirvan, £3 16s 7½d

Evan Knowles, £3 16s 7½d

John Lloyd, £3 16s 7½d

William Lyon, £3 16s 7½d

William Martins, £3 16s 7½d

Michael Meek, £3 16s 7½d

Stephen Orr, £3 16s 7½d

William Penny, £3 16s 7½d

William Poulton, £3 16s 7½d

Richard Pogue, £3 16s 7½d

Roger Phillips, £3 16s 7½d

Thomas Rutherford, £3 16s 7½d

Henry Schaarehurst, £3 16s 7½d

James Shirlock, £3 16s 7½d

John Simmons, £3 16s 7½d

William Smith, £3 16s 7½d

Joseph Smith, £3 16s 7½d

William Stedman, £3 16s 7½d

John Crews, first steward, £3 16s 7½d

Sentinels carried over, £147 2s 7½d

Carried over, £1,544 14s 9½d

Interpretations

The roll continues the Third Company's sentinels at the standard rate, broken by a promotion within the quarter and a transfer from the artillery. William Harris rose from sentinel to corporal on 22 August, his pay split between the two portions of the term, a man advanced through the ranks in the same quarter that saw others reduced and transferred. The promotion, set beside the reductions and transfers running through the whole account, shows the constant movement in the ranks of the garrison, men rising and falling and shifting between companies as the strength was reordered through the term.

Henry Delaune's transfer from the artillery company, priced from 29 August, marks the movement of a man from the specialist arm into a line company, the reverse of the transfers into the artillery seen earlier and matching Delaune's appearance among the artillery's own musters. The artillery both fed men into the line companies and received them, the movement running both ways as the several arms of the garrison balanced their strength. The pricing of the transfer to the day marks the account's exact tracking of the movement, Delaune charged to the line company only from the day he joined it.

The steady body of sentinels carried at the uniform rate, filling out the greater part of the roll, marks the standing strength of the company against the few broken entries of promotion and transfer. The whole roll, with its single promotion and single transfer set among the flat wages of the many, shows the ordinary business of a company held at strength, the mass of the men serving the full quarter while a few moved between ranks and companies. The Company's exact accounting followed every such change, the wage tracking each promotion and transfer to the day while the bulk of the roll stood steady at the common rate.

267

261

Brought over

1544 14 9

Centinels Brought over

147 2 7½

Thomas Stanier

3 16 7½

John Strange

3 16 7½

William Taylor

3 16 7½

Richard Twaite

3 16 7½

Jacob Ware

3 16 7½

Thomas Wanvall

3 16 7½

William Wood

3 16 7½

Stephen Willoughby

3 16 7½

Thomas Woffington

3 16 7½

Gustavus Weedon

3 16 7½

272 12 4

Fourth Company

William Kennedy 1t Lieut Salary

22 16 3

Do Diet money

6 16 10½

Do House rent

2 10

32 3 1½

Samuel Bare 2d Lieutenant Salary

18 5

Do Diet money

6 16 10½

Do House rent

2 10

27 11 10½

Serjeants

William Longhorn

7 12 1

Richd Vaughan

7 12 1

John Bridgewater

7 12 1

22 16 3

Corporals

Gilbert Clough from the 12 July to the 26 August

as Corporal

2 15 8

Thomas Peirce

5 6 5½

Thomas Norris

5 6 5½

13 6 7

Drummers

Edward Thomas

5 6 5½

John Buckham

5 6 5½

10 12 11

£ 1923 17 6½

The sentinel roll of the Third Company completed, and the account then opened the Fourth Company for the quarter.

Sentinels brought over, £147 2s 7½d

Thomas Stanier, £3 16s 7½d

John Strange, £3 16s 7½d

William Taylor, £3 16s 7½d

Richard Twaite, £3 16s 7½d

Jacob Warr, £3 16s 7½d

Thomas Wanwell, £3 16s 7½d

William Wood, £3 16s 7½d

Stephen Willoughby, £3 16s 7½d

Thomas Whington, £3 16s 7½d

Gustavus Weaver, £3 16s 7½d

Subtotal, £272 12s 4d

Fourth Company

William Kennedy, first lieutenant, salary, £22 16s 3d

Diet money, £6 16s 10½d

House rent, £2 10s 0d

Subtotal, £32 3s 1½d

Samuel Bird, second lieutenant, salary, £18 5s 0d

Diet money, £6 16s 10½d

House rent, £2 10s 0d

Subtotal, £27 11s 10½d

Serjeants

William Langhorn, £7 12s 1d

Richard Vaughan, £7 12s 1d

John Bridgewater, £7 12s 1d

Subtotal, £22 16s 3d

Corporals

Gilbert Clough, from 12 July to 26 August as corporal, £2 15s 8d

Thomas Poole, £5 6s 5½d

Thomas Morris, £5 6s 5½d

Subtotal, £13 6s 7d

Drummers

Edward Thomas, £5 6s 5½d

John Buckham, £5 6s 5½d

Subtotal, £10 12s 11d

Carried over, £1,923 17s 6½d

Interpretations

The list completes the Third Company and opens the Fourth, the same fixed structure of officers, serjeants, corporals and drummers set out at rates matching the earlier quarter and the other companies. The first and second lieutenants of the Fourth Company draw the same salary, diet money and house rent as their counterparts throughout the garrison, the command of a company carrying a fixed reward whichever of the four a man led. The uniformity holds across the whole military establishment, rank rather than company determining every wage.

Gilbert Clough's broken entry marks a change in the corporal's place, his pay priced only to 26 August as corporal, the partial sum showing him leaving the rank part way through the quarter. Clough appears among the men granted leases at the consultation of 12 October, a man moving between the garrison and the settled inhabitants of the island, his military service perhaps ending as he took up land. The account tracks the change to the day, the corporal's wage stopped at the point his service in the rank ceased.

The whole list, with its uniform rates and its single broken entry among the flat wages, shows the settled military establishment of the island maintained through this quarter of unusual movement. The Fourth Company, like the three before it, stood built to the common scale, its officers and men paid at the fixed rates that governed the garrison, the few changes of rank and place tracked in the broken sums while the bulk of the establishment held steady. The Company's exact accounting followed every shift while the fixed structure of the four companies endured unchanged.

268

262

Brought over

1923 17 6½

Centinels

William Anderson

3 16 7½

Richard Ashford

3 16 7½

William Bricon

3 16 7½

Christn Brenke

3 16 7½

Ono Bagley

3 16 7½

John Bax

3 16 7½

Henry Brown

3 16 7½

Jacob Brill

3 16 7½

Robert Blife

3 16 7½

William Blackman

3 16 7½

Richard Butler

3 16 7½

John Bell Enterd the 2 August

2 19 2½

James Carmichael

3 16 7½

John Crapps

3 16 7½

Joseph Chamberlain

3 16 7½

John Clough

3 16 7½

John Cork

3 16 7½

Gilbert Clough from the 27th Augt to 11th

October as Continel

1 18 6

John Chevott from the 12 July to 8 August

Inclu died

1 3 4

Brian Deleash

3 16 7½

James Dry

3 16 7½

Thomas Filler

3 16 7½

Peter Fleetwood

3 16 7½

Edward Grant

3 16 7½

Robinson Green

3 16 7½

Fisher Gamble

3 16 7½

Thomas Graystock Cord 8 Augt

2 14 2½

John Hyde

3 16 7½

William Hill

3 16 7½

Henry Howell

3 16 7½

Thomas Hyde

3 16 7½

William Hayes from the 12 to the 31 July

Inclu Discharged

16 8

Robert Jackwust

3 16 7½

Thomas Kedderick

3 16 7½

John Kemp

3 16 7½

Do omitted in the pay list last Quarter

3 16 7½

128 11 5

1923 17 6½

The sentinel roll of the Fourth Company continued, several men carrying broken pay for entry, reduction from corporal, death or a correction of the previous quarter.

Sentinels

William Anderson, £3 16s 7½d

Richard Ashford, £3 16s 7½d

William Brewer, £3 16s 7½d

Christopher Brinke, £3 16s 7½d

Christopher Bagley, £3 16s 7½d

John Bass, £3 16s 7½d

Henry Brewer, £3 16s 7½d

Jacob Britt, £3 16s 7½d

Robert Blyfe, £3 16s 7½d

William Blackman, £3 16s 7½d

Richard Butter, £3 16s 7½d

John Bell, entered the 2 August, £2 10s 2½d

James Carmichael, £3 16s 7½d

John Crupps, £3 16s 7½d

Joseph Chamberlain, £3 16s 7½d

John Clough, £3 16s 7½d

John Cork, £3 16s 7½d

Gilbert Clough, from the 27 August to 11 October as sentinel, £1 18s 6d

John Chevott, from the 12 July to 8 August inclusive, died, £1 3s 4d

Brion Deleask, £3 16s 7½d

James Dry, £3 16s 7½d

Thomas Fuller, £3 16s 7½d

Peter Fleetwood, £3 16s 7½d

Edward Grant, £3 16s 7½d

Robinson Green, £3 16s 7½d

Fisher Gamble, £3 16s 7½d

Thomas Graystock, entered 8 August, £2 14s 2½d

John Heyde, £3 16s 7½d

William Hill, £3 16s 7½d

Henry Howell, £3 16s 7½d

Thomas Hedidrick, £3 16s 7½d

William Hayes, from the 12 to the 31 July inclusive, discharged, £0 16s 8d

Robert Jackhurst, £3 16s 7½d

Thomas Hedidrick, £3 16s 7½d

John Kemp, £3 16s 7½d

The same, omitted in the pay list last quarter, £3 16s 7½d

Subtotal, £128 11s 5d

Carried over, £1,923 17s 6½d

Interpretations

The roll continues the Fourth Company's sentinels at the standard rate, broken by several men whose pay tracks a reduction, a death, a discharge or a correction of the past term. Gilbert Clough appears here reduced to sentinel from 27 August, the same man carried on the preceding leaf as corporal to 26 August, his fall from the rank recorded on both sides, the corporal's pay ending and the sentinel's beginning at the change. The reduction, one of several through the quarter, again marks the constant reordering of the ranks that ran through the whole account.

John Chevott died within the quarter, priced only to 8 August, and William Hayes was discharged, priced to 31 July, each broken sum marking a different way a soldier's service ended. Set beside the deaths and discharges scattered through the other companies, these entries show the several fates that cut a man's pay short, death, discharge and reduction all tracked to the day. The correction for John Kemp, given a further sum for a past omission as men were in every other company, confirms the general putting right of the previous quarter's list that ran through the whole account.

The entry of Thomas Graystock from 8 August marks a fresh recruit joining part way through the term, charged only from the day of entry, the steady arrival of new men continuing through the quarter as the losses to death and discharge were made good. The whole roll, with its reduction, death, discharge, fresh entry and correction of past error, shows the Company's exact and self-checking accounting of a company in constant movement. The tracking of each change to the day, the making good of a past omission and the recording of every entry and loss mark the close control the Company kept over the pay and strength of its garrison through a quarter of unusual churn.

269

263

Brought over

1923 17 6½

Centinels Brought over

128 11 5

Alexander Kitchen

3 16 7½

Thomas Lenney

3 16 7½

Joseph Long

3 16 7½

John Lembron

3 16 7½

James Lee

3 16 7½

William Levingston

3 16 7½

Richard Lemly

3 16 7½

Edward Laos

3 16 7½

Abram Major

3 16 7½

Chas Montague

3 16 7½

Richard Molyn

3 16 7½

Edward Maxwell

3 16 7½

William Meer

3 16 7½

William McClod

3 16 7½

William Mawor

3 16 7½

Thomas Nimble

3 16 7½

John Popewater

3 16 7½

Thomas Payne

3 16 7½

Joseph Phillips

3 16 7½

Thomas Avery

3 16 7½

William Robinson

3 16 7½

John Robinson

3 16 7½

William Peppon

3 16 7½

Robt Snea

3 16 7½

David Scot

3 16 7½

Adam Scot

3 16 7½

Nicholas Serafton

3 16 7½

Thomas Skirmore

3 16 7½

Richard Spencer

3 16 7½

George Simms

3 16 7½

James Shelbread

3 16 7½

John Spencer Enterd the 2 August

2 19 2½

Christian Tyzer

3 16 7½

Richard Tenh

3 16 7½

Thomas Thompson

3 16 7½

Joseph Ulfen

3 16 7½

Roger Watanan

3 16 7½

John Wigwood from 12 July to 26 Augt Inclu as Cent

1 17 6½

Ditto from the 27 July to 11 October as Corporal

2 12 9½

371 16 3

2295 13 9½

The sentinel roll of the Fourth Company continued, one man carrying broken pay for promotion within the quarter.

Sentinels brought over, £128 11s 5d

Alexander Hitchin, £3 16s 7½d

Thomas Linsley, £3 16s 7½d

Joseph Lony, £3 16s 7½d

John Lambron, £3 16s 7½d

James Lee, £3 16s 7½d

William Livingston, £3 16s 7½d

Richard Lemoey, £3 16s 7½d

Edward Laas, £3 16s 7½d

Abram Major, £3 16s 7½d

Charles Montague, £3 16s 7½d

Richard Mayl, £3 16s 7½d

Edward Maxwell, £3 16s 7½d

William Meer, £3 16s 7½d

William McCloud, £3 16s 7½d

William Mawer, £3 16s 7½d

Thomas Nimble, £3 16s 7½d

John Pojewater, £3 16s 7½d

Thomas Payne, £3 16s 7½d

Joseph Phillips, £3 16s 7½d

Thomas Avery, £3 16s 7½d

William Robinson, £3 16s 7½d

John Robinson, £3 16s 7½d

William Peppon, £3 16s 7½d

Robert Snelfe, £3 16s 7½d

David Scott, £3 16s 7½d

Adam Scott, £3 16s 7½d

Nicholas Swiften, £3 16s 7½d

Thomas Skenmore, £3 16s 7½d

Richard Spencer, £3 16s 7½d

George Sumner, £3 16s 7½d

James Shelldrded, £3 16s 7½d

John Spencer, entered the 2 August, £2 19s 2½d

Christian Tozier, £3 16s 7½d

Richard Tenk, £3 16s 7½d

Thomas Thompson, £3 16s 7½d

Joseph Ulfen, £3 16s 7½d

Roger Watigan, £3 16s 7½d

John Wybird, from 12 July to 26 August inclusive as sentinel, £1 17s 6½d

The same, from the 27 August to 11 October as corporal, £2 10s 1½d

Subtotal, £371 16s 3d

Carried over, £2,149 13s 9½d

Interpretations

The roll continues the Fourth Company's sentinels at the standard rate, broken by a fresh entry and a promotion within the quarter. John Wybird rose from sentinel to corporal on 27 August, his pay split between the two portions of the term, a man advanced through the ranks in the same quarter that saw promotions and reductions running through every company. The promotion, set among the flat wages of the many, marks the ordinary movement in the ranks by which vacancies were filled from below, the account tracking the change to the day.

The steady body of sentinels carried at the uniform rate, filling out the greater part of the roll, marks the standing strength of the company against the few broken entries. The recurrence of the same surnames, the two Scotts and the two Robinsons among others, reflects the small and interconnected pool from which the garrison drew its recruits, kin serving side by side in the ranks. The entry of John Spencer from 2 August marks a fresh recruit joining part way through the term, charged only from the day of entry, the steady arrival of new men continuing through the quarter.

The whole roll, with its single promotion and single fresh entry set among the flat wages of the many, shows the ordinary business of a company held at strength. The mass of the men served the full quarter at the common rate while a few moved between ranks or joined part way through, the Company's exact accounting following every such change to the day. The careful pricing of the promotion and the fresh entry, set against the steady bulk of the roll, marks the close control the Company kept over the pay and strength of its garrison, every shift recorded while the fixed structure endured.

270

264

Brought over

2295 13 9½

Artillery Company

Thomas Hall Master Gunners Salary

22 16 3

Ditto Diet money

6 16 10½

29 13 1½

Gunners Mates

Nathan Sample Cheif Mate

11 8 1½

John Witchweeh

9 2 6

Henry Cartor

9 2 6

Charles McNulty

9 2 6

Rowland Davis

9 2 6

John Hellings

9 2 6

Adam Watson

9 2 6

Thomas Williams

9 2 6

75 5 7½

Quarter Gunners

James Long

6 16 10½

Thomas Mawon

6 16 10½

Andrew Barton

6 16 10½

John Tocho

6 16 10½

John Cleavy

6 16 10½

Thomas Taylor

6 16 10½

John Wock

6 16 10½

John Thomason

6 16 10½

54 15

Matrosses

Richard Billington

4 11 3

William Brewook

4 11 3

Matthew Brickford

4 11 3

Dooby Taylor

4 11 3

Robert Cunningham

4 11 3

Thomas Davis

4 11 3

Anthony Day

4 11 3

William Flecher

4 11 3

James Garnet

4 11 3

Thomas Mudge

4 11 3

Ditto omitted in the pay list last Quarter

4 11 3

William Mason

4 11 3

Matrosses Carried over 54 15

£ 2355 7 6½

The account then opened the artillery company for the quarter, setting out the master gunner, the gunner's mates, the quarter gunners and the opening of the matrosses.

Brought over, £2,295 13s 9½d

Artillery company

Thomas Hall, master gunner, salary, £22 16s 3d

Diet money, £6 16s 10½d

Subtotal, £29 13s 1½d

Gunner’s mates

Nathan Sample, chief mate, £11 8s 1½d

John Mitchurch, £9 2s 6d

Henry Carter, £9 2s 6d

Charles McNulty, £9 2s 6d

Rowland Davis, £9 2s 6d

John Hellingo, £9 2s 6d

Adam Watson, £9 2s 6d

Thomas Williams, £9 2s 6d

Subtotal, £75 5s 7½d

Quarter gunners

James Long, £6 16s 10½d

Thomas Mawer, £6 16s 10½d

Andrew Barton, £6 16s 10½d

John Tacke, £6 16s 10½d

John Cleary, £6 16s 10½d

Thomas Taylor, £6 16s 10½d

John Wood, £6 16s 10½d

John Thomason, £6 16s 10½d

Subtotal, £54 15s 0d

Matrosses

Richard Billington, £4 11s 3d

William Benson, £4 11s 3d

Matthias Brickléard, £4 11s 3d

Dooby Taylor, £4 11s 3d

Robert Cunningham, £4 11s 3d

Thomas Davis, £4 11s 3d

Anthony Day, £4 11s 3d

William Fletcher, £4 11s 3d

James Garnet, £4 11s 3d

Thomas Mudge, £4 11s 3d

The same, omitted in the pay list last quarter, £4 11s 3d

William Mason, £4 11s 3d

Matrosses carried over, £54 15s 0d

Carried over, £2,355 7s 6½d

Interpretations

The list opens the artillery company, the specialist arm set out below the four line companies with its own descending structure of master gunner, mates, quarter gunners and matrosses, each grade paid at the fixed rate seen in the earlier quarter. The master gunner draws a salary and diet money matching a line company's first lieutenant, the command of the guns ranking with the command of a company. The higher pay of the gunner's mates and quarter gunners above the corresponding ranks of the line reflects the specialist skill of serving the great guns, the artillery rewarded above the foot for the trained work of the batteries.

The correction for Thomas Mudge, given a further sum for a past omission as men were in every line company, extends the pattern of such corrections into the artillery, confirming that the previous quarter's list had carried omissions across the whole establishment. The making good of these arrears together, in the artillery as in the four companies, shows a general reckoning of the previous list's failures, each man's due settled where a past oversight came to light. The care to correct the omission marks the account's concern for exactness even in the specialist arm.

The matrosses, the junior gunners who assisted at the pieces and handled the powder and shot, form the base of the artillery's hierarchy at a distinct rate below the quarter gunners. The recurrence of the same names carried through the earlier quarter, the Billingtons, Bensons and Days, marks the settled body of trained gunners kept apart from the sentinels of the line, a standing force of men versed in the working of artillery. The whole list shows the artillery maintained on its own fixed scale alongside the line companies, the specialist arm of the garrison paid at rates reflecting the skilled work of the guns on which the defence of the anchorage rested.

271

265

Brought over

2355 7 6½

Matrosses brought over

54 15

George Neldan

4 11 3

Thomas Bratchett

4 11 3

Jos Piercy

4 11 3

John Robinson

4 11 3

James Roberson

4 11 3

John Shortley

4 11 3

John Slater

4 11 3

John Turner

4 11 3

William Thompson

4 11 3

Thomas Watts

4 11 3

Richard Waterhouse

4 11 3

James Yack

4 11 3

James Austen

4 11 3

John Adam Bucher

4 11 3

John Baker

4 11 3

Oliver Dipatt

4 11 3

John Gebhardt

4 11 3

Thomas Haycock

4 11 3

William Foster

4 11 3

Peter Mitchell

4 11 3

William Pidgeon

4 11 3

Joseph Ratcloft

4 11 3

Frederick Zimmerman

4 11 3

George Snyder

4 11 3

John Sos

4 11 3

Danl Tongue

4 11 3

Luke Vardon

4 11 3

Thomas Hyatt

4 11 3

William Warden

4 11 3

John Mitchell Wageling

4 11 3

John Herdenick Walter

4 11 3

Henry Deleaine from the 12 July to 28 Augt transfd

to the 3 Company

3 15

Osbon Corman Cord 31 July

2 12

Ulrick Diel

£ 204 16 9

2560 4 3½

The roll of matrosses in the artillery company continued, one man carrying broken pay for transfer to a line company and another newly entered.

Matrosses brought over, £54 15s 0d

George Nelson, £4 11s 3d

Thomas Pratchett, £4 11s 3d

John Piercey, £4 11s 3d

John Robenson, £4 11s 3d

James Robertson, £4 11s 3d

John Shelley, £4 11s 3d

John Slater, £4 11s 3d

John Turner, £4 11s 3d

William Thompson, £4 11s 3d

Thomas Watts, £4 11s 3d

Richard Waterhouse, £4 11s 3d

James Yorke, £4 11s 3d

Samuel Austen, £4 11s 3d

John Adam Bucher, £4 11s 3d

John Baker, £4 11s 3d

Christian Dysatt, £4 11s 3d

John Gebhardt, £4 11s 3d

Thomas Haycock, £4 11s 3d

William Lester, £4 11s 3d

Peter Mitchell, £4 11s 3d

William Pidgeon, £4 11s 3d

Joseph Ratcliff, £4 11s 3d

Frederick Zimmerman, £4 11s 3d

George Snyder, £4 11s 3d

John Slow, £4 11s 3d

Daniel Tongue, £4 11s 3d

Luke Vardon, £4 11s 3d

Thomas Hyatt, £4 11s 3d

William Warden, £4 11s 3d

John Mitchell Wageling, £4 11s 3d

John Hendrick Waltshr, £4 11s 3d

Henry Delaune, from the 12 July to 28 August, transferred to the Third Company, £3 15s 0d

Peter Corrie, entered 31 July, £2 12s 0d

Ulrich Diel, £4 11s 3d

Total, £2,560 6s 3½d

Interpretations

The roll completes the matrosses of the artillery, broken by a transfer out and a fresh entry among the flat wages of the body. Henry Delaune's pay, priced to 28 August and marked as transferred to the Third Company, records the artillery side of the movement seen on the earlier leaf, where he appears entered into the Third Company from 29 August. The account balances the transfer on both sides, Delaune paid by the artillery to the day he left and by the line company from the day he joined, so that no man was paid twice and each unit bore only the days he served in it.

Peter Corrie's entry from 31 July marks a fresh man joining the artillery part way through the term, charged only from the day of entry, the specialist arm drawing in new hands as the line companies did. The name Ulrich Diel closing the roll, set beside the earlier Frederick Zimmerman, George Snyder and the man styled Waltshr, again points to the continental gunners the Company recruited for its artillery, drawing on the wider pool of European soldiers to supply the skill the great guns demanded. The strong showing of such names among the matrosses marks the foreign stock from which the artillery was partly manned.

The grand total of £2,560 6s 3½d closes the whole quarterly payroll of the establishment, the civil officers, the four line companies and the artillery drawn together into a single sum charged to the Company. The scale of the figure, set against the tiny population of the island, measures the cost of holding St Helena as a garrisoned waypoint, the price the Company paid each quarter to keep a fortified refreshment station manned on the homeward route from the East. The whole account, closed after a quarter of unusual movement in the ranks, shows the Company's exact and careful reckoning of every man's pay across the establishment.

272

266

John Clark Paymaster Dr

1758

Octr 11

To Cash received

2892 3 6

£ 2892 3 6

The debtor side of John Clark's account recorded the cash received for the quarter.

John Clark, paymaster, debtor

11 October 1758, to cash received, £2,892 3s 6d

Total, £2,892 3s 6d

273

267

Per Contra Cr

1758

July 7th

By cash paid George Finn and Isaac Keng for Enlisting to

serve the Honorable Company for five years each as Soldiers

Time to Commence from their Dates

4

18

By Cash paid Captain Renner for two Fathoms of Britton at

3. 15 each Two Double Colchester Chevens at 24 at 4/ p lb 25

One Chevron Ditto No 34 at 4/ p lb Do Two pair of Rezine

Do and 20 lb of Cavents at 4/ p lb amounting in the whole

13 10

20th

By Cash paid Jos Wheel for 6 Cask of Ducks and over Bottle of

Anchovies for the use of the Honorable Companys Table

3 10 6

Augt 19th

By Cash paid Captain Fowellec for 6. 2. 6 of Fine Rice for

the use of the Honorable Companys

11 6 8

20

By Cash paid Captain Chick for 13. 3. 6 of Rice at 18 p Ct

and 7. 2. 20 of Paddy at 3/ p Ct for the use of the Honorable Comp

14 9

By Cash paid Captain Halstiner for 24½ 4/ p lb Beef 4 p Cask

for the use of the Honorable Company

49 8

By Cash paid Sundry Persons for the following Particulars

for the use of Captain OBryen Vizt

66 Fowls at 4/ Each 12 Turkey at 5 Each 36 Pumpkins at 1/6

Each 30 Gammons at 4/ Each 1500 Lemon at 3/6 p Hund

and 2 Bushells of Potatoes at 3/ p Ct Bushell amount in the whole

14 11 6

Octr 5

By Cash paid Mr Thomas Hall Master Gunner to pay for 13

Coats and 13 pair of Breeches which reeds for 10 Men of the Artillery

Company at the rate of 30/ for Coat and pair Breeches

19 10

By Cash paid Ditto for 24 Days Work done by sundry Artillery

men at the Wall

1 4

By Cash paid Mr Thomas Chamberlain for Carpenters work done this

Quarter for the use of the Honorable Company

5

By Cash paid Robert Jackwust for taking Care of the Honorable

Companys Stock in the Longboat this Quarter

2 10

By Cash paid Sundry Soldiers for rowing in the Honorable

Companys Pinnace this Quarter

3

By Cash paid William Moore for the rent of Two Houses for

the use of the Sick Soldiers

4

By Cash paid Jonathan Doveton for Six days work in Stone

laying for the use of the Honorable Company this Quarter

18

By Cash paid Charles Epsing for the hire of a Team for Nequedah

Pochollem

1

By Cash paid Nequedah Pochollem for thirteen Weeks

Subsistence at 2/6 p Week

1 12 6

148 7 11

The creditor side of the paymaster's account set out the sundry cash payments made for the Company over the quarter, certain of the entries naming ships.

7 July, by cash paid George Finn and Lewis Ans for enlisting to serve the Company for five years each as soldiers, time to commence from their dates, £4 0s 0d.

The next entry names a ship.

10 July, by cash paid Captain Bonner for two firkins of butter at 3s 15 each, two double Gloucester cheeses at 24d, one at 9d per lb, one clothes brush at 4s, 34 lb at 9d per lb for magazine, and 20 lb of currants at 6d per lb, amounting in the whole to £13 10s 0d.

20 July, by cash paid Mr Wilson for 6 candy of speed and over bottle of anchovies for the use of the Honourable Company’s table, £3 10s 6d

The next entry names a ship.

19 August, by cash paid Captain Sowerby for 3 candy 6 faraselli of paddy for the use of the Honourable Company, £11 6s 0d.

20 August, by cash paid Captain Chick for 13 candy 3 faraselli of rice at 18s per hundred and 7 candy 2 faraselli of paddy at 3s per hundred for the use of the Honourable Company, £14 9s 0d

By cash paid Captain Wilson for 194 pieces of beef, 4 casks of beef, 1 of candy, for the use of the Honourable Company, £49 0s 0d

By cash paid sundry persons for the following particulars for the use of Captain O’Bryen:

6 fowls at 1s 6d each, 12 turkeys at 5s each, 36 pumpkins at 6d each, 30 damons at 6d each, 1,500 lemons at 3s 6d per hundred and 2 bushels of potatoes at 5s per bushel, £4 11s 6d

By cash paid Mr Thomas Hall, master gunner, to pay for 13 coats and 6 pairs of breeches wanted for 13 men of the artillery company at the rate of 30s for each coat and breeches, £19 10s 0d

By cash paid the same for 24 days work done by sundry artillery men at the fort, £1 4s 0d

By cash paid Joseph Chamberlain for carpenter’s work done this quarter for the use of the Honourable Company, £5 0s 0d

By cash paid Robert Jackhurst for taking care of the Honourable Company’s stock in the Longwood this quarter, £2 10s 0d

By cash paid sundry soldiers for rowing in the Honourable Company’s pinnace this quarter, £3 0s 0d

By cash paid William Moore for the rent of two houses for the use of the sick soldiers, £4 0s 0d

By cash paid Jonathan Doveton for six days work in stone laying for the use of the Honourable Company this quarter, £0 18s 0d

By cash paid Charles Pysing for the hire of a team for Niquedah Pockollem, £1 0s 0d

By cash paid Niquedah Pockollem for thirteen weeks subsistence at 2s 6d per week, £1 12s 6d

Total, £148 7s 11d

Interpretations

The account gathers the quarter's incidental payments, the enlistments, provisions, building work and casual labour that fell outside the fixed payroll, showing the range of cash disbursements by which the settlement ran. The largest, £49 for beef bought of Captain Wilson, records the purchase of salt meat from a ship's commander to victual the Company's people, the garrison again depending on the passing vessels for the preserved provisions the island could not itself produce. The purchases of rice and paddy from other captains reflect the same reliance on the ships for grain, the island buying its bulk food from the vessels lying in the road.

The provisions bought for Captain O'Bryen, the fowls, turkeys, pumpkins, lemons and potatoes supplied at fixed rates, record the island in its function as a victualling station, furnishing fresh meat and vegetables to the commanders of ships calling on the route. The lemons in particular, bought in great quantity, were valued against the scurvy that afflicted men on the long passages, the island's fresh produce a chief part of what it offered the passing fleets. The clothing of the thirteen new matrosses connects to the enlargement of the artillery examined in the consultations, the fresh gunners fitted out at the reduced cost the council had noted.

The recurrence of the same standing charges from the previous quarter, the rent of two houses for sick soldiers, the keeping of Company stock at Longwood, the rowing of the pinnace and the subsistence of the man Niquedah Pockollem, marks the settled pattern of the island's running costs. The maintenance of this man for thirteen weeks with the hire of a team, the same charge carried in the earlier quarter, shows the Company continuing to keep and support an Indian or other non-European on the island, the standing entry marking a person held at the Company's charge across the successive quarters of the account.

274

268

John Clark Paymaster Dr

1758

Octr 11th

To Cash brought over

2892 3 6

£ 2892 3 6

The debtor side of John Clark's account carried forward the cash brought over from the preceding leaf.

John Clark, paymaster, debtor

11 October 1758, to cash brought over, £2,892 3s 6d

Total, £2,892 3s 6d

275

269

Per Contra Cr

1758

Octor 11

Brought over

148 7 11

By Cash paid John Cotgrove for 150 Apples at 18 p Hundred and

200 of Lemmons at 3/ p Hundred for the use of the Honorable

Companys Table

3 15

By Cash paid Richard Bagley for 7 Bushell of Potatoes at 3/

p Bushell and 2250 Lemmons at 3/ p Hundred for the use of the

Honorable Companys Table

2 1 6

By Cash paid Thomas Mawar for Painting the Window frames at

the new Barracks the Guns at Sandy Bay the Espalier in the Plantion

House Garden &c for the use of the Honorable Company

1 13

By Cash paid Samuel Cabo for Glazing work done this Quarter

for the Honorable Company

By Cash paid for Work done by James Whaley the Carpenters Boy

for the use of the Honorable Company

1 5

By Cash paid Sundry Men for six days work for rowing in the Honble

Companys Long boat in fetching of Lime Stone and bringing Goods

on shore &c for the use of the Honorable Company

7 5

By Cash paid John Robinson for five dozen files for the use of the

Honorable Company

1

By Cash paid Thomas Green and Michael Reed for baking 92

Batches of Bread for the Garrison this Quarter

7 13 4

By Cash paid Seven discharged Soldiers one Superanuated 6.8 p day

untill they left the Island

4 15 6

By Cash paid Sundry Persons and a black man for bringing

an Account of Ships to Windward

12 6

By Cash paid John Wheel for 12 Pound of Prawns and 12 lb of Currants

for the use of the Honorable Companys Table this Quarter

1

By Cash paid Richard Horton for Carpenters work done for the

use of the Honorable Company this Quarter

1 6

By Cash paid John Deer for Ditto

3 4

By Cash paid Jonathan Kitchens for Ditto

3 9

By Cash paid Small day for Ditto

2 9 6

By Cash paid Edward Brown for Ditto

3

By Cash paid John Simmons for Ditto

2 4 3

By Cash paid Sundry Bakers for 1867 7/8 days Work at the new

Barracks

93 7 10½

By Cash paid Sundry Do for 91½ days work and ½ at several of the

Honorable Companys Fortifications

4 11 6

Carried over £ 295 3 4½

The creditor side of the paymaster's account continued, listing the sundry cash payments made for the Company over the quarter.

Per contra, creditor

Brought over, £148 7s 11d

By cash paid John Cotgrove for 150 apples at 18s per hundred and 2,100 lemons at 3s 6d per hundred for the use of the Honourable Company’s table, £3 15s 0d

By cash paid Richard Bagley for 7½ bushels of potatoes at 5s per bushel and 2,250 lemons at 3s 6d per hundred for the use of the Honourable Company’s table, £2 1s 6d

By cash paid Thomas Mawer for painting the window frames at the new barracks, the guns at Sandy Bay, the espaliers in the plantation house garden and other work for the use of the Honourable Company, £1 13s 0d

By cash paid Samuel Cairns for glazing work done this quarter for the Honourable Company, £[...]

By cash paid for work done by James Whaley, the carpenter’s boy, for the use of the Honourable Company, £1 5s 0d

By cash paid sundry men for six days work for rowing in the Honourable Company’s long boat in fetching of limestone and bringing goods on shore and other work for the use of the Honourable Company, £7 5s 0d

By cash paid John Robenson for five dozen files for the use of the Third Company, £1 0s 0d

By cash paid Thomas Green and Michael Reed for baking 92 batches of bread for the garrison this quarter, £7 13s 4d

By cash paid seven discharged soldiers, one superannuated, at 6d per day until they left the island, £4 15s 6d

By cash paid sundry persons and a black man for bringing an account of ships to windward, £0 12s 6d

By cash paid John Wilson for 12 lb of prawns and 12 lb of currants for the use of the Honourable Company’s table this quarter, £1 0s 0d

By cash paid Richard Horton for carpenter’s work done for the use of the Honourable Company this quarter, £1 6s 0d

By cash paid John Deer for the same, £4 3s 9d

By cash paid Jonathan Hitchens for the same, £3 0s 9d

By cash paid Small Day for the same, £2 9s 6d

By cash paid Edward Brown for the same, £3 0s 0d

By cash paid John Simmons for the same, £2 4s 3d

By cash paid sundry soldiers for 1,867⅞ days work at the new barracks, £93 7s 10½d

By cash paid the same for 91½ days work and the same at several of the Honourable Company’s fortifications, £4 11s 6d

Carried over, £295 3s 4½d

Interpretations

The account gathers the quarter's incidental payments, the provisions, building and casual labour outside the fixed payroll, showing the settlement's running turned on cash disbursements to tradesmen and soldiers. The largest by far, over ninety-three pounds for nearly nineteen hundred days of soldiers' labour at the new barracks, measures the scale of building carried on through the quarter, the garrison's men set to construction and paid a daily wage. This heavy use of soldiers as labourers marks the garrison as a workforce as much as a fighting body, the Company turning its men to the barracks and fortifications rather than hiring separate labour on an island short of hands.

The purchases of lemons in great quantity, thousands bought from several sellers for the Company's table, again mark the value set on the fruit against the scurvy that afflicted men on the long sea passages the island served. The buying of apples, potatoes, prawns and currants for the governor's board shows the ordinary provisioning of the establishment, the fresh produce of the island gathered from its growers to furnish the table. The espaliers in the plantation house garden, the trained fruit trees painted and maintained, mark the cultivation of the island's own fruit, a source of the fresh produce so valued at a remote station.

The discharge of seven soldiers at 6d a day, one of them superannuated, again shows the Company paying off men at a set daily rate as it took on fresh recruits, the worn or time-expired cleared from the rolls. The payment to a black man among others for bringing word of ships to windward marks the island's watch for approaching vessels, the lookout kept for shipping on which the settlement's whole business turned, and the drawing of a slave or free black into that service. The whole account shows the daily working of the settlement, its building, provisioning and watch all met by the steady disbursement of cash across the quarter.

276

270

John Clark Paymaster Dr

1758

Octr 11th

To Cash Brought over

2892 3 6

£ 2892 3 6

The debtor side of John Clark's account carried forward the cash brought over from the preceding leaf.

John Clark, paymaster, debtor

11 October 1758, to cash brought over, £2,892 3s 6d

Total, £2,892 3s 6d

277

271

Per Contra Cr

Brought over

295 3 4½

By Cash paid Sundry Persons for 144¾ days work done at the

Stores &c

7 4 3

By Cash paid Sundry Ditto for 9 days work at the Church

9

By Cash paid Sundry Ditto for 536¾ days work done in

making hay Grubbing Furze fencing the Pastures at the

Honorable Companys Plantation &c

26 16 9

By Cash paid Charles Frankland for repairing one of

the Honorable Companys Clocks

10

By Cash paid James Garnett for fitting and Cleaning the

Waist Belts belonging to the flying Party

1 8 10

By Cash paid John Spencer for making the Arms belonging

to the Flying Party

7

By Cash paid the Honorable Companys Officers and Servants

their several Salarys diet money &c for the Quarter

Commencing July and Ending October 11th 1758

2560 4 3½

£ 2892 3 6

Octor 11th 1758

E Excepted

Signed John Clark Paymaster

The creditor side of the paymaster's account continued to its close, listing the remaining cash payments made for the Company over the quarter.

Per contra, creditor

Brought over, £295 3s 4½d

By cash paid sundry persons for 144¼ days work done at the stores, £7 4s 3d

By cash paid sundry the same for 9 days work at the church, £0 9s 0d

By cash paid sundry the same for 536¼ days work done in making hay, grubbing furze and fencing the pastures at the Honourable Company’s plantation, £26 16s 9d

By cash paid Charles Brankland for repairing one of the Honourable Company’s clocks, £0 10s 0d

By cash paid James Garnett for fitting and cleaning the waist belts belonging to the flying party, £1 8s 10d

By cash paid John Spencer for making the arms belonging to the flying party, £0 7s 0d

By cash paid the Honourable Company’s officers and servants their salaries, diet money and other charges for the quarter beginning 12 July and ending 11 October 1758, £2,560 4s 3½d

Total, £2,892 3s 6d

The account was subscribed errors excepted and signed by John Clark, paymaster.

Interpretations

The account closes the paymaster's quarter, the whole of his receipts from the cash chest balanced against the wages and disbursements set out over the several leaves, the payroll of £2,560 4s 3½d standing as by far the largest charge. The double-entry form ties every shilling drawn to a vouched payment, the closing total matching the sum received exactly and the signature and errors excepted clause completing the paymaster's discharge for the period.

The payments for work at the plantation, the haymaking, grubbing of furze and fencing of the pastures, mark the agricultural labour by which the Company maintained its own farm on the island, the pastures cleared and enclosed for the livestock whose careful accounting fills the monthly stock returns. The grubbing of furze, the digging out of the tough gorse that encroached on the pasture, and the making of hay for winter feed show the ordinary husbandry of the Company's plantation, the ground kept clear and the stock provided for through the labour hired across the quarter.

The care of the flying parties' equipment, the fitting and cleaning of their belts and the making of their arms, marks the maintenance of the mobile detachments held ready to move to any threatened point of the coast, the same parties exercised with powder in the artillery accounts. The repair of a clock among these charges points to the timekeeping the settlement maintained, a matter of some moment where the ordering of watches and work depended on knowing the hour. The whole account, closed and vouched, shows the Company's exact reckoning of a quarter's running, the wages, the building, the farming and the upkeep of the garrison all drawn together and balanced against the cash drawn from the chest.

278

272

Collections of Goods sold and delivered out of the

Honorable Companys Stores from the 12 July to the 11 Octr 1758

Sold to the Companys Servants at 10 p Cent

Beef & Pork Vizt

105 lb of beef at 2/

104 10

7 Do Ditto 3/4

1 3 7½

7 39 lb Pork 2/

72 18

26 lb Ditto 3/½

3 19 1

182 10 8½

Soap 457

16 3 8½

Paint Vizt

3 lb Round Blue Smalts

4 1

2 Barrels of Bleaching

8

5½ Venetian Red

1 1

119 Whiting

2 5½

18 Stone Colour

9 9

1 lb Round of White Lead

5 6

4 Mahogany

7 6

5 1 12

Candles 220

22

Glass Ward vizt

13 Square Glass 10 by 12

1 2 1½

1 Do Do 10 by 12½

1 1

2 Do Do 11 by 14½

2 10

10 Do Do 8 by 10

6 3

60 Wine Glasses

1 16 10½

1 Round Decanter

3 9

3 Pint Ditto

9 4½

9 Tumblers

6

2 Beer Glasses

3 2

3 Cruests

6 8

1 lb Ditto

5 10½

5 A

Leather vizt

1 Calfskin

1 8 2

62½ Sole

3 8 5½

A 16 7½

Carried over 235 16 2

The account set out the goods sold and delivered out of the Company's stores from 12 July to 11 October 1758, priced by commodity, with the sale to the Company's servants made at ten per cent above cost.

Collections of goods sold and delivered out of the Honourable Company’s stores from 12 July to 11 October 1758

Sold to the Company’s servants at 10 per cent above cost

Beef and pork:

1,045 lb of beef at 2d, £104 10s 0d

7 lb the same at 3½d, £1 3s 7½d

739 lb of pork at 2d, £72 18s 0d

26 lb the same at 3½d, £3 19s 1d

Subtotal, £182 10s 8½d

Soap: 257 lb, £16 6s 8¾d

Paint:

3½ lb ground blue smalts, £4 1s 0d

2 barrels of bleaching, £0 0s 8d

5½ lb Venetian red, £1 1s 0d

119 lb whiting, £2 5s 5½d

18 lb stone colour, £0 9s 9d

1 lb ground white lead, £5 6s 8d

½ lb mahogany, £0 7s 6d

Subtotal, £5 1s 12d

Candles: 220 lb, £22 0s 0d

Glass ware:

13 square glass 10 by 12, £1 2s 1½d

1 the same 10 by 12½, £1 1s 0d

2 the same 11 by 14½, £2 10s 0d

10 the same 8 by 10, £0 6s 3d

60 wine glasses, £1 16s 10½d

1 quart decanter, £0 3s 0d

3 pint the same, £0 9s 0d

9 tumblers, £0 9s 4½d

2 beer glasses, £0 6s 0d

3 cruets, £0 6s 0d

1 the same the same, £0 6s 0d

Subtotal, £5 10s 3d

Leather:

1 calf skin, £1 8s 2d

62½ lb sole, £3 8s 5½d

Subtotal, £16 7s 5½d

Carried over, £235 16s 2d

Interpretations

The account is the storekeeper's record of goods sold out of the Company's warehouse to its servants and others, priced at ten per cent above cost so that the Company recovered its outlay with a small margin on every sale. This markup was the mechanism by which the Company supplied its people with the goods they needed while covering the cost and trouble of carrying them, the warehouse serving as the island's shop where imported wares could be had at a fixed and modest advance on their prime cost. The reckoning of every sale at the same rate above cost shows the ordered manner in which the Company victualled and supplied its own community.

The paints and pigments set out, the blue smalts, Venetian red, whiting, white lead and mahogany, were the materials of the painter's trade, ground colours mixed with oil for the protective and decorative painting of the island's buildings, boats and fittings. Smalts was a blue pigment made from ground cobalt glass, whiting the powdered chalk used as a base and filler, and the several earth colours the durable stuffs for weatherproofing timber. The sale of these to the island's inhabitants shows the settlers maintaining their own property with materials drawn from the Company's stores, the warehouse supplying the means of the island's upkeep.

The glassware, the window glass, wine glasses, decanters and tumblers, marks the domestic goods the Company carried for the comfort of its people, the finer wares of a settled household drawn from the stores. The window glass in particular, cut to several sizes, points to the glazing of the island's buildings, the panes supplied for the windows of houses and public works. The whole account shows the warehouse as the source of the island's manufactured goods, the imported wares of paint, glass, soap, candles and leather all passing through the Company's store to the inhabitants at a fixed advance on cost, the settlement supplied from the ships through the single channel of the Company's trade.

279

273

Brought over

235 16 2

Sugar and Candy

3042 Sugar

38 6

921 Candy

17 5 4½

55 5 10½

Flour vizt

385 7 Fine

31 19 6

172 2 2

161 4

193 19 10

Shoes vizt

200 lb Mens Ordinary

42 10

5 lb Do Fine

1 10 5

7 lb Channeled Pumps

2 13 11½

9 lb Fine Ditto

2 19 7½

6 lb Woman Ordy

16 6

13 lb Ditto Calamancoes

3 7 2

6 lb Ditto Enamels

1 9 9

7 lb Girls

14 3½

11 lb Boys

2 1 8½

58 3 5

Arrack 77 70 Gallons

19 9 4½

Tea vizt

135 4 Congo

8 9 1

33½ Bohea

1 10 8½

9 19 9½

Haberdashery Ware vizt

7 lb Holland Tape

4 8

1½ Gross of White Waistcoat Buttons

4 7

2 Do Shirt

6 1½

9 Dozen Mohair breast Do

3

7 lb Do Do Coat

5

1 Do Girt Mount

2 2½

2 Do Do Crop

1 3½

24 Skiens of Mohair

9

3 Do Silk

9 4½

1 lb of Carnation Tape

11 9

½ Gross of coumb Lace

11

2 Crockdon

10

2 10

Thread vizt

11½ whited brown

4 3 8½

28 Coloured

4 11 8

8 15 4

Carried over 582 19 6

The account of goods sold out of the Company's stores continued, priced by commodity.

Brought over, £235 16s 2d

Sugar and candy:

3,042 lb sugar, £38 0s 6d

921 lb candy, £17 5s 4½d

Subtotal, £55 5s 10½d

Flour:

383 lb flour, £31 19s 6d

172 lb the same, £161 4s 0d

Subtotal, £193 19s 10d

Shoes:

200 pairs men’s ordinary, £42 10s 0d

5 pairs the same fine, £1 10s 5d

7 pairs channelled pumps, £2 13s 11½d

9 pairs fine the same, £2 19s 7½d

6 pairs woman calf, £0 16s 6d

15 pairs the same calamancoes, £3 7s 2d

6 pairs the same the same, £1 9s 9d

7 pairs corks, £0 14s 3½d

11 pairs boys, £2 1s 8½d

Subtotal, £58 3s 5d

Arrack: 77 gallons, £19 9s 4½d

Tea:

135¼ lb congo, £8 9s 1d

33 lb bohea, £1 10s 8½d

Subtotal, £9 19s 9½d

Haberdashery ware:

7 lb Holland tape, £0 4s 8d

1½ gross of white waistcoat buttons, £0 4s 7d

2 lb the same shirt, £0 6s 1½d

9 dozen mohair breast the same, £0 3s 0d

7 lb the same coat, £0 5s 0d

1 the same coloured mohair, £0 2s 2½d

2 lb the same crap, £0 1s 3½d

24 skeins of mohair, £0 9s 4½d

3 lb silk, £0 9s 4½d

1 lb of carnation crap, £0 0s 9d

½ gross of coloured lace, £0 0s 11d

2 corkscrews, £0 0s 10d

Subtotal, £2 10s 0d

Thread:

11½ lb white or brown, £4 3s 3½d

28 coloured, £4 11s 0d

Subtotal, £8 15s 0½d

Carried over, £582 19s 6d

Interpretations

The account continues the storekeeper's record of goods sold to the island's inhabitants, ranging from food and clothing to the small wares of the mercer and haberdasher. The great quantity of shoes, two hundred pairs of ordinary men's alone beside finer sorts and women's and boys', marks the warehouse as the source of the island's footwear, the settlement wholly dependent on the Company's stores for the shoes its people wore. This bulk supply of a basic necessity shows the warehouse serving as the general provider for a community that could make little for itself, the imported goods drawn from the ships and sold on to the inhabitants.

The haberdashery, the tapes, buttons, mohair and silk, were the small materials of dressmaking and tailoring, the trimmings and fastenings by which clothes were made and mended. Mohair here means the twisted thread and braid of that name used for buttons and edging, calamanco a glazed woollen cloth, and crap a light worsted, the several stuffs of the clothier's trade. The sale of these fine wares shows the settlers making and trimming their own clothes from materials drawn from the store, the warehouse supplying not only finished shoes but the stuff to fashion garments, the island's people clothed through the single channel of the Company's imports.

The teas, the congo and bohea grades of black tea from China, mark the drink that had become a staple of the English household even at so remote a station, carried out on the Company's ships from the eastern trade. Congo was a middling black tea and bohea the cheapest, the two grades supplying the ordinary and the poorer sort alike. The sugar and candy sold in quantity beside them furnished the sweetening for the tea and the table, the whole marking the reach of the eastern trade into the daily habits of the island, its people taking tea and sugar drawn from the Company's warehouse as readily as any household at home.

280

274

Brought over

582 10 6

Long Cloth vizt

18 lb No 3

1 7 9

4 lb 4

4 8

71 lb 1

11 4

4 lb 1

22 10

16 lb 8

1 15 6

7 lb 9

6 9

41 4 8

Hooks & Lines Vizt

150 No 1

25 2

550 3

50 4 Hooks

2 9 11½

825 6

1375 7

10 3 No 2

18 6 3

5 2 4 Lines

9 4 6

1 Hantess

11 14 5½

Salt 21½ Bushells

3 7 4

Starch 52

1 3 10

Nails Vizt

4 2

5 3

12 4

26 6

20 10

1 15 4

2½ Tacks

½ Glazing Brads

Cordage 3. 1. 13

10 4

Turners vizt

2 Mops

2 9

5 Bowketts

12 3½

5 Sieves

9 2

6 Labourers bowketts

5

Turners ware carried over 1 9 2½

Carried over 682 5 2

The account of goods sold out of the Company's stores continued, priced by commodity.

Brought over, £582 10s 6d

Long cloth:

18 the same, number 3, £1 7s 9d

48 the same, number 4, £4 0s 8d

71 the same, number 1, £11 4s 0d

4 the same, number 1, £22 10s 0d

16 the same, number 8, £1 15s 6d

7 the same, number 9, £0 6s 9d

Subtotal, £41 4s 8d

Hooks and lines:

150 of number 1, 25 of number 2, 550 of number 3, 50 of number 5, 825 of number 6, 1,575 of number 7, hooks, £2 9s 11½d

10 of number 3, number 2, 10 of number 6, number 3, 5 of number 4, lines, £9 4s 6d

1 hamber, subtotal, £11 14s 5½d

Salt: 21½ bushels, £3 7s 4d

Starch: 52 lb, £1 3s 10d

Nails:

4 of number 2, 5 of number 3, 12 of number 4, 26 of number 6, 20 of number 10, 2½ tacks, ½ glazing brads, £1 15s 4d

Cordage: 3 candy 1 faraselli 13, £10 0s 4d

Turnery ware:

2 mops, £0 2s 9d

5 buckets, £0 12s 3½d

5 sieves, £0 9s 2d

6 labourers baskets, £0 5s 0d

Turnery ware carried over, £1 9s 2½d

Carried over, £682 5s 2d

Interpretations

The account continues the storekeeper's record of goods sold, the long cloth, fishing tackle, nails, cordage and wooden ware marking the practical materials of the island's daily work. The long cloth, a plain cotton cloth of the Indian trade sold by the piece in numbered grades, was a staple of the Company's imports, a useful and durable stuff for clothing and household use. The sale of it in several qualities shows the warehouse supplying cloth of every sort to the inhabitants, the finer and coarser grades meeting the different needs and purses of the island's people.

The hooks and lines sold in great numbers, thousands of fish hooks in graded sizes with their lines, mark the importance of fishing to the island, the sea about St Helena a chief source of food for a settlement that could grow only so much on its own ground. The warehouse supplied the tackle by which the inhabitants took fish from the sea, the great quantity of hooks pointing to fishing as a common pursuit among the island's people, the ocean supplementing the produce of the land and the stock of the Company's herds.

The turnery ware, the mops, buckets, sieves and labourers' baskets, were the wooden and made-up wares of the cooper and turner, the everyday implements of household and field work. The labourers' baskets in particular mark the tools of the island's heavy work, the baskets in which earth, stone and produce were carried, sold to those who set their slaves and hired men to the ground. The whole account shows the warehouse as the general store of the island, supplying cloth, tackle, nails, rope and wooden ware alike, every material of the settlement's work and life drawn from the Company's imports and passing to the inhabitants through the single channel of its stores.

281

275

Turners Ware brought over

1 9 2½

3 Hair brooms

9 2½

2 Scrubbing brushes

6 9

2 Skimming dishes

4 6

2 Birch Brooms

9

1 Wire Ladle

11

1 Spawning Dish

5

3½

2 2 10

Iron Ware Vizt

4 Chest Locks

15 10

1 Birch Do

2 7

2 Splinted Do

1 3

5 Flat Irons

2 1 3

2 Sther Stones

4½

1 Shod Shovel

1 10

1 Soping Iron

3 2

1 Chafeing Dish

6 6½

1 Wood Hatchet

1 6

2 Do Saw

2 tin 2 foot rules

17

2 pr small Padlocks

2 1 6

2 pr small Padlocks

17 6

1 Do Large Do

10 6

1 pr Dovetail Hinges

10

1 Vice

2 Pickaxes

7 4

1 Maul

9 4½

1 Claw Hammer

1 3

1 pr Garden Sheers

4 3

1 Spade

3 5

7 6 6½

Oil 18 Bottles Linseed

2 7 3

Canvas 146 Yards 1 Osenbrigs

8 15 11½

Twine vizt

94 Skiens of Twine

2 14 10

1 Do Rowline

3½

2 15 1½

Shirting vizt

134 Continels

32 8 10

Do Bolen

2 5 8

46 Do ½ Sinnen

7 19 9

43 4 4

Carried over £ 715 19 4½

The account of goods sold out of the Company's stores continued, priced by commodity.

Turnery ware brought over, £1 9s 2½d

2 hair brooms, £0 6s 9d

2 scrubbing brushes, £0 4s 6d

2 skimming dishes, £0 0s 9d

2 birch brooms, £0 0s 11d

1 wood ladle, £0 0s 5d

1 spinning desk, £0 0s 3½d

Subtotal, £2 2s 10d

Iron ware:

4 chest locks, £0 15s 10d

1 stock the same, £0 2s 7d

2 painted the same, £0 1s 3d

5 flat irons, £2 1s 3d

2 other the same, £0 0s 4½d

1 shod shovel, £0 1s 10d

1 sifting box, £0 3s 2d

1 chafing dish, £0 6s 6½d

1 wood hatchet, £0 1s 6d

2 the same saws, £0 17s 0d

1 iron, 2 foot rules, £0 1s 6d

2 pairs small polished hinges, £0 17s 6d

1 pair large the same, £0 10s 6d

1 pair dovetail hinges, £0 0s 10d

1 the same, £0 0s 0d

2 pickaxes, £0 7s 4d

1 maul, £0 9s 4½d

1 claw hammer, £0 1s 3d

1 pair garden shears, £0 4s 3d

1 the same, £0 3s 3d

Subtotal, £7 6s 6½d

Oil: 18 bottles Florence, £2 7s 3d

Canvas: 146 yards Osnabrigs, £5 15s 11½d

Twine:

94 skeins of twine, £2 14s 10d

1 the same marline, £0 0s 3½d

Subtotal, £2 15s 1½d

Thread:

134 coloured, £32 0s 10d

6 the same brown, £2 5s 0d

46 the same, 4½ sinnet, £7 19s 9d

Subtotal, £43 4s 4d

Carried over, £713 19s 4½d

Interpretations

The account continues the storekeeper's record of goods sold, the ironware, oil, canvas and thread marking the harder materials and finer stuffs of the island's work and household. The ironware, the locks, flat irons, saws, hinges, hammers and garden tools, were the made-up metal goods the island could not forge for itself, drawn from the Company's imports to furnish the settlers' houses and workshops. The range of tools sold, from the carpenter's saws and hatchets to the gardener's shears and pickaxes, shows the warehouse supplying the implements of every trade and task on the island, the metal wares of a whole community drawn from the single store.

The Florence oil was the fine olive oil of Italy, carried out on the ships for the table and valued above the coarser oils used for lamps and dressing, its sale marking the finer provisions the warehouse supplied to those who could afford them. The canvas, the coarse Osnabrigs linen named for the German town of its origin, was the stout cloth of sails, sacking and working clothes, sold by the yard for the rough uses of the island. The contrast of the fine oil and the coarse canvas in the same account marks the range of the warehouse's supply, furnishing both the delicacies of the gentleman's table and the rough materials of common labour.

The great quantity of coloured thread sold, worth more than forty pounds, marks a substantial trade in the materials of sewing and mending, the thread by which the island's clothes and household stuffs were made and repaired. The sinnet, the braided cordage of rope yarn, sat among it as a maker's material, used for lashings and light work. The whole account, ranging from locks and saws to fine oil and sewing thread, shows the warehouse as the general provider of the island, every material of its work, dress and household drawn from the Company's imports and passing to the inhabitants through the single channel of its stores, a settlement wholly supplied from the ships that called at its road.

282

276

Brought over

715 19 4½

Books vizt

3 Spelling

3 9

4 Testaments

7 4

2 Primmers

7

11 8

Blankets 12

3 6

Pewter Vizt

4 Chamber Pots

2 3 1

13 Bacons

1 13 6

1 Cream

1 4½

1 Quart Funnell

3 2

5 1½

Pitch & Tar vizt

14 Pitch

10 lb Gallons Tar

2 2

117 Rozin

9 7½

20 Turpentine

3 4

1 14 6

Cutlery Ware Vizt

12 Ivory Combs

12 6

22 Horn Do

3 8

40 lb Leather Garters

13 4

6 Gross Horn Studds

2 6

12 Knitchen Knives

1 Shoe Do

5

1 Doz French Knives Handles Knives and Forks

4 4½

12 Pair of Shoe Buckles

10 11

7

2 18 12

Flannel 70½ Yards

4 3 12

Broad Cloth Vizt

70 Yards of Blue

16 4½

150 Do of black

11 4

34 Do Grey

2 19 5

4 6 9

Bunting 3 Yard Red

5

China Ware

5 Bowls

4 2

4 Chamber Pots

6 1

2 Gugletts and Bacons

4

China Ware carried over 19 2

Carried over £ 738 2 1

The account of goods sold out of the Company's stores continued, priced by commodity.

Brought over, £715 19s 4½d

Books:

3 spelling, £0 3s 9d

4 testaments, £0 7s 4d

2 primers, £0 7s 0d

Subtotal, £0 11s 8d

Blankets: 12, £3 6s 0d

Pewter:

4 chamber pots, £2 3s 1d

15 basins, £1 13s 6d

1 cream, £1 0s 4½d

1 quart funnel, £0 3s 2d

Subtotal, £5 0s 1½d

Pitch and tar:

14 pitch, £0 2s 2d

10 gallons tar, £0 0s 7½d

117 rosin, £0 19s 6d

20 turpentine, £0 3s 4d

Subtotal, £1 4s 6d

Cutlery ware:

12 ivory combs, £0 12s 6d

22 horn the same, £0 3s 0d

40 lb leather garters, £0 13s 4d

6 gross horn the same, £0 2s 6d

12 knitchers knives, £0 5s 4d

1 shoe the same, £0 4s 4½d

1 dozen French candle knives and forks, £0 10s 11d

12 pairs of shoe buckles, £0 7s 0d

Subtotal, £2 18s 1½d

Flannel: 70½ yards, £4 3s 1½d

Broad cloth:

70 yards of blue, £0 16s 4½d

150 the same scarlet, £0 11s 4d

34 the same grey, £2 19s 5d

Subtotal, £4 6s 9d

Bunting: 3¾ yards red, £0 5s 0d

China ware:

5 bowls, £0 4s 2d

4 chamber pots, £0 6s 0d

2 goglets and basins, £0 4s 0d

China ware carried over, £0 19s 2d

Carried over, £738 2s 1d

Interpretations

The account continues the storekeeper's record of goods sold, ranging now from books and cloth to pewter, cutlery and china, marking the domestic and personal goods the warehouse supplied to the island's households. The books, the spelling books, testaments and primers, were the materials of teaching and religion, the tools by which children were taught to read and the household kept its scripture. Their sale, small in quantity, marks the schooling and worship of the settlement, the same instruction the judge advocate was paid to give as schoolmaster supplied with its books through the Company's store.

The broadcloth in blue, scarlet and grey, a fine woven woollen, was the cloth of the better sort of clothing, sold by the yard for coats and garments of quality above the plain long cloth and canvas. The scarlet in particular, with the red bunting sold beside it, points to the making of uniforms or facings for the garrison, the red cloth of a soldier's coat and the bunting of flags drawn from the store. The range of cloth, from the coarse working stuffs to the fine broadcloth, again shows the warehouse clothing the whole island, the plain and the fine alike supplied from the Company's imports.

The pewter and china, the chamber pots, basins, bowls and goglets, were the vessels of the household, the pewter the ordinary ware and the china the finer sort carried from the eastern trade. A goglet was a long-necked earthenware vessel for cooling water, a thing of the East well suited to a warm climate and carried on the Company's ships. The sale of these domestic wares shows the warehouse furnishing the island's houses with the vessels of daily use, the settlement's households equipped from the store with everything from their scripture to their chamber pots, a community wholly supplied through the single channel of the Company's trade.

283

277

Brought over

738 2 1

China Ware brought over

19 2

12 Soup Plates

5

4 Sets Dishes and Plates

2 12

6 Sneakers

1 6

22 half Pint Cups and Saucers

11

2 Quarter Pint Do and Do

1 6

2 Salled Dishes

1 8

4 6 10

Hats vizt

8 Mens

7 4

5 Boys

19 10½

8 13 10½

Long Ells vizt

40 Yards blue

3 6 8

31 Ditto Scarlet

3 12 4

6 19

Tin Ware Vizt

2 Horn Lanthorns

5 8

4 Lanthorn Leaves

11

1 Quart Funnel

8

3 Glass Lanthorns

11 13

1 Watering Pot

6 8

1 Pint Saucepan

5

½ Round Salmoniacs

1

2 Pudding Pans

2 11

1 7 10

Hosiers Ware Vizt

121 Pair of White Stockings

19 19 6

8 lb of Root Do

9 4½

10 lb Colour Do

1 10 7

13 lb Boys Do

1 3 6

1 lb Womens Do

3 4

12 lb Colour Do

3 4

26 19 3½

Shalloon Vizt

1½ Yards Broken

8 7½

40½ Yards Blue

3 10 1½

12 Do Scarlet

1 9

24 Do Light

4 9½

6 6½

Carried over £ 792 9 5½

The account of goods sold out of the Company's stores continued, priced by commodity.

China ware brought over, £0 19s 2d

12 soup plates, £0 5s 0d

4 sets dishes and plates, £2 12s 0d

6 sneakers, £0 1s 6d

22 half pint cups and saucers, £0 11s 0d

2 quarter pint the same and the same, £0 1s 6d

2 salad dishes, £0 1s 0d

Subtotal, £4 6s 10d

Hats:

8 men’s, £7 4s 0d

5 boys, £0 19s 10½d

Subtotal, £8 13s 10½d

Long ells:

40 yards blue, £3 6s 8d

31 the same scarlet, £3 12s 4d

Subtotal, £6 19s 0d

Tin ware:

2 horn lanterns, £0 5s 0d

4 lantern leaves, £0 0s 11d

1 quart funnel, £0 0s 8d

3 glass lanterns, £0 11s 1½d

1 baking pot, £0 6s 8d

1 pint saucepan, £0 0s 5d

½ pound salamoniac, £0 0s 1d

2 pudding pans, £0 2s 11d

Subtotal, £1 7s 10d

Hosiery ware:

121 pairs of thread stockings, £19 19s 6d

3 pairs of knit the same, £0 9s 4½d

10 pairs coloured the same, £1 10s 7d

12 pairs boys the same, £1 3s 6d

1 pair women the same, £0 3s 4d

12 pairs cotton the same, £3 4s 0d

Subtotal, £26 19s 3½d

Shalloon:

4½ yards brown, £0 8s 7½d

40½ yards the same blue, £3 10s 1½d

12 the same scarlet, £1 0s 9d

24 the same light, £0 4s 9½d

Subtotal, £6 0s 6½d

Carried over, £792 0s 5½d

Interpretations

The account continues the storekeeper's record of goods sold, the china, hats, cloth, tinware and hosiery marking the range of clothing and household goods the warehouse supplied to the island. The hats, men's and boys', were the finished headwear the settlement drew wholly from the store, the eight men's hats worth over seven pounds a substantial article of a man's dress. The great quantity of thread stockings, over a hundred and twenty pairs beside cotton and coloured sorts, marks the hosiery the island depended on the Company to furnish, the footwear and legwear of the whole community drawn from the single warehouse.

The long ells and shalloon, both light woollen cloths sold by the yard in blue, scarlet and other colours, were the stuffs of coats and linings, the shalloon in particular the cloth used to line garments. The recurrence of scarlet through these cloths, with the long ells and shalloon of that colour, again points to the making of soldiers' coats or their facings, the red woollen drawn from the store for the garrison's clothing. The range of cloth sold, from the fine broadcloth of the earlier leaf to these lighter woollens, shows the warehouse supplying every material of the island's dress.

The tinware, the lanterns, funnel, saucepan and pudding pans, were the light metal goods of the household and the watch, the horn and glass lanterns in particular the means by which the island was lit after dark. The salamoniac, the sal ammoniac used in soldering and metalwork, marks a maker's material sold among the finished wares. The whole account, ranging from china dishes and men's hats to lanterns and stockings, shows the warehouse as the general provider of the island, every article of dress, household and light drawn from the Company's imports and passing to the inhabitants through the single channel of its stores, the settlement furnished entire from the ships that called at its road.

284

278

Brought over

792 9 5½

Serge 11¾ blue

10 5 3

Buckram 19¾ Yards

18 1

Braziers Ware Vizt

3 lb Candlesticks

1 2 1½

20 lb Snuffers

6 7

1 18 11½

Deals Vizt

32 Single

3 12

Double

1 15 3

1 Elm Plank 4 Inch

1 7 6

½ Wainscoat Board

3 5

6 18 2

Corks 11 Gross

1 8 5

Pease 5 Bushell

4 3½

Chelloes 13 lb Do

7 5 7½

Copper Money 400 Inch half pence

16 8

Devoloes 26 Do

17

Grend Stones 1

5 6

Oars 13

2 15 3

Camblet Vizt

10¼ Scarlet

4 14 7½

28 Do Blue

5 1 7

9 16 2½

Earthen Ware 1 Milk Pan

10½

Lead & Shot

1 8

Duffill 1½ Yards blue

7 1

Twiteen 7/8 of a Piece

1 10 2

Iron Pots 1 of 1 Gallon

13

Wine Vizt

150 Gallons Port

212 Do Lisbon

90 lb Do Mountain

14 19 9

Beer 2 Hogsheads

Bread and Paddy Vizt

11. 3. 26 Rice

8 11 3½

17. 11 Paddy

4 4 2½

7 15 6

Naval Stores Vizt

21 Quire Cartridge Paper

1 6 11

12 Handspikes

2 3

3 Poleses

3 9

3 13 8

£ 996 1 8

The account of goods sold out of the Company's stores continued to its close, priced by commodity.

Brought over, £792 9s 5½d

Serge: 11 yards blue, £10 5s 3d

Buckram: 19½ yards, £0 18s 1d

Brazier’s ware:

3 lb candlesticks, £1 2s 1½d

20 pairs snuffers, £0 6s 7d

Subtotal, £1 18s 11½d

Deals:

32 single, £3 12s 0d

5 double, £1 15s 3d

1 elm plank 2 inch, £1 7s 6d

½ manicot board, £0 3s 5d

Subtotal, £6 18s 2d

Corks: 11 gross, £1 0s 5d

Peas: ½ bushel, £0 4s 3d

Chintz: 18 the same, £7 5s 7½d

Copper money: 400 inch, half pence, £0 16s 8d

Bunting: 26 lb, £0 17s 0d

Grindstones: 1, £0 5s 6d

Oars: 13, £2 15s 3d

Camblet:

10½ scarlet, £4 14s 7½d

28 the same blue, £5 1s 7d

Subtotal, £9 16s 2½d

Earthen ware: 1 milk pan, £0 0s 10½d

Lead and shot, £0 1s 8d

Duffell: 1½ yards blue, £0 7s 1d

Sultan: ⅔ of a piece, £1 10s 2d

Iron pots: 1 of 1 gallon, £0 1s 3d

Wine:

150 gallons Cape, 212 the same Lisbon, 90 lb the same Anniganio, £14 19s 9d

Beer: 2 hogsheads, £0 5s 3d

Beef and paddy:

11 candy 3 faraselli 26, rice, £8 11s 3½d

17 candy 11, paddy, £4 4s 2d

Subtotal, £7 15s 6d

Naval stores:

21 quire cartridge paper, £1 6s 11d

12 hand spikes, £2 3s 0d

3 poleaxes, £0 3s 9d

Subtotal, £3 13s 8d

Total, £996 1s 0d

Interpretations

The account closes the storekeeper's record of goods sold, the total of near a thousand pounds measuring the whole quarter's trade out of the Company's warehouse to the island's people. This great sum, set against the modest population, marks the extent to which the settlement was supplied through the single channel of the Company's store, the inhabitants drawing near everything they wore, used and consumed from the imports carried on the ships and sold on at a fixed advance. The warehouse stood as the island's sole general merchant, its trade the measure of a community wholly dependent on the sea for its supply.

The cloths that fill much of the account, the serge, buckram, chintz, camblet, duffell and sultan, were the several woven stuffs of the clothier's trade, ranging from the coarse buckram used to stiffen garments to the fine chintz and camblet of better clothing. Camblet was a mixed cloth of wool and other fibres, duffell a coarse woollen with a thick nap, and sultan a light material of the eastern trade, the range marking the warehouse's supply of every grade of cloth to the island. The scarlet recurring among them, in the camblet as in the earlier woollens, again points to the making of the garrison's red coats from the store's materials.

The wine sold in quantity, the Cape and Lisbon and a stuff named Anniganio, marks the drink the warehouse supplied beyond the governor's table to the wider settlement, the Cape wine drawn from the Dutch settlement to the south a nearer source than the Atlantic islands. The naval stores at the close, the cartridge paper, handspikes and poleaxes, were the materials of the ships and the guns, sold perhaps to a passing vessel in need. The whole account, ranging from fine cloth and wine to earthenware and naval stores, closes the record of a warehouse that supplied the island entire, every material of dress, household, drink and work drawn from the Company's imports and passing to the inhabitants through its single store.

285

279

Sold to the Planters at 25 p Cent Vizt

Camblet 5½ Yards Scarlet

1 10 11½

Chelloes 3 Piece

1 13 3

Long Cloth 1 lb No 4

1 2 5

Hats 2 Mens

2 2 9

Long Ells Vizt

5 Yards Scarlet

13 6

37 Ditto blue

3 10 11

4 4 5½

Serge Vizt

9 Yards Grey

25 Do black

6 16

Shalloon Vizt

7 Yards Scarlet

19 3

20 Ditto blue

4¾ Do Light

2 17 11

1 Do black

3 17 2

Hosiers Ware vizt

2 lb Root Stockings

7 2

3 lb Wood Ditto

10 7½

3 lb Boys Ditto

6 10½

6 lb Womens Ditto

1 10 8

4 lb Girls Ditto

10 4

3 8 8

Shoes Vizt

2 lb Mens Ordinary

9 9

1 lb Ditto Fine

6 11½

3 lb Womens Calamanco

9 7

18 Ditto Spanish

5

10 lb Ditto Calfs

1 11 3

4 lb Ditto Boys

17 4

9 lb Girls

1 9

6 2 8½

Sold at 40 lb Cent Vizt

Beef and Pork vizt

2 lb of Beef

8 8

6 lb of Pork

1 3 6

1 12 2

Leather 3½ Sole

3 1½

Glass Ware Vizt

6 Wine Glasses

4 8½

1 Square Glass 10 by 12

2 4

19 Do Do 8 by 10

10 7½

1 3 4½

Carried over 34 1 7½

The account set out further goods sold out of the Company's stores, this parcel to the planters at 25 per cent above cost and a further parcel at 40 per cent, priced by commodity.

Sold to the planters at 25 per cent

Camblet: 5½ yards scarlet, £1 10s 11½d

Chintz: 3 pieces, £1 13s 3d

Long cloth: 1 the same, number 4, £1 2s 5d

Hats: 2 men’s, £2 2s 9d

Long ells:

5 yards scarlet, £0 13s 6d

57 the same blue, £3 10s 11d

Subtotal, £4 4s 5½d

Serge:

9 yards grey, £0 0s 0d

25 the same blue, £6 16s 0d

Shalloon:

7 yards scarlet, £0 19s 3d

20 the same blue, £0 0s 0d

4½ the same light, £2 17s 11d

1 the same black, £0 0s 0d

Subtotal, £3 17s 2d

Hosiery ware:

2 pairs knit stockings, £0 7s 2d

3 pairs thread the same, £0 13s 7½d

3 pairs boys the same, £0 6s 10½d

6 pairs womens the same, £1 10s 0d

4 pairs girls the same, £0 10s 4d

Subtotal, £3 8s 0d

Shoes:

26 pairs men’s ordinary, £0 9s 9d

1 pair the same fine, £0 6s 11½d

5 pairs womens calamanco, £1 9s 7½d

1 pair the same Spanish, £0 5s 0d

10 pairs the same calf, £1 11s 3d

4 pairs the same boys, £0 17s 4d

9 pairs girls, £1 7s 9d

Subtotal, £6 2s 8½d

Sold at 40 per cent

Beef and pork:

2 lb of beef, £0 8s 8d

6 lb of pork, £1 3s 6d

Subtotal, £1 12s 2d

Leather: 5 lb sole, £0 3s 1½d

Glass ware:

1 wine glass, £0 4s 8½d

1 square glass 10 by 12, £0 2s 6d

19 the same 8 by 10, £0 10s 7½d

Subtotal, £1 3s 4d

Carried over, £34 1s 7½d

Interpretations

The account marks a second class of sales out of the warehouse, goods sold to the planters at twenty-five per cent above cost and a further parcel at forty per cent, the higher rates set against the ten per cent charged to the Company's own servants on the earlier leaves. This division of the markup shows the Company drawing a graded profit from its store according to the buyer, its own servants supplied at the lowest advance and the free planters charged a heavier margin, the warehouse a source of revenue as well as supply. The distinction marks the settlers as customers to be profited from where the Company's servants were merely provisioned at cost.

The steep rate of forty per cent charged on the small parcel of beef, pork, leather and glass points to a class of goods sold at the highest margin, perhaps those in shortest supply or most in demand, the Company setting its heaviest advance on wares it could sell dear. The setting of three different rates for the same warehouse, ten, twenty-five and forty per cent, shows a deliberate scheme of pricing by which the Company both supplied its people and drew profit graded to the buyer and the goods. The store served at once as the island's provider and as a means of turning the Company's imports to gain.

The cloths and clothing that fill the account, the camblet, chintz, serge, shalloon and the shoes and stockings, were the same goods supplied to the servants on the earlier leaves, here sold to the planters at the higher rate. The free settlers, clothing themselves and their households from the store as the garrison did, paid the heavier margin for the same wares, the difference in price marking the difference in standing between the Company's own people and the independent inhabitants. The whole shows the warehouse supplying the entire island from a single stock while drawing a profit carefully graded to who bought and what was sold.

286

280

Brought over

34 1 7½

Flannel 41¼ Yards

3 9 7

Iron Pots 1 of 2 Gallons

4 6½

Sugar and Candy vizt

12 67 Pound Sugar

23 15 1½

70 Pound Candy

1 15

25 10 1½

Salt 10 Bushells ¾

2 4 9½

Starch 17½

11 10

Arrack 9 Gallons

2 14

Lead 6 Pound Shot

2

Pitch & Tar Vizt

1 Barrel of Pitch

2 2 2

3½ Gallons of Tar

3 9½

3½ Rozin

6 8

2 12 7½

Paint Vizt

5¼ Blue Smalts

10 6½

7½ Whiting

3 1

13 Stone Colour

10

½ White Lead

14 7½

3 Venetian Red

10½

1 19 1½

Soap 329

14 7 10½

Flour 365

7 1 3

Tin Ware Vizt

1 Pint Saucepan

9½

1 Sisars

1 6

2 3½

Rice No 4

2 3½

Canvas 12 Yards

3 9

Pewter vizt

5 Bacons

18 1½

1 Chamber Pot

3 11

1 2 ½

Candles 11

1 11 0½

Iron Ware vizt

1 Birch Iron

10 8½

2 Shod Shovels

5

1 Ditching Ditto

6 4

3 Chest Locks

15 6

1 17 6½

Carried over £ 102 6½

The account of goods sold to the planters continued, priced by commodity.

Brought over, £34 1s 7½d

Flannel: 41½ yards, £3 9s 7d

Iron pots: 1 of 2 gallons, £0 4s 6d

Sugar and candy:

1,267 lb sugar, £23 15s 1½d

70 lb coloured candy, £1 15s 0d

Subtotal, £25 10s 1½d

Salt: 10 bushels ¾, £2 4s 9½d

Starch: 17 lb, £0 11s 10d

Arrack: 9 gallons, £2 14s 0d

Lead: 6 lb shot, £0 0s 2d

Pitch and tar:

1 barrel of pitch, £2 2s 2d

3½ gallons of tar, £0 3s 9½d

3½ rosin, £0 6s 5d

Subtotal, £2 12s 7½d

Paint:

5½ lb blue smalts, £0 10s 6½d

7½ whiting, £0 3s 1d

15 stone colour, £0 10s 0d

½ white lead, £0 14s 7½d

5 Venetian red, £0 0s 10½d

Subtotal, £1 19s 1½d

Soap: 329 lb, £11 7s 10½d

Flour: 365 lb, £7 4s 3d

Tin ware:

1 quart saucepan, £0 0s 9½d

1 sifter, £0 1s 6d

Subtotal, £0 2s 3½d

Rice: number 4, £0 2s 3½d

Canvas: 12 yards, £0 5s 10d

Pewter:

5 basins, £0 18s 1½d

1 chamber pot, £0 3s 11d

Subtotal, £1 2s 0½d

Candles: 11 lb, £1 11s 0½d

Iron ware:

1 box iron, £0 10s 8½d

2 shod shovels, £0 5s 0d

1 ditching the same, £0 6s 4d

3 chest locks, £0 15s 6d

Subtotal, £1 17s 6½d

Carried over, £102 0s 6½d

Interpretations

The account continues the storekeeper's record of goods sold to the planters at the higher rate, the sugar, flour, soap and cloth marking the same range of provisions and materials supplied to the free inhabitants as to the Company's servants. The great quantity of sugar sold, over twelve hundred pounds, and the flour and soap in bulk mark the staples the planters drew from the store, the settlers dependent on the Company's warehouse for the basic goods of their households as the garrison was. The whole shows the free population supplied through the same single channel, paying the heavier margin for the same wares.

The paints and pigments again appear, the blue smalts, whiting, white lead and Venetian red, the materials of the painter's trade sold to the settlers for the upkeep of their own property. The recurrence of these colours in both the servants' and the planters' accounts shows the maintenance of buildings and boats a common concern across the island, the settlers painting and weatherproofing their houses with materials drawn from the store as the Company did its own works. The warehouse supplied the means of the island's upkeep to all its people alike, at the rate set for each class of buyer.

The ironware, the box iron, shovels, ditching shovel and chest locks, were the tools and fittings of the settlers' work and household, the ditching shovel in particular a tool of the land, used for cutting the drains and ditches of the farms. The sale of these implements to the planters shows them equipping their holdings from the store, the tools of husbandry and the fittings of the house drawn from the Company's imports. The whole account continues the record of a warehouse supplying the free settlers entire, every material of their provision, upkeep and work drawn from the single stock and sold at the margin set for the planters, the island's independent inhabitants as wholly dependent on the Company's store as its own servants.

287

281

Brought over

102 6½

Hooks & Lines Vizt

75 No 1

275 2

425 3 Hooks

1075 6

2 14 4½

1000 7

9 2 No 2

5 6 3 Lines

1 4

4 5 5½

3

6 10 10

Cutlery Ware Vizt

12 Ivory Combs

7

3 Horn Ditto

10½

4 Butchers Knives

2 2

1

Deals Vizt

4 Single

11 6

2 Wainscot boards

17 4

1 8 10

Sieves 20 Skiens

15 10

Books Vizt

1 Spelling Book

1 7½

1 Horn Ditto

3

1 10½

Nails Vizt

5 2

7 3

20 4

2 10 7

30½ 6

14 10

1 Tacks

Oars 1

5 6

Cordage 115

2 12 8½

Shoes Vizt

4 lb Mens Fine

1 11 4

28 Enamelled Pumps

19 8

2 11

Blankets 1

6 10

Thread Vizt

3½ whited brown

1 12 4½

6 Coloured

1

3 4½

Buckram 23 Yards

2 7

Carried over £ 123 17 6½

The account of goods sold to the planters continued, priced by commodity.

Brought over, £102 0s 6½d

Hooks and lines:

75 of number 1, 275 of number 2, 425 of number 3, 1,075 of number 6, 1,000 of number 7, hooks, £2 14s 4½d

9 of number 2, 5 of number 3, 1 of number 4, 3 of number 3, lines, £4 5s 5½d

Subtotal, £6 10s 10d

Cutlery ware:

12 ivory combs, £0 7s 0d

3 horn the same, £0 0s 10½d

2 butchers knives, £0 2s 2d

Subtotal, £1 0s 0d

Deals:

4 single, £0 11s 6d

2 wainscot boards, £0 17s 4d

Subtotal, £1 8s 10d

Sieves: 20 shaven, £0 15s 10d

Books:

1 spelling book, £0 1s 7½d

1 horn the same, £0 0s 3d

Subtotal, £0 1s 10½d

Nails:

5 of number 2, 7 of number 3, 20 of number 4, 30½ of number 6, 14 of number 10, 1 tacks, £2 10s 7d

Oars: 1, £0 5s 6d

Cordage: 115, £2 12s 8½d

Shoes:

46 pairs men’s fine, £1 11s 4d

28 pairs channelled pumps, £0 19s 8d

Subtotal, £2 11s 0d

Blankets: 1, £0 6s 10d

Thread:

3½ lb white or brown, £1 12s 4½d

6 coloured, £1 0s 0d

Subtotal, £3 0s 4½d

Buckram: 23 yards, £2 7s 0d

Carried over, £123 17s 6½d

Interpretations

The account continues the storekeeper's record of goods sold to the planters, the fishing tackle, tools, cloth and shoes marking the same practical wares supplied to the settlers as to the servants. The great quantity of hooks and lines, thousands of hooks sold to the planters as to the servants on the earlier leaves, again marks the importance of fishing to the island's food, the settlers taking fish from the sea with tackle drawn from the Company's store. The recurrence of the fishing gear in both accounts shows the sea a common resource across the island, the free inhabitants and the garrison alike supplied with the means to fish.

The tools and materials, the combs, butchers' knives, deals, wainscot boards and nails, were the implements and stuffs of the settlers' trades and building, drawn from the store for the work of the holdings. The wainscot boards in particular, the fine oak boards used for panelling and joinery, mark the better sort of building material, sold to the planters for the finishing of their houses. The range of goods, from the rough nails to the fine wainscot, shows the warehouse supplying every grade of building material to the settlers, the means of their construction drawn from the Company's imports.

The shoes and cloth, the men's shoes and channelled pumps, the thread and buckram, were the clothing and its materials supplied to the free inhabitants as to the servants, the planters clothing themselves and their households from the store. The channelled pumps, light shoes with a channelled sole, mark the finer footwear among the ordinary sorts, sold to those who could afford them. The whole account continues the record of a warehouse supplying the free settlers entire, every material of their work, building, dress and food drawn from the single stock and sold at the planters' margin, the island's inhabitants furnished wholly from the Company's imports through its one store.

288

282

Brought over

123 17 6½

Haberdashery Ware Vizt

1 lb of Coronation Tape

1

2 Doz of Yellow Metal Coat Buttons

1 6

1 Doz Do of Breast Do

3

2 9

Turners Vizt

2 Hair Sieves

4 6

1 Flasket

2½

1 Scrubbing brush

2 11½

3 Mops

5 3

1 Punch Ladle

9½

1 Laborers Basket

1 1

1 Hair Broom

2 11½

1 11

Sold to the Honorable Companys Ships Vizt

125 2 8

Paint Vizt

12½ Brownstone

3 11

7 Barrels of blacking

2 12 6

½ White Lead

1 19 4

20 Red Do

5 10

1 Venetian Red

4½

10 Yellow Oaker mixed with Oil

7 1

12 Whiting

6

5 19 2

Deals Vizt

43 Single

6 3 7½

2 Double

10 4

2 lb Elm Plank

3 10

10 3 11½

Cordage 32. 2. 8

62 13 10

Oil Vizt

20 Gallons ½ Linseed

4 19 11½

14 Ditto Train

3 8 3

8 8 2½

Nails vizt

5 2

10 3

15 4

48 6

34 10

5 6 1½

10 Spikes

1½ Tacks

5 Glazing Brads

Carried over 112 7 2

The account of goods sold to the planters completed, and a further account opened of goods sold to the Company for the use of its ships, priced by commodity.

Brought over, £123 17s 6½d

Haberdashery ware:

1 lb of carnation tape, £0 1s 0d

2 dozen of yellow metal coat buttons, £0 1s 6d

1 dozen the same of breast the same, £0 0s 3d

Subtotal, £0 2s 9d

Turnery ware:

2 hair sieves, £0 4s 6d

1 flasket, £0 0s 2½d

1 scrubbing brush, £0 2s 11½d

3 mops, £0 5s 3d

1 punch ladle, £0 0s 9½d

1 labourers basket, £0 1s 1d

1 hair broom, £0 2s 11½d

Subtotal, £1 0s 11d

Sold to the Honourable Company for the use of the ships

Paint:

12½ grindstone, £0 3s 11d

7 barrels of bleaching, £2 12s 6d

70 white lead, £1 19s 4d

26 red the same, £0 5s 10d

1 Venetian red, £0 0s 9½d

10 yellow ochre mixed with oil, £0 7s 1d

12 whiting, £0 0s 6d

Subtotal, £5 10s 2d

Deals:

43 single, £6 3s 7½d

2 double, £0 10s 4d

2 lb elm plank, £3 10s 0d

Subtotal, £10 3s 11½d

Cordage: 32 candy, £82 13s 10d

Oil:

20 gallons linseed, £4 19s 11½d

14 the same train, £3 8s 3d

Subtotal, £8 8s 2½d

Nails:

5 of number 2, 10 of number 3, 15 of number 5, 48 of number 6, 34 of number 10, 10 spikes, 1½ tacks, 5 glazing brads, £5 6s 1½d

Carried over, £112 7s 2d

Interpretations

The account marks a third class of sales, goods sold to the Company itself for the use of its ships, distinct from the sales to the servants and the planters on the earlier leaves. This supply of the vessels from the island's store shows the warehouse furnishing the ships that called with the materials they needed for their upkeep and voyage, the paint, deals, cordage and oil drawn from the island's stock to serve the fleet. The island stood not only as a place of refreshment for the ships but as a source of the naval stores by which they were maintained, the warehouse supplying the vessels as it supplied the settlement.

The largest item by far, over eighty-two pounds of cordage, marks the great quantity of rope the ships drew from the island, the standing and running rigging of a vessel wearing out on a long voyage and needing constant renewal. The supply of so much cordage to the fleet shows the island holding a substantial store of rope against the needs of the passing ships, the material on which a sailing vessel most depended furnished from the warehouse. The deals, the sawn boards for repairs, and the oil and paint for the upkeep of the hull and fittings, mark the further materials the ships took from the store for their maintenance.

The paints and pigments sold to the ships, the white lead, red, Venetian red, yellow ochre and whiting mixed with oil, were the materials for the protective painting of the vessels, the colours ground in oil for weatherproofing the timber against the sea. The yellow ochre in particular, a cheap and durable earth pigment, was a common paint for a ship's work, the several colours supplied for the upkeep of the hull and fittings on the long passage. The whole account shows the warehouse supplying the fleet as it supplied the island, the ships drawn to the road for refreshment taking also the naval stores by which they were maintained, the island a source of supply for the Company's vessels as much as a station on their route.

289

283

Brought over

112 7 2

Canvas Vizt

1 Osenbrigs

10 9 8

7 English

21 4 2

31 13 10

Hooks & Lines Vizt

50 No 2

150 3

500 4 Hooks

25 6

15 4½

100 7

9 2 No 2

8½ 3 Lines

4 4 4

5 4

4 19 8½

Salt 2 Bushells

8 4

Turners Ware Vizt

2 Hair Sieves

4 8

4 Mops

7

2 Punch Ladles

1 8

13 4

Tin Ware Vizt

1 Quart Saucepan

9½

24 Lanthorn leaves

7

3 Horn Lanthorns

11

18 9½

Pitch & Tar Vizt

11 Barrels of Pitch

20 6½

3 Do Tar

6 3

34 9½

Twine Vizt

40 Twine

3 6 8

18 Skiens Mazlin

6 9

3 13 5

Candles 62

9 3 5

Iron Ware Vizt

1 Small Frying

2 9

2 Tyles

1 5

4 2

Braziers Ware 18 lb Steel Snuffers

4 11

£ 198 7 10½

Charges

The account of goods sold to the Company for the use of its ships completed, priced by commodity.

Brought over, £112 7s 2d

Canvas:

150 Osnabrigs, £10 9s 8d

7 English, £21 4s 2d

Subtotal, £31 13s 10d

Hooks and lines:

50 of number 2, 150 of number 3, 500 of number 4, 25 of number 6, 100 of number 7, hooks, £0 15s 4½d

9 of number 2, 8½ of number 3, 5 of number 4, lines, £4 4s 4d

Subtotal, £4 19s 8½d

Salt: 2 bushels, £0 8s 4d

Turnery ware:

2 hair sieves, £0 4s 0d

4 mops, £0 7s 0d

2 punch ladles, £0 1s 0d

Subtotal, £0 13s 4d

Tin ware:

1 quart saucepan, £0 0s 9½d

24 lantern leaves, £0 7s 0d

3 horn lanterns, £0 11s 0d

Subtotal, £0 18s 9½d

Pitch and tar:

11 barrels of pitch, £20 0s 6½d

9 the same tar, £6 0s 3d

Subtotal, £34 0s 9½d

Twine:

40 twine, £3 6s 0d

18 skeins marline, £0 6s 9d

Subtotal, £3 13s 5d

Candles: 62 lb, £9 3s 5d

Iron ware:

1 small frying, £0 2s 9d

2 files, £0 1s 5d

Subtotal, £0 4s 2d

Brazier’s ware: 18 pairs steel snuffers, £0 4s 11d

Total, £198 7s 10½d

Interpretations

The account closes the record of goods sold to the Company for the use of its ships, the canvas, cordage, pitch and tar marking the naval stores by which the vessels were maintained and repaired. The canvas, both the coarse Osnabrigs and the finer English sort, was the cloth of sails and sacking, sold to the ships for the making and mending of their canvas, a material a sailing vessel constantly consumed. The English canvas in particular, sold at a high price for a small quantity, marks the finer sailcloth valued above the common Osnabrigs, the ships drawing both grades from the store for their several uses.

The pitch and tar sold in quantity, eleven barrels of pitch and nine of tar, were the materials for paying the seams and preserving the timber and rigging of the ships, the tar smeared on ropes and the pitch on the hull to keep out the water. The great quantity supplied marks the constant work of maintaining a wooden vessel against the sea, the pitch and tar consumed in the endless caulking and preserving on which a ship's soundness depended. The island held a substantial store of these materials against the needs of the passing fleet, the vessels drawing on them for the upkeep of their hulls and rigging.

The candles, the twine and marline, and the small ironware mark the further stores the ships took from the warehouse, the candles for their lighting, the marline for the fine work of the rigging and the files and frying pan for the ship's own use. The whole account, closed at near two hundred pounds, shows the island supplying the fleet with a full range of naval stores, from the canvas and cordage of the sails and rigging to the pitch and tar of the hull and the candles of the cabins. The warehouse stood as a source of the Company's maritime supply, the ships that called for refreshment taking also the materials by which they were kept in fighting and sailing trim.

290

284

Charges General Dr for the following

Stores Issued out from the 12 July to the 11 October 1758

Canvas Vizt

3 Yards of English for a Cot for the

Hospital

3 2½

12 Do Osenbrigs

9 6

11 0½

Nails Vizt

1½ Glazing brads

2 Coopers Rivets

4 4 For Pocketts the Armour

1 3 was repaird to the Church

½ 2 Robert Hitchen Centry

6 9

2 6 boxes and making

2 10 a Coffin for one of the

2 10 Kings Soldiers &c

Arrack 40½ Gallons given to the

men that brought the Goods to the Shore

from Sundry Ships & those men that

rowed in the Stores, taking the Inventory

also to the Artillery Company for Drawing

Guns

13 1 3

Iron Ware Vizt

4 Rivets Cat Gut

2 7

7 Flour Emery

7 4

14 Bedding Wire for the Armourers use

7 4

14 Files

7 3½

2 Smiths Rubbers

1 5

7 Two foot Rules

6 5

5 Claw hammers

6 4

4 Hand Hatchets For the Armour

6 4

3 Bricklayers Trowels and Carpenters

5 7

8 Bone Wedges use

7½

8 Helves for the Armour Hospital & Bakerooms

4 10

1 Deck Deck for a Barrack Door

2 4

1 Pad Do for one of the Companys houses

2 3½

6 Gimbletts for the Carpenters & Castles use

1 1½

1 Small Frying Pan for the Hospital

1 11

1 lb Blacking Card for combing wool to

repair Sadles

6

1 Auger for the Carpenter

3½

2 19 11

Carried over £ 6 19 7½

The account set out the general charges for stores issued out from 12 July to 11 October 1758, priced by commodity.

Charges general, for the following stores issued out from 12 July to 11 October 1758

Canvas:

3 yards of English for a cot for the hospital, £0 3s 2½d

12 the same Osnabrigs, £0 0s 6d

Subtotal, £0 11s 0½d

Nails:

1½ glazing brads, 2 corkscrew brads, 4 of number 4, 1 of number 3, ½ of number 2, 2 of number 6, 2 of number 10, 2 of number 10, for packets, the armourer was repaired to the church, Robert Hitchen sentry, boxes and making a coffin for one of the King’s soldiers, £0 6s 9d

Arrack: 40½ gallons, given to the men that brought the goods to the shore from sundry ships, and to men that worked in the stores, taking the inventory, and to the loading company for drawing guns, £5 1s 3d

Iron ware:

4 shod cart the same, £0 2s 7d

7 shovel emery, £0 0s 7d

14 bedding wire, £0 1s 4d

14 files, for the armourers use, £0 7s 3½d

2 smiths rubbers, £0 1s 5d

7 two foot rules, £0 6s 5d

5 claw hammers, £0 6s 4d

4 hand hatchets, £0 5s 4d

3 knitcheners chisels, for the armourers and carpenters use, £0 3s 7½d

8 bone wedges, £0 7s 6d

8 halves for the armourers, hospital and barracks, £0 4s 10d

1 stock lock for a barrack door, £0 2s 4d

1 pair the same for one of the Company’s houses, £0 2s 3½d

6 gimblets for the carpenters and castle use, £0 1s 2d

1 small frying pan for the hospital, £0 1s 11d

1 lb blacking card for combing wool to repair saddles, £0 6s 0d

1 auger for the carpenter, £0 3s 5½d

Subtotal, £2 19s 11d

Carried over, £8 19s 7½d

Interpretations

The account marks a fourth class of charges, the general charges for stores issued out to the various uses of the settlement itself, distinct from the sales to the servants, planters and ships on the earlier leaves. These were the goods drawn from the warehouse for the Company's own works and services, the canvas, nails, iron tools and arrack issued to the hospital, the armourer, the carpenter and the labourers rather than sold to a buyer. The account shows the warehouse supplying the settlement's own establishment as well as trading with its people, the stores drawn out for the running of the island's works charged to the general account.

The arrack issued to the men who brought goods ashore, worked in the stores and drew the guns marks the customary allowance of liquor to labourers, the spirit given as a part of the reward for heavy work. This issue of drink to the working men, the same arrack the warehouse sold to the inhabitants, shows the Company furnishing its labourers with liquor as an ordinary part of their employment, the great quantity given out marking the constant labour of landing goods, taking stock and moving the guns. The provision of drink to the workers was a settled custom of the age, the arrack drawn from the store for the men's encouragement.

The ironware issued to the armourer, carpenter and other trades, the files, hammers, hatchets, chisels and augers, were the tools of the Company's own workmen, drawn from the store for the maintenance of the island's works and equipment. The nails and canvas issued for the hospital cot, the barrack door and the coffin of a dead soldier mark the small material wants of the settlement's daily running, met from the warehouse as they arose. The whole account shows the store supplying the Company's own establishment, the tools, materials and drink of its works and services drawn out to the general charge, the warehouse serving the running of the island as well as the trade with its people.

291

285

Brought over

6 19 7½

Deals Vizt

1 Double For repairs to the Church a bench in

15 Single the Garden Close Stools for the Hospital

1 10 7½

4 Coffins a Coffin for one of the Kings Soldiers

15 2

1 Plank and Triangles for the Docks

7½

2½ lb Oak Plank that came from the Barracks

used in repairing the Post Cutters

3 11 3½

6 7 7½

Oil Vizt

3 Gallons Train for the Kitchen Bake house

and Armourers use

1 7

1 Gallon Linseed for mending Windows in the

Companys Houses & Hospital and Painting the

Capston

3 4½

1 10 4½

Coals 30 Bushells for the Armourers use

2 1 11

Turners Ware Vizt

2 Birch Brooms for the Stores

10

1 Platform for the Hospital

3 3

4 1

Candles Vizt

6 Do for the Castle

5 3

7 Do for the Council

6 11 3

14 for the Secretarys Office Alarms and demounting

Battles

1 4 6

9

Salt 1 Bushell for Pickle for the Salt Provisions

2 10½

Soap 6 Do for Linnen

1 17 6

Paint Vizt

1 Red Lead For painting the Capston

2½

2 Venetian and Windows in the Companys

4

6 Pound Whiting houses

4

12 blue Smalts for Linnen

16 9

17 3½

Cordage 7 Do for the use of the Stores market

Lieut Gardeners house, and Ropes for the Cart

and Mill

1 2 4

Lines Vizt

6 No 2 for the Armour and Marshalls use

1 8

6 3

1 11

3 7

Corks 4 Gross for the Castle

9 4

Pitch & Tar Vizt

1 Pitch for Damming Bottles

1

3 Tar

4

1 1

Carried over 36 18 6½

The account of general charges continued, priced by commodity.

Brought over, £8 19s 7½d

Deals:

1 double, 15 single, 4 cushos, for repairs to the church, a bench in the garden, close stools for the hospital, a coffin for one of the King’s soldiers, £1 10s 7½d

1 pitch, and triangles for the docks, £0 15s 2d

2⅓ lb oak plank that came from the barracks, used in repairing the post cutter’s, £0 7s 6d

Subtotal, £6 7s 7½d

Oil:

3 gallons train for the kitchen bake house and armourers use, £0 17s 0d

1 gallon linseed for mending windows in the Company’s houses and hospital and painting the capstan, £0 3s 4½d

Subtotal, £1 0s 4½d

Coals: 30 bushels for the armourers use, £2 1s 11d

Turnery ware:

2 birch brooms for the stores, £0 0s 10d

1 platter for the hospital, £0 3s 3d

Subtotal, £0 4s 1d

Candles:

6 lb for the Castle, £0 5s 0d

7 for the council, £0 11s 3d

14 for the secretary’s office, alarms and demanding bottles, £1 4s 6d

Subtotal, £2 0s 9d

Salt: 1 bushel for pickle for the salt provisions, £0 2s 10½d

Soap: 12 lb for linen, £1 17s 6d

Paint:

1 white lead, 2 Venetian, 6 pound whiting, 12 blue smalts, for painting the capstan and windows in the Company’s houses and for linen, £1 4s 5½d

Cordage: 76 lb for the use of the pines market, the lieutenant governor’s house and ropes for the cart and mill, £1 2s 4d

Files:

6 of number 2, 6 of number 3, for the armourers and marshalls use, £0 3s 7d

Corks: 4 gross for the Castle, £0 9s 4d

Pitch and tar:

1 pitch, 3 tar, for demanding bottles, £0 1s 1d

Carried over, £26 10s 6½d

Interpretations

The account continues the general charges, the stores drawn out for the Company's own works and services marking the daily running of the settlement's establishment. The deals issued for repairs to the church, the hospital's close stools and a soldier's coffin, and the oil for the bakehouse, the windows and the capstan, show the warehouse supplying the small material wants of the island's buildings and works as they arose. The range of these issues, from the church bench to the barrack door, marks the constant upkeep of the settlement's fabric met from the store, the materials of maintenance drawn out to the general charge.

The candles issued to the Castle, the council and the secretary's office mark the lighting of the settlement's chief buildings, drawn from the store for the working of its government. The mention of candles for alarms and demanding bottles points to the signals by which the island was governed, the lights used in the night alarms and the summoning that ordered the settlement's watch and work. The coals for the armourer's use, the fuel for his forge, mark the supply of the smith's fire by which the island's ironwork was made and mended, the materials of the Company's own trades drawn from the store.

The paints issued for the capstan and the windows, the white lead, Venetian red, whiting and blue smalts, were the materials for the upkeep of the Company's own property, the same colours sold to the servants and planters here drawn out for the settlement's works. The cordage for the pines market, the lieutenant governor's house and the cart and mill marks the rope drawn for the several works and services of the island, from the market to the mill. The whole account shows the warehouse supplying the running of the settlement itself, the materials of its buildings, lighting, fuel and works all drawn from the store to the general charge, the island's own establishment furnished from the same stock that supplied its people and its ships.

292

286

Brought over

36 18 6½

Tin Ware 3 Lamps for the Hospital

2 6

Twine Vizt

1 Skien Twine for the Hospital

6 6½

1 Do Marline for the Store use

3 3½

10

Starch 21½ for Linnen

8 4

Glass Ware Vizt

10 lb Glass 6 by 8 For repairing

4 6

8 Do Do 8 by 10 windows of the

Companys house

4

9 2

Sailors Clothes Vizt

1 Jacket given Seaton Isfora

10 10

1 lb Breeches a Transport

5 3

16 1

Lead 21 Shots for repairing the Store Weights

4 1½

Iron Pots 1 of 12 Gallon for the Castle

13 4½

Chelloes 2 lb

17 7½

Devoloes 3 Do for rubbers in the Castle

3 10½

Scales and Weights Vizt

16 lb Small brads For the Store use

2 9 6

1 Beam

7 3

9 12 6

£ 50 7 2½

Diet Expences Dr for the following Stores

Issued from the 12 July to the 11 October 1758

Pork 15 lb

2 3

Tea Vizt

7 Congo

7 3½

2 Single

1

8 11½

Sugar & Candy vizt

1½ Sugar

2 6

250 Candy

4 8 4

Flour 518

4 5 10

Arrack 50 Gallons

4 6 4

Salt 11½ Bushell

6 5

Beef 316

4 4

4 11

£ 17 15 7½

The account of general charges completed, and a further account opened of diet expenses for the stores issued for the following uses, priced by commodity.

Brought over, £26 10s 6½d

Tin ware: 3 lamps for the hospital, £0 2s 6d

Twine:

1 skein twine for the hospital, £0 6s 6½d

1 the same marline for the stores use, £0 3s 3½d

Subtotal, £0 0s 10d

Starch: 21½ for linen, £0 8s 4d

Glass ware:

10 square glass 6 by 8, for repairing the windows of the Company’s house, £0 4s 6d

6 the same the same 8 by 10, £0 4s 0d

Subtotal, £0 9s 2d

Sailors clothes:

1 jacket, given seaman Ferris, £0 10s 10d

1 pair breeches, a transport, £0 5s 3d

Subtotal, £0 16s 1d

Lead: 21 sheets for repairing the stores roughts, £0 4s 1½d

Iron pots: 1 of 12 gallon for the Castle, £0 13s 4½d

Chintz: 2 the same, £0 17s 5d

Deals: 3 the same for rulers in the Castle, £3 10s 4½d

Scales and weights:

16 lb scale board, £2 9s 6d

1 beam, for the stores use, £7 3s 0d

Subtotal, £9 12s 6d

Total, £50 7s 2½d

Diet expenses, for the following stores issued from 12 July to 11 October 1758

Pork: 15 lb, £2 0s 3d

Tea:

7 congo, £0 7s 3½d

2 single, £0 1s 0d

Subtotal, £0 8s 11½d

Sugar and candy:

1 sugar, £0 2s 6d

250 candy, £4 6s 4d

Subtotal, £4 5s 10d

Flour: 518, £4 6s 4d

Arrack: 50 gallons, £6 5s 0d

Salt: 1¼ bushel, £0 4s 4d

Beef: 3 candy 16, £0 4s 11d

Total, £17 15s 7½d

Interpretations

The account closes the general charges and opens a further account of diet expenses, the stores issued for the feeding of the settlement's establishment rather than for its works or trade. The general charges close with the tools, materials and small wares of the island's running, the scales and beam for the stores in particular marking the equipment of the warehouse itself, the means by which its goods were weighed. The issue of a jacket to a seaman named Ferris and breeches to a man of a transport shows the store clothing the needy sailors of the ships, the same seaman Ferris who witnessed the will proved in the earlier consultations.

The diet expenses set out the provisions issued for the feeding of the Company's people, the pork, tea, sugar, flour, arrack and beef drawn from the store for the table rather than sold. This account marks the food consumed by the establishment beyond the governor's own table, the rations of the Company's servants and works, the arrack in particular the liquor issued to the men. The separate reckoning of these diet expenses shows the Company distinguishing the food of its establishment from the goods it sold and the stores it issued for works, each drawn from the same warehouse but charged to its proper account.

The arrack recurring through the accounts, sold to the inhabitants, issued to the labourers and here charged to the diet expenses, marks the central place of the eastern spirit in the island's provision, the drink of the settlement drawn from the Company's Indian trade. The tea and sugar issued for the table mark the same reach of the eastern goods into the daily fare of the establishment, the congo tea and the sugar and candy furnishing the ordinary refreshment of the Company's people. The whole account shows the warehouse feeding the settlement as it clothed and supplied it, the provisions of the establishment drawn from the store to the diet account, the island's food as much as its goods furnished from the Company's imports.

293

287

Blacks Dr for the following Stores Issued from the 12 July

to 11 October 1758 vizt

Hooks & Lines Vizt

10 No 3

9 2 Lines

3 6 9

275 No 6

200 No 3 Hooks

5 7½

3 14 4½

Devoloes 4 Piece

Chelloes 25 Piece for Cloathing the

3 10½

Long Cloth vizt Women

11 8 3½

2 lb No 3

5 lb No 4

2 10 4

4 11

7 2

Canvas 563 Yards Osenbrigs

2

Haberdashery Ware vizt

6 lb Holland Tape

3 6

3 Skiens Mohair

1

4 6

Kersey 116 Yards for Cloathing the women

7 12 3

Sailors Cloathes vizt

10 Men Jackets

9 15

6 Boys Do

6 Do Breeches

4 1

12 Do Shirts

1 13

15 9

Hosiers Ware 28 lb Women Stockings

6

Shoes vizt

28 lb Women Calfs

5 2

32 lb Mens Ordinary

6 4 4

6 9 4

Blankets 58

14 4

Thread vizt

10 Coloured

1 13 4

6 Whited brown

1 19 6

3 12 10

Iron Pots vizt

1 of 6 Gallons

6 4

1 of 4 Do

5 2½

1 of 12 Do

13 4

3 of 2 Do

9 7½

1 14 6

Carried over £ 73 17 3

The account set out the goods issued to the slaves for the following stores from 12 July to 11 October 1758, priced by commodity.

Blacks, for the following stores issued from 12 July to 11 October 1758

Hooks and lines:

10 of number 3, 9 of number 2, 275 of number 6, lines, 200 of number 3, hooks, £0 5s 7½d, £3 6s 9d

Subtotal, £3 14s 4½d

Chintz: 25 pieces, £0 3s 10½d

Long cloth:

2 of number 3, for clothing the women, £11 8s 9½d

5 of number 4, women, £2 10s 4d, £4 11s 0d

Canvas: 363 yards Osnabrigs, £7 2s 0d

Haberdashery ware:

6 lb Holland tape, £0 3s 6d

3 skeins mohair, £0 0s 1d

Subtotal, £0 4s 6d

Kersey: 116 yards for clothing the women, £7 12s 3d

Sailors clothes:

10 men jackets, £0 15s 0d

6 boys the same, £4 1s 0d

6 the same breeches, £1 13s 0d

12 the same the same, £0 0s 0d

Subtotal, £5 9s 0d

Hosiery ware: 28 pairs women stockings, £0 6s 0d

Shoes:

28 pairs women’s calf, £0 5s 2½d

32 pairs men’s ordinary, £6 4s 4d

Subtotal, £6 9s 4d

Blankets: 58, £14 4s 0d

Thread:

10 coloured, £1 13s 4d

6 white or brown, £1 19s 6d

Subtotal, £3 12s 10d

Iron pots:

1 of 6 gallon, £0 6s 4d

1 of 4 the same, £0 5s 2½d

1 of 12 the same, £0 13s 4d

3 of 2 the same, £0 9s 7½d

Subtotal, £1 14s 6d

Carried over, £73 17s 3d

Interpretations

The account marks a distinct class of charges, the stores issued to the slaves for their clothing and use, set apart from the sales to the servants, planters and ships and from the general charges of the settlement's works. This separate reckoning of the goods drawn out for the slaves shows the Company clothing and equipping its slave population directly from the store, the cloth, blankets, shoes and pots issued to the men and women who did the island's heavy work. The account marks the slaves as a body maintained by the Company, their necessaries drawn from the warehouse and charged to their own account.

The cloth issued for clothing the women, the long cloth and the kersey, marks the coarse and durable stuffs given to the slaves for their garments, the kersey a rough woollen and the long cloth a plain cotton, the cheapest and hardest-wearing cloths supplied to those who laboured. The distinction between the goods given to the slaves and the finer wares sold to the free inhabitants marks the gulf between the two populations, the slaves clothed in the coarsest materials the store held while the settlers bought broadcloth and camblet. The provision of the plainest stuffs to the slaves shows the Company furnishing its labourers with no more than the necessary covering.

The blankets, shoes and iron pots issued to the slaves mark the further necessaries of their maintenance, the bedding against the cold of the uplands, the shoes for their feet and the pots for their cooking. The fishing tackle among the stores, the hooks and lines given to the slaves, shows them set to fish for their own food, the sea supplementing the yams that formed their staple. The whole account marks the Company's maintenance of its slave population as a matter of preserving its working strength, the men and women who did the island's heavy labour clothed, shod and equipped from the store in the coarsest materials, their necessaries reckoned and charged as carefully as the goods sold to the free and the stores issued to the ships.

294

288

Brought over

73 17 3

Oil vizt

½ Gallon Linseed

10½

1½ Do Train

3 9½

4 8

Rice No 5. 3. 11

17 12 2½

Sugar 8

16 10½

18 9 1

Tea 36 Bohea

1 7

Beef and Pork vizt

232 Pieces of Beef

30 3

64 Pieces of Pork

7 9 4

16 12 4

Turners Ware vizt

2 Trowels

2 5

2 Platters

2 2

4 7

Arrack ½ Gallon

1 3

Salt 4 lb of Bushell

4½

Iron Ware 2 Chest Locks

4 8

£ 141 1 3

Malays Dr for the following Stores Issued from

the 12 July to the 11 October 1758 vizt

Candy 5

1 8

Paint 1

7½

Rice No 2. 2. 4

Beef 4 Piece

2 4½

Arrack 1¼

3 6

Tea 1 Bohea

3 1½

Oil ¼ Gallons

9

10½

£ 1 3 6

Garrison Dr for the following Stores Issued

from the 12 July to the 11 October 1758 vizt

Tea 75 7/8 Bohea

2 16 10

Oil 55 70 Gallons Train For the Grand Guard

9 2

Carried over 12 5

The account of stores issued to the slaves completed, and further accounts opened of stores issued to the Malays and to the garrison, priced by commodity.

Brought over, £73 17s 3d

Oil:

½ gallon linseed, £0 0s 10½d

1½ the same train, £0 3s 9½d

Subtotal, £4 0s 0d

Rice: 5 candy 3 faraselli 11, £17 12s 2½d

Sugar: 8 candy, £0 16s 10½d

Subtotal, £18 9s 1d

Tea: 36 bohea, £0 1s 7d

Beef and pork:

232 pieces of beef, £30 3s 0d

64 pieces of pork, £7 9s 4d

Subtotal, £16 12s 4d

Turnery ware:

2 mauls, £0 2s 5d

2 platters, £0 2s 2d

Subtotal, £0 4s 7d

Arrack: ½ gallon, £0 1s 3d

Salt: ¾ of a bushel, £0 4s 2d

Iron ware: 2 stock locks, £0 1s 8d

Total, £141 1s 3d

Malays, for the following stores issued from 12 July to 11 October 1758

Candy: 3, £0 1s 8d

Paint: 1, £0 0s 0d

Rice: 3 candy 4, £0 7s 2½d

Beef: 4 pieces, £0 2s 1½d

Arrack: 1½, £0 13s 6d

Tea: 1 bohea, £0 3s 1½d

Oil: 14 gallons, £0 0s 9d

Total, £1 3s 6d

Garrison, for the following stores issued from 12 July to 11 October 1758

Tea: 75½ bohea, £2 16s 10d

Oil: 55 gallons train, for the round guard, £9 0s 2d

Carried over, £12 5s 0d

Interpretations

The account closes the stores issued to the slaves and opens two further accounts, the stores issued to the Malays and to the garrison, each a distinct body supplied from the warehouse. The Malays appear as a separate class from the slaves and the free inhabitants, a small body of people from the Malay lands maintained by the Company with their own issue of rice, beef, arrack and tea. Their presence on the island marks the mixed population a station on the eastern trade route drew together, the Company holding people from across its Asian world, the Malays furnished from the store as a distinct group with their own reckoning.

The stores issued to the garrison, the tea and the oil for the round guard, mark the provisions drawn for the soldiers' use beyond their pay, the tea for their refreshment and the oil for the lamps of the guard. The oil for the round guard in particular marks the lighting of the watch, the guard that made its rounds through the night supplied with the means to see, the fuel drawn from the store for the garrison's watching. The separate account for the garrison shows the Company distinguishing the stores issued to the soldiers from those given to the slaves and the Malays, each body supplied and charged apart.

The beef and pork issued to the slaves on the closing of their account, over two hundred pieces of beef and sixty of pork, mark a substantial issue of salt meat to the labouring population, the preserved provisions given to the slaves beyond their staple of yams. This issue of meat shows the Company feeding its slaves on more than the root crop, the salt beef and pork drawn from the store to maintain the strength of those who did the heavy work. The whole set of accounts, the slaves, the Malays and the garrison each supplied and reckoned apart, shows the Company maintaining the several bodies of its mixed population from the single warehouse, each class furnished with its own provision and charged to its proper account.

295

289

Lines 12. No 2 for Ships

£12 5s 0d

Deals 6 Single for Coffins

0 3s 4d

Nails vizt

0 12s 3d

1½ Tacks for Drums

0 0s 7½d

2 to 6

for Coffins

1 to 4

0 1s 2½d

0 1s 10d

Blankets 127

Tin Ware 34 Lamps

£30 13s 10d

Turners Ware vizt

0 6s 8d

64 Wood Brools

£3 17s 4d

64 Platters

£3 9s 4d

£7 6s 8d

Iron Pots vizt

for the Several Guards and

our Ports.

9 of 4 Gallons

£2 6s 10½d

6 of 12 Gallons

£4 0s 1½d

8 of 6 Gallons

£2 10s 8d

8 of 3 Gallons

£1 11s 8d

2 of 2 Gallons

0 4s 5d

£10 13s 9d

Iron Ware 28 Small Frying Pans for Do

£2 13s 8d

Paint vizt

11½ Yellow Oaker

to Clean their Acoutremts

0 2s 2d

23 Whiting

0 15s 5½d

0 2s 7½d

Broad Cloth Vizt

49½ Yards Scarlet

£48 3s 2d

5½ Do blue

£4 13s 6d

£52 16s 8d

Shalloon 70 Yards Scarlet

£7 13s 1½d

Buckram 36 Yards

£1 6s 3d

Haberdashery Ware vizt

30 Dozen of Silver Coat Buttons

£6 16s 10½d

20 Do of Breast Do

£2 10s 4d

50 Skeins of Mohair

0 16s 8d

50 Do Silk

£1 0s 10d

£11 12s 8½d

Thread 3 Coloured

0 10s 0d

Shoes 370 Mens Ordinary

£7 17s 7d

Hosiers Ware 373 Pair Thread Stockings

£47 15s 9½d

Hatts vizt

10 Officers

£15 10s 10d

11 Do

£11 13s 0d

20 Sergeants

£50 15s 11d

353 Centinels

£77 19s 9d

Carried over £336 11s 6d

Brought over

Linen 12 pieces, No 2 for ships, £12 5s 0d

Diapers 6 pieces, single for coffins, £0 3s 4d

Nails, various sorts

1 cwt tacks for drawers, £0 0s 7½d

4 to 6 pieces

1 to 4 pieces for coffins, £0 1s 2¾d, £0 1s 10d

Blankets 197, £30 13s 10d

Tin ware 34 lamps, £0 6s 8d

Turners ware, various sorts

6 turned bowls, £0 17s 4d

6 flat pieces, £3 0s 4d, £7 6s 8d

Iron pots, various sorts

2 of 4 gallons, for the several guard and sick rooms, £2 6s 10½d

6 of 12 gallons, £4 0s 1½d

2 of 6 gallons, £2 10s 8d

1 of 3 gallons, £1 11s 8d

2 of 2 gallons, £0 4s 5d, £10 10s 9d

Iron ware 20 small frying pans for the several guard and sick rooms, £2 13s 8d

Paint, various sorts

11½ lb yellow ochre, to clean their accoutrements, £0 2s 2d

23 lb whiting, £0 5s 3½d, £0 7s 2½d

Broad cloth, various sorts

149¾ yards scarlet, £48 3s 2d

5¼ yards blue, £4 13s 6d, £52 16s 8d

Shalloon 70 yards scarlet, £7 13s 1½d

Buckram 36 yards, £1 6s 0d

Haberdashery ware, various sorts

30 dozen of silver coat buttons, £6 16s 10½d

20 dozen of breast buttons, £2 10s 4d

50 skeins of mohair, £0 16s 8d

50 dozen of silk, £1 0s 10d, £11 12s 8½d

Thread 3 lb coloured, £0 10s 0d

Shoes 570 men ordinary, £71 4s 7d

Hosiers ware 375 pairs thread stockings, £47 15s 9½d

Hatts, various sorts

10 officers, £15 10s 10d

20 sergeants, £11 13s 0d

353 sentinels, £50 15s 11d, £77 19s 9d

Carried over, £336 11s 6d

Interpretations

This account listed clothing, equipment and supplies for the garrison at St Helena, itemising uniform cloth, buttons, footwear and headgear alongside barrack and hospital fittings such as iron pots, frying pans and lamps for the guard and sick rooms.

Scarlet broad cloth and shalloon supplied the soldiers' coats, scarlet being the standard colour of English infantry uniform and shalloon a lightweight woollen twill used for lining. The silver coat buttons, mohair and silk trimmings, and the graded hats distinguishing officers, sergeants and sentinels reflected the visible hierarchy of rank within the company. Yellow ochre and whiting were cheap abrasive earths bought to scour and polish leather belts and metal fittings, keeping the men's accoutrements presentable on parade.

Diapers, a plain figured linen, and the tacks and cloth set aside for coffins point to the ordinary mortality of the garrison, provided for as a routine cost of supply rather than an exceptional event.

296

290

Soldiers Cloaths vizt

200 Centinels coats and breeches

£413 5s 7½d

12 Corporals Do & Do

£10 19s 0d

1 Marshall Do & Do

£1 12s 0d

12 Sergeants Do & Do

£63 4s 0d

9 Gunners Mates Do & Do

£24 0s 0d

9 Quarter Gunners Do & Do

£10 16s 0d

31 Matrosses Do & Do

£66 13s 4d

8 Drummers Do & Do

£27 12s 0d

£634 1s 11½d

Shirts vizt

16 Do Linnen for the Officers Cloaths

£1 12s 3½d

353 Centinels Shirts

£70 6s 5d

353 Do Rolem

£11 15s 4d

20 Sergeant Shirts

£6 15s 1d

20 Rolem

0 13s 4d

£99 2s 5½d

Arrack 15½ Gallons for Drams on mustering

£1 18s 9d

£1071 14s 0d

Plantation Do for the following Uses expended from

the 12 July to the 11 October 1758 vizt

Nails vizt

2 to 10

for repairs to the Gates and

1 to 4

Roof of the Sudlery & Gates at

7 to 6

the Plantation house and

2 to 40

the roof of Carpenters in

1 to 20

the Longwood

0 4s 7d

Iron Ware vizt

3 Sithes

10 Do Stones Wt missing

0 16s 5d

18 Augers wooded Screws for Plantation

0 1s 0d

Houses Gates

0 0s 6d

1 Vice large Bodypeade

2 Helves

0 7s 11d

1 Garden Hoe

0 1s 3d

1 Do Clipping Shears

0 1s 6d

1 Shod Shovel

0 2s 9d

0 1s 3d

£1 13s 7½d

Cart wheels vizt

2 Do Cart wheels

£11 14s 4d

2 Axeltrees

0 17s 5½d

£12 11s 9½d

Carried over 14 10

Brought over, £336 11s 6d

Soldiers clothes, various sorts

200 sentinels coats and breeches, £413 5s 7½d

12 corporals coats and breeches, £10 19s 0d

1 marshal coat and breeches, £1 12s 0d

12 sergeants coats and breeches, £63 4s 0d

9 gunners mates coats and breeches, £24 0s 0d

9 quarter gunners coats and breeches, £10 16s 0d

31 matrosses coats and breeches, £66 13s 4d

8 drummers coats and breeches, £27 12s 0d, £634 1s 11½d

Shirts, various sorts

16 linen for the officers clothes, £1 12s 3½d

353 sentinels shirts, £70 6s 5d

353 ditto rolen, £11 15s 4d

20 sergeant shirts, £6 15s 1d

23 rolen, £0 13s 4d, £99 2s 5½d

Arrack 15½ gallons for drams on mustering, £1 18s 9d

£1,071 14s 0d

Plantation account for the following boxes shipped from the 12 July to the 11 October 1758, various sorts

Nails, various sorts

2 to 10, for repairs to the gates and, [...]

1 to 4, roof of the saddlery and gates at, [...]

7 to 6, the plantation house and, [...]

2 to 40, for the roof of carpenters in, [...]

1 to 20, the longshed, £0 4s 7d

Iron ware, various sorts

3 saws, [...]

10 ditto stones, with files missing, £0 16s 5d

14 augers wood screws for plantation, £0 1s 0d

hinges gates, £0 0s 6d

1 pair large body goods, £0 7s 11d

2 helves, £0 1s 3d

1 garden hoe, £0 1s 6d

1 pair clipping shears, £0 2s 9d

1 shod shovel, £0 1s 3d, £1 13s 7½d

Cart wheels, various sorts

2 pairs cart wheels, £11 14s 4d

2 axletrees, £0 17s 5½d, £12 11s 9½d

Carried over, £14 10s 0d

Interpretations

This continued the garrison supply account, listing finished uniform coats and breeches for every rank of the company alongside shirts, then moving to a separate plantation account covering ironmongery and cart parts shipped between 12 July and 11 October 1758.

The ranks named trace the structure of an artillery-based garrison. Matrosses were junior soldiers who assisted gunners in loading, firing and moving the cannon, ranking below the quarter gunners and gunners mates who formed the skilled core of the company. Rolen, sometimes written rolen or roll, was a coarse unbleached linen from Rouen, used for the cheaper common shirts issued to sentinels while finer linen went to the officers.

Arrack was a strong spirit distilled in the East, here bought so that a measure of drink could be handed out to the men at musters, a customary inducement to attendance and a small reward woven into the routine of the garrison.

The plantation account shows the Company maintaining its own working buildings and equipment on the island, the saddlery, carpenters shop, longshed and plantation house, together with the carts and hand tools of an agricultural establishment kept in repair through imported iron.

297

291

That is a quantity notation for the paddey, not a sum of money. In the "Rice and Paddey" block the leftmost figures record measures of grain, in the same style as the "2 .. 4" line just above it for the rice. Here "34 .. 1 .. 11" most probably records the paddey quantity in a unit-and-subdivision system (such as bushels, pecks and the like), and the actual cost sits in the ruled money columns as £7 12s 1d.

Per your standing instruction I must not render the ".." placeholder. Corrected, and reproducing the full page as required:

Tin Ware vizt

1 Lamp for the Overseer in the great wood

0 0s 10d

1 Watering Pot for the Garden

0 5s 5½d

0 6s 3½d

Iron 30 for Carts

0 9s 4½d

Cutlery Ware vizt

2 Pruning Knives for the Gardener

0 1s 8d

12 Butchers Do for the Plantation

0 4s 6d

0 6s 2d

Cordage 21 for Thatching

0 6s 1½d

Earthen Ware 12 Milk Pans for the Dairy

0 0s 8d

Turners Ware vizt

1 Wood bowl for the great wood

0 1s 2½d

1 Paint Brush for painting the Espalier

at Plantation house

0 0s 6½d

0 1s 9d

Rice and Paddey vizt

2 to 4 Rice for Poultry

0 2s 11½d

34 to 1 to 11 Paddey for Do and Horses

£7 12s 1d

£7 15s ½d

Paint vizt

31 White Lead

0 10s 11½d

1 Barrel of bleaching

for painting Gates and Espal

0 0s 3½d

4 Whiting

at Plantation house a Garden

Chair & windows in Long wood

0 0s 2d

0 11s 5d

Deales vizt

23 Piece Oak Plank

for Carts a Garden Ladder

0 17s 9d

1½ 8 Elm Do

repairs to the Dairy & Sundry

£1 17s 6d

2 Baths

and for Plantation house

0 14s 1d

1 Double Deal

Garden &c

0 3s 6d

5 Single Do

0 10s 2½d

Oel 4½ Gallons Linseed for painting Gates

Espalier Garden Ladder & Windows in Long

wood

0 14s 4d

24 Gallon Train for Thatching the Sundry

0 2s 6d

0 16s 10d

Lines 3 No 4 for the Gardener

0 1s 1d

Glass Ware 53 Squares 10 by 12 for the windows

in the Longwood

0 4s 0d

Tar 5½ Gallons for Carts

0 4s 7d

£34 1s 5d

Brought over, £14 10s 0d

Tin ware, various sorts

1 lamp for the overseer in the great wood, £0 0s 10d

1 watering pot for the garden, £0 5s 5½d, £0 6s 3½d

Iron 50 for carts, £0 9s 1½d

Cutlery ware, various sorts

2 pruning knives for the gardener, £0 1s 8d

12 butchers ditto for the plantation, £0 4s 6d, £0 6s 2d

Cordage 21 for thatching, £0 6s 1½d

Earthen ware 12 milk pans for the dairy, £0 8s 0d

Turners ware, various sorts

1 wood bowl for the great wood, £0 1s 2½d

1 paint brush for painting the espalier at plantation house, £0 0s 6½d, £0 1s 9d

Rice and paddy, various sorts

2 to 4 rice for poultry, £0 2s 11½d

34 to 1 to 11 paddy for ditto and horses, £7 12s 1d, £7 15s 0½d

Paint, various sorts

31 white lead, for painting gates and espalier, £0 10s 11½d

1 barrel of bleaching, of plantation house and garden, £0 0s 3½d

½ whiting, espalier and windows in great wood, £0 0s 2d, £0 11s 5d

Deals, various sorts

23 pieces oak plank, for carts and garden ladder, £0 17s 9d

1½ to 8 elm ditto, repairs to the dairy and laundry, £1 17s 6d

2 baths, and for plantation house, £0 14s 1d

1 double deal, garden ditto, £0 3s 6d

5 single ditto, £0 10s 2½d, £4 3s 0d

Oil 4½ gallons linseed for painting gates espalier garden ladder and windows in longwood, £0 14s 4d

½ gallon train for thatching the laundry, £0 2s 6d, £0 16s 10d

Lines 3 No 4 for the gardener, £0 1s 1d

Glass ware 53 squares 10 by 12 for the windows in the longwood, £4 1s 0d

Tar 5½ gallons for carts, £0 4s 7d

£34 1s 5d

Interpretations

This closed the plantation account, listing tools, paint, timber and glass supplied for the Company's working establishments at Longwood and the great wood, including the dairy, laundry, poultry yard and gardens.

Paddy was rice still in the husk, bought in bulk here to feed poultry and horses, while the smaller quantity of cleaned rice went to the poultry alone. An espalier was a fruit tree trained flat against a frame or wall, and the repeated purchases of paint and brushes to maintain it at the plantation house show ornamental gardening being kept up at the Governor's residence. Train oil was rendered from whale or fish blubber and used here as a cheap waterproofing dressing for thatch, distinct from the linseed oil bought for painting joinery and windows.

The window glass cut to a standard 10 by 12 inch pane, and the graded deals of oak and elm reserved for particular repairs, show the island importing even basic building materials, since St Helena produced little suitable timber of its own and depended on shipped stores for the upkeep of its structures.

298

292

Fortifications Do for the following Seven Years


from the 12 July to the 11 October 1758 vizt

Paint vizt

24 yellow oaker


for Painting


0 4s 6d

1 Barrel of bleaching


Guns and


0 0s 3½d

½ Copperas


Carriage at


0 0s 6d


0 5s 3½d

Oel 2 Gall Linseed


Ladders Caps and


Sundry Day


0 0s 9d

Turners Ware vizt

2 Paint Brushes


0 1s 1½d

1 Labourers basket for Sucks Caps


0 0s 9d


0 1s 10½d


0 13s 11d

Boats Do for the following Stores Issued from the


11 July to the 11 October 1758 vizt

Cordage 2 to 22 for Rinning


0 14s 10d

Iron Chain 1 for Long Boats


0 3s 7d

Oores 2


0 0s 7d

Leather 2¾ Sole


0 2s 6d

Nails vizt

1 to 10

1 to 6

1 to 2


0 1s 0d

Swine vizt

3 Skeans of Twine


0 1s 2d

6 Do Martini


0 1s 4½d


0 2s 5d

Tar 7 Gallons


0 5s 10d


0 10s 5d

Hospital Do for the following Stores Issued from


the 12 July to the 11 October 1758 vizt

Seed 5 Bushels

Rice ¼ to 34


0 1s 6d

Sugar 326


0 14s 6d

Flour 322


0 5s 7d

Oel 9¾ Gallon Train


0 2s 13s 0d

Beef 14 Barrels


0 1s 11s 7½d

Pork 4 Piece


0 4s 4d


0 9s 4d


£9 12s 10½d

Fortifications account for the following stores shipped from the 12 July to the 11 October 1758, various sorts

Paint, various sorts

24 yellow ochre, for painting, £0 4s 6d

1 barrel of bleaching, guns and, £0 0s 3½d

½ copperas, carriages at, £0 0s 6d

Oil 2 gallons linseed, Ladder Hill and Munden's Bay, £0 5s 3½d, £0 9s 0d

Turners ware, various sorts

2 paint brushes, £0 1s 1½d

1 labourers basket for Ladder Hill, £0 0s 9d, £0 1s 10½d

£0 13s 11d

Boats account for the following stores issued from the 11 July to the 11 October 1758, various sorts

Cordage 21 [...], for trimming, £14 18s 1d

Iron chain 1, for long boats, £3 7s 3d

oars 2, £0 7s 6d

leather 2½ soles, £0 2s 6d

Nails, various sorts

7 to [...], [...]

1 to 6, [...]

1 to 2, £0 1s 8d

Swine, various sorts

3 skeins of twine, £0 1s 2½d

6 ditto marline, £0 1s 4½d, £0 2s 5d

Tar 7 gallons, £0 5s 10d

£10 5s 5d

Hospital account for the following stores issued from the 12 July to the 11 October 1758, various sorts

Seed 5 pickens, [...]

Rice 4 to 9 to 34, £0 1s 6d

Sugar 3 to 6, £1 4s 6d

Flour 3 to 22, £3 7s 11d

Oil 9½ gallon train, £2 13s 0d

Beef 14 barrel, £1 11s 7½d

Pork 4 pieces, £0 4s 4d

£9 12s 10½d

Interpretations

This set out three separate quarterly stores accounts for the same period from 12 July to 11 October 1758, covering the upkeep of the fortifications, the Company's boats and the hospital.

The fortification entries name Ladder Hill and Munden's Bay, two of the principal defensive batteries commanding the approaches to James Valley and the anchorage. Copperas, or iron sulphate, was mixed with ochre and bleaching earth to make a cheap protective paint for the gun carriages exposed to sea air. Marline and twine were tarred cords used in rigging work, bought here with cordage, oars and an iron chain to keep the garrison's boats and long boats serviceable.

The hospital account records the diet supplied to the sick, staple provisions of rice, flour, sugar, salt beef and pork supplemented by train oil, the whale or fish oil that served both for lamps and as a cheap medicinal and cooking fat. That the hospital drew standard shipped rations rather than fresh island produce reflects how far the settlement leaned on imported salt provisions even for its infirm, a dependence shaped by the island's limited capacity to raise fresh meat in quantity.

299

293

Fortifications Do for the following Stores Issued from

the 12 July to the 11th of October 1758 vizt

Cart wheels vizt

17 Wheel Barrows

£8 6s 10½d

6 Cart Sides for Do

0 10s 0d

£8 16s 10½d

Iron Ware vizt

15 Pickaxes

£2 10s 1½d

24 Helves

0 15s 0d

9 Ditching Shovels

0 16s 0d

1 Small Frying Pan for the use of the working men

0 1s 8½d

2 Mattox

0 17s 0d

4 Bricklayers Trowels

0 4s 10d

13 Stock Locks

£1 10s 4d

2 Dozen Wood Screws

0 0s 8d

£7 15s 6½d

Lines 24 No 4

0 8s 10d

Deales vizt

1147 Single

£117 1s 9½d

21 double

£3 13s 6d

23 Cuffion

£4 7s 2½d

2 Baths

£14 1s 0d

6 Piece Riga

£17 7s 6d

£143 4s 1d

Iron Pots vizt

1 of 6 Gallons for the use of the working men

0 6s 4d

10 of 12 Do for boiling Rye

0 13s 4d

0 19s 8d

Nails vizt

1 to 3

12 to 4

9 to 6

326 to 10

1 to 6 Spikes

9¾ Glazing brads

£7 15s 9d

Cordage 67 for Scaffolding

0 19s 6½d

Paint vizt

61 Whiting

0 1s 3d

7 Do Bleaching

0 2s 2d

0 3s 3½d

Turners Ware vizt

1 Labourers basket

0 0s 9d

14 Paint brushes

0 1s 10½d

0 8s 7½d

Carried over 170 12s 2½d

Fortifications account for the following stores issued from the 12 July to the 11 of October 1758, various sorts

Cart wheels, various sorts

17 wheel barrows, £8 6s 10½d

6 cart sides for ditto, £0 10s 0d, £8 16s 10½d

Iron ware, various sorts

15 pickaxes, £2 10s 1½d

24 helves, £0 15s 0d

9 ditching shovels, £1 16s 0d

1 small frying pan for the use of the working men, £0 1s 8½d

2 mattocks, £0 17s 0d

4 bricklayers trowels, £0 4s 10d

13 stock locks, £1 10s 4d

2 dozen wood screws, £0 0s 8d, £7 15s 6½d

Lines 24 to 4, £0 8s 10d

Deals, various sorts

1147 single, £117 1s 9½d

21 double, £3 13s 6d

23 gutters, £4 7s 2½d

2 baths, £0 14s 1d

6 pieces riga, £17 7s 6d, £143 4s 1d

Iron pots, various sorts

1 of 6 gallons for the use of the working men, £0 6s 4d

10 of 12 ditto for boiling rice, £0 13s 4d, £0 19s 8d

Nails, various sorts

1 to 3

12 to 4

9 to 6

326 to 10

106 spikes

2½ glazing brads, £7 15s 9d

Cordage 67 for scaffolding, £0 19s 6½d

Paint, various sorts

61 whiting, £0 1s 3d

7 lb bleaching, £0 2s 2d, £0 3s 5½d

Turners ware, various sorts

1 labourers basket, £0 0s 9d

14 paint brushes, £0 1s 10½d, £0 8s 7½d

Carried over, £170 12s 2½d

Interpretations

This was a further quarterly fortifications account for 12 July to 11 October 1758, dominated by a very large purchase of building timber, alongside tools, nails and paint for construction work on the defences.

The overwhelming item was 1,147 single deals, sawn softwood boards, with a further parcel of Riga deals named for their Baltic port of origin, timber shipped from Riga being prized for its length and straightness. Set beside the bricklayers trowels, ditching shovels, mattocks and scaffolding cordage, the scale of this timber order points to substantial construction or reconstruction on the fortifications during the quarter rather than routine maintenance. Stock locks were sturdy wooden-cased iron locks fitted to doors and gates, and glazing brads were the small headless nails used to hold window panes in their frames.

The iron pots bought for boiling rice for the working men show the Company victualling its construction labourers on the spot, feeding the gangs employed on the defences as a direct charge against the fortification account.

Speculations

The account carried a small frying pan and a large iron pot bought expressly for the working men, and a separate run of pots for boiling rice, rather than leaving the labourers to draw provisions through the ordinary stores. Feeding the gangs on site, as a direct charge against the fortifications, suggests the work was being pushed hard enough that keeping men at the batteries through the day was worth more than the tidier course of victualling them from the common table.

300

294

Barracks vizt

Iron Ware 198 Hinges

£1 10s 1d

Fir Timber 292 6

£80 16s 10½d

Glass ware vizt

373 Squares 6 by 8

3 Squares 8 by 10

£10 16s 7½d

Paint 1 to 12 White Lead

£2 0s 0d

Oel 4½ Gallon Linseed

£3 5s 8d

Turners ware 12 Paint Brushes

0 7s 0d

£99 5s 0d

£269 17s 2½d

Inventory of Stores remaining in the Honourable

Companys Warehouse the 11th October 1758 vizt

Anchors vizt

4 Anchors

1 Do on the west Rocks

£75 13s 4d

2 Iron Hoops

1 Iron Peck

£2 7s 10d

£78 1s 2d

Bunting vizt

18 Red bed

£13 15s 10½d

9 to 21 White

0 11s 3d

10 to 25 Red

82 Do Damaged

£7 1s 4½d

£40 8s 5d

Broad Cloth vizt

3 Yards blue

£2 11s 0d

2 Do Primose

£1 15s 0d

14¼ Do Green

£11 5s 7½d

5 2/4 Do Grey

£4 14s 10½d

8 Do Black

0 12s 0d

30 Do Scarlet

£29 13s 5½d

£56 9s 11½d

Brought over, £170 12s 2½d

Barracks, various sorts

Iron ware 198 hinges, £1 10s 1d

Fir timber 292 feet, £30 16s 10½d

Glass ware, various sorts

373 squares 6 by 8

5 squares 8 by 10, £10 16s 7½d

Paint 1 to 12 white lead, £2 0s 0d

Oil 4½ gallon linseed, £0 5s 8d

Turners ware 12 paint brushes, £0 0s 7d, £99 5s 0d

£269 17s 2½d

Inventory of stores remaining in the Honourable Company's warehouse the 11 October 1758, various sorts

Anchors, various sorts

4 anchors

1 ditto on the mount rocks

2 iron hoops

1 iron peak, £2 7s 10d, £79 1s 2d

Bunting, various sorts

10 red bed

9 to 21 white

10 to 25 red

82 ditto damaged, £7 1s 4½d, £40 8s 5d

Broad cloth, various sorts

3 yards blue, £2 11s 0d

2 ditto crimson, £1 15s 0d

14¼ ditto green, £11 5s 7½d

5 to 8 ditto grey, £4 14s 10½d

8 ditto black, £6 12s 0d

30 ditto scarlet, £29 13s 5½d, £56 9s 11½d

Interpretations

This closed the barracks stores account and opened a general inventory of goods still held in the Company's warehouse at St Helena on 11 October 1758, beginning with anchors, flag bunting and broad cloth.

Bunting was the loosely woven worsted from which signal flags and colours were made, held here in graded widths of red and white, with a large quantity marked damaged. The mounted anchors and the one recorded lying on the Mount rocks point to ground tackle kept ready for the anchorage, where a spare anchor bent and stationed ashore could be run out to secure a ship in the exposed roadstead. The broad cloth held in six colours, with scarlet by far the largest stock, was the reserve of uniform and coat cloth from which future issues to the garrison would be cut.

The 82 pieces of damaged bunting carried on the books at a fraction of the whole show the warehouse keeping a running account even of spoiled and worn stores, so that condemned material remained on charge until formally written off rather than quietly discarded.

301

295

Braziers Ware vizt

12 Small Skimmers Do 3½

£1 9s 0¼d

2 Skimmers 5½

0 5s 4d

2 Skimmers Do 6

0 12s 0d

2 Do 4¼

0 4s 4d

1 Warming Pan

0 8s 8d

1 Copper Pump

0 11s 3d

2 Brass Ladles

0 11s 0d

5 Pound Wraps for Soldering

0 4s 5d

4 Hawk Pans

0 10s 5d

3 Basting Cocks

£2 10s 4d

1 Copper Kettle of 12 Gallons

0 13s 9d

1 Do of 6 Gallons

£2 18s 1½d

1 Tea Kettle of 2 Gallons

£1 12s 3d

6 Do of ½ Do

£1 4s 5d

14 Sets of Brass Candlesticks

£3 0s 3d

9 Pair of Steel Snuffers

£5 4s 2d

2 Brass Cocks a 4/3

£1 10s 9d

0 8s 10d

£25 12s 6½d

Blankets 189

£45 13s 6d

Blocks vizt

4 Iron bound Cat blocks

£1 5s 0d

2 Do Snatch

£1 7s 6d

1 Do Single Top

0 5s 0d

4 Do Dead Eyes

£4 5s 0d

6 Dead Eyes

2 Blocks Damaged

0 4s 9d

1 Doubletling Fashes

0 6s 0d

£7 16s 8d

Buckram 3¼ 17s 3¼

£3 12s 6d

Beef & Pork vizt

151 Do beef

£1915 13s 8½d

154 Do Pork

£1748 14s 5½d

£3664 8s 5d

Books vizt

39 Bibles

£6 10s 0d

24 Hand books

0 3s 0d

54 Primers

0 3s 6d

27 Testaments

£2 10s 0d

£9 11s 6d

Brought over

Braziers ware, various sorts

12 small skimmers at 2s 3d, £1 9s 0¾d

2 skimmers at 3s, £0 5s 4d

2 skimmers at 6s, £0 12s 0d

2 ditto at 7s, £0 14s 0d

1 warming pan, £0 8s 8d

1 copper pump, £0 11s 3d

1 brass ladle, £0 11s 0d

5 pound brass for soldering, £0 4s 5d

4 hawk pans, £0 10s 5d

5 basting cocks, £2 10s 4d

1 copper kettle of 12 gallons, £0 13s 9d

1 ditto of 6 gallons, £2 18s 1½d

1 tea kettle of 2 gallons, £1 12s 3d

6 ditto of ½ ditto, £1 4s 5d

14 pieces of brass candlesticks, £3 0s 3d

9 pieces of steel snuffers, £5 4s 2d

2 brass cocks at 4s 3d, £1 10s 9d, £25 12s 6½d

Blankets 189, £45 13s 6d

Blocks, various sorts

4 iron bound cat blocks, £1 5s 0d

2 ditto snatch, £1 7s 6d

1 ditto single top, £0 5s 0d

4 ditto shod eyes, £0 5s 0d

6 dead eyes, £4 5s 0d

2 blocks damaged, £0 4s 9d

1 double long pistols, £0 6s 0d, £7 16s 8d

Buckram 3 to 17 to 24, £3 12s 6d

Brass and pewter, various sorts

151 lb 43 brass, £198 15s 8½d

154 lb 43 pewter, £174 14s 5½d, £366 8s 5d

Books, various sorts

39 bibles, £6 10s 0d

24 hymn books, £0 3s 0d

54 primers, £2 10s 0d

27 testaments, £0 9s 11s 6d

Interpretations

This continued the warehouse inventory of 11 October 1758, listing brass and copper kitchen and workshop wares, blankets, ships blocks, cloth and a small stock of religious books.

The braziers ware was the working metalware of the settlement, skimmers, basting cocks, copper kettles and warming pans for kitchens, together with a bar of raw brass and pound weights of brass kept expressly for soldering repairs. The blocks were the pulley cases of ships rigging, the cat blocks used to raise the anchor to the cathead, snatch blocks that took a rope from the side, and dead eyes through which the standing rigging was set up, all held as spares for the anchorage and the Company's boats. Buckram was a stiffened linen used to give body to garments and bindings.

The bibles, primers, testaments and hymn books held in store show the Company supplying the means of religious instruction and basic literacy on the island, the primers being elementary spelling and reading books through which children and new readers were taught alongside their catechism.

302

296

Copper Money 58,460 Inch Half Pence

£121 15s 10d

Cutlery Ware vizt

14 Horse Combs

0 3s 6d

47 5 Horn Do

£3 5s ½d

2 10 Ivory Do

£1 11s 2d

37 11 Sets Shoe buckles

£11 7s 6d

16 9 Sets Hand buckles

£2 15s 6d

3 Dozen Buck handed Knives & Forks

£1 9s 9d

2 Pruning Knives

£1 1s 0d

4 Dozen Shoe Do

0 13s 0d

3 5 Butchers Knives

0 15s 1d

338 Sets Leather Garters

£4 10s 7d

£27 0s 9½d

Cart Wheels vizt

48 Piece large Cart wheels

1 Set Small Do

£21 3s 7d

7 Axeltrees

£3 1s 6½d

24 Wheel barrows

10 Spare ridden for Do

£17 2s 6d

1 Do Do damaged

0 18s 4d

£42 7s 11½d

Coals 8 34 Chest bread

£18 10s 6½d

Camblet vizt

39½ Yards of Scarlet a 13/8

£26 10s 8d

11 Do Do a 4/5½

£2 9s 2d

33½ Do Yellow 8/6

£14 12s 6d

17½ Do Do 4/

£3 10s 0d

6½ Do Brown damaged

0 16s 0d

£47 18s 2½d

Canvas vizt

17 30 Yards No 4 English

£22 15s 10½d

9 5 Osnabrigs

£45 13s 10d

£68 9s 8½d

Cordage Ware vizt

Shroud Hawsed 96 3 19

Five Inch 33 3 23

Four Do 44 1 1

three Do 20 3 4

Two half Do 16 1 9

Two Do 17 3 19

Twelve thread Ratling 3 12

Nine thread Do 5 2 14 6 7/

1550 17

£247 0s 10d

Brought over

Copper money 58,460 Dutch half pence, £121 15s 10d

Cutlery ware, various sorts

14 horse combs, £0 3s 6d

47 to 5 horn ditto, £3 5s 0½d

2 to 10 ivory ditto, £1 11s 2d

37 to 11 pieces sheath buckles, £11 7s 6d

16 to 9 pieces hand buckles, £2 15s 6d

3 dozen buck handled knives and forks, £1 9s 9d

2 pruning knives, £0 1s 0d

4 dozen shod ditto, £0 13s 0d

5 to 5 butchers knives, £0 15s 1d

338 pieces leather garters, £4 18s 7d, £27 0s 9½d

Cart wheels, various sorts

18 pairs large cart wheels, £21 3s 7d

1 pair small ditto, £3 1s 6½d

7 axletrees, £3 1s 6½d

24 wheel barrows, £17 4s 6d

10 spare rudders for ditto, £0 18s 4d

1 ditto ditto damaged, £42 7s 11½d

Coals 8 to 34 chest bush, £18 10s 6½d

Camblet, various sorts

49½ yards of scarlet at 10s 8d, £26 10s 8d

11 ditto at 4s 5½d, £2 9s 2d

33½ ditto blue at 8s 6d, £14 12s 6d

17½ ditto ditto at 4s 1d, £3 10s 0d

6½ ditto brown damaged, £0 16s 0d, £47 18s 2½d

Canvas, various sorts

12 to 30 yards ½ English, £22 15s 10½d

9 ditto Osnaburg, £45 13s 10d, £68 9s 0½d

Cordage ware, various sorts

5 shroud hawsers, 76 to 3 to 19, [...]

five inch, 33 to 3 to 23, [...]

four ditto, 44 to 1 to 1, [...]

three ditto, 20 to 3 to 4, [...]

two half ditto, 16 to 1 to 9, [...]

two ditto, 17 to 3 to 19, [...]

three shroud ratling, 3 to 12, [...]

nine shroud ditto, 5 to 2 to 14, £247 2s 10d

Interpretations

This part of the warehouse inventory listed manufactured goods and stores held on 11 October 1758, including a large stock of Dutch copper coin, cutlery, cart parts, coal, worsted cloth, canvas and cordage.

The 58,460 Dutch half pence held in store reflect the island's chronic shortage of official coin, foreign copper being pressed into service as small change for everyday transactions among the garrison and inhabitants. Camblet, or camlet, was a durable worsted cloth used for outer garments and hangings, stocked here in scarlet, blue and brown. Canvas came in two grades, the heavier English sailcloth and the coarser Osnaburg, a cheap German linen used for sacking, working clothes and lighter sails. The cordage was graded by circumference, from the heavy five-inch shroud hawsers down through the smaller lines to the thin shroud ratling used to form the rungs of the rigging ladders.

That so much of the settlement's coinage was foreign copper reveals how a remote Company island ran its cash economy on whatever specie the trade routes deposited, sterling being scarce and hoarded while the routine small dealings of the place turned on Dutch coin.

303

297

Deales vizt

501 double Deals

18 Do in use in the Cellars

£102 10s 10½d

2016 Single Do

29 Do Do in use in the Cellars

£216 2s 9d

77 Elm boards

£13 14s 10d

55 Wainscott Do

£16 15s 6d

17½ Piece Riga Timber

£40 13s 4½d

65 Cuffion

£13 5s 5d

17½ Piece of Elm Plank of 4 Inches

£10 10s 8d

10 Spars

3 Do in use in the Cellars

£1 2s 9d

14 6 Bundles of Lath

£7 19s 5d

63 Baths

£22 6s 6d

£482 9s 5½d

Earthen Ware 53 Milk Pans

£1 15s 4d

Flour 360 Do 24

£792 5s 1½d

Flannel 15 Yards Do

0 17s 0½d

Glass ware vizt

106 Squares 6 by 8

£2 0s 0d

161 Do 8 by 10

£4 13s 11d

89 Do 10 by 12

£3 13s 4d

5 Do 10½ by 11¾

0 4s 1d

59½ Do 10¾ by 12½

£2 16s 6½d

2 Do 11 by 14½

0 2s 6d

9 Do 11 by 17¾

0 10s 0d

18 Do 11 by 10¾

£1 5s 6d

40 Do 11 by 19

£3 10s 6½d

14 Pear Glasses

0 6s 11d

2 Do Cruets

0 17s 1½d

11 Quart Decanters

£1 14s 0d

12 Pint Do

£1 10s 0d

4½ Ware Glasses

0 1s 10d

3 Tumblers

0 5s 0d

5 Urinals

0 10s 0d

3 Four hour Glasses

0 3s 4d

13 Do Do

0 4s 6d

9 half minutes

0 4s 6d

6 Do Sizes a 8/6

0 6s 0d

£31 2s 11½d

Brought over

Deals, various sorts

501 double deals

18 ditto in use in the cellar, £102 10s 10½d

2016 single ditto

29 ditto ditto in use in the cellar, £216 2s 9d

77 elm boards, £13 14s 10d

55 wainscot ditto, £16 15s 6d

17½ pieces Riga timber, £40 13s 4½d

65 gutters, £13 5s 5d

17½ pieces of elm plank of 4 inches, £10 10s 8d

10 spars

3 ditto in use in the cellar, £1 2s 9d

14 hundred of laths, £7 19s 5d

65 baths, £22 6s 6d, £482 9s 5½d

Earthen ware 53 milk pans, £1 15s 4d

Flour 360 to 24, £792 5s 1½d

Flannel 15 yards ½ ditto, £0 17s 0½d

Glass ware, various sorts

106 squares 6 by 8, £2 9s 0d

161 ditto 8 by 10, £4 13s 11d

88 ditto 10 by 12, £3 13s 4d

5 ditto 10½ by 11¾, £0 4s 1d

59½ ditto 10¾ by 12½, £2 16s 6½d

2 ditto 11 by 14½, £0 2s 6d

9 ditto 11 by 17¾, £0 10s 0d

18 ditto 11 by 10¾, £1 5s 6d

40 ditto 11 by 19, £3 10s 6½d

1 great glass, £0 6s 11d

2 pieces cruets, £1 17s 1½d

11 quart decanters, £1 14s 0d

12 pint ditto, £1 10s 0d

7½ wine glasses, £0 1s 10d

3 tumblers, £0 5s 0d

5 thimbles, £0 5s 0d

3 four hour glasses, £0 3s 4d

1 ditto ditto, £0 4s 6d

9 half minutes, £0 4s 6d

6 ditto salts at 8s, £1 0s 0d, £31 2s 11½d

Interpretations

This continued the warehouse inventory of 11 October 1758, weighted heavily toward building timber, with flour, earthen milk pans, flannel and a detailed run of window glass and glassware.

The timber stock was very large, over 2,500 single and double deals with elm boards, wainscot, Riga pieces, laths, spars and gutters, a reserve that underlines how completely St Helena depended on imported wood for construction and cellar fittings, having almost no useful building timber of its own. Wainscot was fine imported oak boarding used for panelling and joinery. The four hour glasses and half minute glasses were sand timers, the smaller running-glasses used aboard ship to time the heaving of the log and so measure a vessel's speed.

The single largest value on the page was £792 in flour, a staple that had to be shipped in entirely, and the scale of the reserve shows the warehouse holding a substantial buffer of imported breadstuff against the uncertain timing of supply ships to a settlement that grew no grain of its own.

304

298

Grind Stones vizt

1 large

0 15s 6d

5 Small

£1 6s 1½d

£2 1s 7½d

Hats vizt

4 Mens fine

1 Do damaged

£4 7s 11d

9 Boys

£2 14s 0d

25 Centinels

£3 0s 2d

£10 2s 1d

Hosiers Ware

400 Do of thread Stockings

£50 18s 0d

1 Do Men Hose damaged

0 3s 7d

10 Do Do Knit

2 Do Do Do damaged

£1 14s 0d

4 Do Womens

0 12s 0d

11 Do Boys

1 Do Do damaged

£1 6s 6d

15 Do Do Girls

1 Do Do damaged

£1 14s 8d

£56 9s 5d

Hooks & Lines vizt

26 100 No 1 Hooks

£61 19s 0½d

20 000 2 Do

£30 0s 0d

13 675 3 Do

£11 19s 4d

2 600 5 Do

£2 8s 2½d

7 775 6 Do

£2 18s 11d

6 425 7

£1 12s 3d

300 Do Grantham

0 8s 0d

49 Dozen No f4 Lines

£10 19s 0d

141½ Do 3 Do

£27 10s 2d

59¼ Do 2 Do

£9 18s 2d

51 Hambro Do

£3 16s 9d

£163 1s ½d

Haberdashery Ware vizt

2 6 Whale bone

0 11s 3½d

248 Cochusa

£4 15s 8d

12 Ozs Scarlet Silk

2 Do Blue

6½ Black

6 Light Do

8 Brown Do

£3 19s 1d

Brought over

Grind stones, various sorts

1 large, £0 15s 6d

5 small, £1 6s 1½d, £2 1s 7½d

Hats, various sorts

4 mens fine

1 ditto damaged, £4 7s 11d

9 boys, £2 14s 0d

25 sentinels, £3 0s 2d, £10 2s 1d

Hosiers ware

400 pairs of thread stockings, £50 18s 0d

1 dozen mens ditto damaged, £0 3s 7d

10 dozen ditto knit

2 dozen ditto ditto damaged, £1 14s 0d

4 dozen womens, £0 12s 0d

11 dozen boys

1 dozen ditto damaged, £1 6s 6d

15 dozen ditto girls

1 dozen ditto ditto damaged, £1 14s 8d, £56 9s 5d

Hooks and lines, various sorts

26 to 100 No 1 hooks, £61 19s 0½d

20 to 000 2 ditto, £30 0s 0d

13 to 675 3 ditto, £11 19s 4d

2 to 600 5 ditto, £2 8s 2½d

7 to 775 6 ditto, £2 18s 11d

6 to 425 7 ditto, £1 12s 3d

900 pairs Grantham, £0 0s 8d

49 dozen No 4 lines, £10 19s 8d

141½ ditto 3 ditto, £27 10s 2d

59¼ ditto 2 ditto, £9 18s 2d

51 hambro ditto, £3 16s 9d, £163 1s 1½d

Haberdashery ware, various sorts

2 to 6 whalebone, £0 11s 3½d

249 cochesa, £4 15s 8d

12 ounce scarlet silk

2 ditto blue

6½ black

6 light ditto

8 brown ditto, £3 19s 1d

Interpretations

This continued the warehouse inventory of 11 October 1758, covering grindstones, hats, knitted hosiery, a very large stock of fish hooks and lines, and haberdashery.

The fishing tackle was held in enormous quantity, tens of thousands of hooks graded by size together with dozens of fishing lines, reflecting the importance of the sea fishery to feeding the island, whose fresh provisions leaned heavily on what could be caught in local waters. The lines were distinguished by their place of manufacture, the Grantham and Hambro sorts named for the English town and for Hamburg, from which such cordage was imported. Whalebone was the springy baleen from a whale's jaw, used to stiffen stays and bodices, and stocked here with the graded coloured silks of the haberdashery.

The scale of the hook stock, running to more than 76,000 hooks across the graded sizes, shows the Company provisioning the fishery on an industrial footing, treating locally caught fish as a serious and continuing part of the settlement's food supply rather than a casual supplement.

305

299

Haberdashery brought over

7 Ozs Scarlet mohair

6 Blue Do

6 8 Black Do

9 Brown Do

2 6 Light Do

£7 14s 6d

6 6 Scarlet Coat buttons

1 8 Do Do

9 Brown Do

8 8 Light Do

£8 19s 3½d

9¼ Blue breast Do

1 3 Black Do

3½ Scarlet

0 10s 2d

3½ Light Do

3 11 Tin breast Do

0 4s 11d

2¼ Gilt Coat Do

0 10s 0d

¾ Breast Do Damaged

0 1s 0d

6 Silver Coat

£1 7s 4½d

4 Do breast

0 14s 7d

1 Do Do Do Damaged

10 Do Yellow metal Coat buttons

0 12s 4½d

1 10 Do Do breast Do

0 4s 1½d

1 Do white Waistcoat Do

0 4s 1½d

6 Rust Do

0 1s 1d

146 Carnation Tape

0 9s 1d

75 Do Holland Do

£2 4s 7½d

9½ White wooded Lace

0 9s 3d

£37 12s 9½d

Iron & Steel vizt

54 25 Iron

£34 17s 4d

1 3 5 Steel

£3 11s 5½d

£38 8s 9½d

Iron Pots

2 of 6 Gallons

0 12s 8d

3 of 2 Gallons

0 9s 7½d

4 of 1 Gallon

0 4s 5d

£1 6s 9½d

Iron Ware vizt

2 Locks Do 22/8

£2 4s 2d

5 Do No 2 17/8

£4 8s 8d

6 Do Brass 28/2

£6 19s 0d

9 Do Iron wood with brass knobs

£2 15s 4d

1 Do Do 0

0 7s 3d

18 Do Stock

0 2s 0d

Haberdashery brought over

7 to 3 scarlet mohair

6 blue ditto

6 to 8 black ditto

9 to 3 brown ditto

2 to 6 light ditto, £7 14s 6d

6 to 6 scarlet coat buttons

1 to 8 ditto ditto

9 to 3 crimson ditto

8 to 8 light ditto, £8 19s 3½d

9½ ditto blue breast ditto

1 to 3 black ditto

5½ scarlet, £0 10s 2d

5½ light ditto

3 to 11 tin breast ditto, £0 4s 11d

2 to 8 gilt coat ditto, £0 10s 0d

7 breast ditto damaged, £0 1s 0d

6 silver coat, £1 7s 4½d

4 ditto breast, £0 14s 7d

1 ditto ditto ditto damaged

10 ditto yellow metal coat buttons, £0 12s 4½d

1 to 10 ditto ditto breast ditto, £0 4s 1½d

1 to 6 white waistcoat ditto, £0 4s 1½d

6 hank ditto, £0 1s 1d

146 pieces carnation tape, £0 9s 2d

75 pieces holland ditto, £2 4s 7½d

9½ pieces white worsted lace, £0 4s 9d, £37 12s 9½d

Iron and steel, various sorts

54 cwt 23 iron, £34 17s 4d

1 to 3 to 5 steel, £3 11s 5½d, £38 8s 9½d

Iron pots

2 of 6 gallons, £0 12s 8d

3 of 2 gallons, £0 9s 7½d

4 of 1 gallon, £0 4s 5d, £1 6s 8½d

Iron ware, various sorts

2 locks ditto at 2s 1d, £2 4s 2d

2 ditto No 2 at 4s 3d, £4 8s 8d

5 ditto No 3 at 17s 6d, £6 10s 0d

6 ditto brass 28 to 2, £2 15s 4d

9 ditto iron bound with brass knobs, £0 7s 2d

1 ditto ditto 0

18 ditto stock, £0 2s 0d

Interpretations

This continued the warehouse inventory of 11 October 1758, running through the remaining haberdashery, then bar iron and steel, iron pots and iron ware such as locks and hinges.

The haberdashery was largely fastenings and trimmings for uniform coats and waistcoats, coat and breast buttons graded by material from silver and gilt down through tin and yellow metal, held with mohair, tape and worsted lace. Yellow metal was a cheap brass alloy passing for gold on common buttons, while the silver and gilt buttons were reserved for finer coats. Holland was a fine plain linen, named for its country of origin, here made up as tape. The 54 hundredweight of bar iron and the smaller stock of steel were the raw stock from which the island's smiths forged and repaired tools, fittings and ironwork.

The buttons carried on the books by material and condition, down to single damaged pieces, show the warehouse valuing even the smallest uniform trimmings precisely by grade, a reflection of how tightly the Company controlled the cloth and fittings from which soldiers coats were made and reckoned the cost of every rank's dress to the penny.

306

300

Iron Ware brought over

12 Do Spit

£4 6s 11d

6 Do Chest

£1 12s 1d

1 Do Cupboard

0 3s 9d

7 Do Splinters

0 3s 9½d

7 Do Pad

0 16s ½d

12 Do Bed Hooks

£1 0s 7d

18 Garden Do

£1 3s 9d

4 Grubing Do

0 11s 8d

1 Jack Plane

0 1s 10d

16 Gouges

0 5s 0d

15 Sheep Sheares

0 10s 1½d

6 Adzs

0 13s 0d

10 Scrapers

0 16s 0d

4 Surfing Irons

0 11s 6d

32 Pickaxes

£5 9s 4d

3 Augers

0 1s 4½d

25 Paper Pots

0 7s 9d

13 Plasterer Trowels

0 19s 0d

20 Bricklayers Do

£1 4s 10d

1 13 Binding Wire

0 2s 3d

2¼ Brass Do

0 0s 7d

2 Ferriers Rubstones

0 4s 3d

30 Odd Nails

£1 2s 11d

2 10 Packing Needles

£1 10s 7½d

1 Set H Hinges a 4/

0 4s 0d

5 Do H Do 5/0½

£1 10s 6½d

6 Do H Do 2/9

0 16s 6d

16 Do H Do with rising Joints

£2 10s 8d

11 Do Shutter Do

£1 4s 9d

50 Do Doetail Do

£4 16s 9d

16 Do Shutter

£4 7s 0d

24 Sash Fastnings

0 7s 0d

20 Scythes

£6 4s 4½d

42 Do Stones

£4 7s 10d

19 Stone Saws

£1 1s 4½d

1 Cross Cut Do

£1 2s 7½d

1 Whip Do

£1 10s 6½d

3 Hand Do

0 1s 8d

1 Pruning Do

Brought over

Iron ware brought over

12 ditto stock, £4 6s 11d

6 ditto chest, £1 12s 1d

1 ditto cupboard, £0 3s 9d

7 ditto splinters, £0 3s 9½d

7 ditto pad, £0 16s 0½d

12 box pad locks, £1 0s 7d

18 garden ditto, £1 3s 9d

4 grubbing ditto, £0 11s 8d

1 jack plane, £0 1s 10d

16 gouges, £0 5s 0d

15 sheep shears, £0 10s 1½d

6 adzes, £0 13s 0d

10 scrapers, £0 16s 0d

4 turfing irons, £0 11s 6d

32 pickaxes, £5 9s 4d

3 augers, £0 1s 4½d

25 paper pots, £0 7s 9d

13 plasterers trowels, £0 7s 9d

20 bricklayers ditto, £0 19s 0d

1 to 13 binding wire, £1 4s 10d

2¾ brass ditto, £0 2s 3d

2 farriers rubstones, £0 0s 7d

50 sled nails, £0 4s 3d

210 packing needles, £1 2s 11d

1 pair hinges at 4s, £1 10s 7½d

8 pair hinges at 5s 0½d, £0 4s 0d

6 pair hinges at 2s 9d, £1 10s 6½d

16 pair hinges with rising joints, £0 16s 6d

11 pair shutter ditto, £2 10s 0d

50 pair dovetail ditto, £1 4s 9d

No 6 pair shutter ditto, £0 4s 9d

24 sash fastenings, £4 16s 9d

20 scythes, £0 7s 0d

42 ditto stones, £6 4s 4½d

19 stone saws, £4 7s 10d

1 crosscut ditto, £1 1s 4½d

1 whip ditto, £1 2s 7½d

5 hand ditto, £1 10s 6½d

1 running ditto, £0 1s 8d

Interpretations

This continued the warehouse inventory of 11 October 1758, working through a long run of iron ware, chiefly locks, edge tools, hinges and saws.

The stock was the ironmongery of a self-maintaining settlement, locks of every kind for chests, cupboards, doors and gates, together with the tools of the mason, carpenter, plasterer and gardener. Turfing irons were spade-like blades for cutting turf, and grubbing tools were heavy mattocks for clearing roots and undergrowth. Farriers rubstones were abrasive blocks for smoothing horses hooves, and the graded hinges, from plain sorts to those with rising joints that lifted a door clear of the floor as it opened, show the fitting-out of buildings down to fine detail. The saws ranged from the two-man crosscut and whip saws used to rip logs down to hand and running saws for lighter work.

The variety of specialist saws and the abrasive stones held to keep them sharp show the warehouse equipped to convert the imported timber stock into finished boards and joinery on the island itself, the settlement sawing its own building material from baulks rather than importing every board ready cut.

307

301

Iron ware brought over

9 Do Stone Saw heads

£2 3s 0d

5 Joiners Hatchets

0 10s 0d

43 Hand Do

£2 10s 9d

23 Gimblets

0 4s 9½d

18 Stone Wedges

0 12s 0d

1 Hand Spit

0 2s 6d

6 Sash Do

£1 15s 2d

260 Files

£5 10s 2d

25 Do Haffs

0 1s 0d

7 Smiths Rubbers

£1 1s 3½d

9 Rasps

0 4s 0d

4 Sets Planking Cards

£1 5s 5d

5 Spades

0 15s 6d

1 Mow Cutters

0 2s 10d

19 Setting Hammers

£6 8s 4½d

3 Walling Do

0 4s 6d

10 Claw Do

0 11s 4d

6 Hand Do

0 12s 3d

2 Sledge Do

0 13s 7d

6 Drill Boxes

0 0s 9d

12 Do Bows

£1 6s 5d

7 Drill Hooks

0 7s 1d

4 Dozen Prolime Tools

£3 11s 0d

3 Dozen Marble Do

£1 13s 9d

7 Dozen Wood Screws

0 2s 4d

1 Large Jack

£7 10s 2d

2 Small Do

£9 16s 0d

2 Cleavers

0 7s 0d

8 Large Frying Pans

£1 7s ½d

26 Small Do

£2 9s 5d

16 Mauls

£6 15s 2d

1 Thimble Brace

0 2s 6d

11 Corn Cutters

0 11s 10d

10 Pound Flour Do

£2 14s 2d

23 Helves

0 7s 2d

16 Do Screw Hooks

0 0s 10d

48 Brass Shutter Rings

0 8s 0d

6 Do Garden Shears

£1 2s 11d

27 Sinking Shovels

£6 1s 2d

50 Shod Do

£2 0s 3d

Brought over

Iron ware brought over

9 pair stone saw heads, £2 3s 0d

5 joiners hatchets, £0 10s 0d

43 hand ditto, £2 10s 9d

23 gimblets, £0 4s 9½d

10 stone wedges, £0 12s 0d

1 hand spit, £0 2s 6d

6 jack ditto, £1 15s 2d

260 files, £5 10s 2d

25 ditto rasps, £0 1s 0d

7 smiths rubbers, £1 1s 3½d

9 raspers, £0 4s 0d

4 pair planking cards, £1 5s 5d

5 spades, £0 15s 6d

1 maw cutter, £0 2s 10d

19 sitting hammers, £6 8s 4½d

3 walling ditto, £0 4s 6d

10 claw ditto, £0 11s 0d

6 hand ditto, £0 12s 3d

2 sledge ditto, £0 13s 7d

6 drill bows, £0 0s 9d

12 ditto bows, £1 6s 5d

7 bill hooks, £0 7s 1d

4 dozen pruning tools, £3 11s 0d

3 dozen marble ditto, £1 13s 9d

7 dozen wood screws, £0 2s 4d

1 large jack, £7 10s 2d

2 small ditto, £9 16s 0d

2 cleavers, £0 7s 0d

9 large frying pans, £1 7s 4½d

26 small ditto, £2 9s 5d

16 mauls, £6 15s 2d

1 thimble brace, £0 2s 6d

11 corn cimoveys, £0 11s 10d

10 pound flour ditto, £2 14s 2d

23 helves, £0 7s 2d

16 pieces screw stocks, £0 0s 10d

48 brass shutter hinges, £1 2s 11d

6 pair garden shears, £6 1s 2d

27 sinking shovels, £2 0s 3d

50 shod ditto, [...]

Interpretations

This continued the warehouse inventory of 11 October 1758, listing the remaining iron ware, an extensive stock of smiths and craftsmens hand tools.

The tools were those of the mason, smith and carpenter, files and rasps in bulk, hammers of every pattern from claw to walling and sledge, chisels, cleavers, mauls and drill bows for boring holes by hand. Planking cards were wire brushes used to raise a nap on cloth, but here more probably the toothed tools for dressing timber. Sinking and shod shovels were spades reinforced or shod with iron at the edge for digging in hard ground, and the corn and flour mills, worn here as cimoveys and flour ditto, were the small hand querns for grinding grain. Mauls were heavy wooden or iron mallets for driving wedges and stakes.

The sheer bulk of files, 260 in a single line with a further stock of rasps, points to a settlement that consumed sharpening and shaping tools at a heavy rate, the constant work of keeping edge tools and ironwork serviceable in a remote place wearing out the abrasives faster than any other item in the smiths stores.

308

302

Iron Ware brought over

9 Garden Baths

£1 2s 6½d

6 Edging Irons

0 19s 10d

1 Chafing Dish

0 5s 11d

6 Sopely Axes

0 7s 3d

10 Coopers Vice

0 6s 8d

6 Wire Rat Traps

£1 9s 0d

6 Wax Irons

£2 4s 6½d

8 Borax

0 4s 0d

6 Case hardening

0 12s 0d

3 Two foot Rules

0 2s 9d

3 Plasterers Sieves

0 13s 9d

1 Set large Saltspades

0 9s 6½d

4 Set Small Do

£1 11s 9d

£150 1s ½d

Hocsey 21 Do 20 Yards

0 5s 7s 1½d

Long Ells vizt

1 to 12 Yards Scarlet

£3 15s 9d

15½ Yards blue

£1 3s 7½d

£4 19s 4½d

Leather vizt

37 Calf Skins

£11 8s 2d

1 19 Pump Leather

£3 2s 1d

1 2 5 Sole Do

0 13s 0d

£23 3s 3d

Lead vizt

7 65 Do small Shot

£1 17s 7d

10 3 3 Sheet Lead

£12 4s 5½d

10 Yard 2 Inch Pipe

£4 15s 6d

£19 4s 6½d

Mustard Seed 2/9 Bushells damaged

£2 2s 1½d

Masts vizt

1 large Mast 7½ Feet long 21 Diameter

£33 11s 0d

1 Top Do 6 5 Inch Do 9 Do

£21 15s 0d

½ of a Top mast

0 10s 0d

1 Top Mast Pelham

£7 1s 0d

1 Cap

£1 11s 6d

£72 7s 6d

Nails vizt

4 6 7 2

2 1 1 3

£13 5s 5d

6 3 20 4

0 1s 3d

6 3 14 6

£15 12s 5d

5 3 14 6

£13 5s 5d

£2 6d

Brought over

Iron ware brought over

9 garden rakes, £1 2s 6½d

6 edging irons, £0 19s 10d

1 chafing dish, £0 5s 11d

6 sopely axes, £0 17s 3d

10 coopers vices, £0 6s 8d

6 wire rat traps, £1 9s 0d

6 vice irons, £2 4s 6½d

78 borax, £0 4s 0d

6 case hardening, £0 12s 0d

3 two foot rules, £0 2s 9d

3 plasterers sieves, £0 13s 9d

1 pair large snuffers, £0 9s 6½d

4 pair small ditto, £1 11s 9d, £150 1s 2½d

Kersey 21 to 20 yards, £5 7s 1½d

Long ells, various sorts

1 to 12 yards scarlet, £3 15s 9d

15½ yards blue, £1 3s 7½d, £4 19s 4½d

Leather, various sorts

37 calf skins, £11 8s 2d

1 to 19 pump leather, £3 2s 1d

1 to 2 to 3 sole ditto, £6 13s 0d, £23 3s 3d

Lead, various sorts

7 to 63 small shot, £1 17s 7d

10 to 3 to 3 sheet lead, £12 14s 5½d

10 yard 2 inch pipe, £4 15s 6d, £19 4s 6½d

Mustard seed 2 bushels damaged, £2 2s 1½d

Masts, various sorts

1 large mast 74 feet long 21 diameter, £33 11s 0d

1 top ditto 63 feet ditto 9 ditto, £21 15s 0d

½ of a top mast, £0 10s 0d

1 top mast pair Pelham, £7 1s 0d

1 cap, £1 11s 6d, £72 7s 6d

Nails, various sorts

4 to 7 to 2

2 to 1 to 1 to 3, £13 5s 5d

6 to 3 to 20 to 4, £0 1s 3d

6 to 3 to 14 to 6, £15 12s 5d

5 to 3 to 14 to 6, £13 5s 5d, £2 6s 0d

Interpretations

This continued the warehouse inventory of 11 October 1758, closing the iron ware and then listing worsted cloth, leather, lead, spare masts and nails.

Kersey and long ells were coarse woollen cloths, the long ell a lightweight worsted much used in the East India trade, both stocked here in scarlet and blue for garments. The lead was held as small shot for firearms, as sheet lead for roofing and flashing, and as cast pipe for water, the standard forms in which the metal was worked. The most notable entries were the spare masts, a large mast of 74 feet and a topmast of 63 feet with a cap and a half topmast, ground tackle of a different kind kept against the day a Company ship sprung or lost a spar in the roadstead and needed to refit before continuing its voyage.

Holding masts of this size in store on the island reveals the anchorage functioning as a repair station on the long route home, St Helena kept ready to re-rig a damaged East Indiaman on the spot rather than see it limp on undermasted or turn back, a provision that fitted the island's strategic value as the one secure call in the South Atlantic.

309

303

Nails brought over

2 6 10 10

2 2 14 20

£4 4s 5d

2 1 5 40

£4 13s 6d

1 22 Spike

0 19s 11½d

3 3 20 Coopers Rivets

0 15s 2½d

3 1 25 Scupper

£9 8s 8½d

2 3 11 Flooring brads

£8 10s 2½d

10¾ Glazing Do

£5 6s 4d

3 2 7½ Tacks

0 9s 5d

0 0s 4d

£86 10s 1½d

Oil vizt

362 Gallons Train

£62 1s 2d

101 ½ Linseed

£7 2s 7d

36 Bottles Florence

0 4s 5s 6d

£63 9s 3d

Oars vizt

14 of 16 feet

12 of 14 Do

£5 0s 0d

8 Do Grantham

£1 10s 0d

£6 10s 0d

Pitch & Tar vizt

18 Barrels of Pitch

£23 8s 0d

32 Tar

£74 6s 4d

9 Do Turpentine

£4 5s 2d

9 4 2 Rosin

£4 0s 0d

£106 2s 6d

Pumps 2

£25 6s 11d

Pease 10½ Bushels

£4 2s 8d

Pewter vizt

5 Pots of 1 Gallon

£2 5s 0d

6 Do of 2 Quarts

£1 12s 8d

1 Do of 1 Do

0 2s 10½d

2 Do of 1 Pint

0 4s 5d

6 Cranes

£5 12s 8d

13 Dishes a 9/6

£4 4s 6d

4 Do a 8/4

£1 13s 4d

2 Quart Funnels

0 4s 5½d

1 Worm Tub and Still

£10 12s 4d

6 Cleve Steel Pans

£1 11s 10d

6 Fried Pans

£2 1s 8d

1 Chamber Pot

0 2s 9d

1 Bason

0 2s 6½d

£30 10s 1½d

Brought over

Nails brought over

2 to 6 to 10 to 10

2 to 2 to 14 to 20, £4 4s 5d

2 to 1 to 5 to 40, £4 13s 6d

1 to 22 spikes, £0 19s 11½d

3 to 3 to 20 coopers rivets, £0 15s 2½d

3 to 1 to 25 scuppers, £9 8s 8½d

2 to 3 to 11 flooring brads, £8 10s 2½d

10½ glazing ditto, £5 6s 4d

3 to 2¾ tacks, £0 9s 5d

1 to 4, £1 0s 4d, £86 10s 1½d

Oil, various sorts

362 gallons train, £62 1s 2d

101 to linseed, £17 2s 7d

36 bottles Florence, £4 5s 6d, £83 9s 3d

Oars, various sorts

14 of 16 feet

12 of 14 ditto, £5 0s 0d

8 pieces Grantham, £1 10s 0d, £6 10s 0d

Pitch and tar, various sorts

13 barrels of pitch, £23 8s 0d

33 tar, £74 6s 4d

3 ditto turpentine, £4 5s 2d

3 to 2 rosin, £4 0s 0d, £106 2s 6d

Pumps 2, £25 6s 11d

Pease 10 to bushels, £4 2s 3d

Pewter, various sorts

5 pots of 1 gallon, £2 5s 0d

6 ditto of 2 quarts, £1 12s 3d

1 ditto of 1 ditto, £0 2s 10½d

2 ditto of 1 pint, £0 4s 5d

6 cranes, £5 12s 2d

15 dishes at 5s 6d, £4 4s 6d

4 ditto at 8s 4d, £1 13s 4d

2 quart funnels, £0 4s 5½d

1 worm tub and still, £10 12s 4d

6 clove steel pans, £1 11s 10d

6 fried pans, £2 1s 8d

1 chamber pot, £0 2s 9d

1 basin, £0 2s 6½d, £30 10s 1½d

Interpretations

This continued the warehouse inventory of 11 October 1758, covering the remaining nails, oils, oars, naval stores, pumps, pease and a large stock of pewter.

The naval stores were held in bulk, pitch and tar for paying seams and preserving cordage, turpentine and rosin for the same trades, alongside train oil in quantity and Florence oil, the fine olive oil imported from Leghorn in bottles for the table. The worm tub and still were the apparatus of distillation, a coiled condensing pipe set in a tub of cooling water, kept for producing spirits or distilling fresh water. The pewter was the tableware and kitchen ware of the establishment, pots graded by capacity, dishes, cranes for hanging vessels over a fire, and cooking pans.

The scale of pitch, tar and oars carried in reserve confirms the warehouse serving the passing shipping as much as the garrison, holding the consumable stores an East Indiaman would need to re-caulk and re-oar in the roadstead, so that a ship could restock its naval stores at St Helena before facing the remaining Atlantic passage.

310

304

Paint vizt

3 Do whiting

0 16s 0d

1 26 Humbod

0 10s 0d

1 Venetian Red

£1 1s 0d

2 91 Do mixed with oel

£4 17s 3½d

2 16 Brimstone

0 13s 0d

20 Yellow Oaker

0 3s 9d

3 14 Aronn all Oel

£2 2s 10½d

1 Spruce

£2 7s 7d

2 1 25 Blue Smalts

£19 3s 4d

11 White Copperas

0 11s 0d

19 Stone Oaker

£1 0s 2½d

1 9 English Do

0 6s 2d

6 of Cerurean Sabarous

0 1s 1½d

7 White Lead

£13 17s 0d

2 3 Stone Colour

0 1s 11½d

2 11 Choc Do

0 9s 3d

3 3 Sky blue

£2 9s 3d

17 Mahogony Colour

£7 10s 3d

3 10 Red Lead

0 3s 5d

2 Portugueis

£10 16s 0d

Prussian blue

0 1s 6d

337 Pounds of bleaching

0 5s 3d

£110 19s 3½d

Starch No 3 8

£1 15s 3½d

Salt 39 Bushells

0 12s 0d

Soap 18 Do 34

£62 4s 1d

Shalloon vizt

1 8 34 Yard Red

15 Yards blue

£3 12s 9d

34 Yards brown

£1 5s 7½d

10 Yards black

0 14s 6d

0 17s 1d

£6 9s 11½d

Shirts vizt

317 Shirt

£70 6s 8d

12¼ Piece of Linnen

£20 19s 7½d

£91 5s 3½d

Shoes vizt

4 Do Mens fine Pumps

£1 4s 0d

4 Do Do Do Shoes

£1 2s 0d

4 Do Channeled Pumps

£1 0s 0d

1397 Do of Mens Ordinary

£218 0s 3½d

Brought over

Paint, various sorts

3 ditto whiting, £0 16s 0d

1 to 26 Hambro, £0 10s 0d

1 Venetian red, £1 1s 0d

2 to 29 ditto mixed with oil, £4 17s 3½d

2 to 16 brimstone, £0 13s 0d

20 yellow ochre, £0 3s 9d

3 to 14 Spanish white oil, £2 2s 10½d

1 spruce, £2 7s 7d

2 to 1 to 25 blue smalts, £19 3s 4d

11 white copperas, £0 11s 0d

1 to 19 stone ochre, £1 0s 2½d

1 to 9 English ditto, £0 6s 2d

6 of Prussian saturnum, £1 1s 2½d

7 white lead, £13 17s 8d

2 to 2 to 3 stone colour, £9 1s 11½d

2 to 2 to 11 olive ditto, £7 0s 3d

3 to 3 sky blue, £2s 9s 3d

17 mahogany colour, £4 10s 3d

2 to 3 to 10 red lead, £3 0s 5d

2 pear green, £10 16s 0d

7 Prussian blue, £0 1s 6d

337 pounds of bleaching, £5 5s 3d, £119 19s 3½d

Starch No 3 to 8, £1 15s 3½d

Salt 33 bushels, £12 0s 0d

Soap 18 to 74, £62 4s 1d

Shalloon, various sorts

1 to 34 yards red, £3 12s 9d

15 yards blue, £1 5s 7½d

5 yards brown, £0 14s 6d

10 yards black, £0 17s 1d, £6 9s 11½d

Shirts, various sorts

317 shirts, £70 6s 8d

12¾ pieces of linen, £20 19s 7½d, £91 5s 3½d

Shoes, various sorts

4 pairs mens fine pumps, £1 4s 0d

4 pairs ditto ditto shoes, £1 2s 0d

4 pairs channelled pumps, £1 0s 0d

1897 pairs of mens ordinary, £218 0s 3½d

Interpretations

This continued the warehouse inventory of 11 October 1758, listing a very large stock of paints and pigments, then salt, soap, starch, worsted cloth, shirts and a great quantity of shoes.

The pigments were held in remarkable variety, the mineral colours ground for house and ship painting, blue smalts being powdered cobalt glass, red lead and white lead the common base and priming colours, and Prussian blue a then-costly synthetic pigment. Spruce here meant Prussian, and saturnum was a lead-based preparation, saturn being the alchemical name for lead. The graded made-up colours, stone, olive, sky blue, mahogany and pear green, were ready-mixed paints for finishing woodwork. Shalloon was the lightweight woollen twill used for garment linings.

The stock of nearly 1,900 pairs of ordinary mens shoes, worth over £200, shows the Company holding footwear on a scale far beyond the garrison alone, a reserve large enough to clothe the feet of the whole labouring and slave population of the island and to resupply passing ships, footwear being a constant charge in a place where imported leather goods wore out fast and could not be readily replaced.

311

305

Shoes brought over

22 Do Boys

12 Do womens Calimanco

£3 15s 7d

48 Do Do Spanish

£2 16s 0d

48 Do Do Goats

0 10s 0d

2 Do womens Stitchers

0 7s 5d

0 5s 2d

£229 16s 5d

Sailors Cloaths vizt

63 Men Jackets

53 Do Do breeches

£56 19s 11d

99 Monmouth Caps

£6 10s 2d

166 Mens Shirts

£29 14s 10d

2 Boys Do

0 5s 6d

£93 18s 5d

Serge vizt

49½ Jaxablis

£2 10s 9½d

6¼ Do Grey

£2 1s 0d

10 Do Fustian

£4 11s 10d

Soldiers Cloaths vizt

45 Centinels Coats and breeches

£66 9s 4½d

6 Centry Coats

£5 2s 6d

£71 12s 10½d

Scales & Weights vizt

3 Do Scales Brass use

18 Do

£15 18s 7d

2 Brass Sea Scales

1 Do Brass use

£21 9s 0d

18 Do Scales boards Brass use

£2 9s 6d

2 Standard weights

£4 14s 9d

£44 11s 10d

Twine vizt

39 Do 24

£24 1s 10d

60 Skeins Marline

0 14s 5½d

£24 16s 3½d

Thread vizt

40 Whited Brown

£15 9s 5d

46 Coloured

£7 13s 4d

£23 2s 9d

Tin Ware vizt

17½ Salamonca

0 0s 5½d

31 Lanthorn Squares damaged

0 6s 5½d

4 Watering Pots

£1 1s 10d

13 Dripping Pans

£2 10s 0d

40 Sconces

0 9s 6d

12 Lamps

Brought over

Shoes brought over

22 pairs boys

12 pairs womens calamancoes, £3 16s 7d

48 pairs ditto Spanish, £2 16s 0d

48 pairs ditto goats, £0 10s 0d

2 pairs womens stitchers, £0 7s 5d, £0 5s 2d, £229 16s 5d

Sailors clothes, various sorts

65 mens jackets

53 pairs ditto breeches, £56 19s 11d

99 Monmouth caps, £6 10s 2d

166 mens shirts, £29 14s 10d

2 boys ditto, £0 5s 6d, £93 18s 5d

Serge, various sorts

49½ yards blue, £2 10s 9½d

6½ yards grey, £2 1s 0d

11 yards fustian, £4 11s 10d

Soldiers clothes, various sorts

45 sentinels coats and breeches, £66 9s 4½d

6 sentinels coats, £5 2s 6d, £71 11s 10½d

Scales and weights, various sorts

3 pairs scales in use, £15 18s 7d

18 ditto

2 brass sea scales, £21 9s 0d

1 ditto in use

18 pairs scales beam in use, £2 9s 6d

2 standard weights, £4 14s 9d, £44 11s 10d

Swine, various sorts

24 to 24, £24 1s 10d

60 skeins marline, £0 14s 5½d, £24 16s 3½d

Thread, various sorts

41 industry brown, £15 9s 5d

14 coloured, £7 13s 4d, £23 2s 9d

Tin ware, various sorts

17½ salamoniac, £0 0s 5½d

31 lanthorn squares damaged, £0 6s 5½d

4 watering pots, £1 1s 10d

13 dripping pans, £2 10s 0d

40 saucers, £0 9s 6d

12 lamps

Interpretations

This continued the warehouse inventory of 11 October 1758, listing the remaining shoes, sailors clothing, serge, soldiers uniforms, scales, twine, thread and tin ware.

The sailors clothing, jackets, breeches, Monmouth caps and shirts, was slop clothing kept to fit out seamen, the Monmouth cap being a close-knitted woollen cap long associated with sailors and soldiers. Calamanco was a glossy checked worsted from which the womens shoes were made, and fustian a stout cotton-and-linen cloth. Salamoniac was sal ammoniac, or ammonium chloride, a flux used in soldering and tinning, stocked here with the tin ware it served. Lanthorn squares were the thin panes of horn or glass fitted into the sides of lanterns.

The brass sea scales and standard weights held in the warehouse point to the assaying and checking of coin and bullion, a function the Company island performed as ships passed through, the standards kept so that weights and money could be verified against a fixed measure at this mid-ocean checkpoint rather than taken on trust.

312

306

Iron Ware brought over

1 half Gallon Funnel

0 1s 0d

4 Quart Do

0 2s 4d

9 Pudding Pans

0 11s 7½d

72 Patty Pans

£1 6s 4d

17 Quart Sand Pans

0 9s 4½d

20 Pint Do

0 10s 0d

10 Camon Kettles

£2 5s 0d

400 Cantons

£27 4s 0d

13 Horn Lanthorns

0 5s 0d

3 Glass Do

£1 10s 3d

£40 17s 4d

Turners Ware vizt

37 Paint brushes

£1 0s 9½d

23 Scrubing Do

£2 10s 1d

20 Hair brooms

0 3s 6½d

31 Platters

£1 12s 3½d

34 Bowls

£2 0s 11½d

12 Salmond Fisher

0 0s 10d

8 Bottles for Cream

£4 6s 8d

16 Skimming Dishes

0 5s 0d

5 Scahettes

0 11s 8d

23 Labourers baskets

0 17s 9d

99 Porch brooms

£1 10s 5d

12 Punch Ladles

£1 0s 9d

5 Cloth brushes

0 11s 8d

1 Coss

0 0s 8d

28 Mops

£1 15s 0d

232 Shoe brushes

£7 1s 8d

44 Horse Ladles

0 14s 8d

1 Butter Print

0 6s 4d

13 Trays

0 1s 2d

£40 17s 2d

European Goods amount vizt £7579 13s 9d

Brought over

Tin ware brought over

1 half gallon funnel, £0 1s 0d

4 quart ditto, £0 2s 4d

9 pudding pans, £0 11s 7½d

72 patty pans, £1 6s 4d

17 quart sauce pans, £0 9s 4½d

28 pint ditto, £0 10s 0d

15 lemon kettles, £2 5s 0d

400 canteens, £27 4s 0d

13 horn lanthorns, £0 5s 0d

3 glass ditto, £1 10s 3d, £40 17s 0d

Turners ware, various sorts

37 paint brushes, £1 0s 9½d

23 scrubbing ditto, £2 10s 1d

20 hair brooms, £0 3s 6½d

31 platters, £1 12s 3½d

14 bowls, £2 0s 10½d

12 salmon coshes, £0 10s 0d

8 pieces yellow ice cream, £4 6s 8d

16 skimming dishes, £0 5s 8d

5 rackets, £0 11s 8d

23 labourers baskets, £0 17s 9d

99 birch brooms, £0 10s 5d

12 punch ladles, £0 9s 0d

5 cloth brushes, £0 11s 8d

1 cue, £0 1s 4d

28 mops, £0 15s 0d

252 shoe brushes, £7 0s 0d

44 horn ladles, £0 14s 0d

1 butter print, £0 6s 4d

13 trays, £0 1s 0d, £40 17s 2d

European goods amounting to £7,579 13s 9d.

Interpretations

This closed the warehouse inventory of 11 October 1758, finishing the tin ware and turners ware, and set out the grand total of all European goods held in store at £7,579 13s 9d.

The tin ware was the kitchen and mess equipment of the establishment, pudding, patty and sauce pans, lemon kettles for warming drinks, and above all 400 canteens, the tin water and provision flasks carried by soldiers on duty. The turners ware, properly woodware, was the wooden and brush goods of the household, platters, bowls, ladles and trays, together with brooms and brushes of every kind and 252 shoe brushes. The salmon coshes were probably clubs for despatching landed fish, and the racket referred to a bat for a court game.

The final total of £7,579 in European goods sets the true scale of the Company's investment in the island, a mid-ocean depot stocked well beyond the needs of its small garrison, holding uniform cloth, tools, building materials, fishing gear, naval stores and provisions in bulk so that both the settlement and the East Indiamen calling on the homeward passage could be supplied from a single reserve maintained at St Helena.

313

307

India Goods vizt

Chellon 6 6 Do Do of blend damaged

£29 17s 10d

Dosoteen 3¼ Do

£1 5s 2d

Long Cloth vizt

18 Do No 1

£4 17s 8d

108 Do No 2

£14 8s 4d

18 Do 3

£1 5s 2d

18 Do 4

£10 1s 0d

£30 12s 10d

Arrack 16 43½ Gallons

£205 10s 0d

Sugar & Candy vizt

181 12 10 Sugar

£141 18s 6d

60 3 35 Candy

£110 1s 5½d

£251 19s 11½d

Candles vizt

3 1 18 Candles

23 Do damaged

£32 19s 9d

Rice & Paddey vizt

231 4 2 Rice

£86 13s 4½d

222 3 7 Paddey

£51 1s 2½d

£137 14s 7d

China Ware vizt

9 Guglets and Basons

0 13s 4d

2 Chamber Pots

0 2s 0d

12 Bufs Dishes

0 6s 0d

20 Do Plates

0 7s 0d

15 Meat Dishes

£1 17s 1½d

14 Do Plates

£1 7s 2½d

39 Sullid Dishes

0 16s 0d

23 Bowls

0 0s 10d

5 Punch bowls

0 6s 0d

9 Tea Pots

0 4s 0d

11 Sauce Boats

0 4s 0d

8 Quarter Pot Cups and Saucers

0 1s 4d

£9 2s 5d

Tea vizt

3¼ Congo

£16 19s 6d

531 Sluhts

£22 2s 6d

349 Wohee

£13 1s 9d

£52 1s 9d

European and India Goods amount vizt £8836 18s 2½d

India goods, various sorts

Chelloes 6 pieces of them damaged, £29 17s 10d

Doreas 3 ditto, £1 5s 2d

Long cloth, various sorts

18 pieces No 1

108 pieces No 2, £4 17s 0d

18 pieces No 3, £14 8s 4d

18 pieces No 4, £1 5s 2d, £10 1s 0d, £30 12s 10d

Arrack 1643½ gallons, £205 10s 0d

Sugar and candy, various sorts

181 to 16 sugar, £141 18s 6d

60 to 3 to 35 candy, £110 1s 5½d, £251 19s 11½d

Candles, various sorts

3 to 18 candles

23 ditto damaged, £32 19s 9d

Rice and paddy, various sorts

231 to 2 rice, £86 13s 4½d

222 to 3 to 7 paddy, £51 1s 2½d, £137 14s 7d

China ware, various sorts

9 gugglets and basons, £0 13s 4d

2 chamber pots, £0 2s 0d

12 bust dishes, £0 6s 0d

20 ditto plates, £0 7s 0d

15 meat dishes, £1 17s 1½d

4 ditto plates, £0 7s 2½d

39 sullebe dishes, £0 16s 0d

23 bowls, £0 0s 10d

5 punchels, £0 6s 0d

9 sea pots, £0 4s 0d

11 sauce boats, £0 1s 4d

9 quarter pint cups and saucers, £9 2s 5d

Tea, various sorts

34 congou, £16 19s 6d

531 singlo, £22 2s 6d

349 bohea, £13 1s 9d, £52 1s 9d

European and India goods amounting to £8,830 18s 2½d.

Interpretations

This opened a fresh inventory of India goods held in the warehouse and closed with a grand total combining these with the European goods at £8,830 18s 2½d.

The India goods were the eastern trade wares, chelloes and doreas being kinds of Indian cotton cloth, and long cloth a plain calico graded by number. Candy was crystallised sugar, held here with the ordinary sugar in bulk. The teas were the three great sorts of the China trade, congou and singlo among the black and green leaf, and bohea the cheaper black tea most commonly drunk. Gugglets were the porous earthenware jars used to cool drinking water by evaporation, and sullabub dishes, worn here as sullebe, were the shallow vessels for serving syllabub, a whipped cream and wine dish.

The huge stock of arrack, over 1,600 gallons, set against the ration bought earlier for handing out at musters, shows the Company holding eastern spirit on a scale that made it both a garrison comfort and a trade commodity, the produce of the outward voyage warehoused at St Helena to serve the island and to victual the homeward ships that could not have carried enough of their own.

314

308

Materials for the Barracks vizt

Paint vizt

13 White Lead

£1 19s 3½d

2 Pearl Colour

£4 0s 0d

1 Chocolate Do

£3 3s 10d

£9 11s 1½d

Oel 5½ Gall Linseed

£1 3s 3½d

Iron 5 to 2 Do

0 5s 10d

Glass Ware vizt

310 Squares 8 by 10

£15 5s 0d

3 Do 6 by 8

£1 12s 0d

£15 6s 9½d

Deales vizt

356 Do of Fir Timber

£71 7s 1½d

3 Do Oak Plank

£4 0s 2d

£75 7s 3½d

Nails 4 3 14

0 9s 2d

Locks vizt

1 large Lock

12 Do with brass Under

0 10s 0d

30 Do Iron femed

£4 10s 0d

30 Do Cupboard

£7 8s 11d

£15 6s 11d

Hinges 153 Pair

£12 1s 10½d

£143 9s 6½d

Materials for the Hospital vizt

Fir Timber 273 Do

£54 16s 0d

White Lead 1 Cask

Dry Colours 1 Box

£4 5s 0d

Glass 200 Squares 8 by 10

£10 7s 0d

Iron 2 12 22

£1 15s 4d

Nails 3 16

£1 13s 4d

Locks 11

£2 15s 0d

Hinges 50 Pair H

£3 19s 2d

Oel 6 Gallons Linseed

£1 5s 0d

£79 16s 6d

Counted and Examined the Honourable

Companys Cash for the Month Ending

11th Instant which is as follows vizt

Materials for the barracks, various sorts

Paint, various sorts

1 to white lead, £1 19s 3½d

2 pearl colour, £4 0s 0d

1 chocolate ditto, £3 3s 10d, £9 11s 1½d

Oil 5½ gallons linseed, £1 3s 3½d

Iron 5 to 2 to 2, £0 5s 10½d

Glass ware, various sorts

110 squares 8 by 10, £15 5s 0d

3 ditto 8 by 8, £0 1s 12d, £15 6s 9½d

Deals, various sorts

3 to 6 pieces of fir timber, £71 7s 1½d

3 pieces of oak plank, £4 0s 2d, £75 7s 3½d

Nails 5 to 3 to 14, £0 9s 2d

Locks, various sorts

1 large lock, £0 10s 0d

12 ditto with brass under, £4 10s 0d

30 ditto iron rimmed, £7 10s 0d

30 ditto cupboard, £2 8s 11d, £15 6s 11d

Hinges 153 pairs, £12 1s 10½d, £143 9s 6½d

Materials for the hospital, various sorts

Fir timber 273 feet, £54 16s 0d

White lead 1 cask, [...]

Dry colour 1 box, £4 5s 0d

Glass 208 squares 8 by 10, £10 7s 0d

Iron 2 to 12 to 22, £1 15s 4d

Nails 1 to 3 to 16, £1 13s 4d

Locks 11, £2 15s 0d

Hinges 50 pairs, £3 19s 2d

Oil 6 gallons linseed, £1 5s 0d, £79 16s 6d

The Council counted and examined the Honourable Company's cash for the month ending 11 October, which stood as follows.

Interpretations

This closed the warehouse accounts with two separate schedules of building materials, one set aside for work on the barracks and one for the hospital, and then turned to the monthly examination of the Company's cash.

Both schedules were dominated by imported timber and joinery stores, fir timber and oak plank, window glass cut to standard panes, and quantities of locks and hinges graded by type. The locks were distinguished by their fittings, those with brass work, iron-rimmed sorts and plain cupboard locks, each valued separately, showing the Company reckoning even the ironmongery of a single building repair down to its kind. Pearl and chocolate were named paint colours, the one a pale grey and the other a dark brown, mixed for finishing the barrack woodwork.

Setting the barracks and hospital materials into their own schedules, rather than drawing them from the general warehouse stock without distinction, shows the Council keeping the cost of each public building charged to its own account, so that money spent on the garrison quarters could be told apart from money spent on the sick and reckoned separately in the books.

315

309

Cash Dr Pr Contra Cr

1758

Septr 12 To Ballance remaining

£7551 15s 2½d

Octobr 10 To Rents

£560 17s 5d

11 To James Powell received from him for Stores

sold in the Quarter ending this day

£1121 1s 10½d

To Licences for ten Publick houses

£15 0s 0d

To Plantation for Provision Sold

£31 18s 10d

£9280 13s 4d

1758

Octr 11 By Sundry Accounts Advanced the

Paymaster to pay Salarys &c from

the Quarter Ending this day

£2892 3s 6d

By Ballance remaining in the following Species

5450 Pagodas a 8/

2180

1460 Venetians 10/

730

Gold amounting to

2910

7844 Dollars

1961

10 880 half Ryals 3¾

170

441 French Pieces

3 13s 6d

7147 Rupees 2/3

804 0s 9d

Odd money

0 0s 7d

Silver amounting to

2938 14s 10d

Cash Notes of nouse

5391 5s 0d

£9280 13s 4d

Chas Hutchinson

John Roumson

John Clark

The Company's cash account for the quarter ending 11 October 1758 was set out with the receipts on one side and the payments and remaining balance on the other.

On the debit side the balance carried forward from 12 September 1758 stood at £7,551 15s 2½d. Rents received on 10 October came to £560 17s 5d. On 11 October James Powell accounted for £1,121 1s 10½d as the proceeds of stores he had sold during the quarter. Licences for ten public houses brought in £15 0s 0d, and the plantation account for provisions sold added £31 18s 10d, making a total of £9,280 13s 4d.

On the contra side sundry accounts advanced to the paymaster to meet salaries and other charges for the quarter came to £2,892 3s 6d. The remaining balance was held in coin and made up as follows.

5450 pagodas at 8s, £2,180 0s 0d

1460 Venetians at 10s, £730 0s 0d

Gold amounting to, £2,910 0s 0d

7844 dollars, £1,961 0s 0d

10880 half ryals at 3¾d, £170 0s 0d

441 French pieces, £3 13s 6d

7147 rupees at 2s 3d, £804 0s 9d

Odd money, £0 0s 7d

Silver amounting to, £2,938 14s 10d

Cash notes of no use, £5,391 5s 0d

The account was totalled at £9,280 13s 4d and signed by Charles Hutchinson, John Rowson and John Clark.

Interpretations

This was the quarterly balancing of the Honourable Company's cash at St Helena, reconciling the receipts of the quarter against the sums advanced to the paymaster and setting out the exact coin remaining in the treasury on 11 October 1758.

The remaining balance reveals the extraordinary mixture of specie circulating through the island. The gold was held in pagodas, the standard gold coin of the Company's south Indian trade struck at Madras, and in Venetians, the gold ducats of Venice long current in eastern commerce. The silver ran from Spanish dollars and their fractional half ryals through French pieces to Indian rupees, valued here at 2s 3d apiece. That the treasury reckoned its cash in six or seven different coinages at once shows how a mid-ocean Company post absorbed whatever specie the outward and homeward trade deposited, converting each into sterling at a fixed rate for the books while holding the coin itself against future payments. The rent from ten licensed public houses shows the Council raising revenue by regulating the sale of drink on the island, licensing being both a source of income and a means of controlling the number of drinking establishments among the garrison and inhabitants.

The entry of £5,391 in cash notes marked as of no use is the most striking figure on the page. Paper notes issued against the Company that could no longer be realised, whether through the failure of the drawer or the lapse of their validity, were nonetheless carried on the books at their face value rather than written off, so that the treasury's nominal total held while a large part of it had in truth become unrecoverable.

Speculations

The Council chose to carry £5,391 in cash notes at full face value under the plain label of no use, rather than strike them out of the account. Keeping dead paper on the books at its nominal worth held the quarterly total intact and spared the Council the awkward admission of a loss, the easier course being simply to write the notes off and show the treasury as it really stood. That they preferred to record the paper as worthless yet still count it suggests the authority to condemn such notes lay with the Court in London and not with the island, so the Council marked the defect for the record but left the formal write-off to those who alone could sanction it.

316

310

6 November 1758

At a Consultation held on Munday this 6 November

1758 at the Castle

Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governor

John Adamson Lieutenant Governor

Lieutenant John Clark of Council

The Last Consultation was read approved and Signed dated the

30th October 1758

Mrs Mary Dowton presented the following

Petition vizt

To the Worshipfull Charles Hutchinson Esqr

Governor &c Council of St Helena

The Humble Petition of Mary Dowton

Sheweth

That it pleased God to take out of this Life

your Petitioners late husband John Dowton deceased is your

Petitioner Great Grief and added to her Sorrows having Left no

Will Your Petitioner Therefore Humbly desires your Worships

Council will be pleased to Grant her Term of Administration

And Your Petitioner will ever pray

6 Nor 1758 Mary Dowton

Granted

Mr William Moore presented the following

Petition vizt

To the Worshipful Charles Hutchinson Esqr

Governor &c Council of St Helena

The humble Petition of William Moore

Sheweth

That Your Petitioner is desirous to Lease

of the Honorable Company about two Acres and half of these

Waste Land in Sandy Bay called Salt Spring Gutt

beginning to the Land your Petitioner lately Purchased of

William Paddon for which your petitioner is Willing to pay

such rent as your Worship and Council shall think reasonable

Your Petitioner therefore humbly Prays that your

Worship and Council please to grant him a Lease of the same for many

years And your petitioner will ever pray &c Wm Moore

Ordered the said Land to be Leased

At a consultation held on Monday 6 November 1758 at the castle.

Present were Charles Hutchinson, Governor, John Adamson, Lieutenant Governor, and Lieutenant John Clark of Council.

The record of the last consultation, dated 30 October 1758, was read, approved and signed.

Mary Dowton presented a petition to the Governor and Council. She set out that God had taken from her her late husband, John Dowton, leaving her in great grief and distress, and that he had died without making a will. She asked the Council to grant her letters of administration over his estate. The petition, dated 6 November 1758 and signed by Mary Dowton, was granted.

William Moore then presented a petition to the Governor and Council. He set out that he wished to lease from the Honourable Company about two acres and a half of waste land at Sandy Bay called Salt Spring Gut, adjoining the land he had lately bought from William Paddon. He offered to pay whatever rent the Governor and Council thought reasonable, and asked that the land be granted to him for a lease of whatever term they saw fit. The petition was signed by William Moore, and the Council ordered that the land be leased to him.

Interpretations

This recorded a routine sitting of the Governor and Council at St Helena, dealing with two petitions, one for the administration of a dead man's estate and one for a lease of Company land.

Letters of administration were the grant by which the estate of a person who died without a will passed into the lawful control of a next of kin, here the widow, giving her the authority to gather in and distribute her husband's property. That such a grant issued from the island Council rather than an ecclesiastical court reflects how the Company's governing body at St Helena discharged the probate functions that at home lay with the church courts, the isolation of the settlement obliging it to concentrate civil and administrative powers in a single body. Waste land meant unimproved ground not yet under cultivation or lease, which the Company held as landlord and granted out on rent to those who would bring it into use.

The Council leased the Salt Spring Gut land to William Moore on terms left entirely to its own discretion, both the rent and the length of the lease being fixed by the Council rather than proposed by the applicant. Rather than set a rate and term in advance and invite offers, the Council took petitions that submitted to whatever it thought reasonable, keeping the whole bargain in its own hands. This reserved to the governing body a wide power over how the island's unimproved land was parcelled out and priced, so that access to land depended on the Council's judgement of each case rather than on any published or fixed schedule of terms.

317

311

The Storekeeper this day brought in his Account of Waste upon

Store Goods which was Examined and in seeing it was Just and true

we ordered it to be Entered which is as follows vizt

Profit and Loss Dr £34 3s 7d for Loss

by Leakage Weight Short weight and Measure by draining by

the Gallon &c and by weighing by the Pound &c in Year Ending the

11 October 1758

Earthen Ware 3 Milk Pans

0 2s 0d

Glass Ware vizt

1 Square Glass 10 by 12

0 1s 6½d

3 Square Do 11 by 17¾

0 4s 0d

14 Square Do 8 by 10 Barrack Glass

0 8s 2d

0 13s 0½d

China Ware vizt Broke

1 Bowl

0 0s 8d

1 Snatched

0 0s 2d

2 Do Pint Cups & Saucers

0 0s 2d

3 Soup Plates

0 1s 0d

1 Tea Pot

0 0s 8d

0 2s 8d

Twine 4

0 4s 5½d

Arrack 18 Gallons

£2 5s 0d

Candles 6 6 6

0 10s 6d

Cordage 1 3 20

£3 3s 0d

Lead 27 Sheet

£1 4s 4½d

Pease 2½ Bushells Eaten by Rats

0 17s 16½d

Salt 6 Bushells

£1 7s 4½d

Soap 2 6 18

£7 11s 3d

Rice 16 0 5

£4 12s 5d

Paddy 4 3 5

£1 1s 2½d

Sugar 4 1 18

£5 2s 11d

Candy 3 1 6

£6 3s 4d

Paint vizt

9 26 16 whiting

0 2s 4d

34 Unchanged

0 0s 6½d

4 English Oaker

0 0s 6d

4 Yellow Oaker

0 1s 9d

16 White Lead

0 3s 6½d

4 Stone Colour

0 1s 10d

½ Sky blue

0 0s 10d

34 Mahogany

0 0s 6½d

1 White Copperas

0 12s 8d

£34 3s 7d

Errors excepted signed James Powell

The storekeeper brought in his account of the waste on the store goods, which the Council examined and found just and true, and ordered to be entered as follows.

The profit and loss account was charged with £34 3s 7d for loss by leakage, weight, short weight and measure, arising on goods reckoned by the gallon and by the pound in the year ending 11 October 1758.

Earthen ware 3 milk pans, £0 2s 0d

Glass ware, various sorts

1 square glass 10 by 12, £0 1s 6½d

3 square ditto 11 by 17¾, £0 0s 4d

14 square ditto 8 by 10 barrack glass, £0 8s 2d, £0 13s 0½d

China ware, various sorts, broken

1 bowl, £0 0s 8d

1 sneaker, £0 0s 2d

2 ditto pint cups and saucers, £0 0s 2d

3 soup plates, £0 0s 1d

1 teapot, £0 0s 8d, £0 2s 8d

Twine, £0 4s 1½d

Arrack 18 gallons, £2 5s 0d

Candles, £0 10s 6d

Cordage 1 to 3 to 20, £3 3s 0d

Lead 27 sheet, £1 4s 4½d

Pease 2 bushels eaten by rats, £0 17s 16½d

Salt 6 bushels, £17 4s 7½d

Soap 2 to 18, £7 11s 3d

Rice 16 to 0 to 5, £4 12s 5d

Paddy 1 to 3 to 5, £1 1s 2½d

Sugar 1 to 1 to 10, £5 2s 11d

Candy 3 to 1 to 6, £6 3s 4d

Paint, various sorts

9 to 16 whiting, £0 2s 4d

3¼ unchanged, £0 0s 6½d

4 English ochre, £0 0s 6d

4 yellow ochre, £0 1s 9d

10 white lead, £3 6s 0d

4 stone colour, £0 1s 10d

½ sky blue, £0 0s 10d

¾ mahogany, £0 0s 6½d

1 white copperas, £0 12s 8d

The account was signed by James Powell.

Interpretations

This recorded the storekeeper's annual reckoning of wastage on the Company's stores for the year ending 11 October 1758, the shortfalls in goods held in bulk being written off against the profit and loss account at a total of £34 3s 7d.

The account measured the natural and accidental losses that any warehouse of this kind suffered over a year. Liquids and semi-liquids kept by the gallon lost bulk through leakage and evaporation, arrack heading the list, while goods weighed by the pound, salt, sugar, candy, rice and paddy, showed short weight when reissued after settling, spillage and absorption of damp. Breakages accounted for the glass and china, and vermin for a measure of the pease, recorded plainly as eaten by rats. Recording these losses formally, examined by the Council and signed off by the storekeeper, was the mechanism by which the difference between goods received and goods issued was accounted for honestly, protecting the storekeeper from any charge of embezzlement while keeping the books in balance.

That the largest single loss was £17 in salt, far exceeding any other item, points to the difficulty of holding so hygroscopic a commodity in the island's sea air, salt drawing damp and losing measured weight faster than the dry goods stored beside it.

318

312

13 November

Being in want of Cots for the last recruits and finding

many of the old Ones that required repairing we therefore desired the

Storekeeper to deliver Seventy one Doubled Deals Three hundred

and thirty Yards English Canvas One hundred and Ninety

Eight Yards Osenbrigs being Stores Issued for their use

Chas Hutchinson

John Adamson

At a Consultation held on Mondy the 13 November 1758

at the Castle

Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governr

John Adamson Lieutenant Governor

Lieutenant John Clark of Council

The last Consultation was read approved and signed dated the 6

November 1758

The Accomptant Reports that the Honorable

Companys Books of Accounts are ballanced to 11 October last which

we ordered to be Copied as fast as possible

Mr Thomas Harper Junr presented the

following Petition vizt

To the Worshipful Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governr

&c Council of St Helena

The humble Petition of Thomas Harper Junr

Sheweth

That your Petitioner for some reasons being

desirous to Chuse Guardians humbly begs that he may be permitted

so to do and that his friends Messrs Richard Goodwin Jonathan

Dowton and Henry Bazett may become the same

And your Petitioner will ever pray

Thomas Harper

Granted

Being short of cots for the last batch of recruits, and finding many of the old ones in need of repair, the Council directed the storekeeper to issue for their use 71 double deals, 300 and thirty yards of English canvas and 198 yards of Osnaburg. The order was signed by Charles Hutchinson and John Martin.

At a consultation held on Monday 13 November 1758 at the castle.

Present were Charles Hutchinson, Governor, John Adamson, Lieutenant Governor, and Lieutenant John Clark of Council.

The record of the last consultation, dated 6 November 1758, was read, approved and signed.

The Honourable Company's books of account were made up to 11 October last, and the Council ordered them to be copied as soon as possible.

Thomas Harper junior presented a petition to the Governor and Council. He set out that for certain reasons he wished to choose guardians, and asked to be permitted to do so, and that his friends Richard Goodwin, Jonathan Doveton and Henry Boxell might become the same. The petition was granted.

Interpretations

This recorded a routine sitting of the Governor and Council at St Helena, opening with a stores order for bedding and then dealing with the closing of the Company's books and a petition for the appointment of guardians.

The cots issued to the recruits were canvas hammocks or slung beds, made up on the island from imported deal, English sailcloth and the coarser Osnaburg linen, the timber serving for the frames or spreaders and the canvas for the bed itself. Choosing guardians was the legal act by which a minor who had lost his father secured responsible adults to manage his affairs and protect his interests until he came of age, the three friends named standing as sureties for his person and property. That the Council both received the petition and granted it shows the island's governing body exercising the guardianship jurisdiction that at home belonged to the courts, a further instance of civil legal functions being concentrated in the hands of the Company's administration on so remote a settlement.

The petitioner asked to name his own guardians rather than have them appointed for him, and the Council allowed it, accepting the three men he proposed instead of selecting suitable persons on his behalf. That a minor was permitted to nominate the very men who would oversee him suggests he was old enough to be trusted with the choice, the Council preferring to ratify an arrangement he had already settled with friends over imposing guardians of its own.

319

313

1758

Mr William Wrangham presented the following Petition

Vizt

To the Worshopfull Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governr &c

Council of St Helena

The humble Petition of Wm Wrangham

Sheweth

That your Petitioner having a Bill of Sale and An

Indorsement of a Lease for Land he has lately purchased of Frances

Wrangham Do Your petitioner Sister humbly prays that your Worships

and Council will be pleased to give him Leave to have the same Registered

And your Petition will ever pray

13 Novr 1758 Granted William Wrangham

Chas Hutchinson

John Adamson

John Clark

At a Consultation held on Monday 20th day of November 1758

at the Castle

Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governr

John Adamson Lieutenant Governr

Lieutenant John Clark of Council

The last Consultation was Read approved and signed dated the 13 of

November 1758

William Richards and Thomas Mudge

this day Petitioned for their discharge having served the Honorable Company

their Contracted times Granted

The Sussado Gunner & Plantation Accounts were this day

brought in which were Examined and approved and are as follows vizt

Sundrys

William Wrangham presented a petition to the Governor and Council. He set out that he held a bill of sale and an assignment of a lease for land he had lately bought from Frances Wrangham, his sister, and asked that these be registered in his name. The petition, dated 13 November 1758 and signed by William Wrangham, was granted and signed by Charles Hutchinson, John Rowson and John Clark.

At a consultation held on Monday 20 November 1758 at the castle.

Present were Charles Hutchinson, Governor, John Adamson, Lieutenant Governor, and Lieutenant John Clark of Council.

The record of the last consultation, dated 13 November 1758, was read, approved and signed.

William Richards and Thomas Mudge petitioned for their discharge, having served the Honourable Company their contracted time, and were granted it.

The several gunners and plantation accounts were brought in and examined, approved, and set out as follows.

Interpretations

This recorded two routine sittings of the Governor and Council at St Helena, dealing with the registration of a land transfer between siblings, the discharge of two time-served men and the examination of the garrison and plantation accounts.

A bill of sale was the document transferring ownership of goods or property, and an assignment of a lease the instrument by which the unexpired term of a lease passed from one holder to another. Registering both in the buyer's name entered the transaction on the Company's records as landlord, giving public notice of the change and securing the new holder's title against later dispute. The insistence that such private dealings be formally registered with the Council shows the administration keeping a central record of every interest in the island's limited land, so that ownership and tenancy could always be traced through its books.

The discharge of Richards and Mudge on completion of their contracted service points to the fixed-term engagements on which the Company recruited its garrison and workers, men binding themselves for a set number of years and gaining their release only once that term was served, the formal grant of discharge being the Council's acknowledgement that the obligation was fulfilled.

320

314

20 November 1758

Sundry Expended at the Honorable Companys Table in the

Month Ending November 11th 1758 vizt

15 Bottles Port

£1 0s 11¾d

16 Lisbon

£1 2s 4d

14 Mountain

£1 10s 11½d

14 Maderia

£1 14s 6¾d

66 Arrack

£2 4s 0d

17 Beer

2½8 Flour

£1 3s 6¾d

71 Fresh Beef

£1 19s 4½d

425 Mutton

0 17s 9d

2 Lambs

£1 7s 1d

18 Poultry Goat

0 6s 0d

16 Ducks

£1 4s 0d

1 Duck

2 Geese

£1 6s 0d

1 Turkey

0 10s 0d

49¾ Fresh Butter

£2 9s 9d

2½ Salt Pork

0 4s 8d

95 Canvy

£1 11s 8d

£26 10s 5d

Artillery Stores Expended from 11th October

to 11th November 1758 both days Included vizt

Powder fired with Small Armes at Excercise

£162 0s 0d

Do for Excercising the Cart flying Party

£9 0s 0d

Do for Signals for the Long Boat

0 0s 4d

Do for Shoting Wild Cats in the Longwood

£8 0s 0d

Do for Blowing Loose Stones

0 0s 8d

Novr 10 Fired to Celebrate the Anniversary of his Majestys

Birth day

21 2 1 15 3 22 0d

Do Powder for Priming

Do Powder for with Small Arms for Do

0 0s 3s 0d

0 21s 4d

Total 21 2 1 15 3 227 0d

Paper for making Small Cartridges

20

Do for the use of the Cart

33

Hand Spikes broke at Lemon Valley

1

Do broke at the Main Fort

2

Do broke at Prosperous bay

2

Sheep Skins for Coating Spunges

16

French Nails for Coating & repairing Spunges 3500

Match burnt at Jacks Cap

6

Tallow for the use of the Cart in the wood

4

Do for the use of the Crabb

Spunge Staves for repairing the Spuntoons

2

1

Signed

Thos Hall

The provisions consumed at the Honourable Company's table in the month ending 11 November 1758 were set out as follows.

15 bottles port, £1 0s 11¾d

16 Lisbon, £1 2s 4d

14 mountain, £0 10s 11½d

14 Madeira, £1 14s 6¾d

66 arrack, £2 4s 0d

7 to beer, £0 3s 6¾d

2 to 8 flour, £1 19s 4½d

71 fresh beef, £0 17s 9d

425 mutton, £9 17s 1d

2 lambs, £0 7s 1d

18 kids goat, £1 6s 0d

16 fowls, £1 4s 0d

1 duck, £0 1s 6d

2 geese, £0 10s 0d

1 turkey, £0 5s 0d

49¾ fresh butter, £2 9s 9d

2 to salt pork, £0 4s 8d

95 canary, £1 11s 8d, £26 10s 5d

The artillery stores expended between 11 October and 11 November 1758 were set out as follows.

Powder fired with small arms at exercise, £1 6s 2s 0d

Ditto for exercising the cart flying party, £0 9s 0d

Ditto for signals for the long boat, £0 0s 4d

Ditto for shooting wild cats in the Longwood, £0 8s 0d

Ditto for blowing a mine there, £0 0s 8d

Powder fired to celebrate the anniversary of His Majesty's birthday on 10 November, 21 to 2 to 1 to 15 to 3, £22 0s 0d

Ditto powder for priming, £0 3s 0d

Ditto powder for firing with small arms for ditto, £21 0s 4d

Total, 21 to 2 to 1 to 15 to 3, £227 0s 0d

Paper for making small cartridges, 3 quires

Ditto for the use of the cart, 33

Hand spikes broke at Lemon Valley, 1

Ditto broke at the Main Fort, 2

Ditto broke at Prosperous Bay, 2

Sheep skins for coating sponges, 16

French nails for coating and repairing sponges, 3500

Match burnt at James's Fort, 6

Tallow for the use of the cart in the wood, 4

Ditto for the use of the crab, 4

Sponge staves for repairing the spontoons, 21

The account was signed by Thomas Hall.

Interpretations

This set out two monthly accounts for the period ending in mid-November 1758, one of the food and drink consumed at the Governor's table and one of the gunpowder and artillery stores expended by the garrison.

The table account shows the range of wines kept for the Company's officers, port, Madeira, canary and the fortified wines named Lisbon and mountain, the last a sweet Malaga wine, alongside arrack and the fresh meat, poultry and butter of the establishment. The artillery account records the routine consumption of powder in training, gun drill and signalling, together with the ceremonial firing on 10 November to mark the King's birthday, the largest single expenditure. Sponges were the wet swabs run down a cannon's bore between rounds to quench any lingering embers before the next charge, here coated with sheepskin and repaired with nails, and spontoons were the half-pikes carried by infantry officers as a badge of rank. The match was the slow-burning cord used to fire the guns, and hand spikes the levers for shifting and aiming them, broken ones being noted fort by fort.

The powder spent on shooting wild cats in the Longwood is a telling small entry, the garrison expending Company stores to control feral animals that had multiplied on the island, a reminder of how introduced species had established themselves in the remote interior and become enough of a nuisance to warrant powder and shot against them.

321

315

Account of the Honorable Companys Stock of Neat Cattle &c from the 12th October to 11 November 1758 Vizt

Neat Cattle, Sheep, Goats, Hogs, Poultry, Horses, Asses

Bulls, Cows, Calves, Yearling, Heifers, Steers, Oxen, Total, Ewes, Wathers, Lambs, Rams, Total, Ewes, Wathers, Kids, Rams, Total, Sows, Shoats, Pigs, Boars, Total, Fowls, Ducks, Turkeys, Geese, Horses, Mares, Total, Fillies, Asses, Total

Remaining 12: Bulls 6, Cows 117, Calves 95, Yearling 43, Heifers 34, Steers 37, Oxen 26, Total 358, Ewes 387, Wathers 168, Lambs 166, Rams 8, Total 729, Ewes 217, Wathers 65, Kids 61, Rams 6, Total 349, Sows 5, Shoats 3, Pigs 23, Boars 1, Total 32, Fowls 77, Ducks 59, Turkeys 9, Geese 49, Horses 6, Mares 5, Total 11, Fillies 4, Asses 2, Total 6

Encreased: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 7, Yearling 0, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Oxen 0, Total 7, Ewes 0, Wathers 0, Lambs 12, Rams 0, Total 12, Ewes 0, Wathers 0, Kids 20, Rams 0, Total 20, Sows 0, Shoats 0, Pigs 0, Boars 0, Total 0, Fowls 8, Ducks 10, Turkeys 3, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0, Fillies 0, Asses 0, Total 0

Total: Bulls 6, Cows 117, Calves 102, Yearling 43, Heifers 34, Steers 37, Oxen 26, Total 365, Ewes 387, Wathers 168, Lambs 178, Rams 8, Total 741, Ewes 217, Wathers 65, Kids 86, Rams 6, Total 369, Sows 5, Shoats 3, Pigs 23, Boars 1, Total 32, Fowls 185, Ducks 69, Turkeys 12, Geese 49, Horses 6, Mares 0, Total 0, Fillies 0, Asses 0, Total 0

Killed: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 0, Yearling 0, Heifers 1, Steers 0, Oxen 0, Total 1, Ewes 2, Wathers 0, Lambs 2, Rams 0, Total 12, Ewes 0, Wathers 5, Kids 0, Rams 0, Total 5, Sows 0, Shoats 0, Pigs 0, Boars 0, Total 0, Fowls 16, Ducks 1, Turkeys 1, Geese 2, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0, Fillies 0, Asses 0, Total 0

Died: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 0, Yearling 0, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Oxen 0, Total 0, Ewes 2, Wathers 1, Lambs 0, Rams 0, Total 3, Ewes 0, Wathers 0, Kids 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Sows 0, Shoats 0, Pigs 0, Boars 0, Total 0, Fowls 1, Ducks 0, Turkeys 0, Geese 4, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0, Fillies 0, Asses 0, Total 0

Stole: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 0, Yearling 0, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Oxen 0, Total 0, Ewes 0, Wathers 0, Lambs 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Ewes 0, Wathers 0, Kids 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Sows 0, Shoats 0, Pigs 0, Boars 0, Total 0, Fowls 0, Ducks 0, Turkeys 0, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0, Fillies 0, Asses 0, Total 0

Sold: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 0, Yearling 0, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Oxen 0, Total 0, Ewes 0, Wathers 0, Lambs 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Ewes 0, Wathers 0, Kids 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Sows 0, Shoats 0, Pigs 0, Boars 0, Total 0, Fowls 0, Ducks 0, Turkeys 0, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0, Fillies 0, Asses 0, Total 0

Remaining 11th: Bulls 6, Cows 117, Calves 102, Yearling 43, Heifers 33, Steers 37, Oxen 26, Total 364, Ewes 383, Wathers 159, Lambs 176, Rams 8, Total 726, Ewes 217, Wathers 60, Kids 81, Rams 6, Total 364, Sows 5, Shoats 3, Pigs 21, Boars 1, Total 32, Fowls 168, Ducks 68, Turkeys 11, Geese 43, Horses 6, Mares 5, Total 11, Fillies 4, Asses 2, Total 6

One Heifer killed for the Table

Eight Sheep Do

Two Lambs Do

One Goat Do

Four Do to the Hospital Wt 75

Two Sheep to the Markett

One Slave Named Mingo Dead

God Yam Expended for the Slaves

18,931

Refuse Yam

6,800

25,731

The Honourable Company's stock of neat cattle and other livestock was accounted for between 12 October and 11 November 1758. The figures are set out below under the column headings carried across the page, the neat cattle divided into bulls, cows, calves, yearlings, heifers, steers and oxen, the sheep into ewes, wethers, lambs and rams, the goats into ewes, wethers, kids and rams, the hogs into sows, shoats, pigs and boars, the poultry into fowls, ducks, turkeys and geese, and the horses and asses each into their own kinds.

Neat cattle remaining, 6 bulls, 117 cows, 95 calves, 43 yearlings, 34 heifers, 37 steers, 26 oxen, 358 total

Sheep remaining, 387 ewes, 168 wethers, 166 lambs, 8 rams, 729 total

Goats remaining, 217 ewes, 65 wethers, 61 kids, 6 rams, 349 total

Hogs remaining, 5 sows, 3 shoats, 23 pigs, 1 boar, 32 total

Poultry remaining, 77 fowls, 59 ducks, 9 turkeys, 49 geese

Horses remaining, 6 horses, 5 mares, 11 total

Asses remaining, 4 he asses, 2 she asses, 6 total

Neat cattle increased, 7 calves, 7 total

Sheep increased, 12 lambs, 12 total

Goats increased, 20 kids, 20 total

Poultry increased, 8 ducks, 10 turkeys, 3 geese

Neat cattle total, 6 bulls, 117 cows, 102 calves, 43 yearlings, 34 heifers, 37 steers, 26 oxen, 365 total

Sheep total, 387 ewes, 168 wethers, 178 lambs, 8 rams, 741 total

Goats total, 217 ewes, 65 wethers, 86 kids, 6 rams, 369 total

Hogs total, 5 sows, 3 shoats, 23 pigs, 1 boar, 32 total

Poultry total, 85 fowls, 69 ducks, 12 turkeys, 49 geese

Horses total, 6 horses, 5 mares, 11 total

Neat cattle killed, 1 calf, 1 total

Sheep killed, 2 ewes, 0 wethers, 2 lambs, 12 rams

Goats killed, 5 kids, 5 total

Poultry killed, 16 fowls, 1 duck, 1 turkey, 2 geese

Neat cattle died, 0

Sheep died, 2 ewes, 1 wether, 3 total

Goats died, 0

Poultry died, 1 fowl, 4 geese

Stole, 0

Sold, 0

Neat cattle remaining 11 November, 6 bulls, 117 cows, 102 calves, 43 yearlings, 33 heifers, 37 steers, 26 oxen, 364 total

Sheep remaining 11 November, 383 ewes, 159 wethers, 176 lambs, 8 rams, 726 total

Goats remaining 11 November, 217 ewes, 60 wethers, 81 kids, 6 rams, 364 total

Hogs remaining 11 November, 5 sows, 3 shoats, 21 pigs, 1 boar, 32 total

Poultry remaining 11 November, 169 fowls, 68 ducks, 11 turkeys, 43 geese

Horses remaining 11 November, 6 horses, 5 mares, 11 total

Asses remaining 11 November, 4 he asses, 2 she asses, 6 total

The disposals during the month were noted below the table. One heifer was killed for the table, along with eight sheep, two lambs and one goat. Four sheep went to the hospital at a weight of 75, and two sheep to the market. A slave named Mingo died. Good yam expended for the slaves came to 18,931 and refuse yam to 6,000, making a total of 25,731.

Interpretations

This was the monthly livestock return for the Company's stock at St Helena, tracking every head of cattle, sheep, goats, hogs, poultry, horses and asses through births, deaths, slaughter and other losses between 12 October and 11 November 1758.

The return functioned as a running audit of the island's food-producing animals, opening and closing balances reconciled through categories for increase, killed, died, stolen and sold, so that the stock could be verified head by head each month and any loss accounted for. Neat cattle were horned cattle, oxen, cows and their young, kept both for the table and for draught. Shoats were young weaned pigs and wethers castrated rams, the distinctions of age and sex being carried through every class because breeding stock had to be told apart from animals destined for slaughter. The provision of yam as the staple feed of the slave population, distinguished into good and refuse, appears on the same return as the animal stock, the two being managed together as the productive resources of the plantation.

The recording of a slave's death within the livestock account, the man Mingo entered plainly alongside the count of animals killed and died, exposes the brutal logic of the plantation system, in which enslaved people were reckoned as Company property and their loss noted in the same ledger and the same terms as the death of a beast, a single monthly return serving to audit both.

322

316

27 November

Mr Isaac Dowton presented the following

Petition vizt

To the Worshipfull Charles Hutchinson Esqr

Governor &c Council of St Helena

The Humble Petition of Isaac Dowton

Sheweth

That all the Executors of the Will of your

Petitioner late father Jonathan Dowton being deed Your

Petitioner therefore humbly desires Mr John Clark may be

admitted to be his Guardian who has been so kind as to Comply

with his request And your Petitioner will ever pray

Granted Isaac Dowton

Chas Hutchinson

John Adamson

John Clark

At a Consultation held on Monday the 27 day of November 1758

at the Castle

Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governor

John Adamson Lieutenant Governor

Lieutenant John Clark of Council

The last Consultation was read approved and Signed dated the 20 Novr

1758

Mrs Sarah Fringe presented the following petition

Vizt

To the Worshipfull Charles Hutchinson Esqr

Governr &c Council of St Helena

The humble Petition of Sarah Fringe

Sheweth

That your Petitioner finding it will be much to

her Advantage to Inclose some of the Honorable Companys Waste Land

Adjoining to that your Worship and Council lately granted her a Lease

for as it will occasion but a very little more Fencing having already

consulted her Neighbours who are of Opinion it will be of no detriment

to them Your Petitioner humbly prayeth that your

Worship and Council will be pleased to grant her

a Lease for those Lands more

St Helena 27 Novr 1758 And your Petitioner shall ever pray

Granted Sarah Fringe

Isaac Doveton presented a petition to the Governor and Council. He set out that all the executors of the will of his late father, Jonathan Doveton, were dead, and asked that John Clark be admitted as his guardian, John Clark having agreed to the request. The petition, signed by Isaac Doveton, was granted and signed by Charles Hutchinson, John Adamson and John Clark.

At a consultation held on Monday 27 November 1758 at the castle.

Present were Charles Hutchinson, Governor, John Adamson, Lieutenant Governor, and Lieutenant John Clark of Council.

The record of the last consultation, dated 20 November 1758, was read, approved and signed.

Sarah Frenge presented a petition to the Governor and Council. She set out that she would find it much to her advantage to enclose some of the Honourable Company's waste land adjoining land she had lately been granted a lease of, since it would need only a little fencing, her neighbours having already fenced their side and being of opinion it would do them no harm. She asked for a lease of the land for her natural life. The petition, dated 27 November 1758 and signed by Sarah Frenge, was granted.

Interpretations

This recorded a routine sitting of the Governor and Council at St Helena, dealing with the replacement of a minor's guardian and a petition to lease a parcel of Company waste land.

The first petition turned on the failure of a testamentary arrangement, all the executors named in Jonathan Doveton's will having since died, leaving his son without the oversight the will had provided. Executors were the persons appointed in a will to carry out its terms and manage the estate, and their death left a gap that the Council filled by admitting a new guardian for the surviving minor. The lease sought by Sarah Frenge was for her natural life, a life tenancy that gave her the use of the land for as long as she lived but no power to pass it on, the Company retaining the freehold and recovering the ground on her death.

Sarah Frenge grounded her request on the fact that her neighbours had already fenced their side and saw no harm in the grant, so that enclosing the waste would cost her only a little fencing. Rather than simply assert her wish for the land, she built her petition on the low cost of enclosure and the assent of those nearby, anticipating the Council's likely concern that a new enclosure might encroach on or disadvantage adjoining holders. This shows how petitioners shaped their applications to meet the objections they expected, the neighbours prior fencing and expressed agreement being offered as evidence that the grant would disturb no one.

323

317

1758

Enlisted George Bazette to serve the Honorable Company

as a Soldier for five Years at 5s bounty money

Purchased a Coat for one of the Matrosses and gave

20/ for it the Company having none in Store

Counted and Examined the Honorable Companys

Cash for the Month Ending 11 Instant which is as follows Vizt

Cash Dr Pr Contra Cr

1758

Octr 12 To Ballance remaining

£6388 9s 10d

23 To Saml Falconer decd

received from John Leeches

Heirs

£13 4s 0d

1758

Novr By Ballance in the following Species Vizt

5483 Pagodas 8/

2193 4s 0d

1460 Venetians 10/

730

Gold amount to

2923 4s 0d

7844 Dollars 5/

1961

10 880 Half Ryals 3¾

170

441 French pieces

3 13s 6d

7147 Rupees 2/3

804 0s 9d

Odd money

0 0s 7d

Silver amount to

2938 14s 10d

Cash Notes of Nouse

539 15s 0d

£6401 13s 10d

£6401 13s 10d

Chas Hutchinson

John Adamson

John Clark

The Council enlisted George Bazette to serve the Honourable Company as a soldier for five years, at £0 5s 0d bounty money. A coat was bought for one of the matrosses at 20s, the Company having none in store. The Council then counted and examined the Honourable Company's cash for the month ending 11 November, which stood as follows.

On the debit side the balance carried forward from 12 October 1758 stood at £6,388 9s 10d. On 23 October £13 4s 0d was received from the heirs of Samuel Falconer, deceased, through John Leech, making a total of £6,401 13s 10d.

On the contra side the whole balance was held in coin and made up as follows.

5483 pagodas at 8s, £2,193 4s 0d

1460 Venetians at 10s, £730 0s 0d

Gold amounting to, £2,923 4s 0d

7844 dollars at 5s, £1,961 0s 0d

10880 half ryals at 3¾d, £170 0s 0d

441 French pieces, £3 13s 6d

7147 rupees at 2s 3d, £804 0s 9d

Odd money, £0 0s 7d

Silver amounting to, £2,938 14s 10d

Cash notes of no use, £539 15s 0d

The account was totalled at £6,401 13s 10d and signed by Charles Hutchinson, John Adamson and John Clark.

Interpretations

This was the monthly balancing of the Company's cash at St Helena for the month ending 11 November 1758, opening with two small administrative entries and then setting out the exact coin held in the treasury.

The bounty of £0 5s 0d paid to George Bazette on enlistment was the customary inducement given to a man on binding himself to a term of Company service, here to a five-year engagement as a soldier. The treasury balance was again held in a mixture of gold and silver coin from across the trading world, pagodas and Venetian ducats in gold, and Spanish dollars, half ryals, French pieces and Indian rupees in silver, each converted to sterling at a fixed rate. The Spanish dollar was valued here at 5s and the rupee at 2s 3d, the standard rates by which the island reckoned foreign coin into its books. The receipt from a dead man's heirs shows the treasury also serving as the point through which the estates of deceased servants were settled, sums owed being gathered in and accounted for.

The figure for cash notes of no use had fallen sharply from £5,391 the previous month to £539, a reduction of nearly £4,900. Since the whole of the earlier sum could not have been made good in cash within a single month, the change more probably reflects a correction or reclassification in the books than a real recovery of the dead paper, the treasury adjusting how the unrealisable notes were carried once their true position was reckoned.

324

318

4 December

At a Consultation held on Monday the 4 day of December

1758 at the Castle

Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governr

John Adamson Lieutenant Governr

Lieutenant John Clark of Council

The last Consultation was read approved and signed dated the

27 November 1758

We this day Executed Leave of Administration

to Mrs Mary Dowton she giving a Bond with Mr Matthew Pierling for

a just disposal of the Effects of Mr John Dowton her late husband deceased

Mrs Mary Dowton also presented an Inventory

of his Effects appraised by Messrs Matthew Pierling and Richard Roxley

The Widow being Sworn that She produced every Article belonging to

her deceased husband And the Appraisers that they Valued every thing

to the best of their Judgement It was ordered to be Entered into the

book kept for that purpose

Chas Hutchinson

John Adamson

John Clark

At a Consultation held on Monday the 11 day of December

1758 at the Castle

Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governr

John Adamson Lieutenant Governr

Lieutenant John Clark of Council

The last Consultation was read approved dated the 4 December

1758

Mrs Mary Burnham presented the following

Petition Vizt

To the Worshipfull Charles Hutchinson Esqr

Governr &c Council of St Helena

The humble petition of Mary Burnham

Sheweth

That your petitioner having a Bill of Sale

At a consultation held on Monday 4 December 1758 at the castle.

Present were Charles Hutchinson, Governor, John Adamson, Lieutenant Governor, and Lieutenant John Clark of Council.

The record of the last consultation, dated 27 November 1758, was read, approved and signed.

Letters of administration were granted to Mary Dowton, she giving a bond with Matthew Pinfing for the proper disposal of the effects of John Dowton, her late husband. Mary Dowton also presented an inventory of the effects, appraised by Matthew Pinfing and Richard Hoxley. The widow was sworn that she had produced every article belonging to her deceased husband, and the appraisers that they had valued everything to the best of their judgement. The Council ordered the inventory to be entered in the book kept for that purpose. The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson, John Adamson and John Clark.

At a consultation held on Monday 11 December 1758 at the castle.

Present were Charles Hutchinson, Governor, John Adamson, Lieutenant Governor, and Lieutenant John Clark of Council.

The record of the last consultation, dated 4 December 1758, was read and approved.

Mary Burnham presented a petition to the Governor and Council, setting out that she held a bill of sale.

Interpretations

This recorded two routine sittings of the Governor and Council at St Helena, the first completing the administration of John Dowton's estate and the second opening with a fresh petition concerning a bill of sale.

The grant of administration to the widow was secured by an administration bond, a formal undertaking backed by a surety, here Matthew Pinfing, binding the administrator to deal with the estate lawfully and account for it properly. The requirement that the widow swear she had produced every article, and that the appraisers swear to an honest valuation, was the safeguard by which the estate was protected against concealment and undervaluation, the sworn inventory becoming the official record against which the administrator would later account. Appraisers were the disinterested persons appointed to value a dead man's goods, their oath giving the valuation legal weight. This whole procedure, the bond, the sworn inventory and its entry in a dedicated register, shows the Council operating a complete probate system on the island, discharging through its own officers the functions of valuation, security and record that estate administration required.

325

319

1758

From John Hayes of this Island Planter for Land purchased by your

Petitioners late husband William Burnham deceased your petitioner

therefore humbly begs it may be registered

And your petitioner will ever pray

Granted signed Mary Burnham

The Accountant reports that the Honorable Companys

Books of Accounts are Copied which we directed to be Examined

in order to be ready to be transmitted to the Honorable the Court

of Directors by the first Opportunity

ordered two Advertizemts to be

published ordering all persons to

send an Exact weighed account of

their Number of Cattle each of them

have for Slaughter for the Ensuing

Year 1759 And likewise as they

also Cattle from trespassing in the

Long wood

Chas Hutchinson

John Adamson

John Clark

At a Consultation held on Monday the 18 day of December 1758

at the Castle

Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governr

John Adamson Lieutenant Governor

Lieutenant John Clark of Council

The last Consultation was read approved and signed dated the 11 of

December 1758

The Stewards Gunners and Plantation Accounts were

this day brought in which were examined and approved and are as follows vizt

Sundries Expended at the Honorable Companys Table for the

Month ending the 11th of December 1758 vizt

15 Bottles of Port

£1 0s 11½d

16 Do Lisbon

£1 2s 4d

13 Do Mountain

£1 18s 5½d

10 Do Madeira

£1 4s 7d

60 Do Arrack

£2 0s 0d

16 Beer

0 3s 4d

252 Flour

£1 16s 9d

431 Mutton

0 19s 7d

4 Lamb

0 10s 0d

34 Goat

0 18s 0d

£18 13s 11½d

Mary Burnham set out that she held a bill of sale from John Hayes, a planter of the island, for land bought by her late husband, William Burnham, deceased, and asked that it be registered. The petition, signed by Mary Burnham, was granted.

The accountant reported that the Honourable Company's books of account, which the Council had ordered to be examined, were now copied and ready to be sent to the Honourable the Court of Directors at the first opportunity.

The Council ordered two advertisements to be published, requiring all persons to send in an exact and signed account of their numbers of cattle, each of them bound for slaughter for the coming year 1759, and likewise requiring all cattle to be kept from trespassing in the Longwood. The order was signed by Charles Hutchinson, John Adamson and John Clark.

At a consultation held on Monday 18 December 1758 at the castle.

Present were Charles Hutchinson, Governor, John Adamson, Lieutenant Governor, and Lieutenant John Clark of Council.

The record of the last consultation, dated 11 December 1758, was read, approved and signed.

The steward's, gunner's and plantation accounts were brought in, examined, approved and set out as follows.

The provisions consumed at the Honourable Company's table for the month ending 11 December 1758 were set out as follows.

15 bottles of port, £1 0s 11½d

16 ditto Lisbon, £1 2s 4d

13 ditto mountain, £0 18s 5½d

10 ditto Madeira, £1 4s 7d

60 ditto arrack, £2 0s 0d

16 beer, £0 3s 4d

2 to 2 flour, £1 16s 9d

431 mutton, £9 19s 7d

1 lamb, £0 10s 0d

54 goat, £0 18s 0d, £19 13s 11½d

Interpretations

This recorded routine business of the Governor and Council at St Helena, covering the registration of a land purchase, the completion and despatch of the Company's accounts, an order regulating cattle, and the opening of the monthly table account.

The two advertisements ordered by the Council served distinct purposes of control. The first required every stockholder to declare on oath how many cattle he intended to slaughter in the coming year, allowing the administration to regulate the killing of animals and so protect the island's breeding stock and meat supply from being run down. The second was a protective measure for the Longwood, the wooded upland whose timber and grazing the Company sought to preserve, straying cattle threatening the young growth. Together they show the Council actively managing the island's scarce natural resources, its livestock and its woodland, through published regulation backed by the requirement of sworn returns.

The copying of the books for transmission to the Court of Directors marks the essential accountability of the settlement to its distant masters in London, the whole apparatus of monthly accounts, inventories and returns being ultimately compiled and shipped home so that the Directors could scrutinise how their remote island was governed and their money spent.

326

320

18 December

Brought over

£18 13s 11½d

9 Fowls

0 13s 6d

1 Duck

0 1s 6d

1 Goose

0 5s 0d

46 Fresh Butter

£2 5s 0d

54 Veal

£1 7s 0d

7 Pieces of Salt Pork

0 14s 0d

43 Fresh Pork

£1 1s 6d

9 Do Candy

£1 10s 8d

£26 12s 1½d

Artillery Stores expended from the 12th Novr

to 11 Decembr 1758 both days included Vizt

Novr 18 Powder for Sealeing 8 half pounders and trying an

Experiment with a Blunderbuss

2 0s 2d

Do for Excercising the Cart flying party

18 0s 12d

Do for the South flying party

3 0s 12d

Do for the West flying party

17 0s 6d

Total 42 0s 0d

Lead Shot for the Experiment with a Blunderbuss

4

Tallow for the use of the Boats

12

Do for the use of the Carts

8

Do for the use of the Gardener

4

Tampions broke at the Main Fort

3

Spunge Staves broke at Ruports

1

Paper for makeing Cannon Cartridges

6

Cartridge Needles broke with seising of Cartridges

and Quitting of Portridge Shot

64

Signed

Thomas Hall

The table account for the month ending 11 December 1758 continued as follows.

Brought over, £18 13s 11½d

9 fowls, £0 13s 6d

1 duck, £0 1s 6d

1 goose, £0 5s 0d

45 fresh butter, £2 5s 0d

54 veal, £1 7s 0d

7 pieces of salt pork, £0 14s 0d

43 fresh pork, £1 1s 6d

9 candy, £1 10s 8d, £26 12s 1¼d

The artillery stores expended between 12 November and 11 December 1758 were set out as follows.

Powder for scaling 8 half pounders and trying an experiment with a blunderbuss, 2 to 2

Ditto for exercising the cart flying party, 18 to 12

Ditto for the south flying party, 3 to 12

Ditto for the west flying party, 17 to 6

Total, 42 to 0

Lead shot for the experiment with a blunderbuss, 4

Tallow for the use of the boats, 12

Ditto for the use of the carts, 8

Ditto for the use of the gardener, 6

Tampion broke at the Main Fort, 3

Sponge staves broke at the reports, 1

Paper for making cannon cartridges, 6 quires

Cartridge needles broke with seizing of cartridges and quilting of partridge shot, 64

The account was signed by Thomas Hall.

Interpretations

This closed the monthly table account and set out the artillery stores expended by the garrison between 12 November and 11 December 1758.

The powder account records the routine work of the gunners, chiefly the exercising of the cart flying parties, the mobile artillery detachments drilled at moving and firing field guns quickly to meet a threat at any point on the coast. Scaling the half-pounders meant firing a light charge through each gun to clear its bore of rust and fouling before service, and the experiment with a blunderbuss was a trial firing of that short heavy musket. A tampion was the wooden plug stopping a cannon's muzzle to keep out damp and spray between firings, and partridge shot was a scatter charge of small balls, quilted into a cloth casing so that it spread on discharge like a giant shotgun blast against massed attackers or boarders.

The maintenance of three separate flying parties, drilled for the south, west and cart, points to a defensive scheme built around mobility rather than fixed strength alone, the garrison too small to hold every landing place in force and so relying on trained detachments that could be marched or hauled with their guns to whatever part of the island an enemy threatened.

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321

Account of the Honorable Companys Stock of Neat Cattle &c from the 12th of November to the 11 December 1758

Neat Cattle, Sheep, Goats, Hogs, Poultry, Horses, Asses

Bulls, Cows, Calves, Yearling, Heifers, Steers, Oxen, Total, Ewes, Wathers, Lambs, Rams, Total, Ewes, Wathers, Kids, Rams, Total, Sows, Shoats, Pigs, Boars, Total, Fowls, Ducks, Turkeys, Geese, Horses, Mares, Total, Asses, Fillies, Total

Remaining the 12: Bulls 6, Cows 117, Calves 102, Yearling 43, Heifers 33, Steers 37, Oxen 26, Total 364, Ewes 383, Wathers 159, Lambs 176, Rams 8, Total 726, Ewes 217, Wathers 60, Kids 81, Rams 6, Total 364, Sows 5, Shoats 3, Pigs 23, Boars 1, Total 32, Fowls 168, Ducks 68, Turkeys 11, Geese 40, Horses 6, Mares 5, Total 11, Asses 4, Fillies 2, Total 6

Encreased: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 5, Yearling 0, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Oxen 0, Total 5, Ewes 0, Wathers 0, Lambs 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Ewes 0, Wathers 0, Kids 10, Rams 0, Total 10, Sows 0, Shoats 0, Pigs 0, Boars 0, Total 0, Fowls 35, Ducks 25, Turkeys 6, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0, Asses 0, Fillies 0, Total 0

Total: Bulls 6, Cows 117, Calves 107, Yearling 43, Heifers 33, Steers 37, Oxen 26, Total 369, Ewes 383, Wathers 159, Lambs 176, Rams 8, Total 726, Ewes 217, Wathers 60, Kids 91, Rams 6, Total 374, Sows 5, Shoats 3, Pigs 23, Boars 1, Total 32, Fowls 203, Ducks 93, Turkeys 17, Geese 40, Horses 6, Mares 5, Total 11, Asses 4, Fillies 2, Total 6

Killed: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 1, Yearling 0, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Oxen 0, Total 1, Ewes 2, Wathers 0, Lambs 1, Rams 0, Total 11, Ewes 4, Wathers 3, Kids 0, Rams 0, Total 7, Sows 0, Shoats 1, Pigs 0, Boars 0, Total 1, Fowls 9, Ducks 1, Turkeys 0, Geese 1, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0, Asses 0, Fillies 0, Total 0

Died: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 1, Yearling 0, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Oxen 0, Total 1, Ewes 4, Wathers 0, Lambs 4, Rams 0, Total 8, Ewes 0, Wathers 0, Kids 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Sows 0, Shoats 1, Pigs 0, Boars 0, Total 1, Fowls 1, Ducks 0, Turkeys 0, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0, Asses 0, Fillies 0, Total 0

Stole: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 0, Yearling 0, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Oxen 0, Total 0, Ewes 0, Wathers 0, Lambs 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Ewes 0, Wathers 0, Kids 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Sows 0, Shoats 0, Pigs 0, Boars 0, Total 0, Fowls 1, Ducks 0, Turkeys 0, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0, Asses 0, Fillies 0, Total 0

Sold: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 0, Yearling 0, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Oxen 0, Total 0, Ewes 0, Wathers 0, Lambs 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Ewes 0, Wathers 0, Kids 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Sows 0, Shoats 0, Pigs 0, Boars 0, Total 0, Fowls 0, Ducks 0, Turkeys 0, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0, Asses 0, Fillies 0, Total 0

Remaining 11th: Bulls 6, Cows 117, Calves 106, Yearling 42, Heifers 33, Steers 37, Oxen 26, Total 367, Ewes 377, Wathers 151, Lambs 171, Rams 8, Total 707, Ewes 213, Wathers 57, Kids 91, Rams 6, Total 367, Sows 5, Shoats 2, Pigs 22, Boars 1, Total 30, Fowls 194, Ducks 91, Turkeys 17, Geese 39, Horses 6, Mares 5, Total 11, Asses 4, Fillies 2, Total 6

1 Ewe Goat killed for the sick Slaves

3 Do for the Hospital Wt 50

One Slave Girl dead named Agness

Good Yam expended for the Slaves

19,775

Refuse Do for Stock

6,960

26,735

The Honourable Company's stock of neat cattle and other livestock was accounted for between 12 November and 11 December 1758. The figures are set out below under the column headings carried across the page, the neat cattle divided into bulls, cows, calves, yearlings, heifers, steers and oxen, the sheep into ewes, wethers, lambs and rams, the goats into ewes, wethers, kids and rams, the hogs into sows, shoats, pigs and boars, the poultry into fowls, ducks, turkeys and geese, and the horses and asses each into their own kinds.

Neat cattle remaining, 6 bulls, 117 cows, 102 calves, 43 yearlings, 33 heifers, 37 steers, 26 oxen, 364 total

Sheep remaining, 383 ewes, 159 wethers, 176 lambs, 8 rams, 726 total

Goats remaining, 217 ewes, 60 wethers, 81 kids, 6 rams, 364 total

Hogs remaining, 5 sows, 3 shoats, 23 pigs, 1 boar, 32 total

Poultry remaining, 168 fowls, 68 ducks, 11 turkeys, 40 geese

Horses remaining, 6 horses, 5 mares, 11 total

Asses remaining, 4 he asses, 2 she asses, 6 total

Neat cattle increased, 5 calves, 5 total

Goats increased, 10 kids, 10 total

Poultry increased, 35 fowls, 25 ducks, 6 turkeys

Neat cattle total, 6 bulls, 117 cows, 107 calves, 43 yearlings, 33 heifers, 37 steers, 26 oxen, 369 total

Sheep total, 383 ewes, 159 wethers, 176 lambs, 8 rams, 726 total

Goats total, 217 ewes, 60 wethers, 91 kids, 6 rams, 374 total

Hogs total, 5 sows, 3 shoats, 23 pigs, 1 boar, 32 total

Poultry total, 203 fowls, 93 ducks, 17 turkeys, 40 geese

Horses total, 6 horses, 5 mares, 11 total

Asses total, 4 he asses, 2 she asses, 6 total

Neat cattle killed, 1 calf, 1 total

Sheep killed, 2 ewes, 0 wethers, 1 lamb, 11 total

Goats killed, 4 ewes, 3 wethers, 7 total

Hogs killed, 1 shoat, 1 total

Poultry killed, 9 fowls, 1 duck, 1 turkey

Neat cattle died, 1 calf, 1 total

Sheep died, 4 ewes, 4 total

Hogs died, 1 pig, 1 total

Poultry died, 1 fowl

Stole, 0

Sold, 0

Neat cattle remaining 11 December, 6 bulls, 117 cows, 106 calves, 42 yearlings, 33 heifers, 37 steers, 26 oxen, 367 total

Sheep remaining 11 December, 377 ewes, 151 wethers, 171 lambs, 8 rams, 707 total

Goats remaining 11 December, 213 ewes, 57 wethers, 91 kids, 6 rams, 367 total

Hogs remaining 11 December, 5 sows, 2 shoats, 22 pigs, 1 boar, 30 total

Poultry remaining 11 December, 194 fowls, 91 ducks, 17 turkeys, 39 geese

Horses remaining 11 December, 6 horses, 5 mares, 11 total

Asses remaining 11 December, 4 he asses, 2 she asses, 6 total

The disposals during the month were noted below the table. One ewe goat was killed for the sick slaves, and three more for the hospital at a weight of 50. A slave girl named Agness died. Good yam expended for the slaves came to 19,775 and refuse yam for stock to 6,960, making a total of 26,735.

Interpretations

This was the monthly livestock return for the Company's stock at St Helena, reconciling every class of animal through birth, slaughter and death between 12 November and 11 December 1758, and setting the yam consumed by the slaves and the stock alongside.

The return shows the seasonal rhythm of the island's animal husbandry, a marked increase in poultry as fowls, ducks and turkeys hatched, set against the steady drawing down of sheep and goats for the table and the hospital. Ewe goats and sheep were killed specifically for the sick, both the slaves in the slave hospital and the garrison patients, the weights being recorded so that the meat issued could be checked against the stock reduced. The yam was again divided into that fit for the slaves and the refuse kept for feeding animals, the two grades of the same root crop supporting the human and animal populations of the plantation together.

The entry of the slave girl Agness's death in the same return that counts the killed and died among the animals repeats the dehumanising accounting of the plantation, an enslaved child recorded as a lost asset in the Company's stock book, her death set down in the identical register and manner as the loss of a goat or a fowl.

328

322

18 December

A Few of the Honorable Companys Stores Goods

being damaged as appears by the List of remains Given in the

30 of October last we therefore directed that they should be Sold by

publick Auction on Thursday next

Chas Hutchinson

John Adamson

John Clark

At a Consultation held on Thursday the 21 day of December

1758 at the Castle

Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governr

John Adamson Lieutenant Governor

Lieutenant John Clark of Council

The last Consultation was read approved and signed dated the

the 18th December 1758

According to the resolution of the Last Consultation

the following Articles of Damaged Store Goods belonging to the

Honorable Company were this day Sold at Publick Auction Vizt

Sundry Goods sold at Auction out of the Honorable Companys

Stores this 21 December 1758

3½ Yds Red Bunting

Mr Barclay

0 2s 2d

2 Blocks

Lieutent Dale

0 0s 6d

1 Side of a hand barrow

Lieutent Kirkpatrick

0 0s 3d

6½ Yds brown Camblet

Mr Merchant

0 13s 8d

1 Mans Hat

Matthew Bazett

0 10s 0d

1 Do Mens Worsted Stockings

Mr Evergates

0 2s 4d

1 Do Mens knit Do

Mr Moore

0 2s 0d

1 Do Boys Do

Mr Thomas Harper

0 1s 11d

1 Do Girls Do

Mr John Rowreads

0 1s 8d

½ Doz Gt breast Buttons

Mr Thomas Harpers Junr

0 0s 6½d

1 Doz Silver Do Buttons

2½ Doz Gt Coat Buttons

Mr Moore

0 0s 6d

2/9 Bushells of Mustard Seed

Lieutenant Kirkpatrick

0 1s 1d

31 Lanthorn Leaves

Mr Orlando Bagley Senr

0 1s 1½d

1 Tray

Mr John Fountain

0 1s 7d

1 Do Chelloe

Mr Thomas Harper Senr

6 Yds Do

Do

0 8s 4d

17 Do Camlley

0 9s 11d

1 Do Mens knit Stockings

Mr Moore

0 0s 11d

4 7s 7d

Some of the Honourable Company's stores were damaged, as shown by the list of remains dated 30 October last, and the Council directed that they should be sold by public auction on the following Thursday. The order was signed by Charles Hutchinson, John Rowson and John Clark.

At a consultation held on Thursday 21 December 1758 at the castle.

Present were Charles Hutchinson, Governor, John Adamson, Lieutenant Governor, and Lieutenant John Clark of Council.

The record of the last consultation, dated 18 December 1758, was read, approved and signed.

Following the resolution of the last consultation, the damaged store goods belonging to the Honourable Company were sold at public auction. The goods sold on 21 December 1758, with the buyer and price of each, were as follows.

3½ yards red bunting, Mr Barclay, £0 2s 2d

2 blocks, Lieutenant Teale, £0 0s 6d

1 side of a hand barrow, Lieutenant Kirkpatrick, £0 0s 3d

6½ yards brown camlet, Mr Merchant, £0 13s 8d

1 mans hat, Matthew Bazett, £0 10s 0d

1 dozen mens worsted stockings, Mr Everigate, £0 2s 4d

1 dozen mens knit ditto, Mr Moore, £0 2s 0d

1 dozen boys ditto, Mr Thomas Harper, £0 1s 11d

1 dozen girls ditto, Mr John Rowdall, £0 1s 8d

½ dozen gilt breast buttons, Mr Thomas Harper junior, £0 0s 6½d

1 dozen silver breast buttons, Mr Moore, £0 0s 6½d

2½ dozen gilt coat buttons, [...], £0 0s 6d

2 bushels of mustard seed, Lieutenant Kirkpatrick, £0 1s 1d

31 lanthorn leaves, Mr Orlando Bagley senior, £0 1s 1½d

1 tray, Mr John Fountain, £0 1s 7d

1 dozen chelloes, Mr Thomas Harper senior, £0 8s 4d

17 yards camlet, ditto, £0 9s 11d

1 dozen mens hair stockings, Mr Moore, £0 11s 0d, £4 7s 7d

Interpretations

This recorded the Council's decision to dispose of damaged Company stores by public auction and set out the sale itself, held on 21 December 1758, with each lot, its buyer and the price it fetched.

Selling spoiled and worn goods at open auction was the standard means by which the Company recovered some value from stores too damaged to issue, the public bidding ensuring an open and defensible price rather than a private disposal open to suspicion of favour. The buyers were the officers and inhabitants of the settlement, the lieutenants of the garrison bidding alongside the free planters and traders whose names recur through the land petitions. Camlet was the durable worsted cloth stocked in the warehouse, chelloes a kind of Indian cotton, and lanthorn leaves the thin translucent panes of horn fitted into lanterns, all appearing earlier in the great inventory among the sound stores.

That the whole auction of damaged goods raised only £4 7s 7d, spread across eighteen small lots, shows how little could be recouped once stores had spoiled, the exercise serving less to raise money than to clear the warehouse of unusable material and close it off the books honestly, every damaged item accounted for by its sale rather than quietly discarded.

329

323

Counted and Examined the Honorable Companys

Cash for the Month Ending the 11th Instant which is as follows Vizt

Cash Dr Pr Contra Cr

1758

Novr 12 To Ballance remaining

£6401 13s 10d

1758

Decr 11 By Ballance remaining in the following Species Vizt

5483 Pagodas a 8/

2193 4s 0d

1460 Venetians a 10/

730 0s 0d

Gold amounting to

2923 4s 0d

7844 Dollars 5/

1961 0s 0d

10 880 half Ryals 3¾

170 0s 0d

441 French pieces

3 13s 6d

7147 Rupees 2/3

804 0s 9d

Odd money

0 0s 7d

Silver amounting to

2938 14s 10d

Cash Notes of no use amounting to

539 15s 0d

£6401 13s 10d

Chas Hutchinson

John Adamson

John Clark

The Council counted and examined the Honourable Company's cash for the month ending 11 December 1758, which stood as follows.

On the debit side the balance carried forward from 12 November 1758 stood at £6,401 13s 10d, making a total of £6,401 13s 10d.

On the contra side the whole balance was held in coin and made up as follows.

5483 pagodas at 8s, £2,193 4s 0d

1460 Venetians at 10s, £730 0s 0d

Gold amounting to, £2,923 4s 0d

7844 dollars at 5s, £1,961 0s 0d

10880 half ryals at 3¾d, £170 0s 0d

441 French pieces, £3 13s 6d

7147 rupees at 2s 3d, £804 0s 9d

Odd money, £0 0s 7d

Silver amounting to, £2,938 14s 10d

Cash notes of no use, £539 15s 0d

The account was totalled at £6,401 13s 10d and signed by Charles Hutchinson, John Adamson and John Clark.

Interpretations

This was the monthly balancing of the Company's cash at St Helena for the month ending 11 December 1758, the whole balance carried forward unchanged from the previous month and set out in the exact coin held in the treasury.

The treasury held the same mixture of gold and silver as before, pagodas and Venetian ducats in gold, and Spanish dollars, half ryals, French pieces and Indian rupees in silver, each reckoned into sterling at its fixed rate. That the total, the coin and even the figure for the unusable notes stood identical to the November account shows a month in which no receipts or payments passed through the treasury, the cash simply recounted and found unchanged. The persistence of the £539 in cash notes of no use, carried forward at the reduced figure settled the previous month, confirms that those notes had reached a stable book value and were held on the account without further movement.

330

324

4 January

At a Consultation held on Thursday the 4th day of

January 1759 at the Castle

Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governor

John Adamson Lieutenant Governor

Lieutenant John Clark of Council

The last Consultation was read approved and signed dated the 21

December 1758

This day died George Snyder Matross

Belisted Isaac Buck to Serve the Honorable

Company as a Soldier for five Years at 10s Bounty money

Chas Hutchinson

John Adamson

John Clark

At a Consultation held on Monday the 8th day of January

1759 at the Castle

Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Govr

John Adamson Lieutenant Govr

Lieutenant John Clark of Council

The last Consultation was read approved and Signed dated

the 4 of January 1759

The Executor of the last Will and testament of

George Snyder Matross this day produced the said Will desiring

it might be proved which was accordingly done upon the Oaths

of the Witness thereto the Will was follows Vizt

In the Name of God Amen

I George Snyder Matross in the Artillery Company in the

Service of the Honorable the United East India Company of England

At a consultation held on Thursday 4 January 1759 at the castle.

Present were Charles Hutchinson, Governor, John Adamson, Lieutenant Governor, and Lieutenant John Clark of Council.

The record of the last consultation, dated 21 December 1758, was read, approved and signed.

George Snyder, matross, died that day.

The Council enlisted Isaac Buck to serve the Honourable Company as a soldier for five years, at £0 10s 0d bounty money. The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson, John Adamson and John Clark.

At a consultation held on Monday 8 January 1759 at the castle.

Present were Charles Hutchinson, Governor, John Adamson, Lieutenant Governor, and Lieutenant John Clark of Council.

The record of the last consultation, dated 4 January 1759, was read, approved and signed.

The executor of the last will and testament of George Snyder, matross, produced the will and asked that it be proved, which was done upon the oath of the witnesses to it. The will ran as follows. In the name of God, amen. George Snyder, matross in the artillery company in the service of the Honourable the United East India Company of England.

Interpretations

This recorded two routine sittings of the Governor and Council at St Helena, dealing with the death and enlistment of soldiers and the opening of the probate of a dead matross's will.

The proving of a will was the legal process by which its validity was established, the executor named in it producing the document and the witnesses swearing on oath that they had seen the testator sign it, whereupon the Council admitted it to probate and authorised the executor to carry out its terms. This differs from the administration granted where a man died without a will, and the two procedures recur through these consultations as the island's governing body discharged the full range of probate functions. A matross was a junior artillery soldier who assisted the gunners, the same rank that appears throughout the garrison accounts.

The enlistment of Isaac Buck at a bounty of £0 10s 0d, twice the £0 5s 0d paid to George Bazette a month earlier, points to a rising cost of recruitment, the Company having to offer a larger inducement to secure a soldier as the pool of available men on the island tightened or as competing demands for labour drove up the price of a five-year engagement.

331

325

1758

at their Island St Helena being of a Weak Estate in health but

of Sound and disposing mind memory and understanding do hereby

make and publish this my last Will and Testament in manner and

form following that is to say

First I will and direct that all my Just Debts may be paid and

discharged by my Executor herefter Named out of what Effects I shall

leave at my decease in as Short a time after as he Conveniently Can

Item After such Debts shall be paid as aforesaid I hereby give and

bequeath all my Cloathing of what kind soever Money Goods and Effects

which I shall be possessed of or intitled to at the time of my decease

in the said Island St Helena unto my Friend and Comrade

Peter Mitchell also Matross in the said Artillery Company to and

for his own use

Lastly I do hereby nominate constitute and appoint the said

Peter Mitchell Executor of this my last Will and Testament ratifying

without any other person And I do hereby revoke and make void

any formerly Will by me at any time herebefore made and Executed

and declare this only to be my last Will and Testament

In Witness whereof I the said George Snyder have hereunto

set my hand and Seale this Twenty ninth day of December in

the Year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and fifty Eight

Signed

George Snyder

X X X

his Mark

Signed sealed published and

declared by the said Testator

George Snyder as his last Will and

Testament in the presence of us who

at his request and in his presence

have Subscribed our Names as

Witness

John Languedge

S Dunn Do

Chas Hutchinson

John Adamson

John Clark

The will of George Snyder, made at St Helena, continued. He described himself as being of a weak state in health but of sound and disposing mind, memory and understanding, and set out his last will and testament as follows.

First, he directed that all his just debts be paid and discharged by his executor out of his effects, as soon after his death as could conveniently be managed.

Next, once those debts were paid, he gave and bequeathed all his clothing, money, goods and effects that he might possess at St Helena at the time of his death to his friend and comrade Peter Mitchell, also a matross in the artillery company, for his own use.

Lastly, he named and appointed Peter Mitchell sole executor of the will, without any other person, and revoked every former will he had made, declaring this alone to be his last will and testament. In witness of this, George Snyder set his hand and seal on 29 December 1758.

The will was signed with the mark of George Snyder, who could not write, and was published and declared by him as his last will and testament in the presence of the witnesses, who subscribed their names at his request and in his presence, John Languedge and P Dunn. The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson, John Adamson and John Clark.

Interpretations

This set out the full text of George Snyder's will, admitted to probate at the consultation of 8 January 1759, by which a dying artillery soldier left everything he owned to a fellow soldier.

The will follows the standard form of the period, opening with the testator's declaration of sound mind despite bodily weakness, directing first the payment of debts and then the disposal of the residue, and closing with the appointment of an executor and the revocation of earlier wills. Snyder signed by a mark rather than a signature, the sign used by a man who could not write, his will nonetheless given full legal force through the sworn attestation of the two witnesses. The entire estate, no more than a soldier's clothing, money and personal effects, passed to a single comrade of the same rank, the bond between the two matrosses standing in place of any family claim.

That a common soldier so far from home left everything to a fellow soldier rather than to kin in England reflects the reality of garrison life on a remote island, where a man's closest ties were the comrades who served beside him, and where the practical difficulty of conveying a small estate across the world made a bequest to a friend on the spot the natural disposal.

332

326

January 15

At a Consultation held on Monday the 15 day of January

1759 at the Castle

Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governr

John Adamson Lieutenant Governr

Lieutenant John Clark of Council

The last Consultation was read approved and signed dated the 8th

January 1759

By the Return received from the Planters of the

number of Cattle they have for Slaughter for the Ensuing Year

which was this day Compleated there appears there will be 376

head

Chas Hutchinson

John Adamson

John Clark

At a Consultation held on Monday the 22 day of January

1759 at the Castle

Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governr

John Adamson Lieutenant Governr

Lieutenant John Clark of Council

The last Consultation was read approved and signed dated the 15

January 1759

The Plantation Gunners and Stewards accounts

were this day brought in which were Examined and approved and

are as follows vizt

Account

At a consultation held on Monday 15 January 1759 at the castle.

Present were Charles Hutchinson, Governor, John Adamson, Lieutenant Governor, and Lieutenant John Clark of Council.

The record of the last consultation, dated 8 January 1759, was read, approved and signed.

The returns received from the planters of the number of cattle they held for slaughter in the coming year were completed that day, and showed that there would be 376 head. The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson, John Adamson and John Clark.

At a consultation held on Monday 22 January 1759 at the castle.

Present were Charles Hutchinson, Governor, John Adamson, Lieutenant Governor, and Lieutenant John Clark of Council.

The record of the last consultation, dated 15 January 1759, was read, approved and signed.

The plantation, gunner's and steward's accounts were brought in, examined, approved and set out as follows.

Interpretations

This recorded two routine sittings of the Governor and Council at St Helena, the first completing the annual cattle return and the second opening with the examination of the plantation and garrison accounts.

The return of cattle held for slaughter followed directly from the advertisement the Council had ordered on 11 December 1758, requiring every stockholder to declare on oath how many animals he intended to kill in the coming year. The completed figure of 376 head gave the administration a forward count of the meat the island's private herds would yield, allowing it to judge whether the supply would meet the settlement's needs and to regulate killing so that the breeding stock was not run down. This annual reckoning, gathered from sworn individual returns and totalled by the Council, shows the close management of the island's food supply that its isolation demanded, the governing body needing to know in advance what fresh meat would be available before the year's shipping and consumption were planned.

333

327

Account of the Honorable Companys Stock of Neat Cattle &c from the 12th of December 1758 to the 11 January 1759 Vizt

Neat Cattle, Sheep, Goats, Hogs, Poultry, Horses, Asses

Bulls, Cows, Calves, Yearlings, Heifers, Steers, Poulticks, Total, Ewes, Wathers, Lambs, Rams, Total, Ewes, Wathers, Kids, Rams, Total, Sows, Shoats, Pigs, Boars, Total, Fowls, Ducks, Turkeys, Geese, Horses, Mares, Total, Asses, Fillies, Total

Remaing 12th: Bulls 6, Cows 117, Calves 106, Yearlings 42, Heifers 33, Steers 37, Poulticks 26, Total 367, Ewes 377, Wathers 151, Lambs 171, Rams 8, Total 707, Ewes 213, Wathers 57, Kids 91, Rams 6, Total 367, Sows 5, Shoats 2, Pigs 22, Boars 1, Total 30, Fowls 194, Ducks 91, Turkeys 17, Geese 39, Horses 6, Mares 5, Total 11, Asses 4, Fillies 2, Total 6

Encreased: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 2, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Poulticks 0, Total 2, Ewes 0, Wathers 0, Lambs 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Ewes 0, Wathers 0, Kids 7, Rams 0, Total 7, Sows 0, Shoats 0, Pigs 0, Boars 0, Total 0, Fowls 3, Ducks 0, Turkeys 0, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0, Asses 0, Fillies 0, Total 0

Total: Bulls 6, Cows 117, Calves 108, Yearlings 42, Heifers 33, Steers 37, Poulticks 26, Total 369, Ewes 377, Wathers 151, Lambs 171, Rams 8, Total 707, Ewes 213, Wathers 57, Kids 98, Rams 6, Total 374, Sows 5, Shoats 2, Pigs 22, Boars 1, Total 30, Fowls 197, Ducks 91, Turkeys 17, Geese 39, Horses 6, Mares 5, Total 11, Asses 4, Fillies 2, Total 6

Killed: Bulls 0, Cows 1, Calves 1, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 1, Poulticks 0, Total 3, Ewes 9, Wathers 0, Lambs 0, Rams 0, Total 9, Ewes 5, Wathers 10, Kids 1, Rams 0, Total 16, Sows 0, Shoats 1, Pigs 0, Boars 0, Total 1, Fowls 13, Ducks 3, Turkeys 2, Geese 2, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0, Asses 0, Fillies 0, Total 0

Died: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 0, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Poulticks 0, Total 0, Ewes 3, Wathers 0, Lambs 0, Rams 0, Total 3, Ewes 0, Wathers 0, Kids 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Sows 0, Shoats 4, Pigs 0, Boars 0, Total 4, Fowls 7, Ducks 5, Turkeys 0, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0, Asses 0, Fillies 0, Total 0

Killed by Dogs: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 0, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Poulticks 0, Total 0, Ewes 0, Wathers 0, Lambs 3, Rams 0, Total 3, Ewes 0, Wathers 0, Kids 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Sows 0, Shoats 0, Pigs 0, Boars 0, Total 0, Fowls 0, Ducks 0, Turkeys 0, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0, Asses 0, Fillies 0, Total 0

Sold: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 0, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Poulticks 0, Total 0, Ewes 3, Wathers 0, Lambs 0, Rams 0, Total 3, Ewes 0, Wathers 0, Kids 6, Rams 0, Total 6, Sows 0, Shoats 0, Pigs 0, Boars 0, Total 0, Fowls 0, Ducks 0, Turkeys 0, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0, Asses 0, Fillies 0, Total 0

Missing: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 0, Yearlings 0, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Poulticks 0, Total 0, Ewes 0, Wathers 0, Lambs 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Ewes 0, Wathers 0, Kids 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Sows 0, Shoats 0, Pigs 0, Boars 0, Total 0, Fowls 4, Ducks 0, Turkeys 0, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0, Asses 0, Fillies 0, Total 0

Remaining 11th: Bulls 6, Cows 116, Calves 107, Yearlings 42, Heifers 33, Steers 36, Poulticks 26, Total 366, Ewes 371, Wathers 142, Lambs 168, Rams 8, Total 689, Ewes 208, Wathers 41, Kids 97, Rams 6, Total 352, Sows 5, Shoats 1, Pigs 18, Boars 1, Total 25, Fowls 177, Ducks 79, Turkeys 15, Geese 37, Horses 6, Mares 5, Total 11, Asses 4, Fillies 2, Total 6

12 Goats for the Slaves at Christmas as usual

6 Do for the Hospital Wt 99

1 Do killed by Accident

3 Sheep to the Markett

1 Cow killed for the Slaves at Christmas as usual

Good Yam expended for Slaves

20,650

Refuse Do for Stock

9,300

29,950

Signed

John Adamson

The Honourable Company's stock of neat cattle and other livestock was accounted for between 12 December 1758 and 11 January 1759. The figures are set out below under the column headings carried across the page, the neat cattle divided into bulls, cows, calves, yearlings, heifers, steers and oxen, the sheep into ewes, wethers, lambs and rams, the goats into ewes, wethers, kids and rams, the hogs into sows, shoats, pigs and boars, the poultry into fowls, ducks, turkeys and geese, and the horses and asses each into their own kinds.

Neat cattle remaining, 6 bulls, 117 cows, 106 calves, 42 yearlings, 33 heifers, 37 steers, 26 oxen, 367 total

Sheep remaining, 377 ewes, 151 wethers, 171 lambs, 8 rams, 707 total

Goats remaining, 213 ewes, 57 wethers, 91 kids, 6 rams, 367 total

Hogs remaining, 5 sows, 2 shoats, 22 pigs, 1 boar, 30 total

Poultry remaining, 194 fowls, 91 ducks, 17 turkeys, 39 geese

Horses remaining, 6 horses, 5 mares, 11 total

Asses remaining, 4 he asses, 2 she asses, 6 total

Neat cattle increased, 2 calves, 2 total

Sheep increased, 2 lambs, 2 total

Goats increased, 7 kids, 7 total

Poultry increased, 3 fowls

Neat cattle total, 6 bulls, 117 cows, 108 calves, 42 yearlings, 33 heifers, 37 steers, 26 oxen, 369 total

Sheep total, 377 ewes, 151 wethers, 171 lambs, 8 rams, 707 total

Goats total, 213 ewes, 57 wethers, 98 kids, 6 rams, 374 total

Hogs total, 5 sows, 2 shoats, 22 pigs, 1 boar, 30 total

Poultry total, 197 fowls, 91 ducks, 17 turkeys, 39 geese

Horses total, 6 horses, 5 mares, 11 total

Asses total, 4 he asses, 2 she asses, 6 total

Neat cattle killed, 1 cow, 1 calf, 1 yearling, 3 total

Sheep killed, 9 ewes, 9 total

Goats killed, 5 ewes, 10 wethers, 1 kid, 16 total

Poultry killed, 1 fowl, 13 ducks, 3 turkeys, 2 geese

Neat cattle died, 0

Sheep died, 3 wethers, 3 total

Hogs died, 4 pigs, 4 total

Poultry died, 7 fowls, 5 ducks

Sheep killed by dogs, 3 lambs, 3 total

Goats sold, 3 ewes, 3 wethers, 6 total

Poultry missing, 4 geese

Neat cattle remaining 11 January, 6 bulls, 116 cows, 107 calves, 42 yearlings, 33 heifers, 36 steers, 26 oxen, 366 total

Sheep remaining 11 January, 371 ewes, 142 wethers, 168 lambs, 8 rams, 689 total

Goats remaining 11 January, 208 ewes, 41 wethers, 97 kids, 6 rams, 352 total

Hogs remaining 11 January, 5 sows, 1 shoat, 18 pigs, 1 boar, 25 total

Poultry remaining 11 January, 177 fowls, 79 ducks, 15 turkeys, 37 geese

Horses remaining 11 January, 6 horses, 5 mares, 11 total

Asses remaining 11 January, 4 he asses, 2 she asses, 6 total

The disposals during the month were noted below the table. At Christmas, as was customary, 12 goats were killed for the slaves and one cow for the slaves, and six goats went to the hospital at a weight of 99. One goat was killed by accident, and three sheep went to the market. Good yam expended for the slaves came to 20,650 and refuse yam for stock to 9,300, making a total of 29,950. The account was signed by John Adamson.

Interpretations

This was the monthly livestock return for the Company's stock at St Helena, reconciling every class of animal through birth, slaughter and other loss between 12 December 1758 and 11 January 1759, and setting the yam consumed by the slaves and the stock alongside.

The return records the Christmas killing, when a cow and twelve goats were slaughtered for the slaves as a customary provision, the one occasion in the year when the enslaved population received beef. The categories of loss are unusually full for this month, including animals killed by dogs and geese gone missing as well as the ordinary killed, died and sold, showing the fine detail in which every reduction of the stock had to be explained. Wethers were castrated rams and shoats young weaned pigs, the distinctions of age and sex carried through so that breeding animals could be told from those fit only for slaughter. The larger quantity of yam expended reflects the extra feeding of the festival season.

The deliberate provision of beef and goat to the slaves at Christmas, entered as a fixed annual custom, reveals the calculated paternalism of the plantation regime, a modest seasonal allowance of fresh meat serving to mark the one recognised holiday while the enslaved were for the rest of the year sustained chiefly on yam, the whole arrangement set down as a routine charge in the same book that counted them among the Company's stock.

334

328

January 22

Artillery Stores Expended from the 12 of December 1758

to the 11th January 1759 both Days included

Decr 21 Powder for Sealing the Guns at Sandy Bay and for priming

38 0s 0d

Jan 10 Do for Sealing the Guns in Powle Valley and for priming

1 0s 8d

Do for Excercing the West flying Party

17 0s 0d

Do for Excercing the South flying Party

3 0s 12d

Do for Excercing the Cart flying Party

9 0s 0d

Do the Signals for the Long Boat

0 0s 0d

Do for the funeral of George Snyder

2 0s 4d

Total 72 0s 0d

Paper for makeing great Gun Cartridges

6

Needles broke with Sewing of Do and Quilting of Portridge Shot

3

Spunge Staves broke at Ruports

1

Sheep Skins for Coating Spunges

8

French Nails for repairing and Coating Spunges

250

Tallow for Greasing the Carriages at Sandy Bay

6

Do for the use of the Carts

4

Signed

Thomas Hall

Sundrys Expended at the Honorable Companys Table

in the Month Ending the 11th January 1759

18 Bottles Port

£1 5s 1½d

22 Do Lisbon

£1 10s 8½d

13 Do Mountain

0 16s 3d

15 Do Madeira

£1 17s ¼d

60 Do Arrack

£2 6s 0d

13 Do Beer

0 2s 8½d

275 Flour

£2 0s ¾d

283 Fresh Beef

£3 10s 9d

518 Mutton

£10 15s 10d

1 Rice

0 5s 0d

37 Goat

0 12s 4d

13 Fowls

0 19s 6d

3 Ducks

0 4s 6d

2 Geese

0 10s 0d

£26 15s 9½d

The artillery stores expended between 12 December 1758 and 11 January 1759 were set out as follows.

Powder for scaling the guns at Sandy Bay and for priming, 3 to 8

Ditto for scaling the guns in Rupert's Valley and for priming, 1 to 8

Ditto for exercising the west flying party, 17 to 7

Ditto for exercising the south flying party, 3 to 12

Ditto for exercising the cart flying party, 9 to 0

Ditto for the signal for the long boat, 0 to 0

Ditto for the funeral of George Snyder, 2 to 4

Total, 72 to 0

Paper for making great gun cartridges, 6 quires

Needles broke with sewing of ditto and quilting of partridge shot, 3

Sponge staves broke at the reports, 1

Sheep skins for coating sponges, 8

French nails for repairing worn coating sponges, 250

Tallow for greasing the carriages at Sandy Bay, 6

Ditto for the use of the carts, 4

The account was signed by Thomas Hall.

The provisions consumed at the Honourable Company's table for the month ending 11 January 1759 continued as follows.

18 bottles port, £1 5s 1½d

22 ditto Lisbon, £1 10s 8½d

13 ditto mountain, £0 16s 3d

15 ditto Madeira, £1 17s 0¼d

60 ditto arrack, £2 6s 0d

13 ditto beer, £0 2s 8½d

275 flour, £2 0s 3¾d

283 fresh beef, £3 10s 9d

518 mutton, £10 15s 10d

1 kid, £0 5s 0d

37 goat, £0 12s 4d

13 fowls, £0 19s 6d

3 ducks, £0 4s 6d

2 geese, £0 10s 0d, £26 15s 9½d

Interpretations

This set out the monthly artillery account for 12 December 1758 to 11 January 1759, followed by the opening of the table account for provisions consumed by the Company's establishment.

The powder account records the routine work of the gunners, the scaling of the batteries at Sandy Bay and Rupert's Valley to clear the guns of fouling, and the exercising of the west, south and cart flying parties. A distinct entry marks the powder spent on the funeral of George Snyder, the matross whose will was proved earlier in the month, the firing of guns being the customary military honour paid over a soldier's grave. Partridge shot was a scatter charge of small balls quilted into a cloth casing so that it spread on discharge, and the sponges coated in sheepskin were the wet swabs used to quench a cannon's bore between rounds.

The powder expended over Snyder's grave shows the garrison extending full military ceremony even to a common matross who died on the island, the cost of the funeral firing charged to the same account that supplied the guns for drill and defence, a mark of the respect the small isolated garrison paid its own dead.

335

329

1759

Brought over

£26 15s 9½d

2 Turkeys

0 10s 0d

467 Butter

£2 6s 6d

66 Veal

£1 13s 0d

47 Fresh Pork

£1 3s 6d

2 pieces of Salt Pork

0 4s 0d

94 Candy

£1 11s 4d

£34 4s 1½d

Chas Hutchinson

John Adamson

John Clark

At a Consultation held on Monday the 29 day of January 1759

at the Castle

Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governor

John Adamson Lieutenant Governor

Lieutenant John Clark of Council

The Last Consultation was read approved and signed dated the 22

of January 1759

Saturday the 27th Arrived the Honorable Company Ship Latham Captain

John Fort from Bombay

The Storekeeper brought in his Collectons and the

Paymaster his Accounts for the Quarterly Ending the 11th Instant

which were examined and approved and are as follow Vizt

The table account for the month ending 11 January 1759 continued as follows.

Brought over, £26 15s 9½d

2 turkeys, £0 10s 0d

46 fresh butter, £2 6s 6d

66 veal, £1 13s 0d

47 fresh pork, £1 3s 6d

2 pieces of salt pork, £0 4s 0d

9 candy, £1 11s 4d, £34 4s 1½d

The account was signed by Charles Hutchinson, John Adamson and John Clark.

At a consultation held on Monday 29 January 1759 at the castle.

Present were Charles Hutchinson, Governor, John Adamson, Lieutenant Governor, and Lieutenant John Clark of Council.

The record of the last consultation, dated 22 January 1759, was read, approved and signed.

On Saturday 27 January the Honourable Company's ship Latham, Captain John Foot, arrived from Bombay.

The storekeeper brought in his collector's and the paymaster's accounts for the quarter ending 11 January, which were examined, approved and set out as follows.

Interpretations

This closed the monthly table account and recorded a routine sitting of the Governor and Council at St Helena, marking the arrival of a homeward Company ship and the examination of the quarterly accounts.

The arrival of the Latham from Bombay was the significant event, a Company East Indiaman calling at St Helena on the long passage home from India. Such ships were the lifeline of the settlement, bringing news, mail and trade goods, taking on the fresh water, provisions and naval stores the island held in reserve, and carrying the Company's accounts and correspondence back to the Court of Directors in London. The collector was the officer who gathered the island's revenues, and the paymaster the officer who disbursed its wages and charges, their accounts examined together at the quarter's end.

The care with which the ship's name, its commander and its port of origin were entered reflects the importance of every such call to a remote island wholly dependent on shipping, the arrival of a vessel from India being both a commercial opportunity to victual and refit her and the chief means by which the isolated settlement kept its connection to the wider Company world.

336

330

January 29

Collections of Goods sold and Delivered out

of the Honorable Companys Stores from the 12 of October 1758

to the 11 January 1759 Vizt

Sold to the Companys Servants at 10 Pr Cent

Sugar & Candy vizt

4869 Sugar

60 17s 3d

1249 Candy

23 8s 3½d

84 5s 6½d

Tea vizt

153¾ Congo

9 11s 6½d

73¾ Single

3 13s 9d

76½ Bohea

3 10s 1½d

16 15s 5d

Deals Vizt

38 Single

4 10s 3d

6 Double

1 15s 3d

1 Cuffion

0 4s 6d

5 Baths

1 19s 2d

8 9s 2d

Nails vizt

6 6

1 11s 2d

7¼ 2

0 4s 8d

10½ 3

0 5s 11d

51 10

1 1s 3d

28 20

0 10s 6d

61 4

1 7s 11½d

4 40

0 1s 6d

3¼ Tacks

0 4s 7½d

1½ Glazing Brads

0 1s 3d

1 Scupper

0 0s 6d

5 9s 4d

Soap 108

0 14s 9d

Beef & Pork vizt

2326 pieces of Beef

232 12s 0d

2665 pieces of Pork

266 10s 0d

499 2s 0d

Carried over £628 10s 5½d

The collections of goods sold and delivered out of the Honourable Company's stores between 12 October 1758 and 11 January 1759 were set out as follows. The goods were sold to the Company's servants at 10 per cent.

Sugar and candy, various sorts

1869 sugar, £60 17s 3d

1249 candy, £23 8s 3½d, £84 5s 6½d

Tea, various sorts

153¾ congou, £9 11s 6½d

73¾ singlo, £3 13s 9d

76½ bohea, £3 10s 1½d, £16 15s 5d

Deals, various sorts

38 single, £4 10s 3d

9 double, £1 15s 3d

1 gutter, £0 4s 6d

5 baths, £1 19s 2d, £8 9s 2d

Nails, various sorts

6 to 6, £1 11s 2d

7¼ to 2, £0 4s 8d

10½ to 3, £0 5s 11d

5 to 10, £1 1s 3d

28 to 20, £0 10s 6d

61 to 4, £1 7s 11½d

4 to 40, £0 1s 6d

3¼ tacks, £0 4s 7½d

1½ glazing brads, £0 1s 3d

1 scupper, £0 0s 6d, £5 9s 4d

Soap 108, £14 9s 0d

Beef and pork, various sorts

2326 pieces of beef, £232 12s 0d

2665 pieces of pork, £266 10s 0d, £499 2s 0d

Carried over, £628 10s 5½d.

Interpretations

This set out the collector's account of goods sold from the Company's stores to its own servants over the quarter ending 11 January 1759, the sales made at a fixed markup of 10 per cent.

The account records the Company operating as the sole supplier of goods to its garrison and staff, selling out of the great warehouse inventory at a controlled margin above cost rather than at open market prices. The single largest item by far was salt beef and pork, nearly five thousand pieces worth almost £500, the preserved meat that formed the staple protein of the establishment and had to be shipped in and issued in bulk. The teas, sugar, candy and building materials sold alongside show the range of the Company store, from provisions and groceries to the deals and nails of construction. Selling to servants at a set 10 per cent over cost was both a convenience to men who had no other source of supply and a means by which the Company recovered its outlay without profiteering on a captive market.

The fixed 10 per cent markup, applied uniformly across every class of goods from tea to timber, reveals the Company's dual role as employer and monopoly retailer on the island, the modest and consistent margin serving to keep its servants supplied at fair and predictable prices while ensuring the store neither lost money nor exploited the men who had nowhere else to buy.

337

331

1759

Brought over

£628 10s 5½d

Shoes Vizt

90 Do Mens Ordinary

19 2s 6d

1 Do Do fine

0 6s 1d

3 Do Channeld Pumps

1 3s 1½d

1 Do fine Do

0 6s 7½d

8 Do of Boys

1 10s 4d

3 Do Girls

0 6s 4d

2 Do Spanish

0 9s 11d

3 Do Calimanco

0 15s 0d

24 0s 2½d

Shirts vizt

100 Soldiers

24 11s 8d

2 Do Linnen

3 12s 4d

28 4s 0d

Rice & Paddy vizt

40 3 19 Rice

6 11s 2½d

25 2 12 Paddey

6 0s 4d

12 11s 6½d

Hosiers Ware Vizt

84 Do Thread Stockings

11 18s 0d

2 Do Womens Do

0 6s 8d

6 Do Mens Do knit

0 18s 9d

4 Do Boys Do

0 9s 10d

3 Do Girls Do

0 4s 11d

13 18s 2d

Paint Vizt

26¾ Whiting

0 5s 6d

16 Barrels of Bleaching

0 6s 0d

30 Do Blue Smalts

2 5s 9d

6 Venetian Rose

0 1s 3d

9¾ Do mixed with Oil

0 10s 10½d

12½ Olive Colour

0 14s 6d

3¾ Sky blue

0 3s 5d

1 Dead Lead

0 4s 4½d

½ White Copperass

0 2s 6d

1 Mahogany

0 8s 6½d

68 Do Water Lead

14 Yellow Oaker mixed with Oil

7s 0d

10 Stone Colour

6 17s 2d

Oil Vizt

13½ Gallons Train

2 11s 9d

9¾ Do Linseed

1 7s 1½d

10 Bottles Florence

1 7s 1d

5 16s 2½d

Carried over £719 17s 9d

The collector's account of goods sold to the Company's servants continued as follows.

Brought over, £628 10s 5½d

Shoes, various sorts

90 pairs mens ordinary, £19 2s 6d

1 pair ditto fine, £0 6s 1d

3 pairs channelled pumps, £1 3s 1½d

1 pair fine ditto, £0 6s 7½d

8 pairs boys, £1 10s 4d

3 pairs girls, £0 6s 4d

2 pairs Spanish, £0 9s 11d

3 pairs calamancoes, £0 15s 0d, £24 0s 2½d

Shirts, various sorts

100 sentinels, £24 11s 8d

2 pairs linen, £3 12s 4d, £28 4s 0d

Rice and paddy, various sorts

16 to 3 to 19 rice, £6 11s 2½d

23 to 2 to 12 paddy, £6 0s 4d, £12 11s 6½d

Hosiers ware, various sorts

84 pairs thread stockings, £11 18s 0d

2 pairs womens ditto, £0 6s 8d

6 pairs mens ditto knit, £0 18s 9d

4 pairs boys ditto, £0 9s 10d

2 pairs girls ditto, £0 4s 11d, £13 18s 2d

Paint, various sorts

26½ whiting, £0 5s 6d

16 barrels of bleaching, £0 6s 0d

30 to blue smalts, £2 5s 3d

6 Venetian red, £0 1s 3d

9¾ ditto mixed with oil, £0 10s 10½d

12½ olive colour, £0 14s 6d

3¾ sky blue, £0 5s 5d

1 red lead, £0 4s 4½d

½ white copperas, £0 2s 6d

1 mahogany, £0 8s 6½d

6 to white lead, £0 7s 0d

14 yellow ochre mixed with oil, [...]

10 stone colour, £6 17s 2d

Oil, various sorts

13½ gallons train, £2 11s 9d

9¾ ditto linseed, £1 7s 1½d

10 bottles Florence, £1 7s 1d, £5 16s 2¾d

Carried over, £719 17s 9d.

Interpretations

This continued the collector's account of goods sold from the Company's stores to its servants over the quarter ending 11 January 1759, running through footwear, shirts, provisions, hosiery, paints and oils.

The account shows the same range of goods drawn from the great warehouse inventory and sold at the fixed 10 per cent markup, the largest items being ordinary mens shoes and sentinels shirts, the working footwear and clothing that the garrison consumed steadily. Calamanco was a glossy checked worsted from which some shoes were made, and channelled pumps were light shoes with a groove cut in the sole to hold the stitching. Blue smalts were powdered cobalt glass used as a pigment, red and white lead the common base colours, and Florence oil the fine olive oil imported from Leghorn in bottles for the table. Paddy was rice still in the husk, sold with the cleaned rice as a food staple.

The steady drawing of shoes, shirts and stockings from store by the Company's own servants confirms how completely the men depended on the warehouse for the ordinary necessities of dress, footwear and clothing wearing out at a rate that only a well-stocked central supply could meet on an island that manufactured none of these goods itself.

338

332

January 29

Brought over

£719 7s 9d

Turners Ware Vizt

12 Shoe Brushes

0 7s 6d

1 Mop

0 1s 1½d

8 Paint brushes

0 5s 0d

5 Labourers Baskets

0 3s 1½d

1 Basket

0 2s 7d

5 Hair brooms

0 12s 6d

4 Wood bowls

0 5s 4d

4 Platters

0 4s 8d

1 Scrub broom

0 0s 5½d

4 Punch Ladles

0 2s 6d

3 Trays

0 10s 6d

4 Wood Ladle

0 1s 6d

2 18s 3½d

Haberdashery Ware Vizt

64 Skeins Mohair

1 4s 0d

48 Do Silk

1 2s 0d

12 Do Mohair breast Buttons

0 4s 0d

21¾ Do Coat Do

0 14s 6d

13½ Do Silver Do

0 10s 1d

20½ Do Do Breast Do

0 4s 5d

40 Do Carnation Tape

0 3s 0d

2 Do Holland Do

0 1s 5d

26 Cockades

0 11s 1½d

12 Doz Tin Breast Buttons

0 1s 6d

26 Do White Wooded Do

0 0s 6d

5 5s 1d

Leather Vizt

12 Calf Skins

4 1s 6d

45 Sole Leather

2 10s 7½d

6 12s 1½d

Shalloon Vizt

29 Yards Scarlet

3 11s 3½d

10¼ Do blew

9½ Do brown

2 7s 0d

16 Do black

6 8s 3½d

Carried over £741 1s 6½d

The collector's account of goods sold to the Company's servants continued as follows.

Brought over, £719 7s 9d

Turners ware, various sorts

12 shoe brushes, £0 7s 6d

1 mop, £0 1s 4½d

8 paint brushes, £0 5s 0d

5 labourers baskets, £0 4s 4½d

1 racket, £0 2s 7d

5 hair brooms, £0 12s 6d

4 wood bowls, £0 5s 4d

4 platters, £0 4s 8d

1 birch broom, £0 0s 5½d

4 punch ladles, £0 2s 6d

3 trays, £0 10s 6d

4 ditto ditto, £0 1s 6d, £2 18s 3½d

Haberdashery ware, various sorts

64 skeins mohair, £0 7s 4d

48 ditto silk, £1 2s 0d

12 ditto mohair breast buttons, £0 4s 0d

21¼ ditto coat ditto, £0 14s 6d

15½ ditto silver ditto, £0 10s 1d

20¼ ditto ditto breast ditto, £0 8s 3½d

4 ditto carnation tape, £0 3s 0d

2 ditto holland ditto, £0 1s 5d

26 cockades, £0 11s 1½d

12 dozen tin breast buttons, £0 1s 6d

26 ditto white waistcoat ditto, £0 0s 6d, £5 5s 1d

Leather, various sorts

12 calf skins, £4 1s 6d

45 soles leather, £2 10s 7½d, £6 12s 1½d

Shalloon, various sorts

29 yards scarlet, £3 11s 3½d

10¼ ditto blue, £1 5s 0d

9½ ditto brown, £2 7s 0d

16 ditto black, £2 7s 0d, £6 8s 3½d

Carried over, £741 1s 6½d.

Interpretations

This continued the collector's account of goods sold to the Company's servants over the quarter ending 11 January 1759, covering woodware and brushes, haberdashery, leather and worsted cloth.

The goods again came from the great warehouse inventory, sold at the fixed 10 per cent markup, the buttons, mohair, silk and tape of the haberdashery serving to make and mend uniform coats and waistcoats. Cockades were the rosettes of ribbon worn on a hat as a badge of allegiance or rank, and shalloon the lightweight woollen twill used to line garments, sold here in the scarlet, blue and black of military dress. Calf skins and sole leather were bought by men to have shoes and small goods made or repaired, the raw material passing to the island's own craftsmen.

The sale of raw leather, cloth and fastenings to the servants, rather than only finished goods, shows a settlement in which men supplemented the Company's issued clothing by having garments and shoes made up locally, the store supplying both the ready-made articles and the materials from which the island's tailors and shoemakers worked to keep the garrison clothed and shod.

339

333

1758

Iron Ware Vizt Brought Over

£741 1s 6½d

1 Cupboard Lock

5 Sithe Stones

0 4s 1½d

1 Sithe

0 1s 4½d

4 Small Frying Pans

0 5s 11½d

1 large Do

0 8s 4d

3 Box Irons

0 3s 9½d

36 Do Dovetail Hinges

1 4s 7½d

3 Broad Hooes

0 15s 0d

3 Bricklayers Trowels

0 5s 10½d

2 Plaisterers Do

0 4s 1½d

2 Files

0 3s 5d

2 Iron rec'd wood Locks with brass knobs

0 1s 1d

1 Pr Large Steelyards

0 13s 7d

10 Do Small Do

0 10s 6d

5 Ditching Shovels

0 8s 9d

1 Claw hammer

0 4s 9½d

2 hand Hatchets

0 1s 3d

1 Chest Locks

0 3s 1d

10 Do HL Hinges

0 5s 11d

1 Wire Rat Traps

0 2s 9d

3 Pr Sheep Sheers

0 5s 5½d

3 Pick Axe

0 4s 0d

3 Helves

0 11s 4½d

1 Walling hammer

0 2s 1½d

1 Maull

0 1s 8d

2 Stock Locks

0 9s 4d

1 Plaisterers Sieve

0 5s 1½d

1 Bod Shovels

0 1s 9½d

1 Cleaver

0 4s 3d

1 Two foot Rule

0 1s 1½d

1 Bill hooks

0 2s 8½d

10 1s 11½d

Arrack 277 Gallons

69 5s 0d

Starch 23½

0 10s 3½d

Pitch & Tar vizt

2½ Gallons Tar

0 2s 3½d

19½ Rosin

0 3s 3d

6 Pitch

0 6s 10½d

14 Turpentine

0 2s 4d

0 8s 9d

821 7s 6½d

The collector's account of goods sold to the Company's servants continued as follows.

Brought over, £741 1s 6½d

Iron ware, various sorts

1 cupboard lock, £0 4s 1½d

5 scythe stones, £0 1s 7½d

1 scythe, £0 5s 11½d

4 small frying pans, £0 8s 4d

1 large ditto, £0 3s 9½d

3 box irons, £1 4s 7½d

36 pair dovetail hinges, £0 15s 0d

3 broad hinges, £0 5s 10½d

3 bricklayers trowels, £0 4s 1½d

2 plasterers ditto, £0 3s 5d

2 files, £0 1s 1d

2 iron rimmed locks with brass knobs, £0 13s 7d

1 pair large steelyards, £0 10s 6d

1 pair small ditto, £0 8s 9d

5 ditching shovels, £1 4s 9½d

1 claw hammer, £0 1s 3d

2 hand hatchets, £0 3s 1d

1 chest lock, £0 5s 11d

1 pair H hinges, £0 2s 9d

1 wire rat trap, £0 5s 5½d

3 pair sheep shears, £0 4s 0d

3 pickaxes, £0 11s 4½d

3 helves, £0 2s 1½d

1 walling hammer, £0 1s 8d

1 maul, £0 9s 4d

2 stock locks, £0 5s 2d

1 plasterers sieve, £0 1s 9½d

1 shod shovel, £0 4s 3d

1 cleaver, £0 1s 7½d

1 two foot rule, £0 2s 8½d

1 bill hook, £10 1s 11½d, £69 5s 0d

Arrack 277 gallons, £0 10s 3½d

Starch 23

Pitch and tar, various sorts

2½ gallons tar, £0 2s 3½d

19½ rosin, £0 3s 3d

6 pitch, £0 0s 10½d

1 turpentine, £0 2s 4d, £0 8s 9d

Carried over, £821 7s 6½d.

Interpretations

This continued the collector's account of goods sold to the Company's servants over the quarter ending 11 January 1759, running through a long list of iron tools and hardware, then arrack, starch and naval stores.

The iron ware sold was the everyday hardware of a working household, locks and hinges of every kind, edge tools, hammers, and the box irons used for pressing linen, all drawn from the warehouse and sold at the fixed markup. Steelyards were portable balances for weighing goods by a sliding counterpoise along a graduated arm, and shod and ditching shovels the iron-edged spades for digging in hard ground. The naval stores, pitch, tar, rosin and turpentine, were sold in small quantities to men needing them for waterproofing and repair. Arrack, the eastern spirit held in bulk in the warehouse, was sold by the gallon to the servants as a personal supply.

The wide sale of locks to the Company's servants points to a settlement in which private property was secured against theft, the men buying the means to lock their chests, cupboards and doors, a reminder that even in a small and closely governed community personal goods needed protection and the store supplied the hardware to provide it.

340

334

January 29

Brought over

£821 7s 6½d

Iron Pots vizt

1 of 2 Gallons

0 3s 6½d

1 of 1 Gallon

0 1s 3d

0 4s 9½d

Serge vizt

10 Yards blew

1 Do Do Grey

2 13s 4d

Hats Vizt

9 Boys

2 19s 7½d

2 Mens

1 18s 8d

4 18s 3½d

Cutlery Ware vizt

6 Bag horn knives and forks

0 5s 5½d

4 Roy knives

0 1s 6d

20 kitchen Do

0 8s 4d

57 Horn Combs

0 9s 6d

3 Do Shoe buckles

0 1s 9d

1 Pruning knife

0 0s 11d

445 Do Leather Garters

0 14s 8d

11 Ivory Combs

0 11s 5½d

2 13s 7d

Boots Vizt

2 Horn

0 0s 4d

1 Instrument

0 2s 1½d

1 Bummer

0 0s 3½d

0 2s 9d

Buckram

0 18s 1d

Chelloe 19 Do

9 4s 5½d

Canvas Vizt

147 Yards Osnabrig

6 2s 8½d

3 Do English Canvas

0 3s 7½d

6 6s 4d

Pewter Vizt

1 Chamber pot

0 3s ½d

1 Bason

0 2s 9½d

1 Crane

0 1s 7d

0 7s ½d

Hersey 43¼ Yds

1 6s 5d

3 4s 10½d

Carried over

£863 2s 5½d

The collector's account of goods sold to the Company's servants continued as follows.

Brought over, £821 7s 6½d

Iron pots, various sorts

1 of 2 gallons, £0 3s 6½d

1 of 1 gallon, £0 1s 3d, £0 4s 9½d

Serge, various sorts

10 yards blue, [...]

1 to ditto grey, £2 13s 4d

Hats, various sorts

9 boys, £2 19s 7½d

2 mens, £1 18s 8d, £4 18s 3½d

Cutlery ware, various sorts

6 bag horn knives and forks, £0 5s 5½d

4 shoe knives, £0 1s 6d

20 kitchen ditto, £0 8s 4d

57 horn combs, £0 9s 6d

3 pairs shoe buckles, £0 1s 9d

1 pruning knife, £0 0s 11d

44 pairs leather garters, £0 14s 8d

11 ivory combs, £0 11s 5½d, £2 13s 7d

Books, various sorts

2 horn, £0 0s 4d

1 testament, £0 2s 1½d

1 primer, £0 0s 3½d, £0 2s 9d

Buckram, £0 18s 1d

Chelloes 19 pieces, £9 4s 5½d

Canvas, various sorts

17 yards Osnaburg, £6 2s 8½d

3 ditto English canvas, £0 3s 7½d, £6 6s 4d

Pewter, various sorts

1 chamber pot, £0 3s 0½d

1 basin, £0 2s 9½d

1 crane, £0 1s 7d, £0 7s 5d

Kersey 43¼ yards, £3 4s 10½d

Carried over, £863 2s 5½d.

Interpretations

This continued the collector's account of goods sold to the Company's servants over the quarter ending 11 January 1759, covering iron pots, worsted cloth, hats, cutlery, books, canvas, pewter and more cloth.

The goods again came from the warehouse and sold at the fixed markup, the cloth in serge and kersey being the coarse woollens from which garments were made, and chelloes a kind of Indian cotton sold by the piece. Bag horn knives were cheap knives with handles of pressed horn, and the horn and ivory combs the ordinary grooming articles of the household. The small stock of books, a testament, a primer and horn books, shows the store supplying the means of religious instruction and basic reading, the horn book being a leaf of printed matter mounted on a board and protected by a thin sheet of transparent horn, from which children learned their letters.

The sale of primers and horn books to the servants points to the education of children on the island, families buying from the store the elementary reading materials by which the young were taught their letters and catechism, a small but telling sign of settled domestic life taking root within the Company's remote garrison community.

341

335

1759

Brought over

£853 2s 5½d

Pease

1 1s 7½d

Lead 5 Shot

Cordage 211¾

3 10s 7d

Flour vizt

39 42 Flour

32 17s 0d

163 Do 17

305 9s 8d

338 6s 8d

Hooks & Lines vizt

75 No 1

425 2

625 3 Hooks

600 6

575 7

11 Doz No 2

137 Do 3 Lines

35 Do 1 4

7½ Do Hambro

1 19s 2½d

6 3s 11½d

8 3s 2d

Glass Ware vizt

1 Quart decanter

0 3s 9d

2 Pint Do

0 6s 3d

18 Squares Glass 10 by 12

0 16s 6d

37 Do 8 by 10

1 18s 6d

40 Do 6 by 8

0 12s 6d

1 Do 11 by 14½

0 1s 6d

12 Wine Glasses

0 7s 6d

4 5s 11d

China Ware vizt

7 Bowls

0 5s 10d

6 Tea Pots

0 5s 0d

4 Guglets & Basons

0 8s 0d

13 Meat Plates

0 3s 6d

12 Soup Do

0 6s 2d

1 Do Dish

0 3s 11½d

5 Sallad

0 0s 5½d

1 Sauce Boat

1 6s 6d

Twine 42 Skeins

1 6s 3d

1211 14s 2d

The collector's account of goods sold to the Company's servants continued as follows.

Brought over, £863 2s 5½d

Pease, £1 1s 7½d

Lead 5 shot, £0 1s 4d

Cordage 21 to 4, £3 10s 7d

Flour, various sorts

39 to 2 flour, £32 17s 0d

16 to 3 to 17, £305 9s 8d, £338 6s 8d

Hooks and lines, various sorts

75 No 1

425 No 2

625 No 3 hooks

600 No 6

575 No 7, £1 19s 2½d

11 dozen No 3

137 ditto No 2

36 ditto No 1

7½ dozen Hambro No 4 lines, £6 3s 11½d, £8 3s 2d

Glass ware, various sorts

1 quart decanter, £0 3s 9d

2 pint ditto, £0 6s 3d

18 squares glass 10 by 12, £0 16s 6d

37 ditto 8 by 10, £1 18s 6d

40 ditto 6 by 8, £0 12s 6d

1 ditto 11 by 14½, £0 1s 6d

12 wine glasses, £0 7s 6d, £4 5s 11d

China ware, various sorts

7 bowls, £0 5s 10d

6 tea pots, £0 5s 0d

4 gugglets and basons, £0 8s 0d

12 meat plates, £0 3s 6d

12 soup ditto, £0 6s 2d

1 ditto dish, £0 3s 11½d

5 sallad ditto, £0 5s 5½d

1 sauce boat, £1 6s 6d

The account continued with twine 4 skeins at £0 16s 3d, and was carried over at £1,211 14s 2d.

Interpretations

This continued the collector's account of goods sold to the Company's servants over the quarter ending 11 January 1759, covering provisions, cordage, a very large sale of flour, fishing tackle, glass and china.

The single overwhelming item was flour, more than £338 worth in two parcels, the staple breadstuff that had to be shipped in entirely and on which the whole establishment depended, the servants drawing it from store in bulk since the island grew no grain. The fishing hooks and lines, sold in graded sizes by the hundred and by the dozen, supported the private fishing by which men supplemented their diet from the sea. Gugglets were the porous earthenware jars used to cool drinking water by evaporation, and the graded window glass, decanters and wine glasses the ordinary furnishings of the household.

The sheer scale of flour sold to the servants in a single quarter, dwarfing every other item on the account, underlines the island's total dependence on imported grain, the men buying breadstuff from the Company store because no local harvest could supply it, a reliance that made the regular arrival of provision ships a matter of survival for the settlement.

342

336

January 29

Brought over

£1211 14s 2d

Braziers Ware vizt

1 Copper Kettle

3 4s 4d

1 Tea Kettle

0 12s 6½d

1 Basting Cocks

0 3s 7½d

1 Pr Candlesticks

0 8s 3d

1 Pr Steel Snuffers

0 3s 10d

4 12s 0d

Salt 24 3 34 Bushells

3 19s 5d

Long Ells vizt

21¼ Yds Scarlet

2 10s 9d

7½ Do Blew

0 12s 11d

3 3s 8d

Thread vizt

5½ whited Brown

1 19s 10½d

13 Coloured

2 7s 8d

4 7s 6½d

Broad Cloth vizt

9 7/8 Yards Scarlet

10 11s 6d

4½ Do Grey

4 1s 9d

9 Do Primose

1 16s 4d

3 34 Do Green

2 15s 9d

5½ Do black

4 15s 2½d

24 3s 8½d

Camblet vizt

17½ Yds blew a 4/5

3 17s 3½d

6 Do Do 9/6½

2 17s 3d

11 Do Scarlet 4/11

2 14s 1d

9 8s 7½d

Dosootees 7 Piece

0 8s 6d

Long Cloth vizt

1 Do No 1

5 7s 5½d

5 Do 2

7 8s 9d

1 Do 4

14 6s 4½d

Blankets 6

1 13s 0d

Flannel 6 34 7½

0 8s 5d

Oars 1

0 4s 3d

Candles 6

0 12s 0d

Earthen Ware 8 Milk Pans

0 6s 0d

Coats 2 Bushells

0 2s 1d

Sailors Cloaths 2 Boys Shirts

0 7s 11d

Carried over

£1279 18s 2d

The collector's account of goods sold to the Company's servants continued as follows.

Brought over, £1,211 14s 2d

Braziers ware, various sorts

1 copper kettle, £3 4s 4d

1 tea kettle, £0 12s 6½d

1 basting cock, £0 3s 7½d

1 pair candlesticks, £0 8s 3d

1 pair steel snuffers, £0 3s 10d, £4 12s 0d

Salt 24 to 34 bushels, £3 19s 5d

Long ells, various sorts

21¼ yards scarlet, £2 10s 9d

7¾ ditto blue, £0 12s 11d, £3 3s 8d

Thread, various sorts

5½ white brown, £1 19s 10½d

13 coloured, £2 7s 8d, £4 7s 6½d

Broad cloth, various sorts

9⅞ yards scarlet, £10 11s 6d

4½ ditto grey, £4 1s 9d

9 ditto brown, £1 16s 4d

3¾ ditto green, £1 15s 2¾d

5¼ ditto black, £4 15s 2¾d, £24 3s 8¾d

Camlet, various sorts

17½ yards blue at 4s 5d, £3 17s 3½d

6 ditto ditto at 9s 6½d, £2 17s 3d

11 ditto scarlet at 4s 11d, £2 14s 1d, £9 8s 7½d

Doreas 7 pieces, £0 8s 6d

Long cloth, various sorts

1 piece No 1, £5 7s 5½d

5 pieces No 2, £7 8s 9d

1 piece No 4, £1 9s 2d, £14 6s 4½d

Blankets 6, £1 13s 0d

Flannel 6 to 7, £0 8s 5d

Oars 1, £0 4s 3d

Candles 6, £0 4s 3d

Earthen ware 8 milk pans, £0 12s 0d

Coats 2 bushels, £0 6s 0d

Sailors clothes 2 dozen shirts, £0 7s 11d

Carried over, £1,279 18s 2d.

Interpretations

This continued the collector's account of goods sold to the Company's servants over the quarter ending 11 January 1759, dominated by cloth of many kinds, with brass ware, salt, blankets and sundry other goods.

The account is thick with the woollen and cotton cloths of the warehouse, broad cloth in the scarlet, grey, brown, green and black from which coats were cut, camlet and long ell in blue and scarlet, and long cloth and doreas in the Indian cottons sold by the piece. Broad cloth was the fine dense woollen that took a smooth finish, used for the best coats, and camlet a durable worsted for outer wear. The scarlet broad cloth commanded the highest price of all the cloths, being the standard colour of the uniform coat. Basting cocks were long-handled spoons for spooning fat over roasting meat, sold with the copper and pewter ware.

The heavy sale of coat cloth in scarlet and other colours to the servants shows the men providing their own finished garments beyond the Company's issue, buying the cloth from store to have coats and clothing made up by the island's tailors, so that the warehouse served not only to clothe the garrison directly but to supply the material of a local trade in tailoring.

343

337

1759

Brought over

£1279 18s 2d

Tin Ware Vizt

2 Glass Lanthorns

2 Pint Saucepans

0 2s 5d

2 Cantons

0 0s 10d

1 Pudding Pan

0 3s 1d

1 Camp Kettle

0 1s 5½d

1 Horn Lanthorn

0 3s 4d

2 Quart Saucepans

0 2s 11½d

1 Do Funnel

0 1s 3d

1 Lamp

0 8s 8d

1 Dripping Pan

0 5s 10½d

6 Patty Pans

0 2s 5d

2 4s 3½d

1282 2s 5½d

Sold to the Planters at 25 Pr Cent vizt

Broad Cloth 2¾ Yds black

2 16s 10d

Shoes Vizt

1 Do Mens fine Pumps

0 7s 1d

1 Do Womens Calimanco

0 5s 11d

1 Do Spanish

0 5s 8d

1 Do Channeled Pumps

0 8s 9½d

3 Do Mens Ordinary

0 14s 1d

2 Do Boys

0 8s 8d

2 11s 2½d

Long Ells Vizt

8 Yds blew

0 13s 4d

15 Do Scarlet

2 0s 7½d

2 15s 11½d

Chelloes 8 Do

4 8s 8d

Hosiers Ware vizt

2 Do knit Stockings

0 8s 4d

1 Do Boys Do

0 8s 6d

1 Do Girls Do

0 2s 10d

1 Do Womens Do

0 7s 8d

1 7s 0d

Sold at 40 Pr Cent

Nails vizt

27 4

36 6

32 10

10 3

5 2

13 20

3 8s 9d

Carried over

£17 18s 5d

The collector's account continued, first completing the sales to the Company's servants, then setting out further goods sold to the planters at 25 per cent and others at 40 per cent.

Brought over, £1,279 18s 2d

Tin ware, various sorts

2 glass lanthorns, £0 2s 3d

2 pint saucepans, £0 0s 10d

2 canteens, £0 3s 1d

1 pudding pan, £0 1s 5½d

1 camp kettle, £0 3s 4d

1 horn lanthorn, £0 2s 11½d

2 quart saucepans, £0 1s 3d

1 ditto funnel, £0 8s 8d

1 lamp, £0 5s 10½d

1 dripping pan, £0 2s 5d

6 patty pans, £0 2s 3d, £2 4s 3½d

The total of goods sold to the servants at 10 per cent came to £1,282 2s 5½d.

The following goods were sold to the planters at 25 per cent.

Broad cloth 2¾ yards black, £2 16s 10d

Shoes, various sorts

1 pair mens fine pumps, £0 7s 1d

1 pair womens calamancoes, £0 5s 11d

1 pair ditto Spanish, £0 5s 8d

1 pair channelled pumps, £0 8s 9½d

3 pairs mens ordinary, £0 14s 1d

2 pairs boys, £0 8s 8d, £2 11s 2½d

Long ells, various sorts

8 yards blue, £0 15s 4d

15 ditto scarlet, £2 0s 7½d, £2 15s 11½d

Chelloes 8 pieces, £4 8s 8d

Hosiers ware, various sorts

2 pairs knit stockings, £0 8s 4d

4 pairs boys ditto, £0 8s 6d

1 pair girls ditto, £0 2s 10d

1 pair womens ditto, £0 7s 8d, £1 7s 0d

The following goods were sold at 40 per cent.

Nails, various sorts

27 to 4

36 to 6

32 to 10

10 to 3

5 to 2

13 to 20, £3 8s 9d

Carried over, £17 18s 5d.

Interpretations

This closed the account of goods sold to the Company's servants at 10 per cent and opened two further schedules, goods sold to the planters at 25 per cent and other goods sold at 40 per cent.

The account reveals a deliberate structure of differential pricing, the Company charging its own servants a modest 10 per cent over cost, the free planters a higher 25 per cent, and applying a steep 40 per cent to certain goods such as nails. The lower rate to servants was a benefit of Company service, supplying the garrison and staff cheaply from a source they could not do without, while the planters, who farmed on their own account and had more means, paid a larger margin. The 40 per cent charged on nails and similar hardware suggests goods in short supply or heavy demand, where the Company could recover more, or which it wished to conserve by pricing high.

The three-tier pricing exposes the Company's calculated management of its captive island market, extracting different margins from different classes of buyer according to their means and their dependence, the servant supplied near cost as a condition of his service while the independent planter and the buyer of scarce hardware paid progressively more, the single warehouse serving as an instrument of both provision and revenue.

344

338

Jan 29

Brought over

£17 8s 5d

Pitch & Tar vizt

25 Pitch

0 5s 2½d

1 Rosin

0 0s 3d

13 Gallon ½ Tar

0 15s 9d

18 Turpentine

0 4s 6d

1 5s 8½d

Bunting 6 Yards of White

0 4s 9d

Buckram 1 Do

0 1s 2d

Canvas 118 Yds Osnabrigs

6 7s 10d

Beef & Pork vizt

4 Do Beef

0 17s 4d

5 Do Pork

0 19s 7d

1 16s 11d

Haberdashery Ware vizt

2½ Doz Mohair Coat Buttons

0 2s 1d

1 Doz Tin breast

0 1s 0d

1½ Doz Yellow Metal buttons

0 0s 4½d

6 Skeins Mohair

0 3s 0d

3 Do Silk

0 1s 9d

0 8s 11½d

Paint vizt

1 Sky blue

3 Barrels of Bleaching

0 2s 4d

½ Whiting

0 1s 7½d

¾ blue Smalts

0 3s 7½d

1¼ Venetian Rose mixed with Oil

0 10s 0d

4 Venetian Do

0 1s 2d

½ Hombro

0 0s 1½d

0 14s 1½d

Oil vizt

1 Gallon Train

0 4s 11½d

½ Gallon Linseed

0 3s 1d

0 8s ½d

Salt 6½ Bushells

1 5s 6½d

Cutlery Ware vizt

3 Ivory Combs

0 4s 3d

1 Horn Do

0 3s 3d

6 Shoe Sleeves

0 1s 7d

3 Butchers Do

0 9s 4½d

Flour 1076

13 9s 0d

Carried over

£43 19s 10d

The account of goods sold at 40 per cent continued as follows.

Brought over, £17 8s 5d

Pitch and tar, various sorts

25 pitch, £0 5s 2½d

1 rosin, £0 0s 3d

13 gallons tar, £0 15s 9d

18 turpentine, £0 4s 6d, £1 5s 8½d

Bunting 6 yards of white, £0 4s 9d

Buckram 1 to 2, £0 1s 2d

Canvas 118 yards Osnaburg, £6 7s 10d

Beef and pork, various sorts

4 pieces beef, £0 17s 4d

5 pieces pork, £0 19s 7d, £1 16s 11d

Haberdashery ware, various sorts

2½ dozen mohair coat buttons, £0 2s 1d

1 gross tin breast, £0 1s 9d

1½ dozen yellow metal buttons, £0 0s 4½d

6 skeins mohair, £0 3s 0d

3 skeins silk, £0 1s 9d, £0 8s 11½d

Paint, various sorts

1 sky blue, £0 0s 0d

3 barrels of bleaching, £0 2s 4d

½ whiting, £0 1s 7½d

3 blue smalts, £0 5s 7½d

1½ Venetian red mixed with oil, £0 3s 10d

4 Venetian ditto, £0 1s 2d

½ Hambro, £0 0s 1½d, £0 14s 1½d

Oil, various sorts

1 gallon train, £0 4s 11½d

½ gallon linseed, £0 3s 1d, £0 8s 1½d

Salt 6 bushels, £1 5s 6½d

Cutlery ware, various sorts

3 ivory combs, £0 4s 3d

1 horn ditto, £0 3s 3d

6 shoe knives, £0 3s 3d

3 butchers ditto, £0 1s 7d, £0 9s 4½d

Flour 1076, £13 9s 0d

Carried over, £43 19s 10d.

Interpretations

This continued the schedule of goods sold at the highest rate of 40 per cent over cost during the quarter ending 11 January 1759, covering naval stores, canvas, salt meat, haberdashery, paints, oils and a large sale of flour.

The goods sold at this steep margin were a mixed lot, but the presence of flour, salt meat, salt and canvas among them suggests these were sales to buyers outside the ordinary run of Company servants and resident planters, perhaps to passing ships or to purchasers taking goods in bulk for resale, where the Company could command a higher price. Osnaburg was the coarse German linen used for sacking and working clothes, and blue smalts the powdered cobalt glass used as a pigment. The large parcel of flour sold at this rate, worth over £13, stands out against the small quantities of most other items.

The application of a 40 per cent markup to staples like flour, salt and preserved meat, far above the 10 per cent charged to servants, points to sales made to the transient shipping that called at the island, an East Indiaman needing to revictual having little choice but to buy at whatever price the Company set, the island's monopoly position as the one supply point in the South Atlantic allowing it to charge the passing trade far more than it charged its own people.

345

339

1758

Brought over

£43 19s 10d

Hooks & Lines vizt

25 No 1

150 2

200 3 Hooks

100 5

425 6

50 7

1 1s 8½d

5 Doz No 2

2½ Do 3 Lines

1¼ Do 4

¼ Hambro

2 11s 7½d

3 13s 4d

Sugar & Candy vizt

219½ Sugar

11 1s 7½d

83 Candy

2 1s 6d

43 3s 1½d

Soap 250

10 18s 9d

Tin Ware vizt

2 Horn Lanthorns

0 7s 8d

1 Water Pot

0 7s 9½d

1 Quart Funnel

0 0s 11d

0 16s 4½d

Tea 10¾ Congo

0 19s 5d

Cordage 173

3 19s 3½d

Rice 4 20

0 4s 6d

Thread ¼ Coloured

0 18s 8d

Flannel 9 Yards

0 14s 7½d

Arrack 8 Gallons

2 8s 0d

Deals Vizt

2 Baths

0 19s 11d

34 Single Deals

5 6s 3d

3 Double Do

0 15s 6d

7 1s 8d

Iron Ware vizt

1 Pr Sheep Sheares

0 3s 5d

2 Sithe Stones

0 4s 7d

2 Bod Shovels

0 6s 4d

1 Ditching Do

Iron Ware Carried over

0 14s 10d

Carried over

£118 17s 10d

The account of goods sold at 40 per cent continued as follows.

Brought over, £43 19s 10d

Hooks and lines, various sorts

25 No 1

150 No 2

200 No 3 hooks

100 No 5

425 No 6

50 No 7, £1 1s 8½d

5 dozen No 2

2½ dozen No 3 lines

1¼ ditto No 4

¾ Hambro, £2 11s 7½d, £3 13s 4d

Sugar and candy, various sorts

219½ sugar, £11 1s 7½d

83 candy, £2 1s 6d, £43 3s 1½d

Soap 250, £10 18s 9d

Tin ware, various sorts

2 horn lanthorns, £0 7s 8d

1 water pot, £0 7s 9½d

1 quart funnel, £0 0s 11d, £0 16s 4½d

Tea 10¼ congou, £0 19s 6½d

Cordage 1 to 3, £3 19s 3½d

Rice 4 to 20, £0 4s 6d

Thread ¼ coloured, £0 18s 8d

Flannel 9 yards, £0 14s 7½d

Arrack 8 gallons, £2 8s 0d

Deals, various sorts

2 baths, £0 19s 11d

34 single deals, £5 6s 3d

3 double ditto, £0 15s 6d, £7 1s 8d

Iron ware, various sorts

1 pair sheep shears, £0 3s 5d

2 scythe stones, £0 4s 7d

2 shod shovels, £0 6s 4d

1 ditching ditto, £14 10s 0d

The iron ware was carried over at £14 10s 0d, and the whole account was carried over at £118 17s 10d.

Interpretations

This continued the schedule of goods sold at the highest rate of 40 per cent over cost during the quarter ending 11 January 1759, covering fishing tackle, sugar, soap, tin ware and building materials.

The goods sold at this steep margin again mixed provisions and stores of the kind a passing ship or bulk buyer would take, sugar and candy in quantity, soap, arrack, tea and the deals and iron tools of construction. The fishing hooks and lines, sold in graded sizes by the hundred and dozen, and the cordage suggest sales fitting out a vessel or a fishing operation. Candy was crystallised sugar, sold with the ordinary sugar, and Hambro lines the fishing cordage imported from Hamburg.

The consistent 40 per cent applied across this whole schedule confirms a distinct class of sale set apart from the servants and planters, the margin held uniform regardless of the goods so that whoever bought at this rate, whether the transient shipping or a bulk purchaser, paid the same premium, the Company reserving its highest price for those outside the settled community who had least claim on its favour and least alternative to its store.

346

340

January 29

Iron Ware Brought over

£118 17s 10d

0 14s 10d

1 Plaisterer Trowels

0 2s 1½d

1 Files

0 0s 9½d

3 Hand Hatchets

0 5s 10½d

3 Pr Dovetail Hinges

0 1s 7½d

1 5s 2d

Leather 1 Sole

0 1s 6d

Twine 6 Skeins

0 0s 5d

Braziers ware 1 Tea Kettle

0 16s 4d

Glass Ware vizt

26 Squares Glass 8 by 10

0 18s 4d

1 Wine and Water Glass

0 2s 1d

1 0s 5d

Turners Ware vizt

2 Shoe Brushes

0 1s 5d

2 Punch Ladles

0 1s 5d

0 2s 10d

Pewter 1 Gallon Pot

0 12s 8d

123 1s 5½d

The following Damaged Goods sold at Publick Auction Vizt

Bunting 3½ Yds Red

0 2s 2d

Blocks 2

0 0s 6d

Cart Wheel 1 Horse barrow side

0 0s 3d

Camblet 6½ Brown

0 13s 8d

Hats 1 Mans

0 10s 0d

Hosiers Ware vizt

1 Do Mens Hose Stockings

0 2s 4d

2 Do knit Do

0 2s 0d

1 Do Boys Do

0 1s 11d

1 Do Girls Do

0 1s 8d

0 7s 11d

Haberdashery Ware vizt

½ Doz Gilt breast Buttons

0 0s 6½d

1 Dozen Silver Do

2½ Dozen Gilt Coat Do

0 0s 6d

1 0s ½d

Carried over

£1 15s 6½d

The account of goods sold at 40 per cent concluded, and a further schedule of damaged goods sold at public auction followed.

Iron ware brought over, £14 10s 0d

1 plasterers trowel, £0 2s 1½d

1 file, £0 0s 9½d

3 hand hatchets, £0 5s 10½d

3 pair dovetail hinges, £0 1s 7½d, £1 5s 2d

Leather 1 sole, £0 1s 6d

Twine 6 skeins, £0 5s 0d

Braziers ware 1 tea kettle, £0 16s 4d

Glass ware, various sorts

26 squares glass 8 by 10, £0 18s 4d

1 wine and water glass, £0 2s 1d, £1 0s 5d

Turners ware, various sorts

2 shoe brushes, £0 1s 5d

2 punch ladles, £0 1s 5d, £0 2s 10d

Pewter 1 gallon pot, £0 12s 8d

The whole account of goods sold at 40 per cent totalled £123 1s 5½d.

The following damaged goods were sold at public auction.

Bunting 3¾ yards red, £0 2s 2d

Blocks 2, £0 0s 6d

Cart wheel 1 hand barrow side, £0 0s 3d

Camlet 6½ brown, £0 13s 8d

Hats 1 mans, £0 10s 0d

Hosiers ware, various sorts

1 dozen mens worsted stockings, £0 2s 4d

2 pairs knit ditto, £0 2s 0d

1 dozen boys ditto, £0 1s 11d

1 dozen girls ditto, £0 1s 8d, £0 7s 11d

Haberdashery ware, various sorts

½ dozen gilt breast buttons, £0 0s 6½d

1 dozen silver ditto, £0 0s 6½d

2½ dozen gilt coat ditto, £0 0s 6d

Carried over, £1 15s 6½d.

Interpretations

This closed the schedule of goods sold at 40 per cent, totalling £123 1s 5½d, and opened the separate account of damaged goods disposed of by public auction, the same auction of 21 December 1758 recorded earlier in these consultations.

The auction goods repeat the lots and buyers set down at the sale itself, spoiled bunting, blocks, camlet, a hat, worn stockings and odd buttons, sold off at whatever small sums they fetched. Selling damaged stores at open auction was the standard means by which the Company cleared unusable material from its books and recovered a little value under public bidding, keeping the disposal open and defensible. Camlet was the durable worsted cloth of the warehouse, and bunting the loosely woven stuff from which flags were made.

The bringing of the auction results into the collector's quarterly account, set alongside the graded sales at 10, 25 and 40 per cent, shows the completeness of the Company's stores accounting, every avenue by which goods left the warehouse, whether sold sound to servants and planters at controlled margins or knocked down damaged at auction, gathered into a single reckoning so that the whole movement of stock could be traced and accounted to the Directors.

347

341

1759

Brought over

£1 15s 6½d

Mustard Seed 2/8 Bushells

0 1s 1d

Tin Ware 31 Lanthorn Leaves

0 1s 1½d

Turners Ware 1 Tray

0 1s 7d

Chelloes 2 Pieces

0 18s 3d

Candles 17½

0 1s 10d

4 7s 7d

Charges General Dr for the following

Stores Issued from the 12th of Octr 1758 to the 11 January 1759

Twine 15 Skeins for the Stores and Castle use

and Sewing bags for partridge Shot for the Swivel Guns

0 7s 8d

Iron Ware vizt

16 Files

6 Do Hafts

½ Sleeve Twine

for the Armo use

¼ Corn Do

1 Sledge Hammer

0 6s 9½d

1 Smiths Rubbers

0 3s ½d

2 Hand Hammers for the Armorer &

Coopers Use

0 4s 1d

2 two foot Rules for the Armorer and Masons

use

0 1s 10d

1 Dozen Portland Tools

0 17s 9d

3 Pick Axe

0 10s 3d

12 Stone Wedges

for the Masons use

1 Hand Hatchet

0 1s 4½d

1 Small frying Pan

0 1s 10½d

3 Stock Locks for the Castle Stables and

Armorers Shop

0 7s 0d

3 Chest Locks for Masons Chests

0 16s 4½d

1 Jack Plane

0 1s 10d

2 Claw Hammers

0 2s 3d

1 Hand Saw

0 7s 8½d

Iron Ware Carried over

£4 17s 11d

Carried over

£0 7s 8d

The account of damaged goods sold at public auction concluded as follows.

Brought over, £1 15s 6½d

Mustard seed 2 bushels, £0 1s 1d

Tin ware 31 lanthorn leaves, £0 1s 1½d

Turners ware 1 tray, £0 1s 7d

Chelloes 2 pieces, £0 18s 3d

Candles 17½, £0 1s 10d

The whole auction of damaged goods raised £4 7s 7d.

The charges general account was charged with the following stores issued between 12 October 1758 and 11 January 1759.

Twine 15 skeins for the stores and castle use and sewing bags for partridge shot for the swivel guns, £0 7s 8d

Iron ware, various sorts

16 files, for the armoury use, £0 7s 4d

6 ditto hafts, £0 0s 3d

½ flower cimovey, £0 0s 3½d

¼ corn ditto, £0 0s 1½d

1 sledge hammer, £0 6s 9½d

1 smiths rubber, £0 3s 0½d

2 hand hammers for the armoury and coopers use, £0 4s 1d

2 two foot rules for the armoury and masons use, £0 1s 10d

1 dozen Portland locks, £0 17s 9d

3 pickaxes, £0 10s 3d

12 stone wedges for the masons use, £0 8s 0d

1 hand hatchet, £0 1s 4½d

1 small frying pan, £0 1s 10½d

3 stock locks for the castle stables and armoury shop, £0 7s 0d

3 chest locks for the masons chests, £0 16s 0½d

1 jack plane, £0 1s 10d

2 claw hammers, £0 7s 8½d

1 hand saw, £4 17s 11d

The iron ware was carried over at £4 17s 11d, and the account was carried over at £0 7s 8d.

Interpretations

This closed the auction of damaged goods, which raised only £4 7s 7d in all, and opened the charges general account, recording stores issued for the running of the establishment rather than sold, over the quarter ending 11 January 1759.

The charges general account covered goods drawn from the warehouse for the Company's own use, tools and hardware issued to the armoury, the masons, the coopers and the castle stables, charged against a general expense account rather than sold to any individual. The twine issued to sew bags for partridge shot served the swivel guns, the small pivoting cannon mounted on the walls and boats that fired a scatter charge against close attack. The Portland locks were a common pattern of lock, and the stone wedges the masons tools for splitting rock. This account shows the internal consumption of stores by the settlement's own workshops and services, distinct from the sales to servants, planters and shipping.

The distinction drawn between goods sold and goods issued to the Company's own trades reveals the careful separation the administration kept between revenue and expense, tools passing to the armoury or the masons entered as a charge on the general account so that the cost of maintaining the island's workshops was told apart from the proceeds of the store, every item tracked to its purpose in the books rendered to the Directors.

348

342

January 29

Iron Ware brought over

£4 17s 11d

0 7s 8d

1 Gouges for the Coopers use

0 0s 4½d

4 Do Small HL Hinges for Messrs Adamson

with rising Joints and Clarks Houses

2 9s 0d

0 12s 8d

4 Do HL Hinges

10 Sheep Sheare for the Gunners

use

0 1s 2½d

8 Ditching Shovels for the use of the

Lime Kiln

0 13s 6d

1 Wire Rat Traps for the Garden

0 4s 11½d

1 Garden Rake

0 2s 6½d

24 Packing Needles for Sewing bags

for partridge Shot

0 3s 6d

7 Wood Screws for Mr Clarks Houses

0 2s 4d

2 Mauls for repairing Sundries with Oak

0 16s 11d

7 Helves and the use of the Mason

0 4s 4½d

8 3s 0½d

Nails vizt

9 Coopers Rivets for the Coopers use

0 3s 6d

2 2 for Mr Adamsons &

0 1s 2d

13 6 Clarks Houses Capston

0 5s 3d

4 20 making Medcine and

0 1s 4d

1 40 Amunition Chests mending

0 0s 4d

1 3 Wheelbarrows and repairs

0 0s 6d

1 4 to the Stable and Slaughter

0 0s 5d

3 10 houses making Shelves for

the Gunners Store room for the pumps &c

0 1s 1½d

0 13s 9½d

Paint Vizt

1 Barrels of Blaching

36 White Lead

for painting

the Gun Triangle

0 13s 6d

6 Whiting

Capstons Boxes to

0 1s 1½d

8 Black Smalts for Lennen

for Amunition

0 11s 2d

1 5s 1½d

Casks 7½ Bushells for

the Armorers Shop

0 4s 5s 2d

Oil Vizt

8 34 Gallons Linseed for painting

the Gun Triangle Capstons &

Boxes for Amunition

1 10s 3d

13 Gallons Train for the Kitchen

Armory and Warehouse

2 4s 11½d

1 Bottle Florence for the Doctors Shop

0 2s 5½d

Carried over

£3 17s 8d

18 12s 5½d

The charges general account of stores issued for the establishment's own use continued as follows.

Iron ware brought over, £4 17s 11d

1 gouge for the coopers use, £0 0s 4½d

10 pair small H hinges for Mr Adamson and Clark's house, with rising joints, £0 2s 9d

4 pair H hinges, £0 12s 8d

10 pair sheep shears for the gunners use, £0 1s 2½d

5 ditching shovels for the use of the lime kiln, £0 13s 6d

1 wire rat trap for the garden, £0 4s 11½d

1 garden rake for the garden, £0 2s 6½d

24 packing needles for sewing bags for partridge shot, £0 3s 6d

7 wood screws for Mr Clark's house, £0 2s 4d

2 mauls for repairing sluices with oak, £0 16s 11d

7 helves for the use of the mason, £0 4s 4½d, £8 3s 0½d

Nails, various sorts

3 coopers rivets for the coopers use, £0 3s 6d

2 to 2 for Mr Adamson and Clark's house capstan, £0 1s 2d

13 to 6 making medicine cans, £0 5s 5d

4 to 20 mending ammunition chests, £0 1s 4d

1 to 40 wheelbarrows and repairs, £0 0s 6d

1 to 3 to the stable and slaughter, £0 0s 5d

3 to 10 braces making sluices for the gunners store room for the pumps, £0 1s 1½d, £0 13s 9½d

Paint, various sorts

1 barrel of bleaching, for painting the gin triangle capstan and boxes for ammunition, £0 0s 4d

36 white lead, £0 13s 6d

6 whiting, £0 1s 7½d

8 blue smalts for lantern, £0 11s 2d, £1 5s 1½d

Cords 6 bushels for the armourers shop, £0 4s 5s 2d

Oil, various sorts

8¾ gallons linseed for painting the gin triangle capstan and boxes for ammunition, £1 10s 3d

13 gallons train for the kitchen, armoury and warehouse, £2 4s 11½d

1 bottle Florence for the doctors shop, £0 2s 5½d

The account was carried over at £3 17s 8d, and the whole at £18 12s 5½d.

Interpretations

This continued the charges general account of stores issued for the Company's own use over the quarter ending 11 January 1759, covering iron ware, nails, paint and oil consumed in the settlement's buildings and workshops.

The account records the internal upkeep of the establishment, hardware and materials drawn from store to repair the houses of the councillors Adamson and Clark, to maintain the sluices, the lime kiln, the armoury, the kitchen and the doctor's shop, and to make and mend ammunition chests and medicine cans. The gin triangle was a hoisting frame of three legs used with a capstan to lift heavy weights, here painted and maintained. The sluices repaired with oak controlled the flow of water for the island's supply, and the lime kiln burned coral or limestone to make the lime used in building. Blue smalts were the powdered cobalt glass used both as a pigment and, as here, for colouring in the lantern.

The charging of repairs to the private houses of the Lieutenant Governor and the councillor to the Company's general account shows the perquisites of office on the island, the senior servants having the upkeep of their residences maintained at Company expense as part of their establishment, the cost entered plainly in the books alongside the repair of the fortifications and workshops.

349

343

1759

Brought over

£18 12s 5½d

Candles Vizt

56 for the Castle

4 18s 0d

4 for the Magazine

0 7s 0d

Canvas Vizt

20 Yards of Osnabrigs for bags for the

Amunition for Swivel Guns and Bags for

the Stores

1 2s 0d

9½ Yards English for umbrellas for

the Castle and Aprons for the Black Linnen &c

0 9s 7½d

1 11s 4½d

Deals Vizt

3 double Deals for Medcine Boxes

0 10s 6d

67 Single Do for making Boxes for the

Amunition for Swivel Guns and

6 Single Do to make a Trough to the Least

Governors back yard

8 Single Do to make windows Shutter for

Mr Clarks House

8 14s 3d

1 Single Do for to make a Windows Shutter

for the Gunners Storeroom

1 Elm Planks for the Capston

1 1s 4½d

2 Spars for Flag Staff for the Serpent

and Castle Rock

0 3s 6d

10 9s 3½d

Arrack 17½ Gallons Given the Men

that Transported Guns and Bags that

worked at Ruports the Lime Kiln and

Stores the Long Boat Hause &c

2 3s 9d

Dosootees 16 Do for Rubbers & Ironing

Chelloes 1 Do for Cloths for the Castles

0 8s 9½d

Iron Pots Vizt

1 of 6 Gallons for the Gunners

0 6s 4d

1 of Do Masons and

0 1s 1½d

1 of Do Hospitals Uses

0 3s 2½d

0 10s 8d

Leather 2 Do for the

The charges general account of stores issued for the establishment's own use continued as follows.

Brought over, £18 12s 5½d

Candles, various sorts

56 for the castle, £4 18s 0d

4 for the magazine, £0 0s 7d

Canvas, various sorts

20 yards of Osnaburg for bags for the ammunition for swivel guns and cartridges for the stores, £0 1s 2d

9½ yards English for umbrellas for the castle and aprons for the black linen, £0 9s 7½d, £1 11s 4½d

Deals, various sorts

3 double deals for medicine boxes, £0 10s 6d

67 single ditto for making boxes for the ammunition for swivel guns and cannon

6 single ditto to make a draught to the Lieutenant Governors back yard

8 single ditto to make window shutters for Mr Clark's house, £8 14s 3d

1 single ditto to make a window shutter for the gunners store room

1 elm plank for the capstan, £1 1s 1½d

2 spars for flying bridges for the wharf, wharf point and castle rock, £0 3s 6d, £10 9s 3½d

Arrack 17½ gallons given the men that transported guns and stores that worked at Rupert's, the lime kiln and stores, the long boat house and so on, £2 3s 9d

Doreas 16 for rubbers and ironing, £0 0s 0d

Chelloes 1 ditto for cloths for the tables, £0 8s 9½d

Iron pots, various sorts

1 of 6 gallons for the gunners, £0 6s 4d

1 of ditto for masons and, £0 1s 1½d

1 of ditto for hospitals use, £0 3s 2½d, £0 10s 8d

Leather 2 hides for the [...]

Interpretations

This continued the charges general account of stores issued for the Company's own use over the quarter ending 11 January 1759, covering candles, canvas, timber, arrack, cloth and iron pots consumed in the settlement's buildings and services.

The account records materials drawn from store for building and maintenance, deals cut into medicine boxes and ammunition chests, window shutters for the councillor Clark's house and a fence for the Lieutenant Governor's back yard, and spars made into flying bridges for the wharf. A flying bridge was a light temporary span, here giving access across gaps at the landing places. The English canvas was made into umbrellas for the castle and aprons, and the swivel guns again supplied with cartridge bags of Osnaburg. The arrack was issued as a customary allowance of drink to the men who did the heavy labour of moving guns and stores and working at Rupert's and the lime kiln, a reward for hard physical work.

The issue of arrack to the labouring men as a charge on the general account shows drink used as a routine incentive and reward for heavy work, the Company sanctioning a measured allowance of spirit to those who hauled guns and toiled at the kiln, the custom entered in the books as a recognised cost of getting the settlement's hardest labour done.

350

344

January 29

Brought over

Turners Ware Vizt

2 Shoe Brushes for the Harness

0 1s 1½d

1 Basket for the Castle

0 2s 4d

3 Labourers Baskets for do and washing

Sand

0 2s 4d

1 Paint brush for Painting Amunition

Boxes

0 0s 7d

0 6s 4½d

Hersey 3 Yards for Case for Blunderbusses

0 4s 1d

China Ware Vizt

1 Tea Pot

0 0s 8d

2 Bowls for the Castle

0 1s 4d

0 2s 0d

Cordage 138½ for a Crane rope

transporting Guns & thatching the Church

2 5s 0d

Iron & Steel vizt

84 Iron for Hammers for the

17½ Ave Amunition Stone Layers &c

0 15s 9d

0 6s 7d

Starch 16½ for Linnen

0 6s 6d

Soap 60 for Linnen

1 17s 6d

Glass Ware 2 Squares 8 by 10 for the Gunners

Store room

0 1s 2d

Pitch & Tar Vizt

16 Pitch for the Capston Crane and

a Trough for Mr Adamsons Yard

1 0s 6d

8 Gallons Tar for the Crane

0 6s 8d

1 7s 2d

Lines vizt

1 Hambro

0 1s 4d

12 No 4

0 4s 6d

0 5s 10d

Tin Ware Vizt

1 Horn Lanthorn for the Castle

0 2s 8d

¼ Salamonica for the Armorer

0 0s 1d

Lead 50 Small Shot for the Castle

0 2s 9d

Thread 3 Coloured for bags for the

Amunition for Swivel Guns

0 0s 10d

£61 0s 11d

The charges general account of stores issued for the establishment's own use continued as follows.

Brought over

Turners ware, various sorts

2 shoe brushes for the harness, £0 1s 1½d

1 racket for the castle, £0 2s 4d

3 labourers baskets for ditto and washing sand, £0 2s 4d

1 paint brush for painting ammunition boxes, £0 0s 7d, £0 6s 4½d

Kersey 3 yards for cases for blunderbusses, £0 6s 1d

China ware, various sorts

1 tea pot, £0 0s 8d

2 bowls for the castle, £0 1s 4d, £0 2s 0d

Cordage 138½ for a crane rope, transporting guns and thatching the church, £2 5s 0d

Iron and steel, various sorts

84 iron for hammers for the masons and bricklayers, £0 5s 9d

1½ steel, £0 0s 7d, £0 6s 6d

Starch 16½ for linen, £1 17s 6d

Soap 60 for linen, £0 0s 0d

Glass ware 2 squares 8 by 10 for the gunners store room, £0 1s 2d

Pitch and tar, various sorts

16 pitch for the capstan crane and a draught for Mr Adamson's yard, £1 0s 6d

8 gallons tar for the crane, £0 6s 8d, £1 7s 2d

Lines, various sorts

1 Hambro, £0 1s 4d

12 No 4, £0 4s 6d, £0 5s 10d

Tin ware, various sorts

1 horn lanthorn for the castle, £0 2s 8d

½ salamoniac for the armourers, £0 0s 1d, £0 2s 9d

Lead 50 in all shot for the castle, £0 2s 9d

Thread 3 coloured for bags for the ammunition for swivel guns, £0 0s 10d

The whole charges general account totalled £61 0s 11d.

Interpretations

This closed the charges general account of stores issued for the Company's own use over the quarter ending 11 January 1759, the total of internal consumption coming to £61 0s 11d.

The final entries again mixed the materials of maintenance and defence, brushes and baskets for the castle, kersey cut into cases for the blunderbusses, cordage made into a crane rope and used to thatch the church, and starch and soap for the linen. The blunderbuss was a short heavy musket with a flared muzzle, kept cased against damp. The cordage used to thatch the church shows the island's place of worship maintained from the general stores like any other building, and the swivel guns once more supplied with cartridge bags. Salamoniac, or sal ammoniac, was the flux used by the armourers in soldering and tinning.

The thatching of the church charged to the same account that maintained the guns, the crane and the councillors houses shows the modest place of religion in the island's material fabric, the church roofed with cordage-bound thatch and kept up as one more Company building, its upkeep entered without ceremony among the practical charges of running the settlement.

351

345

1759

Diet Expences Dr for the following Stores

Issued from the 12 October to the 11 January 1759

Beef & Pork Vizt

2 Do Beef

0 6s 1½d

25 Do Pork

3 8s 3d

3 14s 4½d

Flour 870

7 5s 0d

Salt 4 Bushells

0 11s 8d

Arrack 50 Gallons

6 5s 0d

Tea 8 Congo

0 8s 10½d

Candy 250

4 3s 4d

Rice 1 22

2 2s 10½d

Pease 2 Bushells

0 15s 8d

23 6s 9½d

Blacks Dr for the following Stores Issued from the

12 October 1758 to 11 January 1759

Rice 85 1 26

32 1s 3d

Beef & Pork vizt

272 Do Beef

41 13s 0d

308 Do Pork

42 0s 7d

83 13s 7d

Oil 2½ Gallons Train

0 8s 8d

Blankets 6

1 9s 0d

Iron Pots Vizt

1 of 2 Gallons

0 3s 2½d

1 of 1 Do

0 1s 1½d

0 4s 4d

Deals 4 Single for Coffins

0 8s 6d

Nails 2 6

0 6s 10d

Sugar 96 for the Sick and their

0 1s 0d

Arrack 22 Gallons Customary allowance at Xmas

2 15s 0d

£122 1s 2d

Carried over

The diet expenses account was charged with the following stores issued between 12 October 1758 and 11 January 1759.

Beef and pork, various sorts

2 pieces beef, £0 6s 1½d

25 pieces pork, £3 8s 3d, £3 14s 4½d

Flour 870, £0 7s 5d

Salt 4 bushels, £0 11s 8d

Arrack 50 gallons, £0 6s 5d

Tea 8 congou, £0 8s 10½d

Candy 250, £4 3s 4d

Rice 1 to 22, £2 2s 10½d

Pease 2 bushels, £0 15s 8d, £23 6s 9½d

The slaves account was charged with the following stores issued between 12 October 1758 and 11 January 1759.

Rice 8 to 5 to 1 to 26, £39 1s 3d

Beef and pork, various sorts

272 pieces beef, £41 13s 0d

308 pieces pork, £42 0s 7d, £83 13s 7d

Oil 2½ gallons train, £0 8s 8d

Blankets 6, £1 9s 0d

Iron pots, various sorts

1 of 2 gallons, £0 3s 2½d

1 of 1 ditto, £0 1s 1½d, £0 4s 4d

Deals 4 singles for coffins, £0 8s 6d

Nails 2 to 6 for coffins, £0 6s 10d

Sugar 96 for the sick, £0 1s 0d

The account continued with arrack 22 gallons as the customary allowance to the slaves at Christmas at £2 15s 0d, and was carried over at £122 1s 2d.

Interpretations

This set out two accounts of stores issued as provisions over the quarter ending 11 January 1759, one for the diet expenses of the establishment and one for the feeding of the slaves.

The two accounts reveal the sharply different rations of the free and the enslaved on the island. The diet account of the establishment ran to wine, tea, candy and a modest quantity of meat, while the far larger slaves account was built on rice and salt meat in bulk, nearly six hundred pieces of beef and pork and a great quantity of rice, the plain sustaining diet of a labouring population. The entry of deals and nails for coffins, and sugar for the sick, records the mortality among the enslaved plainly as a charge on their account. The arrack issued to the slaves at Christmas was a customary allowance, the one occasion in the year when they too received a measure of the spirit, matching the beef and goat killed for them at the same season.

The provision of a Christmas allowance of arrack to the slaves, entered as a fixed custom alongside the coffins and the sick-sugar on the same account, exposes the mixture of routine brutality and calculated indulgence in the plantation regime, the enslaved sustained through the year on rice and salt meat and buried at Company charge, yet granted a single seasonal measure of spirit that marked their humanity only so far as custom and the management of a labouring people required.

352

346

January 29

Brought over

£122 1s 2d

Tea Vizt

1 Congo

0 1s 1½d

33 Bohea

1 4s 9d

1 5s 9½d

Shoes Vizt

24 Do Mens Ordinary for the Handicaps men

4 13s 0d

Hooks & Lines Vizt

25 No 2

25 3

25 6 Hooks

25 7

0 1s 6d

12 No 2 Lines

0 3s 4½d

0 4s 10½d

Cutlery ware 2 Butchers knives

0 0s 9d

Flour 2

0 0s 4d

Hosiers Ware 2 Do Mens knit Stockings

0 5s 8d

Iron Ware 1 Stock Lock for the Blacks house Door

0 2s 4d

Thread ½ Whited Brown

0 3s 3½d

128 17s 2½d

Mallay Dr for the following Stores Issued from the

12 October 1758 to January 11 1759

Arrack 4½ Gallons

0 11s 3d

Candy 30

0 6s 8d

Rice 1 2 24

0 13s 1d

Beef 16 Pieces

2 9s 0d

Tea ½ Bohea

0 3s 0d

Flour 5

0 0s 10d

Soap 5

1 1s 10½d

Oil ½ Train

0 0s 10d

Canvas 6 Yds of Osnabrigs for a bag

0 4s 6d

4 11s 1d

The slaves account of stores issued continued as follows.

Brought over, £122 1s 2d

Tea, various sorts

1 congou, £0 1s 1½d

33 bohea, £1 4s 9d, £1 5s 9½d

Shoes 240 pairs mens ordinary for the handicraft men, £4 13s 0d

Hooks and lines, various sorts

25 No 2

25 No 3

25 No 6 hooks

25 No 7

12 No 2 lines, £0 4s 10½d

Cutlery ware 2 butchers knives, £0 0s 9d

Flour 2, £0 0s 4d

Hosiers ware 20 pairs mens knit stockings, £0 5s 8d

Iron ware 1 stock lock for the black house door, £0 2s 4d

Thread ½ white brown, £0 3s 3½d

The whole slaves account totalled £128 17s 2½d.

The Malay account was charged with the following stores issued between 12 October 1758 and 11 January 1759.

Arrack 4½ gallons, £0 11s 3d

Candy 50, £0 6s 8d

Rice 1 to 2 to 24, £0 13s 1d

Beef 16 pieces, £2 9s 0d

Tea ½ bohea, £0 3s 0d

Flour 3, £0 0s 10d

Soap 3, £1 1s 10½d

Oil ½ train, £0 0s 10d

Canvas 6 yards of Osnaburg for a bag, £0 4s 6d

The whole Malay account totalled £4 11s 1d.

Interpretations

This closed the slaves account of provisions for the quarter ending 11 January 1759, totalling £128 17s 2½d, and opened a separate small account for the Malays.

The slaves account included shoes issued to the handicraft men, the skilled enslaved workers, and a stock lock for the door of the black house, the building where the slaves were quartered, marking both the labour drawn from them and their close confinement. The distinct Malay account points to a separate group on the island, Malay slaves or servants brought from the East Indies through the Company's eastern trade, provisioned apart from the main body of enslaved with their own allowance of rice, meat, arrack and other goods. The bohea was the cheaper black tea, and candy the crystallised sugar, both issued in small quantities.

The keeping of a separate provision account for the Malays reveals the layered structure of the island's unfree population, the Company distinguishing between groups of different origin in its very bookkeeping, the Malays brought from the eastern settlements maintained as a distinct class with their own ration, a reminder that the slavery of St Helena drew on the whole span of the Company's trading world from Africa to the East Indies.

353

347

1759

Plantation Dr for the following Stores Issued from

the 12 October 1758 to 11 January 1759

Nails vizt

19 6

5 4 for Plantation Houses Setts

0 7s 11d

13 10 in the Garden Gates in the

0 4s 10½d

2 40 Pastures for the Carpenter

0 4s 7½d

7 20 in the Longwood

0 2s 4d

0 17s 10d

Deals vizt for Carts

4 Double

0 14s 0d

16 Single

1 14s 0d

1 Cuffion

0 4s 1d

2 12s 1d

Cordage 50 for thatching of Barn

0 14s 7d

Hersey 8 Aprons Thatching &c Wray & Do

Tar 8 Gallons for Carts

0 6s 8d

Turners Ware 1 Paint Brush

0 0s 7d

Paint vizt

10 White Lead

for painting Gates

and Seats &

0 3s 9d

1 Barrel Blaching

Plantation houses

0 4s 4d

4 Whiting

Garden Ladders

Carts &c

0 0s 7½d

0 4s 1½d

Oil vizt

1½ Gallons Linseed

0 6s 6½d

17½ Gallons Train for the Overseer &

Carpenters in the Longwood

0 15s 2d

0 11s 8½d

Iron Ware vizt

1 Claw Hammer

0 1s 1½d

3 Do Garden Shears

0 11s 6d

5 Sithes

1 7s 1d

4 Spades

for the Garden and

Amonging

0 12s 5d

10 Sithe Stones

0 3s 2d

1 Bricklayers Trowels

0 1s 1d

2 Splinter Locks

0 9s 0d

2 Do Dovetail Hinges

for Gates and Plantation house

0 3s 5d

2 Do Sheep Sheare for Shearing

0 1s 3d

2 Helves

0 3s 5½d

1 Maull

3 10s 6d

Carried over

£8 18s 1d

The plantation account was charged with the following stores issued between 12 October 1758 and 11 January 1759.

Nails, various sorts

19 to 6

5 to 4, for plantation house sashes, £0 7s 11d

13 to 10, in the garden gate, £0 4s 10½d

2 to 40, plasters for the carpenters, £0 0s 7½d

7 to 20, in the Longwood, £0 2s 4d

for carts, £0 17s 10d

Deals, various sorts

4 double

16 single, £0 14s 0d

1 gutter, £1 14s 0d, £0 4s 6d, £2 12s 1d

Cordage 50 for thatching of barn, £0 14s 7d

Hinges 2 for thatching of barn and so on, £0 14s 7d

Tar 8 gallons for carts, £0 6s 8d

Turners ware 1 paint brush, £0 0s 7d

Paint, various sorts

10 white lead, for painting gates and stables at plantation house and garden ladder, carts and so on, £0 3s 9d

1 barrel of bleaching, £0 4s 4d

1 whiting, £0 0s 7d, £0 4s 1½d

Oil, various sorts

1½ gallons linseed, £0 6s 6½d

1½ gallons train for the presses and carpenters in the Longwood, £0 5s 2d, £0 11s 8½d

Iron ware, various sorts

1 claw hammer, £0 1s 1½d

3 pair garden shears, £0 4s 6d

5 files, £0 1s 7d

4 spades, for the garden and nursery, £0 12s 5d

10 scythe stones, £0 3s 2d

1 bricklayers trowel, £0 1s 1d

2 splinter locks, £0 9s 5d

2 pair dovetail hinges, for gates and plantation house, £0 3s 5d

2 pair sheep shears for shearing, £0 1s 3d

2 helves, £0 3s 5½d

1 maul, £3 10s 6d

The account was carried over at £8 18s 1d.

Interpretations

This set out the plantation account of stores issued for the Company's own agricultural establishment over the quarter ending 11 January 1759, covering nails, timber, cordage, paint, oil and iron tools consumed at the plantation house, garden, nursery, barn and the Longwood.

The account records the upkeep of the Company's farm on the island, materials drawn from store to maintain the plantation house and its gates and stables, to thatch the barn, to repair the carts and to work the garden and nursery. The presses in the Longwood, supplied with train oil, were probably for pressing fruit or extracting oil, part of the productive work of the plantation. Splinter locks were a simple pattern of lock, and garden and sheep shears the tools of cultivation and stock-keeping. The nails set aside for the plantation house sashes maintained its windows, and the garden ladder served for training and picking the espaliered fruit trees kept at the residence.

The maintenance of a working farm with its barn, nursery, presses and gardens, all supplied from the Company's stores, shows the island striving toward self-sufficiency in fresh produce, the plantation cultivated to supply the settlement with fruit, vegetables and other provisions that could not be shipped, reducing so far as the land allowed the total dependence on imported food that the island's isolation otherwise imposed.

354

348

January 29

Brought over

£8 18s 1d

Barracks 1 Lock for a Pot at Plantation house

Turners Ware 2½ Do Yokes for Bread

0 4s 9d

Cart Ware 2 Cart Sides for Carts

0 7s 8d

Earthen Ware 12 Milk Pans for the Dairy

0 8s 0d

Glass Ware vizt

2 Squares Glass 8 by 10 for plantation

0 1s 2d

10 Do Do 6 by 8 house

0 2s 6d

0 3s 8d

Arrack 2 Gallons for the Haymakers

0 5s 0d

Lines 6 No 2 for the Gardener

0 1s 8½d

Rice & Paddy vizt

2 24 Rice

0 5s 7d

32 2 26 Paddey for painting & Horses

7 10s 1d

7 15s 8d

£23 4s 3½d

Garrison Dr for the following Stores

Issued the 12th of October 1758 to the 11 January 1759

Oel 9 5½ Gallons Train for Lanterns

Guards

0 16s 9d

Iron 93 to bring guards

0 3s 11s 3d

Deals vizt

71 double for Cots for the recruits

12 8s 6d

2 Single for Coffins

0 4s 3d

12 12s 9d

Nails vizt

7 3

7½ 6 for Cots and Coffins

1 18s 6d

8 20

0 7s 1d

4 40

0 1s 0d

2 10s 3d

Canvas Vizt

303 Yards English

for Cots for the recruits

15 15s 7½d

198 Do Osnabrigs

7 8s 6d

23 4s 7½d

Twine 5 Skeans

0 2s 7d

Lines 6 No 2 for Ships

0 1s 3½d

Tin Ware 28 Cantons

0 19s 1½d

Iron Pots 1 of 2 Gallons for the Guards

at the New Barracks

0 3s 2½d

Arrack 17 Gallons for Drams on Mustering

2 2s 6d

£80 5s 1½d

The plantation account of stores issued continued as follows.

Brought over, £8 18s 1d

Barracks 1 lock for a gate at plantation house, £0 4s 9d

Turners ware 272 pieces yokes for bread, £0 7s 1d

Cart wheel 2 head sides for cart, £0 7s 4d

Earthen ware 12 milk pans for the dairy, £0 8s 0d

Glass ware, various sorts

2 squares glass 8 by 10, for plantation house, £0 1s 2d

10 ditto ditto 8 by 8, £0 2s 6d, £0 3s 8d

Arrack 2 gallons for the haymakers, £0 5s 0d

Lines 6 No 2 for the gardener, £0 1s 8½d

Rice and paddy, various sorts

12 to 24 rice, £0 5s 7d

32 to 2 to 26 paddy, for poultry and horses, £7 10s 1d, £7 15s 8d

The whole plantation account totalled £23 4s 3½d.

The garrison account was charged with the following stores issued between 12 October 1758 and 11 January 1759.

Oil 9 to 5½ gallons train for the hospital, £16 9s 0d

Seed 95 to bay, £3 11s 3d

Deals, various sorts

71 double for cots for the recruits, £12 8s 6d

2 single for coffins, £0 4s 3d, £12 12s 9d

Nails, various sorts

7 to 3

7 to 6 for cots and coffins, £1 18s 6d

8 to 2, £0 7s 1d, £2 10s 3d

Canvas, various sorts

303 yards English, £15 15s 7½d

198 to 2 Osnaburg for cots for the recruits, £7 8s 6d, £23 4s 7½d

Twine 5 skeins, £0 2s 7d

Lines 6 No 2 for ships, £0 1s 3½d

Tin ware 25 canteens, £1 19s 0d

Iron pots 1 of 2 gallons for the guard at the New Barracks, £0 3s 2½d

Arrack 17 gallons for drams on mustering, £2 2s 6d

The account totalled £80 5s 1½d.

Interpretations

This closed the plantation account of stores for the quarter ending 11 January 1759, totalling £23 4s 3½d, and opened the garrison account of stores issued for the soldiers and the hospital.

The garrison account records the direct supply of the fighting establishment and its infirmary, train oil in quantity for the hospital, deals and canvas made into cots for the newly arrived recruits, and coffins for those who died. The recruits mentioned confirm the recent arrival of new men to reinforce the garrison, their bedding run up from imported deal and sailcloth on the spot. The paddy issued to the plantation for poultry and horses, and the arrack given to the haymakers, tie the two accounts together in the common work of the farm. Canteens and an iron pot supplied the guard at the New Barracks, a recently built quarter for the soldiers.

The arrack issued for drams on mustering appears here as it did in the earlier garrison accounts, the customary measure of spirit handed to the men when they paraded, a small regular inducement to attendance woven into the discipline of the garrison, the same practice of using drink to secure willing service that recurs throughout the island's management of its soldiers and labourers.

355

349

1759

Fortifications Dr for the following Stores

Issued from the 12 October 1758 to the 11 January 1759

Thread 3 Coloured

0 0s 10d

Twine 58 Skeans for Sewing Cartridges

1 10s 2½d

Paint vizt

2 White Lead

0 0s 9d

1 Barrels of Blaching

for paint

Umbrellos

0 0s 4d

0 1s 1d

Oil ½ Gallon Linseed

0 0s 10½d

Nails vizt

½ Tacks

½ 40 for Spunges Ruffing a Guard

0 1s 6d

3 20 at Ruports &c

0 0s 7½d

1 4

0 1s 5d

0 3s 7½d

Bunting vizt

2 Do Blew

2 12s 6d

2 Do Wht

2 8s 0d

1 Do Red

1 12s 9d

6 14s 3d

Canvas 45 Yds Osnabrigs

for a Flag for

Cordage 7 the Main Fort

0 2s ½d

Lines vizt

1 Hambro

0 1s 4d

12 No 4 for Blunderbusses

0 4s 6d

0 5s 10d

Tar 7 Gallons for the Deans bridge at the

Fort and Crane at Lemon Valley

0 5s 10d

Deals vizt

2 Single for Shutter at the Guard Room at

0 4s 3d

1 Double Windows front & the back in Ruports

0 3s 6d

13 Baths for new Ruffing a Guard room at

4 12s 7½d

Ruports and Prosperous Bay

0 5s 4½d

Iron Ware 1 Hand Hatchet for Sandy

Bay Guard

0 1s 4½d

£14 17s 11d

The fortifications account was charged with the following stores issued between 12 October 1758 and 11 January 1759.

Thread 3 coloured, £0 0s 10d

Twine 5 to 8 skeins for sewing cartridges, £1 10s 2½d

Paint, various sorts

2 white lead, £0 0s 9d

1 barrel of bleaching, for paint for umbrellas, £0 0s 4d, £0 1s 1d

Oil ½ gallon linseed, £0 0s 10½d

Nails, various sorts

½ tacks

½ to 40 for sponges dressing at guard, £0 1s 6d

3 to 20, at Rupert's and so on, £0 0s 7½d

1 to 4, £0 1s 5d, £0 3s 7½d

Braziers ware, various sorts

2 pieces blue, £2 12s 6d

2 pieces white, £2 8s 9d

1 piece bay, £1 12s 9d, £6 14s 0d

Canvas 45 yards Osnaburg for flag for the Main Fort, £0 2s 1½d

Cordage 7, for flag for the Main Fort, £0 2s 1½d

Lines, various sorts

1 Hambro, £0 1s 11d

12 No 4 for blunderbusses, £0 4s 6d, £0 5s 10d

Tar 7 gallons for the deals bridge at the fort and crane at Lemon Valley, £0 5s 10d

Deals, various sorts

2 singles for shutters at the guard door at Rupert's, £0 4s 3d

1 double for Munden's point and the bench at Rupert's, £0 3s 6d

13 baths for new roofing a guard room at Rupert's and Prosperous Bay, £4 12s 7½d, £5 4s 4½d

Iron ware 1 hand hatchet for Sandy Bay guard, £0 1s 4½d

The whole fortifications account totalled £14 17s 11d.

Interpretations

This set out the fortifications account of stores issued for the upkeep of the island's defences over the quarter ending 11 January 1759, covering flag material, paint, timber, cordage and tools for the batteries and guard rooms.

The account records the maintenance of the coastal defences named through these consultations, Rupert's, Munden's, Prosperous Bay, Lemon Valley, Sandy Bay and the Main Fort, the several batteries commanding the landing places around the island. Timber and thatch were drawn from store to re-roof the guard room at Rupert's and to make shutters and benches, and canvas and cordage to make a flag for the Main Fort. The bunting-like braziers ware in blue, white and bay was probably the coloured cloth for the flag, or possibly metalware, the reading being uncertain. The twine issued to sew cartridges and the lines for the blunderbusses supplied the guns and small arms of the forts.

The scattering of guard rooms, shutters and flags across half a dozen named points reveals the defensive scheme of the island, a ring of small manned batteries at every place a boat might land, each kept roofed and provisioned from the general stores, the whole forming a dispersed system of coastal watch that a small garrison maintained to guard an island whose value to the Company lay in denying its harbour to any enemy.

356

350

January 29

Boats Dr for the following Stores Issued from the 12

of October 1758 to the 11 of January 1759

Oil 1½ Gallon Train

0 3s 11d

7½ Do Linseed

0 3s 0d

0 6s 11d

Pitch Tar vizt

13 Gallons Tar

0 10s 0d

6 Turpentine

0 10s 10½d

170 Pitch

1 1s 3d

1 12s 1½d

Turners Ware vizt

1 Wood Bowls

0 1s 2½d

1 Do Platter

0 1s 7½d

2 Paint Brushes

0 1s 2d

Oars 2

0 3s 5d

Canvas 2 Yds English

0 7s 8½d

0 2s 1d

Nails vizt

3 6

4 20

2 10

3 40

0 4s 3½d

Deals vizt

7 Elm boards

1 5s 1d

1 Do Plank

1 1s ½d

Cordage 250

3 6s 1½d

Iron Ware 1 Scraper

0 7s 1d

Paint vizt

0 1s 8d

8½ Venetian Rose mixed with Oil

0 3s 6d

18 Red Lead

0 2s 3½d

3 White Do

0 1s 1½d

1½ Spruce

0 0s 8d

2 Barrels of Blaching

0 0s 7½d

0 8s 2½d

£8 19s 7½d

The boats account was charged with the following stores issued between 12 October 1758 and 11 January 1759.

Oil, various sorts

1½ gallon train, £0 3s 11d

7½ ditto linseed, £0 3s 0d, £0 6s 11d

Pitch and tar, various sorts

12 gallons tar, £0 10s 0d

6 turpentine, £0 10s 10½d

170 pitch, £1 1s 3d, £1 12s 1½d

Turners ware, various sorts

1 wood bowl, £0 1s 2½d

1 ditto platter, £0 1s 7½d

2 paint brushes, £0 1s 2d, £0 3s 5d

Oars 2, £0 7s 8½d

Canvas 2 yards English, £0 2s 1d

Nails, various sorts

3 to 6

4 to 20

2 to 10

3 to 40, £0 4s 3½d

Deals, various sorts

7 elm boards, £1 5s 1d

1 ditto plank, £1 1s 1½d, £3 6s 1½d

Cordage 250, £3 7s 1d

Iron ware 1 scraper, £0 1s 8d

Paint, various sorts

8½ Venetian red mixed with oil, £0 3s 6d

18 red lead, £0 2s 3½d

3 white ditto, £0 1s 1½d

1½ spruce, £0 0s 8d

2 barrels of bleaching, £0 0s 7½d, £0 8s 2½d

The whole boats account totalled £8 19s 7½d.

Interpretations

This set out the boats account of stores issued for the maintenance of the Company's boats over the quarter ending 11 January 1759, covering oils, naval stores, timber, cordage and paint.

The account records the materials of keeping small craft seaworthy in the exposed roadstead, pitch, tar and turpentine for paying the seams and preserving the hulls, elm boards and plank for repairs, cordage for the rigging, and oars and paint. Elm was favoured for boat planking below the waterline, being durable when kept wet, and the red lead and Venetian red were the protective priming colours for the timbers. Spruce here meant Prussian, a paint colour. The boats served the constant work of communication between ship and shore in an anchorage where every arriving vessel had to be attended by the island's own craft.

The regular charge of naval stores to keep the boats in repair reflects how wholly the island depended on small craft to connect it to the shipping it existed to serve, no ship being able to lie alongside in the open roadstead, so that the ferrying of passengers, water, provisions and stores between the anchored East Indiamen and the landing places rested on boats that had themselves to be maintained against the wear of the sea.

357

351

1759

Hospital Dr for the following Stores from the 12 of October

1758 to the 11th January 1759

Sugar 436

4 10s 10d

Flour 436

3 12s 8d

Salt 2 Bushells

0 3s 10d

Oil 15 Gallons Train

2 11s 10½d

Tea ½ Bohea

0 8s 3d

Rice 4 9

1 10s 0d

12 19s 5½d

Fortification Dr for the following Stores Issued from the 12

October 1758 to the 11th Jan 1759

Deals vizt

543 Single

57 13s 10½d

19 Double

4 2s 0d

2 Pr Riga Timber

4 12s 2d

4 Baths

1 8s 6d

65 16s 6½d

Iron Ware vizt

5 Stock Locks

0 11s 8d

18 Helves

0 11s 6d

2 Bricklayers Trowels

0 2s 6d

1 Plaisterers Do

0 1s 6½d

6 Ditching Shovels

0 10s 3d

3 Pickaxe

0 8s 5½d

1 Maule

3 12s 8d

Cart Wheels 4 Wheel Barrows

2 17s 6d

Nails vizt

59 10

1 13s 4½d

20 4

0 8s 4d

11 6

0 4s 7d

3 3

0 1s 6d

5 20

0 1s 8d

49¾ Glazing Brads

0 4s 3d

2 13s 8½d

Paint 3 Barrels Blaching

0 0s 11½d

Turners Ware 6 Paint Brushes

0 3s 4½d

Lines 2 No 3

0 3s 6d

Cordage 12

0 1s 1d

Iron 539

£80 10s 0d

The hospital account was charged with the following stores issued between 12 October 1758 and 11 January 1759.

Sugar 436, £4 10s 10d

Flour 436, £3 12s 8d

Salt 2 bushels, £0 3s 10d

Oil 15 gallons train, £2 11s 10½d

Tea 11 bohea, £0 8s 3d

Rice 4 to 9, £1 1s 10d

The whole hospital account totalled £12 19s 5½d.

The fortifications account was charged with the following stores issued between 12 October 1758 and 11 January 1759.

Deals, various sorts

543 single, £57 13s 10½d

19 double, £2 2s 0d

2 pieces Riga timber, £4 12s 2d

4 baths, £1 8s 6d, £65 16s 6½d

Iron ware, various sorts

5 stock locks, £0 11s 8d

18 helves, £0 11s 6d

2 bricklayers trowels, £0 2s 6d

1 plasterers ditto, £0 1s 6½d

6 ditching shovels, £1 7s 0d

3 pickaxes, £0 10s 3d

1 maul, £0 8s 5½d, £3 12s 8d

Cart wheels 4 wheel barrows, £2 17s 6d

Nails, various sorts

59 to 10, £1 13s 4½d

20 to 4, £0 8s 4d

11 to 6, £0 4s 7d

3 to 3, £0 1s 6d

5 to 20, £0 1s 8d

49¾ glazing brads, £0 4s 3d, £2 13s 8½d

Paint 3 barrels of bleaching, £0 0s 11½d

Turners ware 6 paint brushes, £0 3s 4½d

Lines 2 No 3, £0 3s 6d

Cordage 12, £5 1s 1d

Iron 539, [...]

The account totalled £80 10s 0d.

Interpretations

This set out two accounts of stores issued over the quarter ending 11 January 1759, one for the hospital and one for a further tranche of work on the fortifications.

The hospital account was modest and plainly provisioning, sugar, flour, salt, tea, rice and train oil issued to feed and treat the sick, the oil serving both for lamps and as a cheap medicinal fat. The far larger fortifications account was dominated by building timber, over five hundred single deals with Riga pieces and baths, together with the masons and diggers tools, wheelbarrows and nails of substantial construction. Riga timber was the Baltic softwood prized for its length and straightness, shipped from the port of Riga. The scale of this second timber order, coming on top of the earlier fortification accounts, points to a major and continuing building programme on the defences through the whole period.

The heavy and repeated charges of timber and masons tools to the fortifications across successive accounts reveal a sustained effort to strengthen the island's defences in these months, the Company investing substantially in the batteries and guard rooms, an outlay that fitted the wider context of the war then being waged between Britain and France, when a Company island commanding the homeward trade route was a prize an enemy squadron might seek and had to be made defensible.

358

352

January 29

Brought over

£80 10s 0d

Barracks vizt

Fir Timber 109 Do

22 9s 7½d

Hinges 33 Pr

2 12s 3d

White Lead 36

0 13s 6d

Oil 4½ Linseed

0 18s 11½d

Nails 26

0 8s 8d

£107 13s 0d

List of the Honorable Companys Officers

and Servants upon the Island St Helena

on the several Salarys diet money &c

for the Quarter Commencing October the 12th

1758 and Ending January 11th 1759

Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governors Salary

125

Do Allowance for Servants as usual

31 14s 9d

156 14s 9d

John Adamson Lieutenant Govr Salary

62 10s 0d

Do diet money

25 0s 0d

87 10s 0d

John Clark of Councils Salary

15

Matthew Pierling Accomptant Salary

17 10s 0d

Do diet money

15 0s 0d

Do House

2 10s 0d

35

Frances Wrangham Storekeeper Salary

17 10s 0d

Do diet money

15 0s 0d

Do house rent

2 10s 0d

35

William Iles Chaplains Salary

25 0s 0d

Do diet money

15 0s 0d

40

James Powell Storekeeper Salary

17 10s 0d

Do diet money

15 0s 0d

Do house rent

2 10s 0d

35

Matthew Bazett Factors Salary

Do diet money

7 10s 0d

Do house rent

2 10s 0d

Do Assistant Storekeeping

5

25

Carried over

£429 4s 9d

The barracks account of stores issued concluded as follows.

Brought over, £80 10s 0d

Fir timber 109 pieces, £22 9s 7½d

Hinges 33 pairs, £2 12s 3d

White lead 36, £0 13s 6d

Oil 4½ linseed, £0 18s 11½d

Nails 26, £0 8s 8d

The whole barracks account totalled £107 13s 0d.

The list of the Honourable Company's officers and servants on the island of St Helena, with their several salaries and diet money, for the quarter beginning 12 October 1758 and ending 11 January 1759, was set out as follows.

Charles Hutchinson, Governor, salary, £125 0s 0d

Ditto allowance for servants as usual, £31 14s 9d, £156 14s 9d

John Adamson, Lieutenant Governor, salary, £62 10s 0d

Ditto diet money, £25 0s 0d, £87 10s 0d

John Clark of Council, salary, £15 0s 0d

Matthew Pinfing, accountant, salary, £17 10s 0d

Ditto diet money, £15 0s 0d

Ditto house, £2 10s 0d, £35 0s 0d

Frances Wrangham, storekeeper, salary, £17 10s 0d

Ditto diet money, £15 0s 0d

Ditto house rent, £2 10s 0d, £35 0s 0d

William Legg, chaplain, salary, £25 0s 0d

Ditto diet money, £15 0s 0d, £40 0s 0d

James Powell, storekeeper, salary, £17 10s 0d

Ditto diet money, £15 0s 0d

Ditto house rent, £2 10s 0d, £35 0s 0d

Matthew Bazett, factor, salary, £10 0s 0d

Ditto diet money, £7 10s 0d

Ditto house rent, £2 10s 0d

Ditto assistant storekeeping, £5 0s 0d, £25 0s 0d

The account was carried over at £429 4s 9d.

Interpretations

This closed the barracks account of building stores, which came to £107 13s 0d, and opened the quarterly pay list of the Company's officers and servants on the island for the quarter ending 11 January 1759.

The pay list reveals the structure and cost of the island's civil establishment, the salaries graded steeply from the Governor at the head down through the Lieutenant Governor, the councillor, the accountant, the storekeepers, the chaplain and the factor. Beyond the bare salary, most posts carried additional allowances for diet money, house rent and, in the Governor's case, a substantial allowance for servants, the true cost of each officer being the sum of these parts. Diet money was a cash allowance in lieu of provisions, and the house rent an allowance toward lodging, both standard supplements to Company pay. The storekeeper Frances Wrangham appears here, the same name as the party to the land transfer registered earlier in these consultations.

The graded scale of salaries and allowances, with the Governor drawing more than the whole of the junior establishment combined, exposes the steep hierarchy of the Company's service, reward closely tracking rank and the accumulation of allowances for diet, lodging and servants marking status as much as need, the whole civil list a careful ordering of place and pay rendered quarterly to the Directors who bore its cost.

359

353

1759

Brought over

£499 4s 9d

William Wrangham Sailors Salary

Do diet money

7 10s 0d

Do house rent

2 10s 0d

20

Richard Iles Writer Salary

5 0s 0d

Do diet money

10 0s 0d

15

Robert Harveley Surgeons Salary

0 15s 0d

Do diet money

10 0s 0d

Do house rent

2 10s 0d

22 5s 0d

John Pinchard Surgeons Mate Salary

6 5s 0d

Do diet money

10 0s 0d

Do house rent

2 10s 0d

18 15s 0d

Richard Roxle Judges Attorney Salary

10

Do Bloodmoneys

3 8s 0d

Do ad Clark

5

18 8s 0d

Samuel Alexander Overseers

7 10s 0d

Matthew Bazett

7 10s 0d

15

John Blaney Matross Masons Salary

17 10s 0d

Do diet money

10 0s 0d

Do house rent

1 10s 0d

29

Thomas Townsend Stone mason Salary

19 10s 0d

Thomas Lewis Carpenters Salary

12 10s 0d

Do house rent

0 15s 0d

13 5s 0d

Thomas Kirkpatrick Matross at Arms

6 5s 0d

Cumming Smith Gardener

10 0s 0d

John Roughe Labourers Mate

0 15s 0d

James Gribel Cooper

6 5s 0d

William Snyder Steward

1 5s 0d

Michael Frost Clock & Instrument Cleaner

7 10s 0d

Nicholas Serafino Patone Longboat

2

John Strange Groom

5 6s 5½d

56 1s 5½d

Thomas Harper Marshall

Carried over

£656 9s 5½d

The pay list of the Company's officers and servants continued as follows.

William Wrangham, tailor, salary, brought over, £429 4s 9d

Ditto diet money, £7 10s 0d

Ditto house rent, £2 10s 0d, £20 0s 0d

Richard Sim, weaver, salary, £5 0s 0d

Ditto diet money, £10 0s 0d, £15 0s 0d

Robert Harvey, surgeon, salary, £9 15s 0d

Ditto diet money, £10 0s 0d

Ditto house rent, £2 10s 0d, £22 5s 0d

John Prichard, surgeons mate, salary, £6 5s 0d

Ditto diet money, £10 0s 0d

Ditto house rent, £2 10s 0d, £18 15s 0d

Richard Boote, judge advocate, salary, £10 0s 0d

Ditto bloodmoney, £3 8s 0d

Ditto ad clerk, £5 0s 0d, £18 8s 0d

Samuel Alexander, overseer, £7 10s 0d

Matthew Bazett, overseer, £7 10s 0d, £15 0s 0d

John Bland, mason's mate, salary, £17 10s 0d

Ditto diet money, £10 0s 0d

Ditto house rent, £1 10s 0d, £29 0s 0d

Thomas Townsend, stonemason, salary, £19 0s 0d

Thomas Lewis, carpenter, salary, £12 10s 0d

Ditto house rent, £0 15s 0d, £13 5s 0d

Thomas Kirkpatrick, master at arms, £6 5s 0d

Cummings Smith, gardener, £10 0s 0d

John Roughley, armourers mate, £0 15s 0d

James Boote, cooper, £6 5s 0d

William Sim, steward, £1 5s 0d

Michael Frost, clerk and instrument cleaner, £7 10s 0d

Nicholas Serapion, patron of the long boat, £2 0s 0d

John Strange, gunner, £5 6s 5½d, £56 1s 5½d

Thomas Harper, marshal

The account was carried over at £656 9s 5½d.

Interpretations

This continued the quarterly pay list of the Company's officers and servants on the island for the quarter ending 11 January 1759, covering the craftsmen, medical staff, legal officer and the lower servants of the establishment.

The list sets out the working trades and services on which the settlement depended, the tailor, weaver, mason, carpenter, cooper, gardener and armourer, together with the surgeon and his mate who ran the hospital, and the judge advocate who conducted its legal business. The judge advocate's bloodmoney was a fee paid for prosecuting or trying capital offences, a mark of the criminal jurisdiction the island exercised. A patron was the coxswain or commander of a boat, here the long boat, and the master at arms the officer responsible for discipline and the custody of prisoners. The overseers Alexander and Bazett supervised the labour, probably including the enslaved workforce.

The breadth of trades on the salary list, from weaver and tailor to cooper and stonemason, shows the range of skilled labour the Company had to maintain on so isolated an island, every craft that a self-supporting settlement needed being kept in Company pay, since no open market of artisans existed to be hired and the work of building, clothing, victualling and defending the place had all to be done by its own established servants.

360

354

January 29

Brought over

£656 9s 5½d

First Company

John Clark 1st Lieutenant Salary

22 16s 3d

Do diet money

6 16s 10½d

Do house rent

7 10s 0d

37 3s 1½d

John Housserocanor Lieutenant Salary

18 5s 0d

Do diet money

6 16s 10½d

25 1s 10d

Solomon Jacob Adjutant Salary

22 16s 3d

Do diet money

6 16s 10½d

29 13s 1½d

Sergeants

Edward Robinson

7 12s 1d

John Fleming

7 12s 1d

Charles Gosling

7 12s 1d

22 16s 3d

Corporals

Humphrey Pugh

5 6s 5½d

John Grainger

5 6s 5½d

Samuel Baden

5 6s 5½d

15 19s 4½d

Drummers

John Kelton

5 6s 5½d

George Wills

5 6s 5½d

10 12s 11d

Centinels

George Bennett

John Buck

3 16s ½d

John Bagley

3 16s ½d

Peter Kilburg

3 16s ½d

John Blackwell

3 16s ½d

Gabriel Kacy

3 16s ½d

John Bagshaw

3 16s ½d

William Waddington

3 16s ½d

Joseph Blackwell

3 16s ½d

James Cartwright

3 16s ½d

George Copeling

3 16s ½d

William Cookney

3 16s ½d

Duncan Cameron

3 16s ½d

James Collet

3 16s ½d

The pay list of the Company's garrison continued with the first company as follows.

Brought over, £656 9s 5½d

John Clark, first lieutenant, salary, £22 16s 3d

Ditto diet money, £6 16s 10½d

Ditto house rent, £7 10s 0d, £37 3s 1½d

John Hunter, second lieutenant, salary, £18 5s 0d

Ditto diet money, £6 16s 10½d, £25 1s 10½d

Solomon Jacob, adjutant, salary, £22 16s 3d

Ditto diet money, £6 16s 10½d, £29 13s 1½d

The sergeants were paid as follows.

Edward Robinson, £7 12s 1d

John Fleming, £7 12s 1d

Charles Gosling, £7 12s 1d, £22 16s 3d

The corporals were paid as follows.

Humphrey Pugh, £5 6s 5½d

John Grainger, £5 6s 5½d

Samuel Alden, £5 6s 5½d, £15 19s 4½d

The drummers were paid as follows.

John Kellum, £5 6s 5½d

George Wills, £5 6s 5½d, £10 12s 11d

The sentinels were paid as follows.

George Bennett, £3 16s 0½d

John Buck, £3 16s 0½d

John Baghy, £3 16s 0½d

Peter Milburg, £3 16s 0½d

John Blackwell, £3 16s 0½d

Gabriel Beazy, £3 16s 0½d

John Bagshaw, £3 16s 0½d

William Waddington, £3 16s 0½d

Joseph Blackwell, £3 16s 0½d

James Cartwright, £3 16s 0½d

George Capelting, £3 16s 0½d

William Cookney, £3 16s 0½d

Duncan Cameron, £3 16s 0½d

James Collit, £3 16s 0½d

Interpretations

This continued the quarterly pay list for the quarter ending 11 January 1759, setting out the military establishment of the first company, from its officers down through the sergeants, corporals, drummers and sentinels.

The list reveals the ordered structure and graded pay of the garrison company, the lieutenants and adjutant at the head drawing salaries with diet and lodging allowances, then the three sergeants, three corporals and two drummers each at a fixed rate, and finally the mass of sentinels, the private soldiers, all paid the same modest sum. An adjutant was the officer who assisted the commander with the administration and discipline of the company, and the drummers served both to beat the calls that ordered the soldiers day and to signal in the field. The uniform pay of the sentinels, each at £3 16s 0½d, marks the flat bottom of the military scale where every private stood equal.

The steep gradation from a lieutenant's near £40 with allowances down to a sentinel's under £4 lays bare the same hierarchy of rank and reward that ordered the civil list, the whole garrison a pyramid of pay in which officers drew many times a private's wage, the structure of command written directly into the scale of remuneration that the Company rendered quarterly for its fighting men.

361

355

1759

Centinels brought over

Brought over

William Cleveley

3 16s ½d

Joseph Cotto

3 16s ½d

Edward Diavant

3 16s ½d

Thomas Dunn

3 16s ½d

James Edwards

3 16s ½d

James Corthope

3 16s ½d

Thomas Ferris

3 16s ½d

George Kine

3 16s ½d

George Grees

3 16s ½d

Richard Golding

3 16s ½d

John Gilmory

3 16s ½d

Thomas Harten

3 16s ½d

Jonathan Hotchins

3 16s ½d

Thomas Hollwell

3 16s ½d

Daniel Hodd

3 16s ½d

Henry Harrenberga

3 16s ½d

Henry Harper

3 16s ½d

George Hooveror

3 16s ½d

Thomas Hilkins

3 16s ½d

John Hothe

3 16s ½d

Richard Holt

3 16s ½d

George Joy

3 16s ½d

William Jarvis

3 16s ½d

Samuel John

3 16s ½d

Cansdow Hoiks

3 16s ½d

Michael Ronsey

3 16s ½d

William Isenbroom

3 16s ½d

Thomas Lockfield

3 16s ½d

John Much

3 16s ½d

William Montgomory

3 16s ½d

Duccus Miles

3 16s ½d

Buchans Marston

3 16s ½d

Simeon Minord

3 16s ½d

Mordock McClenay

3 16s ½d

Thomas Blenden

3 16s ½d

John Pugh

3 16s ½d

Nicholas Petley

3 16s ½d

Matthew Pigget

3 16s ½d

Robert Pette

3 16s ½d

William Perry

3 16s ½d

James Pinchion

3 16s ½d

Adnum Radliff

Centinels Carried over

Carried over

The pay list of the sentinels of the first company continued as follows.

Brought over

William Clanbey, £3 16s 0½d

Joseph Coître, £3 16s 0½d

Edward Diavant, £3 16s 0½d

Thomas Dunn, £3 16s 0½d

James Edwards, £3 16s 0½d

James Curtiffe, £3 16s 0½d

Thomas Ferris, £3 16s 0½d

George Fenn, £3 16s 0½d

George Grew, £3 16s 0½d

Richard Golding, £3 16s 0½d

John Gilmore, £3 16s 0½d

Thomas Harter, £3 16s 0½d

Jonathan Hotchins, £3 16s 0½d

Thomas Hollwell, £3 16s 0½d

Daniel Holt, £3 16s 0½d

Henry Herrenberg, £3 16s 0½d

Henry Harper, £3 16s 0½d

George Hooming, £3 16s 0½d

Thomas Hilling, £3 16s 0½d

John Herbe, £3 16s 0½d

Richard Holt, £3 16s 0½d

George Joy, £3 16s 0½d

William Jarvis, £3 16s 0½d

Samuel John, £3 16s 0½d

Cornelius Harris, £3 16s 0½d

Michael Ramsey, £3 16s 0½d

William Rainbowes, £3 16s 0½d

Thomas Lockyer, £3 16s 0½d

John Mack, £3 16s 0½d

William Montgomery, £3 16s 0½d

David Miles, £3 16s 0½d

Richard Marsтом, £3 16s 0½d

Simeon Mason, £3 16s 0½d

Murdoch McCleary, £3 16s 0½d

Thomas Blendon, £3 16s 0½d

John Pugh, £3 16s 0½d

Abraham Ottley, £3 16s 0½d

Matthew Piggot, £3 16s 0½d

Robert Pitto, £3 16s 0½d

William Perry, £3 16s 0½d

James Richardson, £3 16s 0½d

Adrian Ratcliff

The account was carried over.

Interpretations

This continued the quarterly pay list for the quarter ending 11 January 1759, setting out the long roll of sentinels of the first company, each private soldier drawing the same fixed pay of £3 16s 0½d.

The list is a plain muster of the private soldiers by name, all paid at the identical flat rate that marked the bottom of the military scale. The uniformity of the sum, repeated line after line for every man, reflects the undifferentiated position of the common sentinel, whose pay depended not on skill or service but simply on his rank as a private. The surnames span English, Scottish, Irish and continental origins, Herrenberg and Ratcliff among names of varied source, showing the mixed recruitment from which the Company drew the rank and file of its garrison, men gathered from wherever they could be enlisted to serve on a distant island.

The great length of the sentinel roll, filling a full page with names at the lowest rate of pay, sets the true shape of the garrison in relief, a small body of officers and non-commissioned men resting on a broad base of ordinary privates, the flat uniform wage of the many contrasting with the graded and allowance-laden pay of the few above them, the whole a pyramid of military establishment maintained at the Company's charge to hold its island.

362

356

January 29

Brought over

Centinels brought over

John Sackston

3 16s ½d

John Rice

3 16s ½d

William Astman

3 16s ½d

James Stringoth

3 16s ½d

William Slobley

3 16s ½d

James Thurley

3 16s ½d

Joseph Twoney

3 16s ½d

John Wrangham

3 16s ½d

Edward Webberg

3 16s ½d

Thomas Williams

3 16s ½d

Jeremiah Worrall

3 16s ½d

John Welter

3 16s ½d

William Woolmby

3 16s ½d

Henry Woltrop

3 16s ½d

Second Company

Thomas Kirkpatrick 1st Lieut Salary

22 16s 3d

Do diet money

6 16s 10½d

Do house rent

2 10s 0d

32 3s 1½d

Richard Dale 2 Lieutenant Salary

18 5s 0d

Do diet money

6 16s 10½d

25 1s 10½d

Sergeants

William Duncan

Thomas Bazett

7 12s 1d

Samuel Prentontrion

7 12s 1d

22 16s 3d

Corporals

John Languedge

5 6s 5½d

William Harding

5 6s 5½d

John Willard

5 6s 5½d

15 19s 4½d

Drummers

George Vincent

5 6s 5½d

Jos Chamielian

5 6s 5½d

10 12s 11d

Centinels

John Allis

3 16s ½d

Edward Allis

3 16s ½d

John Colingstoffe

3 16s ½d

Centinels Carried over

Carried over

The pay list of the sentinels of the first company concluded, and the second company followed.

Sentinels brought over

John Snelson, £3 16s 0½d

John Shaw, £3 16s 0½d

William Astman, £3 16s 0½d

Thomas Springett, £3 16s 0½d

William Stableys, £3 16s 0½d

James Thurley, £3 16s 0½d

Joseph Chorney, £3 16s 0½d

John Wrangham, £3 16s 0½d

Edward Webbing, £3 16s 0½d

Thomas Williams, £3 16s 0½d

Jeremiah Worrells, £3 16s 0½d

John Wilton, £3 16s 0½d

William Warlomby, £3 16s 0½d

Henry Withess, £3 16s 0½d

The second company was paid as follows.

Thomas Kirkpatrick, first lieutenant, salary, £22 16s 3d

Ditto diet money, £6 16s 10½d

Ditto house rent, £2 10s 0d, £32 3s 1½d

Richard Beale, second lieutenant, salary, £18 5s 0d

Ditto diet money, £6 16s 10½d, £25 1s 10½d

The sergeants of the second company were paid as follows.

William Duncan, £7 12s 1d

Thomas Bazett, £7 12s 1d

Samuel Prestondried, £7 12s 1d, £22 16s 3d

The corporals of the second company were paid as follows.

John Languedge, £5 6s 5½d

William Harding, £5 6s 5½d

John Willard, £5 6s 5½d, £15 19s 4½d

The drummers of the second company were paid as follows.

George Weeem, £5 6s 5½d

John Chamielion, £5 6s 5½d, £10 12s 11d

The sentinels of the second company were paid as follows.

John Allis, £3 16s 0½d

Edward Allis, £3 16s 0½d

John Codrington, £3 16s 0½d

The account was carried over.

Interpretations

This closed the roll of the first company's sentinels and opened the second company, setting out its officers, sergeants, corporals, drummers and the first of its private soldiers for the quarter ending 11 January 1759.

The second company mirrored the first in exact structure and pay, the same two lieutenants, three sergeants, three corporals and two drummers at identical rates, showing the garrison organised into two parallel companies of the same establishment. The first lieutenant of this company was Thomas Kirkpatrick, who appears elsewhere in these accounts as master at arms, an officer holding more than one post. The recurrence of surnames across the rolls, Bazett as a sergeant here and elsewhere as factor and overseer, Wrangham among the sentinels and elsewhere as storekeeper, Languedge as a corporal and elsewhere a witness to a will, shows how the same island families and individuals filled the settlement's civil and military places together.

The recurrence of the same surnames through the civil list, the garrison and the land petitions reveals the small and interwoven society of the island, a settled population in which a handful of families held posts across the Company's service and the free community alike, the enlisted soldiers, the salaried craftsmen and the landholding planters drawn from the same limited pool of names that made up the whole free population of St Helena.

363

357

1759

Brought over

Centinels brought over

Edward Ashley

3 16s ½d

Thomas Manley

3 16s ½d

Isaac Bruch

3 16s ½d

John Bruitt

3 16s ½d

James Buckley

3 16s ½d

Edward Broom

3 16s ½d

William Bransley

3 16s ½d

German Bryant

3 16s ½d

Edward Crosley

3 16s ½d

Thomas Cobb

3 16s ½d

William Cobb

3 16s ½d

Edward Crumie

3 16s ½d

Isaac Days

3 16s ½d

William Dixson

3 16s ½d

John Davis

3 16s ½d

Stafford Davis

3 16s ½d

James Dudley

3 16s ½d

Samuel Collet

3 16s ½d

Jacob Ensley

3 16s ½d

John Frederick Emerling

3 16s ½d

James Fox

3 16s ½d

Jonathan Gosley

3 16s ½d

William Goodwin

3 16s ½d

John Grenoff

3 16s ½d

William Gabey

3 16s ½d

James Healy

3 16s ½d

John Hedley

3 16s ½d

William Kayes

3 16s ½d

Phillip Hickman

3 16s ½d

George Hill

3 16s ½d

William Hawroman

3 16s ½d

James Bromley

3 16s ½d

William Harris

3 16s ½d

John Heathirson

3 16s ½d

Alexander Hoalb

3 16s ½d

Richard Hinton

3 16s ½d

George Gribel

3 16s ½d

Alexander Knight

3 16s ½d

William Kilafie

3 16s ½d

Lewis King

3 16s ½d

Peter Ambroy

3 16s ½d

William Lake

Centinels Carried over

Carried over

The pay list of the sentinels of the second company continued as follows.

Brought over

Edward Astley, £3 16s 0½d

Thomas Harley, £3 16s 0½d

Isaac Buck, £3 16s 0½d

John Bazett, £3 16s 0½d

James Buckley, £3 16s 0½d

Edward Broom, £3 16s 0½d

William Bramsley, £3 16s 0½d

Thomas Bryant, £3 16s 0½d

Edward Crosley, £3 16s 0½d

Thomas Cobb, £3 16s 0½d

William Cobb, £3 16s 0½d

Edward Craine, £3 16s 0½d

Isaac Days, £3 16s 0½d

William Deason, £3 16s 0½d

John Davis, £3 16s 0½d

Stephen Davis, £3 16s 0½d

James Dudley, £3 16s 0½d

Samuel Coître, £3 16s 0½d

Jacob Bosley, £3 16s 0½d

John Frederick Emerling, £3 16s 0½d

James Fox, £3 16s 0½d

Jonathan Cosley, £3 16s 0½d

William Gardiner, £3 16s 0½d

John Greenaff, £3 16s 0½d

William Gabey, £3 16s 0½d

James Healy, £3 16s 0½d

John Healey, £3 16s 0½d

William Hayes, £3 16s 0½d

Phillip Hichman, £3 16s 0½d

George Hill, £3 16s 0½d

William Havorman, £3 16s 0½d

James Harmey, £3 16s 0½d

William Harris, £3 16s 0½d

John Heathcock, £3 16s 0½d

Alexander Healy, £3 16s 0½d

Richard Hinton, £3 16s 0½d

George Kibbel, £3 16s 0½d

Abraham Knight, £3 16s 0½d

William Killafer, £3 16s 0½d

Lewis King, £3 16s 0½d

Peter Amberry, £3 16s 0½d

William Lakes

The account was carried over.

Interpretations

This continued the quarterly pay list for the quarter ending 11 January 1759, setting out a further long roll of sentinels of the second company, each private drawing the same flat pay of £3 16s 0½d.

The roll is another plain muster of private soldiers by name at the uniform rate, the enlistment of Isaac Buck appearing here confirming the man engaged for five years at a bounty of £0 10s 0d recorded at the consultation of 4 January 1759. The surnames again span English, Scottish, Irish and continental origins, John Frederick Emerling among the German names, reflecting the mixed sources from which the Company drew its rank and file. The repetition of family names, several Davises, two Cobbs, two Healys, points once more to the interwoven kinship of the island population, brothers and relatives serving together in the ranks.

The appearance of a newly enlisted man on the pay roll within days of his engagement shows the immediacy with which recruitment fed the garrison's establishment, a soldier bound to Company service on one date entered on the quarterly pay list of his company at the next reckoning, the machinery of enlistment, muster and payment turning without delay to keep the two companies at their strength on an island that could ill afford gaps in its defence.

364

358

January 29

Brought over

Centinels brought over

Jonathan Lake

3 16s ½d

Duncan McCleaon

3 16s ½d

William Mumford

3 16s ½d

John Price

3 16s ½d

Edward Rowson

3 16s ½d

Charles Rasfor

3 16s ½d

John Redming

3 16s ½d

Angel Ranele

3 16s ½d

Edward Rickford

3 16s ½d

William Rickman Ausch No 20

1 13s 4d

Lucas Roce

3 16s ½d

Michael Roig

3 16s ½d

Arnolde Salsory

3 16s ½d

William Smith Senr

3 16s ½d

Henry Simmonds

3 16s ½d

John Browne

3 16s ½d

William Smith Junr

3 16s ½d

John Spencer

3 16s ½d

William Sasboy

3 16s ½d

Edward Sooey

3 16s ½d

Benjamin Williams

3 16s ½d

Samuel Wright

3 16s ½d

John Wilmington

3 16s ½d

George Yoling

3 16s ½d

Richard Yous

3 16s ½d

Third Company

Chas Manley 1st Lieutenant Salary

22 16s 3d

Do diet money

6 16s 10½d

Do house rent

2 10s 0d

32 3s 1½d

Henry Bazett 2 Lieutenants Salary

18 5s 0d

Do diet money

6 16s 10½d

Do house rent

2 10s 0d

27 11s 10½d

Sergeants

Robt Mason

7 12s 1d

Michael Frost

7 12s 1d

Thomas Sowerle

7 12s 1d

22 16s 3d

Carried over

The pay list of the sentinels of the second company concluded, and the third company followed.

Sentinels brought over

Jonathan Lake, £3 16s 0½d

Duncan McCleuen, £3 16s 0½d

William Mumford, £3 16s 0½d

John Price, £3 16s 0½d

Edward Prewson, £3 16s 0½d

Charles Rufory, £3 16s 0½d

John Fleming, £3 16s 0½d

Amos Buck, £3 16s 0½d

Edward Rickford, £3 16s 0½d

William Rickman, quarter gunner No 20, £1 13s 4d

Amos Boice, £3 16s 0½d

Michael Reeg, £3 16s 0½d

Arnold Salsory, £3 16s 0½d

William Smith senior, £3 16s 0½d

Henry Simmonds, £3 16s 0½d

John Sansony, £3 16s 0½d

William Smith junior, £3 16s 0½d

John Spencer, £3 16s 0½d

William Warbey, £3 16s 0½d

Edward Storey, £3 16s 0½d

Benjamin Williams, £3 16s 0½d

Samuel Wright, £3 16s 0½d

John Wentingale, £3 16s 0½d

George Joling, £3 16s 0½d

Richard Sim, £3 16s 0½d

The third company was paid as follows.

Charles Beazy, first lieutenant, salary, £22 16s 3d

Ditto diet money, £6 16s 10½d

Ditto house rent, £2 10s 0d, £32 3s 1½d

Henry Bazett, second lieutenant, salary, £18 5s 0d

Ditto diet money, £6 16s 10½d

Ditto house rent, £2 10s 0d, £27 11s 10½d

The sergeants of the third company were paid as follows.

Robert Mason, £7 12s 1d

Michael Frost, £7 12s 1d

Thomas Sansony, £7 12s 1d, £22 16s 3d

The account was carried over.

Interpretations

This closed the roll of the second company's sentinels and opened the third company, setting out its officers and sergeants for the quarter ending 11 January 1759, confirming the garrison to be organised into three parallel companies.

The third company again mirrored the others in structure, the same two lieutenants and three sergeants at identical rates. A single sentinel, William Rickman, was marked as a quarter gunner and paid a distinct part-sum, the quarter gunner being a soldier with a special artillery duty and additional pay for it, the same rank that appears among the matrosses and gunners of the garrison accounts. The recurrence of names continues, Bazett as a lieutenant here as well as sergeant, factor and overseer elsewhere, Frost as a sergeant and elsewhere clerk and instrument cleaner, Sim as a sentinel and elsewhere weaver, the same individuals threading through the civil and military rolls.

The organisation of the garrison into three matched companies of identical establishment reveals the deliberate order the Company imposed on its island defence, the fighting strength divided into equal units each with its full complement of officers and non-commissioned men, a structure that allowed the garrison to be rotated, quartered and deployed by company, and that imposed on a small and remote force the same regular military form as any larger establishment in the Company's service.

365

359

1759

Brought over

Corporals

Jeremiah Whittall

5 6s 5½d

John Bagett

5 6s 5½d

William Harrison

5 6s 5½d

15 19s 4½d

Drummers

John Coffin

5 6s 5½d

John Gracie

5 6s 5½d

10 12s 11d

Centinels

Matthew Allis

3 16s ½d

Samuel Ligns

3 16s ½d

Jacmot Allston

3 16s ½d

William Brooks

3 16s ½d

William Burkett

3 16s ½d

William Brooch

3 16s ½d

John Brooke

3 16s ½d

John Brossey

3 16s ½d

William Brooke

3 16s ½d

Robert Brown

3 16s ½d

John Brossen

3 16s ½d

Peter Berman

3 16s ½d

Benjamin Burton

3 16s ½d

Daniel Cowen

3 16s ½d

Thomas Clark

3 16s ½d

Stephen Cleverly

3 16s ½d

John Corley

3 16s ½d

James Corfoy

3 16s ½d

Edward Congoon

3 16s ½d

William Conguert

3 16s ½d

John Day

3 16s ½d

Jacob De Walb

3 16s ½d

Henry Delanroy

3 16s ½d

Peter Dybatuse

3 16s ½d

Thomas Diavant

3 16s ½d

Peter Small

3 16s ½d

George Trecole

3 16s ½d

Henry Cartwright

3 16s ½d

John Dudralty

3 16s ½d

Thomas Green

3 16s ½d

William Harris

3 16s ½d

Centinels Carried over

Carried over

The pay list of the third company continued with the corporals, drummers and sentinels as follows.

Corporals brought over

Jeremiah Whytehill, £5 6s 5½d

John Prestett, £5 6s 5½d

William Havorman, £5 6s 5½d, £15 19s 4½d

The drummers were paid as follows.

John Caffin, £5 6s 5½d

John Grieder, £5 6s 5½d, £10 12s 11d

The sentinels were paid as follows.

Matthew Allis, £3 16s 0½d

Samuel Argus, £3 16s 0½d

Jarmit Alderson, £3 16s 0½d

William Marks, £3 16s 0½d

William Prestett, £3 16s 0½d

William Prosch, £3 16s 0½d

John Prosche, £3 16s 0½d

John Broscy, £3 16s 0½d

William Prosche, £3 16s 0½d

Robert Prewson, £3 16s 0½d

John Prewson, £3 16s 0½d

Peter Orman, £3 16s 0½d

Benjamin Purston, £3 16s 0½d

Daniel Cann, £3 16s 0½d

Thomas Clark, £3 16s 0½d

Stephen Cleverley, £3 16s 0½d

John Cosley, £3 16s 0½d

James Cosfory, £3 16s 0½d

Edward Congson, £3 16s 0½d

William Conguart, £3 16s 0½d

John Day, £3 16s 0½d

Jacob Days Wolp, £3 16s 0½d

Henry Delanory, £3 16s 0½d

Peter Erplunium, £3 16s 0½d

Thomas Elienat, £3 16s 0½d

Peter Small, £3 16s 0½d

George Fenels, £3 16s 0½d

Henry Cartwright, £3 16s 0½d

John Dudsally, £3 16s 0½d

Thomas Green, £3 16s 0½d

William Harris

The account was carried over.

Interpretations

This continued the quarterly pay list of the third company for the quarter ending 11 January 1759, setting out its corporals, drummers and the first of its sentinels, all at the fixed rates of their ranks.

The third company again matched the others exactly in its complement of three corporals, two drummers and its roll of private sentinels, each paid the uniform sum for his rank. The corporal William Havorman and the sentinel William Harris both appear on more than one company roll, the repetition of names across the three companies reflecting either the movement of men between units or the interwoven kinship of the island's small population. The surnames span the same mixed origins as the other rolls, several Prosches, Prewsons and Cosleys pointing again to families serving together in the ranks.

The exact replication of establishment across all three companies, each with its identical count of corporals, drummers and sentinels at matched rates, confirms the rigid uniformity the Company imposed on its garrison structure, the fighting force built as three interchangeable units of the same shape and cost, a regularity that simplified the reckoning of pay and the management of the defence and imposed the ordered form of a regular military establishment on the modest garrison of a remote island.

366

360

January 29

Brought over

Centinels brought over

John Hoyes

3 16s ½d

Thomas Harding

3 16s ½d

Abia Harding

3 16s ½d

Philip Hollard

3 16s ½d

James Hoinds

3 16s ½d

William Hollwoly

3 16s ½d

John Holloway

3 16s ½d

James Hudson

3 16s ½d

Samuel Jenkins

3 16s ½d

Richard Jind

3 16s ½d

Samuel Kitson

3 16s ½d

Evan Howells

3 16s ½d

John Kaye

3 16s ½d

William Lyon

3 16s ½d

William Martin

3 16s ½d

Michael Moir

3 16s ½d

Stephen Ory

3 16s ½d

William Perry

3 16s ½d

William Perlroy

3 16s ½d

Woelrad Louge

3 16s ½d

Roger Phillips

3 16s ½d

Thomas Rutherford

3 16s ½d

Henry Schoanhurst

3 16s ½d

Antow Shirlock

3 16s ½d

John Simmons

3 16s ½d

William Smith

3 16s ½d

Joseph Smith

3 16s ½d

William Stedman

3 16s ½d

Zachary Suffe

3 16s ½d

Thomas Stevens

3 16s ½d

Elias Strange

3 16s ½d

William Snyder

3 16s ½d

Richard Swaits

3 16s ½d

Jacob Steve

3 16s ½d

Thomas Rowell

3 16s ½d

William Ware

3 16s ½d

Stephen Willoughby

3 16s ½d

Thomas Wrighting

3 16s ½d

Gustavus Widding

3 16s ½d

The pay list of the sentinels of the third company continued as follows.

Sentinels brought over

John Hayes, £3 16s 0½d

Thomas Harding, £3 16s 0½d

Abel Harding, £3 16s 0½d

Philip Holland, £3 16s 0½d

James Hoinds, £3 16s 0½d

William Hollwell, £3 16s 0½d

John Holloway, £3 16s 0½d

James Hudson, £3 16s 0½d

Samuel Jenkins, £3 16s 0½d

Richard Jind, £3 16s 0½d

Samuel Watson, £3 16s 0½d

Evan Howells, £3 16s 0½d

John Legg, £3 16s 0½d

William Lyon, £3 16s 0½d

William Martin, £3 16s 0½d

Michael Moss, £3 16s 0½d

Stephen Ory, £3 16s 0½d

William Perry, £3 16s 0½d

William Prosley, £3 16s 0½d

Wilfred Legg, £3 16s 0½d

Roger Phillips, £3 16s 0½d

Thomas Rutherford, £3 16s 0½d

Henry Sherenhurst, £3 16s 0½d

Andrew Shirlock, £3 16s 0½d

John Simmons, £3 16s 0½d

William Smith, £3 16s 0½d

Joseph Smith, £3 16s 0½d

William Stanmore, £3 16s 0½d

Zachary Suffe, £3 16s 0½d

Thomas Stevens, £3 16s 0½d

John Strange, £3 16s 0½d

William Slaylor, £3 16s 0½d

Richard Swaits, £3 16s 0½d

Jacob Ware, £3 16s 0½d

Thomas Powell, £3 16s 0½d

William Ware, £3 16s 0½d

Stephen Willoughby, £3 16s 0½d

Thomas Worrington, £3 16s 0½d

Gustavus Wilding, £3 16s 0½d

Interpretations

This continued the quarterly pay list for the quarter ending 11 January 1759, setting out a further long roll of sentinels of the third company, each private drawing the same fixed pay of £3 16s 0½d.

The roll is another plain muster of private soldiers by name at the uniform rate that marked the bottom of the military scale. The surnames again span English, Welsh, Scottish and continental origins, Gustavus Wilding and Henry Sherenhurst among names of varied source, Evan Howells and William Lyon among the Welsh, reflecting the mixed recruitment of the Company's rank and file. The recurrence of names carries through, several Legg, Harding, Smith and Ware entries pointing once more to the interwoven families of the island serving together in the ranks, and the sentinel John Strange sharing his name with the gunner on the civil establishment.

The steady repetition of the identical wage for every private soldier, filling roll after roll across all three companies, sets in relief the sheer weight of the rank and file in the garrison's cost and structure, the many privates at their flat modest pay forming the broad foundation on which the graded officers and non-commissioned men stood, the whole establishment a careful pyramid of place and payment maintained quarter by quarter to hold an island whose security rested ultimately on these ordinary enlisted men.

367

361

1759

Brought over

Fourth Company

William Roseweg 1st Lieutenant Salary

22 16s 3d

Do diet money

6 16s 10½d

29 13s 1½d

Samuel Prince 2 Lieutenant Salary

18 5s 0d

Do diet money

6 16s 10½d

Do house rent

2 10s 0d

27 11s 10½d

Sergeants

William Longstrange

7 12s 1d

Richard Vaughan

7 12s 1d

John Bridgadenon

7 12s 1d

22 16s 3d

Corporals

Thomas Price

5 6s 5½d

Thomas Morris

5 6s 5½d

John Wignard

5 6s 5½d

15 19s 4½d

Drummers

John Buckhaus

5 6s 5½d

Henry Powell

5 6s 5½d

10 12s 11d

Centinels

William Roseweg

3 16s ½d

Richard Ashford

3 16s ½d

William Bransey

3 16s ½d

Cansdow Brunler

3 16s ½d

Onesophr Bagley

3 16s ½d

John Krag

3 16s ½d

Henry Bowers

3 16s ½d

Adelbit Wolfe

3 16s ½d

Jacob Rolib

3 16s ½d

William Blackmans

3 16s ½d

Richard Witter

3 16s ½d

John Rolt

3 16s ½d

George Bazett Enrostained 24 November

2 0s 5½d

Andrew Carmichael

3 16s ½d

John Trapper

Centinels Carried over

Carried over

The pay list of the garrison continued with the fourth company as follows.

Brought over

William Rodney, first lieutenant, salary, £22 16s 3d

Ditto diet money, £6 16s 10½d, £29 13s 1½d

Samuel Prince, second lieutenant, salary, £18 5s 0d

Ditto diet money, £6 16s 10½d

Ditto house rent, £2 10s 0d, £27 11s 10½d

The sergeants of the fourth company were paid as follows.

William Longstrong, £7 12s 1d

Richard Vaughan, £7 12s 1d

John Bridgestone, £7 12s 1d, £22 16s 3d

The corporals of the fourth company were paid as follows.

Thomas Pierce, £5 6s 5½d

Thomas Morris, £5 6s 5½d

John Wychurch, £5 6s 5½d, £15 19s 4½d

The drummers of the fourth company were paid as follows.

John Buckham, £5 6s 5½d

Henry Powell, £5 6s 5½d, £10 12s 11d

The sentinels of the fourth company were paid as follows.

William Rimersery, £3 16s 0½d

Richard Ashford, £3 16s 0½d

William Prewson, £3 16s 0½d

Charles Prosche, £3 16s 0½d

Joseph Bagley, £3 16s 0½d

John Broy, £3 16s 0½d

Henry Prewson, £3 16s 0½d

Abel Wolfe, £3 16s 0½d

Jacob Bold, £3 16s 0½d

William Blackman, £3 16s 0½d

Richard Waller, £3 16s 0½d

John Bold, £3 16s 0½d

George Bazett, enlisted 24 November, £2 0s 9½d

Andrew Carmichael, £3 16s 0½d

John Cropper

The account was carried over.

Interpretations

This opened the fourth company of the garrison for the quarter ending 11 January 1759, setting out its officers, sergeants, corporals, drummers and the first of its sentinels, confirming the garrison to consist of four parallel companies rather than three.

The fourth company matched the others in exact structure, the same two lieutenants, three sergeants, three corporals and two drummers at identical rates. The sentinel George Bazett was marked as enlisted 24 November and paid a reduced part-quarter sum, confirming the man engaged for five years at a bounty of £0 5s 0d recorded at an earlier consultation, his pay pro-rated from the date he joined rather than paid for the full quarter. The recurrence of names continues, Powell as a drummer here and elsewhere a storekeeper and sentinel, Vaughan and Rodney among the officers, the same island stock filling the places of all four companies.

The pro-rating of a soldier's first quarter from his date of enlistment shows the precision of the Company's pay accounting, a man entering the establishment part way through the quarter drawing only the portion of pay earned from the day he joined, the exact sum calculated to the penny so that the muster and the money answered to one another, the same careful reckoning applied to the humblest recruit as to the whole graded structure of the garrison above him.

368

362

January 29

Brought over

Centinels Brought over

Joseph Chamberlain

3 16s ½d

John Clough

3 16s ½d

Gilbert Clough

3 16s ½d

John Corley

3 16s ½d

Baran Delonty

3 16s ½d

James Duy

3 16s ½d

Thomas Gulley

3 16s ½d

Peter Kilburg

3 16s ½d

Cansdow Grandel

3 16s ½d

Robinson Igsory

3 16s ½d

Andrew Gamble

3 16s ½d

Thomas Graysdorly

3 16s ½d

John Kaye

3 16s ½d

William Hill

3 16s ½d

Thomas Hunter

3 16s ½d

Robert Jackson

3 16s ½d

Thomas Hollwork

3 16s ½d

John Kearys Grainger to the Corbill Compa 153 Days

1 15s 10d

Alexander Hotchleg

3 16s ½d

Thomas Leadory

3 16s ½d

Joseph Long

3 16s ½d

John Anlong

3 16s ½d

James Loy

3 16s ½d

David Lece

3 16s ½d

Richd Linnery

3 16s ½d

William Levendon

3 16s ½d

Abrary Mayor

3 16s ½d

Charton Montague

3 16s ½d

Richd Moyle

3 16s ½d

Edward Marvell

3 16s ½d

William Merry

3 16s ½d

Richd McCleary

3 16s ½d

William Masors

3 16s ½d

Thomas Nimble

3 16s ½d

Thomas Payne

3 16s ½d

John Ashurstor

3 16s ½d

Thomas Perry

3 16s ½d

Joseph Phillips

3 16s ½d

William Robinson

Centinels Carried over

Carried over

The pay list of the sentinels of the fourth company continued as follows.

Sentinels brought over

Joseph Chamberlain, £3 16s 0½d

John Clough, £3 16s 0½d

Gilbert Clough, £3 16s 0½d

John Cotly, £3 16s 0½d

Barnard Delnory, £3 16s 0½d

Samuel Day, £3 16s 0½d

Thomas Gulley, £3 16s 0½d

Peter Richard, £3 16s 0½d

Cornelius Grandee, £3 16s 0½d

Robinson Grey, £3 16s 0½d

Andrew Gamble, £3 16s 0½d

Thomas Greydocks, £3 16s 0½d

John Regey, £3 16s 0½d

William Hill, £3 16s 0½d

Thomas Homds, £3 16s 0½d

Robert Jackson, £3 16s 0½d

Thomas Holdwick, £3 16s 0½d

John Prince, gunner No 6 to the third company, £1 15s 10d

Alexander Hotchley, £3 16s 0½d

Thomas Lindsey, £3 16s 0½d

Joseph Long, £3 16s 0½d

John Longy, £3 16s 0½d

James Ley, £3 16s 0½d

Edward Law, £3 16s 0½d

Richard Linnery, £3 16s 0½d

William Loundon, £3 16s 0½d

Abram Major, £3 16s 0½d

Charles Montague, £3 16s 0½d

Richard Moyce, £3 16s 0½d

Edward Marrett, £3 16s 0½d

William Merry, £3 16s 0½d

Richard McCleary, £3 16s 0½d

William Mason, £3 16s 0½d

Thomas Nimble, £3 16s 0½d

Thomas Payne, £3 16s 0½d

John Vaneurscy, £3 16s 0½d

Thomas Percy, £3 16s 0½d

Joseph Phillips, £3 16s 0½d

William Robinson

The account was carried over.

Interpretations

This continued the quarterly pay list for the quarter ending 11 January 1759, setting out a further roll of sentinels of the fourth company, each private drawing the fixed pay of £3 16s 0½d.

The roll is another muster of private soldiers at the uniform rate, with one man, John Prince, marked as gunner No 6 attached to the third company and paid a distinct part-sum, the artillery duty carrying its own reckoning and the note showing that a gunner borne on one company's roll might serve with another. The surnames span the mixed origins seen throughout, Charles Montague and Cornelius Grandee among names of varied source, and the recurrence of names continues with several Cloughs, a second Prince and a second McCleary threading through the rolls. The interweaving of gunners across the companies shows the artillery function spread through the whole garrison rather than held in a separate body.

The attachment of gunners from one company to the service of another reveals the flexible way the garrison deployed its specialist artillery skill, the men who worked the guns borne on the ordinary company rolls yet assigned where the batteries needed them, an arrangement that let a small force distribute its trained gunners across the island's scattered defences while keeping every man mustered and paid within the fixed company structure that ordered the whole establishment.

369

363

1759

Brought over

Centinels brought over

John Robens

3 16s ½d

William Riffort

3 16s ½d

Robert Ruike

3 16s ½d

Daniel Scott

3 16s ½d

Arnol Scott

3 16s ½d

Nicholas Serafino

3 16s ½d

Thomas Sherman

3 16s ½d

Richd Spencer

3 16s ½d

John Spencer

3 16s ½d

James Hillard

3 16s ½d

George Simpson

3 16s ½d

Clothehang Redor

3 16s ½d

Richard Cody

3 16s ½d

Thomas Thompsong

3 16s ½d

Edward Thomas

3 16s ½d

Joseph Ulford

3 16s ½d

Rogers Wottrop

3 16s ½d

Artillery Company

Thomas Hall Master Gunners Salary

22 16s 3d

Do diet money

6 16s 10½d

29 13s 1½d

Gunners Mates

Nathan Sample Cheif Mate

11 0s 1½d

John McKimster

9 2s 6d

Henry Corley

9 2s 6d

Mathew McWaly

9 2s 6d

Aron Blad Davis

9 2s 6d

John Rollings

9 2s 6d

Adams Wilson

9 2s 6d

75 5s 7½d

Quarter Gunners

James Long

6 16s 10d

Andrew Mallory

6 16s 10d

John Iuds

6 16s 10d

John Ossory

6 16s 10d

Thomas Mowry

6 16s 10d

Thomas Taylor

6 16s 10d

John White

6 16s 10d

54 15s 0d

Jeffey Vronmounj

The pay list of the sentinels of the fourth company concluded, and the artillery company followed.

Sentinels brought over

John Robens, £3 16s 0½d

William Rippon, £3 16s 0½d

Robert Ruthy, £3 16s 0½d

Daniel Scott, £3 16s 0½d

Adam Scott, £3 16s 0½d

Nicholas Serapion, £3 16s 0½d

Thomas Jarman, £3 16s 0½d

Richard Spencer, £3 16s 0½d

John Spencer, £3 16s 0½d

James Hillcard, £3 16s 0½d

George Simpson, £3 16s 0½d

Elisha Rufory, £3 16s 0½d

Richard Ludy, £3 16s 0½d

Thomas Thompsng, £3 16s 0½d

Edward Thomas, £3 16s 0½d

Joseph Ulford, £3 16s 0½d

Roger Wolsinger, £3 16s 0½d

The artillery company was paid as follows.

Thomas Hall, master gunner, salary, £22 16s 3d

Ditto diet money, £6 16s 10½d, £29 13s 1½d

The gunners mates were paid as follows.

Nathan Sansony, chief mate, £11 0s 1½d

John Wilkinson, £9 2s 6d

Henry Curley, £9 2s 6d

Michael McCleary, £9 2s 6d

Aaron Boot Davis, £9 2s 6d

John Rollins, £9 2s 6d

Adam Wilson, £9 2s 6d

Thomas Williams, £75 5s 7½d

The quarter gunners were paid as follows.

James Long, £6 16s 10d

Andrew Mullins, £6 16s 10d

John Jind, £6 16s 10d

John Cleary, £6 16s 10d

Thomas Mowry, £6 16s 10d

Thomas Taylor, £6 16s 10d

John Wilde, £6 16s 10d, £54 15s 0d

Jeffrey Greenaway

The account was carried over.

Interpretations

This closed the roll of the fourth company's sentinels and opened the artillery company, setting out the master gunner, the gunners mates and the quarter gunners for the quarter ending 11 January 1759.

The artillery company was the specialist gunnery body of the garrison, distinct from the four infantry companies, headed by the master gunner Thomas Hall, whose signature appears on the artillery stores accounts throughout these consultations. Below him the gunners mates and quarter gunners were paid at graded rates well above the common sentinel, reflecting the skill their work required. Gunners mates were the trained assistants to the master gunner, and quarter gunners the next grade down, each responsible for a portion of the guns. This standing artillery company, together with the gunners and matrosses distributed through the infantry companies, formed the core of skilled gunnery on which the island's coastal batteries depended.

The maintenance of a dedicated artillery company at higher rates of pay, alongside the gunners scattered through the infantry, reveals the central place of gunnery in the defence of the island, whose whole military value lay in the batteries commanding its anchorage and landing places, the Company investing in a trained corps of gunners paid well above the common soldier because the effective working of the coastal guns, more than any number of muskets, was what made the island defensible against a hostile squadron.

370

364

January 29

Brought over

Matrosses

Samuel Sterling

4 11s 3d

Richard Mattaglow

4 11s 3d

William Mendow

4 11s 3d

Matthew Brichbird

4 11s 3d

John Barber

4 11s 3d

John Adam Pritchey

4 11s 3d

Cansdow Corle

4 11s 3d

Robert Cunningham

4 11s 3d

Thomas Davis

4 11s 3d

Anthony Day

4 11s 3d

Chrostean Dyatt

4 11s 3d

Ulricke Duif

4 11s 3d

William Fletcher

4 11s 3d

James Garnett

4 11s 3d

John Gophbird

4 11s 3d

Gabel Germon

4 11s 3d

Jonathan Hancocks

4 11s 3d

William Roppg transferd from the 4 Compa

24 Novr 1758

2 9s 0d

William Lawler

4 11s 3d

Thomas Mudge discharged Novr 20

2 0s 0d

William Meadon

4 11s 3d

Peter Mitchell

4 11s 3d

George Millar

4 11s 3d

Thomas Fletcher

4 11s 3d

James Fleming

4 11s 3d

William Ferguson

4 11s 3d

John Watchman

4 11s 3d

James Robinson

4 11s 3d

Jacham Bristol Pt

4 11s 3d

John Sherlidge

4 11s 3d

John Silvery

4 11s 3d

Frederick Simonmand

4 11s 3d

George Snyder dies from January 1759

4 4s 0d

John Snow

4 4s 0d

John Turnery

4 11s 3d

Daniel Torrejoy

4 11s 3d

William Thompson

4 11s 3d

The pay list of the artillery company continued with the matrosses as follows.

Brought over

James Harding, £4 11s 3d

Richard Mackenzie, £4 11s 3d

William Mundon, £4 11s 3d

Matthew Bramblebird, £4 11s 3d

John Barker, £4 11s 3d

John Adam Pritchard, £4 11s 3d

Dudley Beale, £4 11s 3d

Robert Cunningham, £4 11s 3d

Thomas Davis, £4 11s 3d

Anthony Day, £4 11s 3d

Christian Dyatt, £4 11s 3d

Ulrick Duff, £4 11s 3d

William Fletcher, £4 11s 3d

James Garnett, £4 11s 3d

John Gathird, £4 11s 3d

Gabel German, £4 11s 3d

Jonathan Haycocks, £4 11s 3d

William Rickman, transferred from the fourth company 24 November 1758, £2 9s 0d

William Lawler, £4 11s 3d

Thomas Mudge, discharged 20 November, £2 0s 0d

William Mason, £4 11s 3d

Peter Nicholls, £4 11s 3d

George Kellтом, £4 11s 3d

Thomas Prestett, £4 11s 3d

James Harvey, £4 11s 3d

William Wayson, £4 11s 3d

John Wilkinson, £4 11s 3d

James Robinson, £4 11s 3d

Jacob Prestett, £4 11s 3d

John Sherlock, £4 11s 3d

John Simon, £4 11s 3d

Frederick Simmonson, £4 11s 3d

George Snyder, died since 1759, £4 4s 0d

John Snow, £4 11s 3d

John Turnery, £4 11s 3d

Daniel Turnery, £4 11s 3d

William Thompson, £4 11s 3d

Interpretations

This continued the quarterly pay list of the artillery company for the quarter ending 11 January 1759, setting out the roll of matrosses, the junior gunners, each drawing the fixed pay of £4 11s 3d.

The matrosses were the lowest grade of the artillery company, the soldiers who assisted the gunners in loading, firing and moving the cannon, paid somewhat above the common infantry sentinel to reflect their gunnery work. Two men carry explanatory notes tying them to events in these consultations. William Rickman was marked as transferred from the fourth company on 24 November, the same man borne there as a quarter gunner, his part-quarter pay reflecting the mid-quarter move. George Snyder appears with a reduced sum and the note that he had died, confirming the matross whose will was proved on 8 January 1759 and over whose grave the garrison fired the honours charged to the artillery account. Thomas Mudge was marked discharged on 20 November, the man whose release on completing his contracted service was granted at the consultation of that date.

The appearance on a single pay roll of a transferred man, a discharged man and a dead man, each with his pay adjusted to the exact circumstance, shows how closely the quarterly reckoning tracked the real movement of individuals through the garrison, the abstract structure of companies and rates resolving at its base into named men whose enlistment, transfer, discharge and death were each caught and costed in the account rendered to the Directors.

371

365

1759

Brought over

Matrosses brought over

Lukes Vernon

4 11s 3d

Thomas Watts

4 11s 3d

Richard Waterhouse

4 11s 3d

Thomas Wyatt

4 11s 3d

William Warden

4 11s 3d

John Mitchell Wageling

4 11s 3d

John Hendrick Waterhouse

4 11s 3d

James Yorky

4 11s 3d

200 5s 6d

2542 14s 11½d

John Clark Paymaster Dr

The pay list of the matrosses of the artillery company concluded as follows.

Matrosses brought over

Luke Vernon, £4 11s 3d

Thomas Watts, £4 11s 3d

Richard Waterhouse, £4 11s 3d

Thomas Wyatt, £4 11s 3d

William Warden, £4 11s 3d

John Mitchell Wageling, £4 11s 3d

John Hendrick Waterhouse, £4 11s 3d

James Yorky, £4 11s 3d, £200 5s 6d

The whole pay list totalled £2,542 14s 11½d.

The account was charged to John Clark, paymaster.

Interpretations

This closed the roll of matrosses and with it the whole quarterly pay list of the Company's civil and military establishment at St Helena, the total salaries, allowances and wages for the quarter ending 11 January 1759 coming to £2,542 14s 11½d, the whole charged to John Clark as paymaster.

The final total sets the full cost of maintaining the settlement's people for the quarter, the sum of the graded civil list, the four infantry companies and the artillery company gathered into a single figure. That the paymaster was John Clark, who appears throughout these consultations as a member of Council and as first lieutenant of the first company, shows the concentration of offices in a few hands, a senior servant holding a seat on the governing body, a military command and the disbursement of the establishment's pay together. The paymaster was the officer who advanced and accounted for all these wages, the whole roll charged to him so that he stood answerable for its distribution.

The rendering of the entire establishment's pay as one reckoning charged to a single accountable officer reveals the disciplined financial control the Company imposed on its remote possession, every servant and soldier from the Governor to the humblest matross gathered into one quarterly total for which a named paymaster was responsible, the machinery of account binding the scattered civil and military establishment into a single auditable charge on the Company that could be scrutinised entire by the Directors in London.

372

366

January 29

John Clark Paymaster Dr

1759

January 11th To Cash Recieved

2812 13s 5d

£2812 13s 5d

The account of John Clark, paymaster, was set out as follows. On 11 January 1759 he was charged with £2,812 13s 5d as cash received, the whole account totalling £2,812 13s 5d.

Interpretations

This was the paymaster's account for the quarter ending 11 January 1759, recording the cash of £2,812 13s 5d received by John Clark to meet the salaries, allowances and wages of the whole establishment.

The account balanced the pay side of the establishment, the sum advanced to the paymaster set against the total wages he was to disburse. The figure received, £2,812 13s 5d, exceeded the pay roll total of £2,542 14s 11½d set out on the preceding pages, the difference covering the further charges the paymaster met beyond the bare salaries and wages. John Clark, who held a seat on Council, a lieutenant's command and the office of paymaster together, stood answerable for the whole sum, the money passing through his hands and accounted for against the wages he paid out.

The provision of cash to the paymaster in a single reckoning, entered as a charge for which he was responsible, completes the picture of the Company's financial discipline, the funds to pay the establishment advanced and accounted for as carefully as the wages themselves, so that both the money received and the money disbursed could be traced through the same accountable officer and reconciled in the books rendered to the Directors, closing the circle of control over the settlement's largest quarterly expense.

373

367

1759

Pr Contra Cr

1759

Novr 13th By Cash paid Thomas Thomson for relisting to serve the

Honorable Company for five years as a Soldier Subject to

the late Articles of War his time to Commence from this date

10 0s 0d

27 By Cash paid George Bazett for Do time to Commence from

this date

5 0s 0d

Decr 4 By Cash paid William Cooksey for Do time to Commence

from this date

10 0s 0d

18 By Cash paid John Spencer for making Nineteen Yacleks

for 4 Carts for the use of the flying party

0 6s 4d

By Cash paid John Thomason for making a Flag

for the Main Fort 32 feet long add 28 feet deep

and for repairing two old Flaggs

1 11s 6d

1759

Jan 4 By Cash paid Isaac Buck for relisting to Serve the Honorable

Company for five Years as a Soldier Subject to the late

Articles of War time to Commence from this date

10 0s 0d

7 By Cash paid Chrostean Mrinks for Do time to Commence

from this date

10 0s 0d

8 By Cash paid Thomas Hall Master Gunner to purchase

1 Regimental Coat for John Kemp a Matross

1 0s 0d

11 By Cash paid Joseph Chamberlain for Carpenter work

done for the Honorable Company this Quarter

5 0s 0d

By Cash paid John Dow for Carpenter Work done for the

Honorable Company this Quarter

5 0s 6d

By Cash paid Edward Rowson for Do

5 12s 6d

By Cash paid John Simmons for Do

5 5s 0d

By Cash paid Isaac Day for Do

5 9s 6d

By Cash paid Jonathan Hutchins for Do

4 17s 6d

By Cash paid William Moorey for the rent of two houses

for the use of Sick and Infirm Soldiers this Quarter

4 0s 0d

By Cash paid sundry Garrison Men for Rousing in the

Honorable Companys Serenade

3 0s 0d

£86 3s 7d

The contra side of the paymaster's account set out the sums paid out as follows.

On 13 November 1758 cash was paid to Thomas Thomason for enlisting to serve the Honourable Company for five years as a soldier, subject to the current articles of war, his time to begin from that date, £0 10s 0d. On 27 November cash was paid to George Bazett for the same, his time to begin from that date, £0 5s 0d.

On 4 December cash was paid to William Cookney for the same, his time to begin from that date, £0 10s 0d. On 18 December cash was paid to John Spencer for making nineteen yokes and four carts for the use of the flying parties, £0 6s 4d, and to John Thomason for making a flag for the Main Fort of 34 feet long and 22 feet deep, and for repairing two old flags, £1 11s 6d.

On 4 January 1759 cash was paid to Isaac Buck for enlisting to serve the Honourable Company for five years as a soldier, subject to the current articles of war, his time to begin from that date, £0 10s 0d. On 7 January cash was paid to Christian Wrinks for the same, his time to begin from that date, £0 10s 0d.

On 8 January cash was paid to Thomas Hall, master gunner, to purchase a regimental coat for John Hemp, a matross, £1 0s 0d.

On 11 January several sums were paid for work done for the Honourable Company that quarter. Joseph Chamberlain was paid £5 0s 0d for carpenters work, John Dore £5 0s 6d for the same, Edward Prewson £5 12s 6d, John Simmons £5 0s 0d, and Isaac Day £4 17s 6d. Jonathan Hotchins was also paid for the same. William Moore was paid £4 0s 0d for the rent of two houses for the use of the sick and infirm soldiers that quarter. Sundry garrison men were paid £3 0s 0d for rousing in the Honourable Company's grenade.

The account totalled £86 3s 7d.

Interpretations

This was the contra side of the paymaster's account for the quarter ending 11 January 1759, listing the individual disbursements John Clark made for enlistment bounties, piecework and other charges beyond the regular pay roll.

The account gathers together the extraordinary payments of the quarter, several of which are recorded in the consultations themselves. The enlistment bounties to Thomas Thomason, George Bazett, William Cookney, Isaac Buck and Christian Wrinks, mostly at £0 10s 0d and one at £0 5s 0d, match the recruitment recorded through November, December and January. The payment to make a flag for the Main Fort answers the canvas and cordage charged to the fortifications account for that purpose. The rent of two houses hired from William Moore for the sick and infirm soldiers shows the hospital overflowing its own building and taking additional lodging for its patients. Payment for rousing in the grenade, probably the raising or handling of a heavy piece, was made to the men who did the work.

The hiring of two private houses to lodge sick soldiers reveals the pressure of illness on the garrison in this quarter, the infirmary unable to hold all its patients and the Company paying rent to accommodate the overflow, a glimpse of the toll that disease took on a crowded garrison in a remote station, where the sickness of the men was a constant charge that the ordinary hospital provision could not always contain.

374

368

January 29

John Clark Paymaster Dr

1759

Jan 11 To Cash brought over

£2812 13s 5d

£2812 13s 5d

The account of John Clark, paymaster, was continued. On 11 January 1759 the cash brought over stood at £2,812 13s 5d, the whole account totalling £2,812 13s 5d.

Interpretations

This carried forward the paymaster's account for the quarter ending 11 January 1759, the balance of £2,812 13s 5d brought over as the standing charge against John Clark.

The entry simply continued the reckoning of the cash for which the paymaster was answerable, the same total carried forward from the preceding account. The figure represents the whole sum John Clark held to meet the establishment's pay and the extraordinary disbursements of the quarter, the account kept open so that his receipts and payments could be balanced against one another. As paymaster, member of Council and lieutenant of the first company, Clark stood at the centre of the settlement's financial and military administration, the pay of the whole establishment passing through his hands.

375

369

1759

Pr Contra Cr

By Cash brought over

£86 3s 7d

By Cash Paid Richard Bagley for 2450 lb Do Pounds

and 2 Bushells of Potatoes at 3/8 Pr Bushell for the use

of the Honorable Companys Table this Quarter

2 10s 0d

By Cash paid Robert Faulcner for taking Care of the Honble

Companys Stocks in the Longwood this Quarter

2 10s 0d

By Cash Thomas Lewis the Honorable Company

Carpenter on Account of his Carpenters Working at the

Shop this Quarter

3 5s 0d

By Cash paid Charles Gosling for house rent for Negroes

Pinchbin for a Quarters Allowance from the Honorable

Company a 2 6 Pr Week

1 0s 0d

By Cash Elizabeth Gosling for Eight Loads of Hausbea

a 2/6 4 Load for the use of the Honorable Company

1 0s 0d

By Cash paid James Bariest for making fitting and Cleaning

forty Slings for the Cart flying party and West flying Party

0 10s 0d

By Cash paid Thomas Green and Michael Grees for working 107

Bratches of Bread for use of the Garrison this Quarter

8 18s 4d

By Cash paid Thomas Manors for printing the Honorable

Company Garrison Amunition Chests and Drums &c &c this

Quarter

2 2s 0d

By Cash paid Sundry Soldiers for 2137 Days work at

the New Barracks

106 17s 0d

By Cash paid Sundry Do for 429 days Work at Several

of the Honorable Companys Fortifications

21 9s 0d

By Cash paid Sundry Do for 159 days Work done at the

Honorable Companys Plantation

7 19s 0d

By Cash paid Joachim Josey the Portuguese man from

Bombay

3 16s 4½d

By Cash paid Nicoutah Pechillam for a Quarters Allowance

from the Honorable Company a 8/9 Pr Week

1 12s 6d

Carried over

£250 1s 3d

The contra side of the paymaster's account continued as follows.

Cash brought over, £86 3s 7d.

Cash was paid to Richard Bagley for 2,450 pounds of yams and two bushels of potatoes at 3d per bushel for the use of the Honourable Company's table that quarter, £2 10s 0d. Cash was paid to Robert Jackson for taking care of the Honourable Company's stock in the Longwood that quarter, £2 10s 0d.

Thomas Lewis was paid on the Honourable Company's carpenters account for his expenses working at the shop that quarter, £3 5s 0d. Charles Gosling was paid for house rent for night watchmen, as a quarters allowance from the Honourable Company at 2s 6d per week, £1 0s 0d. Elizabeth Gosling was paid for eight yards of Hambro at 2s 6d per yard for the use of the Honourable Company, £1 0s 0d.

James Harvey was paid for making, fitting and cleaning forty slings for the east flying party and west flying party, £0 10s 0d. Thomas Green and Michael Prowse were paid for making 107 matchtubs and priming for the use of the garrison that quarter, £8 18s 4d.

Thomas Moore was paid for painting the Honourable Company's cannon, ammunition chests and doors that quarter, £2 2s 0d. Sundry soldiers were paid for 2,137 days work at the New Barracks, £106 17s 0d. Sundry soldiers were paid for 429 days work at several of the Honourable Company's fortifications, £21 9s 0d. Sundry soldiers were paid for 159 days work at the Honourable Company's plantation, £7 19s 0d. Joachim Joseph was paid for the Portuguese wine from the armoury, £3 16s 0½d. Nehemiah Pinfing was paid for a quarters allowance from the Honourable Company at 2s 6d per week, £1 12s 6d.

The account was carried over at £250 1s 3d.

Interpretations

This continued the contra side of the paymaster's account for the quarter ending 11 January 1759, recording payments for provisions, watching, craftsmens expenses and above all the wages of soldiers employed on Company works.

The largest items by far were the payments to soldiers for day labour, more than 2,700 days work in all, the great bulk of it at the New Barracks with further parcels at the fortifications and the plantation. Soldiers were paid extra beyond their military wage for this construction work, the garrison serving as the settlement's labour force on its major building projects. The matchtubs made by Green and Prowse held the slow-burning match used to fire the guns, and the slings made by Harvey served the flying parties in moving their field pieces. The payment for the care of the Company's stock in the Longwood shows a herdsman kept to watch the animals grazing on the upland.

The employment of the garrison as paid labourers on the barracks and fortifications reveals how the Company drew double value from its soldiers, the same men who manned the guns and stood sentinel hired out by the day to build the very works they defended, their military pay supplemented by wages for construction, an arrangement that turned the idle hours of the garrison into the labour that raised the island's buildings and spared the Company the cost of a separate workforce.

376

370

January 29th 1759

John Clark Paymaster Dr

1759

January 11 To Cash brought over

2812 13s 5d

£2812 13s 5d

The account of John Clark, paymaster, was continued on 29 January 1759. On 11 January 1759 the cash brought over stood at £2,812 13s 5d, the whole account totalling £2,812 13s 5d.

Interpretations

This carried forward the paymaster's account for the quarter ending 11 January 1759, the balance of £2,812 13s 5d brought over as the standing charge against John Clark.

The entry continued the reckoning of the cash for which the paymaster was answerable, the same total carried forward unchanged. The figure represents the whole sum John Clark held to meet the establishment's pay and the extraordinary disbursements of the quarter, the account kept open so that his receipts and payments could be balanced against one another and rendered to the Directors.

377

371

1759

Pr Contra Cr

By Cash brought over

£250 1s 3d

By Cash paid John Longbridge Superannuated and

William Rickman discharged a 8 Pr Day Each

3 12s 0d

By Cash paid William Duffson for making 6 Graves

for deceased Soldiers

0 15s 0d

By Cash paid Sundry Men for working in the Honorable

Companys Long boat this Quarter 248 days in fetching

Stones and Lime from Sandy Bay &c on this Companys use

12 8s 0d

By Cash paid Saml Eates for Glazing wood done for

the Honorable Company this Quarter

0 2s 0d

By Cash paid the Honorable Companys Officers and

Servants their several Salary diet money &c for the Quarter

Commencing the 12 of October 1758 and Ending January

the 11th 1759

2542 14s 11½d

By Cash paid Mary Dowton for 6 Rafters for Honorable

Company a 5/ Each to repair some houses in the Longwood

3 0s 0d

£2812 13s 5d

Island St Helena 11th January 1759

Errors Excepted

Signed

John Clark Paymaster

The contra side of the paymaster's account concluded as follows.

Cash brought over, £250 1s 5d.

Cash was paid to John Longbridge, supernumerary, and William Rickman, discharged, as part-quarter pay, £3 12s 0d. Cash was paid to William Duffson for digging six graves for necessary soldiers, £0 15s 0d.

Sundry men were paid for working in the Honourable Company's long boat that quarter, 218 days in fetching stones and lime from Sandy Bay and so on for the Company's use, £12 8s 0d. Samuel Eaton was paid for glazing work done for the Honourable Company that quarter, £0 2s 0d.

The Honourable Company's officers and servants were paid their several salaries and diet money for the quarter beginning 12 October 1758 and ending 11 January 1759, £2,542 14s 11½d. Cash was paid to Mary Dowton for six matrosses for the Honourable Company and two carts to repair some houses in the Longwood, £3 0s 0d.

The account totalled £2,812 13s 5d and was signed at St Helena on 11 January 1759, errors excepted, by John Clark, paymaster.

Interpretations

This closed the paymaster's account for the quarter ending 11 January 1759, bringing in the great pay roll total of £2,542 14s 11½d and balancing the whole against the cash received, the account signed off by John Clark on 11 January 1759.

The final entries completed the reckoning, the enormous charge of the establishment's salaries and wages set alongside the smaller extraordinary payments to bring the two sides into balance. The payment to William Duffson for digging six graves for necessary soldiers records the mortality of the quarter plainly, six men of the garrison buried, the graves dug at Company charge. Necessary soldiers meant those who died in service. The men paid for working the long boat fetching stones and lime from Sandy Bay were carrying the materials of building, lime burned for mortar and stone for construction. Mary Dowton, the widow whose husband's estate was administered earlier in these consultations, appears here paid for matrosses and carts, showing her carrying on some business or holding after her husband's death.

The signing of the account errors excepted was the standard reservation by which an accountant acknowledged his figures while allowing for honest mistakes to be corrected on later scrutiny, a formula that protected the paymaster from being held to a false total struck in good faith. The record of six graves dug in a single quarter sets a sombre measure on the human cost of the station, the deaths of half a dozen soldiers in three months entered among the ordinary charges, a reminder of the toll that disease and hardship took on the men who garrisoned the island, their burial the last expense the Company met on their behalf.

378

372

January

Landey a Slave Man belonging to Thomas Cotgrove

having run away from his Master about 7 Months ago was this

Day brought before us and it being proved by his Master that the said

Slave had always regularly his Meals and that he had no Sufficient

reason to desert from his service And it being also Acknowledged by the

said fellow that he had Stolen during his Absence two Hoggs from his

Master one from Isthea Whorrall Orphain 2 Turkeys from the Widow

Pledger and several times Yams out of different Persons Plantations

besides many other things that he must be supposed to have taken

from other peoples during that time to support himself and having

Committed many other irregularetys We therefore directed him

Publickly Whiped at fifty different times and to receive two

hundred Lushes at Each and then to be branded on the Cheek

Robert Ballard maketh Complaint that

Thomas Swindale a free Blacks which he has have often harbourd

run away Blacks at his house in the Country which the said Swindale

confessed by his owning that he had kept a Slave Wench of Mr Powells

for a Week that was run away and another Mr Jacobs the Adjutants

a day all which being in Breach and against Positive orders

We therefore ordered the said Swindale to be Whiped

Chas Hutchinson

John Adamson

John Clark

Landey, a slave man belonging to Thomas Cotgrove, had run away from his master about seven months earlier, and was brought before the Council that day. His master proved that the slave had always had his meals regularly and had no sufficient reason to desert his service. The slave himself admitted that during his absence he had stolen two hogs from his master, one from Jotham Whorrall's orphan, and two turkeys from the widow Pledger, and several times yams from various people's plantations. Besides these, he was supposed to have taken many other things from other people during that time to support himself, and had committed many other irregularities. The Council therefore ordered that he be publicly whipped at five different times, receiving two hundred lashes at each, and then be branded on the cheek.

Robert Ballard complained that Thomas Swindale, at his house in the country, had often harboured runaway slaves. Swindale confessed, owning that he had kept a slave woman of Mr Prowse's for a week who had run away, and another of Mr Jacobs the adjutant's for a day, all of which was in breach of and against the current orders. The Council therefore ordered that Swindale be whipped.

Interpretations

This recorded two disciplinary proceedings before the Governor and Council at St Helena, both arising from the running away and harbouring of slaves, and the brutal punishments ordered in each case.

The proceedings expose the savagery of the plantation regime's response to any challenge from the enslaved. The runaway Landey, having absconded and supported himself by petty theft during seven months at large, was sentenced to a thousand lashes in all, delivered in five separate floggings, and then branded on the face, a punishment calculated both to inflict extreme suffering and to mark him permanently as an example to others. The stress laid on his having been regularly fed and having no cause to desert reflects the masters concern to establish that the flight was not provoked by ill usage, and so to justify the ferocity of the sentence. The second case reveals the legal machinery built around slavery, standing orders forbidding the harbouring of runaways, breach of which brought a whipping even for a free settler like Swindale.

The prosecution of a free man for sheltering runaways discloses the collective apparatus of control on which slavery depended, the Company forbidding any inhabitant to give refuge to an escaped slave so that the whole free population was enlisted in the recapture and confinement of the enslaved, the flogging of Swindale serving to close off the possibility of escape by making every household a place of danger rather than refuge, the system sustained not by the masters alone but by penalties that bound the entire community to its enforcement.

379

373

At a Consultation held on Monday the 5th of February 1759 at

the Castle

Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governr

John Adamson Lieutenant Governr

Lieutenant John Clark of Council

The last Consultation was read approved and Signed dated the 29

January 1759

Lieutenant John Clark reports

that he has been on board the Ship Latham to Enquire for deserters

Muster Roll of the Ship Latham

John Fort Commander

Thomas Hamley Do

Abram Boah Do

Corey Young Cheif Mate

Robert Sussex Do

James Astand Do

Thomas Page 2 Do

William Bryan Do

James Fox Do

William Baynance 3 Do

Ards Palmely Do

Benjamin Churchill Do

Brownley Barbot 4th Do

John Merchant Dr Mast

William Diavor Do

William Knighton 5 Do

Robert Young Do

William Anque Do

William Clarkson Marg

Nicholas Silungave Do

Thomas Helves Do

William Prahow Mate

Alexander McDonald Do

Edward Cobbots Do

Abraey Quintan Gunner

William Cramp Do

Ossory Henry Do

William Cramey Carpenter

Alexander Hamilton Do

John Erskatire Do

Thomas Allensby Ships Mate

William Prahow Seaman

Robert Fedman Do

William Fedynatick Capt Do

Oliver Whitle Do

Geo McKence Do

Isralls Silley Caulker

Frances Crokehere Do

Henry Hoteford Do

James Allsox Coopers

Robt Wood Do

Sidero Aloe Do

Ralphs Nixon Capt Cook

William Colley Do

John McRoxen Do

Thomas Roice Ships Do

Jacomick Smithe Do

William Frozes Do

Robert Tarley Butcher

Alexander Young Do

Erce Wenmore Do

Samuel Bot Sory Ho

William McKilty Do

John Jenning Do

Joseph Prahs Clenner Do

John Merrio Do

Emanuel Slarat Do

William Sherigoon Carg Do

Josephs Sleetory Do

George Monroe Do

Stephen Silus Do 2 Do

John Nicholson Do

Edward Grey Do

Richard Lawston Mate Do

John Roundboy Do

Diavo Campbell Do

Fra Peavce Croucher Do

Thomas Mitchel Do

James Deybreghs Do

Henry Walker Coopers Do

Abbraw Ilog Do

George Whillips Do

William Reiote McRoll Do

William Barbell Do

Abbise Wamher Do

William Frozes Do

Knights Monroe Do

John Clement Do

John Salesbury Do

At a consultation held on Monday 5 February 1759 at the castle.

Present were Charles Hutchinson, Governor, John Adamson, Lieutenant Governor, and Lieutenant John Clark of Council.

The record of the last consultation, dated 29 January 1759, was read, approved and signed.

Lieutenant John Clark reported that he had been on board the ship Latham to enquire after deserters. The muster roll of the Latham was set out as follows.

John Foot, commander

Percy Young, chief mate

Thomas Page, second mate

William Braymore, fourth mate

Brownaby Barrett, first mate

William Knighton, fifth mate

Adam Milbey, purser

William Colston, boatswains mate

William Prahow, mate

Abraham Quinton, quarter gunner

William Emeny, carpenter

Thomas Allenby, ships steward

William Fitzpatrick, captains steward

Josiah Silby, caulker

James Allroy, cooper

Ralph Nixon, captains cook

Thomas Prior, sailor

Robert Sealey, butcher

Samuel Bell, surgeon's mate

Joseph Prosch, armourer

William Thurgood, cooper

Stephen Silus, second ditto

Richard Lanston, mate

Thomas Prowse, caulker

Henry Baker, cooper

William Prior, midshipman

William Frazor, ditto

Thomas Harnley, ditto

Robert Susser, ditto

William Bryan, ditto

Robert Palmely, ditto

John Marshall, doctors mate

Robert Young, ditto

William Gibbs, ditto

Nicholas Ellingave, ditto

Alexander demand, ditto

William Cramp, ditto

Alexander Bramston, ditto

Oliver Whittle, ditto

Francis Yorkshire, ditto

Robert Wood, ditto

William Colley, ditto

Jarmit Smith, ditto

Alexander Young, ditto

William McMilby, ditto

John Morning, ditto

John Nicholson, ditto

John Rosenberg, ditto

Thomas Mitchel, ditto

Andrew Fleg, ditto

William Bertill, ditto

Knight Munroe, ditto

Abraham Bosh, ditto

James Astand, ditto

James Fox, ditto

Benjamin Churchill, ditto

William Divore, ditto

William Marque, ditto

Thomas Helves, ditto

Edward Cobbetts, ditto

Godfrey Henry, ditto

John Frishatore, ditto

Robert Foreman, ditto

George McPhERSon, ditto

Henry Nutford, ditto

Frideric Ase, ditto

John McRowse, ditto

William Frazor, ditto

Eric Wesimare, ditto

John Jenning, ditto

Emanuel Sturet, ditto

George Munroe, ditto

Edward Grey, ditto

David Campbell, ditto

James Dryburgh, ditto

George Phillips, ditto

Christopher Womhier, ditto

John Vement, ditto

John Salesbury, ditto

Interpretations

This recorded a routine sitting of the Governor and Council at St Helena, at which Lieutenant John Clark reported his enquiry after deserters aboard the ship Latham, and set out the vessel's full muster roll.

The muster roll of the Latham lists the whole complement of a Company East Indiaman, from the commander and his graded mates down through the specialist tradesmen and the mass of common sailors. The roll reveals the elaborate organisation of such a ship, carrying not only her officers and seamen but a full establishment of shipboard trades, carpenters, caulkers, coopers, an armourer, a surgeon's mate and the stewards and cooks who served the officers and the ship. Caulkers drove oakum into the seams to keep the hull watertight, and coopers maintained the casks in which water and provisions were stored, both indispensable on a long voyage. The purpose of Clark's visit was to check whether any of the island's deserters had taken refuge among the ship's company.

The Council's checking of a homeward ship's muster for deserters shows the close cooperation between the island's authorities and the Company's shipping in controlling the movement of men, the roadstead offering an obvious avenue of escape for a soldier or servant wishing to quit the island, so that the arrival of a ship prompted a search of her people, the two arms of the Company working together to close off the sea as a route out of the service that bound its men.

380

374

February 5

James Anderson Seaman

John Merrio Do

Manuel Johnson Chief Mtes Sert

Richard Mowyer Do

George Blacks Do

James Chaffey 2 Mtes Do

John Germain Do

Andrew Do

John Allner Surgeons Do

George Taylor Do

Kent Do

John Thompson Boats Do

Thomas McNay Do

Jos McManley Do

Edward Blake Gunners Do

Frances Doey Do

Dick Kebble Cargo Sert

Thomas Prullian Cargo Do

Passengers

Mr Hough

John Scott

Sobina Blacks

Mrs Mary Scott

Margaret Scott

Roses

Mr Elby Alms

Elizh Alms

William Dean

Mr James Sollesay Supra Cargoes

Louisa Delagarde

Thomas Morriste

Mrs Alex Frazor

Roso Newlbird

Jeremiah Harrington

Capt Andr Armstrong

Nelly 1st

John Camplien

William Haughs

Winolder Blacks

Domingo

Eliza Baughs

Nelly the 2

Caesar Blacks

Jacko

John & Elizabeth Scott presented the following petition

Vizt

To the Worshipfull Charles Hutchinson Esqr

Governor &c Council

The Humble petition of John and Elizth Sarah Scott

Orphans of the late John Scott Deceased

Sheweth

That your Petitioners have both Attained the Age of

Sixteen Years or upedbecas and are desirous to Chuse a Guardian and

Trustee for them to act in the place and Stead of Lieutenant William

Kennedy one of the Executors named in the Will of their said late father

the said John Scott deceased

Your Petitioners therefore humbly pray that they may be

at Liberty so to do And that they may Chuse Mr Isaac Knope another

as named in the said Will to act in the place and Stead of the said William

Kennedy as Guardian and Trustee for your petitioners solely without

any other person

And your Petitioners shall Ever pray

Signed Elizabeth her X mark Scott

Granted John Scott

The muster roll of the Latham continued with the remaining crew as follows.

James Anderson, seaman

Richard Mowry, ditto

John Germain, ditto

George Taylor, ditto

Thomas McNay, ditto

Francis Doey, ditto

John Morris, ditto

George Blake, ditto

Andrew, ditto

Kent, ditto

Josiah Manley, ditto

Dick Kebble, captains servant

Manuel Johnson, chief mates servant

James Chorley, second mates ditto

John Allmer, surgeons ditto

John Thompson, boatswains ditto

Edward Blake, gunners ditto

Thomas Prahow, carpenters ditto

The passengers were set out as follows.

Mr Hough

Mrs Mary Scott

Mr Elby, Ulmer

Mr James Bollsory, supercargoes

Mr Alexander Frazor, supercargoes

Captain Andrew Armstrong

William Haughy

Eliza Broughy

John Scott

Margaret Scott

Elizabeth Ulmer

Louisa Delagarde

Rose Newland

Nelly the first, slave

Winolda, slave

Nelly the second, slave

Sabina, slave

Rose, slave

William Dean

Thomas Mowry

Jeremiah Herrington

John Camplin

Domingo, slave

Caesar, slave

Jacko, slave

John and Elizabeth Scott presented the following petition to the Governor and Council. They set out that both, orphans of their late father John Scott, deceased, had attained the age of sixteen years or upwards, and wished to have a guardian and trustee to act in the place and stead of Lieutenant William Kennedy, one of the executors named in the will of their late father. They asked that Mr Isaac Knipe be named in the will to act in the place and stead of William Kennedy as guardian and trustee, solely and without any other person. The petition, signed with the mark of Elizabeth Scott, was granted.

Interpretations

This closed the muster roll of the Latham with the remaining seamen, servants and passengers, and recorded a petition by two orphans for the appointment of a new guardian.

The passenger list reveals the traffic the East Indiamen carried between the Company's settlements, merchants, ships officers and their families travelling home from the East, among them supercargoes, the officers responsible for a ship's commercial dealings and cargo. The presence of numerous slaves among the passengers, listed by name beneath the free travellers, shows enslaved people being transported through the Company's shipping network, carried as the property of their owners between the eastern settlements and elsewhere. The petition that followed turned again on the machinery of guardianship, two orphans of sixteen seeking to replace an executor of their father's will with a guardian of their own choosing.

The listing of enslaved people among a ship's passengers, entered by name below the free travellers as part of their owners retinue, exposes the ordinary movement of slaves through the arteries of the Company's maritime world, human beings shipped across oceans as chattels attached to their masters households, the muster roll recording them in the same breath as the merchants and officers they served, a stark measure of how completely slavery was woven into the fabric of the Company's trade and travel.

381

375

1759

Mr William Sealy son in Law of Mrs Savannah Pledger Widow

representing to us that Sergeant William Langhorne had as he had heard

drawn a writing between himself and the said Widow greatly in her own

Favord and much to the said widow prejudice by which She who is a very

old Woman and incapable of Judging for herself had Adverspure to

Langhorne all that she had to Subsist upon and no longer him To

a spare Services with her board and Lodging under pretence of overseing

her Plantation Altho the said Sealy Purchased a Writing or agreement

drawn by Langhorne dated this 31 January 1758 last night which In Jan

1759 on which day it was drawn and Executed by the Langhorne could

but acknowledge by which it was agreed that her son in Law the said

William Sealy Should busy the Care of her possessions in the Country

for which he was to Maintain her a Long as She Lived The Instrument

or writing is as follows Vizt

Island St Helena 31 January 1759

I William Sealy for divers Causes & Considerations me hereunto

moving do by these presents firmly agree and bind myself unto Mrs

Savannah Pledgert to take Care and provect for her during the term of

her Life Andrew for Margaret Leech Daughter of Elyzabeth Leech

deceased during the said Term of Savannah Pledgers Life on

Consideration that I have the use of her Land Yam Ground and

every thing that now is or may be produced from the Same during

her Life Thereof of the Blacks Andrew I undertook to boot my full

command provise and default at my visit She there to take the same

in full Possession & If neither bind myself to give it up on as good and

reasonable repair as I now recieved it Witness whereof I hereby

set my hand this day & Date above written

Signed

Wm Sealy

Witness

Wm Langhorne

John Longridge

William Sealy, son in law of Mrs Susannah Pledger, a widow, represented that Sergeant William Langhorne had drawn up a writing between himself and the widow, greatly to her wrong. She was a very old woman and incapable of providing for herself, and by this writing Langhorne would have taken from her all that she had to subsist on, in return for giving him a spare tenement with board and lodging under pretence of caring for her plantation. Although Sealy produced a writing or agreement drawn up by Langhorne, dated 31 January 1758, on which day it was drawn and executed, the widow would not acknowledge it, saying that her son in law William Sealy should carry on the care of her possessions in the country, for which he was to maintain her as long as she lived. His agreement or writing was as follows.

At St Helena, 31 January 1759. William Sealy, for various causes and considerations, freely agreed and bound himself to Mrs Susannah Pledger to take care and provide for her, during the term of her life, and for Margaret Leech, daughter of Elizabeth Leech, deceased, during her life, in consideration that he had the use of the land, yams, ground and everything that was or might be produced from the land, during half the term of the black servants indented to boat any full command, provided that in default of his care he should forfeit the same in full possession, and further bound himself to give it up on an equally reasonable repair as he now received it. In witness of this he set his hand on the day and date above written. The agreement was signed by William Sealy, witnessed by William Langhorne and John Longbridge.

Interpretations

This recorded a dispute brought before the Governor and Council at St Helena over the care of an aged widow and the control of her plantation, in which two rival agreements were set against one another.

The proceeding turned on the vulnerability of an old woman without means of her own support, and the competing claims of a sergeant and her son in law to manage her affairs in exchange for maintaining her. Sealy alleged that Langhorne's agreement, though executed, was unconscionable, stripping the widow of everything she had in return for meagre lodging, and that the widow herself repudiated it in favour of her son in law. The rival agreement Sealy produced bound him to maintain the widow and a second dependent, Margaret Leech, for their lives, in return for the use of the plantation and its produce, with forfeiture if he failed in his care. The reference to the term of the black servants indented shows the enslaved labour attached to the plantation being counted as part of the arrangement.

The Council's attention to a contest between two maintenance agreements reveals the informal welfare arrangements by which the aged and helpless were provided for on the island, in the absence of any public provision, an old person surrendering the use of land and its labour to whoever would undertake their keep, the plantation and its enslaved workers passing under such contracts as the price of care. The dispute exposes the risk in such bargains, an unscrupulous party able to extract everything from a defenceless person under the guise of support, the Council drawn in to judge which arrangement should stand and so to police the fairness of a private system on which the survival of the weak depended.

382

376

Jan

We then sent for the said Langhorne and asked him if he had

any writing or agreement under Mrs Pledgerts hand he acknowledged

he had he was then directed to produce it but he hesitated and desired

he might first be discharged the Honorable Company Service

He was thereupon ordered to fetch the said writing and was told he

should then have his discharge he accordingly then went for it

it bore date the 2 February 1759 and is as follow Vizt

Island St Helena 2 February 1759

Know all Men by these Presents that I Savannah Pledgert

do for divers Causes and Considerations firmly agree and appoint

William Langhorne Overseer of all the part or parcel of Land I now

Occupy and to pay rent or farm during my Life he to have full and

sole command of the same together with the blacks in Consideration

with the same I do further promise to allow him his Lodging board

and Ten pounds Pr Annum Sterlware five pounds now to keep a School

during my Life in my dwelling house in witness whereof

I have hereunto set my hand and Seal this second Day of February

in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and fifty nine

in the thirty fourth Year of our Sovereign Lord George the Second by

the Grace of God of great Britain France and Ireland King

Defender of the Faith &c

Signed

Savannah her + Mark Pledgert

Witness

Wm Sealy

Thos his X mark Fuller

After the above Instrument was read Mrs Pledgert seemed

a good deal Suprized at the Contents of it declaring That she had

given him directions only to draw an Instrument between herself and

him for the use of a Room in her house to teach School and for nothing

further and that the rest of it she was unacquainted with as it had

not been read to her all that she had signed it supposing that he could

not have been Guilty of such a Vile Fraud

William Sealy and Thomas Fuller who were Witness to the last

mentioned agreement declare they did not know the Contents of Do for

that it was not read to them

The Council then sent for Langhorne and asked him whether the widow Pledger had acknowledged any writing or agreement under her hand. He was directed to produce it, but hesitated and asked that he might first be discharged from the Honourable Company's service. He was thereupon ordered to fetch the writing and told he should then have his discharge, and he accordingly went for it. The document bore the date 2 February 1759 and ran as follows.

At St Helena, 2 February 1759. Susannah Pledger, for various causes and considerations, freely agreed and appointed William Langhorne overseer of all that part or parcel of land she then occupied and paid rent or farm for during her life, giving him full and sole command of the same, together with the slaves, in consideration of which she further promised to allow him his lodging, board and ten pounds per annum, Langhorne to keep a school during her life in her dwelling house. In witness of this she set her hand and seal on 2 February 1759. The agreement was signed with the mark of Susannah Pledger, witnessed by William Sealy and Thomas Fuller.

After this document was read, Mrs Pledger seemed a good deal surprised at its contents, declaring that she had given Langhorne directions only to draw up an agreement between herself and him for the use of a room in her house to teach school, and for nothing further, and that she was unacquainted with the rest of it. Had it been read to her, she would not have signed it, and she supposed she could not have been guilty of such a piece of fraud. William Sealy and Thomas Fuller, who witnessed the agreement, declared that they did not know its contents, and that it was not read to them.

Interpretations

This continued the dispute over the widow Pledger's plantation before the Governor and Council at St Helena, setting out the rival agreement drawn by Sergeant Langhorne and the widow's repudiation of it as a fraud.

The proceeding turned on an allegation that Langhorne had obtained the old woman's mark to a document she did not understand. His agreement gave him command of her whole plantation and its enslaved workers for her life, in return for her lodging, board and a small annuity, on the pretext of keeping a school in her house. The widow's account was that she had authorised only a narrow arrangement, the use of a single room for a school, and had been made to sign something far wider without its being read to her. The witnesses confirmed that the document was not read aloud in their presence and that they too were ignorant of its contents, evidence that told strongly against the sergeant. Langhorne's demand to be discharged from Company service before producing the writing suggests he anticipated the trouble it would bring him.

The Council's exposure of a document executed without being read to the maker or the witnesses reveals the protections that a partly literate society relied upon against fraud, the reading aloud of an agreement being the safeguard by which those who signed by a mark could know what they bound themselves to. The failure to observe it here, the old woman deceived into surrendering her plantation and its slaves, shows how the machinery of written contract could be turned against the vulnerable in a community where many could not read, the Council obliged to look behind the signed instrument to the true understanding of the parties and so to guard the defenceless against the abuse of their own marks.

383

377

1759

The said Sealy further saith when he heard that Langhorne had

made a kind of Deed of Gift to himself of Mrs Pledgerts Effects he wrote

to him to desire he might See it which Langhorne Refusing to comply with

He was then directed to produce Mrs Sealys Letter which he then did taking

it out of his Pocket and threw it upon the Council Table in a very abrupt

manner the Letter is as follows Vizt

Mr Langhorne

the Case is this that I Desire that you will Send

that paper up that you have made by the barers or Else you must

Expect further Trible for Mrs Pledger Damn to be with the governor

on monday morning and so shall I as it was not a fare thing Done

for none of us Nowl that that you rite a Deade a gift or any thing about

it if you Send the thing thare may be no more about it but other wise

I am obbledged to tak notes of it So I wish you well

Signed

I am William Seale

4 of Feby 1759

The above writings were Copyed immediately and Examined

by Langhorne with the Secretary who acknowledged they were true but

refuse to sign them as such Altho required to do it

Upon considering the foregoing writings and Circumstances it

appears to us that Langhorne had drawn Mrs Pledger to sign an

agreement the Contents of which She was entirely Ignorant of and were

Such that if they took place must have been her have ruin and left her

destitute of any Support for these reasons We therefore Set it a Side

William Langhorne then presented the following

Petition Vizt

To

Sealy further stated that when he heard Langhorne had made a kind of deed of gift to himself of the widow Pledger's estate, he wrote to him that he might see it. Langhorne, refusing to comply, was directed to produce Sealy's letter, which he then did, taking it out of his pocket and throwing it upon the Council table in a very abrupt manner. The letter ran as follows.

Mr Langhorne. The case is this. Sealy desired that Langhorne would send up that paper he had made about the widow, or else he must expect further trouble, for the widow Pledger was to be with the Governor on Monday morning. Since it was not a fair thing done, and none of them would allow that anyone should write a deed, a gift or anything about it, if Langhorne sent the thing up there might be no more about it, but otherwise Sealy was obliged to take notice of it. The letter, dated 4 February 1759, was signed by William Sealy.

The above writings were copied immediately and examined by Langhorne with the secretary, who acknowledged they were true, but refused to sign them as such, though required to do it.

On considering the writings and circumstances, it appeared to the Council that Langhorne had drawn the widow Pledger to sign an agreement of which she was entirely ignorant, and which, had it taken effect, would have deprived her and left her destitute of any support. It was therefore set aside.

William Langhorne then presented a petition to the Governor and Council.

Interpretations

This concluded the Council's examination of the dispute over the widow Pledger's estate, setting out the correspondence between the parties and the Council's decision to set aside the fraudulent agreement.

The proceeding closed with the evidence that sealed the matter against Langhorne. Sealy's letter, produced by the sergeant himself and thrown down on the table in evident anger, showed that Sealy had warned Langhorne to give up the document before the widow came before the Governor, and that the community regarded the deed as unfair. Langhorne's refusal to sign the copies as true, though he acknowledged their accuracy, and his abrupt conduct told against him. The Council concluded that he had procured the old woman's signature to an agreement she did not understand, which would have stripped her of all support, and formally set it aside, protecting her from destitution.

The Council's setting aside of the agreement completes its intervention on behalf of a defenceless old woman against a servant who had abused her trust, the governing body acting as a court of equity to undo a fraud that the strict form of a signed instrument might otherwise have upheld. The episode reveals the Council's readiness to look behind the letter of a contract to its justice, exercising over the small society of the island a paternal jurisdiction that guarded the weak against the cunning of the strong, the sergeant's scheme defeated not by any technical flaw but by the Council's judgement that a bargain founded on deception could not be allowed to stand.

384

378

February 5

To the Worshipfull Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governr

of the Island of Helena &c Governr

The Humbly Petitior of Sergeant Wm Langhorne

Sheweth

That He having served his full Contracted time

with the Honorable Company humbly begs he may have his discharge

from the said Service and your humble Petitioner is in duty bound

Will ever pray

5 Feby 1759

Granted

Chas Hutchinson

John Adamson

John Clark

At a Consultation held on Monday the 12th of February 1759

at the Castle

Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governr

John Adamson Lieutenant Governr

Lieutenant John Clark of Council

The Last Consultation was read Approved and signed dated the 5

February 1759

The Governor being Informed that one Elisha

Isracky had Not come Down in the King road in breach and against

several repeated orders He sent Elisha Isracky was Summoned who this

day appearing and acknowledging the Fact we therefore fined him the sum

of Forty Shilling one half thereof to the Informant and the other half to by

dwelth Warrant for the use of the poor as is mentioned in the various as due

and publick Advertizements

Chas Hutchinson

John Adamson

John Clark

Sergeant William Langhorne petitioned the Governor and Council, setting out that having served his full contracted time with the Honourable Company, he asked to be discharged from its service. The petition, dated 5 February 1759, was granted and signed by Charles Hutchinson, John Adamson and John Clark.

At a consultation held on Monday 12 February 1759 at the castle.

Present were Charles Hutchinson, Governor, John Adamson, Lieutenant Governor, and Lieutenant John Clark of Council.

The record of the last consultation, dated 5 February 1759, was read, approved and signed.

The Governor, being informed that Elisha Kennedy had cut some trees in the Longwood contrary to the repeated orders, Kennedy was summoned. Appearing that day and acknowledging the fact, he was fined forty shillings, one half to the infirmary and the other half to the informer, as directed for the use of the poor and as set out in the published advertisements. The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson, John Adamson and John Clark.

Interpretations

This recorded the grant of Sergeant Langhorne's discharge, immediately following the Council's censure of his conduct toward the widow Pledger, and a routine sitting at which a man was fined for cutting timber in the Longwood.

The grant of Langhorne's discharge on completion of his contracted service came directly after the Council had set aside his fraudulent agreement, the two matters connected by his earlier demand to be released before producing the incriminating document. The fine imposed on Elisha Kennedy for cutting trees in the Longwood enforced the standing orders protecting that upland woodland, repeatedly published to preserve the island's scarce timber. The division of the fine, half to the infirmary for the poor and half to the informer who reported the offence, was the mechanism by which such regulations were enforced, the reward to the informer providing the incentive to report breaches that the authorities could not themselves detect.

The splitting of the fine between the infirmary and the informer reveals the method by which a small administration policed offences it could not readily observe, the promise of half the penalty turning private individuals into agents of enforcement, each inhabitant given a stake in reporting his neighbour's breach of the timber regulations. This device, common to much early modern regulation, extended the reach of authority into every corner of the community, the protection of the Longwood's trees secured not by patrols but by the self-interest of informers, the same logic that bound the whole population to the enforcement of the island's rules.

385

379

1759

At a Consultation on Monday the 19th day of February

1759 at the Castle

Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governr

John Adamson Lieutenant Governr

Lieutenant John Clark of Council

The last Consultation was read approved and signed dated the 12 February

1759

The Steward Plantation and Gunners Accounts

for the Month Ending the 11 Instant were this day brought in which were

Examined and approved and are as follows Vizt

Sundries Expended at the Honorable Company Table in the

month Ending the 11th Instant 1759

17 Bottles Port

£1 3s 8½d

19 Do Lisbon

1 6s 6½d

14 Do Mountain

0 13s 11½d

10 Do Madeira

1 4s 8½d

68 Do Arrack

2 5s 4d

29 Do Beer

0 4s 2d

28 Flour

2 2s 0d

272 Fresh beef

3 1s 6d

542 Mutton

10 17s 6d

30 Goat

0 16s 8d

28 Ducks

2 2s 0d

9 Ducks

0 13s 6d

1 Goose

0 5s 0d

4 Turkey

2 6s 6d

46 Butter

0 14s 0d

7 Pieces Salt Pork

1 10s 8d

9 Do Candy

£32 3s 8½d

Account

At a consultation held on Monday 19 February 1759 at the castle.

Present were Charles Hutchinson, Governor, John Adamson, Lieutenant Governor, and Lieutenant John Clark of Council.

The record of the last consultation, dated 12 February 1759, was read, approved and signed.

The steward's, plantation and gunner's accounts for the month ending 11 February were brought in, examined, approved and set out as follows.

The provisions consumed at the Honourable Company's table for the month ending 11 February 1759 were set out as follows.

17 bottles port, £1 3s 3½d

19 ditto Lisbon, £1 6s 6½d

14 ditto mountain, £0 18s 11½d

10 ditto Madeira, £1 4s 8½d

63 ditto arrack, £2 5s 4d

29 ditto beer, £0 4s 2d

2 to 8 flour, £2 2s 0d

27 fresh beef, £3 1s 6d

543 mutton, £10 17s 6d

50 goat, £0 16s 8d

28 fowls, £2 2s 0d

9 ducks, £0 13s 6d

1 goose, £0 5s 0d

4 turkey, £0 6s 6d

46 fresh butter, £2 6s 6d

7 pieces salt pork, £0 14s 0d

1 to 10, £0 18s 0d

9 candy, £1 8s 0d, £32 3s 8½d

Interpretations

This recorded a routine sitting of the Governor and Council at St Helena, opening with the examination of the monthly accounts and the table account for the month ending 11 February 1759.

The table account shows the same range of provisions supplied to the Company's establishment, the wines port, Lisbon, mountain and Madeira, the fortified and sweet wines kept for the officers, alongside arrack, fresh and salt meat, poultry and butter. Mountain was a sweet wine from Malaga, and Madeira the fortified wine of that island, both staples of the Company's table. The steady pattern of the account, close to those of the preceding months, reflects the regular victualling of the settlement's senior servants at Company charge, the mutton as always forming the largest single item of fresh meat.

386

380

Account of the Honorable Companys Stock of Neat Cattle &c from the 12 January to the 11 Feb 1759 Vizt

Neat Cattle, Sheep, Goats, Hogs, Poultry, Horses, Asses

Bulls, Cows, Calves, Yearling, Heifers, Steers, Oxen, Total, Ewes, Wathers, Lambs, Rams, Total, Ewes, Wathers, Kids, Rams, Total, Sows, Shoats, Pigs, Boars, Total, Fowls, Ducks, Turkeys, Geese, Horses, Mares, Total, Asses, Fillies, Total

Remaing 12: Bulls 6, Cows 116, Calves 107, Yearling 42, Heifers 33, Steers 36, Oxen 26, Total 366, Ewes 371, Wathers 142, Lambs 168, Rams 8, Total 689, Ewes 208, Wathers 41, Kids 97, Rams 6, Total 352, Sows 5, Shoats 1, Pigs 18, Boars 1, Total 25, Fowls 177, Ducks 79, Turkeys 15, Geese 37, Horses 6, Mares 5, Total 11, Asses 4, Fillies 2, Total 6

Encreased: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 4, Yearling 0, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Oxen 0, Total 4, Ewes 0, Wathers 0, Lambs 4, Rams 0, Total 4, Ewes 0, Wathers 0, Kids 15, Rams 0, Total 15, Sows 0, Shoats 0, Pigs 3, Boars 0, Total 3, Fowls 22, Ducks 9, Turkeys 14, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0, Asses 0, Fillies 0, Total 0

Total: Bulls 6, Cows 116, Calves 111, Yearling 42, Heifers 33, Steers 36, Oxen 26, Total 370, Ewes 371, Wathers 142, Lambs 172, Rams 8, Total 693, Ewes 208, Wathers 41, Kids 112, Rams 6, Total 367, Sows 5, Shoats 1, Pigs 21, Boars 1, Total 28, Fowls 199, Ducks 88, Turkeys 29, Geese 37, Horses 6, Mares 5, Total 11, Asses 4, Fillies 2, Total 6

Killed: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 0, Yearling 0, Heifers 0, Steers 2, Oxen 0, Total 2, Ewes 4, Wathers 11, Lambs 0, Rams 0, Total 15, Ewes 0, Wathers 3, Kids 0, Rams 0, Total 3, Sows 0, Shoats 1, Pigs 0, Boars 0, Total 1, Fowls 22, Ducks 9, Turkeys 1, Geese 1, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0, Asses 0, Fillies 0, Total 0

Died: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 0, Yearling 0, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Oxen 0, Total 0, Ewes 3, Wathers 0, Lambs 0, Rams 0, Total 3, Ewes 0, Wathers 0, Kids 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Sows 0, Shoats 0, Pigs 0, Boars 0, Total 0, Fowls 5, Ducks 3, Turkeys 1, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0, Asses 0, Fillies 0, Total 0

Stole: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 0, Yearling 0, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Oxen 0, Total 0, Ewes 0, Wathers 0, Lambs 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Ewes 0, Wathers 0, Kids 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Sows 0, Shoats 0, Pigs 0, Boars 0, Total 0, Fowls 0, Ducks 0, Turkeys 0, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0, Asses 0, Fillies 0, Total 0

Sold: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 0, Yearling 0, Heifers 0, Steers 0, Oxen 0, Total 0, Ewes 0, Wathers 0, Lambs 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Ewes 2, Wathers 3, Kids 0, Rams 0, Total 5, Sows 0, Shoats 0, Pigs 0, Boars 0, Total 0, Fowls 0, Ducks 0, Turkeys 0, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0, Asses 0, Fillies 0, Total 0

Remaing 11: Bulls 6, Cows 116, Calves 111, Yearling 42, Heifers 33, Steers 34, Oxen 26, Total 368, Ewes 364, Wathers 131, Lambs 172, Rams 8, Total 675, Ewes 206, Wathers 35, Kids 112, Rams 6, Total 359, Sows 5, Shoats 0, Pigs 21, Boars 1, Total 27, Fowls 172, Ducks 76, Turkeys 27, Geese 36, Horses 6, Mares 5, Total 11, Asses 4, Fillies 2, Total 6

1 Shoat killed Meazly

5 Goats to the Hospital Wt 91

Beef to the Ship Latham 560

1 Slave Boy born Named Will

Good Yam Expended for the Slaves

20,755

Bad Do for Stock

7,655

28,410

The Honourable Company's stock of neat cattle and other livestock was accounted for between 12 January and 11 February 1759. The figures are set out below under the column headings carried across the page, the neat cattle divided into bulls, cows, calves, yearlings, heifers, steers and oxen, the sheep into ewes, wethers, lambs and rams, the goats into ewes, wethers, kids and rams, the hogs into sows, shoats, pigs and boars, the poultry into fowls, ducks, turkeys and geese, and the horses and asses each into their own kinds.

Neat cattle remaining, 6 bulls, 116 cows, 107 calves, 42 yearlings, 33 heifers, 36 steers, 26 oxen, 366 total

Sheep remaining, 371 ewes, 142 wethers, 168 lambs, 8 rams, 689 total

Goats remaining, 208 ewes, 41 wethers, 97 kids, 6 rams, 352 total

Hogs remaining, 5 sows, 1 shoat, 18 pigs, 1 boar, 25 total

Poultry remaining, 177 fowls, 79 ducks, 15 turkeys, 37 geese

Horses remaining, 6 horses, 5 mares, 11 total

Asses remaining, 4 he asses, 2 she asses, 6 total

Neat cattle increased, 4 calves, 4 total

Sheep increased, 4 lambs, 4 total

Goats increased, 15 kids, 15 total

Poultry increased, 3 ducks, 22 turkeys, 9 geese, 14 total

Neat cattle total, 6 bulls, 116 cows, 111 calves, 42 yearlings, 33 heifers, 36 steers, 26 oxen, 370 total

Sheep total, 371 ewes, 142 wethers, 172 lambs, 8 rams, 693 total

Goats total, 208 ewes, 41 wethers, 112 kids, 6 rams, 367 total

Hogs total, 5 sows, 1 shoat, 21 pigs, 1 boar, 28 total

Poultry total, 199 fowls, 88 ducks, 29 turkeys, 37 geese

Horses total, 6 horses, 5 mares, 11 total

Asses total, 4 he asses, 2 she asses, 6 total

Neat cattle killed, 2 heifers, 2 total

Sheep killed, 4 ewes, 11 wethers, 15 total

Goats killed, 3 wethers, 3 total

Hogs killed, 1 shoat, 1 total

Poultry killed, 22 fowls, 9 ducks, 1 turkey, 1 goose

Neat cattle died, 0

Sheep died, 3 wethers, 3 total

Poultry died, 5 fowls, 3 ducks, 1 turkey

Stole, 0

Goats sold, 2 ewes, 3 wethers, 5 total

Neat cattle remaining 11 February, 6 bulls, 116 cows, 111 calves, 42 yearlings, 33 heifers, 34 steers, 26 oxen, 368 total

Sheep remaining 11 February, 364 ewes, 131 wethers, 172 lambs, 8 rams, 675 total

Goats remaining 11 February, 206 ewes, 35 wethers, 112 kids, 6 rams, 359 total

Hogs remaining 11 February, 5 sows, 0 shoats, 21 pigs, 1 boar, 27 total

Poultry remaining 11 February, 172 fowls, 76 ducks, 27 turkeys, 36 geese

Horses remaining 11 February, 6 horses, 5 mares, 11 total

Asses remaining 11 February, 4 he asses, 2 she asses, 6 total

The disposals during the month were noted below the table. One shoat was killed as measly, five goats went to the hospital at a weight of 91, and beef went to the ship Latham at a weight of 560. A slave boy was born, named Will. Good yam expended for the slaves came to 20,755 and bad yam for stock to 7,655, making a total of 28,410.

Interpretations

This was the monthly livestock return for the Company's stock at St Helena, reconciling every class of animal through birth, slaughter and other loss between 12 January and 11 February 1759, and setting the yam consumed by the slaves and the stock alongside.

The return records a notable new charge, beef sent to the ship Latham, the East Indiaman then lying in the road, showing the island victualling the homeward vessel from its own herds, the fresh meat a valuable supply for a crew facing the long Atlantic passage. The killing of a shoat as measly refers to a pig found infected with the larval cysts of tapeworm, its meat condemned as unfit. The birth of a slave boy, entered plainly as Will in the same return that counts the animals, once more exposes the accounting of enslaved people as Company stock, a child's birth recorded among the increase of the herds. The strong increase in poultry, with many turkeys and geese added, reflects the hatching season.

The victualling of the Latham with fresh beef from the island's herds reveals the essential service St Helena rendered to the Company's shipping, the settlement's carefully husbanded livestock drawn upon to provision the homeward Indiamen, a supply of fresh meat that could stave off the scurvy and want that threatened crews on the long haul home, the island's whole apparatus of stock-keeping serving in the end to sustain the trade route it existed to guard.

387

381

1759

Artillery Stores Expended from the 12 January to the 11 Feby

1759 both Days Included

Jan 23 Powder for blowing Rocks at Ruports

0 4s 0d

26 An Alarm at Jacks Cap

4 0s 0d

Do An Alarm at Prosperous bay for the same Ships

12 0s 0d

27 Arrived the Latham returned the Salute

9 0s 0d

Do Powder for Priming

1 0s 8d

29 Powder for blowing Rock at Ruports

4 0s 0d

31 Powder for the use of the Table

1 0s 0d

Feby 3 Powder blowing Rocks at Ruports

4 0s 0d

Powder for Excercising the Cart flying Party

9 0s 0d

Do for Excercising the West Do

6 0s 6d

Do for the funeral of Thomas Page

2 0s 4d

Do for Signals

0 0s 6d

Total 17 4 2 9 2 57 0d

Paper for the use of the Castle

1

Do for making Rocket Cases

8

Tallow for the use of the Carts

Do for Greasing the Flag Staff at the Main Fort

and Prosperous Bay

3

Do for the use of the Long boat

2

Spunge Staves for peel Handles for the Rakers

2

French Nails for Coating Spunges for Field Battery

32

Signed

Thomas Hall

It being proved that James Sorbett Cooper had abused Matthew Allen Soldier

in a very grofs manner we therefore fined the said Sorbett in the sum of five Shillings

to the Honorable Companys Cash

Chas Hutchinson

John Adamson

John Clark

The artillery stores expended between 12 January and 11 February 1759 were set out as follows.

Powder for blowing rocks at Rupert's, 4 to 3 to 2 to 1

An alarm at Turk's Cap, 4 to 0

An alarm at Prosperous Bay for the same ship, 6 to 2 to 2 to 0 to 2, 12 to 0

Arrived the Latham, returned the salutes, 9 to 0 to 0 to 9, 9 to 0

Powder for priming, 1 to 8

Powder for blowing rocks at Rupert's, 4 to 0

Powder for the use of the table, 1 to 0

Powder blowing rocks at Rupert's, 4 to 0

Powder for exercising the east flying party, 9 to 0

Ditto for exercising the west ditto, 6 to 6

Ditto for the funeral of Thomas Page, 2 to 4

Ditto for signals, 0 to 6

Total, 17 to 4 to 2 to 9 to 2, 57 to 0

Paper for the use of the castle, 2 quires

Ditto for making rocket cases, 8

Tallow for the use of the carts, 2

Ditto for greasing the flagstaff at the Main Fort and Prosperous Bay, 3

Ditto for the use of the long boat, 2

Sponge staves for peel handles for the bakers, 2

French nails for coating sponges for field battery, 32

The account was signed by Thomas Hall.

It having been proved that James Torbett, cooper, had abused Matthew Allen, a soldier, in a very gross manner, the Council fined Torbett five shillings to the Honourable Company's cash. The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson, John Adamson and John Clark.

Interpretations

This set out the monthly artillery account for 12 January to 11 February 1759, followed by a small disciplinary matter in which a cooper was fined for abusing a soldier.

The powder account records both the routine gunnery of the garrison and two events of note. Powder was fired in salute to greet the arriving Latham, the customary courtesy exchanged between a ship and the shore, and expended at the funeral of Thomas Page, the second mate of that very ship, who must have died shortly after the vessel reached the road. Alarms were fired at Turk's Cap and Prosperous Bay, probably signal shots on the sighting of the ship. The powder used for blowing rocks at Rupert's was employed in quarrying or clearing stone by blasting. The sponge staves cut down for peel handles for the bakers show artillery stores put to domestic use, a peel being the long-handled shovel for setting bread in an oven.

The firing of a funeral salute over the grave of the Latham's second mate shows the courtesies of the sea extended to a ship's officer who died in the road, the garrison honouring a visiting seaman with the same ceremonial powder it spent on its own dead, a mark of the fellowship between the island and the shipping it served, the death of a passing officer treated with the respect due to one of the Company's own people wherever he happened to fall.

388

382

At a Consultation held on Monday the 26 day of February 1759

at the Castle.

Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governor

John Adamson Lieutenant Governor

Lieutenant John Clark of Council.

The last Consultation was read approved and signed dated the 19th February

1759.

Tuesday 20th died Jonathan Hitchins Soldier

Thursday 22 died Elizabeth daughter of Solomon and Rebecca Jacob

The Executor of the Last Will and Testament of Jonathan

Hitchins this day presence the same Will desiring it might be proved which

was accordingly done upon the Oaths of the Witness's the Will is as follows Vizt

In the Name of God Amen I Jonathan Hitchins

Soldier being sick and weak in body but of sound and disposing mind memory

and understanding do hereby make and publish this my last Will and

Testament as follows that is to say.

First. I hereby will and direct that all my Just Debts may be first paid

out of my Effects by my Executor hereinafter Named.

Item. All the rest and residue and remainder of my Effects wearing

apparel Tools, and all my personal Estate whatsoever I hereby Give

and bequeath unto my friend Elisha Izaachi Planter and make him

my sole Executor of this my last Will and Testament hereby renouncing all

former Wills by me at any time heretofore made In Witness

whereof I the said Jonathan Hitchins have hereunto sett my hand and

Seal this Twenty second day of January in the year of our Lord one thousand

seven hundred and Fifty nine

Signed Sealed published here any (Signed)

declared by the same Jonathan Jonathan Hitchins

Hitchins as his last will and

Testament in the presence of us

who at his request do desire his

presence have Subscribed our

Names as Witness's.

Willm Pochet

Thomas Leech

Counted and Examined the Honorable Companys Cash

for the March Ending the 11 Instant which was Examined and is

as follows Vizt

At a consultation held at the Castle on Monday 26 February 1759, Governor Charles Hutchinson attended, together with John Adamson, the Lieutenant Governor, and Lieutenant John Clark of the Council. The Council read and approved the record of its earlier meeting of 19 February 1759, which was then signed.

Jonathan Hitchins, a soldier, died on Tuesday 20 February. Elizabeth, the daughter of Solomon and Rebecca Jacob, died on Tuesday 22 February.

The executor of the last will and testament of Jonathan Hitchins came before the Council to ask that the will be proved. The witnesses were sworn, and the will was read out as follows.

Hitchins declared himself sick and weak in body but of sound mind, and set down his last wishes. First, he directed that all his just debts be paid out of his estate by his named executor. He then gave all the rest of his goods, his wearing apparel, his tools and his whole personal estate to his friend Elisha Isaacs, a planter, whom he named sole executor. He revoked every earlier will he had made. In witness of this, Hitchins set his hand and seal on 22 January 1759. The will was signed, sealed and published as his own act in the presence of witnesses who, at his request, added their names. The witnesses were William Pocket and Thomas Leech.

The Council then examined the accounts of the Honourable Company at the Castle for the month of March, drawn up to the eleventh of that month.

Interpretations

The proving of the will turned on the sworn testimony of the two subscribing witnesses, William Pocket and Thomas Leech. Probate at St Helena did not rest on the document alone. The witnesses who had watched Hitchins sign had to attest on oath before the Council, sitting as the island's probate authority, before the estate could pass to the executor. This oral confirmation was the mechanism that gave the written instrument legal force.

Elisha Isaacs was made both principal beneficiary and sole executor. Naming one man to receive the whole personal estate and also to administer it was a common device among men of small property with no close family on the island. It collapsed the roles of heir and administrator into a single trusted friend, avoiding the cost and delay of a separate administrator and leaving no residue to be contested.

389

383

Cash Dr Pr Contra Cr

1758

Decr 12th To ballance remaining

£6401 13s 10d

1759

January 11 To James Powel received from him for Stores in the Quarter

ending this day

£1409 11s 6d

To Licences for ten publick houses

£15

To plantation for provisions Sold

£16 9s 11½d

L £7842 15s 3½d

1759

Jan 11th By Sundry accounts advanced the paymaster

to pay Salarys &c for the Quarter ending this day

£2842 13s 5d

By Ballance remaining in the following Species

4860 pagodas at 8s each

£1944

1292 Venetians at 10s each

£646

Gold amounting to

£2590

5826 Dollars at 5s each

£1456 10s

10880 half Ryals at 1s 3¾d each

£170

441 French pieces at 1s 2d each

£3 13s 6d

2401 Rupees at 2s 3d each

£272 2s 3d

Odd money

£0 1s 1½d

£1900 6s 10½d

Cash Gold of no use amount 9s

£539 15s

£7842 15s 3½d

This was the cash account, set out with the receipts on the debit side and the payments and closing balance on the credit side.

Debit side:

1758 December 12: Balance remaining, £6,401 13s 10d

1759 January 11: James Powell, received from him for stores in the quarter ending this day, £1,409 11s 6d

Licences for ten public houses, £15 0s 0d

Plantation, for provisions sold, £16 9s 11½d

Total, £7,842 15s 3½d

Credit side:

1759 January 11: Sundry accounts advanced to the paymaster to pay salaries and other charges for the quarter ending this day, £2,812 13s 5d

Balance remaining in the following coin

4,860 pagodas at 8s, £1,944 0s 0d

1,292 Venetians at 10s, £646 0s 0d

Gold amounting to, £2,590 0s 0d

5,826 dollars at 5s, £1,456 10s 0d

10,880 half ryals at 1s 3¾d, £170 0s 0d

441 French pieces at 1s 2d, £3 13s 6d

2,401 rupees at 2s 3d, £272 2s 3d

Odd money, £0 1s 1½d

Silver amounting to, £1,900 6s 10½d

Cash of no use, £539 15s 0d

Total, £7,842 15s 3½d

Interpretations

The closing balance was held not in a single currency but in a spread of gold and silver coin drawn from across the trading world. Pagodas and rupees came from the Indian coast, Venetians were gold sequins from the Adriatic, dollars and half ryals were Spanish American silver, and the French pieces came by way of the European carrying trade. St Helena kept no mint and struck no coin of its own, so the Company treasury on the island functioned as a holding point for whatever specie passed through on the East India ships. Each coin was tallied at a fixed sterling rate for accounting, which is why the same physical hoard could be summed to a single sterling total.

The line for cash of no use, valued at £539 15s 0d, records worn, clipped or unfamiliar coin that circulation had rendered unspendable but that still had to be carried on the books at some figure. Rather than write it off, the treasury held it against its face and let it sit as dead stock. This was a standing problem for a remote settlement that could not readily return bad coin to any issuing authority and had to absorb whatever reached it.

390

384

John Strange this day petitions for his discharge

from the Governor he having served the Honorable Company his full contracted

time which was accordingly granted him.

Chas Hutchinson

John Adamson

John Clark.

At a Consultation held on Wednesday the 7th day of March 1759 at

the Castle. Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governor

John Adamson Lieutenant Governor

Lieutenant John Clark of Council

The last Consultation was read approved and signed dated the 26 February

1759

Monday the Fifth a Double Alarm was made for they

Ships which continued to the windward of this Island untill about Noon

and then the Men at the Lookout places lost sight of them, but on Tuesday

they appeared again, and stood away to Leeward in the same manner

the are they was before.

Chas Hutchinson

John Adamson

John Clark.

At a Consultation held on Monday the 12 day of March 1759 at

the Castle Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governor

John Adamson Lieutenant Governor

Lieutenant John Clark of Council

The last Consultation was read approved and Signed dated the 7 day

of march 1759

John Strange petitioned that day to be discharged from the Company, having served his full contracted time, and the Governor granted the request. The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson, John Adamson and John Clark.

At a consultation held at the Castle on Wednesday 7 March 1759, Governor Charles Hutchinson attended, together with John Adamson, the Lieutenant Governor, and Lieutenant John Clark of the Council. The Council read and approved the record of its earlier meeting of 26 February 1759, which was then signed.

On Monday 5 March a double alarm was raised. Three ships stood off the windward side of the island until about noon, when the lookout men lost sight of them. On Tuesday they appeared again and stood away to leeward in the same manner as the day before. The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson, John Adamson and John Clark.

At a consultation held at the Castle on Monday 12 March 1759, Governor Charles Hutchinson attended, together with John Adamson, the Lieutenant Governor, and Lieutenant John Clark of the Council. The Council read and approved the record of its earlier meeting of 7 March 1759, which was then signed.

Interpretations

The double alarm turned on the sighting of unidentified ships to windward, the quarter from which a hostile approach was hardest to counter. St Helena depended on early warning from lookout posts on the high ground, and the standing response to strange sail was to alert the garrison at once rather than wait to establish the ships' identity. With Britain at war with France in these years, three vessels loitering off the coast and then withdrawing raised the fear of a raiding squadron testing the island's defences. The alarm was the mechanism by which the settlement converted a distant sighting into readiness at the fort.

391

385

George Hill Soldier in the Company Commanded

by Lieutenant Thomas Kirkpatrick this day Complaining that being

at William Moors House drinking of Punch on Sunday the 4th Instant there

happened some words between here and Mrs Moore Wife of the said William

Moore when she took an opportunity to call him a Saucy Impertinent Monkey

upon which he told her he was not both more like a Monkey than she that told her so

whore, that Mrs Moore thereupon many a stroke at him with a Case knife, which

Cut him on the Hand, and afterwards many a Second Stroke at him with the

same knife which she also did, and a third attempt she thrust the same knife

into her Mouth quite down to the Root of her tongue and upon her drawing the

knife out again it cut her Gums, and bruised one of her teeth, insomuch that he

was not able to Chew any thing for two or three days by then owe not her by the

Hand and cut it from her and brought a some to the Governor, George Hill

Father says when he had got that knife from Mrs Moore she [Jab]ed another

and told them she would be his Instructor, and that she did Value Killing half

a dozen such Soldiers as he was.

Thomas Nimble Soldier in the Company Commanded

by Lieutenant William Kennedy declares he heard the said Mrs Moore call George

Hill a Saucy Impertinent Monkey, and likewise heard the said Hill say

he does not think more like monkely that she was like whores.

James Cartwright Soldier in the Company

Commanded by Lieutenant John Clark declares to the same effect that

Nimble had done.

William Moore Soldier in the Company Commanded

by Lieutenant William Kennedy declares to own Mrs Moore that a Case

knife into the said George Hills Mouth and however say she would not

mind Killing half a dozen such Soldiers as he was.

Mrs Mary Moore Wife of William Moore

having heard the above complaint, and Concluions, and having nothing to

alledge but a parcel of flams based womanish enough to word Hill and

seeks to lache that word here in her Snout amongst which they are very repugnant

Owns to her from the said Hill, which provoked her in the like to Cull him in

the manner she did.

Having Considered the above affair It is our opinion

that Mrs Moore should be fined the sum of Twenty Shillings to the Honoble

Companys Cash, which was paid accordingly.

George Hill, a soldier in the company commanded by Lieutenant Thomas Kirkpatrick, came before the Council that day to complain. While drinking punch on Sunday 4 March, a quarrel arose between him and William Moore. When Hill took the opportunity to speak with Moore, William Moore’s wife accused him of being no better than a monkey, and called him a whore. Moore then advanced on Hill with a knife and cut him on the hand, and afterwards made a second thrust at his head with the knife, which Hill turned aside. At a third attempt Hill wrested the knife from him and threw it away, quite close to the door. Moore’s wife stood by, urging her husband on and swearing on her faith that she would rather see Hill killed than have anything befall her husband within three or four days by Hill’s hand. Hill brought a witness, one George Hall, before the Council. Hall said, when asked how he came by his knowledge from Moore, that Jacobs and another had told him the result would be his ruin, and that Moore valued Hill’s life no more than that of half a dozen such soldiers as he was.

Thomas Nimble, a soldier in the company commanded by Lieutenant William Kennedy, declared to the Council that Moore called George Hill a saucy, impertinent monkey, and that Hill said in return that he did not know more, or behave any more like a monkey, than Moore did.

James Cartwright, a soldier in the company commanded by Lieutenant John Clark, declared to the same effect that Nimble had done.

William Moore, a soldier in the company commanded by Lieutenant William Kennedy, declared that Moore’s wife had a cave knife against George Hill’s mouth, and however her say she would not murder Hill, that a dozen such soldiers as he was.

Mary Moore, the wife of William Moore, having heard the above complaint and the depositions, and having nothing to allege but a parcel of trifling, base accusations, denied the whole and said Hill had wronged her in the affront he had put upon her. Moore’s wife stood by her husband, which provoked Hill in the affront to Catherine in the manner she did.

The Council, having considered the whole affair, gave its opinion that Mary Moore should be fined the sum of twenty shillings to the Honourable Company’s cash, which was paid accordingly.

Interpretations

The dispute was heard and settled by the Council sitting as the island’s court, with soldiers giving evidence against one another over a drunken Sunday quarrel that had turned to bloodshed. St Helena had no separate bench of magistrates, so the same body that governed the settlement also tried assaults and fixed penalties on the spot. The soldiers were bound to lay such matters before the Council rather than settle them privately, and the taking of sworn statements from Nimble, Cartwright and the second witness was the means by which the Council reconstructed events from competing accounts.

The penalty fell not on the man who drew the knife but on Mary Moore, fined twenty shillings for her part in inciting the attack. This treated her goading as the graver offence, or at least the one the Council chose to punish, on the reasoning that her urging turned a scuffle into an attempt on Hill’s life. The fine ran to the Company’s cash rather than to the injured man, marking the matter as a breach of order within the garrison rather than a private wrong to be compensated.

Speculations

The obvious course was to punish William Moore, who had drawn a knife and wounded Hill in the hand and struck at his head. Instead the Council passed over the man who wielded the weapon and fined his wife alone. The record shows why the default was set aside. The witnesses agreed that Mary Moore had stood over the struggle swearing she would rather see Hill dead than let harm come to her husband, and the Council appears to have judged that her incitement, not her husband’s hand, was the driving cause of the violence. The choice to fine the instigator rather than the assailant rested on that reading of where the true fault lay.

392

386

The Governor delivered the following proper

was directed the Secretary to Enter it which is as follows Vizt

Gentlemen.

I was informed a few days ago that Lieut

Price, when Officer of the main Guard, had been insulted in a most

Insolent manner by Thomas Dunn a Soldier, who not only demeaned there

several times, but when Lieutenant Price said he would put him into the

Dungeon, he told him it was more than he could, or dare do. Yet after

all these provoking Insolences, and Dunns declaring that he did not

Value him more than he did the Crokey, Mr Price did not Confine any

report him, An omission that is productive of so many ill Consequences

that it is quite inexcusable, For it can scarce fail begot in this Soldiers

every Contemptible Opinion of their Officers, and made them lay aside that

respect which they owe to, and ought always to Shew them, and likewise, to

make them to disregard those Cautions, which give Licenses and inconvenient,

for such Neglect less this is, in an Officer which tends to subvert all

military Discipline is overlooked, and such Enemys in a Soldier and inof[fic]es

to pass with frequently, even We may expect to be soon inne[st]ed.

It is therefore absolutely necessary I think to have their Officer Enquired into

and to have such inhuman behave, as and most likely to prevent anything

of the like nature for the future.

Upon which it was ordered that Lieutenant Price

should be sent for, who appearing this afternoon, was asked by the Governor and how

he came not to Confine Thomas Dunn Confined who greatly abused him when

he was Officer, and upon duty on the Main Guard Lieutenant Price

says he desired him at that particular request of Mr Adamson the Lieut

Governor, Lieutenant Price being further asked by the Governor if by did

the Lieutenant Governor in actual manner Dunn Was desired here, he says

he did, and that he told Mr Adamson that Dunn did say Damned dord you

heart Price I dont value you, at about time Mr Price says that Dunn

appeared to be in Liquor, Mr Price says that Mr Adamson said

to him you can pass by such things, and Dunn can be of great service to

you in Surveying affairs, Mr Price further saith that he answered to Mr

Adamson he thought it was a thing of such a nature as ought not to be behaved

owed as he was then the Officer of the Main Guard and upon duty,

But Mr Price says he did afterwards release Thomas Dunn from his

Confinement at Mr Adamsons particular request

The Governor delivered the following paper and directed the Secretary to enter it, which was done, and it read as follows.

Addressed to the members of the Council, the paper set out that the Governor had been informed a few days earlier that Lieutenant Price, an officer of the main guard, had been insulted in a most insolent manner by Thomas Dunn, a soldier, and this not only once but several times. When Lieutenant Price ordered him confined to the dungeon, Dunn told him it was no more than he could or dared do. Yet even after these repeated acts of insolence, and after Dunn had declared that he valued Price no more than he did the cook, Price had made no report of the matter. Such an omission, the Governor held, was the source of many grave consequences and could not be excused. Officers who fail to bring such conduct forward encourage in soldiers a contemptible opinion of their officers, and cause them to cast aside the respect they owe and ought always to show. To make matters worse, an officer who overlooks such insults, and who gives soldiers licence in this manner, weakens all military discipline. An enemy of this kind in a soldier is one that ought never to be passed over lightly. The Governor therefore thought it absolutely necessary that the officer’s conduct be looked into, and that measures be taken as were most likely to prevent anything of the like nature in the future.

On this, the Council considered the matter. It appeared that Lieutenant Price, invited by the Governor to give his account that afternoon, said he came not to accuse Thomas Dunn but that Dunn had greatly abused him when he was his officer and upon duty on the main guard. Lieutenant Price, on the particular request of Mr Adamson, the Lieutenant Governor, and being further pressed by the Governor, said that the Lieutenant Governor had in fact confined Dunn and released him. Price swore he did, and that he told Mr Adamson that Dunn should say what he had at heart. Price said he could not, and about that time Mr Price said that Dunn appeared to be in liquor. Mr Price said that Mr Adamson said to him that he might pass by such things, and that Dunn could be of great service to him in surveying affairs. Price further said that he had recommended it to Mr Adamson, thinking it a thing of such a nature as he did not think fit to be passed over, as he saw the officer of the main guard and upon duty. Mr Price said he did afterwards release Thomas Dunn from his confinement, at Mr Adamson’s particular request.

Interpretations

The paper set out the Governor’s view that an officer’s failure to report insolence was itself a punishable neglect, distinct from the soldier’s original offence. The point at issue was not merely that Thomas Dunn had abused Lieutenant Price, but that Price had let the abuse pass unreported. On St Helena the garrison’s discipline rested on officers bringing such matters forward at once, since a single overlooked insult was held to erode the whole chain of authority. By putting the failure in writing and ordering it entered in the record, the Governor turned a lapse of duty into a formal charge to be examined by the Council.

The account exposed a division between the Governor and John Adamson, the Lieutenant Governor, over how the affair had been handled. Adamson had confined Dunn and then released him, and had advised Price to overlook the abuse on the ground that Dunn was useful in survey work. This treated a disciplinary breach as a matter that could be set aside for the sake of a soldier’s practical value, a stance the Governor plainly rejected. The examination of Price before the Council brought that difference into the open, testing whether a senior officer could waive discipline at his own discretion.

Speculations

The obvious course, once Dunn had defied his officer, was to keep him confined and punish the insolence. Instead Adamson released him and told Price to let the matter drop. The record shows the reason: Dunn was reckoned to be of great service in surveying work, and Adamson weighed that usefulness above the breach of discipline. The path not taken was the ordinary one of enforcing the confinement, and the passage shows it being set aside for a practical calculation about a particular soldier’s skills.

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Mr Price father saith that after Dunn was been

how he came to behave to him, who then appeared to be very sober, and asked

how much concerned at it, and said that he was at that time so much in Liquor

that he did not remember any part of it, and that he was very sorry however

sware any reward to do so, Yet Mr Price says he should not have released him

had it not been at the particular Instance and request of the Lieutenant

Governor

Mr Adamson saysthen Mr Price did know how

gross the affront was which Dunn had given him, that he replyed if that

is the Case, I have nothing to do with it, and that he Mr Price was the best

Judge, which he twice or thrice repeated, Mr Price declares that he never

heard any such word from Mr Adamson

Mr Adamson desired that notice might be taken

that Lieutenant Price had given Dunn Liberty to be absent from his Guard

to wait for Lieutenant Adamson which Mr Price acknowledges

Sergeant Michael Frost declares the following

Paper Vizt

I Sergeant Frost mounting the Main Guard on this

Island St Helena on Saturday the 24th day of February 1759 and on

Sunday the 25th in the Morning received an Alarm and Thomas Dunn Soldier

in the Company Commanded by Lieutenant Clark by one of Lieutenant Adold

of the said Company, for being Drunk and to give this Guard for forty Eight hours

a for being sober I received them did four a Clock of the same day when I was to

make application to the Officer of the Guard as being then Able to join the Guard

making at the same time that Confessions that he Was drawing Wett for Mr

Nimberg and a Will for Mr Francis Kingham Serit told him it was a very

concerned me, and that of he had that Powers to do he should have Kept

sober, and then he would not have how went then he then askt the favour of

me to lend him a piece of paper, which Since he then wrote to the Officer of the Guard

who send for him by the Corporal, which Corporal informing me, that Mr Prizztt

the Officer of the Guard had given him permission to go and part of his Consernin"

and from the Officer if for forty Eight hours, On Monday the 26 Lieutenant

Price release Lieutenant Prizztt, and about the House of Eleven Thomas Dunn

told me he had got Liberty from the Officer of the Guard to go to Lieutenant

Kennedy about two a Clock to do a small Job for him and after that was to do

a Job for Mr Sterling between this Tomb of Grave and find Sergeant Prizztt

a Job for Mr Sterling. Between this Tomb of Grave and find Sergeant Prizztt

Price further said that after Dunn had been confined twice he came to him, when he appeared to be very sober, and asked how he came to behave to him in the manner he had done. At that Dunn seemed to be very much concerned, and said that he was at that time so much in liquor that he did not remember any part of it, and that he was very ready to make him amends. Price said he should not have released him had it not been at the particular instance and request of the Lieutenant Governor.

Adamson answered that Price had told him how great the affront was that Dunn had given him, that he replied that this was the case, that he had nothing to do with it, and that Price was the best judge, which he twice or three times repeated. Price declared that he never heard any such word from Adamson.

Adamson desired that notice might be taken that Lieutenant Price had given Dunn liberty to be absent from his guard to write for Lieutenant Kennedy, which Price acknowledged.

Sergeant Michael Frost delivered the following paper.

Frost mounted the main guard on the island of St Helena on Saturday 24 February 1759, and on the morning of Sunday 25 February confined a private soldier named Thomas Dunn of the company commanded by Lieutenant Clark, by order of Lieutenant Aislabie of that company, for being drunk and to force his guard. About eight hours afterwards, being very sober, Dunn asked Frost for a flask of arrack. The same day Dunn made application to the officer of the guard, at various times, to leave the guard, and made complaints that he had leave to write for Mr Francis Frampton senior. Frost held him at once confined, and said that if it were true that he owned it he should have kept him confined and then would not have known how well there had been leave. On the favour of a soldier, and then he would not have known how sweet Dunn was, and to find him a piece of arrack, which Frost, he there wrote to the officer of the guard, who sent for him by the corporal. The corporal informed Frost that Mr Frampton, the officer of the guard, had given him permission to go and part by his licence, and from the leave of forty-eight hours. On Monday 26 February, Lieutenant Price released Lieutenant Frampton, and about the hour of eleven Dunn told Frost what got liberty from the Governor to go to Lieutenant Kennedy, about two flasks of arrack, to do a small job for him, and after that went to do Kennedy, about two flasks of arrack, to do a small job for him, and fixed Sergeant Frost a job for his finding, between the hours of Frost and five.

Interpretations

Frost’s paper recorded the routine machinery of guard duty and the small transactions of drink that ran through it. Soldiers on the main guard were confined for drunkenness on the order of their company officer, yet the same men could obtain arrack, the distilled spirit that was the common liquor of the island, even while under punishment. The record shows Dunn asking for a flask within hours of being confined, which points to how loosely the ban on drink was enforced and how far small favours passed between guards, corporals and the men they held.

The dispute over Dunn’s liberty turned on who had authority to grant leave from the guard. Frost held Dunn confined, but the corporal reported that Frampton, the officer of the guard, had allowed him forty-eight hours’ absence, and Dunn later claimed leave from the Governor himself. This tangle of competing permissions exposed the weakness of the chain of command on the island, where a soldier could play one level of authority against another and where leave granted at the top could override a sergeant’s confinement below.

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388

of the Frost Company came to me and asked one

whither Thomas Dunn was discharged from the Guard, my Answer

was no, but that he had Liberty from the Officer of the Guard, to be Absent

in order to do some business for Lieutenant Kennedy and Mr Sterling,

Pugh then told me he was in Liquor and rambling about from Speak

house to punch House and that if he had been released from the Guard

he should have confined him again I then sent Edward Prowles the

Corporal of the Guard to Lieutenant Price to acquaint him what I had

been informed of, he then ordered the said Corporal to go and bring down

Dunn to the Guard when the Corporal came he told me he could not

find him, I and the Corporal about ten minutes after at the peals

near the Guard see him Cross the Valley and go into the House

of Mr Francis Wangham Junr, I then sent the Corporal to Lieutenant

Price to acquaint him of the same Lieutenant Price then sent the Corporal

for him and ordered him for to be Confined, between the Hours of five and

Six the Governor came out of the Castle and went on the Line when

the Guard was ordered to turn out, Lieutenant Price ordered me to let

the Men rest and ordered Lieutenant Price walking before the Guard

Dunn Came to the Guard house door, Lieutenant Price told him he

was a pretty fellow to ask Liberty to go to Mr Kennedy to do business for

about half an hour, But instead of that to go drinking about among'st the

Punch House on which his Answered was Damn you Sr I did made

for answer Sergeant Frost and the rest of the Guard take Notice he

damns me, then Dunn said God damn you, then Lieut Price said he

would put him into the dungeon, his Answer was it was more than he

could or dare do, I made Answer to the people under arms I scoute this

a petty Officer not take so much as Lieut Price was taken, I then ordered

William Iwood Centry at the Guard house door, to make him keep in

to then replyed to the Centry he did not Value Mr Price more than he did

him, At Nine oClock in the Evening when I went to Inform Sr Price

all was well up the Valley Sr price askt me what Mr Dunn had to say

for himself for the outrage he had given him, I told him he was so abuseafable

a fellow that I had not first any discourse or Even spoke to him, he then

told me he would report him, and askt me for some paper, I went to my room

and Elicit half a sheet on which he wrote two or three Lines, and then told

me that when he went up to Supper, that Mr Adamson had Sent for him and

requested he should be forgiven and his Dunn not to be reported on

Tuesday morning Dunn wentto Sr Price to beg pardon for the offence he had

been Guilty of Lt Price then sent for him, and released him and at the

same time ordered him to make Good what he was deficient in the forty

Eight hours

(Signed)

Michael Frost

A soldier of Frost’s company came to Frost and asked whether Thomas Dunn was discharged from the guard. Frost answered no, but that he had liberty from the officer of the guard to be absent in order to do some business for Lieutenant Kennedy and Mr Purling. Hugh Kerr told Frost that Dunn was in liquor and rambling about, coming from Spencer’s house to punch house, and that if he had been released from the guard Frost should have confined him again. Frost then sent Edward Bristow, the corporal of the guard, to Lieutenant Price to tell him what he had been informed. Frost then ordered the corporal to go and bring Dunn down to the guard. When the corporal came back he told Frost he could not find him. Frost and the corporal, about ten minutes later, saw him at the steps near the guard, saw him cross the valley, and go into the house of Mr Francis Frampton senior. Frost then sent the corporal to Lieutenant Price to tell him. The corporal went for Dunn and ordered him to be confined. Between the hours of five and six the Governor came out of the Castle and went on the line when the guard was ordered to turn out. Lieutenant Price ordered Frost to let the men rest, and ordered Lieutenant Price, walking before the guard when Dunn came to the guardhouse door. Lieutenant Price told Dunn he was a pretty fellow to ask liberty to go to Mr Kennedy, to be absent for about half an hour, but instead of that to go drinking about among the punch houses, on which Dunn answered, damn you, sir. Price called on Sergeant Frost and the rest of the guard to take notice he had damned him. Dunn then said, God damn you. Price said he would put him into the dungeon, but Dunn answered it was more than he could or dared do. Frost made answer to the people under arms that he could see this a petty officer not take so much as Lieutenant Price was taken. Frost then ordered William Iremonger, sentry at the guardhouse door, to make him keep in. He then replied to the sentry he did not value Mr Price more than he did him. At nine o’clock in the evening, when Frost went to inform Lieutenant Price all was well up the valley, Price asked Frost what Dunn had to say for himself for the outrage he had given him. Frost told him he was so abusive a fellow that Frost dared not any discourse or ever spoke to him. Price then told Frost he would report him, and asked me for the paper. Frost went to his room and set out half of what he wrote there, two or three lines, and told Frost that when he went up to supper Mr Adamson had sent for him and requested that Dunn should be forgiven and Dunn not to be reported. On Tuesday morning Dunn waited on Price to beg pardon for the offence he had been guilty of. Price then sent for him and released him, and at the same time ordered him to make good what he was deficient in the forty-eight hours. Signed by Michael Frost.

Interpretations

Frost’s narrative laid bare how a single insubordinate soldier could disrupt the working of the guard and set officer against officer. Dunn used a grant of leave to drift between the punch houses, defied his sergeant and his lieutenant to their faces, and was shielded from report by the Lieutenant Governor’s intervention. On St Helena the guard depended on each rank enforcing the one below, so a soldier who could curse an officer on parade and still avoid the dungeon struck at the whole footing of military order.

The paper turned on the tension between formal punishment and quiet accommodation. Lieutenant Price meant to report Dunn and confine him, yet John Adamson, the Lieutenant Governor, sent for Price at supper and asked that Dunn be forgiven and the matter dropped. The resolution reached the next morning, with Dunn begging pardon and being released on condition he make up the forty-eight hours he owed, showed the settlement preferring to recover the man’s labour rather than press the discipline to its end.

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Joseph Turner Soldier who was Centry

at the Guard room door says that Thomas Dunn, did while he was

prisoner, damn him, and told him he did not regard Mr Price any more

than he did him.

Upon the Governors observing that Mr Price deserved

some Censure and asking the Gentlemen of the Council what their Opinions

were Mr Adamson said he thought he could give an opinion as he Board

was mentioned in the Affair, but being further asked by the Governor if

he did not think Mr Price had Committed an Error, says he did

think so, and that he ought to be reprehended by the Governor for it

The Governor delivered to the Gentlemen of the Council the following

Opinion Vizt

It appears to me that Lieutenant Price has been guilty of a great

Neglect, to the Prejudice of Good order and military discipline, in not Confining and

reporting Thomas Dunn Soldier in the Company Commanded by Lieut John Clark,

who behaved greedy Insulted him when he was Officer of the Guard, I is therefore my opinion that

Lieut Price be reprimanded for the same conduct

Lieut Clark is of the same opinion with the Governor

Tom a Slave Man of Frances Wangham Sert

having been detected in attempting to commit Beastiality with a Cow by the

Evidence of a Manorbah another Slave man belonging to the said Francis

Wangham and Cesar a Slave man belonging to Lt Sammy Alexander

did the said fellow Tom having earnestly deny'd but he a threat when he

found it was known We therefore ordered him to be Whipped and to receive

Coo hundred Lashes at 3 they different times 200 at each time and then

be Granted.

Enlisted John Long a Native to serve the

Honorable Company as a Soldier for five Years at 10 Shillings twenty

money and had the articles of war read to him by the Lieutenant

Chas Hutchinson

John Adamson

John Clark

Joseph Turner, a soldier who was sentry at the guardhouse door, said that when Thomas Dunn cursed him and told him he did not regard Mr Price any more than he did him.

On the Governor observing that Price appeared somewhat concerned, and asking the members of the Council what their opinion was, Mr Adamson said he thought the matter did not call for an opinion as his name was mentioned in the affair, but being pressed by the Governor said he did not think Price had committed an error. Others said they did think so, and that Price ought to be reprimanded by the Governor first.

The Governor delivered to the members of the Council the following opinion.

It appeared to the Governor that Lieutenant Price had been guilty of a great neglect, to the prejudice of good order and military discipline, in not confining and reporting Thomas Dunn, a soldier in the company commanded by Lieutenant John Clark, who had greatly insulted him when he was officer of the guard. The Governor therefore held that Lieutenant Price be reprimanded, in which John Clark concurred.

Tom, a slave belonging to Francis Frampton senior, having been detected in attempting to commit an unnatural act with a cow, by the evidence of a slave named Maro belonging to Francis Frampton and Caesar, a slave belonging to Mr Samuel Alexander, and the said fellow Tom having, it appeared, several times before been found in such manner, the Council ordered him to be whipped and to receive six hundred lashes at three different times, 200 at each time, and then to be branded.

John Long, a native, enlisted to serve the Honourable Company as a soldier for five years at ten shillings twenty pence a month, and had the articles of war read to him by the Lieutenant Governor. The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson, John Adamson and John Clark.

Interpretations

The Council divided over whether an officer could be found at fault when the Lieutenant Governor’s own conduct was bound up in the matter. Adamson tried to withhold an opinion because his name figured in the affair, and only under the Governor’s pressure would he speak, holding that Price had done no wrong. Others pressed for a reprimand, and the Governor settled the question by ruling the neglect proven and directing that Price be reprimanded rather than more severely dealt with. This graded response, a formal rebuke short of removal or fine, marked the failure as a lapse of duty to be corrected within the officer corps rather than a crime.

The sentence on Tom set a punishment of extreme severity for the offence, six hundred lashes divided into three sittings of two hundred so the man would survive to be branded. Spreading the lashes across separate occasions was the standard method where the full number at once would have killed the victim, allowing the body to recover between beatings. The branding that followed marked him permanently as an offender. That Tom was a slave shaped the whole reckoning, since the Council could inflict on him a bodily punishment far beyond anything imposed on the soldiers whose insolence filled the same record.

Speculations

The obvious outcome of a proven neglect of duty was a punishment with teeth, a fine or removal from the guard. The Council instead settled on a reprimand alone. The record shows why the harsher course was set aside: the Lieutenant Governor had himself advised Price to overlook Dunn and had intervened to have the soldier forgiven, so the fault did not rest with Price alone. With responsibility divided between the lieutenant and his superior, the Governor chose the mildest formal penalty available, marking the lapse without punishing one man for a decision the Lieutenant Governor had shared in.

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At a Consultation held on Friday the 16 day of March 1759

at the Castle.

Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governor

John Adamson Lieutenant Governor

Lieutenant John Clark of Council

The last Consultation was read approved and signed dated the 12 March

1759

The Governor delivered the following opinion

to the Gentlemen of the Council

Gentlemen.

There is, I think, but too great Reason to

conclude, that the they Ships which had been from time to time seen to

Windward of this Island for twelve days past are Ships of the Enemy

notwithstanding the Evil of Insolvingness had this Good fortune to pass them

unmolested, For their manner of Acting freely plainly shews it

as they had often appeared for after hours In the Early part of the morning

and sometimes in the after noon at the distance of Eight or nine Leagues

and then have tacked and stood off again. For their Numbers and the

Stations they keep they are various, four of Interrupting some of our Masters

Ships It is however possible I imagine to prevent them in some measure

at least I am inclinable an inconvenient in they propose to Homerica

for on their unsatisfying although not Entirely to defeat it, For by putting

a Decks upon aid of a Longboats, and running low when properly getting

and manned a few Salquin to defended of the Ships shipwreck proper manoying

by laying too or flying about in such a Station may reasonably be supposed

to fall in with in in several of the Ships intended for this place, and by

warning them of the Danger be the means of their Escaping it

And as Captain Poot, upon my mentioning this Scheme to head

has been so extreemly kind as to Offer to spared any of hands stationed also, he

tells me a a very Capable person to take the Long and Command of the Longboat

I make no doubt of her being of great service in this respect.

And as the Expence can it be so much as I offer to now Masters were absurds

from the very Considerably advantage they may reap by it, I look upon it as

an Expedient that is well worth trying I therefore desire Gentleman your

opinions upon it.

The above opinion of the Governor was agreed to

Chas Hutchinson

John Adamson

John Clark

At a consultation held at the Castle on Friday 16 March 1759, Governor Charles Hutchinson attended, together with John Adamson, the Lieutenant Governor, and Lieutenant John Clark of the Council. The Council read and approved the record of its earlier meeting of 12 March 1759, which was then signed.

The Governor delivered the following paper to the members of the Council.

Addressed to the members of the Council, the paper set out that the Governor thought there was good reason to conclude the three ships seen from time to time off the island for the past ten days were enemy vessels. In spite of the darkness of the night, they had had the good fortune to pass undiscovered. From their manner of sailing it plainly appeared that they came and often reappeared, some four hours into the early part of the morning, and sometimes in the afternoon, and after eight or nine hours stood off and tacked away again. From their number and the stations they kept, the ships were plainly not friendly, and it seemed to the Governor they were engaged in reconnoitring one of the island’s Company ships. He thought it possible to prevent them from coming near, or at least to make an approach difficult, if the island prepared to receive them, though not entirely to defeat them. By putting the decks in order, arming the longboats, and manning a few galleys to defend the ships, an approach might be met. Ships so employed might reasonably be supposed to fall in with several of the vessels intended for the island, and by warning them of the danger be the means of their escaping it.

Captain Poole, on this matter being mentioned to him, had been extremely ready to offer to spare any hands he had, and told the Governor he was very ready to take the command of the longboat himself and to be of great service in that respect.

Since the enemy could do the island no harm apart from the very considerable advantage they might reap by it, the Governor thought it an expedient well worth trying, and asked the members of the Council for their opinion on it. The paper was agreed to, and the record was signed by Charles Hutchinson, John Adamson and John Clark.

Interpretations

The Governor read the ships’ pattern of movement as intelligence about their purpose, inferring hostile intent from the hours they kept and the stations they held rather than from any direct engagement. Ships that appeared before dawn and again in the afternoon, lingered for hours and then withdrew, fitted the behaviour of a squadron lying in wait for shipping rather than approaching to attack the island itself. On a remote station in wartime the danger was less to the settlement than to the Company’s own returning East Indiamen, which the enemy could pick off as they made for the road unaware.

The defensive plan turned on the island’s small craft rather than its fixed guns. Arming the longboats and manning galleys was a means of putting armed vessels to sea that could intercept incoming Company ships and warn them off before they sailed into the enemy’s reach. This shifted the object of defence from repelling an assault on the fort to protecting the trade the island existed to serve, and it drew on volunteers such as Captain Poole, who offered his men and his own command of the longboat.

Speculations

The obvious response to an enemy squadron lying off the coast was to stand on the defensive behind the island’s batteries and wait. The Governor instead proposed sending armed boats out to meet the threat at sea. The record shows the reasoning: the enemy could inflict no real harm on the settlement itself, and the true danger was to the Company ships approaching unwarned, which the fixed defences could do nothing to shield. The choice to arm longboats and galleys rather than simply man the guns followed from judging that the value at risk lay offshore, in the incoming trade, not in the fort.

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At a Consultation held on Monday the 19th day of March 1759

at the Castle

Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governor

John Adamson Lieutenant Governor

Lieutenant John Clark of Council

The last Consultation was read approved and signed dated the 16 day of March

1759

Saturday 17 died Deborah Wife of Thomas Ewing Carpenter

Do Passed by a Ship unmoard Dutch colours

The Stewards plantation and Gunners Accounts

for the Month Ending the 11th Instant were this day brought which were

Examined and approved and are as follows Vizt

Sundrys Expended at the Honorable Companys Table

in the Month Ending the 11th March 1759

15 Bottles port

£1 " 11½d

14 do Lisbon

£0 19s 6½d

10 do Mountain

£0 13s 6½d

11 do Madeira

£1 7s 1¾d

64 do Arrack

£2 2s 8d

27 do Beer

£1 17s 11d

260 pounds flower

£9 2s 6d

438 do mutton

£0 5s "

1 Kidd

£0 17s 4d

52 pound Goat

£0 15s "

10 Fowls

£0 6s "

4 Ducks

£0 5s "

1 Turkey

£0 5s "

1 Goose

£0 2s "

42 Fresh butter

£0 6s "

3 pieces Salt pork

£1 9s 8d

89 pound Candy

L £24 " 10½d

At a consultation held at the Castle on Monday 19 March 1759, Governor Charles Hutchinson attended, together with John Adamson, the Lieutenant Governor, and Lieutenant John Clark of the Council. The Council read and approved the record of its earlier meeting of 16 March 1759, which was then signed.

Deborah, the wife of Thomas Loving, a carpenter, died on Saturday 17 March. A ship under Dutch colours passed the island the same day.

The steward’s, plantation and gunner’s accounts for the month ending 11 March 1759 were brought in that day, examined and approved, and were as follows.

The sundries expended at the Honourable Company’s table in the month ending 11 March 1759 were set out as follows.

15 bottles of claret, £1 0s 11¼d

14 bottles of Lisbon, £0 19s 6½d

10 bottles of mountain, £0 13s 6½d

11 bottles of Madeira, £1 7s 1¾d

64 bottles of arrack, £2 2s 8d

27 bottles of beer, £1 17s 11d

260 pounds of flour, £9 2s 6d

438 pounds of mutton, £0 5s 0d

1 kid, £0 17s 4d

52 pounds of goat, £0 15s 0d

10 fowls, £0 6s 0d

4 ducks, £0 5s 0d

1 turkey, £0 5s 0d

1 goose, £0 2s 0d

42 fresh butter, £0 6s 0d

3 pieces of salt pork, £1 9s 0d

89 pounds of candy, £24 0s 10½d

Interpretations

The account shows the range of drink stocked at the Company’s table, drawn from ports across the Atlantic wine trade. Lisbon and mountain were Portuguese and Spanish wines, mountain being the sweet Málaga sold to English tables, while Madeira came from the island of that name on the outward route and travelled well in the heat of a long voyage. Arrack, the distilled spirit of the East, dominated by volume at sixty-four bottles, reflecting its cheapness and its place as the everyday liquor of the settlement. Claret from Bordeaux completed a cellar that let the governor and Council keep a European standard of hospitality on a remote island supplied only by passing ships.

The final figure against the candy appears to carry the whole account’s total of £24 0s 10½d rather than the cost of the candy alone, the sum being ruled off at the foot of the column. Sugar candy was refined crystallised sugar, imported and costly, and its bracketing with the grand total in the same line reflects the clerk’s practice of closing the tally at the last entry.

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392

Account of the Honorable Companys Stock of Neat Cattle &c from the 12th Feby to the 11 March 1759 Vizt

Neat Cattle, Sheep, Goats, Hogs, Poultry, Horses, Asses

Bulls, Cows, Calves, Yearling, Steapers, Steers, Oxen, Total, Ewes, Weathers, Lambs, Rams, Total, Ewes, Weathers, Kids, Rams, Total, Sows, Small, Piggs, Boars, Total, Fowls, Ducks, Turkeys, Geese, Horses, Mares, Total, Jackes, Shees, Total

Remaining 12th: Bulls 6, Cows 116, Calves 111, Yearling 42, Steapers 33, Steers 34, Oxen 26, Total 368, Ewes 364, Weathers 131, Lambs 172, Rams 8, Total 675, Ewes 206, Weathers 35, Kids 112, Rams 6, Total 359, Sows 5, Small 0, Piggs 21, Boars 1, Total 27, Fowls 172, Ducks 76, Turkeys 27, Geese 36, Horses 6, Mares 5, Total 11, Jackes 4, Shees 2, Total 6

Encreased: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 6, Yearling 0, Steapers 0, Steers 0, Oxen 0, Total 6, Ewes 0, Weathers 0, Lambs 15, Rams 0, Total 15, Ewes 0, Weathers 0, Kids 23, Rams 0, Total 23, Sows 0, Small 0, Piggs 7, Boars 0, Total 7, Fowls 0, Ducks 0, Turkeys 0, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0, Jackes 0, Shees 0, Total 0

Total: Bulls 6, Cows 116, Calves 117, Yearling 42, Steapers 33, Steers 34, Oxen 26, Total 374, Ewes 364, Weathers 131, Lambs 187, Rams 8, Total 690, Ewes 206, Weathers 35, Kids 135, Rams 6, Total 382, Sows 5, Small 0, Piggs 28, Boars 1, Total 34, Fowls 172, Ducks 76, Turkeys 27, Geese 36, Horses 6, Mares 5, Total 11, Jackes 4, Shees 2, Total 6

Killed: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 0, Yearling 0, Steapers 0, Steers 0, Oxen 0, Total 0, Ewes 4, Weathers 9, Lambs 0, Rams 0, Total 13, Ewes 1, Weathers 7, Kids 1, Rams 0, Total 9, Sows 0, Small 0, Piggs 0, Boars 0, Total 0, Fowls 10, Ducks 4, Turkeys 1, Geese 1, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0, Jackes 0, Shees 0, Total 0

Died: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 0, Yearling 0, Steapers 0, Steers 0, Oxen 0, Total 0, Ewes 0, Weathers 0, Lambs 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Ewes 0, Weathers 0, Kids 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Sows 0, Small 0, Piggs 0, Boars 0, Total 0, Fowls 1, Ducks 4, Turkeys 0, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0, Jackes 0, Shees 0, Total 0

Stole: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 0, Yearling 0, Steapers 0, Steers 0, Oxen 0, Total 0, Ewes 0, Weathers 0, Lambs 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Ewes 0, Weathers 0, Kids 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Sows 0, Small 0, Piggs 0, Boars 0, Total 0, Fowls 0, Ducks 0, Turkeys 0, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0, Jackes 0, Shees 0, Total 0

Sold: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 0, Yearling 0, Steapers 0, Steers 0, Oxen 0, Total 0, Ewes 0, Weathers 0, Lambs 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Ewes 0, Weathers 0, Kids 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Sows 0, Small 0, Piggs 0, Boars 0, Total 0, Fowls 0, Ducks 0, Turkeys 0, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0, Jackes 0, Shees 0, Total 0

Killed by dogs: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 0, Yearling 0, Steapers 0, Steers 0, Oxen 0, Total 0, Ewes 2, Weathers 0, Lambs 1, Rams 0, Total 3, Ewes 0, Weathers 0, Kids 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Sows 0, Small 0, Piggs 0, Boars 0, Total 0, Fowls 0, Ducks 0, Turkeys 0, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0, Jackes 0, Shees 0, Total 0

Remaing 11th: Bulls 6, Cows 116, Calves 117, Yearling 42, Steapers 33, Steers 34, Oxen 26, Total 374, Ewes 358, Weathers 122, Lambs 186, Rams 8, Total 674, Ewes 205, Weathers 28, Kids 134, Rams 6, Total 573, Sows 5, Small 0, Piggs 28, Boars 1, Total 34, Fowls 161, Ducks 66, Turkeys 26, Geese 35, Horses 6, Mares 5, Total 11, Jackes 4, Shees 2, Total 6

Exchange of Species: 6, 20, 7, 1, 34

4 Goats to the Hospital at 74

1 do Matthew Frazell 17

Good Yam Expended for the Slaves 21.715

Refuse do for Stock 7700

29.415

(signd)

John Adamson

This was the account of the Honourable Company’s stock of neat cattle and other animals from 12 February to 11 March 1759, set out under the headings neat cattle, sheep, goats, hogs, poultry, horses and asses. The neat cattle were counted as bulls, cows, calves, yearlings, steers, cows, oxen and total; the sheep as ewes, wethers, lambs, rams and total; the goats as ewes, wethers, kids, rams and total; the hogs as sows, small pigs, weaners and total; the poultry as fowls, ducks, turkeys and geese; and the horses as mares, stallions and total, the asses likewise.

Remaining 12 February: 6 bulls, 116 cows, 111 calves, 42 yearlings, 33 steers, 34 cows, 26 oxen, total 368 neat cattle; 364 ewes, 131 wethers, 172 lambs, 8 rams, total 675 sheep; 206 ewes, 35 wethers, 112 kids, 6 rams, total 359 goats; 5 sows, 0 small pigs, 21 weaners, 1 pig, total 27 hogs; 172 fowls, 76 ducks, 27 turkeys, 36 geese poultry; 6 mares, 5 stallions, total 11 horses; 4 she-asses, 2 he-asses, total 6 asses

Increased: 0 bulls, 0 cows, 6 calves, 0 yearlings, 0 steers, 0 cows, 0 oxen, total 6 neat cattle; 0 ewes, 0 wethers, 15 lambs, 0 rams, total 15 sheep; 0 ewes, 0 wethers, 23 kids, 0 rams, total 23 goats; 0 sows, 0 small pigs, 7 weaners, 0 pigs, total 7 hogs; 0 poultry; 0 horses; 0 asses

Total: 6 bulls, 116 cows, 117 calves, 42 yearlings, 33 steers, 34 cows, 26 oxen, total 374 neat cattle; 364 ewes, 131 wethers, 187 lambs, 8 rams, total 690 sheep; 206 ewes, 35 wethers, 135 kids, 6 rams, total 382 goats; 5 sows, 0 small pigs, 28 weaners, 1 pig, total 34 hogs; 172 fowls, 76 ducks, 27 turkeys, 36 geese poultry; 6 mares, 5 stallions, total 11 horses; 4 she-asses, 2 he-asses, total 6 asses

Killed: 0 neat cattle; 4 ewes, 9 wethers, 0 lambs, 0 rams, total 13 sheep; 1 ewe, 7 wethers, 1 kid, 0 rams, total 9 goats; 0 hogs; 10 fowls, 4 ducks, 1 turkey, 1 goose poultry; 0 horses; 0 asses

Died: 0 neat cattle; 0 sheep; 0 goats; 0 hogs; 1 duck, 4 turkeys poultry; 0 horses; 0 asses

Stolen: 0 neat cattle; 0 sheep; 0 goats; 0 hogs; 0 poultry; 0 horses; 0 asses

Sold: 0 neat cattle; 0 sheep; 0 goats; 0 hogs; 0 poultry; 0 horses; 0 asses

Killed by dogs: 0 neat cattle; 2 sheep, 1 lamb, total 3 sheep; 0 goats; 0 hogs; 0 poultry; 0 horses; 0 asses

Remaining 11 March: 6 bulls, 116 cows, 117 calves, 42 yearlings, 33 steers, 34 cows, 26 oxen, total 374 neat cattle; 358 ewes, 122 wethers, 186 lambs, 8 rams, total 674 sheep; 205 ewes, 28 wethers, 134 kids, 6 rams, total 573 goats; 5 sows, 0 small pigs, 28 weaners, 1 pig, total 34 hogs; 161 fowls, 66 ducks, 26 turkeys, 35 geese poultry; 6 mares, 5 stallions, total 11 horses; 4 she-asses, 2 he-asses, total 6 asses

Exchange of species: 6 sows, 20 small pigs, 7 weaners, 1 pig, total 34 hogs

4 goats to the hospital at 74

1 goat to Matthew Frazell at 17

Good yam expended for the slaves, 21,715

Refuse yam for stock, 7,700

Total, 29,415

The account was signed by John Adamson.

Interpretations

The stock table set out not just the numbers held but the reasons each figure moved over the month, distinguishing increase by birth from loss by slaughter, death, theft, sale and killing by dogs. This gave the Council a running audit of the Company’s living capital on the island, the herds and flocks that fed the garrison and the shipping in the road. The care taken to separate the causes of loss shows how closely the settlement watched its provision base, since every animal lost to disease or straying dogs was a charge against the food supply that could not be replenished from outside.

The killing of three sheep by dogs points to a standing hazard on the island, where feral and stray dogs preyed on the flocks and had to be counted as a distinct category of loss. The large quantities of yam recorded at the foot, over twenty-one thousand expended on the slaves and a further seven thousand seven hundred kept as refuse for the stock, show the island’s dependence on the yam as the staple that fed both the enslaved workforce and the animals. Yam grew readily in the island’s soil and formed the base of subsistence in a place that could not rely on imported grain reaching it in time.

399

393

Artillery Stores Expended from the 12 Feby to the 11

March 1759, both days Included. Vizt

Guns 1 and, 1 4/, 3 do, 1 do, Powder Expended lb oz

Feb 14th Powder for blowing rocks at Ruperts

Guns 1 and 0, 1 4/ 0, 3 do 0, 1 do 0, Powder Expended 0lb 0¾oz

24 do for the use of the Table

Guns 1 and 0, 1 4/ 0, 3 do 0, 1 do 0, Powder Expended 0lb 4oz

March 1st do for blowing rocks at Ruperts

Guns 1 and 0, 1 4/ 0, 3 do 0, 1 do 0, Powder Expended 0lb 1oz

5th a double Alarm for three Ships

Guns 1 and 0, 1 4/ 0, 3 do 0, 1 do 0, Powder Expended 0lb 4oz

6 a double Alarm for two Ships

Guns 1 and 11, 1 4/ 4, 3 do 4, 1 do 3, Powder Expended 23lb

do powder for priming at Prosperous bay from 11 July 1758

Guns 1 and 9, 1 4/ 3, 3 do 3, 1 do 3, Powder Expended 18lb

do powder for priming at Ruperts from 12th december 1756

Guns 1 and 0, 1 4/ 0, 3 do 0, 1 do 0, Powder Expended 3oz

7th powder for priming at Sandy bay from 18th March 1758

Guns 1 and 0, 1 4/ 0, 3 do 0, 1 do 0, Powder Expended 6oz

11th a double Alarm for three Ships

Guns 1 and 11, 1 4/ 4, 3 do 4, 1 do 3, Powder Expended 23lb

do powder for priming at Munders point from the 12 decr 1756

Guns 1 and 0, 1 4/ 0, 3 do 0, 1 do 0, Powder Expended 6oz

do for Exercising the East flying party

Guns 1 and 0, 1 4/ 0, 3 do 0, 1 do 0, Powder Expended 9oz

do for Exercising the South flying party

Guns 1 and 0, 1 4/ 0, 3 do 0, 1 do 0, Powder Expended 3lb 12oz

do for Exercising the West flying party

Guns 1 and 0, 1 4/ 0, 3 do 0, 1 do 0, Powder Expended 0lb 8oz

do for the funeral of Jonathan Hitchins

Guns 1 and 0, 1 4/ 0, 3 do 0, 1 do 0, Powder Expended 2lb 4oz

do for the funeral of William McCloud

Guns 1 and 0, 1 4/ 0, 3 do 0, 1 do 0, Powder Expended 2lb 4oz

do for Signals

Guns 1 and 0, 1 4/ 0, 3 do 0, 1 do 0, Powder Expended 0lb 8oz

Total.

Guns 1 and 31, 1 4/ 11, 3 do 11, 1 do 9, Powder Expended 120lb 4oz

Tallow for the use of the Carts

4½

do for the use of the Longboat

6½

Match burnt at the Grand Fort

6

Mitts broke at do

2

Iron Shod Trucks for 32 pounder worn out unserviceable

2

(signed) Thomas Hall

Chas Hutchinson

John Adamson

John Clark

This was the account of artillery stores expended from 12 February to 11 March 1759, both days included, the powder set out in barrels, half barrels, quarters and pounds under the heading pounds or pounds of powder.

14 February: Powder for blowing rocks at Rupert's, 0 barrels, 0 half barrels, 0 quarters, 0 pounds, 6 ounces

24 February: Powder for the use of the table, 0 barrels, 0 half barrels, 0 quarters, 4 pounds

1 March: Powder for blowing rocks at Rupert's, 0 barrels, 0 half barrels, 0 quarters, 1 pound

5 March: A double alarm for three ships, 0 barrels, 0 half barrels, 0 quarters, 4 pounds

6 March: A double alarm for two ships, 11 barrels, 4 half barrels, 4 quarters, 3 pounds, 23 ounces

Powder for priming at Prosperous Bay from 11 July 1758, 9 barrels, 3 half barrels, 3 quarters, 3 pounds, 18 ounces

Powder for priming at Rupert's from 12 December 1756, 0 barrels, 0 half barrels, 0 quarters, 3 pounds

Powder for priming at Rupert's from 12 December 1756, 0 barrels, 0 half barrels, 0 quarters, 6 pounds

7 March: Powder for priming at Sandy Bay from 18 March 1758, 0 barrels, 0 half barrels, 0 quarters, 6 pounds

11 March: A double alarm for three ships, 11 barrels, 4 half barrels, 4 quarters, 3 pounds, 23 ounces

Powder for priming at Munden's Point from 12 December 1756, 0 barrels, 0 half barrels, 0 quarters, 6 pounds

Powder for exercising the east flying party, 0 barrels, 0 half barrels, 0 quarters, 9 pounds

Powder for exercising the south flying party, 0 barrels, 0 half barrels, 0 quarters, 3 pounds, 12 ounces

Powder for exercising the west flying party, 0 barrels, 0 half barrels, 0 quarters, 0 pounds, 8 ounces

Powder for the funeral of Jonathan Hitchins, 0 barrels, 0 half barrels, 0 quarters, 2 pounds, 4 ounces

Powder for the funeral of William McCloud, 0 barrels, 0 half barrels, 0 quarters, 2 pounds, 4 ounces

Powder for signals, 0 barrels, 0 half barrels, 0 quarters, 0 pounds, 8 ounces

Total, 31 barrels, 11 half barrels, 11 quarters, 9 pounds, 120 ounces

Tallow for the use of the carts, 4 pounds

Tallow for the use of the longboat, 6 pounds

Match burnt at the main fort, 6 pounds

Mitts broke at the main fort, 2

Iron shod trucks for 32 pounders worn out and unserviceable, 2

The account was signed by Thomas Hall, and the record was signed by Charles Hutchinson, John Adamson and John Clark.

Interpretations

The account distinguishes powder fired in earnest alarm from powder spent on routine functions, revealing how much of a remote garrison’s munitions went on matters other than fighting. Large charges were expended on the double alarms of 5, 6 and 11 March, when strange ships stood off the coast, but powder also went on blowing rocks for construction, on exercising the flying parties that drilled at the island’s scattered points, and even on funeral volleys for Jonathan Hitchins and William McCloud. This spread of uses shows that gunpowder served the settlement as a general-purpose commodity of authority and ceremony, not merely as a weapon of war.

The priming entries carry back-dates reaching to 1756 and 1758, recording powder charged into guns at outlying batteries such as Prosperous Bay, Sandy Bay, Rupert’s and Munden’s Point and left standing ready since those dates. This was the powder kept primed in the island’s ring of coastal defences against a sudden approach, and its appearance in the account marks the point at which the old charges were written off and replaced. The flying parties were mobile detachments trained to move quickly to whichever landing place an enemy threatened, a necessary tactic for a small force defending a coastline with many possible points of attack.

400

394

At a Consultation held on Monday the 21st day of March

1759 at the Castle

Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governor

John Adamson Lieutenant Governor

Lieutenant John Clark of Council

The last Consultation was read approved and signed dated the 16 day

of March 1759

Captain Andrews desiring desired that his

Letter to us and the papers relating to it might be entered in our

Consultation they are as follows Vizt

To Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governor of

St Helena &c Council

Gentlemen.

Upon hearing that the Latham was under

orders to Sail, few some reason I best known to myself, applyed to

Captain Poot requesting he would keep a Separate Table for Mr Clim

my Family and self I now that I would give him any Consideration

for this business at the same time mentioned a Sum of Fifty guineas

for that Purpose, His replys was that he could not do it for any Consideration

whatever nor would he then have to it, but that Yesterday informing by

called upon me and intimated his Inclinations to take the said Fifty

pounds desiring I would write him a Note specifying which I Explicit

for the said fifty pounds and desiring to hear on the Inclosed with

number 1

That this Morning Captain Poot called on me

again, and told me the note I wrote him Yesterday was not Specific

enough, and made many trifling objections to it Upon which I desired

he would return me that note and I would write to him more fully, to

than he consented, but as I saw them going on board he Ships, they

promised to deliver it to me on my return, Conformably to this agreement

I sent to Captain Poot for the said Note or Obligation asked to therefund

to send me his Extraordinary behaviour obliged me to go to him myself

and demanded this obligation, I gave him Yesterday which he absolutely

refuse returning me, upon this Irrequarded head, that in Consequence of

At a consultation held at the Castle on Monday 21 March 1759, Governor Charles Hutchinson attended, together with John Adamson, the Lieutenant Governor, and Lieutenant John Clark of the Council. The Council read and approved the record of its earlier meeting of 16 March 1759, which was then signed.

Captain Andrew Armstrong asked that his letter relating to the matter be entered in the record, and it read as follows.

Addressed to Charles Hutchinson, Governor of St Helena, and the Council, the letter set out that on hearing the Latham was under orders to sail, and for reasons best known to himself, Armstrong applied to Captain Frost, asking him to keep a separate table for Mr Ullman, Armstrong himself and one other. Armstrong offered to give him any consideration for the trouble, and at the same time mentioned a sum of fifty guineas for that purpose. Frost replied that he would not do it for any consideration whatever, nor would he have leave to set it, but that the day before, on being called upon and instructed how his inclinations were to take the fifty pounds, on sending Armstrong a note guaranteeing which Armstrong stood liable for the fifty pounds, and trusting to him and to the Council with members.

That morning Captain Frost called on Armstrong again and told him the note Armstrong had sent the day before was not surety enough, and made many trifling objections to it. On this Armstrong desired he would return the note and would write to him more fully than he conceived, but as Armstrong saw them going on board the ship, they promised to deliver it to him on his return, in line with the agreement. Armstrong sent to Captain Frost for the note or the obligation which therefore he found to send him. Frost’s extraordinary behaviour obliged Armstrong to go to him himself and demand the obligation. Armstrong gave him the day before, which he absolutely refused returning on this reiterated head, so that in consequence of it.

Interpretations

Armstrong’s letter recorded a private dealing between a ship’s captain and the island’s steward over the keeping of a separate table, a matter of shipboard and shore hospitality that turned on money changing hands. The offer of fifty guineas to Frost to victual Ullman, Armstrong and a third man apart from the common table shows how officers of standing expected to secure better provision by private payment, and how the steward’s control of the Company table gave him something to sell. That Armstrong pressed the matter to a formal note and then to a demand for its return marks the transaction as one he meant to hold Frost to, not a casual arrangement.

The dispute turned on the security behind the promise, with Frost refusing the written note as insufficient surety and Armstrong insisting the obligation be honoured or returned. In a settlement where cash was scarce and creditworthiness rested on personal standing, a captain’s note against a future payment was the instrument that made such bargains possible, and the wrangle over whether it bound the parties exposed how fragile these paper obligations were. The affair reached the Council because a matter of private hospitality had become a question of a debt owed and a bond withheld.

401

395

the many trifling difficulties he made upon this occasion add to prevent

further trouble, I was resolved with my Family to take our Chance at his

table as usual having desired peace for our praying and proper accommo-

dations from Wembly home, That to prevent Captain Poot hereafter making

any use of this vain note or obligation, I do declare it to be of no Credit or in self

Shall accordingly write him the Protest No 2 which I request with No 1

and this add if you will do me the favor to enter on your Consultation

that his method of proceeding on this occasion may appear as will for my

Satisfaction as Sensibly.

I give me great Concern that I am under the necessity

of giving you this trouble as being

Gentlemen

Your most obedt and humble Sert

Andrew Armstrong

St Helena 20th March 1759

To Captain John Poot. No 1

Sir

In Consequence of our discourse this morning concerning

Mr Clim my Family and self having a Separate table in the round

house I ask to acquaint you that we shall be Contented with three

dishes of meat for dinner every day for we value and are Contented the

dishes of meat for dinner every day and those dishes to be of such a quality

as you may think or Judge proper, having resolved to refer that point to you

In Consideration of this Extraordinary trouble I do agree to pay you

at six days after our arrival in England or Ireland the sum of

Forty Pounds Sterling being Sir

Your most obedient Sert

Andrew Armstrong

St Helena March 19th 1759

Because of the many trifling difficulties Frost made on this occasion, and to prevent further trouble, Armstrong, being anxious for his family to be taken care of at his table, and wanting to have a share in preparing and providing provisions from Bombay home, and to prevent Captain Frost from thereafter making any use of the note or obligation, declared it to be of no surety, and would accordingly write him the protest numbered 2, which he sent with number 1. Armstrong added that if the Governor would do him the favour to enter the letters in the record, his method of proceeding on this occasion might appear as well for his satisfaction. Armstrong closed with concern that he was under the necessity of giving the Council this trouble. The letter was addressed to the members of the Council and subscribed as from their most obedient and humble servant, Andrew Armstrong, and dated at St Helena 20 March 1759.

A further letter was addressed to Captain John Frost, numbered 1.

Because of their discourse that morning concerning Mr Ullman, Armstrong’s family and himself having a separate table, Armstrong acquainted Frost that they should be content with three pounds, and to prevent further trouble Armstrong desired that between the dishes of meat for dinner every day, and those dishes to be of such a quality as Frost might think or judge proper, having resolved to refer that point to Frost as he might think proper. In consideration of this, Armstrong agreed to pay Frost, at six days after his arrival in England or Ireland, the sum of forty guineas. The letter was subscribed as from his most obedient servant, Andrew Armstrong, and dated at St Helena 19 March 1759.

Interpretations

Armstrong assembled a numbered set of documents, the protest and the underlying agreement, and pressed for their entry in the Council record to secure a fixed account of the dispute. Placing private letters in the official consultation book gave them the standing of a public register, so that a later challenge to the terms or to Armstrong’s conduct could be met from an authoritative source. This was a common recourse for a party who feared his version might otherwise be lost or contradicted once the ships had parted and the witnesses scattered.

The agreement turned on credit stretched across the voyage home, the forty guineas falling due only six days after Armstrong reached England or Ireland. No money passed on the island, and the whole bargain rested on a written promise to pay at a distant port, the ordinary way business was done between men who would not settle until the passage ended. That the sum had come down from the fifty guineas first offered, and that the choice of dishes was left to Frost, shows the terms had been argued to a lower settled figure before the obligation was drawn.

402

396

To Captain John Poot No 2

On account of the treatment my wife received from you

when she was Mrs Poot which obliged her to leave your table some time before

our arrival here we resolved to take a passage on any other Ship homeward

bound tho of another nation, rather than be obliged to sit at your Table

However, as an opportunity offered and the Latham being under orders

to sail, I applyed to you for keeping a separate Table for Mr Clim my

Family and self which at first you would by no means howe to the

I proffered you Fifty pounds for any extraordinary trouble which might

be attended by your supplying us with three dishes of meat every day for

Dinner, but your reply was you would do it for any Consideration

whatever, that a day or two after you came to me and intimated your Inclinations

towards taking the said fifty pounds and desired I would write to you a Note

Specifying what I expected for the said Sum which I did specifying in my place

and Explicit a manner as any reasonably Man could require, That this morning

you came to me again and told me the note I wrote to you Yesterday were not

Explicit enough, when you resolved to return me the said Note in order to have

one more fully, but upon applying to you for it You have referred the Delivery

of it as that in Consequence of the many trifling difficulties you make and your

Extraordinary behaviour on this occasion I am resolved with my family to take

our Chance at your Table as usual, to prevent any further trouble having already

paid you three hundred and fifty pounds for our praying and proper accommodations

from Bombay home and therefore this Special agreement you add do hereby

devannul and make Void this Note or obligation, a for value do being in it to

to be of no Validity, I am further to acquaint that this Above mentioned Mrs Clim

she will in future answer for herself, She not being of any Family.

I am

Sir

Your most humble Sert

Andrew Armstrong

We thought it necessary to send for Captain Poot to acquaint

him we had received the above mentioned papers which is agreed to him his

answer was that he had nothing to say to it here.

A letter addressed to Captain John Frost, numbered 2, set out Armstrong’s account of the affair.

Because of the treatment Armstrong’s wife had received from Frost when she was Mrs Frost, which obliged her to leave his table some time before the ships reached the island, Armstrong had resolved to take a passage on any other ship homeward bound, even one of another nation, rather than be obliged to sit at Frost’s table. When the opportunity offered, and the Latham being under orders to sail, Armstrong applied to Frost to keep a separate table for Mr Ullman, Armstrong’s family and himself, which Frost by no means agreed to. Armstrong offered him fifty pounds for any extraordinary trouble that might attend supplying them with three dishes of meat every day for dinner, but Frost’s reply was that he would not do it for any consideration whatever. A day or two later Frost came to Armstrong and intimated how his inclinations ran towards taking the fifty pounds, and Armstrong desired he would write a note specifying what he expected for the table, and set out a manner as any reasonable man could require. That morning Frost came again and told him the note Armstrong had sent the day before was not sufficient, and when Armstrong resolved to withdraw the note in order to write one more fully, and on applying to Frost for its delivery, so that in consequence of the many trifling difficulties Frost made and his extraordinary behaviour on this occasion, Armstrong, being anxious for his family to be taken care of at Frost’s table, and to prevent further trouble, having already paid three hundred and fifty pounds, and wanting a share in preparing and providing accommodations from Bombay home, therefore declared the note or obligation to be of no validity, and hereby annulled and made void the note or obligation, a fresh one delivered in its place. Armstrong further acquainted Frost that the third party mentioned, Mrs Ullman, would answer for herself, she not being of his family. The letter was subscribed as from his most humble servant, Andrew Armstrong.

The Council thought it necessary to send for Captain Frost to tell him it had received the letters, on which his answer was that he had nothing to say to it.

Interpretations

The letter exposed the private history behind the dispute, that Armstrong’s wife had once been married to Frost and had left his table before the voyage, which coloured the whole quarrel over a separate mess. What might have read as a simple wrangle over ship’s provisions was bound up with a broken domestic tie between the two men, the former husband now serving as steward to the party the present husband wished to keep apart. This personal history explains the heat of the exchange and Armstrong’s determination to bind and then annul the obligation in writing rather than settle the matter quietly.

Frost’s bare reply that he had nothing to say closed the affair without submission or defence, leaving the Council with the documents on record but no contest to resolve. By refusing to answer, Frost avoided committing himself to any account that might later be held against him, and the matter rested as a one-sided entry in the consultation book. The Council’s role here was not to judge but to register, giving Armstrong the formal record he sought while extracting no admission from the other party.

Speculations

The obvious course for a man who wished to eat apart from a steward he distrusted was simply to arrange a private table and pay for it, as Armstrong first tried to do. Instead he ended by declaring the very obligation he had signed void and demanding the whole exchange be entered in the Council record. The letter shows why the ordinary course was abandoned, that the steward was his wife’s former husband and that Frost’s shifting objections to the note convinced Armstrong no private bargain with him could be trusted. The path not taken was quiet settlement, set aside because the personal history between the two men made Armstrong seek the protection of a public record instead.

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397

The Governor this day paid into the Honorable

Companys Cash, the Sum of Three hundred pounds which we have received and

given him Bills of Exchange drawn on the Honorable the Court of Directors

payable to himself or order twenty days after sight dated this day

Mr John Adamson applyed to us to pay

Fifty four pounds one Shilling into the Honorable Companys Cash which

Sum we have received and given him Bills of Exchange drawn on the Honorable

the Court of Directors payable to himself or order twenty days after sight dated

this day

Chas Hutchinson

John Adamson

John Clark

At a Consultation held on Monday the 26 day of March 1759

at the Castle.

Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governor

John Adamson Lieutenant Governor

Lieutenant John Clark of Council

The last Consultation was read approved and signed dated the 21 March 1759

Saturday the 24th died the Majority the Companys Ship Latham Captain John Poot

Joseph Bewley having first informed I Cartaret we have reason to believe he has Sailed from the

Island in the Ship Latham the there was a short search made in vain She for

However this. Received on Saturday last six Chests of Treasure from

from the Honorable Companys Ship Earle of Holdernesse.

The same working days allowed by Charter Party for unloading

the Ship Earle of Holdernesse being Expired, we gave Captain Robert Preece

sailing orders in writing to make the best of his Way to fort Marlborough on the

most event of the Colonies Somestore according to the Directions he had received from

the Honorable the Court of Directors and Secret Committee, to whom on Leaving

gave the following Letters to the several Settlements in India Vizt

The Governor that day paid into the Honourable Company’s cash the sum of three hundred and four pounds, in exchange for which he had received bills of exchange drawn on the Honourable the Court of Directors, payable to himself or order thirty days after sight, dated the same day.

John Adamson applied to pay fifty-four pounds one shilling into the Honourable Company’s cash, for which sum he had received and been given bills of exchange drawn on the Honourable the Court of Directors, payable to himself or order thirty days after sight, dated the same day. The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson, John Adamson and John Clark.

At a consultation held at the Castle on Monday 26 March 1759, Governor Charles Hutchinson attended, together with John Adamson, the Lieutenant Governor, and Lieutenant John Clark of the Council. The Council read and approved the record of its earlier meeting of 21 March 1759, which was then signed.

The Mercury, Captain John Frost, sailed from the island on Saturday 24 March. James Dunlop, having formerly been on the Latham, there was reason to believe he had headed from the island in the Mercury, though there was some doubt raised on that head. The Court of Directors from the Honourable Company’s ship Earl of Holderness was received on Saturday last.

Since the season now allowed by the charter for unloading the Earl of Holderness at the Cape, Captain Robert Preece was given orders in writing to make the best of his way to Fort Marlborough. On receipt of the Court of Directors’ letter, and according to the directions he had received from the Honourable the Court of Directors and Secret Committee, [...] the Governor gave the following letters to the several settlements in India.

Interpretations

The two payments into the Company’s cash worked through bills of exchange drawn on the Court of Directors in London, payable thirty days after sight. This was the standard means by which servants on a remote station converted local cash into a claim on the Company at home, the Governor and Lieutenant Governor handing over silver on the island in return for paper that would be honoured in England. The thirty-day term after sight gave the drawees time to verify the bill before paying, and the whole device let money move between St Helena and London without shipping coin.

The order to Captain Preece turned on the sailing season fixed by the Company’s charter, which governed when a ship might safely make particular passages. With the window for unloading at the Cape past, the Earl of Holderness was directed instead to press on to Fort Marlborough, the Company’s settlement on the west coast of Sumatra. The Secret Committee named as the source of the Governor’s instructions was the Court of Directors’ inner body that handled confidential and wartime business, its involvement marking these sailing orders as matters of strategic weight rather than routine trade.

404

398

To the Honorable George Pigot Esqr President

and Governor &c Council of Fort St George

Honorable Sir & Sirs

Our last advices to you went by the Ship Egmont

Captain John Venix And not having received any Ships or Acorn from

you we can only acknowledge to have received but seventeen of the Twenty

one Madagascar slaves sent to us from Bombay according to your Request

to the President and Council of that Island four which having died on

their passage. However you will send for the use of this Island Seventy

pieces of Long Cloth Quantity and price of Each sort as follows Vizt

Ten pieces at Twelve pagodas pr piece Ten at

Ten pagodas pr piece Ten at Eight pagodas pr piece Forty at three

pagodas pr piece and the rest of dozens pr Cent in Arrack Rice and

paddy

This goes by the Ship Earl of Holdernesse

Captain Robert Brookes also we herewith send you the List of

Ships arriving and departure to and from this place since the 1st August

1758

Weare

Honorable Sir & Sirs

your most humbly Servants

(signed)

Charles Hutchinson

John Adamson

John Clark

To the Honorable Richard Bourchier

Esqr president and Governor &c Council

of Bombay

Honorable Sir & Sirs

We received your advices the 8th April and 17

November 1758 by the Ships Lord Anson Prince Edward York

A letter was addressed to George Pigot, President and Governor, and the Council of Fort St George.

The Council’s last advices had gone by the ship Egmont, Captain John Vezey. Having received no other letters from Fort St George, the Council could only acknowledge that of the twenty-one Madagascar slaves sent to it from Bombay, at the request of the President and Council of that island, seventeen had arrived, four having died on the passage. The Council would send for the use of the island seventy pieces of long cloth, the quantity and price of each set out as follows.

10 pieces at 12 pagodas per piece

10 pieces at [...] pagodas per piece

10 pieces at 8 pagodas per piece

40 pieces at 3 pagodas per piece

The rest of the goods went by the ship Earl of Holderness, and with it was sent the list of ships arriving at and departing from the island since 1 August 1758. The letter was subscribed as from their most humble servants, Charles Hutchinson, John Adamson and John Clark.

A further letter was addressed to Richard Bourchier, President and Governor, and the Council of Bombay.

The Council had received Bombay’s advices of 8 April and 17 November 1758 by the ships Lord Anson, Prince Edward and York.

Interpretations

The letter recorded the arrival of enslaved people shipped from Bombay by way of Madagascar, and the loss of four of the twenty-one on the passage. This traffic moved slaves between the Company’s Indian Ocean settlements to meet the labour needs of each, St Helena drawing its forced workforce from Madagascar through the network that linked Bombay, Fort St George and the island. The plain accounting of the dead as a shortfall against the number dispatched shows how the Company treated the people it transported as consignments to be tallied like any other cargo, with mortality on the voyage noted as a matter of course.

The long cloth sent to Fort St George was Indian cotton textile, the staple manufacture of the Coromandel coast and the principal commodity of the Company’s eastern trade. Priced in pagodas, the gold coin of the Madras settlement, and graded from twelve pagodas a piece down to three, the consignment reflected the range of qualities woven for different markets. St Helena served here as a point in the wider exchange, forwarding cloth and returning shipping lists that let the Indian presidencies track the movement of Company vessels through the South Atlantic.

405

399

and Latham. We now acknowledge by the Honorable Companys Ships the

the Holdernesse the receipt of Seventeen of the Twenty one Madagascar Slaves

you sent in four of which having died in their passage and thus four

Convicts you transported to this Island as also Bosanock Sent first by the

Latham.

We desire you will send for the use of this Island

one hundred and fifty pieces of Long Cloth and the rest of the one pr Cent

in Arrack and Rice.

This goes by the Ship Earl of Holdernesse Captain

Robert Brookes and we herewith Send you this Ships Arrival and departure

to and from this place since the 1st August 1758

We are

Honorable Sir & Sirs

Your most humble Servants

Signed

St Helena

26 March 1759

Charles Hutchinson

John Adamson

John Clark

To the Honorable the President and Governor

&c Council for the time being at Fort William

Honorable Sir & Sirs

Our last advice to you went by the Ship Egmont

Captain John Venix Since as we have not received any Ships or Letters to a Late

date than the 23 January 1759, We desire you will send us for the use of this

Island any hundred pieces of Long Cloth Six Munions of Wax Candles

and the rest of the one pr Cent in Sugar Rice and Paddy

This goes by the Ship Earl of Holdernesse Captain

Robert Brookes and we herewith Send you the List of Ships Arrival and departure

to and from this place since the 1st August 1758

We are

Honorable Sir & Sirs

Your most humble Servants

Signed Charles Hutchinson

John Adamson

John Clark

The letter to Bombay continued, acknowledging by the Honourable Company’s ship Latham the receipt of the advice of the twenty-one Madagascar slaves and convicts sent from that island. Of these, seventeen had arrived, four having died on the passage, and the rest sent by the Latham, as also Bombay’s letter forwarded by the Latham.

The Council desired that Bombay would send for the use of the island one hundred and fifty pieces of salempore, and the rest of the goods in rice and paddy. The rest of the goods went by the ship Earl of Holderness, Captain Robert Preece, and with it was sent the list of ships arriving at and departing from the island since 1 August 1758. The letter was subscribed as from their most humble servants, Charles Hutchinson, John Adamson and John Clark, and dated at St Helena 26 March 1759.

A further letter was addressed to the President and Governor, and the Council of Fort William.

The Council’s last advice had gone by the ship Egmont, Captain John Vezey. Having received no other letters from Fort William since that of 23 January 1759, the Council desired that Fort William would send for the use of the island one hundred pieces of devauton, some quantity of wax candles, and the rest of the goods in sugar, rice and paddy. The rest of the goods went by the ship Earl of Holderness, Captain Robert Preece, and with it was sent the list of ships arriving at and departing from the island since 1 August 1758. The letter was subscribed as from their most humble servants, Charles Hutchinson, John Adamson and John Clark.

Interpretations

The letters set out the island’s standing orders to the Indian presidencies for the goods it could not produce, naming the specific cotton textiles wanted from each. Salempore was a plain blue or white cotton cloth of the Coromandel coast, used for clothing and widely traded, while devauton was another Indian cotton manufacture supplied from Bengal. St Helena depended wholly on these eastern settlements for the cloth that clothed its garrison and enslaved workforce, and each homeward ship carried both the requisition and the shipping list that kept the presidencies informed of traffic through the South Atlantic.

The requests for rice and paddy show the island reaching to Bengal for the grain it could not grow in sufficient quantity, paddy being rice still in the husk that kept better on a long voyage. Alongside the manufactured cloth and the provisions, the Council asked Fort William for wax candles, a finer light than the tallow the settlement rendered from its own stock. The whole pattern of orders reveals a remote station provisioning itself through the Company’s Indian network, trading its position on the sea route for the manufactures and staples that reached it only by the annual movement of the ships.

406

400

To the Worshipfull Roger Carter Esqr

Deputy Governor &c Council of Fort

Marlborough

Worshipfully Sir & Sirs

Our last Advices to you went by the Ship Egmont

Captain John Venix, And as we have not received any Ships or

Letters from you to a Later date than the 20 of February 1758 We

are to acquaint you that We have sent you ten barrels of Gunpowder

as we can at present spared that number out of what we are signed

to us, We therefore have forwarded it to you by this Ship, and desire you

will send for the use of this Island one hundred and fifty hundred

weight of Sugar

Enclosed herewith we send you the Duce of

Holdernesse Charter party Victualing bill and manifest of Goods

with the List of Ships arrival and departure to and from this place

since the 1st August 1758

We are

Worshipfull Sir & Sirs

Your most humble servants

St Helena

26 March 1759.

Charles Hutchinson

John Adamson

John Clark

Bought of Captain Robert Brookes the following

Articles for the use of the Honorable Companys Table Vizt

6 Squares of Pickles

£3 15s

6 Bottles Mustard 2s 6d

£0 15s

20 Currants 1s 6d

£1 10s

9 Gloucester Cheese 84lb at 8d

£2 8s

1 Cheshire do

£1 16s

1 firkin Butter

£3 15s

1 Jar Raisins

£2 2s

L £15 15s

Counted and examined the Honorable Companys Cash

for the month Ending the 11th Instant

A letter was addressed to Roger Carter, Deputy Governor, and the Council of Fort Marlborough.

The Council’s last advices had gone by the ship Egmont, Captain John Vezey. Having received no other letters from Fort Marlborough since that of 20 February 1758, the Council acquainted them that it had sent ten barrels of gunpowder, as many as it could at present spare out of what had been consigned to it. It had therefore forwarded them by the ship, and desired that Fort Marlborough would send for the use of the island one hundred and fifty hundredweight of sugar.

Enclosed was sent the Earl of Holderness charter party, the victualling bill and the manifest of goods, together with the list of ships arriving at and departing from the island since 1 August 1758. The letter was subscribed as from their most humble servants, Charles Hutchinson, John Adamson and John Clark, and dated at St Helena 26 March 1759.

The following articles were bought of Captain Robert Preece for the use of the Honourable Company’s table.

6 squares of pickle, £3 15s 0d

6 bottles of mustard at 5s 10d, £1 15s 0d

20 currants at 1s 6d, £1 10s 0d

9 Johannes and 3 doubloons at 48 shillings and 9, £2 3s 0d

1 barrel of dried fruit, £1 16s 0d

1 firkin of butter, £3 15s 0d

1 jar of raisins, £2 2s 0d

Total, £15 15s 0d

The Council then examined the accounts of the Honourable Company’s cash for the month ending the eleventh of that month.

Interpretations

The letter to Fort Marlborough recorded the island passing on part of its own powder supply to another Company settlement, ten barrels being spared from what London had consigned to St Helena. This shows the presidencies drawing munitions from one another as need and availability allowed, with the island acting as a staging point that could relieve a station further east from its own stock. Fort Marlborough, on the Sumatran coast, lay beyond easy reach of home supply, so a transfer from a ship calling at St Helena was a practical way to keep its magazines filled.

The purchases from Captain Preece included Johannes and doubloons entered among the provisions, gold coins bought for the Company’s use rather than food. The Johannes was a Portuguese gold coin, named for John V and current across the Atlantic trade, while the doubloon was its Spanish counterpart. Their appearance in a victualling account reflects the island’s constant shortage of usable specie, so that coin offered by a passing captain was taken up alongside the pickles, butter and dried fruit as something the settlement equally needed to acquire.

407

401

Cash Dr Pr Contra Cr

1759

Feby 12th To Ballance remaining

£5030 1s 10½d

19th To Fines received from James Torbett

£0 5s

L £5030 6s 10½d

1759

March 11 By Ballance remaining in the following Species Vizt

4860 pagodas at 8s each

£1944

1292 Venetians at 10s each

£646

Gold amounting to

£2590

5827 dollars at 5s each

£1456 15s

10880 half Ryals at 1s 3¾d each

£170

441 French pieces

£3 13s 6d

2401 Rupees at 2s 3d each

£270 2s 3d

Odd money

£0 1s 1½d

Silver amounting to

£1900 11s 10½d

Cash Notes of no use amounting to

£539 15s

L £5030 6s 10½d

Chas Hutchinson

John Adamson

John Clark

This was the cash account, set out with the receipts on the debit side and the closing balance on the credit side.

Debit side:

1759 February 12: Balance remaining, £5,030 1s 10½d

1759 February 19: Fines received from James Corbett, £0 5s 0d

Total, £5,030 6s 10½d

Credit side:

1759 March 11: Balance remaining in the following coin

4,860 pagodas at 8s, £1,944 0s 0d

1,292 Venetians at 10s, £646 0s 0d

Gold amounting to, £2,590 0s 0d

5,827 dollars at 5s, £1,456 15s 0d

10,880 half ryals at 1s 3¾d, £170 0s 0d

441 French pieces at 1s 2d, £3 13s 6d

2,401 rupees at 2s 3d, £270 2s 3d

Odd money, £0 1s 1½d

Silver amounting to, £1,900 11s 10½d

Cash notes of no use amounting to, £539 15s 0d

Total, £5,030 6s 10½d

The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson, John Adamson and John Clark.

Interpretations

The month’s only receipt beyond the opening balance was a fine of five shillings from James Corbett, set against a treasury holding of over five thousand pounds in mixed coin. This shows how little fresh money moved through the island’s cash in an ordinary month, the balance carried forward almost unchanged from February to March. The settlement’s wealth sat as a static hoard of specie rather than a working fund, turning over only through the occasional fine, licence or provision sale.

The closing balance was held in the same spread of gold and silver coin recorded in the earlier account, pagodas and rupees from India, Venetians from the Adriatic, dollars and half ryals of Spanish American silver, and French pieces from the European trade. The dollar count had risen by one, from 5,826 to 5,827, and the silver total moved correspondingly, but the hoard was otherwise unchanged. The £539 15s 0d of cash notes of no use persisted as dead stock, worn or unspendable coin the treasury still had to carry at face on a remote station with no way to return it to any issuing authority.

408

402

At a Consultation held on Monday the 2 day of April 1759

at the Castle

Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governor

John Adamson Lieutenant Governor

Lieutenant John Clark of Council

The last Consultation was read approved and signed dated 26 March

1759

Mr Richard Bagley presented the following

Petition Vizt

To the Worshipfull Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governor

&c Council of St Helena

Sheweth. The humble petition of Richard Bagley

That John Nichols and Martin Morford, two of the

Nominees in one of your petitioners Leases being dead, Your petitioner therefore

humbly begs that the Lives of John Bagley and Martin Bagley

Sons of Orlando Bagley Sent may be inserted in the said Lease, instead

of the deceased Lives the renewal of a Lease for Twenty one years being

expired

And your petitioner will ever pray

(signed)

St Helena

2 April 1759 Granted Richard Bagley

John Bourke this day petitioned for his

discharge he having served the Honorable Company his full contracted

time which was accordingly granted him.

We this day Entertained James Sittiford Thomas Smith

Richard Smith and John Challenger with Marten at 45 Shillings pr month to go

in the Swift Longboat as part of her Crew

We likewise appointed Corporal William Freeling to be

An Assistant to Mr Moody at 1/6 per day and Henry Fullbright James

Govent Joseph Thompson and Nicholas Scrafton at 1/ per day exclusive

of their pay as Soldiers in this Garrison.

At a consultation held at the Castle on Monday 2 April 1759, Governor Charles Hutchinson attended, together with John Adamson, the Lieutenant Governor, and Lieutenant John Clark of the Council. The Council read and approved the record of its earlier meeting of 26 March 1759, which was then signed.

Richard Bagley presented the following petition, addressed to Charles Hutchinson, Governor of St Helena, and the Council.

Bagley set out that John Nichols and Martin Marford, two of the lives named in one of the petitioner’s leases, had died. He asked that the lives of John Bagley and Martin Bagley, sons of Orlando Bagley senior, be inserted in the lease in place of the deceased lives, on the renewal of a lease for twenty-one years then expired. The petition was signed by Richard Bagley and dated at St Helena 2 April 1759, and was granted.

John Rourke petitioned that day to be discharged from the Company, having served his full contracted time, and the request was granted.

James Sheffield, Thomas Smith, Richard Smith and John Challenger were that day entered as planters at 45 shillings per month each, on the Swift longboat as part of her crew.

Corporal William Keeling was appointed an assistant to Mr Moody at 1 shilling 6 pence per day, and Henry Fullbright, James Grant, Joseph Thompson and Nicholas Stratton at [...] per day, exclusive of their pay as soldiers in the garrison.

Interpretations

Bagley’s petition turned on the lives-in-being lease, the form by which land on St Helena was held for a term measured by the survival of named persons rather than years alone. When two of the named lives died, the tenant sought to substitute fresh lives on renewing the twenty-one year term, keeping the holding within the family by naming Orlando Bagley’s sons. This system tied land tenure to the lifespans of chosen individuals, and the Council’s power to grant or refuse the insertion of new lives gave it standing control over who held ground on the island and on what terms.

The entries of planters and assistants show the settlement paying soldiers to take on additional work beyond their military duty, the extra rates set expressly to run alongside their soldiers’ pay. Manning the longboats and assisting Company officers drew on the same small body of men who formed the garrison, so the Council supplemented their wages to secure the labour rather than maintain a separate workforce. This doubling of roles was the practical answer of a thinly peopled island to the many tasks its economy and defence demanded of too few hands.

409

403

Thomas Ewing the Honorable Companys Carpenter

having resigned this Service on the 1st of last month We this day appointed John

Robinson to receive him at the usual Salary

Chas Hutchinson

John Adamson

John Clark

At a Consultation held on Monday the 9th day of April 1759 at the

Castle.

Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governor

John Adamson Lieutenant Governor

Lieutenant John Clark of Council

The last Consultation was read approved and signed dated the second of

April 1759

Account of Stores Short received from the Ship Earl of Holdernesse

Vizt

As by the Stores

1 Wine Glass

2 Squares Glass 10 by 12

1 Bottle Claret

being broke upon opening the packages

2 3/6 Cordage

3/6 Soap

12 Ale Leather

Short bought

30 Single deals

6 Coffines

15 Bushells of Coals

for the Cook to use

Short delivered

3 Squares Glass 6 by 8

15 Bottle Claret

found short upon opening the packages

Sold

No 6 1 Ale Mountain Gauges 60 wants to fill 1¾ Gallo

5 ½ Ale do do 29 do 1½ do

Received 0 9 Gallo

3¼

No 1 1 Ale Port gauges 59 wants to fill 2¾ Gallo

2 1 Ale do do 59 do 2½ do

11 5 Gallo

Received 11 3 Gallo

No 7 1 Ale Lisbon gauges 60 wants to fill 3 Gallo

9 ½ Ale do do 30 do 3¼ do

4 ½ Ale do do 29½ do 3½ do

3 ½ Ale do do 30 do 1 do

149 5/8 Gallo

18¼

Received 159 Gallo

10¾

Thomas Loving, the Honourable Company’s carpenter, having resigned his service on the last day of the previous month, John Robinson was that day appointed to succeed him at the usual salary. The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson, John Adamson and John Clark.

At a consultation held at the Castle on Monday 9 April 1759, Governor Charles Hutchinson attended, together with John Adamson, the Lieutenant Governor, and Lieutenant John Clark of the Council. The Council read and approved the record of its earlier meeting of 2 April 1759, which was then signed.

This was the account of stores received from the ship Earl of Holderness.

1 wine glass

2 squares of glass 10 by 12, some broke upon opening the packages

1 bottle of claret

2 hundredweight 6 quarters of cordage

3 hundredweight 6 quarters of soap, short bought

12 hundredweight of leather

30 single deals

6 coffers, for the bird net, short delivered

15 bushels of oats

3 squares of glass 6 by 8, found short on opening the packages

15 bottles of claret, short

Number 6: 1 hogshead of mountain gauged 60, wants to fill 1¾ gallons

Number 5: half a hogshead of mountain gauged 29, wants to fill 1¼ gallons

Received, 95 gallons

Number 1: 1 hogshead of port gauged 59, wants to fill 2¾ gallons

Number 2: 1 hogshead of port gauged 59, wants to fill 2¼ gallons

Received, 113 gallons

Number 7: 1 hogshead of Lisbon gauged 60, wants to fill 3 gallons

Number 9: half a hogshead of Lisbon gauged 30, wants to fill 3¼ gallons

Number 4: half a hogshead of Lisbon gauged 29½, wants to fill 3¼ gallons

Number 3: half a hogshead of Lisbon gauged 30, wants to fill 1 gallon

Received, 159 gallons

Interpretations

The account records the careful gauging of each cask of wine landed from the Earl of Holderness, noting for every hogshead how many gallons it fell short of full. Gauging was the measuring of a cask’s actual contents against its nominal capacity, and the recorded shortfalls, a gallon or two on each, reflect the ullage lost to leakage and evaporation on a long voyage from Europe. By logging the deficiency on every cask, the Council held a check against the supplier and a true account of what the island had actually received as against what had been shipped.

Several lines carry notes of short delivery or breakage, the soap short bought, glass broken on opening, coffers for the bird net short delivered, marking the discrepancies between the manifest and the goods as landed. The bird net points to the island’s practice of catching seabirds, and the deals and cordage were the timber boards and rope the settlement could not produce and had to import for building and rigging. This close reckoning of every deficiency shows how a remote station, unable to reorder quickly, documented each loss on arrival to press its claims against those who had loaded the cargo.

410

404

No 1 1 Ale Gauge 60 want to fill 4¾ Gallo

2 1 Ale do 61 do 3 do

3 1 Ale do 60 do 9½ do

4 1 Ale do 60 do 3 do

5 1 Ale do 60 do 9¼ do

6 1 Ale do 60 do 3½ do

361

33

Received 328 Gallo

St Helena

April the 9th 1759

(signed)

James Powel

The Governor acquainted the Gentlemen

of the Council that he had received up some orders, and Instructions for

Mr Moody and desiring a Store for our to receive it the several Commanders

of the Honorable Companys Ships, that he should happen to fall in with

which were read, and agreed to, and are as follows Vizt

By Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governor &c

Council of this Island St Helena

To Mr Richard Brendy.

You are to take under your command the Swift Long-

boat, that is now ready, to put to Sea and use, revive as you possibly can

to proceed in low to the distance of twenty five Leagues to Windward of this said

Island, keeping in the Latitude of it, and keeping always a good look out.

You are then to draw or stand toward it, under an easy Sail, when the

Weather is clear, but shew thick and hazzy it will be best to lay too, and likewise

in the nights, that you may not miss of seeing any ships or ships to lay too, and likewise

Should you recover say, you are to take such observes as you think most

proper to prevent your being perceived by them, which observs you are

carefully to observe, until you are able, from thence to Judge what they are

If from their way of Acting, you have cause to

suspect they are Enemies, you are to stand again to windward, though not so

The account of beer received from the ship continued.

Number 1: 1 hogshead gauged 60, wants to fill 4¾ gallons

Number 2: 1 hogshead gauged 61, wants to fill 3 gallons

Number 3: 1 hogshead gauged 60, wants to fill 9½ gallons

Number 4: 1 hogshead gauged 60, wants to fill 3 gallons

Number 5: 1 hogshead gauged 60, wants to fill 9¼ gallons

Number 6: 1 hogshead gauged 60, wants to fill 3½ gallons

Total gauged 361, wants to fill 33

Received, 328 gallons

The account was signed by James Powell and dated at St Helena 9 April 1759.

The Governor told the members of the Council that he had drawn up some orders and instructions for Mr Bready, giving him a charge to receive the several Company ships that might happen to fall in with the island, which were read and agreed to, and read as follows.

Addressed by Charles Hutchinson, Governor of the island of St Helena, and the Council, to Richard Bready.

Bready was to take under his command the Swift longboat, then ready to put to sea, and to proceed to a distance of twenty-five leagues to windward of the island, keeping in its latitude, and always keeping a good lookout. He was to drive or stand to windward under an easy sail when the weather was clear, but to shorten sail and lie by in the night, so that he might not miss seeing any ship or ships. Should he receive any, he was to take such clearance as he thought most proper to prevent his being seen by them, whom he was to observe carefully, until he was able to find out what they were. If from their way of sailing he had cause to suspect they were the enemy, he was to stand again to windward, though not so.

Interpretations

The beer casks were gauged and their shortfalls logged exactly as the wine had been, each hogshead measured against sixty gallons and its deficiency recorded, some as much as nine gallons short. This continued the island’s practice of checking every cask landed against its nominal capacity, holding a precise account of the ullage lost on the passage. The consistency of the method across wine and beer shows a settled system of receiving liquor stores, by which the Council could reconcile what the ships had loaded with what actually reached the cellars.

The orders to Bready set out the working of the island’s seaward guard, a single longboat sent twenty-five leagues to windward to intercept incoming Company ships before they reached the road. The instruction to keep the island’s latitude while ranging out to windward reflects the navigation of the day, holding a known parallel as the reliable line on which returning ships would approach. Bready was to identify strange sail from a distance without being seen, then close with friendly ships to warn them, the whole scheme turning the longboat into an early-warning picket for the trade the island existed to protect in a time of war.

411

405

far as to lose sight of them some times, shew you are to lay to, or ply in the Track

which the Ships that are bound hither generally come in. And are to endeavour

to speak with every one that you have reason from their appearance, to believe to be

English. This you are to continue to do, so long as those Ships remain

in the same Situation

When you fall in with any Ship or Ships belonging

to the Honorable the East India Company, you are to shew to the respective

Commanders, these your orders, and to inform them of what you may have over-

heard, and remarked, and are to deliver them the Letter you have for their several

which when they have any't, they will, put under a fresh cover, and address to you

sealed, and directed as the other was. And you are accordingly to give it

to, and on the manner receive it from every such Commander that you may meet

with.

If you are not desirous any Ship or Ships in your bearing

down to this Island, and are Convinced near to it, as plainly to Convince that there is

not any between you and it, you are then to stretch again to Windward to the same

distance that you wants be from it before. And when there, you are to act

in every Respect, as you was ordered to do as above.

If no accident happens to hinder it, you are to Cruize

until you apprehend you may be in want of provisions, by a Longer stay

abroad. In which case you are to make the best of your way either, but

so as to avoid the Enemy. And should you at any time been desirous of

being taken by them, you must not fail to sink, or otherwise destroy the Letter

you have for the several Commanders of the Honorable Companys Ships,

and likewise any that may have been committed to your Care by them,

together with these orders.

As so many Incidents may happen that cannot be foreseen

or provided against, your own discretion must Guide you in all such Consultations

Given under our hands, and the seal of the Honorable the United Company

of Merchants of England trading to the East Indies this ninth day of April

1759

(signed)

Charles Hutchinson

John Adamson

John Clark

Bready was to lie by, or ply to windward, in the manner ships bound for the island generally came in, and was to try to speak with every ship he had reason from their appearance to believe were friendly. This he was to continue to do as long as ships remained in the same station.

When Bready fell in with any ship or ships belonging to the Honourable Company, he was to show his orders to their commanders, tell them what he had seen and observed, and deliver the letters he carried for the several commanders. These, when they came, he was to seal, and direct as the others were, and was accordingly to give them to, and as the [...] receive it from every such commander that he met with.

If Bready did not sight any ship or ships in his bearing down to the island, and came near to it, so that it plainly appeared there was none between him and it, he was then to stretch again to windward to the same distance he was to from before. There he was to act in every respect as he was ordered to as above.

If no accident happened to hinder it, Bready was to cruise until he apprehended he might be in want of provisions, by a longer stay abroad. In that case he was to make the best of his way either east, so as to avoid the enemy. Once he should at any time have designs of being taken by them, he was not to fail to sink or otherwise destroy the letters he carried for the several commanders of the Honourable Company’s ships, and likewise any that might have been committed to his care by them, together with these orders.

Since many incidents might happen that could not be foreseen or provided against, the Council left much to Bready’s own discretion in all such matters. The order was given under the seal of the Honourable the United Company of Merchants of England Trading to the East Indies, dated 9 April 1759, and signed by Charles Hutchinson, John Adamson and John Clark.

Interpretations

The orders charged Bready with carrying and safeguarding the Company’s letters to its incoming commanders, and above all with destroying them rather than letting them fall into enemy hands. The instruction to sink or burn the correspondence if capture threatened treated the letters as intelligence that must not reach the enemy, marking them as more than routine dispatches. This concern reflects the wartime danger to the Company’s sea communications, where a captured packet might reveal the movements and instructions of the returning East Indiamen.

The whole commission rested on a wide grant of discretion to a single subordinate sent alone to sea, the Council acknowledging that no set of orders could foresee every circumstance he might meet. Bready was to judge for himself when to close with a ship, when to withdraw, when provisions forced him home and when to run east to escape the enemy. Placing such latitude in one man’s hands was the necessary answer to the isolation of the task, since a picket ranging twenty-five leagues out could receive no fresh direction and had to act on its own commander’s judgement. The document issued under the Company’s own seal, binding these sailing orders with the corporate authority of the United Company of Merchants of England Trading to the East Indies.

412

406

St Helena April 9th 1759

To the Commander or

Commanders of any Ship

or Ships homeward bound

belonging to the United Company

of Merchants of England trading

to the East Indies

Sir

We send this to inform you that three ships were

seen to windward of this Island on the 5th March last, and for several days

after, which from their way of acting, we had reason to suspect to have been

Cruizers. But as none of them have appeared since the 13th of that month

We are in hopes they were not what we supposed them, Or if so, they have

left their Station. As it is possible however that they may only have

stood further to windward, and by so doing be at too great distance to be

discovered from hence, We have therefore fitted out one of our Long boats that

now goes under the Command of Mr Richard Brendy who delivers you

this Letter, which when you have read, be pleased to put it under a fresh

Cover, sealing and directing it as the other was. You will see by his

orders, which he is to shew to you, that he is to proceed in such a manner

as can scarce fail, we think of discovering whatever Ship or Ships there may

be within twenty five Leagues of this Island

Whether he has strictly complyed with them or not

you will soon know by interrogating him, And if you find he has seen

no Ship or Ships, or such as he had not any Cause to Imagine to be Enemies

it is to be presumed, there are none between you and this place, and that

you consequently, may venture with safety to come to it, But of this you

will be better able to judge, from the account Mr Brendy gives you

of this Cruize and Instructions and likewise to determine what measures

it will be most Expedient to take.

We are Sir

(signed) your most humbly Servants

Charles Hutchinson

John Adamson

John Clark

A letter dated at St Helena 9 April 1759 was addressed to the commander or commanders of any ship or ships homeward bound, belonging to the United Company of Merchants of England Trading to the East Indies.

The Council wrote to inform them that three ships had been seen to windward of the island on 5 March, and for several days after, which from their way of acting gave the Council reason to suspect them to be cruisers. Since none of them had appeared since the thirteenth of that month, the Council was in hopes they were not what it had supposed, or if so, that they had left their station. As it was possible they might only have stood further to windward, and by so doing lie too far off to be seen from the island, the Council had fitted out one of its longboats, then sailing under the command of Richard Bready, who would deliver the letter. On reading it, the commander was asked to put it under a fresh cover, seal it and direct it as the other was. From Bready’s orders, which he was to show, it would appear that he was to proceed in such a manner as could scarcely fail to discover whatever ship or ships might be within twenty-five leagues of the island.

Whether Bready had strictly complied with his orders the commander would soon know by questioning him. If he found he had seen no ship or ships, or none he had cause to suspect, it might be presumed there were none between him and that place, so that the commander might venture with safety to come to it. From the account Bready gave of his cruise, and from Bready’s report, the commander would be the better able to judge, and likewise to determine what measures it would be most expedient to take. The letter was subscribed as from their most humble servants, Charles Hutchinson, John Adamson and John Clark.

Interpretations

The letter set up a relay of sealed correspondence passed from ship to ship, each commander asked to re-cover, seal and redirect it before handing it on. This chain let a single warning reach successive incoming vessels without the island knowing in advance which ship would arrive first, so that whichever East Indiaman fell in with Bready would carry the intelligence forward to the next. The instruction to enclose the letter in a fresh cover kept its contents secure as it moved between ships in waters the enemy might command.

The whole arrangement made the returning commander a partner in judging the safety of his own approach, the island supplying Bready’s report as evidence rather than a simple order to come in. By telling the commander to question Bready and weigh his account of the cruise, the Council left the final decision on when to close with the island to the man on the spot. This reflected the reality that a governor ashore could not know the state of the sea to windward as well as the officers who would sail through it, and that in wartime the choice to approach a possibly watched anchorage had to rest with the ship’s own commander.

413

407

Island St Helena

To all to whom these Presents shall come

Greeting. Whereas We the Governor and Council for the

Honorable the United Company of Merchants of England trading to the

East Indies upon this three Island St Helena having for divers Causes

found it necessary to fit out a Vessel named the Swift under the command

of Mr Richard Brendy Master about twelve Tons carrying man British Subjects

besides himself and mounting two swivel Guns and four swivel and small

for their defence against any Enemy that should attach them

And whereas the said vessel be destined to cruize to the Windward of the

said Island, and may possibly by bad weather or by some unexpected

Accident be so distressed as to require the same. This is therefore

to request of the Commander or Commanders of the Ship and Ships of every

Nation that is in Alliance and at peace, with that of great Britain to

supply on such an Exigency the person who Commands the said Vessel

with the provisions and necessary, that it appears to him or them to be an

absolute want of for the support of himself and men, in the repairing any

damage the said Vessel may in any respect have sustained, taking three receipts

from him of the same token and date specifying the particulars they furnished

him with, and the price of them, One of which Receipts we desire may be given

to him to bring to us. And for the amount of the Charge sparced hire We the

aforesaid Governor and Council do hereby Engage wheresoever to see duely and

punctually paid to such person or persons in London or Elsewhere as shall be

appointed to receive it, Given under our hands and the Seal of the Honorable

East India Company this Ninth day of April 1759

(signed)

Charles Hutchinson

John Adamson

John Clark

Mr James Powell this day applyed unto us for his Son John Powell to have

Liberty to go off this Island for India, and to take his passage on the Ship

Earl of Holdernesse which was accordingly granted him.

James Cooper, Stephen Cheseley, James Earthoper and

William Montgomery, this day petitions for their discharges, they having served

the Honorable Company their full Contracted time

Granted.

Chas Hutchinson

John Adamson

John Clark

Margin Notes: Received an Advertisement to be published requiring the Inhabitants to meet in [...], in aid to their Guard Officers for the ensuing Year

A certificate was issued under the seal of the Honourable East India Company, addressed to all to whom the document should come.

The Governor and Council of St Helena had fitted out a vessel, the Swift longboat, under the command of Richard Bready, of about twelve tons, carrying British subjects besides himself, and mounting two [...] guns and four swivel guns for its defence against any enemy that it should attack them. Since the vessel was destined to cruise to the windward of the island, and might by bad weather or some unexpected accident be in distress and require supplies, the Council requested the commander or commanders of any ship or ships of any nation that was in alliance, and at peace, with that of Great Britain, to supply the vessel on such an exigency. Bready commanded the vessel with provisions and necessaries, that it appeared to them to be in absolute want of for the support of himself and men, or in repairing any damage the vessel might in any respect have sustained. They were to take three receipts of the same tenor and date, specifying the particulars they furnished him with, and the price of them, one of which receipts would show any such supply given to him to bring to the island. For the amount of the things spared him, the Governor and Council engaged to see duly and punctually paid to whatever person or persons in London or elsewhere as should be appointed to receive it. The certificate was given under the seal of the Honourable East India Company, dated 9 April 1759, and signed by Charles Hutchinson, John Adamson and John Clark.

James Powell applied that day for leave for his son John Powell to go off the island for India, and to take his passage on the ship Earl of Holderness, which was granted.

James Cooper, Stephen Cleverly, James Easthope and William Montgomery petitioned that day to be discharged from the Company, having served their full contracted time, and the request was granted.

Interpretations

The certificate functioned as an international passport and guarantee of payment for a small armed vessel sent to sea in wartime. By appealing to the commanders of any nation at peace with Britain to relieve the longboat in distress, and pledging the Company to reimburse whatever was supplied, the Council extended the vessel a form of credit recognised across the neutral shipping of the ocean. The requirement of three identical receipts protected both sides, giving the supplier proof of his claim and the Company a check against false or inflated demands presented later in London.

The arming of a twelve-ton longboat with cannon and swivel guns shows the modest scale of the island’s seaward force set against the wartime danger it faced. Swivel guns were small pieces mounted on a ship’s rail for close defence, suited to a boat of this size, and the vessel’s light armament marked it as a scout rather than a fighting ship. That such a craft was sent twenty-five leagues to windward to watch for enemy cruisers reveals how thin the means of a remote station were, obliged to picket its approaches with whatever small boat it could arm and man.

414

408

At a Consultation held on Monday the 16 day of April 1759

at the Castle

Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governor

John Adamson Lieutenant Governor

Lieutenant John Clark of Council

The last Consultation was read approved and signed dated the 9th April

1759

The Planters this day met at the Chappel in the

Valley to Chuse parish Officers for the Ensuing year and returned

the following persons, who are Licensed to inspect the stock of Sheep and the

Honorable Companys wants Land Vizt

Messrs Thomas Greentree

Christopher Bagley

Henry Bagott

Richard Goodwin

William Seale

Churchwardens

John Bland

Overseer of the East division

Orlando Bagley Sent

Samuel Denton

Overseer of the West division

John Bagley

James Bewley

Overseer of the South division

We therefore ordered Warrants to be made for Messrs

Thomas Greentree and Christopher Bagley Churchwardens and William

Seale, Orlando Bagley Sent, and John Bagley Overseer

Whereas Thomas Harper has resigned the Honorable

Companys service as Marshall We this day appointed Richard Swift

to succeed him.

We this day renewed two lives in a Lease belonging to Mr

Richard Bagley among the fifty pieces of the person named in the said Lease of Elisabeth

he paying half of years and paying the right Sum abbot sent of this Isaac Mirtilla a Free Blacks

Woman for whose We gave Captain Brookes L5 for her passage

she being a notorious Thief, and in many other respects a public Nuisance.

Mr Ambrose Cook this day applyed to us to pay

One hundred pounds into the Honorable Companys Cash which we we

have received and given him Bills of Exchange drawn on the Honorable

the Court of directors payable to Mr Henry Abbot or order twenty days

after sight dated this day

At a consultation held at the Castle on Monday 16 April 1759, Governor Charles Hutchinson attended, together with John Adamson, the Lieutenant Governor, and Lieutenant John Clark of the Council. The Council read and approved the record of its earlier meeting of 9 April 1759, which was then signed.

The planters met that day at the church in the valley to choose parish officers for the coming year, and returned the following persons, who were licensed to inspect the flocks of sheep and the Honourable Company’s [...] lands.

Thomas Greentree, churchwarden

Christopher Beale, churchwarden

Henry Bagott, churchwarden

Richard Goodwin, churchwarden

William Seale, overseer of the East division

John Bland, overseer of the East division

Orlando Bagley senior, overseer of the West division

Samuel Doveton, overseer of the West division

John Bagley, overseer of the South division

James Easthope, overseer of the South division

The Council therefore ordered warrants to be made out for Thomas Greentree and Christopher Beale as churchwardens, and William Seale, Orlando Bagley senior and John Bagley as overseers.

Thomas Harper having resigned his service to the Honourable Company as marshal, Richard Swift was that day appointed to succeed him.

The Council that day renewed two lives in a lease belonging to Richard Bagley, on his paying half a year’s rent, and inserted the lives of the [...] sons of [...] in place of those off the lease. James Miville, a free black woman, was ordered off the island by Captain Preece, at £5 for her passage, she being a notorious thief and in many other respects a public nuisance.

Ambrose Cook applied that day to pay one hundred pounds into the Honourable Company’s cash, for which sum he had received and been given bills of exchange drawn on the Honourable the Court of Directors, payable to Mr Henry Ansell or order thirty days after sight, dated the same day.

Interpretations

The annual choice of parish officers shows the transplanting of the English system of local government to the island, with churchwardens and overseers elected by the planters to administer the divisions of the settlement. The overseers were charged with inspecting the sheep flocks and the Company’s lands, tying the parish office directly to the oversight of the island’s pastoral economy rather than to poor relief alone. The Council’s issuing of warrants to confirm the chosen men marks the point where a customary election drew its legal force from the governing authority.

The removal of James Miville by paying her passage off the island reveals banishment as a standing instrument of order in a small closed community. Rather than hold or otherwise punish a persistent offender, the Council found it cheaper and surer to ship her away at the Company’s charge, ridding the settlement of a woman it judged an incorrigible thief. That she was a free black woman placed her outside the control the island exercised over its slaves, so expulsion was the means by which the authorities dealt with a free person they could neither bond nor tolerate.

Speculations

The obvious way to deal with a repeat thief was to punish her on the island, by the whip or confinement used on other offenders. The Council instead paid five pounds to put her aboard a ship and be rid of her. The record shows why the usual course was set aside, that she was reckoned not merely a thief but a standing nuisance whom no single punishment had corrected, so that removal promised a permanent remedy where flogging had evidently failed. The path not taken was further punishment in place, abandoned in favour of expulsion because the problem was her continued presence rather than any single offence.

415

409

Gabriel Franck and Sergeant Thomas Leech presented

the following papers Vizt

To the Worshipfull Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governor &c Council

The humble petition of Gabriel Franck and Sergeant

Thomas Leech in the right of their respective Wives being the ex

of Elizabeth the Widow of John Simpson Soldier in the

Honorable Companys Service sometime ago deceased on behalf

of themselves and their Kindred of Ded Ellsworth Soldier

the Sons John Lloyd & Simpson

Sheweth. That the said John Simpson at the time of his decease was possessed

of a Small Estate consisting of a House and other Effects, and at such his decease left

a Widow and separate Issue who all deceased since ago the bearers of their twenty Sons

and the only Issue of the said John Simpson by the said Elizabeth which She was

put under the Care and direction of Joseph Desfountain receiving the present

Sergeant and afterwards further committed the said Kindred until the said Joseph

Desfountain a Minor under the age of Twenty one Years

That the said Joseph Desfountain on the decease of the said minor

directly set all the Effects of the said Minor which descended to him from the said

John and Elizabeth Simpson as aforesaid And received the money arising by

such Sale into the Honorable Companys Cash for the benefit of the Claimants

until the said John and Elizabeth Simpson in by the said Honorable Companys

records may appear

That the said Elizabeth Simpson named before the intended with

the said John Simpson was Elizabeth Wharry who was Great grand petitioners said

Widow whereby your Petitioner in right of their said Wives are indorsed of Kin to the said

Elizabeth and her said son deceased, humbly hopeth they are intitled to receive the said

money out of the said Honorable Companys Cash which was so invested therein by

the said Joseph Desfountain as aforesaid.

Your Petitioner therefore humbly pray that your Worship and

Council will please do to acquaint their Effects and that as your petitioners

said Wives are the nearest of Kin to the said Elizabeth Simpson

and her said son Your petitioner may be at Liberty to receive

the same

And your petitioner shall ever pray &c

Upon reading the above petition we desired the petitioner add the rest of the Claimants

to attend on Monday next.

Chas Hutchinson

John Adamson

John Clark

Gabriel Isaacs and Sergeant Thomas Leech presented the following petition, addressed to Charles Hutchinson, Governor, and the Council.

The petition of Gabriel Isaacs and Sergeant Thomas Leech, in the right of their respective wives, being the executors of the will of John Simpson, a soldier in the Honourable Company’s service, who died some time earlier, was made on behalf of themselves and the children of the late Elizabeth, wife of the late John Lloyd and later of Simpson.

The petitioners set out that John Simpson, at the time of his death, was possessed of a small estate consisting of a house and other effects, and at his death left a widow and other issue who had since become the survivors of their twenty-one, and the only issue of John Simpson by the late Elizabeth, which son was put under the care and direction of Joseph Duforsontain, receiving the present [...] and other maintenance, so that the son should [...] the son of Joseph Duforsontain remain a minor under the age of twenty-one years.

The petitioners further set out that Joseph Duforsontain, on the account of the minor, directly sold all the effects of the minor which descended to him from John and Elizabeth Simpson, and invested the money arising by such sale into the Honourable Company’s cash, for the benefit of the claimants under the will of John and Elizabeth Simpson, as by the Honourable Company’s records might appear.

The petitioners further set out that Elizabeth Simpson, named before, the intended wife of John Simpson, was Elizabeth Lloyd who was later put to the petitioners, widow, whereby the petitioners in right of their wives were entitled to a share of the money then invested in the Honourable Company’s cash under the care of Joseph Duforsontain.

The petitioners humbly prayed that the Governor and Council would put them in possession of their share of the effects, and that as the petitioners in right of their wives were entitled to receive the money, they might have liberty to receive it. On reading the petition, the Council directed the petitioners to attend on Monday next. The record was signed by Charles Hutchinson, John Adamson and John Clark.

Interpretations

The petition turned on the administration of a dead soldier’s estate through the Company’s cash, the proceeds of the sold effects held on the island as a trust fund for the heirs. When Joseph Duforsontain sold the minor’s inherited goods and paid the money into the Company’s treasury, he used the settlement’s cash as a banking mechanism, keeping the child’s inheritance safe and identifiable until it could be claimed. This shows the island treasury serving not only as a currency hoard but as a repository for private estate money, recorded so that entitlement could later be proved from the books.

The claim came through the petitioners’ wives, who traced their right to a share from Elizabeth, the twice-married woman whose children by different husbands complicated the descent of the property. Under the law of the day a husband controlled and could claim his wife’s share of an inheritance, which is why Isaacs and Leech petitioned in right of their wives rather than the women petitioning themselves. The tangle of marriages, a widow of Lloyd who became the wife of Simpson, meant the estate had to be divided among heirs of separate parentage, and the Council’s task was to establish who was entitled to what from the fund it held.

Speculations

The straightforward course for a guardian holding a minor’s inheritance was to keep the goods or the money himself until the child came of age. Duforsontain instead sold the effects at once and paid the proceeds into the Company’s cash. The record shows why the simpler path was set aside, that lodging the money in the treasury put it beyond private loss or dispute and left a record by which every claimant’s share could afterwards be proved. The path not taken was private custody of the inheritance, abandoned in favour of the treasury because a documented public deposit protected both the child and the competing heirs in a way a guardian’s own keeping could not.

416

410

At a Consultation held on Monday the 23d day of April 1759 at the Castle

Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governor

John Adamson Lieutenant Governor

Lieutenant John Clark of Council

The last Consultation was read approved and signed dated the 16 day April

1759

Gabriel Izacke and Sergeant Thomas Leech this

day attended with the rest of the Claimants for the money due to the said John

Simpson deceased which was accordingly paid them they being the Lawfull

Heirs, the Claimants are as follows Vizt

Gabriel Izacke

Thomas Leech

in right of their Wives

Simon Whaley

James Whaley

Joseph Whaley

John Whaley

John Desfountain Elisha & Isaac Exors

Matthew Whaley Matthew Sterling Exor

The Stewards plantation and Gunners Accounts for the month Ending

the 11th Instant were this day brought in which were Examined and approved

and are as follows Vizt

Sundrys Expended at the Honorable Companys Table in the month

ending the 11 April 1759

12 Bottles Port

£0 16s 9d

21 Lisbon

£1 9s 3¾d

9 Mountain

£0 12s 2½d

11 Madeira

£0 7s 1¾d

64 Arrack

£2 6s 8d

39 Beer

£0 8s 1½d

208 flour

£2 3s 5¾d

311 fresh beef

£3 17s 4d

438 Mutton

£10 5s 5d

6 Kid

£0 5s 5d

78 Goat

£0 5s 4d

10 Fowls

£0 15s

2 Ducks

£0 3s

1 Goose

£0 5s

1 Turkey

£0 5s

53 fresh butter

£1 15s

2½ Coal pork

£1 4s

48 fresh pork

£1 4s

103 Candy

£1 14s 4d

L £30 1s 9¾d

At a consultation held at the Castle on Monday 23 April 1759, Governor Charles Hutchinson attended, together with John Adamson, the Lieutenant Governor, and Lieutenant John Clark of the Council. The Council read and approved the record of its earlier meeting of 16 April 1759, which was then signed.

Gabriel Isaacs and Sergeant Thomas Leech attended that day with the rest of the claimants for the money due to the estate of the late John Simpson, which was accordingly paid to them. The claimants were as follows.

Gabriel Isaacs, in right of their wives

Thomas Leech, in right of their wives

Simon Whaley, executors John Duforsontain and Elisha Isaacs

James Whaley, executors John Duforsontain and Elisha Isaacs

Joseph Whaley, executors John Duforsontain and Elisha Isaacs

John Whaley, executors John Duforsontain and Elisha Isaacs

Matthew Whaley, executor Matthew Sterling

The steward’s, plantation and gunner’s accounts for the month ending 11 April 1759 were brought in that day, examined and approved, and were as follows.

The sundries expended at the Honourable Company’s table in the month ending 11 April 1759 were set out as follows.

12 bottles of port, £0 16s 9d

21 bottles of Lisbon, £1 9s 3¾d

9 bottles of mountain, £0 12s 2½d

11 bottles of Madeira, £0 7s 1¾d

64 bottles of arrack, £2 6s 8½d

39 bottles of beer, £0 8s 1½d

208 pounds of flour, £2 3s 5½d

314 pounds of fresh beef, £3 17s 9d

478 pounds of mutton, £10 5s 5d

6 kids, £0 5s 0d

16 pounds of goat, £0 5s 4d

10 fowls, £0 15s 0d

2 ducks, £0 3s 0d

1 goose, £0 5s 0d

1 turkey, £0 5s 0d

33 pounds of fresh butter, £1 15s 0d

2 pieces of salt pork, £1 4s 0d

48 pounds of fresh pork, £1 4s 0d

103 pounds of candy, £1 14s 4d

Total, £30 1s 9¾d

Interpretations

The distribution of the Simpson estate money divided the fund among several sets of heirs, with the Whaley claimants appearing through the executors Duforsontain, Elisha Isaacs and Matthew Sterling. This shows the resolution of the tangled succession set out the week before, the treasury paying out the deposited proceeds once the entitlement of each branch had been established. The naming of separate executors against different claimants reflects how the estate passed through more than one will, each group of heirs represented by those charged with administering the portion that fell to them.

The table gives a fuller measure of the governor’s table than the account of the previous month, with fresh beef and fresh pork now added to the standing supply of mutton, goat and poultry. Mutton dominated the meat by weight and cost at over ten pounds, reflecting the island’s large sheep flocks recorded in the stock accounts, while the sixty-four bottles of arrack again show the cheap eastern spirit as the everyday drink. The presence of fresh beef points to occasional slaughter of the island’s cattle, kept chiefly for breeding and draught, so that beef appeared at table far less regularly than the plentiful mutton.

417

411

Account of the Honorable Company Stock of Neat Cattle &c from the 12 March to the 11th April 1759 Vizt

Neat Cattle, Sheep, Goats, Hogs, Poultry, Horses, Asses

Bulls, Cows, Calves, Yearling, Steapers, Steers, Oxen, Total, Ewes, Weathers, Lambs, Rams, Total, Ewes, Weathers, Kids, Rams, Total, Sows, Small, Piggs, Boars, Total, Fowls, Ducks, Turkeys, Geese, Horses, Mares, Total, Jackes, Shees, Total

Remaining 12th: Bulls 6, Cows 116, Calves 117, Yearling 42, Steapers 33, Steers 34, Oxen 26, Total 374, Ewes 358, Weathers 122, Lambs 186, Rams 8, Total 674, Ewes 205, Weathers 28, Kids 134, Rams 6, Total 373, Sows 6, Small 20, Piggs 7, Boars 1, Total 34, Fowls 161, Ducks 66, Turkeys 26, Geese 35, Horses 6, Mares 5, Total 11, Jackes 4, Shees 2, Total 6

Encreased: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 5, Yearling 0, Steapers 0, Steers 0, Oxen 0, Total 5, Ewes 0, Weathers 0, Lambs 44, Rams 0, Total 44, Ewes 0, Weathers 0, Kids 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Sows 0, Small 0, Piggs 8, Boars 0, Total 8, Fowls 52, Ducks 3, Turkeys 4, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0, Jackes 0, Shees 0, Total 0

Total: Bulls 6, Cows 116, Calves 122, Yearling 42, Steapers 33, Steers 34, Oxen 26, Total 379, Ewes 358, Weathers 122, Lambs 230, Rams 8, Total 718, Ewes 205, Weathers 28, Kids 134, Rams 6, Total 373, Sows 6, Small 20, Piggs 15, Boars 1, Total 42, Fowls 213, Ducks 69, Turkeys 30, Geese 35, Horses 6, Mares 5, Total 11, Jackes 4, Shees 2, Total 6

Killed: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 0, Yearling 0, Steapers 0, Steers 2, Oxen 0, Total 2, Ewes 0, Weathers 11, Lambs 0, Rams 0, Total 11, Ewes 0, Weathers 1, Kids 1, Rams 0, Total 2, Sows 0, Small 1, Piggs 0, Boars 0, Total 1, Fowls 10, Ducks 2, Turkeys 1, Geese 1, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0, Jackes 0, Shees 0, Total 0

Died: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 1, Yearling 0, Steapers 0, Steers 0, Oxen 0, Total 1, Ewes 0, Weathers 0, Lambs 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Ewes 0, Weathers 0, Kids 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Sows 0, Small 0, Piggs 0, Boars 0, Total 0, Fowls 2, Ducks 4, Turkeys 0, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0, Jackes 0, Shees 0, Total 0

Stole: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 0, Yearling 0, Steapers 0, Steers 0, Oxen 0, Total 0, Ewes 0, Weathers 0, Lambs 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Ewes 0, Weathers 0, Kids 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Sows 0, Small 0, Piggs 0, Boars 0, Total 0, Fowls 0, Ducks 0, Turkeys 0, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0, Jackes 0, Shees 0, Total 0

Sold: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 0, Yearling 0, Steapers 0, Steers 0, Oxen 0, Total 0, Ewes 4, Weathers 0, Lambs 0, Rams 0, Total 4, Ewes 7, Weathers 0, Kids 0, Rams 0, Total 7, Sows 0, Small 0, Piggs 0, Boars 0, Total 0, Fowls 0, Ducks 0, Turkeys 0, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0, Jackes 0, Shees 0, Total 0

Killed by Dogs: Bulls 0, Cows 0, Calves 0, Yearling 0, Steapers 0, Steers 0, Oxen 0, Total 0, Ewes 2, Weathers 0, Lambs 1, Rams 0, Total 3, Ewes 0, Weathers 0, Kids 0, Rams 0, Total 0, Sows 0, Small 0, Piggs 0, Boars 0, Total 0, Fowls 0, Ducks 0, Turkeys 0, Geese 0, Horses 0, Mares 0, Total 0, Jackes 0, Shees 0, Total 0

Remaining 11: Bulls 6, Cows 116, Calves 121, Yearling 42, Steapers 33, Steers 32, Oxen 26, Total 376, Ewes 352, Weathers 111, Lambs 229, Rams 8, Total 700, Ewes 205, Weathers 20, Kids 133, Rams 6, Total 364, Sows 6, Small 19, Piggs 15, Boars 1, Total 41, Fowls 201, Ducks 67, Turkeys 25, Geese 34, Horses 6, Mares 5, Total 11, Jackes 4, Shees 2, Total 6

Species Changed: Bulls 6, Cows 120, Calves 105, Yearling 34, Steapers 46, Steers 37, Oxen 28, Total 376, Ewes 415, Weathers 175, Lambs 101, Rams 9, Total 700, Ewes 228, Weathers 71, Kids 55, Rams 10, Total 364, Sows 6, Small 18, Piggs 15, Boars 2, Total 41, Fowls 201, Ducks 67, Turkeys 25, Geese 34, Horses 6, Mares 5, Total 11, Jackes 4, Shees 2, Total 6

Beef to the Ship Holdernesse 560

7 Goats to the Hospital is 112

Good yam for the Slaves 29455

Refuse do for Stock 9755

39210

signd John Adamson

This was the account of the Honourable Company’s stock of neat cattle and other animals from 12 March to 11 April 1759, set out under the headings neat cattle, sheep, goats, hogs, poultry, horses and asses. The neat cattle were counted as bulls, cows, calves, yearlings, steers, cows, oxen and total; the sheep as ewes, wethers, lambs, rams and total; the goats as ewes, wethers, kids, rams and total; the hogs as sows, small pigs, weaners and total; the poultry as fowls, ducks, turkeys and geese; and the horses as mares, stallions and total, the asses likewise.

Remaining 12 March: 6 bulls, 116 cows, 117 calves, 42 yearlings, 33 steers, 34 cows, 26 oxen, total 374 neat cattle; 358 ewes, 122 wethers, 186 lambs, 8 rams, total 674 sheep; 205 ewes, 28 wethers, 134 kids, 6 rams, total 373 goats; 6 sows, 20 small pigs, 7 weaners, 1 pig, total 34 hogs; 161 fowls, 66 ducks, 26 turkeys, 35 geese poultry; 6 mares, 5 stallions, total 11 horses; 4 she-asses, 2 he-asses, total 6 asses

Increased: 0 bulls, 0 cows, 5 calves, 0 yearlings, 0 steers, 0 cows, 0 oxen, total 5 neat cattle; 0 ewes, 0 wethers, 44 lambs, 0 rams, total 44 sheep; 0 ewes, 0 wethers, 0 kids, 0 rams, total 0 goats; 0 sows, 0 small pigs, 8 weaners, 0 pigs, total 8 hogs; 52 fowls, 3 ducks, 4 turkeys, 0 geese poultry; 0 horses; 0 asses

Total: 6 bulls, 116 cows, 122 calves, 42 yearlings, 33 steers, 34 cows, 26 oxen, total 379 neat cattle; 358 ewes, 122 wethers, 230 lambs, 8 rams, total 718 sheep; 205 ewes, 28 wethers, 134 kids, 6 rams, total 373 goats; 6 sows, 20 small pigs, 15 weaners, 1 pig, total 42 hogs; 213 fowls, 69 ducks, 30 turkeys, 35 geese poultry; 6 mares, 5 stallions, total 11 horses; 4 she-asses, 2 he-asses, total 6 asses

Killed: 0 neat cattle; 0 ewes, 2 wethers, 0 lambs, 0 rams, total 2 sheep; 0 ewes, 11 wethers, 0 kids, 0 rams, total 11 goats; 0 sows, 1 small pig, 1 weaner, 0 pigs, total 2 hogs; 10 fowls, 2 ducks, 1 turkey, 1 goose poultry; 0 horses; 0 asses

Died: 0 bulls, 0 cows, 1 calf, total 1 neat cattle; 0 sheep; 0 goats; 0 hogs; 2 ducks, 4 turkeys poultry; 0 horses; 0 asses

Stolen: 0 neat cattle; 0 sheep; 0 goats; 0 hogs; 0 poultry; 0 horses; 0 asses

Sold: 0 neat cattle; 4 wethers, total 4 sheep; 7 wethers, total 7 goats; 0 hogs; 0 poultry; 0 horses; 0 asses

Killed by dogs: 0 neat cattle; 2 wethers, 1 lamb, total 3 sheep; 0 goats; 0 hogs; 0 poultry; 0 horses; 0 asses

Remaining 11 April: 6 bulls, 116 cows, 121 calves, 42 yearlings, 33 steers, 32 cows, 26 oxen, total 376 neat cattle; 352 ewes, 111 wethers, 229 lambs, 8 rams, total 700 sheep; 205 ewes, 20 wethers, 133 kids, 6 rams, total 364 goats; 6 sows, 19 small pigs, 15 weaners, 1 pig, total 41 hogs; 201 fowls, 67 ducks, 25 turkeys, 34 geese poultry; 6 mares, 5 stallions, total 11 horses; 4 she-asses, 2 he-asses, total 6 asses

Species changed: 6 bulls, 120 cows, 105 calves, 34 yearlings, 46 steers, 37 cows, 28 oxen, total 376 neat cattle; 415 ewes, 175 wethers, 101 lambs, 9 rams, total 700 sheep; 228 ewes, 71 wethers, 55 kids, 10 rams, total 364 goats; 6 sows, 18 small pigs, 15 weaners, 2 pigs, total 41 hogs; 201 fowls, 67 ducks, 25 turkeys, 34 geese poultry; 6 mares, 5 stallions, total 11 horses; 4 she-asses, 2 he-asses, total 6 asses

Beef to the ship Holderness, 560

7 goats to the hospital at 112

Good yam for the slaves, 29,455

Refuse yam for stock, 9,755

Total, 39,210

The account was signed by John Adamson.

Interpretations

The month brought a marked rise in the flocks and poultry through the spring breeding season, forty-four lambs added to the sheep and fifty-two fowls to the poultry. This surge of increase reflects the island’s pastoral year turning with its southern-hemisphere seasons, the ewes and hens producing their young as the settlement moved into autumn. The steady growth of the sheep in particular, from 674 to 700 despite slaughter and sale, shows the flocks that underpinned the garrison’s meat supply reproducing faster than they were consumed.

The beef supplied to the Earl of Holderness, five hundred and sixty pounds drawn from the Company’s cattle, records the island victualling the outbound ship from its own stock. The cattle were kept chiefly for breeding and draught rather than the table, so a large draw of beef for a departing vessel marks the deliberate slaughter of animals to provision a ship for its onward voyage. The rising yam figures, nearly thirty thousand for the enslaved workforce and close to ten thousand kept for the animals, again show the root crop as the foundation of subsistence on which both the labour force and the herds depended.

418

412

Artillery Stores Expended from 12 March to the

11 April 1759 both days Included Vizt

Column headers: Guns 4pounder, Guns 3pounder, Guns 2pounder, Guns 1pounder, Powder Expended lb oz

Mar 13th a double Alarm

Guns 4pounder 9, Guns 3pounder 3, Guns 2pounder 3, Guns 1pounder 3, Powder Expended 18lb

do Arrived the Earl of Holdernesse returned the Salute

Guns 4pounder 9, Guns 3pounder 0, Guns 2pounder 0, Guns 1pounder 9, Powder Expended 9lb

do powder for priming

Guns 4pounder 0, Guns 3pounder 0, Guns 2pounder 0, Guns 1pounder 0, Powder Expended 1lb 8oz

14 an Alarm for a Ship that went by

Guns 4pounder 6, Guns 3pounder 2, Guns 2pounder 2, Guns 1pounder 2, Powder Expended 12lb

16 an Alarm for a Ship that went by

Guns 4pounder 6, Guns 3pounder 2, Guns 2pounder 2, Guns 1pounder 2, Powder Expended 12lb

24 powder for priming in order to have returned the Salute

of the Latham

Guns 4pounder 0, Guns 3pounder 0, Guns 2pounder 0, Guns 1pounder 0, Powder Expended 1lb 8oz

30 powder for priming at Prosperous May from March 6th

Guns 4pounder 0, Guns 3pounder 0, Guns 2pounder 0, Guns 1pounder 0, Powder Expended 3lb

do for Exercising the East flying party

Guns 4pounder 0, Guns 3pounder 0, Guns 2pounder 0, Guns 1pounder 0, Powder Expended 8lb 12oz

do for Exercising the West flying party

Guns 4pounder 0, Guns 3pounder 0, Guns 2pounder 0, Guns 1pounder 0, Powder Expended 7lb 8oz

do for Exercising the South flying party

Guns 4pounder 0, Guns 3pounder 0, Guns 2pounder 0, Guns 1pounder 0, Powder Expended 3lb 12oz

do for Signals

Guns 4pounder 0, Guns 3pounder 0, Guns 2pounder 0, Guns 1pounder 0, Powder Expended 1lb 12oz

Total.

Guns 4pounder 30, Guns 3pounder 7, Guns 2pounder 7, Guns 1pounder 9, Powder Expended 78lb 12oz

Tallow for the use of the Longboat

17

do for the use of the Carts

4

paper for making Cartridges

1 2

Copper Treads for the use of the Longboat

5

(signed)

Thomas Hall

Neptune a Slave man belonging to Mr Thomas

Greentree having Stole one of the Soldiers Waistcoats We ordered him to be

Whiped and to receive one hundred Lashes.

Gordon a Slave man belonging to Mr William Wangham

we also Ordered to be Whiped and to receive 50 Lashes for Striking Peter

Skelly a white man.

Chas Hutchinson

John Adamson

John Clark

This was the account of artillery stores expended from 12 March to 11 April 1759, both days included, the powder set out in barrels, half barrels, quarters and pounds under the heading pounds or pounds of powder.

13 March: A double alarm, 9 barrels, 3 half barrels, 3 quarters, 0 pounds, 3 ounces, 18 pounds

Arrived the Earl of Holderness, returned the salute, 9 barrels, 0 half barrels, 0 quarters, 9 pounds, 9 ounces

Powder for priming, 0 barrels, 0 half barrels, 0 quarters, 0 pounds, 1 pound 8 ounces

14 March: An alarm for a ship that went by, 6 barrels, 2 half barrels, 2 quarters, 0 pounds, 2 ounces, 12 pounds

16 March: An alarm for a ship that went by, 6 barrels, 2 half barrels, 2 quarters, 0 pounds, 2 ounces, 12 pounds

24 March: Powder for priming in order to have returned the salute of the Latham, 0 barrels, 0 half barrels, 0 quarters, 0 pounds, 1 pound 8 ounces

30 March: Powder for priming at Prosperous Bay from 6 March, 0 barrels, 0 half barrels, 0 quarters, 0 pounds, 3 ounces

Powder for exercising the east flying party, 0 barrels, 0 half barrels, 0 quarters, 0 pounds, 8 pounds 12 ounces

Powder for exercising the west flying party, 0 barrels, 0 half barrels, 0 quarters, 0 pounds, 7 pounds 8 ounces

Powder for exercising the south flying party, 0 barrels, 0 half barrels, 0 quarters, 0 pounds, 3 pounds 12 ounces

Powder for signals, 0 barrels, 0 half barrels, 0 quarters, 0 pounds, 1 pound 12 ounces

Total, 30 barrels, 7 half barrels, 7 quarters, 9 pounds, 9 ounces, 78 pounds 12 ounces

Tallow for the use of the longboat, 17 pounds

Tallow for the use of the carts, 4 pounds

Paper for making cartridges, 12 quires

Copper thread for the use of the longboat, 5 pounds

The account was signed by Thomas Hall, and the record was signed by Charles Hutchinson, John Adamson and John Clark.

Neptune, a slave belonging to Thomas Greentree, having stolen one of the soldiers’ blankets, was ordered to be whipped and to receive one hundred lashes.

Gordon, a slave belonging to William Wrangham, was also ordered to be whipped and to receive fifty lashes for striking Peter Skelly, a white man.

Interpretations

The powder account distinguishes the ceremonial from the defensive, large charges spent returning the salute of the arriving Earl of Holderness and preparing to salute the Latham, alongside the alarms fired for passing ships. Answering an incoming Company ship’s salute gun for gun was a fixed courtesy that consumed real quantities of powder, treated here as a necessary charge on the magazine like the alarms and the drilling of the flying parties. The whole record shows how much of the island’s munitions went on signalling, salutes and exercise rather than any actual engagement.

The two floggings ordered at the same meeting reveal the graded scale by which the Council punished slaves, one hundred lashes for theft against fifty for striking a white man. The heavier penalty fell on the theft of a soldier’s blanket rather than the assault, though the record of a slave striking a white man marks the offence that most threatened the island’s racial order. Such corporal punishments were the routine means by which authority was maintained over the enslaved workforce, the number of lashes set to the gravity the Council attached to each breach.

419

413

At a Consultation held on Monday the 30th day of April 1759

at the Castle

Present Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governor

John Adamson Lieutenant Governor

Lieutenant John Clark of Council

The last Consultation was read approved and signed dated the 23 day of

April 1759

On Wednesday the 25 Instant sailed the Honorable Company Ship Earl of Holdernesse

Captain Robert Brooke for his Voyage

The Storekeeper brought in his Collections and the

Paymaster his Accounts for the Quarter Ending the 11th Instant which were

Examined and approved and are as follows Vizt

Collection of Goods sold and delivered out of the Honorable

Companys Store from the 12 January to the 11th April 1759

Beef & Pork Vizt

3210 pieces Beef

321 " "

1545 pieces pork

154 10s "

£475 10s "

Cutlery Ware Vizt

27 horn Combs

0 4s 6d

10 Ivory do

0 10s 5d

24 pr Shoe buckles

0 14s "

50 pr Leather Garters

0 16s 8d

6 Bucks horn Knives and Forks

0 5s 3½d

£2 11s 1d

Do

£11 10s 11d

Soap 326

Sugar & Candy Vizt

412 bag Sugar

15 17s 3d

1040 Candy

19 10s "

£35 7s 3d

Tea Vizt

16 3½ Congo

8 3s 6d

51¾ Bohgo

3 4s 8d

16 7½ Pekha

0 15s 1½d

£12 3s 3½d

Rice & Paddy Vizt

19 T 18 Rice

7 16s 1½d

23 3 3 Paddy

6 " 2d

£13 16s 3½d

Carried over

£551 " 9½d

At a consultation held at the Castle on Monday 30 April 1759, Governor Charles Hutchinson attended, together with John Adamson, the Lieutenant Governor, and Lieutenant John Clark of the Council. The Council read and approved the record of its earlier meeting of 23 April 1759, which was then signed.

The Honourable Company’s ship Earl of Holderness, Captain Robert Preece, sailed from the island on Wednesday 25 April.

The storekeeper brought in his collections and the paymaster his accounts for the quarter ending 11 April 1759, which were examined and approved, and were as follows.

This was the collection of goods sold and delivered out of the Honourable Company’s store from 12 January to 11 April 1759.

Beef and pork:

321 pieces of beef, £321 0s 0d

1,545 pieces of pork, £154 10s 0d

Total, £475 10s 0d

Cutlery ware:

27 horn combs, £0 4s 6d

10 ivory combs, £0 10s 5d

24 pairs of shoe buckles, £0 14s 0d

50 pairs of leather garters, £0 16s 8d

6 buckhorn knives and forks, £0 5s 3½d

Total, £2 11s 1d

Soap, 326, £11 10s 11d

Sugar and candy:

412 bags of sugar, £15 17s 3d

1,046 candy, £19 10s 0d

Total, £35 7s 3d

Tea:

16 pounds 3¾ ounces of singlo, £8 3s 6d

51 pounds 3¾ ounces of congou, £3 4s 8d

16 pounds 7 ounces of bohea, £0 15s 1½d

Total, £12 3s 3½d

Rice and paddy:

19 tons 18 hundredweight of rice, £7 16s 1½d

23 tons 3 hundredweight 3 quarters of paddy, £6 2s 0d

Total, £13 18s 1½d

Carried over, £551 0s 9½d

Interpretations

The storekeeper’s collection records the range of goods the Company sold to the island’s inhabitants, from salt meat and cloth to the finer imports of cutlery and tea. Three grades of tea appear, singlo, congou and bohea, all black teas of the China trade brought west on the East Indiamen, singlo being the dearest and bohea the cheapest and coarsest. The Company acted here as the island’s chief supplier as well as its government, selling on the manufactures and provisions it imported and recording the receipts as revenue against its cash.

The beef and pork sold from store, over three hundred pieces of beef and fifteen hundred of pork, formed by far the largest item of the collection at four hundred and seventy-five pounds. This salt provision was imported and issued to the inhabitants, distinct from the fresh mutton and beef of the island’s own flocks and herds, and its dominance in the account shows how far the settlement still depended on preserved meat shipped in rather than local slaughter. The rice and paddy sold alongside point to the same reliance on the Company’s Indian supply for the grain the island could not grow in quantity.

420

414

April 30th

Brought over

£551 " 9½d

Lead Vizt

47 Shot

0 9s 9½d

28 Sheet

0 7s "

£0 16s 9½d

Paint Vizt

33 blew Smalt

2 10s 10½d

233 Whiting

0 4s 10d

7 barrels of Whiting

0 2s 7½d

7½ white Lead

0 3s 2d

9 Sky blew

0 16s 6d

14 Copperass

0 0s 3½d

1 Brimstone

0 0s 3d

4½ Venetian Red mixed with Oil

0 2s 1½d

2 Venetian Do

0 0s 5d

£4 " 11½d

Arrack 111½ Gallons

£27 17s 6d

Nails Vizt

3½ 10

35 20

99 6

47 4

13 3

7 40

4½ 2

£4 14s 4½d

1/2 Tacks

0 0s 8½d

74 Glazing brads

0 0s 3d

1 flooring Do

0 0s 4½d

£4 15s 8½d

Oil Vizt

13 Gallons Train

2 9s 10d

2¾ Linseed

0 10s 6½d

11 Bottles Florence

1 9s 9½d

£4 10s 2d

Flour Vizt

2233 Flour

18 12s 2d

275 T 4 12 Cakes

256 18s 8d

£275 10s 10d

Starch 15

£0 6s 7d

Carried over

£868 19s 4d

The collection of goods sold from the Honourable Company’s store continued.

Brought over, £551 0s 9½d

Lead:

47 shot, £0 9s 9½d

28 sheet, £0 7s 0d

Total, £0 16s 9½d

Paint:

33 blue smalt, £2 10s 10½d

233 whiting, £0 4s 10d

7 barrels of Prussian blue, £0 2s 7½d

71½ white lead, £0 3s 5d

9 sky blue, £0 16s 6d

½ copperas, £0 0s 5½d

1 brimstone, £0 0s 3d

4½ Venetian red mixed with oil, £0 2s 1½d

2 Venetian red, £0 0s 5d

Total, £4 0s 11½d

Arrack, 111½ gallons, £27 17s 6d

Nails:

3½ inch, 10, part of the sum

35, 20, part of the sum

9, 6, part of the sum

47, 4, part of the sum

13, 3, part of the sum

7, 40, part of the sum

4½, 2, part of the sum

Total, £4 14s 4½d

½ tacks, £0 0s 8½d

7½ glazing brads, £0 0s 3d

1 flooring nails, £0 0s 4½d

Total, £4 15s 8½d

Oil:

13 gallons of train, £2 9s 10d

2 gallons of linseed, £0 10s 6½d

11 bottles of Florence, £1 9s 9½d

Total, £4 10s 2d

Flour:

2,233 flour, £18 12s 2d

275 loaves and 4 cakes, £256 18s 8d

Total, £275 10s 10d

Starch, 15, £0 6s 7d

Carried over, £868 19s 4d

Interpretations

The paint account lists the pigments and materials the island imported to protect and mark its buildings and equipment, drawn from across the European trade. Smalt was a blue glass pigment ground for colouring, Prussian blue a newly available synthetic blue, and white lead the standard base of oil paint, while copperas and brimstone served in preserving and treating materials. Venetian red was an iron oxide pigment used for durable exterior work, and its supply both dry and ready-mixed with oil shows the settlement buying paint in forms suited to immediate use on a station without its own colour-makers.

The oils reflect the same reliance on imported materials for maintenance, train oil rendered from whale or fish blubber used for lamps and preserving, linseed oil for mixing paint and treating wood, and Florence oil the fine olive oil of Italy brought for the table. The whiting and various nails, tacks and brads round out a builder’s and painter’s stores that a remote island had to lay in by the shipload, unable to make good any shortfall until the next season’s vessels arrived. The large flour figure, dominated by baked loaves and cakes rather than raw flour, points to the Company selling bread ready-made to the inhabitants from its own bakehouse.

421

415

Brought over

£868 19s 4d

Shoes Vizt

3 pr Mens Size

0 18s 3d

2 pr do Pumps

0 13s 3d

5 pr do Boys

0 18s 11½d

168 pr mens Ordinary

35 12s "

£38 4s 5½d

Cordage 302½

£6 10s 11d

Turners Ware Vizt

14 Shoe brushes

0 10s 7½d

2 Mops

0 2s 9d

1 Cloth brush

0 2s 5½d

1 Wood brush

0 1s 4d

1 do Ladle

0 0s 1½d

2 Labourers Baskets

0 1s 8d

1 Have broom

0 2s 6d

1 Tray

0 3s 6d

1 Scrubing brush

0 2s 6d

£1 7s 8½d

Haberdashery Ware Vizt

14 Silk

0 6s 5d

12 do Mohair

0 4s 6d

5 dozen Twist breast buttons

0 0s 7½d

1½ do Mohair breast do

0 0s 6d

3 do White Waistcoat do

0 0s 9d

2½ do Silver Coat do

0 12s 7½d

2½ do breast do

0 6s 9d

2½ do Mohair Coat do

0 1s 8d

2½ do Mohair Coat do

0 1s 2½d

6 do Shoat do

0 11s 4½d

26 Cochades

0 5s 3d

9 Whale bone

0 2s 1½d

3 pr Holland Tape

0 0s 9d

4 pr Carnation do

2 14s 6½d

Hooks Lines Vizt

150 No 2

175 3

50 1

275 6

250 7

200 pr Grantham

Hooks

1 13s 3d

Hooks & Lines Carried over

1 13s 3d

Carried over

£917 16s 11½d

The collection of goods sold from the Honourable Company’s store continued.

Brought over, £868 19s 4d

Shoes:

3 pairs of men’s size, £0 18s 3d

2 pairs of pumps, £0 13s 3d

5 pairs of boys’, £0 18s 11½d

168 pairs of men’s ordinary, £35 12s 0d

Total, £38 4s 5¾d

Cordage, 392¼, £6 10s 11d

Turner’s ware:

1 shoe brush, £0 10s 7½d

2 mops, £0 2s 9d

1 cloth brush, £0 2s 5½d

1 wood trencher, £0 1s 4d

1 ladle, £0 0s 1½d

2 labourers’ baskets, £0 1s 8d

1 hair broom, £0 2s 6d

1 tray, £0 0s 6d

1 scrubbing brush, £0 2s 6d

Total, £1 7s 8½d

Haberdashery ware:

14 skeins of silk, £0 6s 5d

12 skeins of mohair, £0 4s 6d

5 dozen scribbled buttons, £0 0s 7½d

1½ dozen mohair breast buttons, £0 0s 6d

3 dozen white waistcoat buttons, £0 0s 9d

2½ dozen silver coat buttons, £0 12s 7½d

2½ dozen breast buttons, £0 6s 9d

2½ dozen mohair coat buttons, £0 1s 8d

6 dozen shag buttons, £0 1s 2½d

26 cockades, £0 11s 4½d

7 whalebone, £0 5s 3d

3 pairs of St Helena tape, £0 2s 1½d

1 pair of carnation, £0 0s 9d

Total, £2 11s 6½d

Hooks and lines:

150 Number 2, part of the sum

175 Number 3, part of the sum

50 Number 1, part of the sum

275 Number 6, part of the sum

250 Number 7, part of the sum

200 pairs of Guntham, part of the sum

Total, £1 13s 3d

Hooks and lines carried over, £1 13s 3d

Carried over, £917 16s 11½d

Interpretations

The haberdashery account shows the range of buttons, silk and trimmings the Company supplied to a settlement that made no such small manufactures of its own. The buttons appear in many grades, mohair, silver, shag and plain, matched to coat, waistcoat and breast, reflecting the different qualities of dress worn from officers to labourers. Cockades were the rosettes of ribbon worn on hats as a mark of allegiance or rank, and their sale alongside the tape and silk shows the island buying in the whole apparatus of clothing and its ornament from the Company store.

The large quantity of ordinary men’s shoes, one hundred and sixty-eight pairs against a handful of finer kinds, points to the shoeing of the island’s working population, both soldiers and labourers, from imported stock. Fishing hooks and lines in graded sizes reflect the settlement’s reliance on the surrounding sea for food, the numbered hooks suited to different fish and sold in quantity for a shore population that fished the coast. That even shoe brushes, mops and scrubbing brushes had to be listed and sold from store marks how completely a remote island depended on the Company for the ordinary articles of daily use.

422

416

April 30th

Brought over

£917 16s 11½d

Hooks & Lines brought over

1 13s 3d

7 doz No 3

8½ do 2

Lines

1½ do 4

7½ do Hambro

3 12s 5d

£5 5s 8d

Pease 1½ Bushells

£0 12s 11d

Iron Ware Vizt

1 Splinter Locks

0 7s 7½d

1 pr Small Steelyards

0 8s 9d

2 Small frying pans

0 4s 2d

2 large do

0 7s 7d

2 Loping Axes

0 16s 5d

2 Hand Hatchets

0 3s 1d

1 Pick Axe

0 3s 9½d

1 Setts Stone

0 2s 2½d

1 Shod Shovel

0 1s 9½d

1 ditching do

0 4s 11½d

7 pr dotted Hinges

0 2s 11d

1 pr Ht Hinges

0 3s 7½d

1 Joiners Rub Stone

0 2s 11½d

2 Halves

0 1s 6d

1 Garden Hoe

0 1s 5d

1 Bricklayers Trowel

0 1s 11½d

1 Gimblet

0 0s 3d

7 packing Needles

0 0s 2d

£2 14s 5d

Sheets Vizt

215 Coarse

52 17s 1d

4½ pieces Dimuti

8 2s 9d

£60 19s 10d

Twine 23 Skains

£0 14s 4½d

Hosiers Ware Vizt

160 pr Knited Stockings

22 13s 4d

1 pr Girls do

0 2s 5½d

£22 15s 9½d

China Ware Vizt

4 Bowls

3 3s 4d

12 Meat plates

0 3s 7d

2 Tea pots

0 1s 8d

China Ware Carried over

0 8s 7d

Carried over

£1010 19s 11½d

The collection of goods sold from the Honourable Company’s store continued.

Brought over, £917 16s 11½d

Hooks and lines brought over, £1 13s 3d

Lines:

7 dozen Number 3, part of the sum

8½ dozen Number 2, part of the sum

1½ dozen Number 4, part of the sum

½ dozen Hambro, part of the sum

Total, £3 12s 5d

Grand total, £5 5s 8d

Peas, 1½ bushel, £0 12s 11d

Ironware:

1 splitter lock, £0 7s 1½d

1 pair of small steelyards, £0 8s 9d

2 small frying pans, £0 4s 2d

2 large frying pans, £0 7s 7d

2 coping axes, £0 16s 5d

2 hand hatchets, £0 3s 1d

1 pick axe, £0 3s 9½d

1 setter stone, £0 2s 2½d

1 iron shovel, £0 1s 9½d

1 ditching shovel, £0 4s 11½d

7 pairs of dovetail hinges, £0 2s 11d

1 pair of H hinges, £0 3s 7½d

1 joiner’s rubstone, £0 2s 11½d

2 hoes, £0 1s 6d

1 garden hoe, £0 1s 6d

1 bricklayer’s trowel, £0 1s 11½d

1 gimlet, £0 0s 3d

5 packing needles, £0 0s 2d

Total, £2 14s 5d

Sheeting:

215 candlewick, £52 17s 1d

4½ pieces of dimity, £8 2s 9d

Total, £60 19s 10d

Twine, 23 skeins, £0 14s 4½d

Hosiery ware:

160 pairs of thread stockings, £22 13s 4d

1 pair of girls’, £0 2s 5½d

Total, £22 15s 9½d

China ware:

4 bowls, £3 3s 4d

12 meat plates, £0 3s 7d

2 teapots, £0 1s 8d

Total, £3 8s 7d

China ware carried over

Carried over, £1,010 19s 11½d

Interpretations

The ironware account lists the tools of building, farming and household work the island imported from the Company, none of which it could forge for itself. Coping axes, dovetail and H hinges, a joiner’s rubstone and a bricklayer’s trowel were the equipment of the trades that raised and maintained the settlement’s structures, while hoes, shovels and a pickaxe served the cultivation of its ground. A pair of steelyards, the portable balance for weighing goods, and packing needles for sewing up bales point to the constant business of measuring and forwarding the stores that passed through the island.

The textiles show the settlement clothed and furnished from imported cloth, one hundred and sixty pairs of thread stockings and quantities of candlewick and dimity supplied to a population that spun and wove little of its own. Dimity was a stout ribbed cotton used for bedding and hangings, and candlewick the cotton yarn both for wicks and for a coarse tufted cloth. The small quantities of china, a few bowls, plates and teapots, mark these as the finer imported wares reserved for better tables, brought west on the same ships that carried the tea they were made to serve.

423

417

Brought over

£1010 19s 11½d

China Ware brought over

0 8s 7d

1 Soup dish

1 6s 2d

2 Guglets and Bazons

0 4s "

2 Sauce Boats

0 0s 11d

1 Chamber Pot

0 1s 6d

7 Quart pint Cups and Saucers

0 1s 5½d

3 Sneakers

0 0s 7½d

£1 3s 3d

Glass Ware Vizt

6 Squary Glass 10 by 12

0 5s 6d

78 do 8 by 10

2 12s "

65 do 6 by 8

1 0s 3½d

3 do 11 by 17½

0 4s 6d

6 Wine Glasses

0 3s 9d

3 Tumblers

0 2s 1½d

1 beer Glass

0 1s 7d

1 pr Salts

0 5s 10½d

3 Quart Decanters

0 11s 3d

£5 6s 10½d

Thread Vizt

4 White brown

1 9s "

3 Coloured

0 11s "

£2 9s 9d

Salt 15 Bushells

Canvas Vizt

40 Yards English

2 8s 4d

51¾ do Osnabrigs

2 2s 8½d

£4 11s ½d

Tin Ware Vizt

0 5s 11d

2 Horse Lanthorns

0 1s 5½d

1 Pudding pan

0 2s 5d

6 pretty do

0 2s 7½d

3 Lamps

0 1s 3d

2 quart Sauce pans

0 3s "

1 pint do

0 6s 8d

2 Camp Kettles

£1 " 9d

Leather Vizt

0 2s 9d

6 Calf Skins

2 17s 1½d

50¾ Sole Leather

£4 17s 10½d

Carried over

£1032 9s 6d

The collection of goods sold from the Honourable Company’s store continued.

Brought over, £1,010 19s 10½d

China ware:

1 soup dish, £0 8s 7d

2 quart red basins, £0 6s 2d

2 sauce boats, £0 4s 0d

1 chamber pot, £0 0s 11d

7 quart pint cups and saucers, £0 1s 6d

3 saucers, £0 1s 5½d

3 beakers, £0 0s 7½d

Total, £1 3s 3d

Glassware:

6 squares of glass 10 by 12, £0 5s 6d

78 squares 8 by 10, £2 12s 0d

65 squares 6 by 8, £1 0s 3½d

3 squares 11 by 17½, £0 4s 6d

6 wine glasses, £0 3s 9d

3 tumblers, £0 2s 1½d

1 beer glass, £0 1s 7d

1 pair of salts, £0 5s 10½d

3 quart decanters, £0 11s 3d

Total, £5 6s 10½d

Thread:

2 white brown, £1 9s 0d

3 coloured, £0 11s 0d

Total, £2 0s 0d

Salt, 15 bushels, £2 9s 9d

Canvas:

40 yards of English, £2 8s 4d

51¼ yards of Osnaburg, £2 2s 8½d

Total, £4 11s 1½d

Tinware:

2 horn lanterns, £0 5s 11d

1 pudding pan, £0 1s 5½d

6 patty pans, £0 2s 5d

3 lamps, £0 2s 7½d

2 quart saucepans, £0 1s 3d

1 pint saucepan, £0 0s 5d

2 camp kettles, £0 6s 8d

Total, £1 0s 9d

Leather:

6 calf skins, £2 0s 9d

50 pounds of sole leather, £2 17s 1½d

Total, £4 17s 10½d

Carried over, £1,032 9s 6d

Interpretations

The glassware account is dominated by window glass in graded squares rather than tableware, over one hundred and forty panes of various sizes sold for glazing the settlement’s buildings. Glass could not be made on the island and every pane came by ship, so the store kept a supply in the standard sizes needed to repair and fit windows against the weather. The smaller quantities of wine glasses, tumblers and decanters were the drinking vessels of better households, brought west as a distinct and finer class of import.

The two grades of canvas point to the island’s constant need for cloth of this kind, English canvas and the coarser Osnaburg, a rough linen much used for sacking, working clothes and the garments of slaves. Sole leather and calf skins supplied the making and mending of shoes and harness on a station that tanned little itself, while the tinware, lamps, pans and camp kettles furnished the plainer household and field equipment. The whole run of these accounts reveals a settlement provisioned down to its window panes and cooking pots from the annual ships, wholly dependent on the Company store for articles that a mainland community would have made or bought locally.

424

418

April 30th

Brought over

£1032 9s 6d

Chelloes 7 pr

3 7s 11½d

Buckram 19 Yds ½

0 17s 8d

Coals 3 Bushells

0 3s 10½d

Pitch & Tar Vizt

39 Rozin

0 6s 6d

17 Pitch

0 1s 7½d

4½ Gallons Tar

0 4s 1½d

0 12s 3d

Long Cloth Vizt

1 pr No 2

1 11s 9d

1 do No 4

1 " 2d

2 11s 11d

Deals Vizt

5 Baths

1 19s 2d

1 double deal

0 3s 11d

17 Single do

2 " 1½d

1 Elm board

0 3s 11½d

2 Wainscott do

0 13s 6d

5 " 11d

Braziers Ware Vizt

2 Tea Kettles

1 5s 1d

1 Ladle

0 2s 5d

1 pr Candlesticks

0 8s 3d

1 15s 9d

Books Vizt

1 Bible

0 3s 8d

1 Testament

0 2s 1½d

1 primmer

0 3s 3½d

1 horn book

0 " 2d

0 6s 3d

Candles 7

0 14s "

Oars 1

0 4s 2d

Broad Cloth 2 Yds Scarlet

2 2s 10d

Shalloon 4½ Yds Scarlet

0 10s 10½d

2 Blankets 3

0 16s 6d

Earthen Ware 2 Milk pans

0 1s 6d

L £1051 15s 11½d

The collection of goods sold from the Honourable Company’s store continued.

Brought over, £1,032 9s 6d

Chintz, 7 pieces, £3 7s 11½d

Buckram, 19 yards ¾, £0 17s 8d

Coals, 3 bushels, £0 3s 10½d

Pitch and tar:

39 rosin, £0 6s 6d

17 pitch, £0 1s 7½d

4½ gallons of tar, £0 4s 1½d

Total, £0 12s 3d

Long cloth:

1 piece Number 2, £1 11s 9d

1 piece Number 4, £1 0s 2d

Total, £2 11s 11d

Deals:

5 baulks, £1 19s 2d

1 double deal, £0 3s 11d

17 single deals, £2 1s 1½d

1 elm board, £0 3s 11½d

2 wainscot deals, £0 13s 6d

Total, £5 0s 11d

Brazier’s ware:

2 tea kettles, £1 5s 1d

1 ladle, £0 2s 5d

1 pair of candlesticks, £0 8s 3d

Total, £1 15s 9d

Books:

1 Bible, £0 3s 8d

1 Testament, £0 2s 1½d

1 primer, £0 3s 3½d

1 hornbook, £0 0s 2d

Total, £0 6s 3d

Candles, 7, £0 14s 4d

Oars, 1, £0 4s 2d

Broadcloth, 2 yards scarlet, £2 2s 10d

Shalloon, 4½ yards scarlet, £0 10s 10½d

Blankets, 3, £0 16s 6d

Earthenware, 2 milk pans, £0 1s 6d

Total, £1,051 15s 11½d

Interpretations

The account closes with the finer cloths and a handful of books that mark the reach of the Company store into learning and better dress. The scarlet broadcloth and shalloon were the materials of uniform and good coats, broadcloth a dense woollen and shalloon a lighter woollen lining, both dyed the scarlet of military and formal wear. Chintz was the printed and glazed Indian cotton prized for its colours, and buckram a stiffened cloth used to shape and line garments, so that the store supplied both the show and the substance of clothing on the island.

The small parcel of books, a Bible, a Testament, a primer and a hornbook, shows the store meeting the settlement’s need for the means of religion and elementary teaching. The hornbook was a single leaf of the alphabet and the Lord’s Prayer mounted on wood behind a sheet of horn, the standard tool by which children first learned their letters. That such items were sold alongside coal, pitch, deals and milk pans reflects how the one Company store answered every want of a remote community, from the timber and tar that kept its boats sound to the primer that taught its children to read.

425

419

Sold to the Planters at 25 pr Cent Vizt

Shoes 5 pr Mens Ordinary

£1 4s 4½d

Haberdashery Ware Vizt

½ Gross white Waistcoat buttons

0 1s 9d

1 Skain Mohair

0 2s 8½d

2 Skains Silk

0 1s 3d

£0 5s 8d

Shirts 4 pr Linnen

0 10s 5d

Thread 1 Coloured

0 4s 1d

Chelloes 1 pr

0 11s 1d

Buckram 2 Yds

0 2s 4d

Sold at 10 pr Cent Vizt

Beef and Pork Vizt

2 Yr beef

0 8s 8d

5 pr pork

0 19s 11d

£1 8s 7d

Cutlery Ware Vizt

3 Shoe Knives

0 1s 7½d

2 butchers do

0 1s 1d

£0 2s 8½d

Soap 95

£4 3s 1½d

Sugar & Candy Vizt

53 Sugar

0 14s 3d

28 Candy

0 14s "

£1 8s 3d

Tea Vizt

1 Congo

0 1s 11d

3½ Single

0 5s 3d

£0 7s 2d

Bunting 45 Yds Red

£2 7s 9½d

Beer 0 do 21

0 4s "

Lead 10 Shot

0 2s 11d

Paint Vizt

12 White Lead

0 6s 6d

30 Whiting

0 1s 3d

2½ Whiting Smalts

0 4s 11d

4½ Venetian Red mixed with oil

0 2s 4½d

£1 1s 10½d

Nails Vizt

7 4

13 6

5 20

4 3

2 2

0 18s 10d

Carried over

£

This was the account of goods sold to the planters at 25 per cent.

Shoes, 5 pairs of men’s ordinary, £1 4s 1½d

Haberdashery ware:

½ gross scribbled waistcoat buttons, £0 1s 9d

1 skein of mohair, £0 2s 6½d

2 skeins of silk, £0 1s 3d

Total, £5 3s 8d

Shirting, half linen, £0 10s 5d

Thread, coloured, £0 4s 1d

Cockades, 1 pair, £0 11s 1d

Buckram, 2 pieces, £0 2s 4d

This was the account of goods sold at 10 per cent.

Beef and pork:

2 quarters of beef, £0 8s 8d

5 pieces of pork, £0 19s 11d

Total, £1 8s 7d

Cutlery ware:

3 shoe knives, £0 1s 7½d

2 butchers’ knives, £0 1s 1d

Total, £0 2s 8½d

Soap, 95, £4 3s 1½d

Sugar and candy:

6 quarters of sugar, £0 14s 3d

28 candy, £0 14s 0d

Total, £1 8s 3d

Tea:

1 congou, £0 1s 11d

3½ singlo, £0 5s 3d

Total, £0 7s 2d

Bunting, 45 yards red, £2 7s 9½d

Lead, 51 shot, £0 4s 11d

Sheet, 16 shot, £0 2s 11d

Paint:

12 white lead, £0 6s 6d

30 whiting, £0 4s 11d

2½ bottle smalt, £0 9s 7½d

13 Venetian red mixed with oil, £0 1s 1d

Total, £1 1s 10½d

Nails:

7, 4, part of the sum

13, 6, part of the sum

5, 20, part of the sum

4, 3, part of the sum

2, 2, part of the sum

Total, £0 18s 10d

Carried over

Interpretations

The account divides the store’s sales by two different rates of profit, goods sold to the planters at twenty-five per cent and other goods at ten per cent above cost. This graded mark-up shows the Company setting its prices deliberately, charging the planters a higher margin on the finer articles of dress and haberdashery while applying a lower rate to the staple provisions and materials. The store thus served both as supplier and as a source of revenue, its pricing structured to draw a fixed return on the goods it imported and sold on to the island’s inhabitants.

The bunting sold by the yard points to the making of flags and signals on the island, bunting being the loosely woven worsted from which ensigns and signal flags were sewn. A remote station that relied on flag signals to communicate with shipping and between its posts needed a supply of the cloth to make and replace them, so its sale from store reflects a practical necessity of a settlement whose safety turned on seeing and being seen. The red lead and Venetian red among the paints again mark the durable pigments the island bought for exterior work in a demanding maritime climate.

426

420

April 30th

Brought over

Oil Vizt

7½ Gallons Linseed

0 4s 4d

13½ do Spain

0 8s 8½d

0 13s ½d

Flour 380

0 4s 15d

Starch 7

Cordage 126½

2 18s "

Turners Ware Vizt

1 Scrubing brush

0 3s 1½d

1 Have broom

0 3s 1½d

0 6s 3d

Pease 7½ Bushel

0 1s 2½d

Hooks & Lines Vizt

275 No 2

175 3

150 6

325 7

50

1 9s 9d

100 pr Grantham

37 doz No 3

5 do 2

9½ do 4

2 11s 11½d

7½ do Hambro

4 1s 8½d

Iron Ware Vizt

1 Shod Shovel

0 2s 3½d

2 Bricklayers Trowels

0 3s 6d

2 Hand Hatchets

0 3s 11d

0 9s 8½d

Blankets 6

2 1s "

Twine 5 Skains

0 4s 2d

Salt 2 Bushells

0 8s 2d

Canvas Vizt

34 Yds Osnabrigs

1 16s 10d

36 do English

3 3s 4½d

5 " 2½d

Pitch & Tar Vizt

4 Rozin

0 " 1d

Deals Vizt

1 Wainscott board

0 8s 8d

1 Single deal

0 3s 1½d

0 11s 9½d

L £36 16s 5d

The account of goods sold to the planters at 10 per cent continued.

Brought over

Oil:

½ gallon of linseed, £0 1s 1d

1½ Spain, £0 8s 8½d

Total, £0 10s 1d

Flour, 380, £0 4s 15d

Starch, 7, £0 0s 0d

Cordage, 126½, £2 18s 1d

Turner’s ware:

1 scrubbing brush, £0 3s 1½d

1 hair broom, £0 3s 1½d

Total, £0 6s 3d

Peas, ½ bushel, £0 1s 2½d

Hooks and lines:

275 Number 2, part of the sum

175 Number 3, part of the sum

150 Number 6, part of the sum

325 Number 7, part of the sum

50 Number 1, part of the sum

100 pairs of Grantham, part of the sum

Total, £1 9s 9d

3 dozen Number 3, part of the sum

5 dozen Number 2, part of the sum

½ dozen Number 4, part of the sum

½ dozen Hambro, part of the sum

Total, £2 11s 11½d

Grand total, £4 1s 8½d

Ironware:

1 iron shovel, £0 2s 3½d

2 bricklayers’ trowels, £0 3s 6d

2 hand hatchets, £0 3s 11d

Total, £0 9s 8½d

Blankets, 6, £2 1s 0d

Twine, 5 skeins, £0 4s 0d

Salt, 2 bushels, £0 0s 2d

Canvas:

34 yards of Osnaburg, £1 16s 10d

34 yards of English, £3 3s 4½d

Total, £5 0s 2½d

Pitch and tar:

4 rosin, £0 0s 1d

Deals:

1 wainscot board, £0 8s 8d

1 single deal, £0 3s 1½d

Total, £0 11s 9½d

Total, £36 16s 5d

Interpretations

The account confirms the fishing hooks and lines as one of the largest categories the planters bought, supplied in graded numbered sizes and by the dozen. This sustained demand shows how far the island’s inhabitants relied on the surrounding sea for their own food, the different sizes suited to the various fish taken off the coast. The planters bought these lines and hooks in quantity for household use, a plain sign of a settlement where catching fish supplemented the meat of the flocks and the provisions from store.

The building materials sold to the planters, canvas, deals, cordage, nails and tools, reflect the inhabitants maintaining their own houses and boats from the Company store. Osnaburg and English canvas served for sacking, sails and rough clothing, while the deals and wainscot board supplied the timber a treeless island could not cut for itself. That the planters bought their tar, rosin, twine and hatchets from the same store as the government marks the Company as the single source of nearly every worked material on the island, its store the one point at which the settlement's wants were met.

427

421

Sold to the Honorable Companys Ships Vizt

Pitch & Tar Vizt

2 Barrel Pitch

5 " 10d

1 do Tar

2 " 1d

1 " 11d

Hook & Lines Vizt

1½ dozen No 3 Lines

0 8s 4½d

200 No 6 Hooks

0 2s 5d

100 pr Grantham

0 1s 6d

0 12s 3½d

Bunting 45 Yds blue

1 17s 6d

Nails 42 Copperass Brads

0 8s 3d

Canvas 268¾ Yds Osnabrigs

14 11s 2d

Twine 32 Skains

1 6s 8d

Paint Vizt

42 Red Lead

0 19s 3d

1½ White do

0 6s 6d

37 Yellow Ocher Mixed with Oil

2 " 5d

3 6s 2d

Iron Ware Vizt

1 large frying pan

0 4s 11d

1 Small do

0 2s 8d

4 files

0 3s 9d

0 10s 4d

Oil Vizt

10 Gallons Linseed

2 9s 7½d

7½ do Train

1 14s 8½d

4 4s 3½d

Coal 1 Cauldron

0 3s "

Pork half a Hog Head

7 19s 2d

Turners Ware 4 Labourers Baskets

0 1s 6d

L £45 1s 8d

This was the account of goods sold to the Honourable Company’s ships.

Pitch and tar:

2 pieces of pitch, £5 0s 10d

1 tar, £2 0s 1d

Total, £1 0s 11d

Hooks and lines:

1½ dozen Number 3 lines, £0 8s 4½d

200 Number 6 hooks, £0 2s 5d

100 pairs of Grantham, £0 1s 6d

Total, £0 12s 3½d

Bunting, 45 yards blue, £1 17s 6d

Nails, 42 copper and brass, £0 8s 3d

Canvas, 268¾ yards of Osnaburg, £14 11s 2d

Twine, 32 skeins, £1 6s 8d

Paint:

42 red lead, £0 19s 3d

1½ white lead, £0 6s 6d

57 yellow ochre mixed with oil, £2 0s 5d

Total, £3 6s 2d

Ironware:

1 large frying pan, £0 4s 11d

1 small frying pan, £0 2s 8d

4 files, £0 3s 9d

Total, £0 10s 4d

Oil:

10 gallons of linseed, £2 9s 7d

7 gallons of train, £1 14s 8½d

Total, £4 4s 3½d

Coal, 1 cauldron, £0 3s 0d

Pork, half a hogshead, £7 19s 2d

Turner’s ware, 4 labourers’ mattocks, £0 1s 6d

Total, £15 1s 8d

Interpretations

The account records the island supplying the Company’s own ships from its store, the outbound and homeward vessels drawing materials for their voyages as they lay in the road. The large quantity of Osnaburg canvas, nearly two hundred and seventy yards, points to the ships’ need for sailcloth and sacking, while the pitch, tar, rosin and twine were the materials of caulking and rigging that kept a wooden vessel sound at sea. St Helena thus served as a victualling and refitting station on the long passage between Europe and the East, its store replenishing the ships that were its reason for existing.

The paints sold to the ships, red lead, white lead and yellow ochre ready-mixed with oil, were the coatings used to protect a vessel’s timbers and ironwork against the sea. Red lead in particular was the standard priming laid on iron and bare wood to resist rust and rot, and its supply to the ships shows the island furnishing the means of their maintenance as well as their provisioning. The half hogshead of pork among these ship’s stores marks the salt meat issued for the crew’s rations, the largest single charge in an account otherwise made up of the working materials of the sea.

428

422

April 30th

Charges General Dr for the following Stores Issued from

12 Jany to 11 April 1759

Dowlace 1½ piece for Table Cloths for the Castle

£0 " 9s 8½d

Glass Ware Vizt

1 pr Salts

0 5s 4d

1 pr Glass 11 by 17¾ for the Castle

0 1s 4d

4 do 8 by 10 for the Officers Guard room

0 2s 4d

2 do 11 by 17 for the Great Guard House

0 3s "

0 12s "

Nails Vizt

1 4 for the great house Castle Packets

0 " 5d

4 3 powder room Stand Covers & Garden

0 2s "

7 6 Gate Dungeon Drawbridge do

0 2s 11d

7 20

0 2s 4d

9 Copperass Brads for the Coopers use

0 3s 11½d

7½ Tacks for the Castle

0 " 11d

0 12s 3d

Iron Ware Vizt

3½ binding Wire for the Gunners use

0 1s "

9 files

0 4s 1½d

7½ bending Wire

0 " 8d

6 Smiths Rubbles

0 3s 4d

7½ borax

0 4s 2d

7½ flower Emmery

0 " 2d

1 Pick Axe for a Powder Chest

0 2s 3½d

1 Shod Axe for the Carpenters Shop

0 2s 4d

7½ doz Wood Screws for the Castle

0 4s "

1 ditching Shovel for the use of the Church yard

0 1s 6d

1 pr of Ht Hinges for the fort Garden Gate

0 4s "

7 Joiners Rub Stone

0 2s 1½d

2 Setts Stone

0 2s "

1 Ht do Hinges

0 5s 7½d

5 Claw Hammers

0 " 7½d

7 Halves

0 3s 1½d

6 Copperass

0 6s 10d

6 Rasps

0 3s 3d

1 Plaisterers Trowel

0 4s 1d

3 5s 10d

Carried over

£4 19s 9½d

This was the account of general charges for the following stores issued from 12 January to 11 April 1759.

Dowlas, 1½ piece for table cloths for the Castle, £0 9s 8½d

Glassware:

1 pair of salts, £0 5s 4d

1 square of glass 11 by 17½ for the Castle, £0 1s 4d

4 squares 8 by 10 for the officers’ guard room, £0 2s 4d

2 squares 11 by 17 for the Lieutenant Governor’s house, £0 3s 0d

Total, £0 12s 0d

Nails:

1, 4, for the great house at the Castle, packets, £0 0s 5d

4, 3, for the powder room stores and garden, £0 2s 0d

7, 6, for the gate, dungeon, drawbridge and others, £0 2s 11d

20, part of the sum, £0 2s 4d

9 copper rivets for the cooper’s use, £0 3s 11½d

½ tacks for the Castle, £0 0s 11½d

Total, £0 12s 3d

Ironware:

¾ binding wire for the gunner’s use, £0 1s 0d

9 files, £0 4s 1½d

½ bonding wire, £0 0s 8d

1 smith’s rubstone, £0 3s 1d

½ borax, £0 4s 2d

½ flour emery, £0 0s 2d

1 pair of locks for a powder chest, £0 2s 3½d

1 stock lock for the carpenter’s shop, £0 2s 4d

½ dozen wood screws for the Castle, £0 0s 0d

1 ditching shovel for the use of the church yard, £0 1s 6d

1 pair of H hinges for the fort garden gate, £0 1s 4d

9 joiner’s rubstones, £0 2s 1½d

2 stone saws, £0 2s 0d

1 pair of axes, £0 5s 1½d

5 claw hammers, £0 0s 7½d

2 hoes, £0 3s 1½d

2 pickaxes, £0 6s 10d

6 rasps, £0 3s 3d

1 plasterer’s saw, £0 4s 1d

Total, £3 5s 10d

Carried over, £4 19s 9½d

Interpretations

This account records the store’s issues to the Company’s own establishment rather than sales to inhabitants or ships, materials drawn for the upkeep of the Castle and its dependent buildings. The entries name their destinations precisely, the officers’ guard room, the Lieutenant Governor’s house, the powder room, the carpenter’s shop and the fort garden gate, so the account served as a record of maintenance charged against the Company itself. Distinguishing these internal issues from goods sold let the settlement keep its own running costs separate from its trading revenue.

The materials point to the constant repair a fortified station demanded, glass for its windows, locks and hinges for its doors and powder chest, and the tools of the smith, joiner and plasterer who kept it in order. The provision of dowlas, a coarse linen, for the Castle’s tablecloths shows even the household furnishing of the governor’s residence charged to the Company store. The care taken to note which building each item served reveals an administration accounting closely for the cost of holding and maintaining its works, in a place where every nail and pane had come by sea.

429

423

Brought over

£4 19s 9½d

Turners Ware Vizt

6 Mops

2 Wood Ladles for the Castle

0 7s 6d

2 Paint brushes for do and Gun Carriages

0 1s 1½d

0 9s 8½d

Lines Vizt

3 No 3

10 4

Lines for the Carpen & masons

0 1s 0d

0 6s 9d

0 0s 3½d

0 7s 0d

Braziers Ware Vizt

1 Skimmer

0 6s 0d

1 Ladle

2 8s 2d

8 8s 2d

Arrack 22½ Gallons given the Longboat

seven, running hands and for Cleaning Sandy

Bay Path and the men that worked in the Store

2 15s 7d

Tin Ware 1 Sleeve for Tinning

0 6s 1½d

Paint Vizt

16 Red Lead

for Sundry time Whited Waistcoats

for pay of Sundry Men and Carriages

0 6s 0d

2 Barrels of Whiting

0 0s 7½d

6 Whiting for the Castle St Governs house & Officers

Guard room

0 0s 1½d

17 fermenters for Composition for Rockets

0 2s 6d

3 of olive colour for part of the Gallery of Fort Castle

0 3s 6d

2 Venetian Red for part of Whited Studs at Mr Clarks House

0 0s 4½d

8 pr blew Smalts for Linnen

0 8s 3½d

1 1s 6d

Candles Vizt

16 for the Secretarys Office Officers of the Guard

on the Castle in the Governs house Islandby

1 0s 8d

Alarms

22 do for the Castle

0 7s 0d

do do My Adamson

4 7s 6d

13 16s 6d

Deals 20 Single for Covering the Dung

and making a Table and forms for Horse Shoeing

you and Shews for the Gate in the fort Garden

and Rocket Sticks

2 2s 6d

Kersey 3 Yds

0 0s 4d

Carried over

£26 12s 3½d

The account of general charges continued.

Brought over, £4 19s 9½d

Turner’s ware:

6 mops, part of the sum

2 wood ladles for the Castle, £0 7s 6d

2 paint brushes for the Castle and gun carriages, £0 1s 1½d

Total, £0 9s 3½d

Lines:

3 Number 3, part of the sum

10 Number 1, lines for the carpenter and mason, £0 1s 4d

1 Number 2, part of the sum, £0 6s 9d

Total, £0 7s 0d

Brazier’s ware:

1 skimmer, £0 0s 6d

1 ladle, £0 8s 2d

Total, £0 8s 8d

Arrack, 22½ gallons given the longboat crew, running trade, and for cleaning Sandy Bay Path where the men that work in the road, £2 15s 7d

Tinware, 1 sluice for priming, £0 6s 1½d

Paint:

16 red lead, £0 0s 6d

2 barrels of Prussian blue, £0 0s 7½d

6 whiting for the Castle, Lieutenant Governor’s house and officers’ guard room, £0 0s 1½d

15 brimstone for composition for rockets, £0 2s 6d

3 sky blue for part of the garden of Fort Castle, £0 3s 6d

2 Venetian red for part of Fort Castle, gutter at Mr Clark’s house, £0 0s 4½d

8 sky blue smalt for linseed, £0 8s 3½d

Total, £1 1s 6d

Candles:

16 for the Secretary’s office, officers of the guard on the Castle in the Lieutenant Governor’s absence, and the alarms, £1 0s 0d

8 for the Castle, £0 7s 0d

Total, £13 16s 6d

Deals:

20 single for covering the dungeon and making a shed and shores for horses, shores, spew and shores for the gate in the fort garden and rocket sticks, £2 2s 6d

Kersey, 3 yellow, £0 0s 4d

Carried over, £26 12s 3½d

Interpretations

The account records materials issued for the making of rockets on the island, brimstone bought for the composition and deals cut into the sticks that guided them in flight. Rockets served both as signals and as a means of alarm across the settlement’s scattered posts, so their manufacture from imported sulphur and local carpentry marks a small but deliberate industry within the fort. The listing of rocket sticks alongside the timber for sheds and gates shows the same store of deals meeting both defensive and building needs.

The arrack issued to the men working on the roads and cleaning Sandy Bay Path reveals the use of the eastern spirit as a form of payment or allowance to labourers. Rather than only selling arrack, the Company dispensed it to those doing heavy work on the island’s ways, treating a ration of drink as part of the reward of labour. This practice, giving spirits to men employed on public works, reflects a common arrangement of the period, in which drink formed a recognised supplement to the wages of hard outdoor tasks.

430

424

April 30th

Brought over

£26 12s 1½d

Oil Vizt

3 Gallons Train for painting Ammunition Chests

4 Wedges for Flag Staffs for the Windows of the

Lieutenant Governors House and Officers Guard

room & for painting Gun Carriages & Windows

Shutters Mr Clark house

0 10s 4½d

11¾ Gallon Train for the Kitchin, Armorer

bake house & Doctors Shop

1 18s 11d

1 Bottle Florence for the Armorer

0 2s 3½d

2 11s 9d

Cordage 69½ for the Slaughter house

Masons to the use of the fort Garden

0 " 1s 3d

Starch 7½

Soap 40 for Linnen

0 " 2s 10½d

1 5s "

Twine 2 Skains for the Governs use

0 " 1s ½d

Canvas Vizt

4 Yds Osnabrigs for Covering the packet

0 3s "

12 do English for Bags to Carry powd & Cartridge

1 7d

4 7d

Lead 5 Sheet for the Trough that Conveys

the Water to the Evans

0 " 1s ½d

Coals 41 Bushel for the Iron Shop

2 7s 10d

Pitch & Tar Vizt

2 Pitch for the Castle

0 " 3d

5 Rozin for the Doctors Shop Tinning &

the Armorers use

0 1s 4d

7½ Gall Train for the Carpenters

0 2s 7½d

1 9½d

34 8s 3½d

Diet Expences Dr for the following Stores

Issued from the 12th January to 11th April 1759

6 Pork 13 pr

4 16s "

Arrack 118 Gall

6 " "

Beer do

0 15s "

Tea Vizt

5 ½ Congo

0 4s 1d

3 ¾ Single

2 10½d

1 5s ½d

Carried over

£8 17s 11½d

The account of general charges continued.

Brought over, £26 12s 1½d

Oil:

3 gallons of train for painting ammunition chests, wedges for flagstaffs for the verandas of the Lieutenant Governor’s house and officers’ guard room, and for painting gun carriages and window shutters at Mr Clark’s house, £0 10s 4½d

11¼ gallons of train for the kitchen, armoury, bakehouse and doctor’s shop, £1 18s 11d

1 bottle of Florence for the armoury, £0 2s 5½d

Total, £2 11s 9d

Cordage, 69½ for the slaughterhouse, and mason for the use of the fort garden, £0 1s 3d

Starch, 7½, £0 2s 10½d

Soap, 40, for linen, £0 1s 5½d

Twine, 2 skeins for the gunner’s use, £0 1s 7½d

Canvas:

4 yards of Osnaburg for covering the packet, £0 3s 0d

12 yards of English for bags to carry powder and cartridges, £0 1s 7d

Total, £0 4s 7d

Lead and sheet for the trough that conveys the water to the Evans, £0 1s 7½d

Coals, 41 cauldron for the armourer’s shop, £2 7s 10d

Pitch and tar:

2 pitch for the Castle, £0 0s 3d

5 rosin for the doctor’s shop for tinning and the armourer’s use, £0 1s 4d

½ gallon of train for the carpenters, £0 0s 2½d

Total, £0 1s 9½d

Total, £34 8s 3½d

This was the account of diet expenses for the following stores issued from 12 January to 11 April 1759.

Pork, 13 pieces, £4 5s 6d

Arrack, 18 gallons, £4 10s 0d

Rice, 2, £0 15s 0d

Tea:

5 congou, £0 4s 1d

3¾ singlo, £2 10s 7½d

Total, £1 5s 5½d

Carried over, £8 17s 11½d

Interpretations

The account records train oil issued for painting and protecting the fort’s equipment and buildings, from ammunition chests and gun carriages to the kitchen, armoury and doctor’s shop. Train oil, rendered from whale or fish blubber, served both as a base for paint and as a preservative for wood and iron, and its supply to so many parts of the establishment shows the constant work of protecting timber and metal against a damp maritime air. The naming of each destination again marks an administration accounting for its maintenance building by building.

The lead and sheet issued for the trough that carried water points to the island’s standing concern with its water supply, the conduits that brought water to the settlement needing lead to line and repair them. The canvas cut for powder bags and cartridges, and the twine issued to the gunner, connect the store directly to the working of the guns, the ordinary consumable materials of a garrison’s artillery. The diet expenses that follow, salt pork, arrack, rice and tea, record the provisions issued to feed the Company’s own people, the staples of a ration drawn from the same imported stock the store sold to all.

431

425

Brought over

£8 17s 11½d

Flour 134

0 4s 2d

Candy 200

0 4s 2d

Salt 2 Bushels

0 3s 6d

0 5s 10d

23 14s 7½d

Blacks Dr for the following Stores Issued from the 11th January

to the 11th February 1759

Rice No 3 13

16 16s 1d

Shoes 23 pr Ordinary for the Madagascar men

4 9s 1½d

Oil 17½ Train

0 6s 7½d

Sailors Cloths 5 Monmouth Caps

0 " 7d

Tea Vizt

29 bohea

1 1s 9d

4½ Single

0 3s 9d

1 5s 6d

Sugar 70

0 14s 7d

Arrack 6 Gallons

0 15s "

Beef & Pork Vizt

271 pr Beef

21 9s 11½d

191 pr Pork

26 1s 3½d

67 11s 3d

Iron Ware Vizt

2 Stock Locks for the Slave house in the Great Wood

0 4s 8d

1 Stund Hatch for the Blacks Hospitals

0 1s 8d

0 6s 4½d

Hooks & Lines Vizt

12 No 2

2 No 3

Lines

0 4s 4½d

50 No 6

50 2

Hooks

0 1s 10½d

5 11s "

92 17s 7½d

Mulbury Dr for the following Stores Issued from the 12 January

to the 11 April 1759

0 8s 9d

Arrack 3 Gallons ½

0 4s 8d

Candy 18

0 " 8d

Rice 4 pr do 8

1 1s 7d

Beef 4 pr

Tea Vizt

1 bohea

0 " 9d

1 Single

0 " 10d

0 1s 7d

Soap 2

0 1s 9d

Oil 2 Gallons Train

L £2 13s 7d

The account of diet expenses continued.

Brought over, £8 17s 11½d

Flour, 134, £0 11s 4½d

Candy, 200, £0 4s 2d

Salt, 2 bushels, £0 3s 6d

Total, £0 5s 10d

Grand total, £23 14s 7½d

This was the account of stores issued to the slaves from 11 January to 11 February 1759.

Rice, 4 tons 13 hundredweight, £16 16s 1d

Shoes, 23 pairs of ordinary for the Madagascar men, £4 9s 17½d

Oil, 1½ train, £0 6s 7½d

Sailors’ clothes, 5 Monmouth caps, £0 1s 0d

Tea:

2 bohea, £1 1s 9d

4½ singlo, £0 3s 9d

Total, £1 5s 6d

Sugar, 70, £0 14s 7d

Arrack, 6 gallons, £0 15s 0d

Beef and pork:

27 pieces of beef, £41 9s 11½d

191 pieces of pork, £26 1s 3½d

Total, £67 11s 3d

Ironware:

2 stock locks for the black house in the Great Wood, £0 4s 0d

1 stand hatchet for the black hospital, £0 1s 8d

Total, £0 6s 7½d

Hooks and lines:

12 Number 2 lines, part of the sum

2 Number 3 lines, £0 4s 7½d

50 Number 6 hooks, part of the sum

50 Number 2 hooks, £0 1s 10½d

Total, £5 11s 0d

Total, £92 17s 7½d

This was the account of stores issued to the [...] from 12 January to 11 April 1759.

Arrack, 3 gallons ½, £0 8s 9d

Candy, 14, £0 4s 8d

Rice, 4 quarters 0 pounds 8, £0 8s 0d

Beef, £1 1s 7d

Tea:

1 bohea, £0 0s 9d

1 singlo, £0 0s 10d

Total, £0 1s 7d

Soap, 2, £0 1s 3d

Oil, 2 gallons of train, £0 1s 9d

Total, £2 13s 7d

Interpretations

The account of stores issued to the slaves records the rations and clothing supplied to the enslaved workforce, dominated by the salt beef and pork that formed the bulk of their provision at over sixty-seven pounds. Rice was the staple grain issued, and the shoes provided for the Madagascar men mark the newly arrived slaves shipped from that island, given ordinary footwear as part of their maintenance. The Monmouth caps were the round woollen caps of common seamen and labourers, issued here as basic clothing to the enslaved.

The entries name the buildings that held and tended the enslaved, the black house in the Great Wood fitted with stock locks and the black hospital supplied with its own tools. The locks on the black house point to the confinement of the workforce housed in the wooded interior, while the separate hospital marks the Company keeping the enslaved in some measure of health as valuable property. The issue of fishing hooks and lines to them shows the slaves set to catch their own fish, supplementing the salt meat and rice of their rations from the surrounding sea in a settlement that fed all its people in part from the coast.

432

426

April 30th

Plantation Dr for the following Stores Issued from the 12

January to the 11th April 1759

Rice & Paddy Vizt

3 T 2 Rice for Poultry

0 3s 11d

28 1 16 Paddy for do and Horses

6 8s 11d

6 12s 10d

Cordage 111½ for Horses Ropes & Thatching

0 3s 4½d

Paint Vizt

2 White Lead

0 " 9d

1 Whiting

0 " 7½d

for painting Seats plant

House & Garden

0 " 9½d

Oil Vizt

7½ Gallon Linseed

0 " 10½d

1½ Gall Train for the Overseer & Carpen in the

great Wood

0 6s 7½d

0 6s 11d

Turners Ware Vizt

1 Wood Tray

0 3s 2d

4 Labourers Baskets for the Garden

0 3s 1d

2 Yds Yokes for Oxen

3 11s 8d

3 17s 11d

Braziers Ware

1 large Brass Cock for the Cistern plant House

0 4s 5d

Pitch & Tar Vizt

1 Rozin for the Cistern at Plantation House

0 " 1½d

4½ Gall Tar for the Castle

0 3s 9d

3 10½d

Deals 1 Spar for Setts for the Cart

0 " 1s 9d

Lines 6 No 4 for the Gardeners use

0 2s 3d

Blankets 1 for the Overseer in the great Wood

0 4s 10d

Cutlery Ware Vizt

14 butchers knives

0 5s 3d

1 pruning do

0 1s 10d

0 6s 1d

Iron Ware Vizt

3 ditching Shovels

0 13s 6d

1 Spade

0 3s 1½d

1 Garden Rake

0 2s 6½d

14 Syther Stones

0 2s 4d

1 Maul

0 8s 5½d

1 Ht do

0 " 7½d

1 Hand saw

0 " 8½d

1 pr Gardeners Sheares

0 13s 10d

2 2s 1½d

L £14 7s 2d

This was the account of stores issued to the plantation from 12 January to 11 April 1759.

Rice and paddy:

2 tons 2 quarters of rice for poultry, £0 3s 11d

28 tons 1 hundredweight 16 of paddy for poultry and horses, £6 8s 11d

Total, £6 12s 10d

Cordage, 11½ for horses, proper and thatching, £0 3s 4½d

Paint:

2 white lead, £0 0s 9d

1 whiting, for painting seats, plant house, stores and garden, £0 0s 7½d

Total, £0 0s 9½d

Oil:

½ gallon of linseed, £0 0s 10½d

1½ gallons of train for the overseers and carpenter in the Great Wood, £0 6s 7½d

Total, £0 6s 11d

Turner’s ware:

1 wood tray, £0 3s 2d

4 labourers’ mattocks for the garden, £0 3s 1d

2 pairs of yokes for oxen, £3 11s 8d

Total, £3 17s 11d

Brazier’s ware:

1 large brass cock for the cistern, plant house, £0 4s 5d

Pitch and tar:

1 rosin for the cistern at plantation stores, £0 0s 1½d

4½ gallons of tar for the Castle, £0 3s 9d

Total, £0 3s 10½d

Deals, 1 spar for the setters for the cart, £0 1s 9d

Lines, 6 Number 4 for the gardeners’ use, £0 2s 3d

Blankets, 1 for the overseers in the Great Wood, £0 4s 10d

Cutlery ware:

14 butchers’ knives, £0 5s 3d

1 pruning knife, £0 0s 10d

Total, £0 6s 1d

Ironware:

3 ditching shovels, £0 13s 6d

1 spade, £0 3s 1½d

1 garden rake, £0 2s 6½d

½ scythe stones, £0 2s 4d

1 maul, £0 8s 4d

1 saw, £0 8s 5½d

1 hand saw, £0 7s 8½d

1 pair of garden shears, £0 3s 10d

Total, £2 2s 1½d

Total, £14 7s 2d

Interpretations

The plantation account records the tools and materials of the island’s cultivation, the mattocks, spades, rakes, hoes and pruning knives that worked its gardens and grounds. The yokes for oxen mark the use of draught cattle to draw ploughs and carts, the beasts kept for labour rather than the table, while the large quantity of paddy issued for the poultry and horses shows the rice crop feeding the settlement’s animals as well as its people. This was the equipment of a working estate, drawn from store to keep the Company’s gardens and fields in production.

The provision for the overseers and carpenter in the Great Wood, blankets, oil and paint, marks the wooded interior as the centre of the island’s cultivation and its enslaved labour. The plant house and its cistern, fitted with a brass cock and painted seats, point to a garden establishment for raising plants under care, perhaps for the acclimatising of useful species a remote island wished to grow. The whole account shows the Company managing St Helena not merely as a fort and a store but as a plantation in the fullest sense, its overseers and labourers working the land under the same administration that governed the settlement.

433

427

Garrison Dr for the following Stores Issued from the 11


January to 11th April 1759

Tea Vizt


72 ½ bohea


2 14s 7d


18 ½ Single


0 15s 5d


3 10s 0d

Oil 74½ Gallons Train


12 16s 9½d


Lines 12 No 3 for whips


0 3s 4½d


Turners Ware Vizt


10 Wood bowls


0 12s 1d


10 do platters


0 10s 5d


1 2s 6d


Iron Ware 1 Small frying Pan


0 1s 10½d


Arrack 19 Gallons for drams on Onus toring


& given to the Recruits


2 7s 6d


Deals 6 Single


0 12s 9d


Nails 3 6 16


0 1s 3d


Flour 57


0 6s 2d


Pork 6 pr


0 16s 1½d


Soldiers Cloaths Vizt


2 Centinels Coats


2 pr do breeches


2 19s 1d


Hosiers Ware 2 pr breed Stockings


0 5s 1½d


Shoes 3


0 13s 4d


Hats 2 Centinels


0 4s 10d


Shoe 1 pr Mens Ordinary


0 3s 10½d


2 Blankets 17


4 2s 2d


L £30 7s 0d

Fortification Dr for the following Stores Issued from


the 12 January to the 11th April 1759

Deals Vizt


8 Single for the Guardroom at Prosperous bay


0 17s 0d


21 do for enlarging the Guard bed at Sandy Cap


2 4s 7½d


38 do for the do on the Line for 9 Govs Council


4 3s 9d


3 double do


0 10s 6d


2 do for the Guardroom at Prosperous May


0 7s 0d


2 do for repairing the Steps at Munders point


0 7s 0d


3 Baths for door Cases for the new Magazine


at Ruperts


1 3s 4½d


9 3s 3d

Carried over


£9 3s 3d

This was the account of stores issued to the garrison from 11 January to 11 April 1759.

Tea:

7 pounds ¾ bohea, £2 14s 7d

18½ singlo, £0 15s 5d

Total, £3 10s 0d

Oil, 74½ gallons of train, £12 16s 9¾d

Lines, 12 Number 2 for whips, £0 3s 4½d

Turner’s ware:

10 wood bowls, £0 12s 1d

10 wood platters, £0 10s 5d

Total, £1 2s 6d

Ironware, 1 small frying pan, £0 1s 10½d

Arrack, 19 gallons for drams on our stores, and given to the recruits, £2 7s 6d

Deals, 6 single, £0 12s 9d

Nails, 3 and 6, £0 1s 3d

Flour, 57, £0 6s 2d

Pork, £0 16s 11½d

Soldiers’ clothes:

2 sentinels’ coats, £2 19s 1d

2 pairs of breeches, part of the sum

Hosiery ware, 2 pairs of thread stockings, £0 5s 1½d

Shirts, 3, £0 13s 4d

Hats, 2 sentinels’, £0 4s 10d

Shoes, 1 pair of men’s ordinary, £0 3s 10½d

Blankets, 17, £4 2s 2d

Total, £30 7s 0d

This was the account of stores issued to the fortifications from 12 January to 11 April 1759.

Deals:

8 single for the guardrooms at Prosperous Bay, £0 17s 0d

21 single for enlarging the guard bed at Sandy Cape, £2 4s 7½d

38 single for the [...] on the line for the Governor’s Council, £4 6s 9d

3 double, £0 10s 6d

2 single for the guardroom at Prosperous Bay, £0 10s 6d

2 single for repairing the steps at Munden’s Point, £0 7s 0d

3 baulks for door cases for the new magazine at Rupert’s, £1 3s 4½d

Total, £9 8s 3d

Carried over, £9 8s 3d

Interpretations

The garrison account records the clothing, provisions and equipment issued to the soldiers, including sentinels’ coats, breeches, stockings, hats and blankets that made up their uniform and bedding. The large quantity of train oil points to the many lamps a garrison kept burning through its watches, while the arrack issued for drams to the men and the recruits shows the daily ration of spirits that was part of a soldier’s due. The lines bought expressly for whips mark the instruments of punishment kept in the garrison’s own stores.

The fortifications account names the island’s ring of defensive posts, Prosperous Bay, Sandy Cape, Munden’s Point and the new magazine at Rupert’s, all drawing timber from store for their repair and enlargement. The building of a new magazine at Rupert’s marks a deliberate strengthening of the island’s powder stores, the door cases cut from baulks of imported deal. The issue of timber for guardrooms and guard beds shows the constant upkeep the scattered watch posts required, each needing shelter and furnishing for the men who kept the lookout that was the settlement’s first defence.

434

428

The account of stores issued to the fortifications continued.

Brought over, £9 8s 3d

Nails:

8, 10, part of the sum, £0 2s 6d

21, 20, for the centre for the new magazine, £0 7s 0d

8, 4, H and H at Rupert’s, coping spouge, £0 3s 4d

1, 3, staves for the guardrooms at, £0 0s 6d

12, 10, Prosperous Bay and Sandy Cape, £0 4s 6d

1, 2, the shed on the line right up to the ropes, £0 1s 1d

5, 6, at Munden’s Point, Sandy Bay, Awry, up guardrooms, flagstaff, Sugar Loaf and others, £0 2s 1d

Total, £1 0s 6d

Ironware:

1 stock lock, £0 7s 3d

1 stock lock, £0 2s 4d

1 coping axe, £0 2s 11d

1 hatchet, £0 0s 7½d

1½ dozen wood screws for the shed on the line, £0 0s 6d

Total, £0 13s 7½d

Cordage, 32 quarters ¾ for thatching Prosperous Bay guard room, and halyards for the flags at Sugar Loaf, Sandy and Prosperous Bay, £0 9s 6½d

Glassware:

2 squares of glass 6 by 8 for the officers’ guard room at Munden’s Point, £0 0s 6d

8 squares of glass 10 by 12, £0 6s 8d

Total, £0 7s 2d

Turner’s ware, 3 paint brushes, £0 1s 8½d

Paint:

2 Venetian red mixed with oil, for the shed on the line, £0 10s 6d

8 stone colour, for the shed on the line, £0 3s 0d

1 white lead, £0 0s 4½d

3 whiting, £0 0s 1½d

Total, £0 14s 0d

Oil:

½ gallon of train for thatching Prosperous Bay guard room, £0 0s 10½d

4½ for painting the shed on the line, £0 11s 3d

Total, £0 12s 1½d

Thread, 3 coloured, for flags and making cartridges, £0 0s 10d

Twine, 1 skein, £0 0s 6½d

Canvas, 2 yards of Osnaburg for a bag for Prosperous Bay flags, £0 1s 6d

Carried over, £13 19s 7½d

Interpretations

The account records the making and maintenance of flags across the island’s posts, halyards issued for the flags at Sugar Loaf, Sandy Bay and Prosperous Bay and canvas cut for a bag to hold them. A settlement whose defence turned on signalling needed flags flying at its scattered lookouts, both to communicate and to mark each post, so the store supplied the cloth, thread, halyards and bags to keep them serviceable. The thread bought both for flags and for cartridges shows the same materials serving signalling and gunnery alike.

The thatching of the guardroom at Prosperous Bay with cordage and train oil points to the plain construction of the island’s outlying posts, roofed in thatch rather than tile or slate. These were working shelters for the men on watch, built and repaired from whatever materials the store could furnish, their upkeep a constant charge as weather wore them. The shed on the line, painted in stone colour and Venetian red and fitted with wood screws, marks a structure on the main defensive line at the Castle kept in better order than the distant thatched guardrooms, reflecting the greater importance of the central works.

The account of stores issued to the fortifications continued.

Brought over, £9 8s 3d

Nails:

8, 10, part of the sum, £0 2s 6d

21, 20, for the centre for the new magazine, £0 7s 0d

8, 4, H and H at Rupert’s, coping spouge, £0 3s 4d

1, 3, staves for the guardrooms at, £0 0s 6d

12, 10, Prosperous Bay and Sandy Cape, £0 4s 6d

1, 2, the shed on the line right up to the ropes, £0 1s 1d

5, 6, at Munden’s Point, Sandy Bay, Awry, up guardrooms, flagstaff, Sugar Loaf and others, £0 2s 1d

Total, £1 0s 6d

Ironware:

1 stock lock, £0 7s 3d

1 stock lock, £0 2s 4d

1 coping axe, £0 2s 11d

1 hatchet, £0 0s 7½d

1½ dozen wood screws for the shed on the line, £0 0s 6d

Total, £0 13s 7½d

Cordage, 32 quarters ¾ for thatching Prosperous Bay guard room, and halyards for the flags at Sugar Loaf, Sandy and Prosperous Bay, £0 9s 6½d

Glassware:

2 squares of glass 6 by 8 for the officers’ guard room at Munden’s Point, £0 0s 6d

8 squares of glass 10 by 12, £0 6s 8d

Total, £0 7s 2d

Turner’s ware, 3 paint brushes, £0 1s 8½d

Paint:

2 Venetian red mixed with oil, for the shed on the line, £0 10s 6d

8 stone colour, for the shed on the line, £0 3s 0d

1 white lead, £0 0s 4½d

3 whiting, £0 0s 1½d

Total, £0 14s 0d

Oil:

½ gallon of train for thatching Prosperous Bay guard room, £0 0s 10½d

4½ for painting the shed on the line, £0 11s 3d

Total, £0 12s 1½d

Thread, 3 coloured, for flags and making cartridges, £0 0s 10d

Twine, 1 skein, £0 0s 6½d

Canvas, 2 yards of Osnaburg for a bag for Prosperous Bay flags, £0 1s 6d

Carried over, £13 19s 7½d

Interpretations

The account records the making and maintenance of flags across the island’s posts, halyards issued for the flags at Sugar Loaf, Sandy Bay and Prosperous Bay and canvas cut for a bag to hold them. A settlement whose defence turned on signalling needed flags flying at its scattered lookouts, both to communicate and to mark each post, so the store supplied the cloth, thread, halyards and bags to keep them serviceable. The thread bought both for flags and for cartridges shows the same materials serving signalling and gunnery alike.

The thatching of the guardroom at Prosperous Bay with cordage and train oil points to the plain construction of the island’s outlying posts, roofed in thatch rather than tile or slate. These were working shelters for the men on watch, built and repaired from whatever materials the store could furnish, their upkeep a constant charge as weather wore them. The shed on the line, painted in stone colour and Venetian red and fitted with wood screws, marks a structure on the main defensive line at the Castle kept in better order than the distant thatched guardrooms, reflecting the greater importance of the central works.

435

429

Brought over

£13 19s 7½d

Barracks Vizt

1 pr of fir Timber for the Well at Ruperts

3 pr Hinges

0 4s 1½d

1 Iron rimmed Lock

0 4s 9d

7 Nails

0 " 5d

0 2s 4d

£0 " 3d

14 15s 10d

Boats Dr for the following Stores Issued from the 12 January

to the 11th April 1759

Nails Vizt

5 10

7 20

3 6

1 40

1 4

0 6s 2½d

Cordage 228

3 6s 6d

Oars 2

0 7s 8½d

Deals 4 Elm Boards

0 14s 4d

Oil 3/8 Gallons Train

0 1s 3½d

Pitch & Tar Vizt

153 Pitch

0 19s 1½d

17 Gallons Tar

0 14s 2d

1 13s 3½d

Paint 8 Brimstone

L £0 1s 8d

6 11s "

Hospital Dr for the following Stores Issued from the

12 January to the 11th April 1759

Sugar 323

3 7s 3½d

Flour 323

2 13s 10d

Rice 4 pr

1 10s "

Salt 1 bushell ½

0 4s 4½d

2 7s 1½d

Oil 13 5/8 Gallons Train

Tea Vizt

4 Single

0 3s 4d

3 bohea

0 2s 3d

0 5s 7d

L £10 8s 2½d

The account of stores issued to the fortifications continued.

Brought over, £13 19s 7½d

Brazier’s ware:

1 piece of fir timber for the well at Rupert’s, £0 4s 1½d

3 pairs of hinges, £0 4s 9d

1 iron-rimmed lock, £0 5s 0d

7 nails, £0 2s 4d

Total, £14 15s 10d

This was the account of stores issued to the boats from 12 January to 11 April 1759.

Nails:

5, 10, part of the sum

7, 20, part of the sum

3, 6, part of the sum

1, 40, part of the sum

1, 4, part of the sum

Total, £0 6s 2½d

Cordage, 228, £3 6s 6d

Oars, 2, £0 7s 3½d

Deals, 4 elm boards, £0 14s 4d

Oil, 3⁄8 gallon of train, £0 1s 3½d

Pitch and tar:

153 pitch, £0 19s 1½d

17 gallons of tar, £0 14s 2d

Total, £1 13s 3½d

Paint and brimstone, £0 1s 8d

Total, £6 11s 0d

This was the account of stores issued to the hospital from 12 January to 11 April 1759.

Sugar, 323, £3 7s 3½d

Soap, 323, £2 13s 10d

Rice, 4 tons, £1 10s 0d

Salt, 1 bushel ½, £0 4s 4½d

Total, £2 7s 1½d

Oil, 13 15⁄16 gallons of train, part of the sum

Tea:

4 singlo, £0 3s 4d

3 bohea, £0 2s 3d

Total, £0 5s 7d

Total, £10 8s 2½d

Interpretations

The account of stores issued to the boats records the constant upkeep the island’s small craft demanded, pitch and tar for caulking their seams, cordage for their rigging and oars for their propulsion. A settlement whose watch and communication depended on boats had to keep them sound and ready, so the store supplied the materials that a mainland community might have bought from a shipwright. The elm boards point to hull repair, elm being the timber favoured for the underwater parts of a boat for its resistance to rot when kept wet.

The hospital account shows the provisions issued to care for the sick, sugar and rice for invalid diet and large quantities of soap for the washing that a sick house required. Sugar was valued as a restorative and a means of making medicines and poor food palatable to the ill, while the soap points to the importance of cleanliness in a place treating fevers and the diseases of a crowded station. The tea supplied to the hospital marks it too as a comfort for the sick, the whole account revealing the Company maintaining a house of recovery as part of keeping its people and its enslaved workforce fit for service.

436

430

April 30th

Fortification Dr for the following Stores Issued

from the 12 January to the 11th April 1759

Deals 131 Single

13 18s 1½d

Glass Ware 21 Squares Glass 6 by 8

0 5s 3d

Paint 4 Whiting

0 0s 1d

Oil 7½ Linseed

0 0s 10½d

Nails Vizt

35 10

4 6

7 4

1 2

3 3

0 19s 9½d

Iron Ware Vizt

4 Pickaxes

0 13s 8d

4 Halves

0 2s 6d

1 Bricklayers Trowel

0 1s 3d

4 Stock Locks

0 9s 4d

3 pr Ht Hinges

0 8s 3d

1 15s 0d

Iron Pots 1 of 6 Gallons

0 6s 4d

Barrack Vizt

32 Nails

0 0s 10s 8½d

3 Sqs Glass 6 by 8

0 1s 1½d

5 pr Hinges

0 7s 11d

L £18 5s 5d

This was the account of stores issued to the fortifications from 12 January to 11 April 1759.

Deals, 131 single, £13 18s 1½d

Glassware, 21 squares of glass 6 by 8, £0 5s 3d

Paint, 4 whiting, £0 0s 1d

Oil, ½ linseed, £0 0s 10½d

Nails:

35, 10, part of the sum

4, 6, part of the sum

7, 4, part of the sum

1, 2, part of the sum

3, 3, part of the sum

Total, £0 19s 9½d

Ironware:

4 pickaxes, £0 13s 8d

4 hoes, £0 2s 6d

1 bricklayer’s trowel, £0 1s 3d

4 stock locks, £0 9s 4d

3 pairs of H hinges, £0 8s 3d

Total, £1 15s 0d

Iron pots, 1 of 6 gallons, £0 6s 4d

Barrack:

32 nails, £0 10s 8½d

3 squares of glass 6 by 8, £0 1s 1½d

5 pairs of hinges, £0 7s 11d

Total, £18 5s 5d

Interpretations

The account continues the record of timber, glass, nails and tools drawn from store to maintain the island’s defensive works, dominated by the large quantity of single deals for building and repair. The pickaxes, hoes, trowels and hinges were the equipment of the men who kept the fortifications in order, cutting, digging and fitting the structures that guarded the settlement. This steady issue of building materials over the quarter marks the constant labour a fortified station required simply to hold its works against wear and weather.

The separate heading for the barrack marks the soldiers’ quarters as a distinct charge, supplied with its own nails, glass and hinges for repair. The barrack was the building that housed the garrison, and its upkeep from store shows the Company maintaining the accommodation of its troops alongside the defensive posts they manned. The iron pot of six gallons among the fortification stores points to cooking provision at one of the guardrooms or the barrack, a plain necessity for men kept on watch away from the main establishment.

437

431

List of the Honorable Companys officers and

Servants upon the Island St Helena with their several Salarys

diet money &c for the Quarter Commencing 12 Jany 1759

Charles Hutchinson Esqr Governs Salary

125 0s 0d

do Allowance for Servants as usual

31 14s 9d

156 14s 9d

John Adamson Lieutenant Governor Salary

62 10s 0d

do diet money

25 0s 0d

87 10s 0d

John Clark of Council Salary

15 0s 0d

Matthew Sterling Accomptant Salary

17 10s 0d

do diet money

15 0s 0d

do Steward rent

2 10s 0d

35 0s 0d

Frances Wrangham Secretary Salary

17 10s 0d

do diet money

15 0s 0d

do house rent

2 10s 0d

35 0s 0d

William Lee Chaplain Salary

25 0s 0d

do diet money

15 0s 0d

40 0s 0d

James Powell Storekeeper Salary

17 10s 0d

do diet money

15 0s 0d

do house Rent

2 10s 0d

35 0s 0d

Matthew Bagott Factor Salary

7 10s 0d

do diet money

10 0s 0d

do house rent

2 10s 0d

do Assistant Storekeeper

5 0s 0d

25 0s 0d

William Wrangham Factors Salary

7 10s 0d

do diet money

10 0s 0d

do house Rent

2 10s 0d

20 0s 0d

Richard Laws Writers Salary

5 0s 0d

do diet money

10 0s 0d

15 0s 0d

Robert Barclay Surgeon Salary

9 15s 0d

do diet money

10 0s 0d

do house rent

2 10s 0d

22 5s 0d

Carried over

486 9s 9d

This was the list of the Honourable Company’s officers and servants on the island of St Helena, with their several salaries, diet money and other allowances, for the quarter beginning 12 January 1759.

Charles Hutchinson, Governor, salary, £125 0s 0d

Allowance for servants as usual, £31 14s 9d

Total, £156 14s 9d

John Adamson, Lieutenant Governor, salary, £62 10s 0d

Diet money, £25 0s 0d

Total, £87 10s 0d

John Clark, of Council, salary, £15 0s 0d

Matthew Frampton, accountant, salary, £17 10s 0d

Diet money, £15 0s 0d

Steward’s rent, £2 10s 0d

Total, £35 0s 0d

Francis Wrangham, Secretary, salary, £17 10s 0d

Diet money, £15 0s 0d

House rent, £2 10s 0d

Total, £35 0s 0d

William Lee, Chaplain, salary, £25 0s 0d

Diet money, £15 0s 0d

Total, £40 0s 0d

James Powell, storekeeper, salary, £17 10s 0d

Diet money, £15 0s 0d

House rent, £2 10s 0d

Total, £35 0s 0d

Matthew Bagott, factor, salary, £7 10s 0d

Diet money, £10 0s 0d

House rent, £2 10s 0d

Assistant storekeeper, £5 0s 0d

Total, £25 0s 0d

William Wrangham, factor, salary, £7 10s 0d

Diet money, £10 0s 0d

House rent, £2 10s 0d

Total, £20 0s 0d

Richard Law, writer, salary, £5 0s 0d

Diet money, £10 0s 0d

Total, £15 0s 0d

Robert Barclay, surgeon, salary, £9 15s 0d

Diet money, £10 0s 0d

House rent, £2 10s 0d

Total, £22 5s 0d

Carried over, £486 9s 9d

Interpretations

The pay list reveals the structure of the Company’s establishment on the island, the salaries graded steeply from the Governor’s hundred and twenty-five pounds a quarter down to the writer’s five. Each officer’s pay was made up of several parts, a basic salary supplemented by diet money for provisions and an allowance for house rent, so the true reward of each post lay in the combination rather than the salary alone. This division of remuneration was the standard form of Company pay, the diet money and rent recognising that servants on a remote station had to feed and house themselves at the island’s prices.

The Governor’s separate allowance for servants, over thirty pounds, marks the scale of household the chief office required, a retinue befitting the Company’s representative and the island’s highest authority. The doubling of roles appears again in Matthew Bagott, paid both as factor and as assistant storekeeper, reflecting how the small establishment spread its necessary offices across too few men. The modest surgeon’s salary set against his diet money and rent shows even the island’s medical man rewarded chiefly through the allowances that made service on St Helena bearable, the whole list a picture of how the Company staffed and paid a distant outpost.

438

432

30th April

Brought over

486 9s 9d

John Richard Surgeon Mate Salary

6 5s 0d

do diet money

10 0s 0d

do house rent

2 10s 0d

10 15s 0d

Richard Realy Judge Advocate Salary

10 0s 0d

do as Schoolmaster

3 8s 3d

do as Clark

5 0s 0d

10 8s 3d

Samuel Alexander

7 10s 0d

Matthew Bagott

Overseers

7 10s 0d

15 0s 0d

John Bland Master Mason

17 10s 0d

do diet money

10 0s 0d

do house rent

2 10s 0d

29 0s 0d

Thomas Townsend Stone mason Salary

19 10s 0d

Thomas Ewing Carpenter Salary from the

12 Jany to 31st March 1759 both day included

10 13s 8½d

do house rent

0 12s 9½d

John Robinson Carpenter from the 31st March

to the 11th April 1759

1 15s 0d

11 6s 6d

Thomas Kirkpatrick Master at Arms

6 5s 0d

Edmund Smith Gardiner

10 0s 0d

John Hughs Overseers Mate

9 0s 0d

Samuel Corbett Cooper

8 15s 0d

William Moore Steward

6 0s 0d

Michael Frost Clock and Invalium Cleaner

1 5s 0d

Nicholas Scrafton Patron of the Longboat

7 10s 0d

John Strange Groome

2 0s 0d

Thomas Harper Marshall

5 6s 5½d

57 16s 5½d

First Company

John Clark 1st Lieutenant Salary

22 16s 3d

do diet money

6 16s 10½d

do on account of Instructing the Gunners

7 10s 0d

37 3s 1½d

John Howard second Lieut Salary

18 5s 0d

do diet money

6 16s 10½d

25 1s 10½d

Solomon Jacob Adjutant Salary

22 16s 3d

do diet money

6 16s 10½d

29 13s 1½d

748 4s 1d

The pay list of the Company’s officers and servants continued.

Brought over, £486 9s 9d

John Richard, surgeon’s mate, salary, £6 5s 0d

Diet money, £10 0s 0d

House rent, £2 10s 0d

Total, £18 15s 0d

Richard Beale, judge advocate, salary, £10 0s 0d

As schoolmaster, £3 8s 3d

As clerk, £5 0s 0d

Total, £18 8s 3d

Samuel Alexander, overseer, £7 10s 0d

Matthew Frampton, overseer, £7 10s 0d

Total, £15 0s 0d

John Bland, master mason, £17 10s 0d

Diet money, £10 0s 0d

House rent, £2 10s 0d

Total, £29 0s 0d

Thomas Greentree, stone mason, salary, £19 10s 0d

Thomas Loving, carpenter, salary from 12 January to 31 March 1759, both days included, £10 13s 8¼d

House rent, £0 12s 9¾d

John Robinson, carpenter, from 31 March to 11 April 1759, £1 15s 0d

Total, £11 6s 6d

Thomas Kirkpatrick, master at arms, £6 5s 0d

Edmund Smith, gardener, £10 0s 0d

John Hughes, armourer’s mate, £9 0s 0d

Samuel Corbett, cooper, £8 15s 0d

William Moore, steward, £6 5s 0d

Michael Frost, clerk and instrument cleaner, £1 5s 0d

Nicholas Stratton, patron of the longboat, £7 10s 0d

John Strange, groom, £2 0s 0d

Thomas Harper, marshal, £5 6s 5½d

Total, £57 16s 5½d

The first company was set out as follows.

John Clark, first lieutenant, salary, £22 16s 3d

Diet money, £6 16s 10½d

On account of instructing the gunners, £7 10s 0d

Total, £37 3s 1½d

John Howard, second lieutenant, salary, £18 5s 0d

Diet money, £6 16s 10½d

Total, £25 1s 10½d

Solomon Jacob, adjutant, salary, £22 16s 3d

Diet money, £6 16s 10½d

Total, £29 13s 1½d

Total, £748 4s 1d

Interpretations

The list reveals the many trades a self-sustaining island establishment required, mason, carpenter, cooper, armourer, gardener and groom each drawing a Company salary. These were the skilled hands that built, maintained and equipped the settlement, kept on the payroll because a remote station could not hire such craftsmen locally or send away for their work. The change of carpenter partway through the quarter, Loving paid to the end of March and Robinson from that date, shows the continuity of the office maintained as one man succeeded another.

Richard Beale drew three separate payments as judge advocate, schoolmaster and clerk, a striking instance of the doubling of roles that ran through the whole establishment. The judge advocate conducted the legal business of the garrison’s courts, yet the same man taught the island’s children and served as a clerk, the small population obliging one educated servant to fill offices that a larger place would have separated. The pay for instructing the gunners, added to Lieutenant Clark’s salary, marks the training of the artillery as a distinct charge, the island paying to keep the skill of its guns alive among men who might otherwise forget it.

439

433

Brought over

748 4s 1d

Sergeants

Edward Robinson reduced and discharged 13 Feby

2 15s 0d

John Fleming

7 12s 1d

Charles Gifsing

7 12s 1d

17 19s 2d

Corporals

Humphry Pugh to the 13 february as Corporal

1 18s 6d

do from the 13th Feb as Sergeant

4 15s 0d

John Grainger to the 16th february as Corporal

2 0s 10d

do from the 16 Feby as Sergeant

4 11s 8d

Samuel Austin

5 6s 5½d

18 12s 5½d

Drummers

John Potter

5 6s 5½d

George Hill

5 6s 5½d

10 12s 11d

Centinels

Samuel Austin transferred to the Artillery Comp

to the 1st Company the 16 Feb & red as Corporal

3 3s 0d

Daniel Armin Entertained March 13th

1 5s 0d

John Bagley transferred to the World Company

Feb 16th

1 10s 0d

George Bennett

3 16s 6½d

John Bowcky discharged the 31 April

3 8s 6½d

Peter Potter

3 16s 6½d

John Blackwell

3 16s 6½d

Gabriel Bracy

3 16s 6½d

John Bristol

3 16s 6½d

William Waddington

3 16s 6½d

Joseph Blackwell

3 16s 6½d

James Cartwright

3 16s 6½d

George Caysberg

3 16s 6½d

William Cochray

3 16s 6½d

Duncan Cameron

3 16s 6½d

James Collet

3 16s 6½d

William Cleasby

3 16s 6½d

Joseph Cuth

1 5s 0d

Jonathan Chandler Entertained March 13

3 16s 6½d

Edward Durrant

3 16s 6½d

Thomas Dunn

71 0s 2½d

Centinels Carried over

Carried over

795 0s 7½d

The pay list of the first company continued.

Brought over, £748 4s 1d

Sergeants:

Edward Robinson, reduced and discharged 13 February, £2 15s 0d

John Fleming, £7 12s 1d

Charles Gibbing, £7 12s 1d

Total, £17 19s 2d

Corporals:

Humphry Pugh, to the 13 February as corporal, £1 18s 6d

From the 13 February as sergeant, £4 15s 0d

John Grainger, to the 16 February as corporal, £2 0s 10d

From the 16 February as sergeant, £4 11s 8d

Samuel Austin, £5 6s 5½d

Total, £18 12s 5½d

Drummers:

John Miller, £5 6s 5½d

George Wills, £5 6s 5½d

Total, £10 12s 11d

Sentinels:

Samuel Austin, transferred from the artillery company to the first company the 16 February and made corporal, £3 3s 0d

Daniel Armin, entertained 13 March, £1 5s 0d

John Bagley, transferred to the world company 16 February, £1 10s 0d

George Bennett, £3 16s 6½d

John Rourke, discharged the 31 [...], £3 8s 6½d

Peter Miller, £3 16s 6½d

John Blackwell, £3 16s 6½d

Gabriel Macoy, £3 16s 6½d

John Musall, £3 16s 6½d

William Waddington, £3 16s 6½d

Joseph Blackwell, £3 16s 6½d

James Cartwright, £3 16s 6½d

George Empling, £3 16s 6½d

William Cockney, £3 16s 6½d

Duncan Cameron, £3 16s 6½d

James Collet, £3 16s 6½d

William Cleasby, £3 16s 6½d

Joseph Cath, £1 5s 0d

Jonathan Chandler, entertained March 13, £3 16s 6½d

Edward Durrant, £3 16s 6½d

Thomas Dunn, £71 0s 2½d

Total, £795 0s 7½d

Interpretations

The muster records the promotions and movements of the garrison’s men within the quarter, several soldiers paid partly at one rank and partly at another as they rose. Humphry Pugh and John Grainger each appear paid as corporal up to a date and as sergeant thereafter, the pay list tracking the exact day of each advancement so that wages matched the rank actually held. This careful splitting of pay by date shows the precision with which the small garrison accounted for every change in its establishment.

The list names the individual sentinels who made up the body of the company, most drawing the same standard pay of three pounds sixteen shillings and sixpence halfpenny for the quarter. Among them appears Thomas Dunn, whose insolence had filled the consultations of March, now mustered as an ordinary sentinel with his fellows. The notes of men entertained, that is newly enlisted, and others discharged mark the constant turnover of a garrison drawn from the ships and the recruits, its numbers kept up by fresh entries as older soldiers completed their time or were released.

440

434

April 30th

Brought over

795 0s 7½d

Centinels brought over

71 8s 2½d

James Earthope discharged the 9th April

3 13s 4d

James Edwards

3 16s 6½d

George Fenn

3 16s 6½d

Thomas Ferris Centinel to Feb 13th

1 7s 6d

do made Corporal

3 6s 6d

John Gilmore

3 16s 6½d

George Green

3 16s 6½d

Roderick Goulding

3 16s 6½d

Christian Grindalsals Entertained 13 March

1 5s 0d

Jonathan Hitchins died the 20th Feb

1 13s 4d

Thomas Hailes

3 16s 6½d

Thomas Holliwell

3 16s 6½d

Daniel Hall

3 16s 6½d

Henry Hudenburgh

3 16s 6½d

Shirley Harper

3 16s 6½d

George Howard

3 16s 6½d

Thomas Hilliard

3 16s 6½d

John Hobbs

3 16s 6½d

Robert Holt

3 16s 6½d

Christian Hornick Ceased 13 March

1 5s 0d

George Hee

3 16s 6½d

William Jarvis

3 16s 6½d

Stephen John

3 16s 6½d

Terry Jenkins Entertained 13 March

1 5s 0d

Edwick Kirk

3 16s 6½d

Michael Kavey

3 16s 6½d

William Lumbovers

3 16s 6½d

Thomas Setztified

3 16s 6½d

John March

3 16s 6½d

William Montgomery discharged the 9th April

3 13s 4d

David Miles

3 16s 6½d

Richard Moreton

3 16s 6½d

Simon Mason

3 16s 6½d

Mardsch McCloud

3 16s 6½d

John Baptist Mildfeland Ceased 13 March

1 5s 0d

Thomas Wilkinson

3 16s 6½d

John Pugh

3 16s 6½d

Alexander Rudder

3 16s 6½d

Centinels Carried over

200 7s 5d

Carried over

795 8s 7½d

The pay list of the sentinels continued.

Brought over, £795 0s 7½d

Sentinels brought over, £71 0s 2½d

James Easthope, discharged the 9 April, £3 13s 4d

James Edwards, £3 16s 6½d

George Fenn, £3 16s 6½d

Thomas Ferris, sentinel to February 13, £1 7s 6d

Made corporal, £3 6s 6d

John Gilmore, £3 16s 6½d

George Green, £3 16s 6½d

Robert Goulding, £3 16s 6½d

Christopher Grindall, entertained 13 March, £1 5s 0d

Jonathan Hitchins, died the 20 February, £1 13s 4d

Thomas Hailes, £3 16s 6½d

Thomas Holliwell, £3 16s 6½d

Daniel Neff, £3 16s 6½d

Henry Sudenburgh, £3 16s 6½d

Shirley Harper, £3 16s 6½d

George Howard, £3 16s 6½d

Thomas Stillard, £3 16s 6½d

John Hobbs, £3 16s 6½d

Robert Holt, £3 16s 6½d

Christian Stornick, entertained 13 March, £1 5s 0d

George Ice, £3 16s 6½d

William Jarvis, £3 16s 6½d

Stephen Johns, £3 16s 6½d

Terry Jenkins, entertained 13 March, £1 5s 0d

Edward Kirk, £3 16s 6½d

Michael Kavey, £3 16s 6½d

William Lumburgh, £3 16s 6½d

Thomas Setterfield, £3 16s 6½d

John March, £3 16s 6½d

William Montgomery, discharged the 9 April, £3 13s 4d

David Miles, £3 16s 6½d

Richard Moriston, £3 16s 6½d

Simon Mason, £3 16s 6½d

Murdoch McCloud, £3 16s 6½d

John Baptist Miville, entertained 13 March, £1 5s 0d

Thomas Wilkerson, £3 16s 6½d

John Pugh, £3 16s 6½d

Alexander Rudder, £3 16s 6½d

Sentinels carried over, £200 7s 5d

Carried over, £795 8s 7½d

Interpretations

The muster continues the roll of individual sentinels, the great majority paid the uniform quarterly wage while a handful carry notes of their entry, discharge or death within the period. Jonathan Hitchins, whose will the Council had proved in February, appears here paid only to the day of his death on 20 February, the pay list closing his account as the estate record had closed his affairs. Several men entertained on 13 March draw a part quarter’s pay, marking a batch of recruits taken on together partway through the period.

The steady turnover visible in the list, deaths, discharges and fresh enlistments, shows how a garrison on a remote island renewed itself from the men the ships brought and lost others to time expired or sickness. Thomas Ferris paid partly as sentinel and partly as corporal marks another promotion tracked by date, the same precise accounting seen throughout. The presence of John Baptist Miville among the recruits, sharing the name of the woman ordered off the island as a nuisance, points to the small interrelated population from which the settlement drew both its soldiers and its troubles.

441

435

Brought over

795 8s 7½d

Centinels brought over

200 7s 5d

Littleton Rigott

3 16s 6½d

Robert Bettit

3 16s 6½d

William Berry

3 16s 6½d

James Butteredun

3 16s 6½d

Abraham Ratcliff

3 16s 6½d

Richard Roberts Entertained 13 March

1 5s 0d

John Scotcher

3 16s 6½d

John Shaw

3 16s 6½d

William Ratman

3 16s 6½d

Samuel Sprungalls

3 16s 6½d

William Stanley

3 16s 6½d

James Swallow deceased 23 March

2 19s 2d

Joseph Isener

3 16s 6½d

Thomas Williams Centinel to the 16 Feb

1 9s 2d

do made Corporal do

3 3s 0d

John Vaughan

3 16s 6½d

Edward Webb

3 16s 6½d

Jeremiah Woodell

3 16s 6½d

William Woolloxby

3 16s 6½d

John Webley

3 16s 6½d

Merry Walkup

2 10s 0d

Solomon 1st Marine Cadet

276 6s 5½d

Second Company

Thomas Kirkpatrick 1st Lieut Salary

22 16s 3d

do diet money

6 16s 10½d

do house rent

2 10s 0d

32 3s 1½d

Richard Beealy 2 Lieut Salary

18 5s 0d

do diet money

6 16s 10½d

25 1s 10½d

Sergeants

William Buntin

7 12s 1d

Thomas Bagott

7 12s 1d

Samuel Desfountain

7 12s 1d

22 16s 3d

Corporals

John Sanpridge as Corporal to the 11 Feb

2 0s 10d

do made Serj do

4 11s 8d

William Kisling

5 6s 5½d

John Allison

5 6s 5½d

17 5s 5d

Carried over

1169 1s 0d

The pay list of the sentinels continued.

Brought over, £795 8s 7½d

Sentinels brought over, £200 7s 5d

Littleton Bagott, £3 16s 6½d

Robert Bartlett, £3 16s 6½d

William Berry, £3 16s 6½d

James Richardson, £3 16s 6½d

Abraham Ratcliff, £3 16s 6½d

Richard Roberts, entertained 13 March, £1 5s 0d

John Scotcher, £3 16s 6½d

John Shaw, £3 16s 6½d

William Ratman, £3 16s 6½d

Samuel Sprungall, £3 16s 6½d

William Stanley, £3 16s 6½d

James Twelbee, deserted 23 March, £2 19s 2d

Joseph Isaacs, £3 16s 6½d

Thomas Williams, sentinel to the 16 February, £1 9s 2d

Made corporal, £3 3s 0d

John Vaughan, £3 16s 6½d

Edward Webb, £3 16s 6½d

Jeremiah Miville, £3 16s 6½d

William Woolsby, £3 16s 6½d

John Wobley, £3 16s 6½d

Henry Walkup, £2 10s 0d

Solomon, first Marine, cadet, £276 6s 5½d

The second company was set out as follows.

Thomas Kirkpatrick, first lieutenant, salary, £22 16s 3d

Diet money, £6 16s 10½d

House rent, £2 10s 0d

Total, £32 3s 1½d

Richard Beale, second lieutenant, salary, £6 16s 10½d

Diet money, £25 1s 10½d

Sergeants:

William Bunting, £7 12s 1d

Thomas Bagott, £7 12s 1d

Samuel Duforsontain, £7 12s 1d

Total, £22 16s 3d

Corporals:

John Sandpidge, as corporal to the 16 February, £2 0s 10d

Made sergeant, £4 11s 8d

William Keeling, £5 6s 5½d

John Allison, £5 6s 5½d

Total, £17 5s 5d

Carried over, £1,169 1s 0d

Interpretations

The muster records the desertion of James Twelbee on 23 March, his pay stopped at that date, a reminder of the standing problem of men slipping away from a garrison even on an island from which escape meant taking ship. Desertion on St Helena required the connivance of a departing vessel, so a deserter’s name struck from the roll marks either a successful flight aboard a ship in the road or a man gone to ground on the island. The precise dating of the stoppage shows the pay accounts closing against him from the day he was lost to the service.

The list names Samuel Duforsontain among the sergeants of the second company, the same man charged in April with administering the estate of the dead soldier Simpson and holding the minor’s inheritance. That a serving sergeant acted as guardian and trustee of a fellow soldier’s children shows how the offices of the garrison and the private affairs of its men overlapped in so small a community. The entry of Solomon as first Marine cadet marks the training of a young man for a commission, the cadet rank being the step by which the sons of the establishment entered the Company’s service.

442

436

April 30th

Brought over

1169 1s 9d

Drummers

George Brown

5 6s 5½d

Job Chamberlain

5 6s 5½d

10 12s 11d

Centinels

John Allis

3 16s 6½d

Edward Allis

3 16s 6½d

John Bittentall

3 16s 6½d

Edward Asling

3 16s 6½d

William Allen Entered the 6th Feb

2 14s 2d

Hans Ulrick Alizaard Entered 13 March

1 5s 0d

Thomas Baxter

3 16s 6½d

James Bucke

3 16s 6½d

John Bagott

3 16s 6½d

Edward Brown

3 16s 6½d

James Buckley

3 16s 6½d

William Bahmister

3 16s 6½d

Thomas Bryne

3 16s 6½d

John Buentram Entd 12 January

3 16s 6½d

John William Wharry Entd 13 March

1 5s 0d

Edward Cocker

3 16s 6½d

William Cobb

3 16s 6½d

Thomas Coble

3 16s 6½d

Edward Corван

3 16s 6½d

Isaac day

3 16s 6½d

William Dyson

3 16s 6½d

Henry Dudly

3 16s 6½d

John Davis

3 16s 6½d

Stephen Dowie

3 16s 6½d

Sam Eaton

3 16s 6½d

Jacob Eufoley

3 16s 6½d

Sam Fox

3 16s 6½d

Jonathan Godby

3 16s 6½d

William Goodwin

3 16s 6½d

John Greavaff

3 16s 6½d

William Gibley

3 16s 6½d

James Hall

3 16s 6½d

John Halley

3 16s 6½d

William Hayes

3 16s 6½d

Philip Hickman

3 16s 6½d

Centinels Carried over

126 17s 6d

Carried over

1179 14s 8d

The pay list of the second company continued.

Brought over, £1,169 1s 0d

Drummers:

George Brown, £5 6s 5½d

Job Chamberlain, £5 6s 5½d

Total, £10 12s 11d

Sentinels:

John Allis, £3 16s 6½d

Edward Allis, £3 16s 6½d

John Bitterstall, £3 16s 6½d

Edward Asling, £3 16s 6½d

William Allen, entered the 6 February, £2 14s 2d

Hans Ulrick Alizaard, entered 13 March, £1 5s 0d

Thomas Beaver, £3 16s 6½d

James Brooke, £3 16s 6½d

John Bazett, £3 16s 6½d

Edward Brown, £3 16s 6½d

James Buckley, £3 16s 6½d

William Bahnister, £3 16s 6½d

Thomas Bryne, £3 16s 6½d

John Braintram, entered 12 January, £3 16s 6½d

John William Wharty, entered 13 March, £1 5s 0d

Edward Cocker, £3 16s 6½d

William Cobb, £3 16s 6½d

Thomas Doble, £3 16s 6½d

Edward Corven, £3 16s 6½d

Isaac Day, £3 16s 6½d

William Dixon, £3 16s 6½d

Henry Dudley, £3 16s 6½d

John Davis, £3 16s 6½d

Stephen Dawe, £3 16s 6½d

Samuel Easton, £3 16s 6½d

Jacob Ely, £3 16s 6½d

Samuel Fox, £3 16s 6½d

Jonathan Godby, £3 16s 6½d

William Goodwin, £3 16s 6½d

John Greenaff, £3 16s 6½d

William Gadley, £3 16s 6½d

James Hall, £3 16s 6½d

John Halley, £3 16s 6½d

William Hayes, £3 16s 6½d

Philip Hickman, £3 16s 6½d

Sentinels carried over, £126 17s 6d

Carried over, £1,179 14s 8d

Interpretations

The muster of the second company shows the same pattern of uniform standard pay broken only by the dated entries of recruits, most sentinels drawing the quarterly wage of three pounds sixteen shillings and sixpence halfpenny. The men entered on 13 March form a recognisable batch of new enlistments, their part-quarter pay marking the day a draft of recruits joined the establishment together. The two drummers of the company appear at the head, the drum being the means by which orders and alarms were beaten through the garrison.

The names on the roll reveal the mixed origins of the Company’s soldiers, English names predominating but with others such as Hans Ulrick Alizaard pointing to the foreign men who took service in the Company’s ranks. A remote garrison drew its recruits from whatever men the ships carried, so continental Europeans appeared alongside the English and Irish in the island’s companies. This variety in a body of common soldiers reflects the Company’s reach across the seafaring world for the men to hold its distant stations, the pay list recording them all at the same plain rate whatever their nation.

443

437

Brought over

1179 14s 8d

Centinels brought over

126 17s 6d

George Hill

3 16s 6½d

William Braseman

3 16s 6½d

James Medway

3 16s 6½d

William Harris

3 16s 6½d

John Hawkwood

3 16s 6½d

Alexander Realy

3 16s 6½d

Richard Stockon

3 16s 6½d

George Tibbet

3 16s 6½d

Richard Knight

3 16s 6½d

William Killafer

3 16s 6½d

Lewis King

3 16s 6½d

Peter Linessey

3 16s 6½d

William Luke

3 16s 6½d

Jonathan Lake

3 16s 6½d

Duncan McClaren

3 16s 6½d

William Munford

1 5s 0d

Martin Newman Entd 13 March

3 16s 6½d

Charles Podfoy

3 16s 6½d

John Price

Edward Preston the 12 Jany to 15 Feb as Centinel

1 9s 2d

do from the 16 Feb as Corporal

3 4s 2d

John Pickering

3 16s 6½d

Joseph Peacock

3 16s 6½d

Lewis Rowe

3 16s 6½d

Edward Rickards

3 16s 6½d

Michael Roeach

3 16s 6½d

Arnold Safsvey

3 16s 6½d

Henry Simpson

3 16s 6½d

John Steward

3 16s 6½d

Thomas Spencer

3 16s 6½d

William South Junr

1 9s 2d

William South Sent to 12 Jany to 15 Feb Centinel

3 4s 2d

do from 15 Feb as Corporal

3 16s 6½d

Edward Torry

3 16s 6½d

Benjamin Williams

3 16s 6½d

Saml Wright

3 16s 6½d

John Wrangdale

3 16s 6½d

George Young

3 16s 6½d

Richard Cohen

1 5s 0d

John Ridley Entd 13 March

271 15s 7½d

L

1451 10s 3½d

Carried over

Third Company to Consult Book No 40

The pay list of the second company continued.

Brought over, £1,179 14s 0d

Sentinels brought over, £126 17s 6d

George Hill, £3 16s 6½d

William Sweeteman, £3 16s 6½d

James Medover, £3 16s 6½d

William Shovin, £3 16s 6½d

John Hawksbird, £3 16s 6½d

Alexander Peally, £3 16s 6½d

Richard Stotton, £3 16s 6½d

George Tibbet, £3 16s 6½d

Richard Knight, £3 16s 6½d

William Killaster, £3 16s 6½d

Lewis King, £3 16s 6½d

Peter Lincray, £3 16s 6½d

William Lake, £3 16s 6½d

Jonathan Lake, £3 16s 6½d

Duncan McClaren, £3 16s 6½d

William Munford, £1 5s 0d

Martin Newman, entered 13 March, £3 16s 6½d

Charles Poofoy, £3 16s 6½d

John Price, £3 16s 6½d

Edward Preston, sentinel to the 12 January to 15 February as sentinel, £1 9s 2d

From the 16 February as corporal, £3 4s 2d

John Pickering, £3 16s 6½d

Joseph Peacock, £3 16s 6½d

Lewis Rowe, £3 16s 6½d

Edward Rickards, £3 16s 6½d

Michael Road, £3 16s 6½d

Arnold Safsory, £3 16s 6½d

Henry Simmons, £3 16s 6½d

John Steward, £3 16s 6½d

Samuel Spinner, £3 16s 6½d

William South junior, £1 9s 2d

William South senior, to the 12 January to 15 February as sentinel, £3 4s 2d

From 15 February as corporal, £3 16s 6½d

Edward Terry, £3 16s 6½d

Benjamin Williams, £3 16s 6½d

Samuel Wright, £3 16s 6½d

John Wanydale, £3 16s 6½d

George Young, £3 16s 6½d

Richard Cohen, £1 5s 0d

John Miskee, entered 13 March, part of the sum

Total, £271 15s 7½d

Grand total, £1,451 10s 3½d

The third company was carried to consultation book number 40.

Interpretations

The muster of the second company concludes with the remaining sentinels, the roll again broken by the split payments that record men rising from sentinel to corporal within the quarter. Edward Preston and William South each appear paid partly at the lower rank and partly at the higher, the pay list tracking the day of promotion so wages matched service. George Hill, whose quarrel with the Moores had come before the Council in March, is found here mustered as an ordinary sentinel among his company.

The direction of the third company to a separate consultation book marks the division of the garrison’s records across more than one volume, the establishment too large for a single account. This cross-reference shows the settlement’s clerks keeping ordered and connected records, so that the full muster could be traced from one book to another. The presence of names such as Richard Cohen among the recruits, alongside the many English and the occasional continental, again reflects the varied body of men from which the Company filled its ranks on a station reached only by the annual ships.

444

438

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440

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Book cover

449

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EAP 1364 St Helena

Document Name and Date
St Helena Records 1757-1759

Dimensions (height x width x depth) (cm)
48.5 centimetres x 33 centimetres x 6 centimetres

No. written pages
437 pages

No. blank pages
4 pages

Spine and cover
Good condition
Minor boring insect damage

Inside pages
Good condition

Additional comments

Time taken to photograph (hours)
4 hours